document_title: Pia mater

question_text: what connects the pia mater to the dura mater of the spinal cord

text: Pia mater

text: Structure[edit]

text: Pia mater is the thin, translucent, mesh-like meningeal envelope, spanning nearly the entire surface of the brain. It is absent only at the natural openings between the ventricles, the median aperture, and the lateral aperture. The pia firmly adheres to the surface of the brain and loosely connects to the arachnoid layer.[3] Because of this continuum, the layers are often referred to as the pia arachnoid or leptomeninges. A subarachnoid space exists between the arachnoid layer and the pia, into which the choroid plexus releases and maintains the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The subarachnoid space contains trabeculae, or fibrous filaments, that connect and bring stability to the two layers, allowing for the appropriate protection from and movement of the proteins, electrolytes, ions, and glucose contained within the CSF.[4] Romanian biologist Viorel Pais, through recent electron microscopy studies, has demonstrated for the first time in the specialty literature that pia mater is formed by cordocytes and blood vessels.

text: The thin membrane is composed of fibrous connective tissue, which is covered by a sheet of flat cells impermeable to fluid on its outer surface. A network of blood vessels travels to the brain and spinal cord by interlacing through the pia membrane. These capillaries are responsible for nourishing the brain.[5] This vascular membrane is held together by areolar tissue covered by mesothelial cells from the delicate strands of connective tissue called the arachnoid trabeculae. In the perivascular spaces, the pia mater begins as mesothelial lining on the outer surface, but the cells then fade to be replaced by neuroglia elements.[6]

text: Although the pia mater is primarily structurally similar throughout, it spans both the spinal cord’s neural tissue and runs down the fissures of the cerebral cortex in the brain. It is often broken down into two categories, the cranial pia mater (pia mater encephali) and the spinal pia mater (pia mater spinalis).

text: Cranial pia mater[edit]

text: The section of the pia mater enveloping the brain is known as the cranial pia mater. It is anchored to the brain by the processes of astrocytes, which are glial cells responsible for many functions, including maintenance of the extracellular space. The cranial pia mater joins with the ependyma, which lines the cerebral ventricles to form choroid plexuses that produce cerebrospinal fluid. Together with the other meningeal layers, the function of the pia mater is to protect the central nervous system by containing the cerebrospinal fluid, which cushions the brain and spine.[4]

text: The cranial pia mater covers the surface of the brain. This layer goes in between the cerebral gyri and cerebellar laminae, folding inward to create the tela chorioidea of the third ventricle and the choroid plexuses of the lateral and third ventricles. At the level of the cerebellum, the pia mater membrane is more fragile due to the length of blood vessels as well as decreased connection to the cerebral cortex.[6]

text: Spinal pia mater[edit]

text: The spinal pia mater closely follows and encloses the curves of the spinal cord, and is attached to it through a connection to the anterior fissure. The pia mater attaches to the dura mater through 21 pairs of denticulate ligaments that pass through the arachnoid mater and dura mater of the spinal cord. These denticular ligaments help to anchor the spinal cord and prevent side to side movement, providing stability.[7] The membrane in this area is much thicker than the cranial pia mater, due to the two-layer composition of the pia membrane. The outer layer, which is made up of mostly connective tissue, is responsible for this thickness. Between the two layers are spaces which exchange information with the subarachnoid cavity as well as blood vessels. At the point where the pia mater reaches the conus medullaris or medullary cone at the end of the spinal cord, the membrane extends as a thin filament called the filum terminale or terminal filum, contained within the lumbar cistern. This filament eventually blends with the dura mater and extends as far as the coccyx, or tailbone. It then fuses with the periosteum, a membrane found at the surface of all bones, and forms the coccygeal ligament. There it is called the central ligament and assists with movements of the trunk of the body.[6]

text: Function[edit]

text: In conjunction with the other meningeal membranes, pia mater functions to cover and protect the central nervous system (CNS), to protect the blood vessels and enclose the venous sinuses near the CNS, to contain the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and to form partitions with the skull.[8] The CSF, pia mater, and other layers of the meninges work together as a protection device for the brain, with the CSF often referred to as the fourth layer of the meninges.

text: CSF production and circulation[edit]

text: Cerebrospinal fluid is circulated through the ventricles, cisterns, and subarachnoid space within the brain and spinal cord. About 150 mL of CSF is always in circulation, constantly being recycled through the daily production of nearly 500 mL of fluid. The CSF is primarily secreted by the choroid plexus; however, about one-third of the CSF is secreted by pia mater and the other ventricular ependymal surfaces (the thin epithelial membrane lining the brain and central canal) and arachnoidal membranes. The CSF travels from the ventricles and cerebellum through three foramina in the brain, emptying into the cerebrum, and ending its cycle in the venous blood via structures like the arachnoid granulations. The pia spans every surface crevice of the brain other than the foramina to allow the circulation of CSF to continue.[9]

text: Perivascular spaces[edit]

text: Pia mater allows for the formation of perivascular spaces that help serve as the brain’s lymphatic system. Blood vessels that penetrate the brain first pass across the surface and then go inwards toward the brain. This direction of flow leads to a layer of the pia mater being carried inwards and loosely adhering to the vessels, leading to the production of a space, namely a perivascular space, between the pia mater and each blood vessel. This is critical because the brain lacks a true lymphatic system. In the remainder of the body, small amounts of protein are able to leak from the parenchymal capillaries through the lymphatic system. In the brain, this ends up in the interstitial space. The protein portions are able to leave through the very permeable pia mater and enter the subarachnoid space in order to flow in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), eventually ending up in the cerebral veins. The pia mater serves to create these perivascular spaces to allow passage of certain material, such as fluids, proteins, and even extraneous particulate matter such as dead white blood cells from the blood stream to the CSF, and essentially the brain.[9]

text: Permeability[edit]

text: A function of the pia mater is that of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), which keeps the CSF and brain fluid separate from the blood, allowing limited sodium, chlorine, and potassium through, and absolutely no plasma proteins nor organic molecules. Nearby, the ventricles are lined with the ependyma membrane. The CSF is only kept separate through the pia mater. Due to the ependyma and pia mater’s high permeability, nearly anything entering the CSF is able to enter the brain interstitial fluid.[9] However, regulation of this permeability is achieved through the abundant amount of astrocyte foot processes which are responsible for connecting the capillaries and the pia mater in a way that helps limit the amount of free diffusion going into the CNS.[10] The permeability of the pia then serves to closely connect the interstitial brain fluid and the CSF and allow them to remain nearly homogenous in terms of composition.[9]

text: The function of the pia mater is more simply visualized through these ordinary occurrences. This last property is evident in cases of head injury. When the head comes into contact with another object, the brain is protected from the skull due to the similarity in density between these two fluids so that the brain does not simply smash through into the skull, but rather its movement is slowed and stopped by the viscous ability of this fluid. The contrast in permeability between the BBB and pia mater mentioned before is also useful in the application of medicine. Drugs that enter the blood stream can not penetrate and function in the brain, but instead must be administered into the cerebrospinal fluid.[9]

text: Spinal cord compression[edit]

text: The pia mater also functions to deal with the deformation of the spinal cord under compression. Due to the high elastic modulus of the pia mater, it is able to provide a constraint on the surface of the spinal cord. This constraint stops the elongation of the spinal cord, as well as providing a high strain energy. This high strain energy is useful and responsible for the restoration of the spinal cord to its original shape following a period of decompression.[11]

text: Sensory[edit]

text: Ventral root afferents are unmyelinated sensory axons located within the pia mater. These ventral root afferents relay sensory information from the pia mater and allow for the transmission of pain from disc herniation and other spinal injury.[12]

text: Evolution[edit]

text: The significant increase in the size of the cerebral hemisphere through evolution has been made possible in part through the evolution of the vascular pia mater, which allows nutrient blood vessels to penetrate deep into the intertwined cerebral matter, providing the necessary nutrients in this larger neural mass. Throughout the course of life on earth, the nervous system of animals has continued to evolve to a more compact and increased organization of neurons and other nervous system cells. This process is most evident in vertebrates and especially mammals in which the increased size of the brain is generally condensed into a smaller space through the presence of sulci or fissures on the surface of the hemisphere divided into gyri allowing more superficies of the cortical grey matter to exist. The development of the meninges and the existence of a defined pia mater was first noted in the vertebrates, and has been more and more significant membrane in the brains of mammals with larger brains.[13]

text: Pathology[edit]

text: Meningitis is the inflammation of the pia and arachnoid mater. This is often due to bacteria that have entered the subarachnoid space, but can also be caused by viruses, fungi, as well as non-infectious causes such as certain drugs. It is believed that bacterial meningitis is caused by bacteria that enter the central nervous system through the blood stream. The molecular tools these pathogens would require to cross the meningeal layers and the blood–brain barrier are not yet well understood. Inside the subarachnoid, bacteria replicate and cause inflammation from released toxins such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) . These toxins have been found to damage the mitochondria and produce a large scale immune response. Headache and meningismus are often signs of inflammation relayed via trigeminal sensory nerve fibers within the pia mater. Disabling neuropsychological effects are seen in up to half of bacterial meningitis survivors. Research into how bacteria invade and enter the meningeal layers is the next step in prevention of the progression of meningitis.[14]

text: A tumor growing from the meninges is referred to as a meningioma. Most meningiomas grow from the arachnoid mater inward applying pressure on the pia mater and therefore the brain or spinal cord. While meningiomas make up 20% of primary brain tumors and 12% of spinal cord tumors, 90% of these tumors are benign. Meningiomas tend to grow slowly and therefore symptoms may arise years after initial tumor formation. The symptoms often include headaches and seizures due to the force the tumor creates on sensory receptors. The treatments available for these tumors include surgery and radiation.[15]

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Meninges of the CNS

Play media

Human brain dissection. Demonstrating removal of pia mater from the left cerebral hemisphere.

Median sagittal section of brain

Coronal section of inferior horn of lateral ventricle

Diagrammatic representation of a section across the top of the skull, showing the membranes of the brain, etc.

Diagrammatic section of scalp

Ultrastructural diagram of the cerebral cortex (Viorel Pais, 2012)

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b Entry "pia mater" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, retrieved 2012-07-28.
Jump up ^ Parsons, Thomas. "Meninges". McGraw-Hill Companies 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "meninges". encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Timmons, Martini (2006). Human Anatomy. San Francisco: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings.
Jump up ^ Polzin, Scott. "Meninges". Gale Encyclopedia of Neurological Disorders. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 20 February 2011 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. l
^ Jump up to: a b c Gray, Henry (1918). Susan Standring, ed. Anatomy of the Human Body (40 ed.). Lea and Febiger.
Jump up ^ Saladin, Kenneth. Anatomy and Physiology- the Unity of Form and Function. 5th Ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2010. 485. Print.
Jump up ^ Marieb, Elaine (2001). Human Anatomy & Physiology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. pp. 453, 455.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Guyton, Arthur (2011). Textbook of Medical Physiology. Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier.
Jump up ^ Berne, Robert (2008). Berne & Levy Physiology. Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier.
Jump up ^ Ozawa, Hiroshi (July 2004). "Mechanical properties and function of the spinal pia mater". Journal of Neurosurgery. 1 (1): 122–127. doi:10.3171/spi.2004.1.1.0122.
Jump up ^ Remahl, Sten; Angeria (25 October 2010). "Observations at the CNS–PNS Border of Ventral Roots Connected to a Neuroma". Frontiers in Neurology. 1 (136). doi:10.3389/fneur.2010.00136. PMC 3008941 . PMID 21188264.
Jump up ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica, additional text.
Jump up ^ Hoffman, Olaf; Weber (November 2009). "Pathophysiology and Treatment of Bacterial Meningitis". Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders. 2 (6): 1–7. doi:10.1177/1756285609337975. PMC 3002609 . PMID 21180625.
Jump up ^ Tew, John. "Meningiomas". Mayfield Clinic. Retrieved 23 March 2011.

tag: ol

text: Further reading[edit]

text: Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pia mater.

text:
Martini, F. Timmons, M. and Tallitsch, R. Human Anatomy. 5th ed. San Francisco: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings, 2006.
Saladin, Kenneth. Anatomy and Physiology- the Unity of Form and Function. 5th Ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2010. 485. Print.
Gray, Henry (1918). Susan Standring. ed. Anatomy of the Human Body (40 ed.). Lea and Febiger.
Ozawa, Hiroshi (2004). "Mechanical properties and function of the spinal pia mater". Journal of Neurosurgery. 1 (1): 122–127. doi:10.3171/spi.2004.1.1.0122.
Tubbs R, Salter G, Grabb P, Oakes W (2001). "The denticulate ligament: anatomy and functional significance". J Neurosurg. 94 (2 Suppl): 271–5. doi:10.3171/spi.2001.94.2.0271. PMID 11302630.
Clinically Oriented Anatomy. Moore, Keith and Arthur F. Dalley. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2006.
Pais V, Danaila L, Pais E (2012). "From pluripotent stem cells to multifunctional cordocytic phenotypes in the human brain: An ultrastructural study". Ultrastruct Pathol. 36 (4): 252–9. doi:10.3109/01913123.2012.669451. PMID 22849527.
Pais V, Danaila L, Pais E (2013). "Cordocytes-stem cells cooperation in the human brain with emphasis on pivotal role of cordocytes in perivascular areas of broken and thrombosed vessels". Ultrastruct Pathol. 37 (6): 425–32. doi:10.3109/01913123.2013.846449. PMID 24205927.
Pais V, Danaila L, Pais E (2014). "The vascular stem cell niches and their significance in the brain". J Neurosurg Sci. 58 (3): 161–8. PMID 25033975.

text:
[hide]

v
t
e

Meninges of the brain and spinal cord

Layers

Dura mater

Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli
Falx cerebelli
Diaphragma sellae
Trigeminal cave

Arachnoid mater

Arachnoid granulation
Arachnoid trabeculae

Subarachnoid cisterns:

Cisterna magna
Pontine cistern
Interpeduncular cistern
Chiasmatic
Of lateral cerebral fossa
Of great cerebral vein
Of lamina terminalis

Pia mater

Denticulate ligaments
Tela choroidea
Choroid plexus
Perivascular space

Combined

Filum terminale
Leptomeninges

Spaces

Epidural space
Subdural space
Subarachnoid space

Cerebrospinal fluid

text: Meninges

text: Use dmy dates from March 2017Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPageArticles containing video clips


document_title: Alpine skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Women's super-G

question_text: who won the women's super g 2018 olympics

question_tokens: who won the women 's super g 2018 olympics

root

text: Qualification[edit]

text: A total of up to 320 alpine skiers qualified across all eleven events. Athletes qualified for this event by having met the A qualification standard only, which meant having 80 or less FIS Points and being ranked in the top 500 in the Olympic FIS points list. The Points list takes into average the best results of athletes per discipline during the qualification period (1 July 2016 to 21 January 2018). Countries received additional quotas by having athletes ranked in the top 30 of the 2017–18 FIS Alpine Ski World Cup (two per gender maximum, overall across all events). After the distribution of B standard quotas (to nations competing only in the slalom and giant slalom events), the remaining quotas were distributed using the Olympic FIS Points list, with each athlete only counting once for qualification purposes. A country could only enter a maximum of four athletes for the event.[3]

tag: p

text: Summary[edit]

text: Ester Ledecká became the Olympic champion, her first Olympic medal and the first gold medal in alpine skiing for the Czech Republic. The defending champion Anna Veith (competing as Fenninger in 2014) was second, and Tina Weirather was third, the first Olympic medal for Liechtenstein since 1988. The results were extraordinarily dense, with 0.01 seconds separating gold and silver medals, as well as bronze medal from the fourth place (Lara Gut). Ledecká's victory was completely unexpected as she had been much better known for her snowboarding achievements.

text: Lindsey Vonn, starting first, was leading until her time was improved by Johanna Schnarf, then Lara Gut. Weirather, skiing seventh, improved Gut's time by 0.01 seconds, pushing Vonn, 0.26 seconds behind, off the podium. Starting 15th, Veith took the lead, with the main competitors either not finishing or posting inferior times, so that she believed her first place was assured, and NBC even announced her as a champion. However, the surprising champion was Ledecká who started 26th and improved Veith's time by 0.01. Ledecká's relative lack of experience in the super-G event might have led to her victory, as she took a more aggressive line that other, more experienced skiers shied away from. After the finish, Ledecká did not believe she won and thought that somebody else's time was shown by mistake.[4][5]

text: Results[edit]

text: The race was started at 12:00.[6]

text:
Rank
Bib
Name
Country
Time
Behind

01 !
26
Ester Ledecká
 Czech Republic
1:21.11
+0.00 !—

02 !
15
Anna Veith
 Austria
1:21.12
+0.01

03 !
7
Tina Weirather
 Liechtenstein
1:21.22
+0.11

04 !4
5
Lara Gut
 Switzerland
1:21.23
+0.12

05 !5
3
Johanna Schnarf
 Italy
1:21.27
+0.16

06 !6
11
Federica Brignone
 Italy
1:21.49
+0.38

1
Lindsey Vonn
 United States

08 !8
19
Cornelia Hütter
 Austria
1:21.54
+0.43

09 !9
16
Michelle Gisin
 Switzerland
1:21.57
+0.46

10
14
Viktoria Rebensburg
 Germany
1:21.62
+0.51

11
13
Sofia Goggia
 Italy
1:21.65
+0.54

12
4
Nadia Fanchini
 Italy
1:21.88
+0.77

13
17
Ragnhild Mowinckel
 Norway
1:22.00
+0.89

14
28
Breezy Johnson
 United States
1:22.14
+1.03

15
12
Laurenne Ross
 United States
1:22.17
+1.06

16
27
Alice McKennis
 United States
1:22.20
+1.09

17
6
Corinne Suter
 Switzerland
1:22.24
+1.13

18
9
Nicole Schmidhofer
 Austria
1:22.30
+1.19

19
20
Romane Miradoli
 France
1:22.36
+1.25

20
22
Jennifer Piot
 France
1:22.38
+1.27

21
18
Tamara Tippler
 Austria
1:22.50
+1.39

22
10
Tiffany Gauthier
 France
1:22.56
+1.45

23
23
Valérie Grenier
 Canada
1:22.77
+1.66

24
25
Lisa Hörnblad
 Sweden
1:22.79
+1.68

25
30
Maruša Ferk
 Slovenia
1:23.18
+2.07

26
33
Maryna Gąsienica-Daniel
 Poland
1:23.21
+2.10

27
8
Jasmine Flury
 Switzerland
1:23.30
+2.19

28
2
Tessa Worley
 France
1:23.54
+2.43

29
24
Candace Crawford
 Canada
1:23.69
+2.58

30
32
Alexandra Coletti
 Monaco
1:24.01
+2.90

31
35
Greta Small
 Australia
1:24.09
+2.98

32
31
Petra Vlhová
 Slovakia
1:24.26
+3.15

33
36
Kateřina Pauláthová
 Czech Republic
1:24.48
+3.37

34
38
Tina Robnik
 Slovenia
1:24.49
+3.38

35
34
Barbara Kantorová
 Slovakia
1:25.30
+4.19

36
43
Ania Monica Caill
 Romania
1:25.74
+4.63

37
29
Roni Remme
 Canada
1:25.90
+4.79

38
41
Sabrina Simader
 Kenya
1:26.25
+5.14

39
37
Noelle Barahona
 Chile
1:27.16
+6.05

40
40
Kim Vanreusel
 Belgium
1:27.60
+6.49

41
39
Sarah Schleper
 Mexico
1:27.93
+6.82

42
42
Elvedina Muzaferija
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
1:27.97
+6.86

43
45
Olha Knysh
 Ukraine
1:30.60
+9.49

44
21
Kira Weidle
 Germany
DNF
+9.98 !

45
44
Maria Shkanova
 Belarus
DNS
+9.99 !

tag: table


document_title: Toad (Nintendo)

question_text: what is the name of the mushroom in mario

text: Toad (Nintendo)

text: Concept and creation[edit]

text: Toad and the mushroom people were first seen in the game Super Mario Bros. where the species was revealed to comprise the majority of the population of the Mushroom Kingdom. Toad's design was made directly from the power up the Super Mushroom, as well as the game's general association with mushrooms.[1] Shigeru Miyamoto, the creator of the Mario franchise, reasons that Toad's creation was that of being a character that has a simplistic design; yet, still appears cute and lovely and pleasing to everybody.[2] In the game, the peaceful Toads of the Mushroom Kingdom had been turned into various objects such as bricks and pipes by the evil King Bowser; however, some of Princess Toadstool's loyal servants, known as the "Mushroom Retainers," were simply kidnapped. [3]

text: During the development of New Super Mario Bros. Wii, the developers at Nintendo decided between four characters to be playable in the game: Princess Peach, Toad, Wario and Waluigi (all suggestions made by fans).[4] Two Toads (yellow and blue) were eventually included as playable characters in New Super Mario Bros. Wii due to their physical similarity to Mario and Luigi.[5]

text: Toad's English name appears to have been inspired by the word "toadstool", a word used to describe mushrooms including those featuring umbrella-like cap-and-stem form characteristics which Toad's design portrays along with the character's general resemblance to a mushroom. Toad's Japanese name "Kinopio" appears to be a mixture of the Japanese word for mushroom ("kinoko") and the Japanese name for the character Pinocchio ("Pinokio") which both roughly blend together to form the meaning of "a real mushroom boy" (as evidenced through Pinocchio's desire to become a real boy in his own tale).[6]

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: Toad bears a similar appearance to the rest of his species with his large mushroom cap and clothes. He is very small in size, and has no legs visible, with just his typical brown shoes showing. Unlike other Toads, he features five red spots on his mushroom cap and wears a blue and yellow vest; however, his coloration will change if he gets a fire flower, as his cap's colors will be reversed while his clothes turn red. A yellow outline was added to his vest in the recent Mario games, starting with Super Mario Sunshine. Sometimes, Toad appears with a red vest, though he is most often seen with his blue vest. In the Mario cartoons, Toad has on occasion removed his mushroom cap, revealing three strands of hair; however, the games have never confirmed or refuted this. Toad is also seen with pants of a white color that resemble the base of a mushroom or toadstool stalk.

text: At most times, Toad is portrayed as a rather cowardly character, but the fact that he actually knows about his cowardice makes him one of the more innocent and humbler characters in the series.[original research?] Despite his fears, Toad is usually one of the few people who tries his best to support Mario when he is on his adventures, from providing items to actually adventuring alongside the hero on his quest. Despite the fact that Toad is usually seen as a cheerful character, he can get extremely distressed when a major event occurs, such as the kidnapping of the princess.

text: He has been mentioned to being a hard working Toad with a strong loyalty to his Princess and friends. In many games, such as Super Mario 64, Toad is helpful to Mario and his crew on their search for Peach, despite the fact Toad is portrayed as quite a shy character. In Luigi's Mansion, he is seen crying in certain places because he cares so much about Mario getting kidnapped by ghosts, he was sent to the mansion to look for Mario in commands of Princess Peach. He was extremely loyal because he was scared and feared that he could get captured too. In Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon, five colored Toads are trapped in paintings by King Boo.

text: Abilities[edit]

text: Through the various games that Toad is playable in, he has been shown with different unique abilities that differ from the other characters in the series. In Super Mario Bros. 2, the game describes him as being the strongest and fastest character in the game with 5 out of 5 stars each, but with a weak jumping ability, rated at 2 stars. In Wario's Woods, Toad has the unique ability to run up walls and make strong kicks. Toad is once again given superhuman strength in the game, as he is able to lift and throw enemies around; however, these abilities have not been seen since this game. In New Super Mario Bros. Wii, Toad shares many of the moves and abilities of Mario and Luigi, such as the ground pound and wall jumping as represented by the yellow and blue Toads.[7] Toad has access to Mario's power ups, but unlike the other games Toad has starred in, this game gives him all-round stats similar to those of the Mario Bros.[8] In Super Mario 3D World, Toad is again the fastest playable character; however, his weakness includes his weaker jumps in comparison to the other playable characters.

text: In the Super Smash Bros. series, Toad is shown to emit spores like a real mushroom whenever he is attacked, as shown when Peach uses her standard special move.[9] However, this has never been seen in the main Mario series games. Toad exhibits a similar technique in Mario Sports Mix where he is capable of using the spores to cause mushrooms to sprout from the ground, and his special move is also based on this skill. He is also capable of using these emitted spores as a shield against various attacks in this game.[10]

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Toad and his race of mushroom people made their debut appearance in Super Mario Bros. where they play a minimal role in the game. They appear at the end of every stage as the Mushroom Retainers (who serve the princess) once Mario or Luigi defeats Bowser, rewarding the heroes with the message: "Thank you Mario! But our princess is in another castle!", and in the Japanese Super Mario Bros. 2 they maintain this role. In the American Super Mario Bros. 2, Toad got his first individual appearance and was given a bigger role as one of the four playable characters. In Super Mario Bros. 3, Toad appears in the Toad houses where he provides items and extra lives for Mario to take on his journey. Toad, however, is the main protagonist of Wario's Woods, where he is trying to prevent Wario from taking over the woods.[11] Eventually with the help of Birdo and a fairy named Wanda, Toad fights Wario and in the end saves the woods from the clutches of the evil antagonist, restoring peace to the area.[12]

text: The 3D Mario games introduced Toad's role as a helper who would provide assistance to Mario if he needed it, thus making him one of Mario's major allies. In Super Mario 64, Toad explains the backstory to Mario, as well as telling him what he has to do to proceed in the game. In the game's remake Super Mario 64 DS, Toad appears with the same role; however, he is given character-specific remarks (such as mistaking Luigi for Mario in green clothes or thinking that Wario would betray the rest of the group). In Luigi's Mansion, Toad appears in various parts of the mansion as a save point. Different colored Toads appear in Super Mario Sunshine as Peach's attendants. In Super Mario Galaxy, Toads appear at the beginning of the game as some of the citizens of Toad Town. Later on, a group of Toads appear as the Toad Brigade led by new character, Captain Toad, the captain of the brigade, who attempt to help Mario or Luigi retrieve the Power Stars.[13] [14] Toad himself appears in the intro of the game, where he is holding hands with Toadette as the two look at the night sky. Captain Toad makes a reappearance in the sequel, Super Mario Galaxy 2, once again as the same cowardly character as before..[15] Like in the first game, he and his brigade would attempt to help Mario retrieve the Power Stars in order to save Princess Peach.

text: In New Super Mario Bros. Wii and U, there are 2 playable Toads (multi-player only), one blue and one yellow recolor. The blue Toad has a similar appearance similar with the original Toad and even shares the same voices as Toad in New Super Mario Bros. Wii (the yellow Toad has a higher pitched voice).[16] Red spotted Toads aren't playable, they play an extra role including the host of Toad houses, and being strewn throughout different levels that Mario must bring to the finish to save.

text: In 2011, Toad plays a role in the 3DS title Super Mario 3D Land in which he, upon his rescue at the end of World One, assists Mario throughout the rest of the adventure through the availability of Toad Houses, where he provides items and uncovering secrets for Mario in the various levels.[17] Toad also appears as a prominent character in New Super Mario Bros. 2 where he runs the Toad Houses once again to assist both Mario and Luigi throughout the game.[18] In Super Mario 3D World, both the Toad character (cap colored blue), and Captain Toad returning from Super Mario Galaxy' are playable but only the former appears in the major game, while Captain Toad, playable for the first time, has his own levels "The Adventures of Captain Toad" separate from the main playable characters.[19] In "The Adventures of Captain Toad", Captain Toad must collect five Green Stars without jumping, and two hits will result in a lost in life, but he can use his headlight to destroy any ghosts in his levels. The Toad runs the fastest but jumps the lowest and falls faster. Captain Toad later starred in his eponymous spin-off game a year after Super Mario 3D World was released.

text: In Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon, Toad and 4 others (yellow, blue, green and purple) act as assistants to Professor E. Gadd, who had sent them to investigate the mansions before Luigi had arrived. Throughout the game, Luigi meets up with the Toads, who help him uncover secrets in the mansions.

text: Throughout the Mario RPG series, Toad is featured as more of a minor character due to the large amounts of generic toads which appear in the games who seem to replace his role as a helper. Regardless, in the times he does appear, Toad is once again a minor character who just gives a backstory to Mario and the others. In Super Mario RPG, Toad appears as a major NPC character who teaches Mario about the different skills to use in battles in the beginning as the duo heads to the Mushroom Kingdom (though Toad had to be saved by Mario along the way as he is kidnapped frequently by enemies). Toad appears more throughout the game, for example as part of Mario's nightmare. Toad appears as a playable character in Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga for a short time when the player is exploring around Mario and Luigi's house. In Super Princess Peach, Toad is kidnapped earlier in the game along with Mario and Luigi by the Hammer Bros.. However, Toad appears as a playable character in two of the minigames in the game. Toad appears in Super Paper Mario in 3 aspects of the game. He appears in the intro, telling Mario and Luigi that Princess Peach has been kidnapped, and later appears in the Arcade mini-game Mansion Patrol. Additionally, Toad is one of the 256 Catch Cards in the game. In Mario & Luigi: Bowser's Inside Story, a mysterious infection called "The Blorbs" causes the Toads to inflate to many times their normal size and roll around uncontrollably.[20]

text: Other appearances[edit]

text: Toad has appeared in many of the various Mario spin-off games. In the Mario Kart series, of which he has appeared in every installment, Toad is usually featured as a lightweight driver with good acceleration to compensate for his speed.[21] His partner Toadette was created for Mario Kart: Double Dash!! and together they shared a special item, the Super Mushroom, which allowed them to take multiple boosts for a short while.[22] The item reappears in later Mario Kart games, but is renamed the Golden Mushroom.[23] Toadette, who has appeared in other spin-off games since her first appearance, was stated to be Toad's sister in an official Prima strategy guide for Mario Kart Wii (though this relationship between Toad and Toadette has yet to be confirmed by Nintendo itself).[24] He appears in his own tournament for Mario Kart Wii, where the player goes through Mushroom Gorge backwards using Toad as their character.[25] Toad even receives his own tracks throughout the installments such as his own circuit (named after himself) in Mario Kart 7.[26] He appears in every Mario Party game; however, it is only from Mario Party 5 and on that he is playable (excluding Mario Party Advance), as he was a host for the earlier games in the series, and even a damsel in distress character for Mario Party 2 after several Baby Bowsers abduct him.[27] Toad appears in the various Mario sports games. In Mario Superstar Baseball, Toad appears as a team member whose chemistry refers to his background; for example, he has good chemistry with Princess Peach and Toadette but bad chemistry with Wario. Toad also appears in the sequel, Mario Super Sluggers, again as a team member along with other differently colored toads. He also appears as a team member with good techniques in Mario Strikers and he also appears in its sequel Mario Strikers Charged with the same role.[28] His sidekick role is retained in Dance Dance Revolution: Mario Mix, where he accompanies either Mario or Luigi to help get back the musical keys from the villains of the game. Mini Toads (toy versions of Toad) are included as playable characters throughout the Mario vs. Donkey Kong series, starting with Mario vs. Donkey Kong 2: March of the Minis. Mini Toads make a returning appearance the in 2010 release of Mario vs. Donkey Kong: Mini-Land Mayhem! as playable characters who assist Mario on his journey to rescue his friend Pauline from the clutches of Donkey Kong.[29] Toad makes appearances in Super Mario Maker. A Mystery Mushroom costume based on Toad can be unlocked, and Toad appears at the end of the 10-Mario challenge and the easy mode of the 100-Mario challenge, saying that Princess Peach has been taken to another castle (kind of like what happened in Super Mario Bros.). Another Mystery Mushroom costume based on Captain Toad from Captain Toad: Treasure Tracker was also made available through an update. In Super Mario Run, Toad is one of six playable characters and it can be unlocked by connecting a My Nintendo account. In addition, he is the referee of Toad Rally if players use Toadette.

text: In Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games he is a referee along with Cream the Rabbit, a Lakitu, and other Mario and Sonic characters.[30] In its sequel, Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games, Toad appears in the adventure mode and as well as a host. In Mario & Sonic at the London 2012 Olympic Games, Toad resumes his role as one of the main hosts; however, he plays a much larger role as a main protagonist within the story mode in the 3DS version of the game. He appears in Super Smash Bros. Melee and Super Smash Bros. Brawl as a sticker, trophy,[31] and a counter-attack for Princess Peach.

text: In Kirby Super Star and Ultra, Toad appears as an audience member in the Megaton Punch minigame along with Mario, Luigi and Birdo. He also appears in Dedede Stadium along with Mario, Luigi, Wario and Peach. Toad appears as a main protagonist in the Game & Watch masterpieces in the Game & Watch Gallery series as well.[32] Toad appears as one of the 11 Mario series characters that are playable in the Japan only game, Itadaki Street DS which was developed by Square-Enix.[33] Toad is also playable in the international release of the Wii sequel Fortune Street.[34] Toad had also appeared as a playable character in the Japanese sattellaview game Mario Excite Bike.[35] Toad makes a playable appearance in the Nintendo Wii game Mario Sports Mix, and is classified as a speedy character in this game.[36]

text: Appearances in other media[edit]

text: Toad appeared in the animated series The Super Mario Bros. Super Show! in 1989.[37] Although he usually tagged along with Mario and Luigi in cases where King Koopa had kidnapped Princess Peach, he sometimes got captured as well. Toad's role in the show was to be the sidekick to the Mario Bros. (as Luigi was a major character rather than a sidekick). He remained on the show when it spun off into The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3, allowing them to live in his house. During the show he got alternate forms such as The Toad Warrior, Fire Toad and even Baby Toad; however, these forms of Toad have not made an appearance outside of the show. Due to his absence in the Super Mario World game, Toad did not make an appearance in the TV show of Super Mario World with Yoshi and Oogtar (the latter having the same voice actor as Toad) instead taking his place. Toad appeared in the Super Mario Bros. comic books published by Valiant as well. In these comics, Toad often followed Mario on his adventures, seemingly replacing Luigi as the hero's sidekick. He was a regular companion for King Toadstool, and even indulged in the King's activities. Played by Mojo Nixon, Toad appeared as a street musician in the non-canon Super Mario Bros. film.[38] In the film, Toad is arrested for singing a song that badmouths Koopa, who punishes him by having him turned into a Goomba. Despite this, the Goomba-fied Toad (portrayed by John Fifer) still manages to help Princess Daisy escape and distract the other Goombas by playing his harmonica.

text: Toad had appeared in the Robot Chicken sketch called "Due to Constraints of Time and Budget".[39] In the sketch, Toad appears as the getaway driver for a group of robbers following a bank heist and had outrun the cops using his own kart from the Mario Kart series, however he was sent over a cliff after a blue shell was activated. Black Pear Tree, an EP by The Mountain Goats and Kaki King, features a song entitled "Thank you Mario but our princess is in another castle," sung from the perspective of Toad.[40]

text: Toad appeared in the Annoying Orange episode Annoying Super Mario and Daneboe's My Roommate Mario episode Super Mario Wee.[citation needed]

text: Promotion and reception[edit]

text: As a character who appears frequently in the series, Toad is considered to be one of the major Mario franchise characters.[41] He has appeared in much of the Mario merchandise in products ranging from toys to plushies and keychains,[42] and is featured in Nintendo's board games such as being on the protagonist side in a Mario themed chess set[43] and being a purchasable character in a Nintendo-themed monopoly game. In Animal Crossing: City Folk, Toad's hat is available after getting 3000 points in Tom Nook's Point Tracking system.[44] The American Club Nintendo website currently offers a special reward featuring Toad and some other major Mario characters in a folder set reward named as the "Toad & Friends Set with Bookmarks".[45] The quote repeated by the Toads in Super Mario Bros., "Thank you Mario! But our princess is in another castle!", was ranked one of the most repeated video game quotes.[46] Toad makes a cameo appearance in the Wii U version of Scribblenauts Unlimited as a guest character from Nintendo's Super Mario series.[47] A costume of Toad is also one of the exclusive Nintendo character costumes available to be equipped to various characters in the Wii U version of Tekken Tag Tournament 2.[48]

text: Toad ranked in the seventh slot on GameDaily's top 10 Nintendo characters that deserve their own games list; the site explained that he has a strong appeal that Nintendo has yet to tap into.[49] GameDaily also listed the "neglected guy" on its list of top 25 video game archetypes, listing Toad as an example.[50] Toad is listed in the most neglected Mario Bros. characters list as he has been described by the site to have been ignored by Nintendo for quite a while due to his lack of starring roles in the more recent games.[51] IGN editor Matt Casamassina criticized Nintendo for including the two generic Toads over more notable characters (including the red-spotted Toad himself) in the Mario series for New Super Mario Bros. Wii, arguing that the developers were being lazy to not include other characters because the Toads were easier to make.[5] IGN also listed Toad as one of the top ten characters needing a spin-off.[52] In an Oricon poll conducted in Japan from 2008, Toad was voted as the eighth most popular video game character in Japan.[53] Another poll (of over 1000 votes) conducted in Japan by NintendoWorldReport in concern to Japan's favorite Mario Kart racers listed Toad as the second most favorite Mario Kart racer in the country (only being beaten by Yoshi).[54] Toad has been credited for being one of the celebrated characters in the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Super Mario Bros. games.[55] MTV, when commenting on the wackiness of Super Mario 2 (Super Mario Bros. 2), called Toad "so awesome".[56] UGO.com listed Toad on their list of "The Cutest Video Game Characters," stating "Once you get over his misleading name, you’ll find Toad to be quite the adorable mushroom."[57]


document_title: List of most consecutive starts by a National Football League quarterback

question_text: who holds the nfl record for most consecutive starts

text:
NFL lists

Current season[show]

2017 season

Quarterbacks[show]

Starting quarterbacks
by touchdowns / touchdowns (playoffs) /
yardage / 5000 yard seasons / completion / wins

by team
BUF
MIA
NE
NYJ

BAL
CIN
CLE
PIT

HOU
IND
JAX
TEN

DEN
KC
LAC
OAK

DAL
NYG
PHI
WAS

CHI
DET
GB
MIN

ATL
CAR
NO
TB

ARI
LAR
SF
SEA

Most wins
Playoff records

Most consecutive starts

Most consecutive games
with touchdown pass

Win–loss records 2012

Running backs[show]

Career rushing attempts leaders
Career rushing yards leaders
Career rushing touchdowns leaders
Annual rushing yards leaders
Annual rushing touchdowns leaders
2,000-yard club
1,000-yard duos

Receivers[show]

Career receptions leaders
Career receiving yards leaders
Career receiving touchdowns leaders
Annual receptions leaders
Annual receiving yards leaders
Annual receiving touchdowns leaders

Defense[show]

Career sacks leaders
Annual sacks leaders
Career interceptions leaders
Annual interceptions leaders

Special teams[show]

Longest field goals
Career field goals leaders
Career punting yards leaders
Career punt return yards leaders
Career kickoff return yards leaders
Annual field goals leaders
Annual punting yards leaders
Annual punt return yards leaders
Annual kickoff return yards leaders

Other lists[show]

Most consecutive starts
(and games played)

Career all-purpose yards leaders
Career scoring leaders

Brett Favre's
career achievements

Peyton Manning's
career achievements

v
t
e

text: In the history of the National Football League, there have been eleven starts streaks of at least 100 consecutive games by ten different quarterbacks, with three of those with a regular season streak of at least 200 games.[1][2][3]

text: Brett Favre has held the record since November 7, 1999 when he made his 117th consecutive start against the Chicago Bears.[4] His consecutive starts streak is also the longest all-time for a non-special teams player.[5] On December 5, 2010, playing for the Minnesota Vikings against the Buffalo Bills, Favre was knocked out of the game on the first drive with a sprained SC joint injury to his right shoulder, caused by a hit from linebacker Arthur Moats. After a snowstorm delayed the following Sunday's game against the New York Giants to Monday, December 13, Favre was ruled inactive, ending his streak at a record 297 games (321 including playoffs).[6][7]

text: Below is a list of the top 25 quarterbacks to achieve the longest consecutive regular season starts at their position.

text: All-time consecutive starts streaks[edit]

text: Top 25 ranked by consecutive regular season starts, updated through 2017 season

text: Bold denotes an active streak.

text:
Rank
Quarterback
Streak start
Streak end
Teams
Regular
season
Playoffs
Total
References

1
Brett Favre
9/27/1992
12/5/2010
GB/NYJ/MIN
297
24
321
[7][8][9]

2
Eli Manning
11/21/2004
11/23/2017
NYG
210
12
222
[10][11]

3
Peyton Manning
9/6/1998
1/2/2011
IND
208
19
227
[7][12][13]

4
Philip Rivers
9/11/2006
Active
SD/LAC
192
9
201
[14]

5
Matt Ryan
12/20/2009
Active
ATL
131
9
140
[15]

6
Joe Flacco
9/7/2008
11/22/2015
BAL
122
15
137
[16][17]

7
Ron Jaworski
9/18/1977
11/25/1984
PHI
116
7
123
[7][18][19][20]

8T
Tom Brady
9/14/2009
1/3/2016
NE
112
14
126
[21][22]

8T
Matthew Stafford
9/11/2011
Active
DET
112
3
115
[23]

10
Tom Brady
9/30/2001
9/7/2008
NE
111
17
128
[7][24][25][26]

11
Joe Ferguson
9/18/1977
9/23/1984
BUF
107
3
110
[7][27][28]

12
Russell Wilson
9/09/2012
Active
SEA
96
12
108
[29]

13
Dan Marino
10/25/1987
10/10/1993
MIA
95
4
99
[7][30][31]

14
Roman Gabriel
11/28/1965
9/17/1972
LAR
89
2
91
[7][32]

15
Johnny Unitas
9/27/1959
11/7/1965
BAL
88
3
91
[7][33][34]

16
Jim Everett
9/4/1988
10/23/1993
LAR
87
4
91
[7][35]

17
Richard Todd
9/9/1979
12/2/1984
NYJ/NO
86
4
90
[36]

18T
Aaron Brooks
11/26/2000
12/12/2005
NO
82
2
84
[37]

18T
Drew Brees
1/16/2010
9/20/2015
NO
82
8
90
[38][39]

20
Trent Green
9/9/2001
9/10/2006
KC
81
1
82
[40]

21
Drew Brees
1/8/2005
12/27/2009
SD/NO
79
3
82
[41]

22T
Andy Dalton
9/11/2011
12/13/2015
CIN
77
4
81
[42]

22T
Ryan Tannehill
9/09/2012
12/11/2016
MIA
77
0
77
[43]

24
Steve Grogan
11/23/1975
11/16/1980
NE
76
2
78
[44]

25T
Fran Tarkenton
12/11/1966
12/12/1971
MIN/NYG
71
0
71
[45]

25T
Joe Theismann
12/7/1980
11/18/1985
WAS
71
8
79
[46]

25T
Rich Gannon
9/12/1999
10/20/2003
OAK
71
7
78
[47]


document_title: Mussoorie

question_text: mussoorie the queen of hills in india offers many

text: Mussoorie

text: History[edit]

text: Mussoorie was founded by Lt. Frederick Young of East India Company. Lt. Young came to these hills for the sole purpose of bagging some game.

text: He was so enamoured by the beauty that he decided to build a hunting lodge (shooting box) on the Camel's Back Road with FJ Shore, Jt. Magistrate of Doon in 1823. He raised the first Gurkha Regiment and planted the first potatoes in the valley. His tenure in Mussoorie ended in 1844 and he further served in Dimapore and Darjeeling and retired as a General and went back to Ireland. There are no memorials to commemorate Young in Mussoorie. However, there is a Young Road in Dehradoon on which ONGC's Tel Bhawan stands.

text: In 1832 Mussoorie was the intended terminus of the Great Trigonometric Survey of India that began at the southern tip of India. Although unsuccessful, the Surveyor General of India at the time, George Everest wanted to have the new office of the Survey of India based in Mussoorie. A compromise was to have it in Dehradun, where it still is.

text: In 1850 the first beer brewery in India was built in Mussoorie.[2] By 1894 there were 22 breweries in India producing 6 million gallons a year.

text: By 1901 Mussoorie's population had grown to 6,461, rising to 15,000 in the summer. Earlier, Mussoorie was approachable by road from Saharanpur, 58 miles (93 km) away. Accessibility became easier in 1900 with the railway coming to Dehradun, thus shortening the road trip to 21 miles (34 km).[3]

text: The name Mussoorie is often attributed to a derivation of 'mansoor', a shrub which is indigenous to the area. The town is often referred to as 'Mansoori' by most Indians.

text: The main promenade in Mussoorie is called, as in other hill stations, the Mall. In Mussoorie, the Mall stretches from Picture Palace at its eastern end to the Public Library at its western end. During the British Raj, signs on the Mall expressly stated: "Indians and Dogs Not Allowed". Racist signs of this type were commonplace in hill stations, which were founded 'by and for' the British. Motilal Nehru, the father of Jawaharlal Nehru, deliberately broke this rule every day whenever he was in Mussoorie and would pay the fine. The Nehru family, including Nehru's daughter Indira (later Indira Gandhi) were frequent visitors to Mussoorie in the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s, and stayed at the Savoy Hotel. They also spent much time in nearby Dehradun, where Nehru's sister Vijayalakshmi Pandit ultimately settled full-time.

text: During the 1959 Tibetan Rebellion, the Central Tibetan Administration of the 14th Dalai Lama was at first established in Mussoorie before being moved to its present location in Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh. The first Tibetan school was established in Mussoorie in 1960. Tibetans settled mainly in Happy Valley. Today, some 5,000 Tibetans live in Mussoorie.

text: Now, Mussoorie suffers from overdevelopment of hotels and tourist lodges, given its relative proximity to Delhi, Ambala, and Chandigarh, and has serious problems of garbage collection, water scarcity and parking shortages, especially during the summer tourist season. Landour, Jharipani and Barlowganj have fewer such problems.

text: Geography and climate[edit]

text: Mussoorie has an average elevation of about 2,005 metres or 6,580 feet. The highest point is “Lal Tibba”, at a height of about 7,500 feet or 2,290 metres, although the name Lal Tibba is now also used to describe a lovely lookout point, a short distance from the peak.

text: Mussourie has a fairly typical subtropical highland climate (Köppen Cwb) for the mid-altitude Himalaya. Summers are warm and very wet, with July and august averaging around 660 millimetres or 25.98 inches of rain per month due to orographic lift of the extremely moist monsoonal air. The pre-monsoon seasons in April and May is warm to very warm and generally dry and clear, giving way to heavy rainfall from mid-June, whilst the post-monsoon season is also dry and clear but substantially cooler. In winter, rainfall is a little more frequent than in the pre-and post-monsoon seasons, and the general weather cool and partly cloudy, although Mussoorie is usually too low in altitude for snowfalls.

text:
[hide]Climate data for Mussoorie

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °C (°F)
20
(68)
23
(73)
26
(79)
29
(84)
34
(93)
31
(88)
29
(84)
25
(77)
27
(81)
25
(77)
25
(77)
23
(73)
34
(93)

Average high °C (°F)
10
(50)
12
(54)
16
(61)
21
(70)
24
(75)
23
(73)
20
(68)
20
(68)
19
(66)
18
(64)
15
(59)
13
(55)
18
(64)

Average low °C (°F)
2
(36)
3
(37)
5
(41)
7
(45)
14
(57)
16
(61)
15
(59)
15
(59)
14
(57)
11
(52)
7
(45)
4
(39)
10
(50)

Record low °C (°F)
−5
(23)
−6
(21)
−2
(28)
−1
(30)
4
(39)
4
(39)
11
(52)
7
(45)
1
(34)
2
(36)
−2
(28)
−3
(27)
−6
(21)

Average precipitation mm (inches)
51
(2.01)
52
(2.05)
57
(2.24)
30
(1.18)
58
(2.28)
174
(6.85)
662
(26.06)
670
(26.38)
277
(10.91)
64
(2.52)
14
(0.55)
18
(0.71)
2,127
(83.74)

Source: [1]

text: Demographics[edit]

text: As of 2011 India census,[4] Mussoorie had a population of 30,118. Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. Mussoorie has an average literacy rate of 89%, higher than the national average of 75%: male literacy is 94%, and female literacy is 84%. In Mussoorie, 9% of the population is under 6 years of age. In Mussoorie Nagar Palika Parishad, female sex ratio is of 812 against state average of 963. Moreover, child sex ratio in Mussoorie is around 918 compared to Uttarakhand state average of 890.

text: Accessibility[edit]

text: Mussoorie is conveniently connected by road to Delhi and major cities. It is called the "Gateway" to Yamunotri and Gangotri shrines of Northern India. The closest rail station is Dehradun. Taxis are easily available for Mussorie as are buses at regular intervals.

text: The best time to visit is from mid-March to mid-November though torrential rain can be an inhibiting factor in the monsoon months of July to September.

text: Tourism[edit]

text: Tourism is the most significant segment of Mussoorie's economy.

text: It has a nature walk known as "Camel's Back Road". This road takes its name from a rocky outcrop in the shape of a camel's hump. A cemetery is about mid-way on the loop. There is "Gun Hill" where a cannon was used to sound out midday for many years. Gun Hill is accessible by the cable car on the Mall road. The oldest Christian church in the Himalayas, St Mary's, is above Mall Road and is undergoing restoration. Kempty Falls is a nice picnic spot. Company Garden is popular tourist destination. The Company Garden has a vast collection of flowers and plants.

text: Camel Back Road offers a decent mix of budget and value for money motels in Mussoorie. Since this area offers a better somewhere to stay option to the travellers, it is well located for those who want the comfort of a decent hotel at a good cost The area is again well connected to other parts of Mussoorie and is a popular site for those looking for a good value for money on their accommodation.

text: Happy Valley has a small Tibetan temple. This was the first Tibetan temple built in India. The temple was constructed in 1960 by the Tibetan refugees. Lal Tibba is another tourist spot of Mussoorie. Located upwards of main Mussoorie in the cantonment area of Landour, the most appropriate way to explore is to drive up to Char Dukaan and the take the short hike to Lal Tibba. Essentially a gazing spot that offers majestic views of the Himalayas.[5]

text: Nahata Estate[edit]

text: Previously known as "Childer's Lodge", Nahata Estate is a huge property of more than 300 acres, owned by the Harakh Chand Nahata family. It is the highest peak of Mussoorie near Lal Tibba, 5 km from the Tourist Office. One can go on horseback or on foot. The view of snow-clad mountains is exhilarating.

text: Gun Hill[edit]

text: Gun Hill is the second highest point of Mussoorie, at an altitude of 2024m located at 30°29′43″N 78°04′28″E / 30.4953°N 78.0745°E / 30.4953; 78.0745

text: Kempty Falls[edit]

text: The Kempty Falls are on the hilly tracks of Uttarakhand, India, 15 km from Mussoorie on the Chakrata Road. This place is nearly 1364 meters above sea level at 78°-02’ East longitude and 30° -29’ North latitude.

text: Lake Mist[edit]

text: About 5 km before Kempty Falls on the Mussoorie-Kempty road, Lake Mist is a good picnic spot with accommodation and restaurant facilities; boating is available. With the Kempty river flowing through it, Lake Mist has many small waterfalls made by the river.

text: Municipal Garden[edit]

text: Municipal Garden is a picnic spot with a garden and an artificial mini-lake with paddle boats. It is 4 km by rickshaw cycles, pony or by a car and 2 km via Waverly Convent School road on foot.

text: Mussoorie Lake[edit]

text: A newly developed picnic spot build by City Board and Mussoorie Dehradun Development Authority, Mussoorie Lake is 6 km on Mussoorie-Dehradun road having a facility of pedal boats. It offers a view of Doon Valley and nearby villages.

text: Bhatta Falls[edit]

text: Bhatta Falls are 7 km from Mussoorie on Mussoorie-Dehradun Road near Bhatta Village. Accessible by car or bus up to Bhatta from where the fall is 3 km by foot. It has ponds for bathing and water amusements and is an ideal place for a picnic.

text: Jharipani Fall[edit]

text: Jharipani Fall is 8.5 km from Mussoorie on Mussoorie-Jharipani road. One can go by bus or car up to Jharipani from where the fall is about 1.5 km on foot.

text: Mossy Fall[edit]

text: Mossy Fall is surrounded by a dense forest and is 7 km from Mussoorie. One can go there via Barlowganj or Balahisar.

text: Sir George Everest's House[edit]

text: Park Estate is where one can find the remains of the building and laboratory of Sir [George Everest], the [:Category:Surveyors General of India|Surveyor-General of India] from 1830 to 1843. It is after George Everest that the world's highest peak [Mt. Everest] is named.[6] It is 6 & nbsp;km from Gandhi Chowk / Library Bazaar and is accessible by vehicle, although the road is very rough beyond Haathi Paon. The place provides a view of Doon Valley on one side and a panoramic view of the Aglar River valley and the snow peaks of the Himalayan ranges on the other. It is a scenic walk from Library Bazaar, and a picnic spot.

text: Happy Valley[edit]

text: Upbeat Valley is renowned for lodging IAS Academy, Tibetan sanctuaries and the Municipal Garden. The range of the valley lies on the western side of Library Point and prompts the Cloud's End, a place where land fringes of Mussoorie end.

text: Nag Devta Temple[edit]

text: The ancient Nag Devta Temple is dedicated to Snake God Lord Shiva, It is on Cart Mackenzie Road about 6 km from Mussoorie on the way to Dehradun. Vehicles can go right up to the temple. This place provides an enchanting view of Mussoorie and the Doon Valley.

text: Jwalaji Temple (Benog Hill)[edit]

text: At an altitude of 2240 m, this temple is 9 km west of Mussoorie. It is on the top of Benog Tibba (Hill) and contains an old idol of Goddess Durga. There is a view of the Aglar River valley. It cannot be accessed by vehicle although a motor road goes most of the way from Mussoorie.

text: Cloud End[edit]

text: This hotel is surrounded by thick deodar forest. The bungalow, built in 1838 by a British major, was one of the first four buildings of Mussoorie and has been converted into a hotel. The place provides peace and calm and is full of flora and fauna.

text: Van Chetna Kendra[edit]

text: 11 km to the south of library point lies an old sanctuary established in 1993 and covering an area of 339 hectares. It is famous for the extinct bird species Mountain Quail (Pahari Bater), which was last spotted in 1876.

text: Institutions[edit]

text: There is a Christian institution called the Landour Community Hospital. It is a small mission hospital run by the Emmanuel Hospital Association, Delhi catering to the medical needs of the people on the hills for the last 75 years.

text: The schools include Convent of Jesus and Mary, Waverly (1845), St. George's College (1853), Woodstock School (1854), Oak Grove School (1888), Wynberg-Allen (1888), Guru Nanak Fifth Centenary (1969), and Convent of Jesus and Mary Hampton Court.

text: St. George's College, Mussoorie (founded in 1853) is amongst the oldest and most reputed schools in the country. It has been run by the Patrician Brothers since 1893. Spread over 400 acres (1.6 km2), the school is popularly referred to as 'Manor House'. Over the years, its alumni have made distinguished contributions in several fields, especially in serving the armed forces of the nation. The school's imposing facade stands out as one of the main architectural attractions of Mussoorie.

text: Woodstock School is a Christian, international, co-educational, residential school in Landour, a small hill station contiguous with the town of Mussoorie, Uttarakhand, India. The school traces its origin to the 1850s when a group of English ladies were enlisted by British officers and American missionaries to provide a Protestant education for girls.

text: Woodstock is among the most well-known boarding schools of the Indian Subcontinent, said by some to be currently the best international school in India. (Others are the Kodaikanal International School and the Hebron School, Ooty, both in South India.) The school has a campus spread over an area of about 250 acres (1 km2) and is in a forest region with a variety of flora including pine, rhododendron, and oak. The terrain of the campus has an altitude range of 350 meters from its lowest point to the highest point. Classes at Woodstock begin from ECP (Early Childhood Program) and follow up to grade 12.

text: Oak Grove School stands out from the other notable institutions of Mussoorie for two reasons. First, it is affiliated with the CBSE, New Delhi, which is a rarity amongst the residential schools of Mussoorie. Second, it is a secular government-aided school, run by the Northern Railway. The school was founded in 1888 by the East Indian Railway (EIR) and passed to the Indian Railways when railways were nationalised after Independence. It has three semi-independent wings and is on two hills in Jharipani, 8 km from Mussoorie town, near the famous Jharipani fall.

text: Wynberg Allen School, established in 1888, is a well-known school which ranks amongst the finest in the country. In Kanpur, during the year 1887, a group of friends, Mr. Alfred Powell, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Foy and Brigadier J H Condon met and decided to set up a school in Mussoorie. The school was built at Jabarkhet along the Tehri road and was later shifted to the present Wynberg Estate. The object was to provide for and give to children, wholly or partly of European descent, an education based on Protestant Christian principles; to maintain such children; and to give them an academic and practical training conducive to economic welfare and happiness. It now accommodates students of all descents.

text: The school consists of two branches—the Junior branch (Wynberg) and the Senior branch (Allen) and accommodates around 700 children. The school has four houses: Allen, Powell, Foy and Condon. A student from the institution is referred to as an "Alwynin."

text: The Convent of Jesus and Mary, Waverley, Mussoorie was established in 1845 by the Religious Sisters of Jesus and Mary Mussoorie Educational Society.

text: The school is conducted by the Religious Sisters of Jesus and Mary. It is an all-girls school and perhaps the oldest Convent school in India. Waverley is at an elevation of 7,000 feet above sea level on one of the healthiest, most extensive and well wooded hills of Mussoorie. The Jesus and Mary congregation was the first congregation of Sisters to come to the north in 1842 at the invitation of Bishop Borghi the Vicar Apostolic of the Agra Mission. The Archbishop requested the sisters to come to Mussoorie to start a school for girls. In 1845 the sisters came to Mussoorie. The estate of Waverley belonging to an Italian gentleman had just come into the market and the nuns bought it. That year saw the commencement of one of the most important Catholic educational institutions in the North of India. Thousands of girls, Catholic and non-Catholic alike, have since passed through Waverley. The small inadequate bungalow which was all the accommodation at first offered, has given place to a group of tastefully conceived buildings which dominate the town of Mussoorie.

text: The Guru Nanak Fifth Centenary School Mussoorie (GNFCS)[7] is another one of Mussoorie's well-known schools and one of the best boarding establishments in India. Previously owned by the Seventh-day Adventists and known from 1922–1969 as Vincent Hill School, GNFCS purchased the land and extensive buildings and founded an international school in the sacred memory of Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji, on the occasion of His 500th birth anniversary, celebrated in November 1969. The girls are housed at Shangri La at 6,750 feet (2,057 m) above sea level on an 11-acre (45,000 m2) plot, wooded with cypress, cedar and oak, on the south and west, facing the snow clad Himalayan peaks, to the north. The boys are at Vincent Hill: It is 3 km from the Library Chowk. Surrounded by picturesque scenery and upgrading the old Vincent Hill School, it comprises a campus spread over 45 acres (180,000 m2). The GNFCS prepares students in accordance with the 10+2 formula for school education, for the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (10 year course) examination and the Indian School Certificate (12 year course) examination.

text: Other schools in Mussourie include Mussoorie International School (founded in 1984),[citation needed] Mussoorie Modern School,[8] Tibetan Homes, CST Mussoorie and St Clares Convent School.

text: Mussorie has the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration,[9] the premier training institute for officers of the Indian Foreign Service, Indian Administrative Service and other civil services. This unique institute is about 2 km from Gandhi Chowk.

text: The library area houses the premier academy of the Indo-Tibetan Border Police Force, an elite central police organization belonging to the Government of India. It is a well-respected institute for training ITBP officer recruits patrolling the porous borders. The academy was moved to this location in 1978, consequent upon reorganization of the force, and located at two separate patches of land known as Cainville Estate (Adminb wing) and Astel estate (Combat wing) The academy has grown over the years so as to take friendly foreign countries officers as its trainees. State-of-the-art facilities have been established here in order to provide the latest modern training to its trainees. The academy has a helipad, synthetic tennis courts, modern computer labs and simulators, and one of the best libraries in town.

text: The Academy also serves the local inhabitants as the first-responder in any major or minor rescue and relief work, be it a traffic accident, or a cable car mishap. ITBP has provided much needed relief immediately. They have been instrumental in assisting the town's local administration in preserving the green cover of this exotic hill station. The Academy is headed by Sh M. C. Bhatt, IG, at present, with Sh Satyendra Kumar as Commandant.

text:
Oak Grove School – Junior Wing

A view of Wynberg Allen School

A view of Convent of Jesus and Mary, Waverley, Mussoorie

Guru Nanak Fifth Centenary School Shangri-La Girls Campus

Guru Nanak Fifth Centenary School Vincent-Hill Boys Campus, Mussoorie, est. 1969

A look at LBSNAA at night.

tag: ul


document_title: Bend Me, Shape Me

question_text: who wrote the song bend me shape me

question_tokens: who wrote the song bend me shape me

text: Bend Me, Shape Me

text:
"Bend Me, Shape Me"

Single by The American Breed

from the album Bend Me, Shape Me

B-side
"Mindrocker"

Released
December 1967

Format
7" single

Genre
Pop rock

Length
2:05 (single version)
2:25 (album version)

Label
Acta Records 811

Songwriter(s)
Scott English, Larry Weiss

Producer(s)
Bill Traut

The American Breed singles chronology

"Don't Forget About Me"
(1967)
"Bend Me, Shape Me"
(1967)
"Green Light"
(1968)

"Don't Forget About Me"
(1967)
"Bend Me, Shape Me"
(1967)
"Green Light"
(1968)

text: "Bend Me, Shape Me" is a song written by Scott English and Larry Weiss. It was first recorded by The Outsiders as a track on their album The Outsiders In in 1966. The best-known version of the song is the 1967 single released by The American Breed that peaked at No. 5 on the US Billboard Hot 100 in early 1968 and No. 24 in the UK Singles Chart.[1]

text: The American Breed's 2:05 single mix of this song was sped-up during mastering for release, while the widely available original 2:25 version was done at a normal speed. The following year, The American Breed released their last single, "Anyway That You Want Me", which borrowed its title phrase from this hit. Co-songwriter Scott English later went on to write and sing "Brandy", which Barry Manilow later covered as his 1974 breakout hit "Mandy".

text: There have been other cover versions of the song. The first cover was released by The Models in 1966 on the MGM label. Other notable versions include one by Amen Corner, slightly altering the lyrics, which reached No. 3 in the UK Singles Chart in 1968.[2] A group called Storm tried a cover version in 1971, but it missed making the Billboard Hot 100. An updated version by Donna McElroy appeared on the Gumby album in 1989. The song was featured in the 1997 film, Wild America.

text: American Breed's "Bend Me Shape Me" was later featured in a number of TV commercials, starting with the 2000 Flexon eyeglass frames (revived in 2007) ad, as well as a 2001 TV commercial for Mercedes-Benz station wagons, a 2002 TV commercial for Gap Stretch Jeans, and the 2001 Futurama episode "Bendless Love". The song was featured in the 2015 commercial for Select Comfort's Sleep Number mattress.[citation needed]


document_title: Seat belt laws in the United States

question_text: do you have to wear a seatbelt in missouri

text: Seat belt laws in the United States

text: Primary and secondary enforcement[edit]

text: U.S. seatbelt laws may be subject to primary enforcement or secondary enforcement. Primary enforcement allows a police officer to stop and ticket a driver if he or she observes a violation. Secondary enforcement means that a police officer may only stop or cite a driver for a seatbelt violation if the driver committed another primary violation (such as speeding, running a stop sign, etc.) at the same time. New Hampshire is the only U.S. state that does not by law require adult drivers to wear safety belts while operating a motor vehicle.

text: In 18 of the 50 states, the seat belt law is considered a secondary offense, which means that a police officer cannot stop and ticket a driver for the sole offense of not wearing a seatbelt. (One exception to this is Colorado, where children not properly restrained is a primary offense and brings a much larger fine.) If a driver commits a primary violation (e.g., for speeding) he may additionally be charged for not wearing a seatbelt. In most states the seat belt law was originally a secondary offense; in many it was later changed to a primary offense: California was the first state to do this, in 1993. Of the 30 with primary seat belt laws, all but 8, Connecticut, Hawaii, Iowa, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, and Texas, originally had only secondary enforcement laws.

text: Laws by state[edit]

text: This table contains a brief summary of all seatbelt laws in the United States.[3][4] This list includes only seatbelt laws, which often do not themselves apply to children; however, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have separate child restraint laws. Keep in mind these fines are the base fines only. In many cases considerable extra fees such as the head injury fund and court security fees can mark up the fine to almost five times as much in some cases. These are also "first offense" fines; a subsequent offense may be much higher.

text:
State
Type of law
Date of first law
Who is covered
Base fine before fees
Seat Belt Usage[5]

 Alabama
Primary Enforcement
July 18, 1991
Age 15+ in front seats
$25
91.4%

 Alaska
Primary Enforcement
September 12, 1990
Age 16+ in all seats
$15 ($25 actual)
86.8%

 Arizona
Secondary Enforcement
January 1, 1991
Age 8+ in front seats; Age 8–15 in all seats
$10 ($37.20 actual)
81.8%

 Arkansas
Primary Enforcement
July 15, 1991
Age 15+ in front seats
$25
78.3%

 California
Primary Enforcement
January 1, 1986
Age 16+ in all seats
$20 ($162 actual) $50 second offense ($190 actual)5
96.2%

 Colorado
Secondary Enforcement1 exception Mountain View where it is a primary violation[6]
July 1, 1987
Age 16+ in front seats
$71
82.9%

 Connecticut
Primary Enforcement
January 1, 1986
Age 7+ in front seats
$92
88.2%

 Delaware
Primary Enforcement
January 1, 1992
Age 16+ in all seats
$25
90.7%

 District of Columbia
Primary Enforcement
December 12, 1985
Age 16+ in all seats
$504
92.3%

 Florida
Primary Enforcement
July 1, 1986
6+ years in front seat; 6 through 17 years in all seats
$30 ($116 actual)
87.4%

 Georgia
Primary Enforcement
September 1, 1988
Age 8–17 in all seats; Age 18+ in front seats
$15
89.6%

 Hawaii
Primary Enforcement
December 16, 1985
Age 8+ in all seats
$45 ($112 actual)
97.6%

 Idaho
Secondary Enforcement2
July 1, 1986
Age 7+ in all seats
$10 ($51.50 actual)
77.9%

 Illinois
Primary Enforcement
January 1, 1988
Age 16+ in all seats
$25 ($60 actual or $95 if choosing traffic school)
92.6%

 Indiana
Primary Enforcement
July 1, 1987
Age 16+ in all seats
$25
92.4%

 Iowa
Primary Enforcement
July 1, 1986
All ages in front seats; under 18 in rear seats[7]
$25 ($127.50 actual)
93.1%

 Kansas
Primary Enforcement3
July 1, 1986
Age 14+ in all seats
$60 for age 14-17; $10 for 18+
81.8%

 Kentucky
Primary Enforcement
July 15, 1994
Age 7 and younger and more than 57 inches in all seats; 8+ in all seats
$25
80.3%

 Louisiana
Primary Enforcement
July 1, 1986
Age 13+ in front seats
$25
75.9%

 Maine
Primary Enforcement
December 26, 1995
Age 18+ in all seats
$50
82.0%

 Maryland
Primary Enforcement3
July 1, 1986
Age 16+ in all seats
$83
94.7%

 Massachusetts
Secondary Enforcement
February 1, 1994
Age 13+ in all seats [8]
$25
73.7%

 Michigan
Primary Enforcement
July 1, 1985
Age 16+ in front seats
$25 ($65 actual)
95.2%

 Minnesota
Primary Enforcement
August 1, 1986
7 and younger and more than 57 inches in all seats; 8+ in all seats
$25 + $75 fee
92.3%

 Mississippi
Primary Enforcement
July 1, 1994
Age 7+ in all seats
$25
81.0%

 Missouri
Secondary Enforcement1
September 28, 1985
Age 16+ in front seats; age 8-15 in all seats
$10 for age 16+; $50 for age 8-15
76.0%

 Montana
Secondary Enforcement
October 1, 1987
Age 6+ in all seats
$20
78.9%

 Nebraska
Secondary Enforcement
January 1, 1993
Age 18+ in front seats
$25
84.1%

 Nevada
Secondary Enforcement
July 1, 1987
Age 6+ in all seats
$25
93.2%

 New Hampshire
None, Primary for children only
No law
Age 17 and under in all seats
$50
72.2%

 New Jersey
Primary Enforcement3
March 1, 1985
Age 8+ in all seats
$46 per person
93.7%

 New Mexico
Primary Enforcement
January 1, 1986
Age 18+ in all seats
$254
89.8%

 New York
Primary Enforcement
December 1, 1984
Age 16+ in front seats; under 16 in all seats
$50 ($135 Actual after surcharges)[9]
89.8%

 North Carolina
Primary Enforcement3
October 1, 1985
Age 16+ in all seats
$161 for front seat; $10 for rear seat
89.7%

 North Dakota
Secondary Enforcement2
July 14, 1994
Age 18+ in front seats;
under 18 in all seats

$20 for age 18+; $25 + 1 point on license for under 184
74.8%

 Ohio
Secondary Enforcement
May 6, 1986
Age 15+ in front seat; 8–14 in all seats
$30 for driver; $20 for passenger
83.8%

 Oklahoma
Primary Enforcement
February 1, 1987
Age 13+ in front seats
$20
85.9%

 Oregon
Primary Enforcement
December 7, 1990
All ages in all seats
$130
97.0%

 Pennsylvania
Secondary Enforcement2
November 23, 1987
Age 18+ in front seats; age 8-17 in all seats
$10
86.0%

 Rhode Island
Primary Enforcement
June 18, 1991
Age 8+ in all seats
$75
78.0%

 South Carolina
Primary Enforcement
July 1, 1989
Age 6+ in all seats
$25
85.4%

 South Dakota
Secondary Enforcement
January 1, 1995
Age 18+ in front seats
$25
74.5%

 Tennessee
Primary Enforcement
April 21, 1986
Age 16+ in front seats
$25
87.1%

 Texas
Primary Enforcement
September 1, 1985
Age 7 years and younger and 57 inches or taller in all seats; age 8+ years in all seats
$200 if under 17 (driver); $50 if over 15 (driver or passenger)
93.8%

 Utah
Primary Enforcement
April 28, 1986
All ages in all seats
$45
89.0%

 Vermont
Secondary Enforcement2
January 1, 1994
All ages in all seats
$25
85.2%

 Virginia
Secondary Enforcement2
January 1, 1988
All drivers; age 18+ in front seats; under 18 in all seats
$25
80.5%

 Washington
Primary Enforcement
June 11, 1986
Age 8+ in all seats
$124
97.6%

 West Virginia
Primary Enforcement
September 1, 1993
All ages in front seats; 8–17 in rear seats
$25
82.1%

 Wisconsin
Primary Enforcement
December 1, 1987
Age 8+ in all seats
$10
79.2%

 Wyoming
Secondary Enforcement
June 8, 1989
Age 9+ in all seats
$25 for driver; $10 for passenger
78.9%

text: 1 Colorado and Missouri's law is Secondary for adults but Primary for under the age of 16.

text: 2 Idaho, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Vermont and Virginia's law is Secondary for adults but Primary for under 18.

text:
3 Kansas, Maryland, New Jersey, and North Carolina's law is Secondary Enforcement for rear seat occupants (18+ in Kansas).
4 These states assess points on one's driving record for the seat belt violation.
5 In California- An additional penalty of $24 shall be levied upon every $10 or fraction thereof, of every fine, penalty, or forfeiture imposed by and collected by the court for criminal offenses, including all traffic offenses, except parking offenses as defined in subdivision (i) of Penal Code § 1463. The additional penalty is calculated as follows:

text: • State penalty required by PC 1464 $10,

text: • County penalty required by GC 76000(e), $ 7 • Court facilities construction penalty required by GC 70372(a),$ 3 • DNA Identification Fund penalty required by GC 76104.6 and 76104.7,$ 2

text: Penal Code § 1465.8 requires imposition of an additional fee of twenty dollars ($20) for court security on every conviction for a criminal offense, including a traffic offense, except parking offenses as defined in Penal Code § 1463,$20

text: Damages reduction[edit]

text: A person involved in a car accident who was not using a seatbelt may be liable for damages far greater than if they had been using a seatbelt. However, when in court, most states protect motorists from having their damages reduced in a lawsuit due to the nonuse of a seatbelt, even if they were acting in violation of the law by not wearing the seatbelt. Currently, damages may be reduced for the nonuse of a seatbelt in 16 states: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida (See F.S.A. 316.614(10)), Iowa, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.[10]

text: Effectiveness[edit]

text: Seat belt laws are effective in reducing car crash deaths.[11] One study found that mandatory-seatbelt laws reduced traffic fatalities by 8% and serious traffic-related injuries by 9%, respectively.[12] Primary-seatbelt laws seem to be more effective at reducing crash deaths than secondary laws.[13][14]


document_title: O Brother, Where Art Thou?

question_text: who does the sheriff represent in o brother where art thou

text: O Brother, Where Art Thou?

text: Plot[edit]

text: Three convicts, Ulysses Everett McGill, Pete Hogwallop, and Delmar O'Donnell, escape from a chain gang and set out to retrieve a supposed treasure Everett buried before the area is flooded to make a lake. The three get a lift from a blind man driving a handcar on a railway. He tells them, among other prophecies, that they will find a fortune but not the one they seek. The trio make their way to the house of Wash, Pete's cousin. They sleep in the barn, but Wash reports them to Sheriff Cooley, who, along with his men, torches the barn. Wash's son helps them escape.

text: They pick up Tommy Johnson, a young black man, who claims he sold his soul to the devil in exchange for the ability to play guitar. In need of money, the four stop at a radio broadcast tower where they record a song as The Soggy Bottom Boys. That night, the trio part ways with Tommy after their car is discovered by the police. Unbeknownst to them, the recording becomes a major hit.

text: Near a river, the group hears singing. They see three women washing clothes and singing. The women drug them with corn whiskey and they lose consciousness. Upon waking, Delmar finds Pete's clothes lying next to him, empty except for a toad. Delmar is convinced the women were Sirens and transformed Pete into the toad. Later, one-eyed Bible salesman Big Dan Teague invites them for a picnic lunch, then mugs them and kills the toad.

text: Everett and Delmar arrive in Everett's home town. Everett confronts his wife Penny, who changed her last name and told his daughters he was dead. He gets into a fight with Vernon T. Waldrip, her new "suitor." They later see Pete working on a chain gang. Later that night, they sneak into Pete's holding cell and free him. As it turns out, the women had dragged Pete away and turned him in to the authorities. Under torture, Pete gave away the treasure's location to the police. Everett then confesses that there is no treasure. He made it up to convince the guys he was chained with to escape with him in order to stop his wife from getting married. Pete is enraged at Everett, because he had two weeks left on his original sentence, and must serve fifty more years for the escape.

text: The trio stumble upon a rally of the Ku Klux Klan, who are planning to hang Tommy. The trio disguise themselves as Klansmen and attempt to rescue Tommy. However, Big Dan, a Klan member, reveals their identities. Chaos ensues, and the Grand Wizard reveals himself as Homer Stokes, a candidate in the upcoming gubernatorial election. The trio rush Tommy away and cut the supports of a large burning cross, leaving it to fall on Big Dan.

text: Everett convinces Pete, Delmar and Tommy to help him win his wife back. They sneak into a Stokes campaign gala dinner she is attending, disguised as musicians. The group begins a performance of their radio hit. The crowd recognizes the song and goes wild. Homer recognizes them as the group who humiliated his mob. When he demands the group be arrested and reveals his white supremacist views, the crowd runs him out of town on a rail. Pappy O'Daniel, the incumbent candidate, seizes the opportunity, endorses the Soggy Bottom Boys and grants them full pardons. Penny agrees to marry Everett with the condition that he find her original ring.

text: The next morning, the group sets out to retrieve the ring, which is at a cabin in the valley which Everett had earlier claimed was the location of his treasure. The police, having learned of the place from Pete, arrest the group. Dismissing their claims of having received pardons, Sheriff Cooley orders them hanged. Just as Everett prays to God, the valley is flooded and they are saved. Tommy finds the ring in a desk that floats by, and they return to town. However, when Everett presents the ring to Penny, it turns out it was not her ring, she doesn't want that one, and she can't remember where she put the real ring.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
George Clooney as Ulysses Everett McGill, a man who is imprisoned for practicing law without a license. He claims to have escaped from prison so he can find a stash of money he had hidden, though in reality it is so he can get back to his family before his wife remarries. He corresponds to Odysseus (Ulysses) in the Odyssey.[10]
John Turturro, as Pete Hogwallop, a fellow criminal who reveals little about his past. He believes in being true to one's kin, even when his cousin Washington B. Hogwallop betrays him. He dreams of moving out west and opening a fine restaurant, where he will be the maître d'. He agreed to go along with the breakout, though he only had two weeks left on his sentence.
Tim Blake Nelson as Delmar O'Donnell, a small-time crook imprisoned for robbing a Piggly Wiggly in Yazoo City; he initially claims innocence but later admits he is guilty. Delmar says he will spend his share of Everett's nonexistent money buying back his family farm, believing, "You ain't no kind of man if you ain't got land."
Chris Thomas King as Tommy Johnson, a skilled blues musician. He is the accompanying guitarist in the Soggy Bottom Boys. He claims he sold his soul to the devil in exchange for his skill on the guitar. He shares his name and story with Tommy Johnson, a blues musician with a mysterious past, who is said to have sold his soul to the devil at the Crossroads (a story more often attributed to Robert Johnson).[11][12]
Frank Collison as Washington B. "Wash" Hogwallop, Pete's paternal cousin. He removes the escapees' chains but later betrays the men to the police.
John Goodman as Daniel "Big Dan" Teague, a one-eyed man who masquerades as a Bible salesman and mugs Everett and Delmar. He later reveals the identity of the trio when they are disguised at a Ku Klux Klan rally, but they kill him by cutting loose a burning cross, which falls on him and the Klansmen. He corresponds to the cyclops Polyphemus in the Odyssey.[10]
Holly Hunter as Penny, Everett's ex-wife, who is fed up with Everett's wheeling and dealing. She divorces him while he is in prison, telling their children he was hit by a Louisville & Nashville train. She is engaged to Vernon T. Waldrip until Everett wins her back. She corresponds to Penelope in the Odyssey.[10] (Penelope is an icon of the faithful wife, as she rejected her many suitors, stalling for time while awaiting Odysseus' return.)
Charles Durning as Menelaus "Pappy" O'Daniel, the incumbent Governor of Mississippi. He is frequently seen berating his son and his campaign managers, who are depicted as simpletons. The character is based on Texas governor W. Lee "Pappy" O'Daniel.[13] (Flensted-Jensen elaborates on the connection between the fictional and the real Pappy O'Daniel.)[10] He corresponds to Menelaus in the Odyssey.
Daniel von Bargen as Sheriff Cooley, a ruthless rural sheriff who, with his bloodhound, pursues the trio for the duration of the film. It is implied several times that he is the devil incarnate, and Cooley fits Tommy Johnson's description of Satan: Cooley's sunglasses evoke Satan's "big empty eyes." He eventually ambushes the escapees after they have been pardoned by the governor. He intends to hang them nonetheless, but when the valley is flooded, he, his men, and his dog all drown. He corresponds to Poseidon in the Odyssey.[10] He has been compared to Boss Godfrey in Cool Hand Luke.[14]
Wayne Duvall as Homer Stokes, the reform candidate in the upcoming election for Governor. He travels the countryside with a dwarf, who depicts the "little man", and a broom, with which he promises to "sweep this state clean." He is secretly an Imperial Wizard in the Ku Klux Klan. He falsely identifies Everett, Pete, and Delmar as people of color because they darkened their faces to remain unseen when freeing Tommy.
Ray McKinnon as Vernon T. Waldrip, Penny's bona fide suitor and the manager of Homer Stokes's election campaign. It has been suggested that his name is a nod to novelist Howard Waldrop, whose novella A Dozen Tough Jobs is one of the inspirations for the film.[15] He corresponds to the Suitors of Penelope in the Odyssey.[10]
Michael Badalucco as George Nelson, a bipolar bank robber who dislikes being called "Baby Face." The real George Nelson died in 1934, three years before the story is set. Nelson died in a shootout known as the Battle of Barrington rather than by electric chair, as suggested in the film.
Stephen Root as Mr. Lund, the blind radio station manager who records Everett's story in the song "Man of Constant Sorrow" and makes him known throughout the state. He corresponds to Homer.[10]
Lee Weaver as the Blind Seer, a mysterious railroad man who accurately predicts the outcome of the trio's adventure as well as several other incidents. He corresponds to Tiresias in the Odyssey.[10]

text: Production[edit]

text: The idea of O Brother, Where Art Thou? arose spontaneously. Work on the script began in December 1997, long before the start of production, and was at least half-written by May 1998. Despite the fact that Ethan Coen described the Odyssey as "one of my favorite storyline schemes," neither of the brothers had read the epic and were only familiar with its content through adaptations and numerous references to the Odyssey in popular culture.[16] According to the brothers, Nelson (who has a degree in classics from Brown University)[17][18] was the only person on the set who had read the Odyssey.[19]

text: The title of the film is a reference to the 1941 Preston Sturges film Sullivan's Travels, in which the protagonist (a director) wants to direct a film about the Great Depression called O Brother, Where Art Thou?[5] that will be a "commentary on modern conditions, stark realism, and the problems that confront the average man." Lacking any experience in this area, the director sets out on a journey to experience the human suffering of the average man but is sabotaged by his anxious studio. The film has some similarity in tone to Sturges's film, including scenes with prison gangs and a black church choir. The prisoners at the picture show scene is also a direct homage to a nearly identical scene in Sturges's film.[20]

text: Joel Coen revealed in a 2000 interview that he came to Phoenix, Arizona, to offer the lead role to Clooney. Clooney agreed to do the role immediately, without reading the script. He stated that he liked even the Coens' least successful films.[21] Clooney did not immediately understand his character and sent the script to his uncle Jack who lived in Kentucky and asked him to read the entire script into a tape recorder.[22] Unknown to Clooney, in his recording, Jack, a devout Baptist, omitted all instances of the words "damn" and "hell" from the Coens' script, which only became known to Clooney after the directors pointed this out to him in the middle of shooting.[22]

text: This was the fourth film of the brothers in which John Turturro has starred. Other actors in O Brother, Where Art Thou? who had worked previously with the Coens include John Goodman (three films), Holly Hunter (two), Michael Badalucco and Charles Durning (one film each).

text: The Coens used digital color correction to give the film a sepia-tinted look.[8] Joel stated this was because the actual set was "greener than Ireland." [22] Cinematographer Roger Deakins stated, "Ethan and Joel favored a dry, dusty Delta look with golden sunsets. They wanted it to look like an old hand-tinted picture, with the intensity of colors dictated by the scene and natural skin tones that were all shades of the rainbow."[23] Initially the crew tried to perform the color correction using a physical process, however after several tries with various chemical processes proved unsatisfactory, it became necessary to perform the process digitally.[22]

text: This was the fifth film collaboration between the Coen Brothers and Deakins, and it was slated to be shot in Mississippi at a time of year when the foliage, grass, trees, and bushes would be a lush green.[23] It was filmed near locations in Canton, Mississippi and Florence, South Carolina in the summer of 1999.[24] After shooting tests, including film bipack and bleach bypass techniques, Deakins suggested digital mastering be used.[23] Deakins subsequently spent 11 weeks fine-tuning the look, mainly targeting the greens, making them a burnt yellow and desaturating the overall image in the digital files.[8] This made it the first feature film to be entirely color corrected by digital means, narrowly beating Nick Park's Chicken Run.[8]

text: O Brother, Where Art Thou? was the first time a digital intermediate was used on the entirety of a first-run Hollywood film that otherwise had very few visual effects. The work was done in Los Angeles by Cinesite using a Spirit DataCine for scanning at 2K resolution, a Pandora MegaDef to adjust the color, and a Kodak Lightning II recorder to put out to film.[25]

text: A major theme of the film is the connection between old-time music and political campaigning in the Southern U.S. It makes reference to the traditions, institutions, and campaign practices of bossism and political reform that defined Southern politics in the first half of the 20th century.

text: The Ku Klux Klan, at the time a political force of white populism, is depicted burning crosses and engaging in ceremonial dance. The character Menelaus "Pappy" O'Daniel, the governor of Mississippi and host of the radio show The Flour Hour, is similar in name and demeanor to W. Lee "Pappy" O'Daniel,[26] one-time Governor of Texas and later U.S. Senator from that state.[27] W. Lee O'Daniel was in the flour business, and used a backing band called the Light Crust Doughboys on his radio show.[28] In one campaign, W. Lee O'Daniel carried a broom,[29] an oft-used campaign device in the reform era, promising to sweep away patronage and corruption.[29] His theme song had the hook, "Please pass the biscuits, Pappy", emphasizing his connection with flour.[28]

text: While the film borrows from real-life politics, differences are obvious between the characters in the film and historical political figures. The O'Daniel of the movie used "You Are My Sunshine" as his theme song (which was originally recorded by real-life Governor of Louisiana James Houston "Jimmie" Davis[30]) and Homer Stokes, as the challenger to the incumbent O'Daniel, portrays himself as the "reform candidate", using a broom as a prop.

text: Music[edit]

text: Music in the film was originally conceived as a major component of the film, not merely as a background or a support. Producer and musician T-Bone Burnett worked with the Coens while the script was still in its working phases, and the soundtrack was recorded before filming commenced.[31]

text: Much of the music used in the film is period-specific folk music,[6] including that of Virginia bluegrass singer Ralph Stanley.[7] The musical selection also includes religious music, including Primitive Baptist and traditional African American gospel, most notably The Fairfield Four, an a cappella quartet with a career extending back to 1921 who appear in the soundtrack and as gravediggers towards the film's end. Selected songs in the film reflect the possible spectrum of musical styles typical of the old culture of the American South: gospel, delta blues, country, swing and bluegrass.[32][33]

text: The use of dirges and other macabre songs is a theme that often recurs in Appalachian music[34] ("O Death", "Lonesome Valley", "Angel Band", "I Am Weary") in contrast to bright, cheerful songs ("Keep On the Sunny Side", "In the Highways") in other parts of the film.

text: The voices of the Soggy Bottom Boys were provided by Dan Tyminski (lead vocal on "Man of Constant Sorrow"), Nashville songwriter Harley Allen, and the Nashville Bluegrass Band's Pat Enright.[35] The three won a CMA Award for Single of the Year[35] and a Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals, both for the song "Man of Constant Sorrow".[9] Tim Blake Nelson sang the lead vocal on "In the Jailhouse Now".[5]

text: "Man of Constant Sorrow" has five variations: two are used in the film, one in the music video, and two in the soundtrack album. Two of the variations feature the verses being sung back-to-back, and the other three variations feature additional music between each verse.[36] Though the song received little significant radio airplay,[37] it reached #35 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in 2002.[38] The version of "I'll Fly Away" heard in the film is performed not by Krauss and Welch (as it is on the CD and concert tour), but by the Kossoy Sisters with Erik Darling accompanying on long-neck five-string banjo, recorded in 1956 for the album Bowling Green on Tradition Records.[39]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film premiered at the AFI Film Festival on October 19, 2000.[1] It grossed $71,868,327 worldwide[3] off its $26 million budget.[2]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives it a score of 77% based on 147 reviews and an average score of 7.1/10. The consensus reads: "Though not as good as Coen brothers' classics such as Blood Simple, the delightfully loopy O Brother, Where Art Thou? is still a lot of fun."[40] The film holds an average score of 69/100 on Metacritic based on 30 reviews.[41]

text: Roger Ebert gave two and a half out of four stars to the film, saying all the scenes in the film were "wonderful in their different ways, and yet I left the movie uncertain and unsatisfied".[42]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film was selected into the main competition of the 2000 Cannes Film Festival.[43]

text: The film also received two Academy Award nominations at the 73rd Academy Awards: Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Cinematography. Cinematographer Roger Deakins was recognized with both Academy Award and ASC Outstanding Achievement Award nominations for his work on the film.[23]

text: For his portrayal of Ulysses Everett McGill, George Clooney received the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. The film was also nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy.

text: Soggy Bottom Boys[edit]

text: The Soggy Bottom Boys is the musical group that the main characters form to serve as accompaniment for the film. The name is in homage to the Foggy Mountain Boys, a bluegrass band led by Lester Flatt and Earl Scruggs.[44] In the film, the songs credited to the band are lip-synched by the actors, except that Tim Blake Nelson does sing his own vocals on "In the Jailhouse Now." The actual musicians are Dan Tyminski (guitar and lead vocals), Harley Allen, and Pat Enright.[45][46] The band's hit single is Dick Burnett's "Man of Constant Sorrow," a song that had already enjoyed much success in real life.[47] After the film's release, the fictitious band became so popular that the country and folk musicians who were dubbed into the film got together and performed the music from the film in a Down from the Mountain concert tour which was filmed for TV and DVD.[6] This included Ralph Stanley, John Hartford, Alison Krauss, Emmylou Harris, Gillian Welch, Chris Sharp, and others.