document_title: U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state

question_text: when did drinking age change to 21 in ma

text: The alcohol laws of the United States regarding minimum age for purchase have changed over time.  This history is given in the table below.  Unless otherwise noted, if different alcohol categories have different minimum purchase ages, the age listed below is set at the lowest age given (e.g. if the purchase age is 18 for beer and 21 for wine or spirits, as was the case in several states, the age in the table will read as "18", not "21").  In addition, the purchase age is not necessarily the same as the minimum age for consumption of alcoholic beverages, although they have often been the same.

text:
As one can see in the table below, there has been much volatility in the states' drinking ages since the
repeal of Prohibition in 1933.  Shortly after the ratification of the 21st amendment in December, most states set their purchase ages at 21 since that was the voting age at the time. Most of these limits remained constant until the early 1970s.  From 1969 to 1976, some 30 states lowered their purchase ages, generally to 18. This was primarily because the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 in 1971 with the 26th amendment. Many states started to lower their minimum drinking age in response, most of this occurring in 1972 or 1973.[1][2][3] Twelve states kept their purchase ages at 21 since repeal of Prohibition and never changed them.

text: From 1976 to 1983, several states voluntarily raised their purchase ages to 19 (or, less commonly, 20 or 21), in part to combat drunk driving fatalities.[citation needed] In 1984, Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act, which required states to raise their ages for purchase and public possession to 21 by October 1986 or lose 10% of their federal highway funds. By mid-1988, all 50 states and the District of Columbia had raised their purchase ages to 21 (but not Puerto Rico, Guam, or the Virgin Islands, see Additional Notes below). South Dakota and Wyoming were the final two states to comply with the age 21 mandate. The current drinking age of 21 remains a point of contention among many Americans, because of it being higher than the age of majority (18 in most states) and higher than the drinking ages of most other countries. The National Minimum Drinking Age Act is also seen as a congressional sidestep of the tenth amendment. Although debates have not been highly publicized, a few states have proposed legislation to lower their drinking age,[4] while Guam has raised its drinking age to 21 in July 2010.[5]

text:
State
Pre-Prohibition(prior to 1919)
Post-Prohibition(after 1933)
1970s / 26th Amendment(adopted in 1971)
1980s / Drinking Age Act of 1984
21st century

Alabama

Pre 1881:None1881:21 (none with consent of parent)[6]
21
1975:Lowered to 19[7]
1986:Raised to 21[8]
21  (no one underage is allowed consumption Section 28-1)

Alaska

?
21[7]
1970:Lowered to 19[9]
1984:Raised to 21 with grandfather clause (if born before January 1, 1965)[10][11]
21

Arizona

?
21[11]
1972:Lowered to 19[12]
1985:Raised to 21[8]
21

Arkansas

Pre 1925:None[7]1925:21[7]
21
21[13]
21[8]
21

California

Pre 1891:Regulated by municipality/county (common age was 16)[14][15][16]1891:18 (statewide)[17]
1933:21[7]
21
21[8]
21 (except small amounts for religious ceremonies)

Colorado

None[11]
1945:18: for beer21: for wine and liquor[7]
18[18]
Raised to 21 in 1987[8]
21

Connecticut

?
21[11]
1972:Lowered to 18[19]
1982:Raised to 191983:Raised to 201985:Raised to 21[20]
21 (exemptions: (1) a person over age eighteen who is an employee or permit holder under section 30-90a and who possesses alcoholic liquor in the course of such person's employment or business, (2) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor on the order of a practicing physician, or (3) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor while accompanied by a parent, guardian or spouse of the minor, who has attained the age of twenty-one. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to burden a person's exercise of religion under section 3 of article first of the Constitution of the state in violation of subsection (a) of section 52-571b.[21]

Delaware

?
21[11]
1972:Lowered to 20
1984:Raised to 21[8]
21

District of Columbia

?
18: for beer and wine[11]21: for liquor[22][23]
18: for beer and wine[23]21: for liquor
1986:Raised to 21 with grandfather clause.[24][25]
21

Florida

?
18[7]
1980:19[26]
1985:Raised to 21 with grandfather clause[26]
21[27]

Georgia

?
21[11]
1972: Lowered to 18[12]
1984:Raised to 19[13]1985:Raised to 20[13]1986:Raised to 21[13]
21

Hawaii

?
21[7]
1972:Lowered to 18
1986:Raised to 21[8]
21

Idaho

?
20: for beer[28][29]21: for wine and liquor[11][30]
1972:Lowered to 19 (all)[31]
1987:Raised to 21 in 1987 (Apr 11) with grandfather clause[8][32]
21

Illinois

1872:Age of majority (none with written consent of parent)[33]
pre 1961: Age of majority      1961:  Raised to 21[34]
1973:Lowered to 19: for beer and wine21: for liquor[35]
1980:Raised to 21[36]
21

Indiana

?
Post-1934:21[7]
21[13]
21[8]
21

Iowa

?
21[7]
1972:Lowered to 19 in 1972 (Jul 1)1973:Lowered to 18 in 1973 (Jul 1)1978:Raised to 19 in 1978 (Jul 1)[37]
1986:Raised to 21 in 1986 (Jul 1) with grandfather clause.[13][37]
21

Kansas

?
1949:18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV21: for liquor[7]
18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV[13]21: for beer and wine with 4% ABV or more[13]21: for liquor[13][18]
1985:Raised to 21[8]
21 (However, anyone under 21 may consume cereal malt beverages with parental supervision on their own property)

Kentucky

?
1938:21[7]
21[13]
21[8]
21

Louisiana

?
As of 1948:18
18[18]
1987:Raised to 21 de jure in 1987,[8]but de facto age was still 18 until 1995 due to a sale loophole.1995:De facto age raised to 21 in 1995 when loophole was closed.[38]1996:In 1996, briefly lowered by Louisiana Supreme Court to 18 until it reversed its decision, raising to 21 three months later.[39]Other exceptions still remain.[40]
21 (Exceptions to state law include:[41]
For an established religious purpose;When a person under twenty-one years of age is accompanied by a parent, spouse, or legal guardian twenty-one years of age or older;For medical purposes when purchased as an over the counter medication, or when prescribed or administered by a licensed physician, pharmacist, dentist, nurse, hospital, or medical institution;In a private residence, which shall include a residential dwelling and up to twenty contiguous acres, on which the dwelling is located, owned by the same person who owns the dwelling;The sale, handling, transport, or service in dispensing of any alcoholic beverage pursuant to lawful ownership of an establishment or to lawful employment of a person under twenty-one years of age by a duly licensed manufacturer, wholesaler, or retailer of beverage alcohol.)

Maine

?
21[7]1969:Lowered to 20
1972:Lowered to 18[12]1977:Raised to 20[8][42]
1985:Raised to 21[8]
21

Maryland

?
21[7]
1974:Lowered to 18: for beer and wine21: for liquor[43][44]
1982:Raised to 21 with grandfather clause for those born June 30, 1964 or earlier[45][8][46]
21 (however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present)

Massachusetts

?
21[11]
1973:Lowered to 181979:Raised to 20 in 1979 (Apr 16)[47][48][49]
Raised to 21 in 1985[8]
21

Michigan

?
21[7]
1972:Lowered to 18 in 1972 (Jan 1)[50]
1978:Raised to 19 in 1978 (Dec 3)[51][52]1978:Raised to 21 in 1978 (Dec 21), 18 days later.[8]First state to raise age to 21 since it was lowered
21

Minnesota

?
21[11]
1973:Lowered to 18 (June 1)1976:Raised to 19 (Sept 1)[53]First state to raise age after lowering.

1986:Raised to 21[54]
21

Mississippi

?
1966:18: for beer and wine21: for liquor[7](alcohol not legalized until 1966)
18[18]
Raised to 21 in 1986[8]
21

Missouri

?
1945:21[7]
21
21[8]
21

Montana

?
21[11]
1971:Lowered to 19[55]1973:Lowered to 18[56][57]1979:Raised to 19
1987:Raised to 21[8][58]
21

Nebraska

?
21[59]1969:Lowered to 20
1972:Lowered to 19[59]
1980:Raised to 20[13]1985:Raised to 21[13]
21

Nevada

?
1933:21[7]
21
21[8]
21

New Hampshire

?
21[11]
1973:Lowered to 18[60]1979:Raised to 20
1985:Raised to 21[8][20]
21

New Jersey

Before 1880:NonePost-1880:18 (penalties only against businesses)[61][62][63]
21[citation needed]
1973:Lowered to 18[12]
1980:Raised to 191983:Raised to 21[8][64]
21

New Mexico

?
1934:21[7]
21[13]
21[8]
21

New York

21
18[65]
18
1982:Raised to 19 in 1982 (Dec)1985:Raised to 21 in 1985 (Dec)[20][66][67]
21

North Carolina

?
18[11]
18: for beer and wine[18] 21: for liquor
1983:19: for beer and wine 21: for liquor1986:Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)[8][25]
21

North Dakota

?
1936:21[7]
21[13]
21[68]
21

Ohio

?
1935:18: for 3.2% ABW beer21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[69]
18: for 3.2% ABW beer21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor
1982 (Aug. 19 to Oct. 1):19: for 3.2% ABW beer[13]21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[13]1982 (From Oct. 1):19: beer21: wine and liquor[70]1988:21[13]
21 (However, anyone can drink with parents or legal-age spouse)

Oklahoma

?
Men:21Women:18: 3.2% ABW beer21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[71]
1976:Lowered to 18 (for 3.2% ABW beer) for both sexes in 1976 (Dec)[72]Last state to lower the drinking age.
1983:Raised to 21[11][73]
21

Oregon

?
1933:21[7]
21
21[8]
21

Pennsylvania

?
1935:21[7]
21
21[8][52]
21

Rhode Island

?
21[11]
1970:Lowered to 18[12][74]
1980:Raised to 191981:Raised to 201984:Raised to 21[20]
21

South Carolina

21[75]
1935:18: for beer and wine21: for liquor[7]
18: for beer and wine[18]21: for liquor
1984:19: for beer and wine[7]21: for liquor1986:Raised to 21[8]
21

South Dakota

?
1934:21 (all)1939:Lowered to 18: for 3.2% beerRaised to 19: for 3.2% beer[76]
1972:18: for beer and wine21: for liquor
1984:19: for beer and wine21: for liquor[8]1988:Raised to 21[58]
21

Tennessee

Pre 1881:None1881:21[77]
21[7]1964:Lowered to 18[7]
1979:Raised to 19
1984:Raised to 21[8]
21

Texas

Pre 1909:21None (with written permission of parent or guardian)Post 1909:21[78][79]
21[7]
1973:Lowered to 18[80]
1981:Raised to 19[81]1986:Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)[8][25]
21

Utah

?
1935:21[7]
21[13]
21[8]
21

Vermont

?
21[7]
1971:Lowered to 18[82][83]
1986:Raised to 21[20][83]
21

Virginia

?
21[84]
1974:Lowered to 18: for beer and wine(21: for liquor remained)[84]
1981:Raised to 19 for off-premises consumption1983:Raised to 19 (all beer)1985:Raised to 21[84]
21

Washington

Age of majoritysince 1877[85]
21[citation needed]
21
21[8]
21

West Virginia

?
18: for beer and wine 21: for liquor[11]
1972:Lowered to 18 (all)[86]
1983:Raised to 19(& 21 for non-residents)[8][42]1986:Raised to 21[8]
21

Wisconsin

1839–1866:18: for wine and liquorNone: for beerPost-1866:21 (all)[87]
18: for beer21: for wine and spirits1957:21: for residents of bordering states with age limit 21.[88]1963:Raised to 21 (off-premises beer sales, remained 18 for on-premises).[88]
1972:Lowered to 18 (all) in 1972 (Mar)[88]1977:Border state restriction lifted.[88]
1984:Raised to 191986:Raised to 21 (September 1, 1986)[88]
21 (however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present)[citation needed]

Wyoming

?
21[7]
1973:Lowered to 19
1988:Raised to 21 in 1988 (Jul 1)[89][90]Last state to raise de jure drinking age to 21
21

American Samoa

?
?
?
21?
21[91]

Northern Mariana Islands

–
–
?
21?
21[92]

Puerto Rico

?
18
18
Kept at 18despite highway fundingpenalty under Drinking Age Act.
18[93]

Virgin Islands

?
?
?
18
18[94]

Guam

?
21?
18
18
Raised to 21 in 2010[5]

text: Additional notes[edit]

text:
Contrary to popular belief, since the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984, not all states specifically prohibit minors' and young adults' consumption of alcohol in private settings.  That is because the federal law is concerned only with purchase and public possession, not private consumption, and contains several exceptions. As of January 1, 2007, 14 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright, 19 states do not specifically ban underage consumption outright, and 17 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws. Federal law explicitly provides for religious, medical, employment and private club possession exceptions; as of 2005, 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws.[40]
In the 1960s the age for buying or drinking beer and wine in the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.) was 18; the age for hard liquor was 21.[22][23] Residents from Virginia and Maryland would often drive to D.C. to obtain alcohol. In Louisiana, the 1987 law raising the age from 18 to 21 was deliberately written solely to comply with the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 to avoid losing highway funding, while still allowing 18- to 20-year-olds to drink as before.  Not only did it still allow 18- to 20-year-olds to consume in private, it contained a major loophole allowing bars and stores to sell alcohol to 18- to 20-year-olds without penalty (despite purchase being technically illegal) which meant that the de facto age was still 18.[38] In other words, the drinking age was 21 only on paper. This loophole was closed in 1995, but in 1996 the Louisiana Supreme Court declared a drinking age of 21 unconstitutional.[38]  That briefly lowered the de jure purchase age to 18, causing an uproar which prompted the Louisiana Supreme Court to reverse its decision, raising the age to 21 three months later.[39] Other exceptions still remain to this day, including drinking in a private residence,[40] and Louisiana still has some of the most liberal general alcohol laws of any state.
Some states were "dry" well before national Prohibition was enacted in 1919, in some cases since achieving statehood.  Also, some states did not become fully "wet" until several years after the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 (e.g. Mississippi in 1966).  Since 1966, all states and territories of the USA have been "wet", but dry counties and towns still exist in some states.


document_title: The Kissing Booth

question_text: where was the kissing booth filmed in south africa

root

text: The Kissing Booth

text: Plot[edit]

text: This film's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (September 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Born on the same day and time in the same hospital in Los Angeles, California, Elle Evans (Joey King) and Lee Flynn (Joel Courtney) have been best friends all their lives. To keep their special friendship, the pair created a set of friendship rules they promise to follow including rule #9: relatives totally off limits, especially Lee's older brother Noah (Jacob Elordi).

tag: p

text: On the first day of school due to unforeseen circumstances Elle is forced to go to school wearing a skirt that is too small. Another student touches her butt which almost gets Lee into a fight but Noah instead jumps into the fight. Elle, violates the dress code so she has to serve detention.  Tuppen, the student who touched Elle inappropriately later apologizes. Lee and Elle chat and he approves of her going on a date with Tuppen however Elle is stood up. He goes to see her later that night to let her know that he was threatened by Noah not to go out with her. And finds out that, Noah has told other guys besides Tuppen not to date Elle.

text: Elle and Lee decide to create a kissing booth for the school carnival. The two have difficulty finding people to participate but get a group of popular girls called the OMG's to participate by lying to them about Noahs participation.

text: The kissing booth is a success. However, girls become angry when they discover that Noah is not actually working the kissing booth. Therefore Elle is set up to kiss a nerdy kid while blindfolded however Noah interferes causing him to kiss Elle and when she takes off her blindfold he does it again. After cleaning up Elle sees Noah flirting with another girl so she runs home while Noah looks at her. While on her way home it starts to rain and Noah offers her a ride on his motorcycle. However, the rain gets too heavy and they have to stop. They shelter in a nearby glass ‘bandstand’ in a park. Elle kisses Noah again and he pulls away. After staring at each other Noah goes in for another kiss. Elle ends up pulling away, telling him she can't be another one of his conquests. He’s hurt by her response but tells Elle why he likes her. They kiss again but are interrupted by a security guard who recognizes Noah and tells him to stop bringing girls there. Elle gets upset that Noah brought her to the place where he brings his other girlfriends and leaves.

text: The next day,there is a school party. Elle sees Noah getting tackled by females,so she undresses to make him jealous.The school participates in a slippery slide drink game.While at a party Elle is harassed by Warren and Noah trucks (football term) him.This causes Elle to storm off but Noah requests her to get in his car very aggressively.Instead of going home he takes her to the Hollywood Sign and they talk about their relationship. They both admit to liking each other and decide to come up with rules for their relationship, one being that Lee never finds out. The two share a kiss,and Noah tries to lay a move on her. Elle moves his hand to signal she isn't ready,but she makes the first move instead and they end up having sex under the Hollywood sign.

text: Elle and Noah start to see each other secretly and are careful that Lee or anyone else don't find out. While in Noah's room his mom almost walks in on them and Elle has to hide. While hiding she overhears her say that he had been accepted to an Ivy League school. Soon after he reveals to her that he is going to Harvard and she starts to realize that he won't be around next year. One day while hanging out with Noah, Lee walks in on him tending to a cut on her face. He become suspicious and asks Elle if it was Noah who hurt her. This infuriates Noah and they are about to get involved in a fight, but Elle stops them and takes Lee away. Lee asks her is there is something going on between the two of them, to which she denies. She ends up feeling guilty about lying to Lee and goes back to Noah and tells him that they need to come clean that night and when Noah agrees he says that way he can take her to prom. They kiss but Lee ends up seeing it. Hurt, Lee attempts to leave his house but Elle tries to get him to talk before Noah intervenes and eventually get into a fight. Lee asks if they have sex,Elle and Noah looks gulity and Lee admits he knew they were.After backing off, Lee leaves and Elle tells Noah to leave her alone.

text: Lee starts giving Elle the silent treatment and Noah goes missing. While at the arcade one day Lee invites Elle over to play a game and they make up and make plans for their upcoming birthday party. Before prom, Noah finally returns but to talk to Elle's dad who says he does not approve but it is her decision.

text: Elle goes to prom with Lee and his girlfriend Rachel and has a good time until a replica of their kissing booth is revealed. Noah comes out from behind the curtains to tell Elle that he loves her but she responds by saying that she cannot keep on hurting the people she loves because of him and that no one wants them to be together. Noah agrees to this but then asks her what does she want. To this Elle does not seem to have an answer and she runs away sobbing. Rachel chases after her but she gets away before they can say anything.

text: The next day at their costume themed birthday party, Elle begins missing Noah and decides to leave. Lee stops her and Elle tells him that she loves him but she also loves Noah and if he can't accept that then maybe they shouldn't be friends. Lee, finally accepts that Noah makes her happy and agrees to help Elle find him. Elle and Lee get in the car and leave for the airport. She starts sharing her true feelings for Noah to Lee and then it is revealed that all this time in the car it was Noah in Lee's costume. Elle is surprised to see Noah and admits to him that she loves him. They embrace and kiss.

text: During the next few weeks, Elle and Noah spend every day together before he has to leave for college. When it is time to go Elle goes with him to the airport and he leaves. After watching him leave, she drives off on Noah's motorcycle saying that she does not know if they will be together forever but she knows that a part of her heart will always belong to Noah Flynn. The story ends with Elle stating that everything happened just because of the Kissing Booth.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Joey King as Elle Evans
Joel Courtney as Lee Flynn
Jacob Elordi as Noah Flynn
Molly Ringwald as Mrs. Flynn
Byron Langley as Warren

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: In June 2014, Vince Marcello was hired to write the film adaptation of teenage author Beth Reekles' young adult novel The Kissing Booth, which was originally published on Wattpad.[1] In November 2016, it was announced that Netflix had purchased rights to the film, with Marcello now set to helm his screenplay.[2] In January 2017, Joey King and Molly Ringwald signed on to star in the film.[3]

text: The filming took place in Los Angeles, California, and in Cape Town, South Africa between January and April 2017.[3]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was released on 11 May 2018 on Netflix.[4] According to Netflix, one in three viewers of the film have re-watched it, "which is 30 percent higher than the average movie re-watch rate on the [streaming service]."[5] Deeming the film a huge success for the service, CCO Ted Sarandos called the film "one of the most-watched movies in the country, and maybe in the world."[6]

text: Reception[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 13%, based on 8 reviews, and an average rating of 3.7/10.[7]

text: The Kissing Booth was panned by critics.[8] IndieWire's Kate Erbland gave the film a "D" grade, adding that "Unfortunately, the high school-set rom-com is a sexist and regressive look at relationships that highlights the worst impulses of the genre."[9] Ani Bundel of NBCNews criticized the film's "problematic stereotyping of masculinity and relationships" and lack of original ideas. "It feels like it was written by someone who simply digested everything she was told 'romance' was supposed to be by the patriarchy, and vomited back at us. Nearly every cliché in the film feels cribbed from another movie, like a song made completely of samples from better-known hits."[8]

text: Despite being deemed "sexist"[9][10] and "objectively bad"[11][12] by several critics, The Kissing Booth was widely consumed among audiences.  Netflix's Ted Sarandos, CCO affirmed the film's success as a "hugely popular original movie" for the streaming service.[11]

text: The Kissing Booth on Wattpad[edit]

text: The Kissing Booth was written in 2011 by author Beth Reekles. It originated as a story on Wattpad where it won a Watty Award for "Most Popular Teen Fiction" in Wattpad's annual writing contest.[13] By 2012 it had amassed over 19 million reads and, in 2013, was published by Penguin Random House.[14] In an interview with Forbes, Reekles explains what drew her to Wattpad: "I loved the feeling of community on the site, and when I began to share, I liked the anonymity of it because I was so self-conscious about my writing and hadn't shared it with anyone before."[15]


document_title: The Open Championship

question_text: how many players are in the british open

text: The Open Championship

text: History[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Open was first played on 17 October 1860 at Prestwick Golf Club in Scotland.[1] The inaugural tournament was restricted to professionals and attracted a field of eight golfers who played three rounds of Prestwick's twelve-hole course in a single day. Willie Park Sr. won with a score of 174, beating Old Tom Morris, by two strokes. The following year the tournament was opened to amateurs; eight of them joined ten professionals in the field.

text: James Ogilvie Fairlie was the principal organiser of the first Open Championship held at Prestwick in 1860. With the untimely death of Allan Robertson, aged 43 in 1859, Prestwick members decided to conduct a challenge the following year that would determine the land’s greatest golfer. In a proposed competition for a "Challenge Belt", Fairlie sent out a series of letters to Blackheath, Perth, Edinburgh, Musselburgh and St Andrews, inviting a player known as a "respectable caddie" to represent each of the clubs in a tournament to be held on 17 October 1860.[2]

text: Originally, the trophy presented to the event's winner was the Challenge Belt, a red leather belt with a silver buckle. The Challenge Belt was retired in 1870, when Young Tom Morris was allowed to keep it for winning the tournament three consecutive times. Because no trophy was available, the tournament was cancelled in 1871. In 1872, after Young Tom Morris won again for a fourth time in a row, he was awarded a medal. The present trophy, The Golf Champion Trophy, better known by its popular name of the Claret Jug, was then created.

text: Prestwick administered The Open from 1860 to 1870. In 1871, it agreed to organise it jointly with The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews and The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers. In 1892 the event was doubled in length from 36 to 72 holes, four rounds of what was by then the standard complement of 18 holes. The 1894 Open was the first held outside Scotland, at the Royal St George's Golf Club in England. Because of an increasing number of entrants, a cut was introduced after two rounds in 1898. In 1920 full responsibility for The Open Championship was handed over to The Royal & Ancient Golf Club.

text: The early winners were all Scottish professionals, who in those days worked as greenkeepers, clubmakers, and caddies to supplement their modest winnings from championships and challenge matches. The Open has always been dominated by professionals, with only six victories by amateurs, all of which occurred between 1890 and 1930. The last of these was Bobby Jones' third Open and part of his celebrated Grand Slam. Jones was one of six Americans who won The Open between the First and Second World Wars, the first of whom had been Walter Hagen in 1922. These Americans and the French winner of the 1907 Open, Arnaud Massy, were the only winners from outside Scotland and England up to 1939.

text: The first post-World War II winner was the American Sam Snead, in 1946. In 1947, Northern Ireland's Fred Daly was victorious. While there have been many English and Scottish champions, Daly was the only winner from Ireland until the 2007 victory by Pádraig Harrington. There has never been a Welsh champion. In the early postwar years The Open was dominated by golfers from the Commonwealth, with South African Bobby Locke and Australian Peter Thomson winning the Claret Jug in eight of the 11 championships from 1948 and 1958 between them. During this period, The Open often had a schedule conflict with the match-play PGA Championship, which meant that Ben Hogan, the best American golfer at this time, competed in The Open just once, in 1953 at Carnoustie, a tournament he won.

text: Another South African, Gary Player was Champion in 1959. This was at the beginning of the "Big Three" era in professional golf, the three players in question being Player, Arnold Palmer, and Jack Nicklaus. Palmer first competed in 1960, when he came second to the little-known Australian Kel Nagle, but he won the next two years. While he was far from being the first American to become Open Champion, he was the first that many Americans saw win the tournament on television, and his charismatic success is often credited with persuading leading American golfers to make The Open an integral part of their schedule, rather than an optional extra. The improvement of trans-Atlantic travel also increased American participation.

text: Nicklaus' victories came in 1966, 1970, and 1978. Although his tally of three wins is the least of his majors, it greatly understates how prominent Nicklaus was at the Open throughout the 1960s and 1970s. He finished runner-up seven times, which is the record and had a total of sixteen top-5 finishes, which is tied most in Open history with John Henry Taylor and easily the most in the postwar era. Nicklaus also holds the records for most rounds under par (61) and most aggregates under par (14). At Turnberry in 1977 he was involved in one of the most celebrated contests in golf history, when his duel with Tom Watson went to the final shot before Watson emerged as the champion for the second time with a record score of 268 (12 under par).

text: Watson won five Opens, more than anyone else has since the 1950s, but his final win in 1983 brought down the curtain on an era of U.S. domination. In the next 11 years there was only one American winner, with the others coming from Europe and the Commonwealth. The European winners of this era, Spaniard Seve Ballesteros, Sandy Lyle, who was the first Scottish winner in over half a century, and the Englishman Nick Faldo, were also leading lights among the group of players who began to get the better of the Americans in the Ryder Cup during this period.

text: In 1995, John Daly's playoff win over Italian Costantino Rocca began another era of American domination. Tiger Woods won three Championships, two at St Andrews in 2000 and 2005, and one at Hoylake in 2006. There was a dramatic moment at St Andrews in 2000, as the ageing Jack Nicklaus waved farewell to the crowds, while the young challenger to his crown watched from a nearby tee. Nicklaus later decided to play in The Open for one final time in 2005, when the R&A announced St Andrews as the venue, giving his final farewell to the fans at the Home of Golf.

text: There have also been wins by previously little known golfers, including Paul Lawrie's playoff win after the 72nd-hole collapse of Jean van de Velde in 1999, Ben Curtis in 2003 and Todd Hamilton in 2004.

text: In 2007, the Europeans finally broke an eight-year drought in the majors when Pádraig Harrington of Ireland defeated Sergio García by one stroke in a four-hole playoff at Carnoustie. Harrington retained the Championship in 2008.

text: In 2009, 59-year-old Tom Watson turned in one of the most remarkable performances ever seen at The Open. Leading the tournament through 71 holes and needing just a par on the last hole to become the oldest ever winner of a major championship, Watson bogeyed, setting up a four-hole playoff, which he would lose to Stewart Cink.

text: In 2013, Phil Mickelson won his first Open Championship at Muirfield. His victory meant that he had won 3 of the 4 majors in pursuit of the career grand slam, just needing the U.S. Open, where he has finished runner-up six times.

text: In 2015, Zach Johnson denied Jordan Spieth his chance of winning the Grand Slam by winning an aggregate playoff over Louis Oosthuizen and Marc Leishman at the Old Course at St Andrews.

text: Format[edit]

text: The Open is a 72-hole stroke play tournament contested over four days, Thursday through Sunday. Since 1979 it has been played in the week which includes the 3rd Friday in July. Currently, 156 players are in the field, mostly made up of the world's leading professionals, who are given exemptions, along with winners of the top amateur championships. Further places are given to players, amateurs and professionals, who are successful in a number of qualifying events. There is a cut after 36 holes after which only the leading 70 players (and ties) play in the final 36 holes on the weekend. In the event of a tie after 72 holes, a four-hole aggregate playoff is held; if two or more players are still tied, it continues as sudden-death until there is a winner.

text: Timeline of format changes[edit]

text:
1860: Contested over 36 holes, played on a single day
1892: Extended to 72 holes, played over two days
1898: Cut introduced after 36 holes. Those 20 or more strokes behind the leader were excluded
1904: Extended to a third day with 18 holes on each of the first two days. Cut rule unchanged
1905: Cut rule changed to exclude those 15 or more strokes behind the leader
1907: Qualifying introduced, replacing the 36-hole cut and the contest reduced again to two days
1910: Cut reintroduced instead of qualifying, play being extended to three days again. Top 60 and ties made the cut.
1911: With an increase in the number of entries, the first two rounds were spread over three days, with 36 holes on the fourth day
1912: Qualifying reintroduced to replace the cut. Contest reduced again to two days
1926: Cut reintroduced. First Open with both qualifying and a cut. Extended again to a third day with 18 holes on the first two days. Those 15 or more strokes behind the leader were excluded from the final day. Days standardised as Wednesday to Friday
1929: Cut rule changed to ensure that at least 60 made the cut even if 15 or more strokes behind the leader
1930: Cut rule changed to top 60 and ties
1937: Cut rule changed to top 40 and ties
1938: Cut rule changed to be a maximum of 40 players. Ties for 40th place did not make the cut
1939: Cut rule changed to be a maximum of 44 players. Ties for 44th place did not make the cut
1946: Cut rule changed to be a maximum of 40 players. Ties for 40th place did not make the cut
1951: Cut rule changed to be a maximum of 50 players. Ties for 50th place did not make the cut
1957: Leaders after 36 holes go off last, replacing the random draw
1963: Cut rule changed to top 45 and ties
1964: Playoff reduced from 36 holes to 18, followed by sudden-death if still level
1966: Play extended to four days, 18 holes per day from Wednesday to Saturday. Cut rule changed to top 55 and ties
1968: Cut rule changed to top 70 and ties after 36 holes and then top 45 and ties after 54 holes
1970: Cut rule changed to top 80 and ties after 36 holes and then top 55 and ties after 54 holes
1971: Cut rule changed to top 80 and ties after 36 holes and then top 60 and ties after 54 holes
1973: Play in groups of three introduced for the first two rounds
1974: Use of "bigger ball" (1.68 in, 42.67 mm) made compulsory
1978: "10-shot rule" introduced so that players within 10 shots of the leader make the cut even if outside the top 80/60
1980: Play from Thursday to Sunday
1986: 54-hole cut discontinued. Cut rule changed to top 70 and ties after 36 holes. Four-hole playoff introduced
1996: "10-shot rule" dropped

text: Trophies and medals[edit]

text: There are a number of medals and trophies that are, or have been, given for various achievements during The Open.[3]

text:
The Challenge Belt – awarded to the winner from 1860 until 1870, when Young Tom Morris won the belt outright by winning the Championship for the third year in a row.
The Golf Champion Trophy (commonly known as the Claret Jug) – replaced the Challenge Belt and has been awarded to the winner since 1873 although Young Tom Morris, the winner in 1872, is the first name engraved on it. (The Open was not held in 1871.)
Gold medal – awarded to the winner. First given out in 1872 when the Claret Jug was not yet ready, and since awarded to all champions.
Silver medal – awarded since 1949 to the leading amateur completing the final round.
Bronze medal – awarded since 1972 to all other amateurs completing the final round.

text: The Professional Golfers' Association (of Great Britain and Ireland) also mark the achievements of their own members in The Open.

text:
Ryle Memorial Medal – awarded since 1901 to the winner if he is a PGA member.[4]
Braid Taylor Memorial Medal – awarded since 1966 to the highest finishing PGA member.[5]
Tooting Bec Cup – awarded since 1924 to the PGA member who records the lowest single round during the championship.[6]

text: The Braid Taylor Memorial Medal and the Tooting Bec Cup are restricted to members born in, or with a parent or parents born in, the UK or Republic of Ireland.

text: Host courses[edit]

text: The common factor in the venues is links courses. The Open has always been played in Scotland, northwest England, and southeast England, along with one course in Northern Ireland which will again stage the competition in 2019.

text: From 1860 to 1870 The Open was organised by and played at Prestwick Golf Club. From its revival in 1872 until 1891 it was played on three courses in rotation: Prestwick, The Old Course at St Andrews, and Musselburgh Links. In 1892 the newly built Muirfield replaced Musselburgh in the rotation. In 1893 two English courses, Royal St George's and Royal Liverpool Golf Club, Hoylake, were invited to join the rotation with Royal St George's being allocated the 1894 Open and Royal Liverpool having the 1897 event.[7] At a meeting in 1907 Royal Cinque Ports Golf Club became the sixth course on the rota, being allocated the 1909 Open. With three courses in both England and Scotland, the meeting also agreed that the Championship was to be played in England and Scotland alternately.[8] The alternation of venues in England and Scotland continued until the Second World War.

text: The rotation of the six courses was reinstated after the First World War with Royal Cinque Ports hosting the first post-war Open in 1920. It had been chosen as the venue for the cancelled 1915 Open.[9] In 1923 Troon was used instead of Muirfield when "some doubts exists as to the Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers being desirous of their course being used for the event".[10] Muirfield returned as the venue in 1929. Serious overcrowding problems at Prestwick in 1925 meant that the course was never again used for the Open and was replaced by Carnoustie as the third Scottish course. While Royal St George's and Royal Liverpool continued to be used at six-year intervals the third English course varied. After Royal Cinque Ports in 1920, Royal Lytham was used in 1926 and then Prince's in 1932. Royal Cinque Ports was intended as the venue in 1938 but in February of that year abnormal high tides caused severe flooding to the course leaving it like "an inland sea several feet deep"[11] and the venue was switched to Royal St George's.[12] Birkdale was chosen as the venue for 1940, although the event was cancelled because of the Second World War.[13]

text: There are ten courses in the current rota, five in Scotland, four in England and one in Northern Ireland. In recent times the Old Course has hosted the Open every five years. The remaining courses host the Open roughly every 10 years but the gaps between hosting Opens may be longer or shorter than this. In 2014, it was announced by The R&A that Royal Portrush was returning to the active rota and in October 2015 Portrush was confirmed as the venue for the 2019 Open.[14][15]

text: The most recent course to be removed from the active rota was Muirfield in May 2016, following The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers refusal to permit female members to join their club.[16] On 14 March 2017, the members voted to admit females; the R&A subsequently stated that Muirfield would be welcomed back to the Open rota.

text: From 1894 (when it was first played in England) to 2016, it has been played 62 times in Scotland, 49 times in England and once in Northern Ireland. It was not until 2011 and 2012 that England hosted consecutive Opens.

text: Future venues[edit]

text:
Year
Edition
Course
Town
County
Country
Dates
Last hosted
Ref

2018
147th
Carnoustie Golf Links
Carnoustie
Angus
Scotland
19–22 July
2007
[17]

2019
148th
Royal Portrush Golf Club
Portrush
Antrim
Northern Ireland
18–21 July
1951
[18]

2020
149th
Royal St George's Golf Club
Sandwich
Kent
England
16–19 July
2011
[19]

text: Qualification[edit]

text: The field for the Open is 156, and golfers gain a place in a number of ways.[20] Most of the field is made up of leading players who are given exemptions. Further places are given to players who are successful in The Open Qualifying Series and in Final Qualifying.[21] Any remaining places, and places made available because qualified players are not competing, are made available to the highest ranked players in the Official World Golf Ranking.

text: There are currently 28 exemption categories. Among the more significant are:

text:
The top 50 on the Official World Golf Ranking. This category means that no member of the current elite of world golf will be excluded.
The top 30 in the previous season's European Tour Race to Dubai and the 30 qualifiers for Tour Championship. Most of these players will also be in the World top 50.
All previous Open Champions who will be age 60 or under on the final day of the tournament. Each year a number of past champions choose not to compete.
All players who have won one of the other three majors in the previous five years.
The top 10 from the previous year's Open Championship.
The winners of The Amateur Championship and the U.S. Amateur (provided the winners maintain their amateur status prior to the tournament).

text: International qualifying is through the "Open Qualifying Series". Ten tournaments are selected each year. These currently consist of one event from the PGA Tour of Australasia, the Asian Tour, the Sunshine Tour and the Japan Golf Tour and three from the European Tour and the PGA Tour. A pre-allocated number of places are made available at these tournaments (from 1 to 4) which are given to the leading players in those events who are not, at that point, qualified for the Open, provided they finish in a high-enough position. A total of 32 places are available.

text: Local qualifying was the traditional way for non-exempt players to win a place at The Open. In recent years it has comprised a number of "Regional Qualifying" competitions around Britain and Ireland with successful competitors, joined by those players exempt from regional qualifying, playing in 36-hole "Final Qualifying" tournaments. There are 15 places available through Final Qualifying, three at each of the five venues.

text: Timeline of qualification changes[edit]

text: Up to 1920 a variety of qualification systems were used. From 1921 to 1962 (except 1926) local qualifying was used. All those who entered played 18 holes on one of two courses and then played 18 holes on the other course the following day. Qualifying took place immediately before the Championship itself. In 1963 a system of exemptions for the leading players was introduced with local qualifying continuing for the remaining players. Since then a large number of changes have been made to the exemption criteria and to the qualifying system for the remaining players.

text:
1907: Qualifying introduced for the first time. Players play 36 holes on one of two days. Top 30 and ties qualify on each day
1908: Players play on either the first morning and second afternoon or the first afternoon and second morning. Top 30 and ties qualify from each group
1909: Same but each of the two groups has to contain at least 30 professionals
1910: Qualifying dropped
1912: Qualifying reintroduced. Players play 36 holes on one of three days. Top 20 and ties qualify on each day
1914. Qualifying over two days using two courses. Exactly 100 players qualify. 18-hole playoff the following day for those tied for final places. This was the first occasion on which qualifying did not take place on the championship course.
1920: Separate qualifying for amateurs and professionals. Amateurs qualify at the Open venue (total of 8 places with the Amateur Champion receiving automatic entry). Professionals qualified using two courses in Surrey. Top 72 and ties qualify
1921: Local qualifying reintroduced using two courses. Generally the Championship course is used together with a nearby course. Top 80 and ties qualify
1926: Regional qualifying used. Total of 101 and ties qualify at one of three venues (southern, central, northern)
1927: Local qualifying reintroduced. Top 100 and ties qualify
1937: Top 140 and ties qualify
1938: Maximum of 130 players qualify. Ties for 130th place did not qualify
1946: Maximum of 100 players qualify. Ties for 100th place did not qualify
1961: Maximum of 120 players qualify. Ties for 120th place did not qualify
1963: Exemption from qualifying introduced for the leading players including past 10 Open champions. Local qualifying continues for the remainder of the field but now two separate competitions are held with a preallocated number of places available. Two courses near the Open venue are used but not the Open venue itself. Playoff for those tied for final places. Total of 120 qualify
1965: Total of 130 qualify
1968: Exemption extended to all previous Open champions
1971: Total of 150 qualify
1984: Exemption for previous Open champions aged under 65
1995: Exemption for previous Open champions extended to those aged 65 or under
2004: International Final Qualifying introduced
2008: Exemption for previous Open champions restricted to those aged 60 or under (with transitional arrangement for those born between 1942 and 1948)
2014: Open Qualifying Series introduced replacing International Final Qualifying

text: Tournament name[edit]

text: In Britain, the tournament is best known by its official title, The Open Championship, or simply the Open.[22] Outside of the United Kingdom, the tournament is often referred to as the "British Open" to disambiguate the tournament from other national open golf tournaments, such as the U.S. Open. Likewise, the Masters and PGA Championship are often referred to as the "U.S. Masters" and "U.S. PGA Championship" outside of the United States, the latter being distinguished in the UK from the European Tour's BMW PGA Championship.[23][24] In recent years, the R&A has worked to discourage media outlets from referring to the event as the British Open; for instance, the tournament's current television deal with U.S. network NBC contractually forbids the broadcaster from doing so. Lead personality Johnny Miller admitted that he had "trouble" with the mandate during NBC's first year, sometimes having to correct himself on-air when accidentally referring to the event as the British Open.[22] The Open's women's counterpart, however, is officially titled the Women's British Open.

text: Some U.S. critics have argued that the insistence of referring to the tournament as "The Open" expresses an opinion of exceptionalism for the event by the R&A in comparison to other open golf tournaments, albeit one that is justified due to its history.[22][24][23] Alastair Johnston of IMG, who markets the tournament and its media rights internationally, remarked that negotiations in some regions had been complicated by local executives who did not believe it was appropriate to refer to the event as simply "The Open Championship".[22]

text: Tour status[edit]

text: It has been an official event on the PGA Tour since 1995, which means that the prize money won in The Open by PGA Tour members is included on the official money list. In addition, all Open Championships before 1995 have been retroactively classified as PGA Tour wins, and the list of leading winners on the PGA Tour has been adjusted to reflect this. The European Tour has recognised The Open as an official event since its first official season in 1972 and it is also an official money event on the Japan Golf Tour.

text: Prize money[edit]

text: The 2015 edition had a total prize money fund of £6.3 million and a first prize of £1.15 million, which equated to about $9.8 million and $1.8 million, respectively. The other three major championships in 2015 had prize money of $10.0 million and first prizes of $1.8 million, so that all four majors had similar prize money. Prize money is given to all professionals who make the cut and, since the number of professionals making the cut changes from year to year, the total prize money varies somewhat from the advertised number (currently £6.3 million).

text: The prize fund in 2016 was £6.5 million, with a winner's share of £1.175 million; about $8.6 million and $1.55 million. The other majors had prize money of at least $10.0 million and first prizes of at least $1.8 million. The relative decline in prize money, in dollar terms, was attributable to a fall in the £/$ exchange rate.

text: For the first time in 2017, the prize money was denominated in U.S. dollars.[25] With total prize money of $10.25 million (£7.89 million), it was somewhat lower than the $11 million at the Masters and $12 million for the U.S. Open.

text: There was no prize money in the first three Opens. In 1863, a prize fund of ten pounds was introduced, which was shared between the second-, third-, and fourth-placed professionals, with the champion keeping the belt for a year. Old Tom Morris won the first champion's cash prize of six pounds in 1864.

text: Until the late 1990s, The Open prize fund was significantly lower than the other three majors; by 2002, it was the highest.

text: Records[edit]

text:
Oldest winner: Old Tom Morris (7004169030000000000♠46 years, 102 days), 1867.
Youngest winner: Young Tom Morris (7003636600000000000♠17 years, 156 days), 1868.[26]
Most victories: 6, Harry Vardon (1896, 1898, 1899, 1903, 1911, 1914).
Most consecutive victories: 4, Young Tom Morris (1868, 1869, 1870, 1872 – there was no championship in 1871).
Lowest score after 36 holes: 130, Nick Faldo (66-64), 1992; Brandt Snedeker (66-64), 2012
Lowest score after 54 holes: 198, Tom Lehman (67-67-64), 1996
Lowest final score (72 holes): 264, Henrik Stenson (68-65-68-63, 264), 2016.
Lowest final score (72 holes) in relation to par: −20, Henrik Stenson (68-65-68-63, 264), 2016.
Greatest victory margin: 13 strokes, Old Tom Morris, 1862. This remained a record for all majors until 2000, when Woods won the U.S. Open by 15 strokes at Pebble Beach. Old Tom's 13-stroke margin was achieved over just 36 holes.
Lowest round: 62, Branden Grace, 3rd round, 2017; a record for all majors.
Lowest round in relation to par: −9, Paul Broadhurst, 3rd round, 1990; Rory McIlroy, 1st round, 2010.
Wire-to-wire winners (after 72 holes with no ties after rounds): Ted Ray in 1912, Bobby Jones in 1927, Gene Sarazen in 1932, Henry Cotton in 1934, Tom Weiskopf in 1973, Tiger Woods in 2005, and Rory McIlroy in 2014.[27]
Most runner-up finishes: 7, Jack Nicklaus (1964, 1967, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1977, 1979)

text: Champions[edit]

text:
Year
Dates
Champion
Country
Venue
Winning
score
Winning
margin
Runner(s)-up
Winner's
share (£)

2017
20–23 Jul
Jordan Spieth
 United States
Royal Birkdale
268 (−12)
3 strokes
 Matt Kuchar
1,420,000

2016
14–17 Jul
Henrik Stenson
 Sweden
Royal Troon
264 (−20)
3 strokes
 Phil Mickelson
1,175,000

2015
16–20 Jul
Zach Johnson
 United States
St Andrews
273 (−15)
Playoff
 Marc Leishman
 Louis Oosthuizen
1,150,000

2014
17–20 Jul
Rory McIlroy
 Northern Ireland
Royal Liverpool
271 (−17)
2 strokes
 Rickie Fowler
 Sergio García
975,000

2013
18–21 Jul
Phil Mickelson
 United States
Muirfield
281 (−3)
3 strokes
 Henrik Stenson
945,000

2012
19–22 Jul
Ernie Els (2)
 South Africa
Royal Lytham & St Annes
273 (−7)
1 stroke
 Adam Scott
900,000

2011
14–17 Jul
Darren Clarke
 Northern Ireland
Royal St George's
275 (−5)
3 strokes
 Dustin Johnson
 Phil Mickelson
900,000

2010
15–18 Jul
Louis Oosthuizen
 South Africa
St Andrews
272 (−16)
7 strokes
 Lee Westwood
850,000

2009
16–19 Jul
Stewart Cink
 United States
Turnberry
278 (−2)
Playoff
 Tom Watson
750,000

2008
17–20 Jul
Pádraig Harrington (2)
 Ireland
Royal Birkdale
283 (+3)
4 strokes
 Ian Poulter
750,000

2007
19–22 Jul
Pádraig Harrington
 Ireland
Carnoustie
277 (−7)
Playoff
 Sergio García
750,000

2006
20–23 Jul
Tiger Woods (3)
 United States
Royal Liverpool
270 (−18)
2 strokes
 Chris DiMarco
720,000

2005
14–17 Jul
Tiger Woods (2)
 United States
St Andrews
274 (−14)
5 strokes
 Colin Montgomerie
720,000

2004
15–18 Jul
Todd Hamilton
 United States
Royal Troon
274 (−10)
Playoff
 Ernie Els
720,000

2003
17–20 Jul
Ben Curtis
 United States
Royal St George's
283 (−1)
1 stroke
 Thomas Bjørn
 Vijay Singh
700,000

2002
18–21 Jul
Ernie Els
 South Africa
Muirfield
278 (−6)
Playoff
 Stuart Appleby
 Steve Elkington
 Thomas Levet
700,000

2001
19–22 Jul
David Duval
 United States
Royal Lytham & St Annes
274 (−10)
3 strokes
 Niclas Fasth
600,000

2000
20–23 Jul
Tiger Woods
 United States
St Andrews
269 (−19)
8 strokes
 Thomas Bjørn
 Ernie Els
500,000

1999
15–18 Jul
Paul Lawrie
 Scotland
Carnoustie
290 (+6)
Playoff
 Justin Leonard
 Jean van de Velde
350,000

1998
16–19 Jul
Mark O'Meara
 United States
Royal Birkdale
280 (E)
Playoff
 Brian Watts
300,000

1997
17–20 Jul
Justin Leonard
 United States
Royal Troon
272 (−12)
3 strokes
 Darren Clarke
 Jesper Parnevik
250,000

1996
18–21 Jul
Tom Lehman
 United States
Royal Lytham & St Annes
271 (−13)
2 strokes
 Ernie Els
 Mark McCumber
200,000

1995
20–23 Jul
John Daly
 United States
St Andrews
282 (−6)
Playoff
 Costantino Rocca
125,000

1994
14–17 Jul
Nick Price
 Zimbabwe
Turnberry
268 (−12)
1 stroke
 Jesper Parnevik
110,000

1993
15–18 Jul
Greg Norman (2)
 Australia
Royal St George's
267 (−13)
2 strokes
 Nick Faldo
100,000

1992
16–19 Jul
Nick Faldo (3)
 England
Muirfield
272 (−12)
1 stroke
 John Cook
95,000

1991
18–21 Jul
Ian Baker-Finch
 Australia
Royal Birkdale
272 (−8)
2 strokes
 Mike Harwood
90,000

1990
19–22 Jul
Nick Faldo (2)
 England
St Andrews
270 (−18)
5 strokes
 Mark McNulty
 Payne Stewart
85,000

1989
20–23 Jul
Mark Calcavecchia
 United States
Royal Troon
275 (−13)
Playoff
 Wayne Grady
 Greg Norman
80,000

1988
14–18 Jul
Seve Ballesteros (3)
 Spain
Royal Lytham & St Annes
273 (−11)
2 strokes
 Nick Price
80,000

1987
16–19 Jul
Nick Faldo
 England
Muirfield
279 (−5)
1 stroke
 Paul Azinger
 Rodger Davis
75,000

1986
17–20 Jul
Greg Norman
 Australia
Turnberry
280 (E)
5 strokes
 Gordon J. Brand
70,000

1985
18–21 Jul
Sandy Lyle
 Scotland
Royal St George's
282 (+2)
1 stroke
 Payne Stewart
65,000

1984
19–22 Jul
Seve Ballesteros (2)
 Spain
St Andrews
276 (−12)
2 strokes
 Bernhard Langer
 Tom Watson
55,000

1983
14–17 Jul
Tom Watson (5)
 United States
Royal Birkdale
275 (−9)
1 stroke
 Andy Bean
 Hale Irwin
40,000

1982
15–18 Jul
Tom Watson (4)
 United States
Royal Troon
284 (−4)
1 stroke
 Peter Oosterhuis
 Nick Price
32,000

1981
16–19 Jul
Bill Rogers
 United States
Royal St George's
276 (−4)
4 strokes
 Bernhard Langer
25,000

1980
17–20 Jul
Tom Watson (3)
 United States
Muirfield
271 (−13)
4 strokes
 Lee Trevino
25,000

1979
18–21 Jul
Seve Ballesteros
 Spain
Royal Lytham & St Annes
283 (−1)
3 strokes
 Ben Crenshaw
 Jack Nicklaus
15,000

1978
12–15 Jul
Jack Nicklaus (3)
 United States
St Andrews
281 (−7)
2 strokes
 Ben Crenshaw
 Raymond Floyd
 Tom Kite
 Simon Owen
12,500

1977
6–9 Jul
Tom Watson (2)
 United States
Turnberry
268 (−12)
1 stroke
 Jack Nicklaus
10,000

1976
7–10 Jul
Johnny Miller
 United States
Royal Birkdale
279 (−9)
6 strokes
 Seve Ballesteros
 Jack Nicklaus
7,500

1975
9–13 Jul
Tom Watson
 United States
Carnoustie
279 (−9)
Playoff
 Jack Newton
7,500

1974
10–13 Jul
Gary Player (3)
 South Africa
Royal Lytham & St Annes
282 (−2)
4 strokes
 Peter Oosterhuis
5,500

1973
11–14 Jul
Tom Weiskopf
 United States
Troon
276 (−12)
3 strokes
 Neil Coles
 Johnny Miller
5,500

1972
12–15 Jul
Lee Trevino (2)
 United States
Muirfield
278 (−6)
1 stroke
 Jack Nicklaus
5,500

1971
7–10 Jul
Lee Trevino
 United States
Royal Birkdale
278 (−14)
1 stroke
 Lu Liang-Huan
5,500

1970
8–12 Jul
Jack Nicklaus (2)
 United States
St Andrews
283 (−5)
Playoff
 Doug Sanders
5,250

1969
9–12 Jul
Tony Jacklin
 England
Royal Lytham & St Annes
280 (−4)
2 strokes
 Bob Charles
4,250

1968
10–13 Jul
Gary Player (2)
 South Africa
Carnoustie
289 (+1)
2 strokes
 Bob Charles
 Jack Nicklaus
3,000

1967
12–15 Jul
Roberto De Vicenzo
 Argentina
Royal Liverpool
278 (−10)
2 strokes
 Jack Nicklaus
2,100

1966
6–9 Jul
Jack Nicklaus
 United States
Muirfield
282 (−2)
1 stroke
 Doug Sanders
 Dave Thomas
2,100

1965
7–9 Jul
Peter Thomson (5)
 Australia
Royal Birkdale
285 (−3)
2 strokes
 Brian Huggett
 Christy O'Connor Snr
1,750

1964
8–10 Jul
Tony Lema
 United States
St Andrews
279 (−9)
5 strokes
 Jack Nicklaus
1,500

1963
10–13 Jul
Bob Charles
 New Zealand
Royal Lytham & St Annes
277 (−3)
Playoff
 Phil Rodgers
1,500

1962
11–13 Jul
Arnold Palmer (2)
 United States
Troon
276 (−12)
6 strokes
 Kel Nagle
1,400

1961
12–15 Jul
Arnold Palmer
 United States
Royal Birkdale
284 (−4)
1 stroke
 Dai Rees
1,400

1960
6–9 Jul
Kel Nagle
 Australia
St Andrews
278 (−10)
1 stroke
 Arnold Palmer
1,250

1959
1–3 Jul
Gary Player
 South Africa
Muirfield
284 (E)
2 strokes
 Fred Bullock
 Flory Van Donck
1,000

1958
2–5 Jul
Peter Thomson (4)
 Australia
Royal Lytham & St Annes
278 (−6)
Playoff
 Dave Thomas
1,000

1957
3–5 Jul
Bobby Locke (4)
 South Africa
St Andrews
279 (−9)
3 strokes
 Peter Thomson
1,000

1956
4–6 Jul
Peter Thomson (3)
 Australia
Royal Liverpool
286 (+2)
3 strokes
 Flory Van Donck
1,000

1955
6–8 Jul
Peter Thomson (2)
 Australia
St Andrews
281 (−7)
2 strokes
 John Fallon
1,000

1954
7–9 Jul
Peter Thomson
 Australia
Royal Birkdale
283 (−5)
1 stroke
 Bobby Locke
 Dai Rees
 Syd Scott
750

1953
8–10 Jul
Ben Hogan
 United States
Carnoustie
282 (−6)
4 strokes
 Antonio Cerdá
 Dai Rees
 Frank Stranahan (a)
 Peter Thomson
500

1952
9–11 Jul
Bobby Locke (3)
 South Africa
Royal Lytham & St Annes
287 (−1)
1 stroke
 Peter Thomson
300

1951
4–6 Jul
Max Faulkner
 England
Royal Portrush
285 (−3)
2 strokes
 Antonio Cerdá
300

1950
5–7 Jul
Bobby Locke (2)
 South Africa
Troon
279 (−9)
2 strokes
 Roberto de Vicenzo
300

1949
6–9 Jul
Bobby Locke
 South Africa
Royal St George's
283 (−5)
Playoff
 Harry Bradshaw
300

1948
30 Jun – 2 Jul
Henry Cotton (3)
 England
Muirfield
284 (E)
5 strokes
 Fred Daly
150

1947
2–4 Jul
Fred Daly
 Northern Ireland
Royal Liverpool
293 (+5)
1 stroke
 Reg Horne
 Frank Stranahan (a)
150

1946
3–5 Jul
Sam Snead
 United States
St Andrews
290 (+2)
4 strokes
 Johnny Bulla
 Bobby Locke
150

1940–45: No Championships because of World War II

1939
5–7 Jul
Dick Burton
 England
St Andrews
290 (−2)
2 strokes
 Johnny Bulla
100

1938
6–8 Jul
Reg Whitcombe
 England
Royal St George's
295 (+15)
2 strokes
 Jimmy Adams
100

1937
7–9 Jul
Henry Cotton (2)
 England
Carnoustie
290
2 strokes
 Reg Whitcombe
100

1936
25–27 Jun
Alf Padgham
 England
Royal Liverpool
287
1 stroke
 Jimmy Adams
100

1935
26–28 Jun
Alf Perry
 England
Muirfield
283
4 strokes
 Alf Padgham
100

1934
27–29 Jun
Henry Cotton
 England
Royal St George's
283
5 strokes
 Sid Brews
100

1933
5–8 Jul
Denny Shute
 United States
St Andrews
292
Playoff
 Craig Wood
100

1932
8–10 Jun
Gene Sarazen
 United States
Prince's
283
5 strokes
 Macdonald Smith
100

1931
3–5 Jun
Tommy Armour
 United States
Carnoustie
296
1 stroke
 José Jurado
100

1930
18–20 Jun
Bobby Jones (a) (3)
 United States
Royal Liverpool
291
2 strokes
 Leo Diegel
 Macdonald Smith
100

1929
8–10 May
Walter Hagen (4)
 United States
Muirfield
292
6 strokes
 Johnny Farrell
75

1928
9–11 May
Walter Hagen (3)
 United States
Royal St George's
292
2 strokes
 Gene Sarazen
75

1927
13–15 Jul
Bobby Jones (a) (2)
 United States
St Andrews
285
6 strokes
 Aubrey Boomer
 Fred Robson
75

1926
23–25 Jun
Bobby Jones (a)
 United States
Royal Lytham & St Annes
291
2 strokes
 Al Watrous
75

1925
25–26 Jun
Jim Barnes
 United States
Prestwick
300
1 stroke
 Archie Compston
 Ted Ray
75

1924
26–27 Jun
Walter Hagen (2)
 United States
Royal Liverpool
301
1 stroke
 Ernest Whitcombe
75

1923
14–15 Jun
Arthur Havers
 England
Troon
295
1 stroke
 Walter Hagen
75

1922
22–23 Jun
Walter Hagen
 United States
Royal St George's
300
1 stroke
 Jim Barnes
 George Duncan
75

1921
23–25 Jun
Jock Hutchison
 United States
St Andrews
296
Playoff
 Roger Wethered (a)
75

1920
30 Jun – 1 Jul
George Duncan
 Scotland
Royal Cinque Ports
303
2 strokes
 Sandy Herd
75

1915–19: No Championships because of World War I

1914
18–19 Jun
Harry Vardon (6)
 Jersey
Prestwick
306
3 strokes
 J.H. Taylor
50

1913
23–24 Jun
J.H. Taylor (5)
 England
Royal Liverpool
304
8 strokes
 Ted Ray
50

1912
24–25 Jun
Ted Ray
 Jersey
Muirfield
295
4 strokes
 Harry Vardon
50

1911
26–30 Jun
Harry Vardon (5)
 Jersey
Royal St George's
303
Playoff
 Arnaud Massy
50

1910
21–24 Jun
James Braid (5)
 Scotland
St Andrews
299
4 strokes
 Sandy Herd
50

1909
10–11 Jun
J.H. Taylor (4)
 England
Royal Cinque Ports
291
6 strokes
 Tom Ball
 James Braid
50

1908
18–19 Jun
James Braid (4)
 Scotland
Prestwick
291
8 strokes
 Tom Ball
50

1907
20–21 Jun
Arnaud Massy
 France
Royal Liverpool
312
2 strokes
 J.H. Taylor
50

1906
13–15 Jun
James Braid (3)
 Scotland
Muirfield
300
4 strokes
 J.H. Taylor
50

1905
7–9 Jun
James Braid (2)
 Scotland
St Andrews
318
5 strokes
 Rowland Jones
 J.H. Taylor
50

1904
8–10 Jun
Jack White
 Scotland
Royal St George's
296
1 stroke
 James Braid
 J.H. Taylor
50

1903
10–11 Jun
Harry Vardon (4)
 Jersey
Prestwick
300
6 strokes
 Tom Vardon
50

1902
4–5 Jun
Sandy Herd
 Scotland
Royal Liverpool
307
1 stroke
 James Braid
 Harry Vardon
50

1901
5–6 Jun
James Braid
 Scotland
Muirfield
309
3 strokes
 Harry Vardon
50

1900
6–7 Jun
J.H. Taylor (3)
 England
St Andrews
309
8 strokes
 Harry Vardon
50

1899
7–8 Jun
Harry Vardon (3)
 Jersey
St George's
310
5 strokes
 Jack White
30

1898
8–9 Jun
Harry Vardon (2)
 Jersey
Prestwick
307
1 stroke
 Willie Park, Jnr
30

1897
19–20 May
Harold Hilton (a) (2)
 England
Royal Liverpool
314
1 stroke
 James Braid
30

1896
10–11,13 Jun
Harry Vardon
 Jersey
Muirfield
316
Playoff
 J.H. Taylor
30

1895
12–13 Jun
J.H. Taylor (2)
 England
St Andrews
322
4 strokes
 Sandy Herd
30

1894
11–12 Jun
J.H. Taylor
 England
St George's
326
5 strokes
 Douglas Rolland
30

1893
31 Aug – 1 Sep
William Auchterlonie
 Scotland
Prestwick
322
2 strokes
 Johnny Laidlay (a)
30

1892
22–23 Sep
Harold Hilton (a)
 England
Muirfield
305
3 strokes
 John Ball (a)
 Sandy Herd
 Hugh Kirkaldy
35

1891
6–7 Oct
Hugh Kirkaldy
 Scotland
St Andrews
166
2 strokes
 Willie Fernie
 Andrew Kirkaldy
10

1890
11 Sep
John Ball (a)
 England
Prestwick
164
3 strokes
 Willie Fernie
 Archie Simpson
13

1889
8,11 Nov
Willie Park, Jnr (2)
 Scotland
Musselburgh
155
Playoff
 Andrew Kirkaldy
8

1888
6,8 Oct
Jack Burns
 Scotland
St Andrews
171
1 stroke
 David Anderson Jr.
 Ben Sayers
8

1887
16 Sep
Willie Park, Jnr
 Scotland
Prestwick
161
1 stroke
 Bob Martin
8

1886
5 Nov
David Brown
 Scotland
Musselburgh
157
2 strokes
 Willie Campbell
8

1885
3 Oct
Bob Martin (2)
 Scotland
St Andrews
171
1 stroke
 Archie Simpson
10

1884
3 Oct
Jack Simpson
 Scotland
Prestwick
160
4 strokes
 Willie Fernie
 Douglas Rolland
8

1883
16–17 Nov
Willie Fernie
 Scotland
Musselburgh
159
Playoff
 Bob Ferguson
8

1882
30 Sep
Bob Ferguson (3)
 Scotland
St Andrews
171
3 strokes
 Willie Fernie
12

1881
14 Oct
Bob Ferguson (2)
 Scotland
Prestwick
170
3 strokes
 Jamie Anderson
8

1880
9 Apr
Bob Ferguson
 Scotland
Musselburgh
162
5 strokes
 Peter Paxton
8

1879
27,29 Sep
Jamie Anderson (3)
 Scotland
St Andrews
169
3 strokes
 Jamie Allan
 Andrew Kirkaldy
10

1878
4 Oct
Jamie Anderson (2)
 Scotland
Prestwick
157
2 strokes
 Bob Kirk
8

1877
6 Apr
Jamie Anderson
 Scotland
Musselburgh
160
2 strokes
 Bob Pringle
8

1876
30 Sep, 2 Oct
Bob Martin
 Scotland
St Andrews
176
Playoff
 Davie Strath
10

1875
10 Sep
Willie Park, Snr (4)
 Scotland
Prestwick
166
2 strokes
 Bob Martin
8

1874
10 Apr
Mungo Park
 Scotland
Musselburgh
159
2 strokes
 Tom Morris, Jnr
8

1873
4 Oct
Tom Kidd
 Scotland
St Andrews
179
1 stroke
 Jamie Anderson
11

1872
13 Sep
Tom Morris, Jnr (4)
 Scotland
Prestwick
166
3 strokes
 Davie Strath
8

1871
Championship cancelled as no trophy available

1870
15 Sep
Tom Morris, Jnr (3)
 Scotland
Prestwick
149
12 strokes
 Bob Kirk
 Davie Strath
6

1869
16 Sep
Tom Morris, Jnr (2)
 Scotland
Prestwick
157
11 strokes
 Bob Kirk
6

1868
23 Sep
Tom Morris, Jnr
 Scotland
Prestwick
154
3 strokes
 Tom Morris, Snr
6

1867
26 Sep
Tom Morris, Snr (4)
 Scotland
Prestwick
170
2 strokes
 Willie Park, Snr
7

1866
13 Sep
Willie Park, Snr (3)
 Scotland
Prestwick
169
2 strokes
 Davie Park
6

1865
14 Sep
Andrew Strath
 Scotland
Prestwick
162
2 strokes
 Willie Park, Snr
8

1864
16 Sep
Tom Morris, Snr (3)
 Scotland
Prestwick
167
2 strokes
 Andrew Strath
6

1863
18 Sep
Willie Park, Snr (2)
 Scotland
Prestwick
168
2 strokes
 Tom Morris, Snr
-

1862
11 Sep
Tom Morris, Snr (2)
 Scotland
Prestwick
163
13 strokes
 Willie Park, Snr
-

1861
26 Sep
Tom Morris, Snr
 Scotland
Prestwick
163
4 strokes
 Willie Park, Snr
-

1860
17 Oct
Willie Park, Snr
 Scotland
Prestwick
174
2 strokes
 Tom Morris, Snr
-

text:
(a) denotes amateur
"Dates" column includes all days on which play took place or was planned to take place, including any playoffs

text: The Open began paying in U.S. dollars in 2017,[25] subsequent figures in pounds are rounded estimates.[28]

text: Silver Medal winners[edit]

text: Since 1949, the Silver Medal is awarded to the leading amateur, provided that the player completes all 72 holes.[3] In the 69 Championships from 1949 to 2017, it has been won by 44 players on 50 occasions. Frank Stranahan won it four times in the first five years (and was also the low amateur in 1947), while Joe Carr, Michael Bonallack and Peter McEvoy each won it twice. The medal has gone unawarded 19 times.

text:
1949 – Frank Stranahan
1950 – Frank Stranahan (2)
1951 – Frank Stranahan (3)
1952 – Jackie Jones
1953 – Frank Stranahan (4)
1954 – Peter Toogood
1955 – Joe Conrad
1956 – Joe Carr
1957 – Dickson Smith
1958 – Joe Carr (2)
1959 – Reid Jack
1960 – Guy Wolstenholme
1961 – Ronnie White
1962 – Charlie Green
1963 – none
1964 – none
1965 – Michael Burgess
1966 – Ronnie Shade
1967 – none
1968 – Michael Bonallack
1969 – Peter Tupling
1970 – Steve Melnyk
1971 – Michael Bonallack (2)
1972 – none
1973 – Danny Edwards
1974 – none
1975 – none
1976 – none
1977 – none
1978 – Peter McEvoy
1979 – Peter McEvoy (2)
1980 – Jay Sigel
1981 – Hal Sutton
1982 – Malcolm Lewis
1983 – none
1984 – none
1985 – José María Olazábal
1986 – none
1987 – Paul Mayo
1988 – Paul Broadhurst
1989 – Russell Claydon
1990 – none
1991 – Jim Payne
1992 – Daren Lee
1993 – Iain Pyman
1994 – Warren Bennett
1995 – Steve Webster
1996 – Tiger Woods
1997 – Barclay Howard
1998 – Justin Rose
1999 – none
2000 – none
2001 – David Dixon
2002 – none
2003 – none
2004 – Stuart Wilson
2005 – Lloyd Saltman
2006 – Marius Thorp
2007 – Rory McIlroy
2008 – Chris Wood
2009 – Matteo Manassero
2010 – Jin Jeong
2011 – Tom Lewis
2012 – none
2013 – Matthew Fitzpatrick
2014 – none
2015 – Jordan Niebrugge
2016 – none
2017 – Alfie Plant

text: Broadcasting[edit]

text: As of 2016, European Tour Productions serves as the host broadcaster for the Open Championship. The host broadcaster, as well as British and American broadcasters Sky Sports and NBC Sports, utilized a total of 175 cameras during the 2016 tournament.[29][30]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In the United Kingdom, the Open Championship was historically broadcast by the BBC—a relationship which lasted from 1955 to 2015. The BBC's rights to the Open had been threatened by the event's removal from Category A of Ofcom's "listed" events, a status which legally mandated that the Open be broadcast in its entirety by a terrestrial broadcaster. It had since been moved to Category B, meaning that television rights to the tournament could now be acquired by a pay television outlet, such as BT Sport or Sky Sports, as long as rights to broadcast a highlights programme are given to one of the main terrestrial broadcasters.[31][32][33]

text: Former R&A chief executive Peter Dawson had been critical of the quality of the BBC's television coverage in recent years, stating alongside its final renewal in 2010 that "They know we've got our eye on them. You have to stay in practice and keep up with advances in technology." The Guardian felt that the R&A was being "pressured" to negotiate a more lucrative broadcast deal, as the other three majors have in the United States, but also argued that viewer interest in golf could face further declines in the UK without widely available coverage.[33][32]

text: On 3 February 2015, the R&A announced that Sky Sports had acquired broadcast rights to the Open beginning in 2017, under a five-year contract valued at £15 million per-year, doubling the value of the previous BBC contract. As required by broadcasting regulations, rights to broadcast a nightly highlights programme were also sold: the BBC acquired this highlights package. Dawson praised Sky Sports' past involvement with televised golf, explaining that "the way people consume live sport is changing significantly and this new agreement ensures fans have a range of options for enjoying the championship on television and through digital channels".[34][35] The BBC chose to opt out of the final year of its existing contract, making Sky Sports' broadcast rights begin one year early, in 2016.[36]

text: United States[edit]

text: In the United States, ABC had historically held rights to the Open.[37] Beginning in 2010 under an eight-year agreement, the Open moved exclusively to ABC's sister pay television channel ESPN, with only tape-delayed highlights shown on ABC.[38] In June 2015, it was announced that NBC Sports would acquire rights to the Open Championship under a 12-year deal beginning in 2017; early round coverage airs on Golf Channel, with the main NBC network broadcasting live weekend coverage. The R&A cited NBC's successful broadcasts of Premier League football, which also primarily airs on weekend mornings in U.S. time zones, as an advantage of NBC's acquisition of The Open.[39] Similarly to the BBC, ESPN chose to opt out of its final year of Open rights, causing NBC's rights to begin in 2016 instead.[36]

text:
The 2017 edition of the Open Championship had a total of 49.5 hours of coverage in the United States, with 29 hours being on Thursday and Friday, and 20.5 hours being on Saturday and Sunday; the Golf Channel cable network had a total of 34.5 hours of coverage, with 29 hours on Thursday and Friday, and 5.5 hours on Saturday and Sunday. The NBC broadcast network had a total of 15 hours of coverage on the weekend, with 8 hours Saturday, and 7 hours Sunday.
The 49.5 total hours of coverage on Golf Channel and NBC remained unchanged from 2016, with the difference being that Golf Channel's total coverage went down thirty minutes from 35 hours to 34.5 hours, and NBC's total coverage went up thirty minutes from 14.5 hours to 15 hours.


document_title: Chicken Soup with Barley

question_text: who wrote the trilogy chicken soup with barley roots and i'm talking about jerusalem

question_tokens: who wrote the trilogy chicken soup with barley roots and i 'm talking about jerusalem

text: Chicken Soup with Barley

text: Chicken Soup with Barley is a 1956 play by British playwright Arnold Wesker. It is the first of a trilogy and was first performed on stage in 1958 at the Belgrade Theatre in Coventry, where Wesker's two other plays of that trilogy—Roots and I'm Talking About Jerusalem—also premiered.[1] The play is split into three acts, each with two scenes.

text: The play is about the Jewish Kahn family living in 1936 in London, and traces the downfall of their ideals in a changing world, parallel to the disintegration of the family, until 1956.[2] The protagonists are the parents, Sarah and Harry, and their children, Ada, and Ronnie. They are Jewish Communists, and Wesker explores how they struggle to maintain their convictions in the face of World War II, Stalinism, or the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. Sarah is an adamant Socialist; she is strong, family-minded, honest though bossy; Harry, her husband, is weak, a liar, not at all manly and lacks conviction; Ada is extremely passionate about what she believes in, especially Marxism, and, like the others, is also romantic both personally and politically; and finally Ronnie is a youthful idealist and just as romantic as Ada.

text: The character of Sarah was based on Arnold Wesker's aunt, Sarah Wesker,[3] who was a trade union activist in the East End of London.

text: A major revival, starring Samantha Spiro, was staged at the Royal Court in the summer of 2011.