document_title: Patriots Day (film)

question_text: who played the bombers wife in patriots day

text: Patriots Day (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: On April 15, 2013, brothers Dzhokhar and Tamerlan Tsarnaev detonate two bombs during the Boston Marathon, causing widespread panic. A young couple, Patrick Downes and Jessica Kensky, are injured and taken to separate hospitals, where they are both required to have their legs amputated; the family man Steve Woolfenden is also injured and separated from his young son, Leo, who is rescued by the police and taken to a safe location.

text: FBI agent Richard DesLauriers is assigned to investigate the bombings in collaboration with Boston police commissioner Ed Davis and Watertown police sergeant Jeffrey Pugliese, while Police Sergeant Tommy Saunders searches for evidence and helps people that have been injured or separated from their loved ones in the chaos, including Patrick and Jessica as well as Steven and Leo. FBI analysts review footage of the bombing and identify Dzhokhar and Tamerlan as suspects, but DesLauriers is reluctant to release their pictures to the public without further evidence. His hand is forced when the pictures are leaked to the press, while Pugliese's men begin conducting door-to-door searches for the pair.

text: Attempting to lie low, Dzhokhar and Tamerlan kill officer Sean Collier in a failed attempt to steal his sidearm and then carjack student Dun Meng, telling him of their plans to conduct another bombing in New York City. Just as Dzhokhar enters the Shell Gas station convenience store, Meng quickly escapes the car and runs to the Mobil Gas Station so that he can call the police; the brothers flee in the stolen car. Saunders arrives at the scene, learns of the brothers' plan and is given the stolen car's GPS tracking number, leading police to the pair which leads to an armed and epic confrontation. The ensuing shootout where the brothers use both firearms and pipebombs, sees several officers injured and/or killed. Tamerlan is wounded by the flanking Jeffrey Pugliese. Tamerlan orders Dzhokhar to run to New York City to continue the rampage while he makes a last stand. Unfortunately, as Tamerlan is subdued by the police, Dzhokhar runs over his brother in his flight, killing him as he escapes in the chaos.

text: Meanwhile, Tamerlan's wife Katherine Russell and Dzhokhar's college friends are detained by the FBI Hostage Rescue Team and questioned by the High-Value Interrogation Group. Katherine refuses to disclose any knowledge of her husband's illegal activities, while Dzhokhar's friends appear oblivious to his plans, despite having earlier found bomb components in his possessions. A local man named David Henneberry later finds Dzhokhar hiding under the sheets of his boat and calls the police. Dzhokhar is quickly surrounded and arrested after a brief standoff, as Saunders and his colleagues celebrate. The Boston police are invited to attend a Boston Red Sox game, where David Ortiz thanks them for their heroism and telling them to "stay strong".

text: Dzhokhar was convicted on thirty counts and sentenced to death by lethal injection and is currently waiting for his appeal in federal prison; his three college friends were arrested for obstructing the bombing investigation and authorities are continuing to seek information regarding Russell's possible involvement in the bombings.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Mark Wahlberg as Boston Police Department Sergeant Tommy Saunders[5][6]
John Goodman as Boston Police Commissioner Ed Davis[7]
J. K. Simmons as Watertown Police Sergeant Jeffrey Pugliese[8]
Vincent Curatola as Boston Mayor Thomas Menino[9]
Michelle Monaghan as Carol Saunders, Tommy's wife and registered nurse.[10][5]
Kevin Bacon as Richard DesLauriers, Special Agent in Charge of the FBI Boston field office[6]
Alex Wolff as Dzhokhar Tsarnaev[11]
Themo Melikidze as Tamerlan Tsarnaev[11]
Michael Beach as Governor of Massachusetts Deval Patrick[12]
James Colby as Boston Police Superintendent William Evans[13]
Jake Picking as MIT Officer Sean Collier, who was killed by the Tsarnaev brothers 79 hours after the bombing [14]
Melissa Benoist as Katherine Russell, Tamerlan Tsarnaev's wife[14]
Jimmy O. Yang as Dun Meng, the driver the Tsarnaevs carjacked 80 hours after the bombing and made the most daring attempt by escaping while at the Shell Gas Station.[15]
Christopher O'Shea as Patrick Downes and Rachel Brosnahan as Jessica Kensky, who both lost both of their legs in the bombing. [16]
Khandi Alexander as Veronica (credited as the Interrogator)[14]
Sean Avery as Himself (credited as Watertown Officer on Franklin Street)
David Ortiz as Himself

tag: ul

text: This film also includes a cameo appearance of the real Dun Meng inside the pizza restaurant in Malden, Massachusetts as well as the real David Henneberry who was outside for a short time during the search for the bomber. Ken Casey, singer and bassist for Boston punk band Dropkick Murphys also has a cameo as man on porch.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The film was one of what had originally been three proposed about the bombings, the other two being Boston Strong (based on the book of the same title), set to be directed by Daniel Espinosa and star Casey Affleck,[17] and Stronger, about bombing victim Jeff Bauman, starring Jake Gyllenhaal.[18] It was to depict Boston Police Commissioner Ed Davis' experiences during the manhunt.[19] CBS Films purchased the rights to Boston Strong and merged it into the existing script.[20] Stronger was made as a separate film, and released on September 22, 2017.

text: On March 31, 2015, CBS Films announced that it was producing the film as Patriots' Day, depicting the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing and manhunt.[21] The film's script was written by Matt Charman, and focused on Boston Police Commissioner Edward F. Davis.[21] The film is also based on the book Boston Strong and material from 60 Minutes.[22] Its final version, not focused specifically on Davis, was written by Peter Berg, Matt Cook, and Joshua Zetumer; Mark Wahlberg plays police officer Sgt. Tommy Saunders and Michelle Monaghan plays his wife, Carol.[5] Wahlberg produced the film along with Scott Stuber, Dylan Clark, Stephen Levinson, Michael Radutzky, Hutch Parker, and Dorothy Aufiero.[6] By February 2016, the title had dropped the apostrophe to become Patriots Day.[8] Also by then, J. K. Simmons had joined the cast as Watertown PD Sgt. Jeffrey Pugliese.[8]

text: CBS Films and Lionsgate co-financed the film, with Lionsgate also handling distribution.[8] On March 8, 2016, Jimmy O. Yang joined the film's cast to play Dun Meng, who was carjacked by the Tsarnaev brothers.[15][23] On the same day, Vincent Curatola was cast to play the mayor of Boston, Thomas Menino, who was in office for his fifth term when the bombings took place.[9] On March 11, 2016, John Goodman signed on to play former Boston Police Commissioner Ed Davis.[7] On March 25, 2016, James Colby joined the film to play William B. Evans, a Boston PD superintendent,[13] and following him, Michelle Monaghan also joined the film, to play Carol Saunders, Tommy's wife.[5] On March 31, Kevin Bacon joined the cast as FBI agent Rick Deslauriers,[6] and on April 4, 2016, Alex Wolff and Themo Melikidze were cast in the film as Dzhokhar and Tamerlan Tsarnaev, responsible for the bombing and later manhunt.[11] Michael Beach later joined the film to play the Governor of Massachusetts Deval Patrick.[12]

text: On April 6, 2016, Rachel Brosnahan and Christopher O'Shea joined the film to play newlyweds Jessica Kensky and Patrick Downes, who were at the finish line, and were both seriously injured but survived.[16] The following day, Lana Condor was cast in the role of Sean Collier's prospective girlfriend.[24] On May 5, 2016, Melissa Benoist was cast in the film to play Katherine Russell, the widow of Tamerlan Tsarnaev, with Khandi Alexander set to play a law enforcement interrogator Veronica, Jake Picking as MIT Police Officer Sean Collier, who was killed three days after the bombing.[14] David Ortiz, who retired from the Boston Red Sox after the 2016 season, appears as himself.[25]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began on March 29, 2016, in Quincy, Massachusetts[26][27][28][29] with production offices and a soundstage set up in one of the Centennial Park warehouses in Peabody, Massachusetts. All interior scenes at the FBI warehouse headquarters, as well as exterior 'command tent' scenes, were shot there.[30] Filming was previously scheduled to take place on Laurel Street in Watertown to recreate the shootout that took place between police and the Tsarnaev brothers on the actual location, but after objections by residents, town officials denied permission for the film to be shot there.[31][32] The City of Malden was approached to stand in for Laurel Street, and ended up with eight locations in the film.[33] The film crew then approached University of Massachusetts Dartmouth officials for permission to shoot some scenes at the campus, a request that was denied by its chancellor, Gerry Kavanaugh.[34][35] Simmons College stood in the place for exterior shots of UMass Dartmouth.

text: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where the Tsarnaev brothers killed MIT Police Officer Sean Collier, had allowed the film production to shoot "entirely peaceful scenes" on the campus for three days in June.[36][37] Filming also took place at Collier's actual house.[38] The marathon finish line on Boylston Street was duplicated at the Naval Air Station South Weymouth,[39] in addition to scenes filmed at the actual finish line on the day of the 2016 marathon.[40] Dzhokhar's capture was filmed in Framingham, Massachusetts on its third anniversary.[41] Additional filming was conducted at Doyle's Cafe in Jamaica Plain on April 14, 2016, and at Lasell College in Newton, Massachusetts on May 18, 2016.[42][43]

text: Music[edit]

text:
Patriots Day

Soundtrack album by Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross

Released
January 13, 2017

Genre

Ambient
electronic

Length
68:33

Label
Lakeshore

Producer

Trent Reznor
Atticus Ross

Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross chronology

Before the Flood
(2016)Before the Flood2016
Patriots Day
(2017)

Trent Reznor chronology

Not the Actual Events
(2016) Not the Actual Events2016
Patriots Day
(2017) Patriots Day2017
Add Violence
(2017) Add Violence2017

Atticus Ross chronology

Not the Actual Events
(2016) Not the Actual Events2016
Patriots Day
(2017) Patriots Day2017
Add Violence
(2017) Add Violence2017

text: Academy Award-winning composers and Nine Inch Nails members Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross were hired to write the musical score for the film.[44]

text: All music composed by Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross.

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"Them And Us"
4:12

2.
"We Forget Who We Are"
4:55

3.
"The Place You Are Right Now"
7:06

4.
"Inquiries"
4:38

5.
"Trails"
5:53

6.
"Broken Glass"
5:03

7.
"Nobody Cares About Me"
4:12

8.
"The Night Drive"
12:14

9.
"Escape"
6:34

10.
"Terminus"
2:54

11.
"Long Shadows On The Street"
7:10

12.
"Resolve"
3:35

Total length:
68:33

text: "Forever (2007 version)" by Dropkick Murphys plays during the closing credits of the film however is not included on the film's soundtrack.

text: Release[edit]

text: Patriots Day premiered on the closing night of the AFI Fest on November 17, 2016. It had a red carpet premiere at the Boch Centre Wang Theater on December 14, 2016.[45] The film was released in New York, Boston, Los Angeles, New Orleans, Philadelphia, Sofia, Bulgaria and Paris, France on December 21, 2016, followed by a wide release on January 13, 2017.[46]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Patriots Day grossed $31.9 million in the United States and Canada and $18.5 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $50.5 million, against a production budget of $45 million.[2]

text: In North America, the film had its expansion alongside the openings of Monster Trucks, The Bye Bye Man, and Sleepless, as well as the wide expansions of Silence and Live by Night, and was expected to gross $18–20 million from 3,120 theaters in its four-day MLK opening weekend.[47] It made $560,000 from Thursday night previews, less than the $860,000 made by Berg and Wahlberg's Deepwater Horizon in September. The film ended up opening to $12.9 million (a four-day total of $14.2 million), finishing below expectations and 6th at the box office.[48]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 80% based on 215 reviews, with an average rating of 6.8/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Patriots Day offers a stirring, solidly crafted tribute to the heroes of a real-life American tragedy without straying into exploitative action thriller territory."[49] On Metacritic, the film has a normalized score of 69 out of 100, based on 42 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[50] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A+" on an A+ to F scale,[51] one of fewer than 80 films in the history of the service to receive such a score.

text: Though the film has mostly garnered approval among critics, many Boston-based publications criticized it for glamorizing the events it was based upon, and for the film's focus on Wahlberg's fictional character. In his review for The Boston Globe, Ty Burr wrote: "It’s professionally made, slickly heartfelt, and is offered up as an act of civic healing. At best, it’s unnecessary. At worst, it’s vaguely insulting", and when further referencing local moviegoer's reaction to Wahlberg's heroic but fictional Tommy Saunders character, he simply stated, "We don’t really want to see people who weren’t there. Especially when they’re everywhere"[52] Writing for Esquire, Boston-based critic Luke O'Neil also criticized Wahlberg's character, stating: "For all his talk of honoring his people, Wahlberg seems content to rely on the most hackneyed of Masshole signifiers in their portrayal."[53]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)

National Board of Review
Spotlight Award
Mark Wahlberg and Peter Berg (also for Deepwater Horizon)
Won
[54]


document_title: List of most consecutive starts by a National Football League quarterback

question_text: who holds the record for the most consecutive starts in the nfl

root

text:
NFL lists

Current season[show]

2017 season

Quarterbacks[show]

Starting quarterbacks
by touchdowns / touchdowns (playoffs) /
yardage / 5000 yard seasons / completion / wins

by team
BUF
MIA
NE
NYJ

BAL
CIN
CLE
PIT

HOU
IND
JAX
TEN

DEN
KC
LAC
OAK

DAL
NYG
PHI
WAS

CHI
DET
GB
MIN

ATL
CAR
NO
TB

ARI
LAR
SF
SEA

Most wins
Playoff records

Most consecutive starts

Most consecutive games
with touchdown pass

Win–loss records 2012

Running backs[show]

Career rushing attempts leaders
Career rushing yards leaders
Career rushing touchdowns leaders
Annual rushing yards leaders
Annual rushing touchdowns leaders
2,000-yard club
1,000-yard duos

Receivers[show]

Career receptions leaders
Career receiving yards leaders
Career receiving touchdowns leaders
Annual receptions leaders
Annual receiving yards leaders
Annual receiving touchdowns leaders

Defense[show]

Career sacks leaders
Annual sacks leaders
Career interceptions leaders
Annual interceptions leaders

Special teams[show]

Longest field goals
Career field goals leaders
Career punting yards leaders
Career punt return yards leaders
Career kickoff return yards leaders
Annual field goals leaders
Annual punting yards leaders
Annual punt return yards leaders
Annual kickoff return yards leaders

Other lists[show]

Most consecutive starts
(and games played)

Career all-purpose yards leaders
Career scoring leaders

Brett Favre's
career achievements

Peyton Manning's
career achievements

v
t
e

tag: table

text: In the history of the National Football League, there have been eleven starts streaks of at least 100 consecutive games by ten different quarterbacks, with three of those with a regular season streak of at least 200 games.[1][2][3]

tag: p

text: Brett Favre has held the record since November 7, 1999 when he made his 117th consecutive start against the Chicago Bears.[4] His consecutive starts streak is also the longest all-time for a non-special teams player.[5] On December 5, 2010, playing for the Minnesota Vikings against the Buffalo Bills, Favre was knocked out of the game on the first drive with a sprained SC joint injury to his right shoulder, caused by a hit from linebacker Arthur Moats. After a snowstorm delayed the following Sunday's game against the New York Giants to Monday, December 13, Favre was ruled inactive, ending his streak at a record 297 games (321 including playoffs).[6][7]

text: Below is a list of the top 25 quarterbacks to achieve the longest consecutive regular season starts at their position.

text: All-time consecutive starts streaks[edit]

text: Top 25 ranked by consecutive regular season starts, updated through 2017 season

text: Bold denotes an active streak.

text:
Rank
Quarterback
Streak start
Streak end
Teams
Regular
season
Playoffs
Total
References

1
Brett Favre
9/27/1992
12/5/2010
GB/NYJ/MIN
297
24
321
[7][8][9]

2
Eli Manning
11/21/2004
11/23/2017
NYG
210
12
222
[10][11]

3
Peyton Manning
9/6/1998
1/2/2011
IND
208
19
227
[7][12][13]

4
Philip Rivers
9/11/2006
Active
SD/LAC
192
9
201
[14]

5
Matt Ryan
12/20/2009
Active
ATL
131
9
140
[15]

6
Joe Flacco
9/7/2008
11/22/2015
BAL
122
15
137
[16][17]

7
Ron Jaworski
9/18/1977
11/25/1984
PHI
116
7
123
[7][18][19][20]

8T
Tom Brady
9/14/2009
1/3/2016
NE
112
14
126
[21][22]

8T
Matthew Stafford
9/11/2011
Active
DET
112
3
115
[23]

10
Tom Brady
9/30/2001
9/7/2008
NE
111
17
128
[7][24][25][26]

11
Joe Ferguson
9/18/1977
9/23/1984
BUF
107
3
110
[7][27][28]

12
Russell Wilson
9/09/2012
Active
SEA
96
12
108
[29]

13
Dan Marino
10/25/1987
10/10/1993
MIA
95
4
99
[7][30][31]

14
Roman Gabriel
11/28/1965
9/17/1972
LAR
89
2
91
[7][32]

15
Johnny Unitas
9/27/1959
11/7/1965
BAL
88
3
91
[7][33][34]

16
Jim Everett
9/4/1988
10/23/1993
LAR
87
4
91
[7][35]

17
Richard Todd
9/9/1979
12/2/1984
NYJ/NO
86
4
90
[36]

18T
Aaron Brooks
11/26/2000
12/12/2005
NO
82
2
84
[37]

18T
Drew Brees
1/16/2010
9/20/2015
NO
82
8
90
[38][39]

20
Trent Green
9/9/2001
9/10/2006
KC
81
1
82
[40]

21
Drew Brees
1/8/2005
12/27/2009
SD/NO
79
3
82
[41]

22T
Andy Dalton
9/11/2011
12/13/2015
CIN
77
4
81
[42]

22T
Ryan Tannehill
9/09/2012
12/11/2016
MIA
77
0
77
[43]

24
Steve Grogan
11/23/1975
11/16/1980
NE
76
2
78
[44]

25T
Fran Tarkenton
12/11/1966
12/12/1971
MIN/NYG
71
0
71
[45]

25T
Joe Theismann
12/7/1980
11/18/1985
WAS
71
8
79
[46]

25T
Rich Gannon
9/12/1999
10/20/2003
OAK
71
7
78
[47]


document_title: Lacteal

question_text: where are lacteals located in the digestive tract

text: Lacteal

text:
Lacteal
Transverse section of a villus, from the human intestine. X 350.a. Basement membrane, here somewhat shrunken away from the epithelium.b. Lacteal.c. Columnar epithelium.d. Its striated border.e. Goblet cells.f. Leucocytes in epithelium.f’. Leucocytes below epithelium.g. Bloodvessels.h. Muscle cells cut across.
Villi of small intestine, showing bloodvessels and lymphatic vessels.Identifiers
Anatomical terminology[edit on Wikidata]

text: A lacteal is a lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small intestine.

text: Triglycerides are emulsified by bile and hydrolyzed by the enzyme lipase, resulting in a mixture of fatty acids, di- and monoglycerides.[1] These then pass from the intestinal lumen into the enterocyte, where they are re-esterified to form triglyceride. The triglyceride is then combined with phospholipids, cholesterol ester, and apolipoprotein B48 to form chylomicrons. These chylomicrons then pass into the lacteals, forming a milky substance known as chyle. The lacteals merge to form larger lymphatic vessels that transport the chyle to the thoracic duct where it is emptied into the bloodstream at the subclavian vein.[2][3]

text: At this point, the fats are in the bloodstream in the form of chylomicrons. Once in the blood, chylomicrons are subject to delipidation by lipoprotein lipase. Eventually, enough lipid has been lost and additional apolipoproteins gained, that the resulting particle (now referred to as a chylomicron remnant) can be taken up by the liver. From the liver, the fat released from chylomicron remnants can be re-exported to the blood as the triglyceride component of very low-density lipoproteins. Very low-density lipoproteins are also subject to delipidation by vascular lipoprotein lipase, and deliver fats to tissues throughout the body.  In particular, the released fatty acids can be stored in adipose cells as triglycerides. As triglycerides are lost from very low-density lipoproteins, the lipoprotein particles become smaller and denser (since protein is denser than lipid) and ultimately become low-density lipoproteins. A great deal has been written about low-density lipoproteins because they are thought to be atherogenic.

text: Note that in contrast to any other route of absorption from the small intestine, the lymphatic system avoids first pass metabolism.


document_title: Cellular respiration

question_text: where is most atp produced in cellular respiration

text: Cellular respiration

text: Aerobic respiration

text: Aerobic respiration requires oxygen (O2) in order to create ATP. Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins  are consumed as reactants, it is the preferred method of pyruvate breakdown in glycolysis and requires that pyruvate enter the mitochondria in order to be fully oxidized by the Krebs cycle. The products of this process are carbon dioxide and water, but the energy transferred is used to break bonds in ADP as the third phosphate group is added to form  ATP (adenosine triphosphate), by substrate-level phosphorylation, NADH and FADH2

text:
Simplified reaction:

C6H12O6 (s) + 6 O2 (g) → 6 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (l) + heat

ΔG = −2880 kJ per mol of C6H12O6

text: The negative ΔG indicates that the reaction can occur spontaneously.

text: The potential of NADH and FADH2 is converted to more ATP through an electron transport chain with oxygen as the "terminal electron acceptor". Most of the ATP produced by aerobic cellular respiration is made by oxidative phosphorylation. This works by the energy released in the consumption of pyruvate being used to create a chemiosmotic potential by pumping protons across a membrane. This potential is then used to drive ATP synthase and produce ATP from ADP and a phosphate group. Biology textbooks often state that 38 ATP molecules can be made per oxidised glucose molecule during cellular respiration (2 from glycolysis, 2 from the Krebs cycle, and about 34 from the electron transport system).[2] However, this maximum yield is never quite reached because of losses due to leaky membranes as well as the cost of moving pyruvate and ADP into the mitochondrial matrix, and current estimates range around 29 to 30 ATP per glucose.[2]

text: Aerobic metabolism is up to 15 times more efficient than anaerobic metabolism (which yields 2 molecules ATP per 1 molecule glucose).  However some anaerobic organisms, such as methanogens are able to continue with anaerobic respiration, yielding more ATP by using other inorganic molecules (not oxygen) as final electron acceptors in the electron transport chain.  They share the initial pathway of glycolysis but aerobic metabolism continues with the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The post-glycolytic reactions take place in the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells, and in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells.

text: Aerobic respiration summed up

text: 1. Glycolysis:

text: --- 2 ATPs  +  Glucose  →  2 Pyruvic Acid  +  4 Hydrogen  +  4 ATPs

text: 2. Formation of Acetyl CoA:

text: --- 2 Pyruvic Acid  +  2 CoA  →  2 Acetyl CoA  +  2 Carbon Dioxide  +  2 Hydrogen

text: 3. Krebs Cycle:

text: --- 2 Acetyl CoA  +  3 O2  →  6 Hydrogen  +  4 Carbon Dioxide  +  2 ATPs

text: 4. Electron Transport System:

text: --- 12 Hydrogen  +  3 O2  →  6 Water  +  32 ATPs

text: Overall Reaction:

text: --- Glucose  +  6 O2  →  6 Carbon Dioxide  +  6 Water  +  36 ATPs

text: Glycolysis

text: Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that takes place in the cytosol of cells in all living organisms. This pathway can function with or without the presence of oxygen. In humans, aerobic conditions produce pyruvate and anaerobic conditions produce lactate. In aerobic conditions, the process converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid), generating energy in the form of two net molecules of ATP. Four molecules of ATP per glucose are actually produced, however, two are consumed as part of the preparatory phase. The initial phosphorylation of glucose is required to increase the reactivity (decrease its stability) in order for the molecule to be cleaved into two pyruvate molecules by the enzyme aldolase. During the pay-off phase of glycolysis, four phosphate groups are transferred to ADP by substrate-level phosphorylation to make four ATP, and two NADH are produced when the pyruvate are oxidized. The overall reaction can be expressed this way:

text: Starting with glucose,  1 ATP is used to donate a phosphate to glucose to produce glucose 6-phosphate. Glycogen can be converted into glucose 6-phosphate as well with the help of glycogen phosphorylase. During energy metabolism, glucose 6-phosphate becomes fructose 6-phosphate. An additional ATP is used to phosphorylate fructose 6-phosphate into fructose 1,6-disphosphate by the help of phosphofructokinase. Fructose 1,6-diphosphate then splits into two phosphorylated molecules with three carbon chains which later degrades into pyruvate.

text: Glycolysis can be literally translated as "sugar splitting".[3]

text: Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate

text: Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA and CO2 by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC).  The PDC contains multiple copies of three enzymes and is located in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes. In the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, one molecule of NADH and one molecule of CO2 is formed.

text: Citric acid cycle

text: This is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle. When oxygen is present, acetyl-CoA is produced from the pyruvate molecules created from glycolysis. Once acetyl-CoA is formed, aerobic or anaerobic respiration can occur.[4] When oxygen is present, the mitochondria will undergo aerobic respiration which leads to the Krebs cycle.  However, if oxygen is not present, fermentation of the pyruvate molecule will occur.  In the presence of oxygen, when acetyl-CoA is produced, the molecule then enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) inside the mitochondrial matrix, and is oxidized to CO2 while at the same time reducing NAD to NADH. NADH can be used by the electron transport chain to create further ATP as part of oxidative phosphorylation. To fully oxidize the equivalent of one glucose molecule, two acetyl-CoA must be metabolized by the Krebs cycle. Two waste products, H2O and CO2, are created during this cycle.

text: The citric acid cycle is an 8-step process involving 18 different enzymes and co-enzymes.[4] During the cycle, acetyl-CoA (2 carbons) + oxaloacetate (4 carbons) yields citrate (6 carbons), which is rearranged to a more reactive form called isocitrate (6 carbons). Isocitrate is modified to become α-ketoglutarate (5 carbons), succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and, finally, oxaloacetate.

text: The net gain of high-energy compounds from one cycle is 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP; the GTP may subsequently be used to produce ATP. Thus, the total yield from 1 glucose molecule (2 pyruvate molecules) is 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP.

text: Oxidative phosphorylation

text: In eukaryotes, oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondrial cristae. It comprises the electron transport chain that establishes a proton gradient (chemiosmotic potential) across the boundary of inner membrane by oxidizing the NADH produced from the Krebs cycle. ATP is synthesized by the ATP synthase enzyme when the chemiosmotic gradient is used to drive the phosphorylation of ADP. The electrons are finally transferred to exogenous oxygen and, with the addition of two protons, water is formed.

text: Efficiency of ATP production

text: The table below describes the reactions involved when one glucose molecule is fully oxidized into carbon dioxide. It is assumed that all the reduced coenzymes are oxidized by the electron transport chain and used for oxidative phosphorylation.

text:
Step

coenzyme yield

ATP yield

Source of ATP

Glycolysis preparatory phase

−2

Phosphorylation of glucose and fructose 6-phosphate uses two ATP from the cytoplasm.

Glycolysis pay-off phase

4

Substrate-level phosphorylation

2 NADH

3 or 5

Oxidative phosphorylation : Each NADH produces net 1.5 ATP (instead of usual 2.5) due to NADH transport over the mitochondrial membrane

Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate

2 NADH

5

Oxidative phosphorylation

Krebs cycle

2

Substrate-level phosphorylation

6 NADH

15

Oxidative phosphorylation

2 FADH2

3

Oxidative phosphorylation

Total yield

30 or 32 ATP

From the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule to carbon dioxide and oxidation of all the reduced coenzymes.

text: Although there is a theoretical yield of 38 ATP molecules per glucose during cellular respiration, such conditions are generally not realized because of losses such as the cost of moving pyruvate (from glycolysis), phosphate, and ADP (substrates for ATP synthesis) into the mitochondria. All are actively transported using carriers that utilize the stored energy in the proton electrochemical gradient.

text:
Pyruvate is taken up by a specific, low Km transporter to bring it into the mitochondrial matrix for oxidation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
The phosphate carrier (PiC) mediates the electroneutral exchange (antiport) of phosphate (H2PO4−; Pi) for OH− or symport of phosphate and protons (H+) across the inner membrane, and the driving force for moving phosphate ions into the mitochondria is the proton motive force.
The ATP-ADP translocase (also called adenine nucleotide translocase, ANT) is an antiporter and exchanges ADP and ATP across the inner membrane. The driving force is due to the ATP (−4) having a more negative charge than the ADP (−3), and thus it dissipates some of the electrical component of the proton electrochemical gradient.

text: The outcome of these transport processes using the proton electrochemical gradient is that more than 3 H+ are needed to make 1 ATP. Obviously this reduces the theoretical efficiency of the whole process and the likely maximum is closer to 28–30 ATP molecules.[2] In practice the efficiency may be even lower because the inner membrane of the mitochondria is slightly leaky to protons.[5] Other factors may also dissipate the proton gradient creating an apparently leaky mitochondria. An uncoupling protein known as thermogenin is expressed in some cell types and is a channel that can transport protons. When this protein is active in the inner membrane it short circuits the coupling between the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis. The potential energy from the proton gradient is not used to make ATP but generates heat. This is particularly important in brown fat thermogenesis of newborn and hibernating mammals.

text: According to some of newer sources the ATP yield during aerobic respiration is not 36–38, but only about 30–32 ATP molecules / 1 molecule of glucose [6], because:

text:
ATP : NADH+H+ and ATP : FADH2 ratios during the oxidative phosphorylation appear to be not 3 and 2, but 2.5 and 1.5 respectively. Unlike in the substrate-level phosphorylation, the stoichiometry here is difficult to establish.
ATP synthase produces 1 ATP / 3 H+. However the exchange of matrix ATP  for cytosolic ADP and Pi (antiport with OH− or symport with H+) mediated by ATP–ADP translocase and phosphate carrier consumes 1 H+ / 1 ATP as a result of regeneration of the transmembrane potential changed during this transfer, so the net ratio is 1 ATP : 4 H+.
The mitochondrial electron transport chain proton pump transfers across the inner membrane 10 H+ / 1 NADH+H+ (4 + 2 + 4) or 6 H+ / 1 FADH2 (2 + 4).

text:
ATP : NADH+H+ coming from glycolysis ratio during the oxidative phosphorylation is
1.5, as for FADH2, if hydrogen atoms (2H++2e−) are transferred from cytosolic NADH+H+ to mitochondrial FAD by the glycerol phosphate shuttle located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
2.5 in case of malate-aspartate shuttle transferring hydrogen atoms from cytosolic NADH+H+ to mitochondrial NAD+

text: So finally we have, per molecule of glucose

text:
Substrate-level phosphorylation: 2 ATP from glycolysis + 2 ATP (directly GTP) from Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation
2 NADH+H+ from glycolysis: 2 × 1.5 ATP (if glycerol phosphate shuttle transfers hydrogen atoms) or 2 × 2.5 ATP (malate-aspartate shuttle)
2 NADH+H+ from the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and 6 from Krebs cycle: 8 × 2.5 ATP
2 FADH2 from the Krebs cycle: 2 × 1.5 ATP

text: Altogether this gives 4 + 3 (or 5) + 20 + 3 = 30 (or 32) ATP per molecule of glucose

text: The total ATP yield in ethanol or lactic acid fermentation is only 2 molecules coming from glycolysis, because pyruvate is not transferred to the mitochondrion and finally oxidized to the carbon dioxide (CO2), but reduced to ethanol or lactic acid in the cytoplasm.[6]

text: Fermentation

text: Without oxygen, pyruvate (pyruvic acid) is not metabolized by cellular respiration but undergoes a process of fermentation. The pyruvate is not transported into the mitochondrion, but remains in the cytoplasm, where it is converted to waste products that may be removed from the cell. This serves the purpose of oxidizing the electron carriers so that they can perform glycolysis again and removing the excess pyruvate. Fermentation oxidizes NADH to NAD+ so it can be re-used in glycolysis.  In the absence of oxygen, fermentation prevents the buildup of NADH in the cytoplasm and provides NAD+ for glycolysis.  This waste product varies depending on the organism. In skeletal muscles, the waste product is lactic acid. This type of fermentation is called lactic acid fermentation. In strenuous exercise, when energy demands exceed energy supply, the respiratory chain cannot process all of the hydrogen atoms joined by NADH. During anaerobic glycolysis, NAD+ regenerates when pairs of hydrogen combine with pyruvate to form lactate. Lactate formation is catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase in a reversible reaction. Lactate can also be used as an indirect precursor for liver glycogen. During recovery, when oxygen becomes available, NAD+ attaches to hydrogen from lactate to form ATP. In yeast, the waste products are ethanol and carbon dioxide. This type of fermentation is known as alcoholic or ethanol fermentation. The ATP generated in this process is made by substrate-level phosphorylation, which does not require oxygen.

text: Fermentation is less efficient at using the energy from glucose: only 2 ATP are produced per glucose, compared to the 38 ATP per glucose nominally produced by aerobic respiration. This is because the waste products of fermentation still contain chemical potential energy that can be released by oxidation. Ethanol, for example, can be burned in an internal combustion engine like gasoline. Glycolytic ATP, however, is created more quickly. For prokaryotes to continue a rapid growth rate when they are shifted from an aerobic environment to an anaerobic environment, they must increase the rate of the glycolytic reactions. For multicellular organisms, during short bursts of strenuous activity, muscle cells use fermentation to supplement the ATP production from the slower aerobic respiration, so fermentation may be used by a cell even before the oxygen levels are depleted, as is the case in sports that do not require athletes to pace themselves, such as sprinting.

text: Anaerobic respiration

text: Cellular respiration is the process by which biological fuels are oxidised in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor (such as oxygen) to produce large amounts of energy, to drive the bulk production of ATP.

text:
Anaerobic respiration is used by some microorganisms in which neither oxygen (aerobic respiration) nor pyruvate derivatives (fermentation) is the final electron acceptor.  Rather, an inorganic acceptor such as sulfate or nitrate is used.
Such organisms are typically found in unusual places such as underwater caves or near hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the ocean.


document_title: The Polar Express (film)

question_text: who played the little girl in polar express

text: The Polar Express (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: On the night of Christmas Eve, a Grand Rapids, Michigan boy is growing bitterly skeptical of the existence of Santa Claus. As he struggles to sleep, he is roused by the arrival of a steam locomotive on the street outside his home, and dons his robe to investigate, tearing the robe's pocket as he retrieves it. Outside, the train's conductor (Tom Hanks) introduces the train as the Polar Express, bound for the North Pole. The boy initially declines to board, but jumps aboard the train as it pulls away.

text: In a passenger car, he befriends a spirited and amicable girl, and a condescending know-it-all. The train stops to pick up an impoverished child, Billy, who also declines to board; Billy changes his mind, and the boy applies the emergency brake to allow him to catch up to the train, much to the conductor's chagrin. As Billy sits alone in the train's rear dining car, hot chocolate is served in the passenger car, and the girl saves her hot chocolate for Billy. As she and the conductor cross to the dining car, the boy notices she left her ticket behind unpunched, but loses hold of the ticket between the cars when he attempts to return it. The ticket reenters the passenger car, but not before the conductor notices its absence and escorts the girl back to the rear car.

text: The know-it-all claims that the conductor will jettison the girl from the back of the train; the boy recovers the ticket and dashes to the dining car in search of the conductor, climbing onto the roof from the rear platform. He meets a hobo camping on the roof, who offers him coffee and discusses the existence of Santa Claus and belief in ghosts. The hobo skis with the boy along the tops of the cars towards the train's coal tender, where the hobo disappears. Here, the boy discovers that the girl has been made to supervise the locomotive while engineers Steamer and Smokey replace the train's headlight. The train is forced to stop while the conductor disperses a herd of caribou, whereupon the engineers return to the cabin and the boy, girl and conductor remain on the catwalk on the front of the locomotive. The throttle's split pin sheers off, causing the train to accelerate uncontrollably down a 179-degree grade and onto a frozen lake, where the engineers repair the throttle with a hairpin and drift the train to realign it with the tracks. The boy returns the girl's ticket, and as the three return to the passenger car, the boy is accosted by an Ebenezer Scrooge marionette (controlled by the hobo), taunting him and calling him a doubter.

text: The train finally arrives at the North Pole, where the conductor announces that one of the passengers will be chosen to receive the first gift of Christmas, from Santa himself. The girl discovers Billy still alone in the rear car, and she and the boy persuade him to come along; however, the boy accidentally unhitches the car, sending it back along the line to a railway turntable in Santa's workshop. The children sneak through an elf command center and a gift sorting office before accidentally being dumped into Santa's sack, where they discover that the know-it-all stowed away along with them, hoping to open his Christmas presents early. The elves rescue them as Santa arrives, and the boy grows frustrated, unable to see Santa through the crowd. A jingle bell flies loose from the galloping reindeers' reins; the boy initially cannot hear it ring, until he finds it within himself to believe. He returns the bell to Santa as he passes, and Santa selects the boy to receive the first gift of Christmas. The boy asks to keep the jingle bell, and places it in his robe pocket.

text: Four of the elves use a handcar to trundle the wayward passenger car back to the train as the children all board the Polar Express to return home, but the then boy discovers that the pocket was torn and that the bell had fallen out. He returns home and awakens Christmas morning to find a present containing the bell. He holds it to his ear and shakes it; his parents, not believing in Santa, lament how the bell is "broken".

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tom Hanks as the Hero Boy (motion-capture only), the Hero Boy's father, the Conductor, the Hobo, Santa Claus, and the Narrator

Daryl Sabara as the Hero Boy (voice)
Josh Hutcherson as the Hero Boy (additional motion-capture)

Leslie Zemeckis as Sister Sarah (motion-capture only) and the Hero Boy's mother

Isabella Peregrina as Sister Sarah (voice)
Ashly Holloway as Sister Sarah (additional motion-capture)

Eddie Deezen as Know-It-All

Jimmy 'Jax' Pinchak as Know-It-All (additional motion-capture)

Nona Gaye as the Hero Girl

Chantel Valdivieso as the Hero Girl (additional motion-capture)
Meagan Moore as the Hero Girl (singing voice)
Tinashe as the Hero Girl (motion-capture modeling)

Peter Scolari as Billy the Lonely Boy (motion-capture only)

Hayden McFarland as Billy the Lonely Boy (additional motion-capture)
Jimmy Bennett as Billy the Lonely Boy (voice)
Matthew Hall as Billy the Lonely Boy (singing voice)

Dylan Cash as Boy on Train (voice)
Brendan King and Andy Pellick as the Pastry Chefs
Josh Eli, Rolandas Hendricks, Jon Scott, Sean Scott, Mark Mendonca, Mark Goodman, Gregory Gast, and Gordon Hart as the Waiters
Andre Sogliuzzo as Smokey and Steamer (voice)

Michael Jeter as Smokey and Steamer (motion-capture only)

Chris Coppola as Gus the Toothless Boy and an Elf

Connor Matheus as the Toothless Boy (additional motion-capture)

Julene Renee as the Red Head Girl and an Elf
Phil Fondacaro, Debbie Lee Carrington, Mark Povinelli, and Ed Gale as Elves
Charles Fleischer as the Elf General
Steven Tyler as the Elf Lieutenant and the Elf Singer
Dante Pastula as the Little Boy
Eric Newton, Aidan O'Shea, Aaron Hendry, Kevin C. Carr, Bee Jay Joyer, Jena Carpenter, Karine Mauffrey, Beth Carpenter, Bill Forchion, Devin Henderson, and Sagiv Ben-Binyamin as Acrobatic Elves
Evan Sabara as a Young Boy (additional motion-capture)

text: Production[edit]

text: Architecture[edit]

text: The buildings at the North Pole refer to a number of buildings related to American railroading history. The buildings in the square at the city's center are loosely based on the Pullman Factory in Chicago's Pullman neighborhood.[5]

text: Polar Express Locomotive[edit]

text: The locomotive featured in the film is an American 2-8-4 Berkshire type steam locomotive, with a cowcatcher, modeled after the Pere Marquette 1225, which had spent many years on static display near Spartan Stadium in East Lansing, Michigan on the campus of Michigan State University, where Chris Van Allsburg recalled playing on the engine when attending football games as a child.[6]

text: In July 2002, Warner Bros. approached the engine's owner, the Steam Railroading Institute, to study the engine.[7] The engine in the film is modeled from the PM #1225's drawings and the sounds from recordings made of the 1225 operating under steam.[8] The whistle, however, was taken from Sierra Railway #3.

text: IMAX 3D version[edit]

text: In addition to standard theatrical 35mm format, a 3-D version for IMAX was also released, generated from the same 3-D digital models used for the standard version.[9]

text: Home media release[edit]

text: The film was released on DVD as separated widescreen and full-screen versions in single and two-disc special editions (with bonus features) and on VHS on November 22, 2005, one year after the film came out.[10] It was released on Blu-ray with bonus features and presented in the original widescreen aspect ratio on October 30, 2007.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Performer(s)
Title
Length

Tom Hanks
"The Polar Express"
3:25

Matthew Hall & Meagan Moore
"When Christmas Comes to Town"
4:07

Steven Tyler
"Rockin' on the Top of the World"
2:35

Josh Groban
"Believe"
4:18

Tom Hanks
"Hot Chocolate"
2:33

Alan Silvestri
"Spirit of the Season"
2:34

Frank Sinatra
"Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town"
2:35

Alan Silvestri
"Seeing Is Believing"
3:47

Bing Crosby
"White Christmas"
3:05

The Andrews Sisters
"Winter Wonderland"
2:43

Perry Como &The Fontane Sisters
"It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas"
2:40

Kate Smith
"Silver Bells"
2:39

Bing Crosby & The Andrews Sisters
"Here Comes Santa Claus (Right Down Santa Claus Lane)"
3:04

Alan Silvestri
"Suite from the Polar Express"
6:02

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 61 out of 100 based on 36 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[11] On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 55% based on 202 reviews, with an average rating of 6.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Though the movie is visually stunning overall, the animation for the human characters isn't lifelike enough, and the story is padded."[12] Despite the polarized reception from critics, The Polar Express has been popular among audiences. The Independent reported in 2011 that the film "is now seen by many as a classic".[13] CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare "A+" grade.[14]

text: Roger Ebert gave the film his highest rating of four stars, saying, "There's a deeper, shivery tone, instead of the mindless jolliness of the usual Christmas movie." And "It has a haunting, magical quality ..." Acknowledging comments by other reviewers, Ebert said, "It's a little creepy. Not creepy in an unpleasant way, but in that sneaky, teasing way that lets you know eerie things could happen."[15] Richard Roeper gave a glowing review to the film as well, saying that it "remains true to the book, right down to the bittersweet final image."[this quote needs a citation] James Berardinelli gave it a 3.5/4, stating that it is "a delightful tale guaranteed to enthrall viewers of all ages", and ranked it as the 10th best film of 2004.[16]

text: The character design and animation were criticized for dipping into the uncanny valley.[17] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film a 1 out of 4 stars, and called it "a failed and lifeless experiment in which everything goes wrong".[18] Stephanie Zacharek of Salon gave the film 1.5 stars out of 5 and said, "I could probably have tolerated the incessant jitteriness of The Polar Express if the look of it didn't give me the creeps."[19] Geoff Pevere of the Toronto Star stated, "If I were a child, I'd have nightmares. Come to think of it, I did anyway."[20] Paul Clinton from CNN called it "at best disconcerting, and at worst, a wee bit horrifying".[21]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film opened at #2 and earned $23,323,463 from approximately 7,000 screens at 3,650 theaters, for a per-theater average of $6,390 and a per-screen average of $3,332 in its opening weekend. It also brought in a total of $30,629,146 since its Wednesday launch. The weekend total also included $2,100,000 from 59 IMAX theaters, for an IMAX theater average of $35,593, and had a $3,000,000 take since Wednesday. In its second weekend, it grossed another $15,668,101, averaging $4,293 from 3,650 venues and boosting the 12-day cumulative to $51,463,282 and over Thanksgiving weekend made another $19,389,927, averaging $5,312 from 3,650 venues and raising the 19-day cumulative to $81,479,861.[citation needed] The film has made $185,618,322 domestically (including IMAX re-releases), and $124,140,582 overseas for a total worldwide gross of $309,758,904.[2]

text: The film had its network TV premiere on ABC, December 1, 2006. The airing brought in 13.2 million viewers, winning its timeslot and ranking 20th in the Nielsen ratings that week, according to TVTango.com.

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: The film was nominated for three Academy Awards:

text:
Best Sound Editing (Randy Thom and Dennis Leonard)
Best Sound Mixing (Randy Thom, Tom Johnson, Dennis S. Sands and William B. Kaplan)
Best Original Song for "Believe."[22]

text: The film was nominated at the 3rd Visual Effects Society Awards in the category of "Outstanding Performance by an Animated Character in an Animated Motion Picture."[23]

text: In 2008, the American Film Institute nominated The Polar Express for its Top 10 Animated Films list.[24]

text: The "Polar Express Experience"[edit]

text: In November 2007, SeaWorld Orlando debuted the Polar Express Experience, a Motion Simulator ride based on the film. The attraction is a temporary replacement for the Wild Arctic attraction. The building housing the attraction was also temporarily re-themed to a railroad station and ride vehicles painted to resemble Polar Express passenger cars. The plot for the ride revolves around a trip to the North Pole on Christmas Eve. Guests feel the motion of the locomotive as well as the swinging of the train on ice and feeling of ice crumbling beneath them. The attraction was available until January 1, 2008,[25] and is now open annually during the Christmas season.

text: The 4D film, distributed by SimEx-Iwerks, has been shown at other amusement parks around the world including Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, Dollywood (during the annual Smoky Mountain Christmas event), Vancouver Aquarium (2009 — 2010),[26] and Warner Bros. Movie World (during the White Christmas events in 2010 and 2011).

text: Video game[edit]

text: A video game based on the film was released on November 26, 2004 for GameCube, Game Boy Advance, PlayStation 2 and Windows, developed by Blue Tongue Entertainment and published by THQ.[27][28] The plot of the game is more different than the film version. Within this time, the Ebenezer Scrooge puppet who is set as the main antagonist of the game, attempts to prevent the children from believing in Santa Claus by stealing their tickets and trying to stop the children for reaching the North Pole.[29][30]


document_title: ASME

question_text: how many technical divisions does the american society of mechanical engineers (asme) have

question_tokens: how many technical divisions does the american society of mechanical engineers ( asme ) have

text: ASME

text: ASME codes and standards[edit]

text: ASME is one of the oldest standards-developing organizations in America. It produces approximately 600 codes and standards covering many technical areas, such as fasteners, plumbing fixtures, elevators, pipelines, and power plant systems and components. ASME's standards are developed by committees of subject matter experts using an open, consensus-based process. Many ASME standards are cited by government agencies as tools to meet their regulatory objectives. ASME standards are therefore voluntary, unless the standards have been incorporated into a legally binding business contract or incorporated into regulations enforced by an authority having jurisdiction, such as a federal, state, or local government agency. ASME's standards are used in more than 100 countries and have been translated into numerous languages.[5]

text: ASME boiler and pressure vessel code (BPVC)[edit]

text: The largest ASME standard, both in size and in the number of volunteers involved in its preparation, is the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC). The BPVC provides rules for the design, fabrication, installation, inspection, care, and use of boilers, pressure vessels, and nuclear components. The code also includes standards on materials, welding and brazing procedures and qualifications, nondestructive examination, and nuclear in-service inspection.

text: Other notable standardization areas[edit]

text: Other Notable Standardization Areas include but not limited to are; Elevators and Escalators (A17 Series), Overhead and Mobile Cranes and related lifting and rigging equipment (B30 Series), Piping and Pipelines (B31 Series), Bioprocessing Equipment (BPE), Valves Flanges, Fittings and Gaskets (B16), Nuclear Components and Processes Performance Test Codes.

text: Society awards[edit]

text:
ASME Medal
Charles T. Main Student Leadership Award
Holley Medal
Honorary Member
Kate Gleason Award
Henry Laurence Gantt Medal
Melville Medal
Old Guard Early Career Award
Ralph Coats Roe Medal
Soichiro Honda Medal

text: ASME fellow[edit]

text: ASME Fellow is a Membership Grade of Distinction conferred by The ASME Committee of Past Presidents[6] to an ASME member with significant publications or innovations and distinguished scientific and engineering background. Over 3,000 members have attained the grade of Fellow.[6] The ASME Fellow membership grade is the highest elected grade in ASME.[7]

text: Student professional development conference (SPDC)[edit]

text: ASME runs the Student Professional Development Conference (SPDC), which allows students to network with working engineers, host contests, and promote ASME's benefits to students as well as professionals. SPDC conferences are held in North America and internationally. The location for each district changes every year.[8]

text: Student competitions[edit]

text: ASME holds a variety of competitions every year for engineering students from around the world.[9]

text:
Human Powered Vehicle Challenge (HPVC)
Student Design Competition (SDC)
Innovative Design Simulation Challenge (IDSC)
Innovative Additive Manufacturing 3D Challenge (IAM3D)
Old Guard Competitions
Innovation Showcase (IShow)
Student Design Expositions

text: Organization[edit]

text: ASME has five key offices in the United States, including its headquarters operation in New York, N.Y., and three international offices in Beijing, China; Brussels, Belgium, and New Delhi, India. ASME has two institutes and 32 technical divisions within its organizational structure. Volunteer activity is organized into four sectors: Technical Events and Content, Public Affairs and Outreach, Standards and Certification, and Student and Early Career Development.

text: Controversy[edit]

text: ASME became the first non-profit organization to be guilty of violating the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1982. The Supreme Court found the organization liable for more than $6 million in American Society of Mechanical Engineers v. Hydrolevel Corp.


document_title: Josh Peck

question_text: who does josh peck play in family guy

question_tokens: who does josh peck play in family guy

text: Josh Peck

text: Early life

text: Peck was born in New York City, New York,[1] where he attended P.S. 40 and The Professional Performing Arts School. His parents were unmarried at the time of his birth and he has never met his biological father. He grew up with his Jewish mother, Barbara, who is a career coach, and his maternal grandmother. Peck had a Bar Mitzvah ceremony.[2][3][4] He had asthma during his childhood, and often stayed indoors watching old sitcoms.[5][6][7] He was inspired to become involved in stand-up comedy when he was eight years old.

text: Career

text: Peck subsequently appeared at TADA! Youth Theater and performed stand-up comedy at Caroline's Comedy Club for the Audrey Hepburn foundation. At the age of 13, he was offered a role on Nickelodeon's The Amanda Show and, at his mother's suggestion, accepted the part and moved to Los Angeles to further pursue an acting career.

text: Peck made his film debut in Snow Day (2000), and appeared regularly on The Amanda Show until the end of its run in 2002.[8] He also starred opposite Alex D. Linz and Zena Grey in the theatrical film, Max Keeble's Big Move, which was released on October 5, 2001. In 2001, he guest starred in an episode of the popular NBC drama ER called "Thy Will Be Done". During this period, Peck appeared in several independent films, including Spun and 2004's Mean Creek, for which he received critical praise. He was cast as Josh Nichols, opposite Drake Bell's Drake Parker, in another Nickelodeon sitcom, Drake & Josh, which began airing in 2004 and gained Peck recognition among young audiences. Peck's character, Josh Nichols, was smart, funny, and organized, but was always being tormented along with Drake by Megan Parker (Miranda Cosgrove), Drake's younger sister. Both characters sing in a remake of the song "Soul Man" by Sam and Dave.[9] In 2006, Bell and Peck starred in their own TV movie called Drake & Josh Go Hollywood, and in 2007, they starred in a sequel called Drake & Josh: Really Big Shrimp. Josh was nominated for Favorite Television Actor at the 2008 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards for his work on Drake & Josh.[10] Peck also made his debut as a director in the Drake & Josh episode, "Battle of Panthatar". He also directed his co-star Drake Bell's music video for the theme song to Drake & Josh, "Found a Way". He has also appeared in the series finale of What's New, Scooby-Doo?, an episode of Codename: Kids Next Door called "Operation: C.A.K.E.D.-F.I.V.E.", and the direct-to-video New Line Cinema film Havoc. Peck returned to the character of Josh Nichols in 2008 for the television film Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh.

text: In 2006, Peck appeared in the independent film Special, which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival, and voiced Eddie, one of two possum brothers, in the animated sequel, Ice Age: The Meltdown, which was released on March 31 of that year. Peck played a high school bully in 2008's Drillbit Taylor, and starred in the films The Wackness (released July 2008), American Primitive, Safety Glass, and reprised his role as Eddie in Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs.

text: In 2011, Peck had a cameo role on the hit Nickelodeon show Victorious as an audience member for a play Jade wrote. In 2012, Peck starred in the remake of Red Dawn, and once again reprised his role as Eddie, in Ice Age: Continental Drift. In 2013, he began voicing Casey Jones in Nickelodeon's Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.

text: In 2014, Peck appeared as Danny Norwood in the pilot of The Rebels, one of Amazon Studios' five adult test pilots released on Amazon Video in early 2014.

text: In 2015, Peck was cast as a lead in the comedy series, Grandfathered. He starred alongside John Stamos. Grandfathered premiered on September 29 and has gained generally favorable reviews from Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic.[11][12] Both Peck and Stamos are nominated for a 2016 People's Choice Award in the category "Favorite Actor In A New TV Series".[13]

text: In 2016, Peck was cast as Ross in the FOX series Pitch. He appeared in 2 episodes as a statistics analyst . The series was cancelled after 10 episodes.[14]

text: Personal life

text: In the fourth season of Drake & Josh, Peck was noticeably thinner. He said

text: I made a conscious effort to lose weight because I knew I could be happier as well as being healthier. I started by going on a diet a year and a half ago and I got a personal trainer, but I definitely have a healthier lifestyle now. Also I feel that because I do so much television, I am a better role model. I don't really understand why I should be a role model, but I know that kids do look up to me, so it is my responsibility to motivate people and be inspiring. I hope that I can do that for kids. It doesn't really matter what you look like though.[2]

text: He is also a prominent personality on the video-sharing services Vine and Snapchat. He now stars in vlogs made by David Dobrik on YouTube.

text: In June 2017, Peck married his longtime girlfriend, Paige O'Brien.[15] His former Drake & Josh co-star Drake Bell was not invited to the wedding.[16][17]

text: Filmography

text: Film

text:
Year
Film
Role
Notes

2000
The Newcomers
Slim

2000
Snow Day
Wayne Alworth

2001
Max Keeble's Big Move
Robert "Robe"

2002
Spun
Fat Boy

2004
Mean Creek
George Tooney

2005
Havoc
Josh Rubin

2006
Special
Joey

2006
Ice Age: The Meltdown
Eddie
Voice

2008
The Wackness
Luke Shapiro

2008
Drillbit Taylor
Ronnie

2008
American Primitive
Spoke White

2009
What Goes Up
Jim Lement

2009
Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs
Eddie
Voice

2009
Aliens in the Attic
Sparks
Voice

2012
ATM
Corey

2012
Ice Age: Continental Drift
Eddie
Voice

2012
Red Dawn
Matt Eckert

2013
Battle of the Year
Franklyn

2015
The Wedding Ringer[18]
Bad Best Man

2015
Danny Collins
Nicky Ernst

2015
The Timber
Samuel

2016
The Angry Birds Movie
Minion Pig 2
Voice

2016
Ice Age: Collision Course
Eddie
Voice

2016
Chronically Metropolitan[19]
John

2017
Take the 10
Chris

2017
Gnome Alone
Liam
Voice

TBA
Bukowski
Charles Bukowski

text: Television

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

2000-2005
All That
Himself
2 episodes, Season 6 Episode 4 & 10th Anniversary

2000–01
The Amanda Show
Various characters
Series regular

2000
Double Dare 2000
Himself
With the cast of Snow Day

2001
ER
Nick Stevens
Episode: "Thy Will Be Done"

2001
Family Guy
Charlie (voice), uncredited
Episode: "The Kiss Seen Around the World"

2001
Samurai Jack
S Kid / Pig #3 / Alien Kid (voices)
Episode: "Aku's Fairy Tales"

2002
Whatever Happened to Robot Jones?
Lenny (voice)
5 Episodes: Season 1: 2002 "Electric Boogaloo" "Cube Wars" "Sickness" "Politics" Season 2: 2003 "The Yogmans Strike Back"

2002
MADtv
Jeffrey Lugz
1 episode

2002
Fillmore!
Randall Julian (voice)
Episode: "To Mar a Stall"

2003, 2004
The Guardian
Chris Rapp
2 episodes

2004–07
Drake & Josh
Josh Nichols
Co-lead role, 57 episodes

2006
Codename: Kids Next Door
Numbuh 50 Million B.C. (voice)
Episode: "Operation: C.A.K.E.D.-F.I.V.E."

2006
What's New, Scooby-Doo?
Damian / Kid / Zombie Kid #2 (voices)
Episode: "E-Screen"

2006
Drake & Josh Go Hollywood
Josh Nichols
Nickelodeon television movie

2008
Merry Christmas Drake and Josh
Josh Nichols
Nickelodeon Christmas special movie

2009
iCarly
Jimmy (uncredited) (apparently Josh Nichols)
Episode: "iReunite with Missy"

2011
Victorious
Josh Nichols (uncredited)
Episode: "Wok Star" & "Who did it to Trina?"

Ice Age: A Mammoth Christmas
Eddie (voice)
TV Special

2013–present
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
Casey Jones (voice)
Co-lead role

2013–14
The Mindy Project
Ray Ron
3 episodes

2014
The Big Bang Theory
Jesse
Episode: "The Occupation Recalibration"

2014
The Rebels
Danny Norwood
Episode: "Pilot"

2015–16
Grandfathered
Gerald
Co-lead role

2015
Teen Choice Awards
Himself
Host

2016
Pitch
Ross
2 episodes

2016
Ice Age: The Great Egg-Scapade
Eddie (voice)
TV Special

text: Video games

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

2007
Ice Age 2: The Meltdown
Eddie
Voice role

2009
Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs
Eddie
Voice role

2014
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Danger of the Ooze
Casey Jones
Voice role

text: Awards and nominations

text:
Year
Award
Category
Work
Result

2005
Independent Spirit Awards
Special Distinction Award
Mean Creek (shared with ensemble)
Won[20]

2008
2008 Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite TV Actor
Drake & Josh
Nominated[21][22]

2008 UK Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Male TV Star
Drake & Josh
Won[23]

2013
Behind the Voice Actors Award
Best Vocal Ensemble in a Feature Film
Ice Age: Continental Drift
Nominated

2014
Behind the Voice Actors Award
Best Vocal Ensemble in a Television Series - Action/Drama
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
Nominated

2015
Teen Choice Awards
Choice Web Star: Comedy
Himself
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Viner
Himself
Nominated

Behind the Voice Actors Award
Best Vocal Ensemble in a Television Series - Action/Drama
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
Nominated

2016
People's Choice Awards
Favorite Actor In A New TV Series
Grandfathered
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Viner
Himself
Nominated