document_title: List of Olympic medalists in figure skating

question_text: who won the gold in women's singles figure skating

question_tokens: who won the gold in women 's singles figure skating

text: Medalists[edit]

text: Men's singles[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1908 London
details
Ulrich Salchow
 Sweden
Richard Johansson
 Sweden
Per Thorén
 Sweden

1912 Stockholm
not included in the Olympic program

1920 Antwerp
details
Gillis Grafström
 Sweden
Andreas Krogh
 Norway
Martin Stixrud
 Norway

1924 Chamonix
details
Gillis Grafström
 Sweden
Willy Böckl
 Austria
Georges Gautschi
 Switzerland

1928 St. Moritz
details
Gillis Grafström
 Sweden
Willy Böckl
 Austria
Robert van Zeebroeck
 Belgium

1932 Lake Placid
details
Karl Schäfer
 Austria
Gillis Grafström
 Sweden
Montgomery Wilson
 Canada

1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen
details
Karl Schäfer
 Austria
Ernst Baier
 Germany
Felix Kaspar
 Austria

1948 St. Moritz
details
Dick Button
 United States
Hans Gerschwiler
 Switzerland
Edi Rada
 Austria

1952 Oslo
details
Dick Button
 United States
Helmut Seibt
 Austria
James Grogan
 United States

1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo
details
Hayes Alan Jenkins
 United States
Ronnie Robertson
 United States
David Jenkins
 United States

1960 Squaw Valley
details
David Jenkins
 United States
Karol Divín
 Czechoslovakia
Donald Jackson
 Canada

1964 Innsbruck
details
Manfred Schnelldorfer
 United Team of Germany
Alain Calmat
 France
Scott Allen
 United States

1968 Grenoble
details
Wolfgang Schwarz
 Austria
Timothy Wood
 United States
Patrick Péra
 France

1972 Sapporo
details
Ondrej Nepela
 Czechoslovakia
Sergei Chetverukhin
 Soviet Union
Patrick Péra
 France

1976 Innsbruck
details
John Curry
 Great Britain
Vladimir Kovalev
 Soviet Union
Toller Cranston
 Canada

1980 Lake Placid
details
Robin Cousins
 Great Britain
Jan Hoffmann
 East Germany
Charles Tickner
 United States

1984 Sarajevo
details
Scott Hamilton
 United States
Brian Orser
 Canada
Jozef Sabovčík
 Czechoslovakia

1988 Calgary
details
Brian Boitano
 United States
Brian Orser
 Canada
Viktor Petrenko
 Soviet Union

1992 Albertville
details
Viktor Petrenko
 Unified Team
Paul Wylie
 United States
Petr Barna
 Czechoslovakia

1994 Lillehammer
details
Alexei Urmanov
 Russia
Elvis Stojko
 Canada
Philippe Candeloro
 France

1998 Nagano
details
Ilia Kulik
 Russia
Elvis Stojko
 Canada
Philippe Candeloro
 France

2002 Salt Lake City
details
Alexei Yagudin
 Russia
Evgeni Plushenko
 Russia
Timothy Goebel
 United States

2006 Torino
details
Evgeni Plushenko
 Russia
Stéphane Lambiel
 Switzerland
Jeffrey Buttle
 Canada

2010 Vancouver
details
Evan Lysacek
 United States
Evgeni Plushenko
 Russia
Daisuke Takahashi
 Japan

2014 Sochi
details
Yuzuru Hanyu
 Japan
Patrick Chan
 Canada
Denis Ten
 Kazakhstan

2018 Pyeongchang
details
Yuzuru Hanyu
 Japan
Shoma Uno
 Japan
Javier Fernández
 Spain

text: Men's special figures[edit]

text: Men's special figures was only included in one Olympic Games before being discontinued. The sole winner of the event was Russian Nikolai Panin, who gave his country its first ever Olympic gold medal.[2]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1908 London
details
Nikolai Panin
 Russian Empire
Arthur Cumming
 Great Britain
Geoffrey Hall-Say
 Great Britain

text: Ladies' singles[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1908 London
details
Madge Syers
 Great Britain
Elsa Rendschmidt
 Germany
Dorothy Greenhough-Smith
 Great Britain

1920 Antwerp
details
Magda Julin
 Sweden
Svea Norén
 Sweden
Theresa Weld
 United States

1924 Chamonix
details
Herma Szabo
 Austria
Beatrix Loughran
 United States
Ethel Muckelt
 Great Britain

1928 St. Moritz
details
Sonja Henie
 Norway
Fritzi Burger
 Austria
Beatrix Loughran
 United States

1932 Lake Placid
details
Sonja Henie
 Norway
Fritzi Burger
 Austria
Maribel Vinson
 United States

1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen
details
Sonja Henie
 Norway
Cecilia Colledge
 Great Britain
Vivi-Anne Hultén
 Sweden

1948 St. Moritz
details
Barbara Ann Scott
 Canada
Eva Pawlik
 Austria
Jeannette Altwegg
 Great Britain

1952 Oslo
details
Jeannette Altwegg
 Great Britain
Tenley Albright
 United States
Jacqueline du Bief
 France

1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo
details
Tenley Albright
 United States
Carol Heiss
 United States
Ingrid Wendl
 Austria

1960 Squaw Valley
details
Carol Heiss
 United States
Sjoukje Dijkstra
 Netherlands
Barbara Roles
 United States

1964 Innsbruck
details
Sjoukje Dijkstra
 Netherlands
Regine Heitzer
 Austria
Petra Burka
 Canada

1968 Grenoble
details
Peggy Fleming
 United States
Gabriele Seyfert
 East Germany
Hana Mašková
 Czechoslovakia

1972 Sapporo
details
Beatrix Schuba
 Austria
Karen Magnussen
 Canada
Janet Lynn
 United States

1976 Innsbruck
details
Dorothy Hamill
 United States
Dianne de Leeuw
 Netherlands
Christine Errath
 East Germany

1980 Lake Placid
details
Anett Pötzsch
 East Germany
Linda Fratianne
 United States
Dagmar Lurz
 West Germany

1984 Sarajevo
details
Katarina Witt
 East Germany
Rosalynn Sumners
 United States
Kira Ivanova
 Soviet Union

1988 Calgary
details
Katarina Witt
 East Germany
Elizabeth Manley
 Canada
Debi Thomas
 United States

1992 Albertville
details
Kristi Yamaguchi
 United States
Midori Ito
 Japan
Nancy Kerrigan
 United States

1994 Lillehammer
details
Oksana Baiul
 Ukraine
Nancy Kerrigan
 United States
Chen Lu
 China

1998 Nagano
details
Tara Lipinski
 United States
Michelle Kwan
 United States
Chen Lu
 China

2002 Salt Lake City
details
Sarah Hughes
 United States
Irina Slutskaya
 Russia
Michelle Kwan
 United States

2006 Torino
details
Shizuka Arakawa
 Japan
Sasha Cohen
 United States
Irina Slutskaya
 Russia

2010 Vancouver
details
Yuna Kim
 South Korea
Mao Asada
 Japan
Joannie Rochette
 Canada

2014 Sochi
details
Adelina Sotnikova
 Russia
Yuna Kim
 South Korea
Carolina Kostner
 Italy

2018 Pyeongchang
details
Alina Zagitova
 Olympic Athletes from Russia
Evgenia Medvedeva
 Olympic Athletes from Russia
Kaetlyn Osmond
 Canada

text: Pairs[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1908 London
details
 Anna Hübler
and Heinrich Burger (GER)
 Phyllis Johnson
and James H. Johnson (GBR)
 Madge Syers
and Edgar Syers (GBR)

1912 Stockholm
not included in the Olympic program

1920 Antwerp
details
 Ludowika Jakobsson
/ Walter Jakobsson (FIN)
 Alexia Bryn
and Yngvar Bryn (NOR)
 Phyllis Johnson
and Basil Williams (GBR)

1924 Chamonix
details
 Helene Engelmann
and Alfred Berger (AUT)
 Ludowika Jakobsson
and Walter Jakobsson (FIN)
 Andrée Joly
and Pierre Brunet (FRA)

1928 St. Moritz
details
 Andrée Joly
and Pierre Brunet (FRA)
 Lilly Scholz
and Otto Kaiser (AUT)
 Melitta Brunner
and Ludwig Wrede (AUT)

1932 Lake Placid
details
 Andrée Brunet
and Pierre Brunet (FRA)
 Beatrix Loughran
and Sherwin Badger (USA)
 Emília Rotter
and László Szollás (HUN)

1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen
details
 Maxi Herber
and Ernst Baier (GER)
 Ilse Pausin
and Erik Pausin (AUT)
 Emília Rotter
and László Szollás (HUN)

1948 St. Moritz
details
 Micheline Lannoy
and Pierre Baugniet (BEL)
 Andrea Kékesy
and Ede Király (HUN)
 Suzanne Morrow
and Wallace Diestelmeyer (CAN)

1952 Oslo
details
 Ria Falk
and Paul Falk (GER)
 Karol Kennedy
and Peter Kennedy (USA)
 Marianna Nagy
and László Nagy (HUN)

1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo
details
 Sissy Schwarz
and Kurt Oppelt (AUT)
 Frances Dafoe
and Norris Bowden (CAN)
 Marianna Nagy
and László Nagy (HUN)

1960 Squaw Valley
details
 Barbara Wagner
and Robert Paul (CAN)
 Marika Kilius
and Hans-Jürgen Bäumler (EUA)
 Nancy Ludington
and Ronald Ludington (USA)

1964 Innsbruck
details
 Ludmila Belousova
and Oleg Protopopov (URS)
 Marika Kilius
and Hans-Jürgen Bäumler (EUA)
 Debbi Wilkes
and Guy Revell (CAN)[a]
 Vivian Joseph
and Ronald Joseph (USA)

1968 Grenoble
details
 Ludmila Belousova
and Oleg Protopopov (URS)
 Tatyana Zhuk
and Aleksandr Gorelik (URS)
 Margot Glockshuber
and Wolfgang Danne (FRG)

1972 Sapporo
details
 Irina Rodnina
and Alexei Ulanov (URS)
 Lyudmila Smirnova
and Andrei Suraikin (URS)
 Manuela Groß
and Uwe Kagelmann (GDR)

1976 Innsbruck
details
 Irina Rodnina
and Alexander Zaitsev (URS)
 Romy Kermer
and Rolf Österreich (GDR)
 Manuela Groß
and Uwe Kagelmann (GDR)

1980 Lake Placid
details
 Irina Rodnina
and Alexander Zaitsev (URS)
 Marina Cherkasova
and Sergei Shakhrai (URS)
 Manuela Mager
and Uwe Bewersdorf (GDR)

1984 Sarajevo
details
 Elena Valova
and Oleg Vasiliev (URS)
 Kitty Carruthers
and Peter Carruthers (USA)
 Larisa Selezneva
and Oleg Makarov (URS)

1988 Calgary
details
 Ekaterina Gordeeva
and Sergei Grinkov (URS)
 Elena Valova
and Oleg Vasiliev (URS)
 Jill Watson
and Peter Oppegard (USA)

1992 Albertville
details
 Natalia Mishkutenok
and Artur Dmitriev (EUN)
 Elena Bechke
and Denis Petrov (EUN)
 Isabelle Brasseur
and Lloyd Eisler (CAN)

1994 Lillehammer
details
 Ekaterina Gordeeva
and Sergei Grinkov (RUS)
 Natalia Mishkutenok
and Artur Dmitriev (RUS)
 Isabelle Brasseur
and Lloyd Eisler (CAN)

1998 Nagano
details
 Oksana Kazakova
and Artur Dmitriev (RUS)
 Elena Berezhnaya
and Anton Sikharulidze (RUS)
 Mandy Wötzel
and Ingo Steuer (GER)

2002 Salt Lake City
details
 Elena Berezhnaya
and Anton Sikharulidze (RUS)
 Jamie Salé
and David Pelletier (CAN)
None awarded[b]
 Shen Xue
and Zhao Hongbo (CHN)

2006 Torino
details
 Tatiana Totmianina
and Maxim Marinin (RUS)
 Zhang Dan
and Zhang Hao (CHN)
 Shen Xue
and Zhao Hongbo (CHN)

2010 Vancouver
details
 Shen Xue
and Zhao Hongbo (CHN)
 Pang Qing
and Tong Jian (CHN)
 Aliona Savchenko
and Robin Szolkowy (GER)

2014 Sochi
details
 Tatiana Volosozhar
and Maxim Trankov (RUS)
 Ksenia Stolbova
and Fedor Klimov (RUS)
 Aliona Savchenko
and Robin Szolkowy (GER)

2018 Pyeongchang
details
 Aliona Savchenko
and Bruno Massot (GER)
 Sui Wenjing
and Han Cong (CHN)
 Meagan Duhamel
and Eric Radford (CAN)

text: Ice dancing[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1976 Innsbruck
details
 Lyudmila Pakhomova
and Aleksandr Gorshkov (URS)
 Irina Moiseyeva
and Andrei Minenkov (URS)
 Colleen O'Connor
and James Millns (USA)

1980 Lake Placid
details
 Natalia Linichuk
and Gennadi Karponossov (URS)
 Krisztina Regőczy
and András Sallay (HUN)
 Irina Moiseyeva
and Andrei Minenkov (URS)

1984 Sarajevo
details
 Jayne Torvill
and Christopher Dean (GBR)
 Natalia Bestemianova
and Andrei Bukin (URS)
 Marina Klimova
and Sergei Ponomarenko (URS)

1988 Calgary
details
 Natalia Bestemianova
and Andrei Bukin (URS)
 Marina Klimova
and Sergei Ponomarenko (URS)
 Tracy Wilson
and Robert McCall (CAN)

1992 Albertville
details
 Marina Klimova
and Sergei Ponomarenko (EUN)
 Isabelle Duchesnay
and Paul Duchesnay (FRA)
 Maya Usova
and Alexander Zhulin (EUN)

1994 Lillehammer
details
 Oksana Grishuk
and Evgeny Platov (RUS)
 Maya Usova
and Alexander Zhulin (RUS)
 Jayne Torvill
and Christopher Dean (GBR)

1998 Nagano
details
 Oksana Grishuk
and Evgeny Platov (RUS)
 Anjelika Krylova
and Oleg Ovsyannikov (RUS)
 Marina Anissina
and Gwendal Peizerat (FRA)

2002 Salt Lake City
details
 Marina Anissina
and Gwendal Peizerat (FRA)
 Irina Lobacheva
and Ilia Averbukh (RUS)
 Barbara Fusar-Poli
and Maurizio Margaglio (ITA)

2006 Torino
details
 Tatiana Navka
and Roman Kostomarov (RUS)
 Tanith Belbin
and Benjamin Agosto (USA)
 Elena Grushina
and Ruslan Goncharov (UKR)

2010 Vancouver
details
 Tessa Virtue
and Scott Moir (CAN)
 Meryl Davis
and Charlie White (USA)
 Oksana Domnina
and Maxim Shabalin (RUS)

2014 Sochi
details
 Meryl Davis
and Charlie White (USA)
 Tessa Virtue
and Scott Moir (CAN)
 Elena Ilinykh
and Nikita Katsalapov (RUS)

2018 Pyeongchang
details
 Tessa Virtue
and Scott Moir (CAN)
 Gabriella Papadakis
and Guillaume Cizeron (FRA)
 Maia Shibutani
and Alex Shibutani (USA)

text: Team event[edit]

text: The team event is the newest Olympic figure skating event, first contested in the 2014 Games. It combines the four Olympic figure skating disciplines (men's singles, ladies' singles, pairs, and ice dancing) into a single event with the team earning the most placement points winning gold.

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

2014 Sochi
details
 Russia (RUS)
Evgeni Plushenko
Yulia Lipnitskaya
Ksenia Stolbova
Fedor Klimov
Elena Ilinykh
Nikita Katsalapov
Tatiana Volosozhar
Maxim Trankov
Ekaterina Bobrova
Dmitri Soloviev
 Canada (CAN)
Patrick Chan
Kevin Reynolds
Kaetlyn Osmond
Meagan Duhamel
Eric Radford
Kirsten Moore-Towers
Dylan Moscovitch
Tessa Virtue
Scott Moir
 United States (USA)
Jeremy Abbott
Jason Brown
Ashley Wagner
Gracie Gold
Marissa Castelli
Simon Shnapir
Meryl Davis
Charlie White

2018 Pyeongchang
details
 Canada (CAN)
Patrick Chan
Kaetlyn Osmond
Gabrielle Daleman
Meagan Duhamel
Eric Radford
Tessa Virtue
Scott Moir
 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
Mikhail Kolyada
Evgenia Medvedeva
Alina Zagitova
Evgenia Tarasova
Vladimir Morozov
Natalia Zabiiako
Alexander Enbert
Ekaterina Bobrova
Dmitri Soloviev
 United States (USA)
Nathan Chen
Adam Rippon
Bradie Tennell
Mirai Nagasu
Alexa Scimeca Knierim
Chris Knierim
Maia Shibutani
Alex Shibutani

text: Multi-medalists[edit]

text: Most medals[edit]

text: Gillis Grafström earned the most medals in a single event: four medals, three of which gold, in men's singles. The only other skaters to have earned three golds in a single discipline are Sonja Henie in ladies' singles and Irina Rodnina in pairs.

text: Counting multiple events, Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir hold the record for the most medals, with a total of five medals including two golds in ice dancing and a team event gold. Evgeni Plushenko earned four medals, including a gold in men's singles and a team event gold.

text: Figure skaters who won three or more medal at the Olympics are listed below:[6]

text:
Athlete
Nation
Events
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Virtue, TessaTessa Virtue / Moir, ScottScott Moir
 Canada (CAN)
ice dancing & team
2010–2018
3
2
0
5

Grafström, GillisGillis Grafström
 Sweden (SWE)
men's singles
1920–1932
3
1
0
4

Henie, SonjaSonja Henie
 Norway (NOR)
ladies' singles
1928–1936
3
0
0
3

Rodnina, IrinaIrina Rodnina[c]
 Soviet Union (URS)
pairs
1972–1980
3
0
0
3

Plushenko, EvgeniEvgeni Plushenko
 Russia (RUS)
men's singles & team
2002–2014
2
2
0
4

Dmitriev, ArturArtur Dmitriev[d]
 Unified Team (EUN)
 Russia (RUS)
pairs
1992–1998
2
1
0
3

Brunet, AndréeAndrée Brunet / Brunet, PierrePierre Brunet
 France (FRA)
pairs
1924–1932
2
0
1
3

Chan, PatrickPatrick Chan
 Canada (CAN)
men's singles & team
2014–2018
1
2
0
3

Klimova, MarinaMarina Klimova / Ponomarenko, SergeiSergei Ponomarenko
 Soviet Union (URS)
 Unified Team (EUN)
ice dancing
1984–1992
1
1
1
3

Davis, MerylMeryl Davis / White, CharlieCharlie White
 United States (USA)
ice dancing & team
2010–2014
1
1
1
3

Meagan Duhamel !Meagan Duhamel / Eric Radford !Eric Radford
 Canada (CAN)
pairs & team
2014–2018
1
1
1
3

Kaetlyn Osmond !Kaetlyn Osmond
 Canada (CAN)
ladies' singles & team
2014–2018
1
1
1
3

Shen Xue !Shen Xue / Zhao Hongbo !Zhao Hongbo
 China (CHN)
pairs
2002–2010
1
0
2
3

Savchenko, AlionaAliona Savchenko[e]
 Germany (GER)
pairs
2010–2018
1
0
2
3

Loughran, BeatrixBeatrix Loughran
 United States (USA)
ladies' singles & pairs
1924–1932
0
2
1
3

text: Multiple golds[edit]

text: The only skaters with three consecutive titles are Gillis Grafström in men's singles, Sonja Henie in ladies' singles, and Irina Rodnina in pairs. The most consecutive titles in ice dance is two, which has only been achieved by Oksana Grishuk and Evgeny Platov. In addition, one ladies' singles skater, three men's singles skaters, and five pairs skaters have earned consecutive titles. Two ice dancers and three pair skaters have earned non-consecutive titles.

text: Five skaters have won Olympic gold medals in multiple events. Evgeni Plushenko won gold in men's singles in 2006 and team event gold in 2014. Tatiana Volosozhar and Maxim Trankov were the first skaters to win multiple events at a single Olympics, winning both pairs and team event. Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir matched this feat four years later, earning golds in ice dancing and team event.

text:
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Golds
Event(s)

Grafström, GillisGillis Grafström
 Sweden (SWE)
1920–1928
3
men's singles

Henie, SonjaSonja Henie
 Norway (NOR)
1928–1936
3
ladies' singles

Rodnina, IrinaIrina Rodnina[c]
 Soviet Union (URS)
1972–1980
3
pairs

Virtue, TessaTessa Virtue / Moir, ScottScott Moir
 Canada (CAN)
2010, 2018
3
2 in ice dancing (2010, 2018)
1 in team event (2018)

Schäfer, KarlKarl Schäfer
 Austria (AUT)
1932–1936
2
men's singles

Button, DickDick Button
 United States (USA)
1948–1952
2
men's singles

Hanyu, YuzuruYuzuru Hanyu
 Japan (JPN)
2014–2018
2
men's singles

Plushenko, EvgeniEvgeni Plushenko
 Russia (RUS)
2006, 2014
2
1 in men's singles (2006)
1 in team event (2014)

Witt, KatarinaKatarina Witt
 East Germany (GDR)
1984–1988
2
ladies' singles

Brunet, AndréeAndrée Brunet / Brunet, PierrePierre Brunet
 France (FRA)
1928–1932
2
pairs

Belousova, LudmilaLudmila Belousova / Protopopov, OlegOleg Protopopov
 Soviet Union (URS)
1964–1968
2
pairs

Zaitsev, AlexanderAlexander Zaitsev[c]
 Soviet Union (URS)
1976–1980
2
pairs

Gordeeva, EkaterinaEkaterina Gordeeva / Grinkov, SergeiSergei Grinkov
 Soviet Union (URS)
 Russia (RUS)
1988, 1994
2
pairs

Dmitriev, ArturArtur Dmitriev[d]
 Unified Team (EUN)
 Russia (RUS)
1992, 1998
2
pairs

Volosozhar, TatianaTatiana Volosozhar / Trankov, MaximMaxim Trankov
 Russia (RUS)
2014
2
1 in pairs
1 in team event

Grishuk, OksanaOksana Grishuk / Platov, EvgenyEvgeny Platov
 Russia (RUS)
1994–1998
2
ice dancing

text: Multi-medalists by event[edit]

text: Men's singles[edit]

text:
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Grafström, GillisGillis Grafström
 Sweden (SWE)
1920–1932
3
1
0
4

Schäfer, KarlKarl Schäfer
 Austria (AUT)
1932–1936
2
0
0
2

Button, DickDick Button
 United States (USA)
1948–1952
2
0
0
2

Hanyu, YuzuruYuzuru Hanyu
 Japan (JPN)
2014–2018
2
0
0
2

Plushenko, EvgeniEvgeni Plushenko
 Russia (RUS)
2002–2014
1
2
0
3

Jenkins, DavidDavid Jenkins
 United States (USA)
1956–1960
1
0
1
2

Petrenko, ViktorViktor Petrenko
 Soviet Union (URS)
 Unified Team (EUN)
1988–1992
1
0
1
2

Böckl, WillyWilly Böckl
 Austria (AUT)
1924–1928
0
2
0
2

Orser, BrianBrian Orser
 Canada (CAN)
1984–1988
0
2
0
2

Stojko, ElvisElvis Stojko
 Canada (CAN)
1994–1998
0
2
0
2

Péra, PatrickPatrick Péra
 France (FRA)
1968–1972
0
0
2
2

Candeloro, PhilippePhilippe Candeloro
 France (FRA)
1994–1998
0
0
2
2

text: Ladies' singles[edit]

text:
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Henie, SonjaSonja Henie
 Norway (NOR)
1928–1936
3
0
0
3

Witt, KatarinaKatarina Witt
 East Germany (GDR)
1984–1988
2
0
0
2

Albright, TenleyTenley Albright
 United States (USA)
1952–1956
1
1
0
2

Heiss, CarolCarol Heiss
 United States (USA)
1956–1960
1
1
0
2

Dijkstra, SjoukjeSjoukje Dijkstra
 Netherlands (NED)
1960–1964
1
1
0
2

Kim, YunaYuna Kim
 South Korea (KOR)
2010–2014
1
1
0
2

Altwegg, JeannetteJeannette Altwegg
 Great Britain (GBR)
1948–1952
1
0
1
2

Burger, FritziFritzi Burger
 Austria (AUT)
1928–1932
0
2
0
2

Loughran, BeatrixBeatrix Loughran
 United States (USA)
1924–1928
0
1
1
2

Kerrigan, NancyNancy Kerrigan
 United States (USA)
1992–1994
0
1
1
2

Kwan, MichelleMichelle Kwan
 United States (USA)
1998–2002
0
1
1
2

Slutskaya, IrinaIrina Slutskaya
 Russia (RUS)
2002–2006
0
1
1
2

Chen, Lu !Chen Lu
 China (CHN)
1994–1998
0
0
2
2

text: Pairs[edit]

text:
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Rodnina, IrinaIrina Rodnina[c]
 Soviet Union (URS)
1972–1980
3
0
0
3

Dmitriev, ArturArtur Dmitriev[d]
 Unified Team (EUN)
 Russia (RUS)
1992–1998
2
1
0
3

Brunet, AndréeAndrée Brunet / Brunet, PierrePierre Brunet
 France (FRA)
1924–1932
2
0
1
3

Belousova, LudmilaLudmila Belousova / Protopopov, OlegOleg Protopopov
 Soviet Union (URS)
1964–1968
2
0
0
2

Zaitsev, AlexanderAlexander Zaitsev[c]
 Soviet Union (URS)
1976–1980
2
0
0
2

Gordeeva, EkaterinaEkaterina Gordeeva / Grinkov, SergeiSergei Grinkov
 Soviet Union (URS)
 Russia (RUS)
1988, 1994
2
0
0
2

Jakobsson, LudowikaLudowika Jakobsson / Jakobsson, WalterWalter Jakobsson
 Finland (FIN)
1920–1924
1
1
0
2

Mishkutenok, NataliaNatalia Mishkutenok[d]
 Unified Team (EUN)
 Russia (RUS)
1992–1994
1
1
0
2

Berezhnaya, ElenaElena Berezhnaya / Sikharulidze, AntonAnton Sikharulidze
 Russia (RUS)
1998–2002
1
1
0
2

Shen, Xue !Shen Xue / Zhao, Hongbo !Zhao Hongbo
 China (CHN)
2002–2010
1
0
2
3

Savchenko, AlionaAliona Savchenko[e]
 Germany (GER)
2010–2018
1
0
2
3

Kilius, MarikaMarika Kilius / Bäumler, Hans-JürgenHans-Jürgen Bäumler
 United Team of Germany (EUA)
1960–1964
0
2
0
2

Johnson, PhyllisPhyllis Johnson[f]
 Great Britain (GBR)
1908–1920
0
1
1
2

Rotter, EmíliaEmília Rotter / Szollás, LászlóLászló Szollás
 Hungary (HUN)
1932–1936
0
0
2
2

Nagy, MariannaMarianna Nagy / Nagy, LászlóLászló Nagy
 Hungary (HUN)
1952–1956
0
0
2
2

Groß, ManuelaManuela Groß / Kagelmann, UweUwe Kagelmann
 East Germany (GDR)
1972–1976
0
0
2
2

Brasseur, IsabelleIsabelle Brasseur / Eisler, LloydLloyd Eisler
 Canada (CAN)
1992–1994
0
0
2
2

Szolkowy, RobinRobin Szolkowy[e]
 Germany (GER)
2010–2014
0
0
2
2

text: Ice dancing[edit]

text:
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Virtue, TessaTessa Virtue / Moir, ScottScott Moir
 Canada (CAN)
2010–2018
2
1
0
3

Grishuk, OksanaOksana Grishuk / Platov, EvgenyEvgeny Platov
 Russia (RUS)
1994–1998
2
0
0
2

Klimova, MarinaMarina Klimova / Ponomarenko, SergeiSergei Ponomarenko
 Soviet Union (URS)
 Unified Team (EUN)
1984–1992
1
1
1
3

Bestemianova, NataliaNatalia Bestemianova / Bukin, AndreiAndrei Bukin
 Soviet Union (URS)
1984–1988
1
1
0
2

Davis, MerylMeryl Davis / White, CharlieCharlie White
 United States (USA)
2010–2014
1
1
0
2

Torvill, JayneJayne Torvill / Dean, ChristopherChristopher Dean
 Great Britain (GBR)
1984, 1994
1
0
1
2

Anissina, MarinaMarina Anissina / Peizerat, GwendalGwendal Peizerat
 France (FRA)
1998–2002
1
0
1
2

Usova, MayaMaya Usova / Zhulin, AlexanderAlexander Zhulin
 Unified Team (EUN)
 Russia (RUS)
1992–1994
0
1
1
2

text: Team event[edit]

text:
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Bobrova, EkaterinaEkaterina Bobrova / Soloviev, DmitriDmitri Soloviev
 Russia (RUS)
 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
2014–2018
1
1
0
2

Chan, PatrickPatrick Chan
Osmond, KaetlynKaetlyn Osmond
Duhamel, MeaganMeagan Duhamel / Radford, EricEric Radford
Virtue, TessaTessa Virtue / Moir, ScottScott Moir
 Canada (CAN)
2014–2018
1
1
0
2

text: Multiple events[edit]

text: Only three skaters have won Olympic medals in multiple figure skating disciplines. All other multi-event medalists won medals in their discipline plus the team event (which, while being a separate event, is not considered its own skating discipline).

text: Two disciplines[edit]

text: In 1908, Madge Syers became the first skater to medal in multiple figure skating disciplines at a single Olympics. The only skater to match this feat was Ernst Baier in 1936. The only other skater to medal in multiple disciplines was Beatrix Loughran who did so at separate Olympics.

text: No skater has won gold medals in multiple disciplines.

text:
Athlete
Nation
Disciplines
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Baier, ErnstErnst Baier
 Germany (GER)
men's singles

pairs
1936
0

1
1

0
0

0
2

Syers, MadgeMadge Syers
 Great Britain (GBR)
ladies' singles

pairs
1908
1

0
0

0
0

1
2

Loughran, BeatrixBeatrix Loughran
 United States (USA)
ladies' singles

pairs
1924–1928

1932
0

0
1

1
1

0
3

text: One discipline plus team event[edit]

text: The team event was introduced at the 2014 Winter Olympics. It allowed skaters to medal twice while skating one discipline.

text: On 9 February 2014, Evgeni Plushenko became the first skater to win multiple figure skating events. On 12 February 2014, Tatiana Volosozhar and Maxim Trankov became the first skaters to win multiple events at a single Olympics. Four years later, Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir matched this feat.

text: The below table lists all skaters who have medaled in their own discipline and in the team event. (Team event medals are indicated by "T" in the gold, silver, and bronze columns.)

text:
Athlete
Nation
Discipline
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Virtue, TessaTessa Virtue / Moir, ScottScott Moir
 Canada (CAN)
ice dancing
2010–2018
2 + 1T
1 + 1T
0
5

Plushenko, EvgeniEvgeni Plushenko
 Russia (RUS)
men's singles
2002–2014
1 + 1T
2
0
4

Volosozhar, TatianaTatiana Volosozhar / Trankov, MaximMaxim Trankov
 Russia (RUS)
pairs
2014
1 + 1T
0
0
2

Chan, PatrickPatrick Chan
 Canada (CAN)
men's singles
2014–2018
0 + 1T
1 + 1T
0
3

Davis, MerylMeryl Davis / White, CharlieCharlie White
 United States (USA)
ice dancing
2010–2014
1
1
0 + 1T
3

Duhamel, MeaganMeagan Duhamel / Radford, EricEric Radford
 Canada (CAN)
pairs
2014–2018
0 + 1T
0 + 1T
1
3

Osmond, KaetlynKaetlyn Osmond
 Canada (CAN)
ladies' singles
2014–2018
0 + 1T
0 + 1T
1
3

Stolbova, KseniaKsenia Stolbova / Klimov, FedorFedor Klimov
 Russia (RUS)
pairs
2014
0 + 1T
1
0
2

Zagitova, AlinaAlina Zagitova
 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
ladies' singles
2018
1
0 + 1T
0
2

Ilinykh, ElenaElena Ilinykh / Katsalapov, NikitaNikita Katsalapov
 Russia (RUS)
ice dancing
2014
0 + 1T
0
1
2

Medvedeva, EvgeniaEvgenia Medvedeva
 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
ladies' singles
2018
0
1 + 1T
0
2

Shibutani, MaiaMaia Shibutani / Shibutani, AlexAlex Shibutani
 United States (USA)
ice dancing
2018
0
0
1 + 1T
2

text: Summer and Winter Games[edit]

text: Since figure skating was held during the Summer Olympic Games in 1908 and 1920 before being moved to the Winter Olympics Games, three skaters medeled in figure skating in both the Summer and Winter Games.

text: Men's singles skater Gillis Grafström's first gold medal was earned at the 1920 Summer Olympics. His other three medals were won at the 1924–1932 Winter Games. Pair skaters Ludowika Jakobsson and Walter Jakobsson also earned gold during the 1920 Summer Olympics. They later medaled at the 1924 Winter Games.

text: Country records[edit]

text: Winning streak[edit]

text: From 1964 to 2006, Russian figure skaters—representing the Soviet Union, the Unified Team, or Russia—won the gold medal in the pairs event, in what is the longest series of victories for one country in one winter event.[7]

text: Events won[edit]

text: Russian figure skaters, counting both Russian Federation (IOC code RUS) and Russian Empire (IOC code RU1), hold the unique record for earning gold medals in all six Olympic figure skating events. Since men's special figures was discontinued, this record can not be matched.

text: Russia (IOC code RUS) is the only NOC to have earning gold medals in all five current Olympic figure skating events. Canada has earned gold medals in four of the events (all except men's singles). Great Britain, Unified Team, and United States have earned gold medals in three of the events.

text: Russia and the Unified Team are the only NOCs to have won three events at the same Olympics, at the 2014 Winter Olympics and the 1992 Winter Olympics respectively. No NOC has won more than three figure skating events at a single Olympics.

text: Podium sweeps[edit]

text: There has been two podium sweeps in Olympic figure skating history. This is when athletes from one NOC win all three medals in a single event.

text:
Games
Event
NOC
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1908 London
Men's singles
 Sweden (SWE)
Ulrich Salchow
Richard Johansson
Per Thorén

1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo
Men's singles
 United States (USA)
Hayes Alan Jenkins
Ronnie Robertson
David Jenkins

text: Medal totals by country[edit]

text: Men's singles[edit]

text:
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 United States (USA)
7
3
5
15

2
 Sweden (SWE)
4
2
1
7

3
 Russia (RUS)
4
2

6

4
 Austria (AUT)
3
3
2
8

5
 Japan (JPN)
2
1
1
4

6
 Great Britain (GBR)
2

2

7
 Czechoslovakia (TCH)
1
1
2
4

8
 Unified Team (EUN)
1

1

 United Team of Germany (EUA)
1

1

10
 Canada (CAN)

5
4
9

11
 Soviet Union (URS)

2
1
3

 Switzerland (SUI)

2
1
3

13
 France (FRA)

1
4
5

14
 Norway (NOR)

1
1
2

15
 East Germany (GDR)

1

1

/ Germany (GER)

1

1

17
 Belgium (BEL)

1
1

 Kazakhstan (KAZ)

1
1

 Spain (ESP)

1
1

text: Men's special figures[edit]

text:
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 Russian Empire (RU1)
1

1

2
 Great Britain (GBR)

1
1
2

text: Ladies' singles[edit]

text:
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 United States (USA)
7
8
8
23

2
 East Germany (GDR)
3
1
1
5

3
 Norway (NOR)
3

3

4
 Austria (AUT)
2
4
1
7

5
 Great Britain (GBR)
2
1
3
6

6
 Canada (CAN)
1
2
3
6

7
 Japan (JPN)
1
2

3

 Netherlands (NED)
1
2

3

9
 Russia (RUS)
1
1
1
3

 Sweden (SWE)
1
1
1
3

11
 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
1
1

2

 South Korea (KOR)
1
1

2

13
 Ukraine (UKR)
1

1

14
/ Germany (GER)

1

1

15
 China (CHN)

2
2

16
 Czechoslovakia (TCH)

1
1

 France (FRA)

1
1

 Italy (ITA)

1
1

 Soviet Union (URS)

1
1

 West Germany (FRG)

1
1

text: Pairs[edit]

text:
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 Soviet Union (URS)
7
4
1
12

2
 Russia (RUS)
5
3

8

3
// Germany (GER)
4

3
7

4
 Canada (CAN)
2
2
4
8

5
 Austria (AUT)
2
2
1
5

6
 France (FRA)
2

1
3

7
 China (CHN)
1
3
2
6

8
 Finland (FIN)
1
1

2

 Unified Team (EUN)
1
1

2

10
 Belgium (BEL)
1

1

11
 United States (USA)

3
3
6

12
 United Team of Germany (EUA)

2

2

13
 Hungary (HUN)

1
4
5

14
 East Germany (GDR)

1
3
4

15
 Great Britain (GBR)

1
2
3

16
 Norway (NOR)

1

1

17
 West Germany (FRG)

1
1

text: Ice dancing[edit]

text:
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 Russia (RUS)
3
3
2
8

 Soviet Union (URS)
3
3
2
8

3
 Canada (CAN)
2
1
1
4

4
 United States (USA)
1
2
2
5

5
 France (FRA)
1
2
1
4

6
 Unified Team (EUN)
1

1
2

 Great Britain (GBR)
1

1
2

8
 Hungary (HUN)

1

1

9
 Italy (ITA)

1
1

 Ukraine (UKR)

1
1

text: Team event[edit]

text:
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 Canada (CAN)
1
1

2

2
 Russia (RUS)
1

1

3
 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)

1

1

4
 United States (USA)

2
2


document_title: Minecraft

question_text: when was the first version of minecraft made

question_tokens: when was the first version of minecraft made

root

text: Minecraft

text: Gameplay

text: Minecraft is a three-dimensional sandbox game that has no specific goals to accomplish, allowing players a large amount of freedom in choosing how to play the game.[14] However, there is an achievement system.[15] Gameplay is in the first-person perspective by default, but players have the option for third-person perspective.[16] The game world is composed of rough 3D objects—mainly cubes and fluids—representing various materials, such as dirt, stone, ores, tree trunks, water, and lava. The core gameplay revolves around picking up and placing these objects. These blocks are arranged in a 3D grid, while players can move freely around the world. Players can "mine" blocks and then place them elsewhere, enabling them to build things.[17]

tag: p

text: The game world is virtually infinite and procedurally generated as players explore it, using a map seed that is obtained from the system clock at the time of world creation (or manually specified by the player).[18][19][20] There are limits on vertical movement, but Minecraft allows an infinitely large game world to be generated on the horizontal plane, only running into technical problems when extremely distant locations are reached.[nb 1] The game achieves this by splitting the world data into smaller sections called "chunks" that are only created or loaded when players are nearby.[18] The world is divided into biomes ranging from deserts to jungles to snowfields;[21][22] the terrain includes plains, mountains, forests, caves, and various water bodies.[20] The in-game time system follows a day and night cycle, and one full cycle lasts 20 real-time minutes.

text: Players encounter various non-player characters known as mobs, such as animals, villagers, and hostile creatures.[23] Passive mobs can be hunted for food and crafting materials, such as cows, pigs, and chickens. They spawn in the daytime, while hostile mobs spawn during nighttime or in dark places such as caves—including large spiders, skeletons, and zombies.[20] Some hostile mobs, such as zombies and skeletons, burn under the sun.[24] Some creatures unique to Minecraft have been noted by reviewers, including the creeper (an exploding creature that sneaks up on the player) and the enderman (a creature with the ability to teleport and pick up blocks).[25]

text: Many commentators have described the game's physics system as unrealistic.[26] Liquids continuously flow for a limited horizontal distance from source blocks, which can be removed by placing a solid block in its place or by scooping it into a bucket. Complex systems can be built using primitive mechanical devices, electrical circuits, and logic gates built with an in-game material known as redstone.[27]

text: Minecraft has two alternate dimensions besides the main world: the Nether and the End.[25] The Nether is a hell-like dimension accessed via player-built portals; it contains many unique resources and can be used to travel great distances in the overworld.[28] The player can build an optional boss mob called the Wither out of materials found in the Nether.[29] The End is a barren land consisting of many islands. A boss dragon called the Ender Dragon dwells on the main island.[30] Killing the dragon cues the game's ending credits, written by Irish novelist Julian Gough.[31] Players are then allowed to teleport back to their original spawn point in the overworld and continue the game indefinitely.[32]

text: The game consists of five game modes: survival, creative, adventure, hardcore, and spectator. It also has a changeable difficulty system of four levels. For example, the peaceful difficulty prevents hostile creatures from spawning, and when playing on the hard difficulty players can starve to death if their hunger bar is depleted.[33][34]

text: Survival mode

text: In survival mode, players have to gather natural resources such as wood and stone found in the environment in order to craft certain blocks and items.[20] Depending on the difficulty, monsters spawn in darker areas outside a certain radius of the character, requiring players to build a shelter at night.[20] The mode also has a health bar which is depleted by attacks from monsters, falls, drowning, falling into lava, suffocation, starvation, and other events. Players also have a hunger bar, which must be periodically refilled by eating food in-game, except in peaceful difficulty. If the hunger bar is depleted, automatic healing will stop and eventually health will deplete.[34] Health replenishes when players have a nearly full hunger bar or continuously on peaceful difficulty.

text: Players can craft a wide variety of items in Minecraft.[35] Players can craft armour, which can help mitigate damage from attacks, while weapons such as swords can be crafted to kill enemies and other animals more easily. Players acquire resources to craft tools, such as axes, shovels, or pickaxes, used to chop down trees, dig soil, and mine ores, respectively; e.g. tools made of iron perform their tasks more quickly than tools made of stone or wood and can be used more heavily before they break. Players can construct furnaces which can smelt food, process ores and materials, among others.[36] Players may also trade goods with villager NPCs through a bartering system involving trading emeralds for different goods, and vice versa.[37][23][37]

text: The game has an inventory system, and players can carry a limited number of items. Upon dying, items in the players' inventories are dropped, and players re-spawn at their spawn point, which is set by default where players begin the game, and can be reset if players sleep in a bed.[38] Dropped items can be recovered if players can reach them before they despawn. Players may acquire experience points by killing mobs and other players, mining, smelting ores, breeding animals, and cooking food. Experience can then be spent on enchanting tools, armour and weapons.[33] Enchanted items are generally more powerful, last longer, or have other special effects.[33]

text: Hardcore mode is a survival mode variant that is locked to the hardest setting, and has permanent death, where the world is deleted if the player dies.[39] When a player dies on a server set to hardcore mode, the player is put into spectator mode.[40]

text: Creative mode

text: In creative mode, players have access to all resources and items in the game through the inventory menu, and can place or remove them instantly.[41] Players can toggle the ability to fly freely around the game world at will, and their characters do not take any damage and are not affected by hunger.[42][43] The game mode helps players focus on building and creating large projects.[41]

text: Adventure mode

text: Adventure mode was added to Minecraft in version 1.3; it was designed specifically so that players could experience user-crafted custom maps and adventures.[44][45][46] Gameplay is similar to survival mode but introduces various player restrictions, which can be applied to the game world by the creator of the map. This forces players to obtain the required items and experience adventures in the way that the map maker intended.[46] Another addition designed for custom maps is the command block; this block allows map makers to expand interactions with players through scripted server commands.[47]

text: Spectator mode

text: Spectator mode allows players to fly around through blocks and watch gameplay without directly interacting. In this mode, instead of having an inventory, players have the ability to teleport to other players. It is also possible to view from the perspective of another player or creature.[48]

text: Multiplayer

text: Multiplayer in Minecraft is available through direct game-to-game multiplayer, LAN play, local split screen, and servers (player-hosted and business-hosted). It enables multiple players to interact and communicate with each other on a single world.[49] Players can run their own servers, use a hosting provider, or connect directly to another player's game via Xbox Live. Single-player worlds have local area network support, allowing players to join a world on locally interconnected computers without a server setup.[50] Minecraft multiplayer servers are guided by server operators (op for short), who have access to server commands such as setting the time of day and teleporting players. Operators can also set up restrictions concerning which usernames or IP addresses are allowed or disallowed to enter the server.[49] Multiplayer servers have a wide range of activities, with some servers having their own unique rules and customs. Player versus player combat (PvP) can be enabled to allow fighting between players.[51] Many servers have custom plugins that allow actions that are not normally possible. In 2013, Mojang announced Minecraft Realms, a server hosting service intended to enable players to run server multiplayer games easily and safely without having to set up their own.[52] Unlike a standard server, only invited players can join Realms servers, and these servers do not use IP addresses. Minecraft: Java Edition Realms server owners can invite up to twenty people to play on their server, with up to ten players online at a time. Minecraft Realms server owners can invite up to 3000 people to play on their server, with up to ten players online at one time. [53] The Minecraft: Java Edition Realms servers do not support user-made plugins, but players can play custom Minecraft maps.[54] Minecraft Realms servers support user-made add-ons, resource packs, behavior packs, and custom Minecraft maps. [55] At Electronic Entertainment Expo 2016, it was announced that Realms would enable Minecraft to support cross-platform play between Windows 10, iOS, and Android platforms starting in June 2016,[56] with Xbox One and Nintendo Switch support to come later in 2017,[57] and support for virtual reality devices. On 31 July 2017, Mojang released the beta version of the update allowing cross-platform play.[58] Realms also supports the Xbox One, Windows 10, Android, iOS, and Kindle platforms.[59]

text: Development

text: Markus "Notch" Persson began developing the game as a project.[60] He was inspired to create Minecraft by several other games such as Dwarf Fortress, Dungeon Keeper, and later Infiniminer. At the time, he had visualised an isometric 3D building game that would be a cross between his inspirations and had made some early prototypes.[60] Infiniminer heavily influenced the style of gameplay, including the first-person aspect of the game, the "blocky" visual style and the block-building fundamentals. However, unlike Infiniminer, Persson wanted Minecraft to have RPG elements.[61]

text: Minecraft was first released to the public on 17 May 2009, as a developmental release on TIGSource forums,[62] later becoming known as the Classic version. Further milestones dubbed as Survival Test, Indev and Infdev were released between September 2009 and February 2010, although the game saw updates in-between. The first major update, dubbed alpha version, was released on 28 June 2010. Although Persson maintained a day job with Jalbum.net at first, he later quit in order to work on Minecraft full-time as sales of the alpha version of the game expanded.[63] Persson continued to update the game with releases distributed to users automatically. These updates included new items, new blocks, new mobs, survival mode, and changes to the game's behaviour (e.g. how water flows).[63]

text: To back the development of Minecraft, Persson set up a video game company, Mojang, with the money earned from the game.[64][65][66] On 11 December 2010, Persson announced that Minecraft was entering its beta testing phase on 20 December 2010. He further stated that bug fixes and all updates leading up to and including the release would still be free.[67] Over the course of the development, Mojang hired several new employees to work on the project.[68]

text: Mojang moved the game out of beta and released the full version on 18 November 2011.[69] The game has been continuously updated since the release, with changes ranging from new game content to new server hosts.[70] On 1 December 2011, Jens "Jeb" Bergensten took full creative control over Minecraft, replacing Persson as lead developer.[71] On 28 February 2012, Mojang announced that they had hired the developers of the popular server platform "CraftBukkit"[51] to improve Minecraft's support of server modifications.[72] This acquisition also included Mojang apparently taking full ownership of the CraftBukkit modification,[73] although the validity of this claim was questioned due to its status as an open-source project with many contributors, licensed under the GNU General Public License and Lesser General Public License.[74] On 15 September 2014, Microsoft announced a $2.5 billion deal to buy Mojang, along with the ownership of the Minecraft intellectual property. The deal was suggested by Persson when he posted a tweet asking a corporation to buy his share of the game after receiving criticism for "trying to do the right thing".[75][76] It was completed on 6 November 2014, and led to Persson becoming one of Forbes' "World's Billionaires".[77][78][79][80]

text: Soundtrack

text: Minecraft's music and sound effects were produced by German musician C418 (Daniel Rosenfeld).[81] The background music in Minecraft is instrumental ambient music. On 4 March 2011, Rosenfeld released a soundtrack, titled Minecraft – Volume Alpha; it includes most of the tracks featured in Minecraft, as well as other music not featured in the game.[82] The video game blog Kotaku chose the music in Minecraft as one of the best video game soundtracks of 2011.[83] On 9 November 2013, Rosenfeld released the second official soundtrack, titled Minecraft – Volume Beta, which includes the music that was added in later versions of the game.[84][85] A physical release of Volume Alpha, consisting of CDs, black vinyl, and limited-edition transparent green vinyl LPs, was issued by acclaimed indie electronic label Ghostly International on 21 August 2015.[86][87]

text: Release

text: Personal computer versions

text: The game runs on multiple operating systems, including Microsoft Windows, OS X, and Linux.[49][88] Apart from Minecraft: Java Edition and Minecraft for Windows 10, there are other versions of Minecraft for PC, including Minecraft Classic, Minecraft 4k, and Minecraft: Education Edition.

text: Minecraft Classic is an older version of Minecraft, available online for players. Unlike newer versions of Minecraft, the classic version is free to play, though it is no longer updated. It functions much the same as creative mode, allowing players to build and destroy any and all parts of the world either alone or in a multiplayer server. There are no computer creatures in this mode, and environmental hazards such as lava do not damage players. Some blocks function differently since their behaviour was later changed during development.[89][90][91]

text: Minecraft 4k is a simplified version of Minecraft similar to the classic version that was developed for the Java 4K game programming contest "in way less than 4 kilobytes".[92] The map itself is finite—composed of 64×64×64 blocks—and the same world is generated every time. Players are restricted to placing or destroying blocks, which consist of grass, dirt, stone, wood, leaves, and brick.[93]

text: Minecraft: Education Edition is a version of Minecraft created specifically for educational institutions and was launched 1 November 2016. [94] It includes a Chemistry Resource Pack [95], free lesson plans on the Minecraft Education website, and two free companion applications: Code Connection and Classroom Mode.[96]

text: Minecraft for Windows 10 is currently exclusive to Microsoft's Windows 10 operating system. The beta for it launched on the Windows Store on 29 July 2015.[97] This version has the ability to play with Xbox Live friends, and to play local multiplayer with owners of Minecraft on mobile platforms. Other features include the ability to use multiple control schemes, such as a gamepad, keyboard, or touchscreen (for Microsoft Surface and other touchscreen-enabled devices), virtual reality support, and to record and take screenshots in-game via the built-in GameDVR.[98]

text: Console versions

text: An Xbox 360 version of the game, developed by 4J Studios, was released on 9 May 2012.[99][100] On 22 March 2012, it was announced that Minecraft would be the flagship game in a new Xbox Live promotion called Arcade NEXT.[100] The game differs from the home computer versions in a number of ways, including a newly designed crafting system, the control interface, in-game tutorials, split-screen multiplayer, and the ability to play with friends via Xbox Live.[101][102] The worlds in the Xbox 360 version are also not "infinite", and are essentially barricaded by invisible walls.[102] The Xbox 360 version was originally similar in content to older PC versions, but is being gradually updated to bring it closer to the current PC version.[99][103][104] An Xbox One version featuring larger worlds among other enchantments[105] was released on 5 September 2014.[105]

text: Versions of the game for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 were released on 17 December 2013 and 4 September 2014 respectively.[6] The PlayStation 4 version was announced as a launch title, though it was eventually delayed.[106][107] A version for PS Vita was also released in October 2014.[108] Like the Xbox versions, the PlayStation versions were developed by 4J Studios.[109]

text: On 17 December 2015, Minecraft: Wii U Edition was released. The Wii U version received a physical release on 17 June 2016 in North America,[110] in Japan on 23 June 2016,[111] and in Europe on 30 June 2016.[112] A Nintendo Switch version of the game was released on the Nintendo eShop on 11 May 2017, along with a physical retail version set for a later date.[113] During a Nintendo Direct presentation on 13 September 2017, Nintendo announced that Minecraft: New Nintendo 3DS Edition would be available for download immediately after the livestream, and a physical copy available on a later date. The game is only compatible with the "New" versions of the 3DS and 2DS systems, and does not work with the original 3DS, 3DS XL, or 2DS models.[13]

text: Pocket Edition

text: On 16 August 2011, Minecraft: Pocket Edition was released for the Xperia Play on the Android Market as an early alpha version. It was then released for several other compatible devices on 8 October 2011.[114][115] An iOS version of Minecraft was released on 17 November 2011.[116]

text: A port was made available for Windows Phones shortly after Microsoft acquired Mojang.[117] The port concentrates on the creative building and the primitive survival aspect of the game, and does not contain all the features of the PC release. On his Twitter account, Jens Bergensten said that the Pocket Edition of Minecraft is written in C++ and not Java, due to iOS not being able to support Java.[118] Gradual updates are periodically released to bring the port closer to the PC version.[119] On 10 December 2014, in observance of Mojang's acquisition by Microsoft, a port of Pocket Edition was released for Windows Phone 8.1.[120] On 18 January 2017, Microsoft announced that it would no longer maintain the Windows Phone versions of Pocket Edition.[121]

text: On 2 April 2014, a version of Minecraft based on the Pocket Edition was released for the Amazon Fire.[122] On 29 July 2015, a version of Minecraft based on the Pocket Edition was released for Windows 10.[123] On 19 December 2016, the full version of Minecraft: Pocket Edition was released on iOS, Android, Windows Phone and Windows 10, along with the release of the game based on the Pocket Edition for the Apple TV.[12]

text: On 31 July 2017, the Pocket Edition portion of the name was dropped and the apps were renamed to Minecraft.[124]

text: Raspberry Pi

text: A version of Minecraft for the Raspberry Pi was officially revealed at MineCon 2012. Mojang stated that the Pi Edition is similar to the Pocket Edition except that it is downgraded to an older version, and with the added ability of using text commands to edit the game world. Players can open the game code and use programming languages to manipulate things in the game world.[125] The game was leaked on 20 December 2012, but was quickly pulled off.[126] It was officially released on 11 February 2013.[127] It was announced that there would be no further updates for this version in 2016.[128]

text: Virtual reality

text: Early on, Persson planned to support the Oculus Rift with a port of Minecraft, however after Facebook acquired Oculus in 2013 he abruptly canceled plans noting "Facebook creeps me out."[129][130] A community-made modification known as Minecraft VR was developed in 2016 to provide virtual reality support to Minecraft: Java Edition oriented towards Oculus Rift hardware. A fork of the Minecraft VR modification known as Vivecraft ported the mod to OpenVR, and is oriented towards supporting HTC Vive hardware.[131] On 15 August 2016, Microsoft launched official Oculus Rift support for Minecraft on Windows 10.[131] Upon its release, the Minecraft VR mod was discontinued by its developer due to trademark complaints issued by Microsoft, and Vivecraft was endorsed by the community makers of the Minecraft VR modification due to its Rift support and being superior to the original Minecraft VR mod.[131] Also available is a Gear VR version, titled Minecraft: Gear VR Edition.[132] Windows Mixed Reality support was added in 2017. The only officially supported VR versions of Minecraft are Minecraft: Gear VR Edition and Minecraft on Windows 10 for Oculus Rift and Windows Mixed Reality headsets.[133]

text: Downloadable content

text: A wide variety of user-generated downloadable content for Minecraft, such as modifications, texture packs and custom maps, exists and is available on the Internet. Modifications of the Minecraft code, called mods, add a variety of gameplay changes, ranging from new blocks, new items, new mobs to entire arrays of mechanisms to craft.[134][135] The modding community is responsible for a substantial supply of mods from ones that enhance gameplay, such as minimaps, waypoints, and durability counters, to ones that add to the game elements from Pokémon, Portal, and The Hunger Games. To make mods easier to create and install, Mojang announced in November 2012 that it planned to add an official modding application programming interface (API).[51]

text: Texture packs that alter the game's textures and HUD are also available, as created by the community.[136] In July 2013, texture packs were replaced with "resource packs", which have the same role as texture packs, but allow custom audio as well.[137] Players are also create their own maps, which often contain specific rules, challenges, puzzles and quests, and share them for others to play.[44] In August 2012, Mojang added adventure mode[45] for custom maps and in October 2012, Mojang added command blocks,[47] which were created specially for custom maps. In February 2016, Mojang added 2 new versions (Repeat, and Chain) of the classic command block, which were also created specifically for custom maps.[138][139]

text: The Xbox 360 Edition supports downloadable content, which is available to purchase via the Xbox Games Store; these content packs usually contain additional character skins.[140] It later received support for texture packs in its twelfth title update while introducing "mash-up packs", which combines texture packs with skin packs and changes to the game's sounds, music and user interface.[141] The first mash-up pack (and by extension, the first texture pack) for the Xbox 360 Edition was released on 4 September 2013, and was themed after the Mass Effect franchise.[142] Unlike the PC version, however, the Xbox 360 Edition does not support player-made mods or custom maps.[143] A cross-promotional resource pack based on the Super Mario franchise by Nintendo was released for the Wii U Edition worldwide on 17 May 2016.[144] A mash-up pack based on Fallout was announced for release on the Wii U Edition.[145]

text: In June 2017, Mojang released an update known as the "Discovery Update".[146] The update includes a new map, a new game mode, the "Marketplace", a catalogue of user-generated content that gives Minecraft creators "another way to make a living from the game", and more.[147][148]

text: Spin-off games

text: Minecraft: Story Mode

text: Minecraft: Story Mode, an episodic spin-off game developed by Telltale Games in collaboration with Mojang, was announced in December 2014. Consisting of five episodes plus three additional downloadable episodes, the standalone game is a narrative and player choice-driven, and it was released on Microsoft Windows, OS X, iOS, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360 and Xbox One via download on 13 October 2015.[149][150][151] A physical disc that grants access to all episodes was released for the aforementioned four consoles on 27 October.[151] Wii U [152] and Nintendo Switch version were also later released [153][154] The first trailer for the game was shown at MineCon on 4 July 2015, revealing some of the game's features. In Minecraft: Story Mode, players control Jesse (voiced by Patton Oswalt and Catherine Taber),[151] who sets out on a journey with his or her friends to find The Order of the Stone—four adventurers who slayed an Ender Dragon—in order to save their world. Brian Posehn, Ashley Johnson, Scott Porter, Martha Plimpton, Dave Fennoy, Corey Feldman, Billy West and Paul Reubens portray the rest of the cast.[155]

text: Minecraft: Education Edition

text: In January 2016, Microsoft announced a new tool for education, called Minecraft: Education Edition or MinecraftEDU, planned to be released in 2016. Minecraft has already been used in classrooms around the world to teach subjects ranging from core STEM topics to arts and poetry. Minecraft: Education Edition will be designed specifically for classroom use. The Education Edition gives teachers the tools they need to use Minecraft on an everyday basis.[156][157]

text: There are few differences between Minecraft and MinecraftEDU. The main concept is the same, an open sandbox world. The students' characters in MinecraftEDU will be able to retain characteristics. Students will also be able to download the game at home, without having to buy their own version of the game. Finally the last large difference is that students can take in-game photos. These photos will be stored in an online notebook with the students' online notes. These online notebooks will be shareable with other students.[158]

text: MinecraftEDU has brought some partnerships from other traditional publishers to bring educational content within the game. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt developed a full version of The Oregon Trail within MinecraftEDU, keeping the entirety of the original game while adding other educational activities alongside it.[159]

text: Reception

text:
Reception

Aggregate score

Aggregator
Score

Metacritic
(PC) 93/100[160]
(PS4) 89/100[161]
(XONE) 88/100[162]
(PS3) 86/100[163]
(NS) 86/100[164]
(PSV) 84/100[165]
(X360) 82/100[166]
(WU) 77/100[167]
(N3DS) 63/100[168]
(PE) 53/100[169]

Review scores

Publication
Score

1UP.com
A+ (PC)[170]

Edge
9/10 (PC)[171]

Eurogamer
10/10 (PC)[25]
9/10 (Xbox 360)[172]

Game Informer
9.25/10 (PC)[178]
8.75/10 (Xbox 360)[179]

GameSpot
8.5/10 (PC)[173]
7.0/10 (Xbox 360)[102]

GameSpy
 (PC)[174]

IGN
9.0/10 (PC)[14]
7.5/10 (mobile)[175]
8.5/10 (Xbox 360)[143]
9.5/10 (PS3)[176]
9.7/10 (PS4)[177]
9.7/10 (Xbox One)[177]
9.5/10 (PSV)[176]

PC Gamer (US)
96/100[180]

tag: table

text: This section is incomplete. This is because it lacks information relating to the PS4/Xbox One/Wii U version of the game'. (February 2018)

text: Minecraft has been praised for the creative freedom it grants players in-game, as well as the ease of enabling emergent gameplay.[181][182][183] Critics have praised Minecraft's complex crafting system, commenting that it is an important aspect of the game's open-ended gameplay.[173] Most publications were impressed by the game's "blocky" graphics, with IGN describing them as "instantly memorable".[14] Reviewers also liked the game's adventure elements, noting that the game creates a good balance between exploring and building.[173] The game's multiplayer feature has been generally received favourably, with IGN commenting that "adventuring is always better with friends".[14] Jaz McDougall of PC Gamer commended Minecraft, deeming it "intuitively interesting and contagiously fun, with an unparalleled scope for creativity and memorable experiences".[180] It has been regarded as having introduced millions of children to the digital world, insofar as its basic game mechanics are logically analogous to computer commands. [184]

text: Reviewers have said the game's lack of in-game tutorials and instructions make it difficult for new players to learn how to play the game. IGN was disappointed about the troublesome steps needed to set up multiplayer servers, calling it a "hassle".[14] Critics also said visual glitches that occur periodically.[173] In 2009, GameSpot said the game has an "unfinished feel", adding that "some game elements seem incomplete or thrown together in haste".[173]

text: A review of the alpha version, by Scott Munro of the Daily Record, called it "already something special" and urged readers to buy it.[185] Jim Rossignol of Rock, Paper, Shotgun also recommended the alpha of the game, calling it "a kind of generative 8-bit Lego Stalker".[186] On 17 September 2010, gaming webcomic Penny Arcade began a series of comics and news posts about the addictiveness of the game.[187]

text: The Xbox 360 version was generally received positively by critics, but did not receive as much praise as the PC version. Although reviewers were disappointed by the lack of features such as mod support and content from the PC version, they acclaimed the port's addition of a tutorial and in-game tips and crafting recipes, saying that they make the game more user-friendly.[143]

text: Minecraft: Pocket Edition initially received mixed reviews from critics. Although reviewers appreciated the game's intuitive controls, they were disappointed by the lack of content. The inability to collect resources and craft items, as well as the limited types of blocks and lack of hostile mobs, were especially criticised.[175][188][189] After updates adding more content, Pocket Edition started receiving more positive reviews. Reviewers complimented the controls and the graphics, but still noted a lack of content.[175]

text: Sales

text: Minecraft surpassed over a million purchases less than a month after entering its beta phase in early 2011.[190][191] At the same time, the game had no publisher backing and has never been commercially advertised except through word of mouth,[192] and various unpaid references in popular media such as the Penny Arcade webcomic.[193] By April 2011, Persson estimated that Minecraft had made €23 million (US$33 million) in revenue, with 800,000 sales of the alpha version of the game, and over 1 million sales of the beta version.[194] In November 2011, prior to the game's full release, Minecraft beta surpassed 16 million registered users and 4 million purchases.[195] By March 2012, Minecraft had become the 6th best-selling PC game of all time.[196] As of 10 October 2014[update], the game has sold 17 million copies on PC, becoming the best-selling PC game of all time.[197] As of 10 October 2014[update], the game has sold approximately 60 million copies across all platforms, making it one of the best-selling video games of all time.[197][198] On 25 February 2014, the game reached 100 million registered users.[199] As of January 2018[update], over 144 million copies had been sold across all platforms,[200] making it the second best-selling video game of all time behind Tetris.

text: The Xbox 360 version of Minecraft became profitable within the first day of the game's release in 2012, when the game broke the Xbox Live sales records with 400,000 players online.[201] Within a week of being on the Xbox Live Marketplace, Minecraft sold upwards of a million copies.[202] GameSpot announced in December 2012 that Minecraft sold over 4.48 million copies since the game debuted on Xbox Live Arcade in May 2012.[203] In 2012, Minecraft was the most purchased title on Xbox Live Arcade; it was also the fourth most played title on Xbox Live based on average unique users per day.[204] As of 4 April 2014[update], the Xbox 360 version has sold 12 million copies.[205] In addition, Minecraft: Pocket Edition has reached a figure of 21 million in sales.[206] The PlayStation 3 version sold one million copies in five weeks.[207] The release of the game's PlayStation Vita version boosted Minecraft sales by 79%, outselling both PS3 and PS4 debut releases and becoming the largest Minecraft launch on a PlayStation console.[208] The PS Vita version sold 100,000 digital copies in Japan within the first two months of release, according to an announcement by SCE Japan Asia.[209] By January 2015, 500,000 digital copies of Minecraft were sold in Japan across all PlayStation platforms, with a surge in primary school children purchasing the PS Vita version.[210] Minecraft helped improve Microsoft's total first-party revenue by $63 million for the 2015 second quarter.[211]

text: Awards

text: In July 2010, PC Gamer listed Minecraft as the fourth-best game to play at work.[212] In December of that year, Good Game selected Minecraft as their choice for Best Downloadable Game of 2010,[213] Gamasutra named it the eighth best game of the year as well as the eighth best indie game of the year,[214][215] and Rock, Paper, Shotgun named it the "game of the year".[216] Indie DB awarded the game the 2010 Indie of the Year award as chosen by voters, in addition to two out of five Editor's Choice awards for Most Innovative and Best Singleplayer Indie.[217] It was also awarded Game of the Year by PC Gamer UK.[218] The game was nominated for the Seumas McNally Grand Prize, Technical Excellence, and Excellence in Design awards at the March 2011 Independent Games Festival and won the Grand Prize and the community-voted Audience Award.[219][220] At Game Developers Choice Awards 2011, Minecraft won awards in the categories for Best Debut Game, Best Downloadable Game and Innovation Award, winning every award for which it was nominated.[221][222] It also won GameCity's video game arts award.[223] On 5 May 2011, Minecraft was selected as one of the 80 games that would be displayed at the Smithsonian American Art Museum as part of The Art of Video Games exhibit that opened on 16 March 2012.[224][225] At the 2011 Spike Video Game Awards, Minecraft won the award for Best Independent Game and was nominated in the Best PC Game category.[226][227] In 2012, at the British Academy Video Games Awards, Minecraft was nominated in the GAME Award of 2011 category and Persson received The Special Award.[228] In 2012, Minecraft XBLA was awarded a Golden Joystick Award in the Best Downloadable Game category,[229] and a TIGA Games Industry Award in the Best Arcade Game category.[230] In 2013 it was nominated as the family game of the year at the British Academy Video Games Awards.[231] Minecraft Console Edition won the award for TIGA Game Of The Year in 2014.[232] In 2015, the game placed 6th on USgamer's The 15 Best Games Since 2000 list.[233] In 2016, Minecraft placed 6th on Time's The 50 Best Video Games of All Time list.[234]

text: Minecraft was nominated for the 2013 Kids' Choice Awards for Favorite App, but lost to Temple Run.[235] It was nominated for the 2014 Kids' Choice Awards for Favorite Video Game, but lost to Just Dance 2014.[236] The game later won the award for the Most Addicting Game at the 2015 Kids' Choice Awards.[237] In addition, the Java Edition was nominated for "Favorite Video Game" at the 2018 Kids' Choice Awards.[238][239]

text: Cultural impact

text: Social media sites such as YouTube, Facebook, and Reddit played a significant role in popularising Minecraft.[240] Research conducted by the University of Pennsylvania's Annenberg School of Communication showed that one-third of Minecraft players learned about the game via Internet videos.[241] In 2010, Minecraft-related videos began to gain influence on YouTube, often made by commentators. The videos usually contain screen-capture footage of the game and voice-overs.[242] Common coverage in the videos includes creations made by players, walkthroughs of various tasks, and parodies of works in popular culture. By May 2012, over 4 million Minecraft-related YouTube videos had been uploaded.[243] Some popular commentators have received employment at Machinima, a gaming video company that owns a highly watched entertainment channel on YouTube.[242] The Yogscast is a British organisation that regularly produces Minecraft videos; their YouTube channel has attained billions of views, and their panel at MineCon 2011 had the highest attendance.[242][244] Other well known YouTube personnel include Jordan Maron, who has created many Minecraft parodies, including "Minecraft Style", a parody of the internationally successful single "Gangnam Style" by South Korean rapper PSY.[245] Herobrine is a major community icon of Minecraft, who first appeared as a single image on 4chan's /v/ board. According to rumours, Herobrine appears in players' worlds and builds strange constructions.[246] However, Mojang has confirmed that Herobrine has never existed in Minecraft, and there are no plans to add Herobrine.[247]

text: Minecraft has been referenced by other video games, such as RuneScape,[citation needed] Torchlight II, Borderlands 2, Choplifter HD, Super Meat Boy, The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim, The Binding of Isaac, The Stanley Parable, and FTL: Faster Than Light.[248][249] It was also referenced by electronic music artist deadmau5 in his performances.[250] A simulation of the game was featured in Lady Gaga's "G.U.Y." music video.[251] The game is also referenced heavily in "Informative Murder Porn", the second episode of the seventeenth season of the animated television series South Park.[252] "Luca$", the seventeenth episode of the 25th season of the animated sitcom The Simpsons was inspired by Minecraft; Persson responded by tweeting "I'm not sure how I feel about it."[253]

text: Clones

text: After the release of Minecraft, some video games were released with various similarities with Minecraft, and some were called "clones" of the game. Examples include Ace of Spades, CastleMiner, CraftWorld, FortressCraft, Terraria, and Total Miner.[254] David Frampton, designer of The Blockheads, reported that one failure of his 2D game was the "low resolution pixel art" that too closely resembled the art in Minecraft which resulted in "some resistance" from fans.[255] A homebrew adaptation of the alpha version of Minecraft for the Nintendo DS, titled DScraft, has been released; it has been noted for its similarity to the original game considering the technical limitations of the system.[256]

text: In response to Microsoft's acquisition of Mojang and their Minecraft IP, various developers announced even further clone titles that were being developed specifically for Nintendo's consoles, as they were the only major platforms to not officially receive Minecraft at the time.[257] These clone titles include UCraft (Nexis Games),[258] Cube Life: Island Survival (Cypronia),[259] Discovery (noowanda),[260] Battleminer (Wobbly Tooth Games),[261] Cube Creator 3D (Big John Games),[262] and Stone Shire (Finger Gun Games).[263] Despite this the fears were unfounded with official Minecraft releases on Nintendo consoles eventually resuming.[264][152][11]

text: Adaptations

text: In 2012, Mojang received offers from Hollywood producers who wanted to produce Minecraft-related TV shows; however, Mojang stated that they would only engage in such projects when "the right idea comes along".[243] By February 2014, Persson revealed that Mojang was in talks with Warner Bros. regarding a Minecraft film.[265][266] and by that October, it was "in its early days of development".[267][268] The film will be released on 24 May 2019, and is being co-directed by Shawn Levy and Rob McElhenney and written by Jason Fuchs.[269][270][271][272]

text: In addition, a documentary about the development of Mojang and Minecraft was released in December 2012. Titled Minecraft: The Story of Mojang, the film was produced by 2 Player Productions.[273] In 2014, an attempt to crowdfund a fan film through Kickstarter was shut down after Persson refused to let the filmmakers use the license.[274][275]

text: Merchandise

text: A Lego set based on Minecraft called Lego Minecraft was released on 6 June 2012.[276] The set, called "Micro World", centres around the game's default player character and a creeper.[277] Mojang submitted the concept of Minecraft merchandise to Lego in December 2011 for the Lego Cuusoo program, from which it quickly received 10,000 votes by users, prompting Lego to review the concept.[278] Lego Cuusoo approved the concept in January 2012 and began developing sets based on Minecraft.[278] Two more sets based on the Nether and village areas of the game were released on 1 September 2013. A fourth Micro World set, the End, was released in June 2014. Six more sets became available November 2014.[279]

text: Mojang collaborates with Jinx, an online game merchandise store, to sell Minecraft merchandise, such as clothing, foam pickaxes, and toys of creatures in the game.[64] By May 2012, over 1 million dollars were made from Minecraft merchandise sales. T-shirts and socks were the most popular products.[243] In March 2013 Mojang signed a deal with the Egmont Group, a children's book publisher, to create Minecraft handbooks, annuals, poster books, and magazines.[280][281][282]

text: MineCon

text: MineCon is an official convention dedicated to Minecraft. The first one was held in November 2011 at the Mandalay Bay Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas. All 4,500 tickets for MineCon 2011 were sold out by 31 October.[283] The event included the official launch of Minecraft; keynote speeches, including one by Persson; building and costume contests; Minecraft-themed breakout classes; exhibits by leading gaming and Minecraft-related companies; commemorative merchandise; and autograph and picture times with Mojang employees and well-known contributors from the Minecraft community.[284] After MineCon, there was an Into The Nether after-party with deadmau5.[285] Free codes were given to every attendee of MineCon that unlocked alpha versions of Mojang's Scrolls, as well as an additional non-Mojang game, Cobalt, developed by Oxeye Game Studios.[286] Similar events occurred in MineCon 2012, which took place in Disneyland Paris from in November.[287] The tickets for the 2012 event sold out in less than two hours.[288] MineCon 2013 was held in Orlando in November as well.[289][290] MineCon 2015 was held in London in July.[291] MineCon 2016 was held in Anaheim in September.[292] MineCon 2017 was held as a livestream instead of being held at a show floor. Titled "MineCon Earth", it was streamed live on November.[nb 2]

text: Applications

text: The possible applications of Minecraft have been discussed extensively, especially in the fields of computer-aided design and education. In a panel at MineCon 2011, a Swedish developer discussed the possibility of using the game to redesign public buildings and parks, stating that rendering using Minecraft was much more user-friendly for the community, making it easier to envision the functionality of new buildings and parks.[242] In 2012, a member of the Human Dynamics group at the MIT Media Lab, Cody Sumter, said: "Notch hasn't just built a game. He's tricked 40 million people into learning to use a CAD program." Various software has been developed to allow virtual designs to be printed using professional 3D printers or personal printers such as MakerBot and RepRap.[295]

text: In September 2012, Mojang began the Block By Block project in cooperation with UN Habitat to create real-world environments in Minecraft.[296] The project allows young people who live in those environments to participate in designing the changes they would like to see. Using Minecraft, the community has helped reconstruct the areas of concern, and citizens are invited to enter the Minecraft servers and modify their own neighbourhood. Carl Manneh, Mojang's managing director, called the game "the perfect tool to facilitate this process", adding "The three-year partnership will support UN-Habitat's Sustainable Urban Development Network to upgrade 300 public spaces by 2016." Mojang signed Minecraft building community, FyreUK, to help render the environments into Minecraft. The first pilot project began in Kibera, one of Nairobi's informal settlements, and is in the planning phase. The Block By Block project is based on an earlier initiative started in October 2011, Mina Kvarter (My Block), which gave young people in Swedish communities a tool to visualise how they wanted to change their part of town. According to Manneh, the project was a helpful way to visualise urban planning ideas without necessarily having a training in architecture. The ideas presented by the citizens were a template for political decisions.[297]

text: In April 2014, the Danish Geodata Agency generated all of Denmark in fullscale in Minecraft based on their own geodata.[298] This is possible because Denmark is one of the flattest countries with the highest point at 171 meters (ranking as the country with the 30th smallest elevation span), where the limit in default Minecraft is around 192 meters above in-game sea level.

text: Minecraft has also been used in educational settings.[299] In 2011, an educational organisation named MinecraftEdu was formed with the goal of introducing Minecraft into schools. The group works with Mojang to make the game affordable and accessible to schools. In September 2012, MinecraftEdu said that approximately 250,000 students around the world have access to Minecraft through the company.[300] A wide variety of educational activities involving the game have been developed to teach students various subjects, including history, language arts and science. For an example, one teacher built a world consisting of various historical landmarks for students to learn and explore.[300]

text: With the introduction of redstone blocks to represent electrical circuits, users have been able to build functional virtual computers within Minecraft.[301] Such virtual creations include a working hard drive,[302] an 8-bit virtual computer,[303] and emulators for the Atari 2600 (by SethBling)[304] and Game Boy Advance.[305] In at least one instance, a mod has been created to use this feature to teach younger players how to program within a language set by the virtual computer within a Minecraft world.[306]

text: Microsoft and non-profit Code.org had teamed up to offer Minecraft-based games, puzzles, and tutorials aimed to help teach children how to program; by March 2018, Microsoft and Code.org reported that more than 85 million children have used their tutorials.[307]

text: In September 2014, the British Museum in London announced plans to recreate its building along with all exhibits in Minecraft in conjunction with members of the public.[308]


document_title: Rate of natural increase

question_text: when calculating the rate of natural increase one does not include

text: Rate of natural increase

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In demographics, the rate of natural increase (RNI) is the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.[1] This rate excludes population increase from in migration and out migration. When looking at countries, it gives an idea of what position in the Demographic Transition Model, but to find out how much a country is growing, the population growth rate should be observed. The Demographic Transition Theory explains the rate of natural increase relate to the economic growth.

text: Usually developing countries have a positive or high natural increase rate. Developed countries have a negative/neutral or low natural increase rate,[2] but many developed countries have their population increasing due to immigration despite their negative RNI. These countries also have the lower rate of death. This is because developing countries and developed countries are in different stages of the demographic transition. Developing countries are generally in the earlier stages of the transition meaning they have high fertility, which would show an increase in crude birth rates. Developed countries usually have lower or more stable fertility rates so they don't show as high rates in natural increase. This can be applied to mortality rates as well, because developing countries generally have higher mortality rates than developed countries. High mortality rates are due to differences in deaths from chronic and acute diseases.[3]

text: The RNI can be shaped by government policy and a country's infrastructure.[4] Policies can either encourage an increase in birth rates or discourage an increase in birth rates. For example China's one child policy was made to decrease birth rates therefore decreasing the RNI.[5] A country with a good infrastructure to support families, women's health, and maternal/child health would likely have lower death rates from infant or maternal mortality.

text: The formula for the rate of natural increase is:

text: The result is the rate of natural increase in percentage form.

text: For example, Madagascar's crude birth rate (37.89) minus the crude death rate (7.97) is 29.92; divide that by 10 and the result is 2.992%, Madagascar's rate of natural increase.

text: The average global birth rate is 18.5 births per 1,000 total population in 2016.[6] The death rate is 7.8 per 1,000 per year. The RNI is thus 1.07 percent.


document_title: List of best-selling manga

question_text: what is the most popular manga in japan

question_tokens: what is the most popular manga in japan

text: List of best-selling manga

text: At least 100 million copies[edit]

text:
Manga series
Author(s)
Publisher
Demographic
No. of collected
volumes
Serialized
Approximate sales

One Piece
Eiichiro Oda
Shueisha
Shōnen
86
1997–present
416 million†[1]

Dragon Ball
Akira Toriyama
Shueisha
Shōnen
42
1984–1995
240 million[2]

Naruto
Masashi Kishimoto
Shueisha
Shōnen
72
1999–2014
220 million[3]

Golgo 13
Takao Saito
Shogakukan
Seinen
185
1968–present
200 million (japan)[4]

Case Closed
Gosho Aoyama
Shogakukan
Shōnen
93
1994–present
200 million (japan)[5]

Kochira Katsushika-ku Kameari Kōen-mae Hashutsujo
Osamu Akimoto
Shueisha
Shōnen
200
1976–2016
157 million[6]

Pokémon Adventures
Hidenori Kusaka, Mato, Satoshi Yamamoto
Shogakukan
Shōnen
52
1997–present
150 million[7]

Oishinbo
Tetsu Kariya, Akira Hanasaki
Shogakukan
Seinen
111
1983–present
130 million[8]

Slam Dunk
Takehiko Inoue
Shueisha
Shōnen
31
1990–1996
121 million[6]

Astro Boy
Osamu Tezuka
Kobunsha
Shōnen
23
1952–1968
100 million[9]

Doraemon
Fujiko Fujio
Shogakukan
Children
45
1969–1996
100 million[10]

Fist of the North Star
Buronson, Tetsuo Hara
Shueisha
Shōnen
27
1983–1988
100 million[11]

JoJo's Bizarre Adventure
Hirohiko Araki
Shueisha
Shōnen/Seinen
118
1987–present
100 million†[12]

Touch
Mitsuru Adachi
Shogakukan
Shōnen
26
1981–1986
100 million[13]

text: Between 50 million and 100 million copies[edit]

text:
Manga series
Author(s)
Publisher
Demographic
No. of collected
volumes
Serialized
Approximate
sales

Hajime no Ippo
George Morikawa
Kodansha
Shōnen
118
1989–present
94 million[14]

Kindaichi Case Files
Yōzaburō Kanari, Seimaru Amagi, Fumiya Satō
Kodansha
Shōnen
70
1992–present
90 million[15]

Bleach
Tite Kubo
Shueisha
Shōnen
74
2001–2016
90 million[16]

Sazae-san
Machiko Hasegawa
Kodansha

45
1946–1974
86 million[17]

Captain Tsubasa
Yōichi Takahashi
Shueisha
Shōnen/Seinen
92
1981–present
82 million†[note 1][4]

Vagabond
Takehiko Inoue
Kodansha
Seinen
37
1998–present
82 million[18]

Kinnikuman
Yudetamago
Shueisha
Shōnen/Seinen
59
1979–present
75 million†[19]

Rurouni Kenshin
Nobuhiro Watsuki
Shueisha
Shōnen
28
1994–1999
70 million†[4]

Sangokushi
Mitsuteru Yokoyama
Ushio Shuppansha
Shōnen
60
1971–1986
70 million[20]

Fullmetal Alchemist
Hiromu Arakawa
Enix (2001–2003)
Square Enix (2003–2010)
Shōnen
27
2001–2010
67 million[21]

Attack on Titan
Hajime Isayama
Kodansha
Shōnen
23
2009–present
66 million†[22]

Hunter × Hunter
Yoshihiro Togashi
Shueisha
Shōnen
34
1998–present
66 million[6]

Baki the Grappler
Keisuke Itagaki
Akita Shoten
Shōnen
123
1991–present
63 million[note 2][23]

Boys Over Flowers
Yoko Kamio
Shueisha
Shōjo
37
1992–2003
61 million†[24]

Fairy Tail
Hiro Mashima
Kodansha
Shōnen
63
2006–2017
60 million†[25]

Rokudenashi Blues
Masanori Morita
Shueisha
Shōnen
42
1988–1997
60 million[26]

Shoot!
Tsukasa Ooshima
Kodansha
Shōnen
33
1990–2003
60 million[27]

Bad Boys
Hiroshi Tanaka
Shōnen Gahōsha
Shōnen
22
1988–1996
55 million†[4]

H2
Mitsuru Adachi
Shogakukan
Shōnen
34
1992–1999
55 million[27]

Major
Takuya Mitsuda
Shogakukan
Shōnen
78
1994–2010
53 million†[28]

Minami no Teiō
Dai Tennōji, Rikiya Gō
Nihon Bungeisha
Shōnen
141
1992–present
53 million[29]

Ranma ½
Rumiko Takahashi
Shogakukan
Shōnen
38
1987–1996
53 million†[30]

The Prince of Tennis
Takeshi Konomi
Shueisha
Shōnen
42
1999–2008
51 million[31]

City Hunter
Tsukasa Hojo
Shueisha
Shōnen
35
1985–1991
50 million†[4]

Devilman
Go Nagai
Kodansha
Shōnen
5
1972–1973
50 million[32]

Dragon Quest: Dai no Daibōken
Riku Sanjo, Koji Inada
Shueisha
Shōnen
37
1989–1996
50 million[27]

Gin Tama
Hideaki Sorachi
Shueisha
Shōnen
69
2003–present
50 million[33]

Glass Mask
Suzue Miuchi
Hakusensha
Shōjo
49
1976–present
50 million[34]

Great Teacher Onizuka
Tooru Fujisawa
Kodansha
Shōnen
25
1997–2002
50 million[35]

Rookies
Masanori Morita
Shueisha
Shōnen
24
1998–2003
50 million[36]

YuYu Hakusho
Yoshihiro Togashi
Shueisha
Shōnen
19
1990–1994
50 million[6]

text: Between 30 million and 50 million copies[edit]

text:
Manga series
Author(s)
Publisher
Demographic
No. of collected
volumes
Serialized
Approximate
sales

Dokaben
Shinji Mizushima
Akita Shoten
Shōnen
48
1972–1981
48 million†[4]

Initial D
Shuichi Shigeno
Kodansha
Seinen
48
1995–2013
48 million[37]

Crows
Hiroshi Takahashi
Akita Shoten
Shōnen
26
1990–1998
46 million[38]

Black Jack
Osamu Tezuka
Akita Shoten
Shōnen
17
1973–1983
45 million†[4]

Inuyasha
Rumiko Takahashi
Shogakukan
Shōnen
56
1998–2008
45 million[39]

Shizukanaru Don – Yakuza Side Story
Tatsuo Nitta
Jitsugyo no Nihon Sha
Seinen
108
1988–2013
45 million[40]

Crayon Shin-chan
Yoshito Usui
Futabasha
Seinen
50
1990–2010
43 million[27]

Nana
Ai Yazawa
Shueisha
Shōjo
21
2000–2009 (on hiatus)
43 million[41]

Be-Bop High School
Kazuhiro Kiuchi
Kodansha
Seinen
48
1983–2003
40 million[42]

Berserk
Kentaro Miura
Hakusensha
Seinen
39
1990–present
40 million†[43]

Cobra
Buichi Terasawa
Shueisha
Shōnen
18
1978–1984
40 million[44]

Kachō Kōsaku Shima
Kenshi Hirokane
Kodansha
Seinen
83
1983–present
40 million[note 3][45]

Kyō Kara Ore Wa!!
Hiroyuki Nishimori
Shogakukan
Shōnen
38
1988–1997
40 million[46]

Tsurikichi Sanpei
Takao Yaguchi
Kodansha
Shōnen
65
1973–1983
40 million[47]

Yu-Gi-Oh!
Kazuki Takahashi
Shueisha
Shōnen
38
1996–2004
40 million†[4]

Nodame Cantabile
Tomoko Ninomiya
Kodansha
Josei
23
2001–2009
37 million†[48]

20th Century Boys
Naoki Urasawa
Shogakukan
Seinen
22
1999–2006
36 million†[4]

Cooking Papa
Tochi Ueyama
Kodansha
Seinen
132
1985–present
36 million[49]

Crest of the Royal Family
Chieko Hosokawa
Akita Shoten
Shōjo
59
1976–present
36 million[27]

Dr. Slump
Akira Toriyama
Shueisha
Shōnen
18
1980–1984
35 million†[50]

Sailor Moon
Naoko Takeuchi
Kodansha
Shōjo
18
1991–1997
35 million[51]

Saint Seiya
Masami Kurumada
Shueisha
Shōnen
28
1986–1990
34 million[52]

3×3 Eyes
Yuzo Takada
Kodansha
Seinen
40
1987–2002
33 million†[53]

Chibi Maruko-chan
Momoko Sakura
Shueisha
Shōjo
16
1986–2009
32 million†[54]

Tokyo Ghoul
Sui Ishida
Shueisha
Seinen
26
2011–present
30 million†[note 4][55]

Bastard‼
Kazushi Hagiwara
Shueisha
Shōnen/Seinen
27
1988–present
30 million†[50]

Chameleon
Atsushi Kase
Kodansha
Shōnen
47
1990–1999
30 million[56]

Death Note
Tsugumi Ohba, Takeshi Obata
Shueisha
Shōnen
12
2003–2006
30 million†[57]

Gaki Deka
Tatsuhiko Yamagami
Akita Shoten
Shōnen
26
1974–1980
30 million[58]

Jarinko Chie
Etsumi Haruki
Futabasha
Seinen
67
1978–1997
30 million†[4]

Kingdom
Yasuhisa Hara
Shueisha
Seinen
46
2006–present
30 million†[59]

Kuroko's Basketball
Tadatoshi Fujimaki
Shueisha
Shōnen
30
2008–2014
30 million†[60]

Salaryman Kintarō
Hiroshi Motomiya
Shueisha
Seinen
30
1994–2002
30 million[61]

Shura no Mon
Masatoshi Kawahara
Kodansha
Shōnen
31
1987–1996
30 million†[62]

Urusei Yatsura
Rumiko Takahashi
Shogakukan
Shōnen
34
1978–1987
30 million†[4]

Ushio and Tora
Kazuhiro Fujita
Shogakukan
Shōnen
33
1990–1996
30 million†[63]

text: Between 20 million and 30 million copies[edit]

text:
Manga series
Author(s)
Publisher
Demographic
No. of collected
volumes
Serialized
Approximate
sales

Hayate Densetsu Tokkō no Taku
Hiroto Saki, Jūzō Tokoro
Kodansha
Shōnen
27
1991–1997
29 million†[4]

Tokimeki Tonight
Koi Ikeno
Shueisha
Shōjo
30
1982–1994
28 million†[4]

Worst
Hiroshi Takahashi
Akita Shoten
Shōnen
31
2002–2013
28 million[64]

Itazura na Kiss
Kaoru Tada
Shueisha
Shōjo
23
1990–1999
27 million†[4]

Yūkan Club
Yukari Ichijo
Shueisha
Shōjo
19
1982–2002
27 million[27]

Asari-chan
Mayumi Muroyama
Shogakukan
Shōjo
100
1978–2014
26.5 million†[65]

Reborn!
Akira Amano
Shueisha
Shōnen
42
2004–2012
26.5 million[66]

Baribari Legend
Shuichi Shigeno
Kodansha
Shōnen
38
1983–1991
26 million†[4]

Futari Ecchi
Katsu Aki
Hakusensha
Seinen
69
1997–present
26 million†[67]

Sakigake!! Otokojuku
Akira Miyashita
Shueisha
Shōnen
34
1985–1991
26 million†[50]

Shaman King
Hiroyuki Takei
Shueisha
Shōnen
32
1998–2004
26 million[68]

Angel Heart
Tsukasa Hojo
Shinchosha (first series)
Tokuma Shoten (second series)
Seinen
54
2001–2017
25 million†[note 5][4]

Boys Be...
Masahiro Itabashi, Hiroyuki Tamakoshi
Kodansha
Shōnen
32
1991–1997
25 million†[4]

Hikaru no Go
Yumi Hotta, Takeshi Obata
Shueisha
Shōnen
23
1998–2003
25 million[69]

Maison Ikkoku
Rumiko Takahashi
Shogakukan
Seinen
15
1980–1987
25 million[70]

Miyuki
Mitsuru Adachi
Shogakukan
Shōnen
12
1980–1984
25 million[71]

Seito Shokun!
Yoko Shoji
Kodansha
Shōjo
65
1977–present
25 million[note 6][72]

Tsuribaka Nisshi
Jūzō Yamasaki, Kenichi Kitami
Shogakukan
Seinen
91
1979–present
25 million[73]

Black Butler
Yana Toboso
Square Enix
Shōnen
25
2006–present
24 million[21]

Ace of Diamond
Yuji Terajima
Kodansha
Shōnen
56
2006–present
23 million[note 7][74]

Haikyū!!
Haruichi Furudate
Shueisha
Shōnen
26
2012–present
23 million[75]

Neon Genesis Evangelion
Yoshiyuki Sadamoto
Kadokawa Shoten
Shōnen/Seinen
14
1994–2013
23 million[76]

D.Gray-man
Katsura Hoshino
Shueisha
Shōnen
25
2004–present
22.5 million†[77]

Abu-san
Shinji Mizushima
Shogakukan
Seinen
107
1973–2014
22 million[78]

Patalliro!
Mineo Maya
Hakusensha
Shōjo
94
1979–present
22 million†[65]

Zatch Bell!
Makoto Raiku
Shogakukan
Shōnen
33
2001–2007
22 million[79]

Dōbutsu no Oisha-san
Noriko Sasaki
Hakusensha
Shōnen
12
1987–1993
21.6 million†[4]

Eyeshield 21
Riichiro Inagaki, Yusuke Murata
Shueisha
Shōnen
37
2002–2009
21.6 million†[4]

Ashita no Joe
Ikki Kajiwara, Tetsuya Chiba
Kodansha
Shōnen
20
1968–1973
20 million[80]

Assassination Classroom
Yūsei Matsui
Shueisha
Shōnen
21
2012–2016
20 million†[81]

Dragon Quest Retsuden: Roto no Monshō
Chiaki Kawamata, Junji Koyanagi, Kamui Fujiwara
Enix
Shōnen
21
1991–1997
20 million[21]

Gantz
Hiroya Oku
Shueisha
Seinen
37
2000–2013
20 million[82]

Ginga Legend Weed
Yoshihiro Takahashi
Nihon Bungeisha
Seinen
90
1999–present
20 million[note 8][83]

Hell Teacher Nūbē
Shō Makura, Takeshi Okano
Shueisha
Shōnen
31
1993–1999
20 million†[50]

Kaiji
Nobuyuki Fukumoto
Kodansha
Seinen
49
1996–2009
20 million[note 9][84]

Kimagure Orange Road
Izumi Matsumoto
Shueisha
Shōnen
18
1984–1987
20 million†[50]

Kimi ni Todoke
Karuho Shiina
Shueisha
Shōjo
23
2005–present
20 million†[85]

Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic
Shinobu Ohtaka
Shogakukan
Shōnen
34
2009–present
20 million[86]

Monster
Naoki Urasawa
Shogakukan
Seinen
18
1994–2001
20 million[87]

Negima! Magister Negi Magi
Ken Akamatsu
Kodansha
Shōnen
38
2003–2012
20 million[88]

Oh My Goddess!
Kōsuke Fujishima
Kodansha
Seinen
48
1988–2014
20 million[89]

Shounen Ashibe
Hiromi Morishita
Shueisha
Seinen
8
1988–1994
20 million[90]

The Rose of Versailles
Riyoko Ikeda
Shueisha
Shōjo
10
1972–1973
20 million[27]

The Seven Deadly Sins
Nakaba Suzuki
Kodansha
Shōnen
27
2012–present
20 million[91]

Sukeban Deka
Shinji Wada
Hakusensha
Shōjo
22
1976–1982
20 million[92]

Tokyo Daigaku Monogatari
Tatsuya Egawa
Shogakukan
Seinen
34
1992–2001
20 million[93]

Toriko
Mitsutoshi Shimabukuro
Shueisha
Shōnen
43
2008–2016
20 million†[94]

Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle
Clamp
Kodansha
Shōnen
28
2003–2009
20 million[95]


document_title: Former Presidents Act

question_text: who guards former president of the united states

text: Former Presidents Act

text: History[edit]

text: Before 1958, the U.S. federal government provided no pension or other retirement benefits to former United States presidents. Andrew Carnegie offered to endow a US$25,000 annual pension for former Chief Executives in 1912, but congressmen questioned the propriety of such a private pension. That prompted legislation to provide benefits to former presidents.[1]

text: When the Former Presidents Act took effect, there were two living former presidents: Herbert Hoover and Harry S. Truman. Dwight D. Eisenhower was the first president to fall under the act upon leaving office.

text: The original act provided for lifetime Secret Service protection for former presidents. In 1997, it was reduced to 10 years for presidents taking office after 1997. The 1997 amendment was reverted by the Former Presidents Protection Act of 2012 (Pub.L. 112–257).[2] All living former presidents and their spouses are now entitled to receive lifetime Secret Service protection.[3]

text: Current status[edit]

text: By law, former presidents are entitled to a pension, staff and office expenses, medical care or health insurance, and Secret Service protection.

text: Pension[edit]

text: The Secretary of the Treasury pays a taxable pension to the president. Former presidents receive a pension equal to the pay that the head of an executive department (Executive Level I) would be paid, as of 2017[update] $207,800 per year.[4] The pension begins immediately after a president's departure from office.[5] A former president's spouse may also be paid a lifetime annual pension of $20,000 if they relinquish any other statutory pension.[1]

text: Transition[edit]

text: Washington Transition funding for the expenses of leaving office is available for seven months. It covers office space, staff compensation, communications services, and printing and postage associated with the transition.[1]

text: Staff and office[edit]

text: Private office staff and related funding is provided by the Administrator of the General Services Administration. Persons employed under this subsection are selected by and responsible only to the former president for the performance of their duties. Each former president fixes basic rates of compensation for persons employed for him, not exceeding an annualized total of $150,000 for the first 30 months and $96,000 thereafter.[1]

text: Medical insurance[edit]

text: Former presidents are entitled to medical treatment in military hospitals; they pay for this at interagency rates set by the Office of Management and Budget. Two-term presidents may buy health insurance under the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program; a GSA legal opinion ruled Jimmy Carter and George H. W. Bush ineligible.[1][6]

text: Secret Service protection[edit]

text: Former presidents were entitled from 1965 to 1996 to lifetime Secret Service protection, for themselves, spouses, and children under 16. A 1994 statute, (Pub.L. 103–329), limited post-presidential protection to ten years for presidents inaugurated after January 1, 1997.[7] Under this statute, Bill Clinton would still be entitled to lifetime protection, and all subsequent presidents would have been entitled to ten years' protection.[8] On January 10, 2013, President Barack Obama signed the Former Presidents Protection Act of 2012, reinstating lifetime Secret Service protection for his predecessor George W. Bush, himself, and all subsequent presidents.[9]

text: Richard Nixon relinquished his Secret Service protection in 1985, the only president to do so.[10]


document_title: Climograph

question_text: what do the bars on a climate graph represent

text: Climograph

text: A climograph is a graphical representation of basic climatic parameters, that is monthly average temperature and precipitation, at a certain location.[1] It is used for a quick-view of the climate of a location.

text: Representation[edit]

text:
Tucson, AZ

Climate chart (explanation)

J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D

0.9

64
39

0.7

68
41

0.7

73
45

0.3

81
50

0.2

90
58

0.2

100
68

2.4

99
74

2.2

97
72

1.7

93
68

1.1

84
57

0.7

73
46

1.1

64
40

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F

Precipitation totals in inches

Source: [1]

showMetric conversion

J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D

22

18
4

18

20
5

18

23
7

7.6

27
10

5.1

32
14

5.1

38
20

61

37
23

56

36
22

43

34
20

28

29
14

18

23
8

28

18
4

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C

Precipitation totals in mm

text: One form of representation uses an overlapped combination of a bar and line chart used to show the climate of a place over a 12-month period.

text: Another method and uses a common horizontal axis while different vertical axis. Here both the precipitation and temperature are shown in bar charts. This method has an advantage that the range of temperature (average of minimum and maximum temperatures) can be shown, rather than just the average temperature.

text: Climographs display temperatures in a clear and concise manner, however they may be misinterpreted when used in inappropriate situations. For this reason, it is important that they are utilized in a reasonable situation. This kind of graph is usually used in social studies.


document_title: Chief of the Air Staff (Nigeria)

question_text: what is the name of nigeria chief of air staff

text: Chief of the Air Staff (Nigeria)

text: The Chief of the Air Staff (CAS) is the professional head of the Nigerian Air Force.  The following have served as Chief of the Air Staff:[1]

text:
Year

Rank

Name

1963–1965

Colonel

Gerhard Kahtz

1965–1966

Colonel

Wolfgang  Thimmig

1966–1967

Lieutenant Colonel

George T Kurubo

1967–1969

Colonel

Shittu Alao

1969–1975

Brigadier

Emmanuel E Ikwue

1975–1980

Air Vice-Marshal

John Nmadu Yisa-Doko

1980–1983

Air Vice-Marshal

Abdullahi Dominic Bello

1983–1990

Air Marshal

Ibrahim Mahmud Alfa

1990–1992

Air Vice-Marshal

Nuraini Yussuff

1992–1993

Air Marshal

Akin Dada

1993–1996

Air Vice Marshal

Femi John Femi

1996–1998

Air Marshal

Nsikak-Abasi Essien Eduok

1999–2001

Air Marshal

Isaac Alfa

2001–2006

Air Marshal

Jonah Wuyep

2006–2008

Air Marshal

Paul Dike

2008–2010

Air Marshal

Oluseyi Petinrin

2010-2012

Air Marshal

Mohammed Dikko Umar

2012 -2014

Air Marshal

Alex Sabundu Badeh

2014 - 2015

Air  Marshal

Adesola Nunayon Amosu

2015 -

Air Marshal

Sadique Abubakar