document_title: Five Nights at Freddy's 2

question_text: when was five nights at freddy's 2 made

question_tokens: when was five nights at freddy 's 2 made

text: Five Nights at Freddy's 2

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: Similar to the first game, Five Nights at Freddy's 2 is a survival horror video game with point-and-click elements. Players must survive a night shift at Freddy Fazbear's Pizza, a restaurant reminiscent of those like Chuck E. Cheese's and ShowBiz Pizza Place, from 12 A.M. to 6 A.M. game time (approximately seven minutes and six seconds), without being attacked by any of the animatronic enemy characters that wander from room to room. There are multiple different animatronic characters: the original game's antagonists (the titular Freddy Fazbear, Bonnie the Bunny, Chica the Chicken, Foxy the Pirate Fox, and Golden Freddy), as well as upgraded "toy" versions of Freddy, Bonnie, Chica, and Foxy (referred to as "Mangle"), a marionette referred to as "the Puppet", and a humanoid robot named "Balloon Boy".

text: The player cannot leave the security office, but can track the animatronics' movements via a network of surveillance cameras placed throughout the building. The office has three entrances (a hallway and two side air vents); in a departure from the previous game, none of these can be sealed off to block enemies from entering. Each vent is equipped with a light that can be used to check for any characters that are about to crawl into the office. Players are given a spare animatronic mask to ward off approaching animatronics, however, this strategy will not work on certain characters, who must be repelled by other means. A flashlight is also available, used to check the hallway and darkened areas of the camera feeds, as well as to reset Foxy via strobing. Unlike the previous title, the power supply for the cameras and vent lights is unlimited, but the flashlight does not have an infinite battery life; if it runs out, the player becomes vulnerable to attack. In addition, a music box has been placed in one room and must be remotely wound up through the camera interface, to avoid being attacked by the Puppet, who appears when the music stops. Failure to defend oneself from the animatronics will result in a jumpscare, thus ending the game.

text: Unlike the first game, after the player is killed, there is a chance that rather than the Game Over screen, one of four low-resolution minigames will appear, with instructions given at the start of each. These mini-games contain insight into the plot of the game.

text: The game consists of five levels referred to as "nights", increasing in difficulty. Completing all five unlocks an even more difficult sixth night, which in turn unlocks a "Custom Night" upon completion. In the Custom Night, the player can adjust the AI difficulty of the individual enemy characters or play one of ten pre-set challenges.

text: Plot[edit]

text: Set in 1987, the player character, whose name is later revealed to be Jeremy Fitzgerald, has started working as a night watch security guard at the improved Freddy Fazbear's Pizza.[7] As he did in the previous game, a certain Freddy Fazbear's Pizza employee calls Jeremy on the phone in the office at the beginning of each night to explain both gameplay and parts of the backstory surrounding the restaurant. He explains that the "new" (at the time) animatronics, which have special facial recognition software to protect the children from potential harm, were not programmed with a proper night mode; when things go silent, their programming tells them that they are in the wrong room and they seek out the nearest source of noise to find people to entertain, which happens to be in the office.[8]

text: As in the previous game, the animatronics' programming tells them that there should not be people in the restaurant after hours, so when they encounter Jeremy, they believe he is an animatronic endoskeleton without a costume and will attempt to stuff him into a spare Freddy Fazbear suit, killing him in the process. The man on the phone explains that the newer animatronics were built to make wireless connections to a criminal database so they could detect any known potential attackers or threats from a distance.[9] The man on the phone explains that this restaurant has an unlimited power source at night, unlike the previous location, but there are no doors blocking access to the office, requiring the player to use a spare Freddy Fazbear mask to trick most animatronics into thinking he is not an endoskeleton; he gives additional tips to help the player survive their shift.[9] As more enemy characters appear as the game progresses, the man on the phone informs Jeremy of the characters' presence, their movement patterns, and some background information on their presence in the game.[10] For example, the man on the phone explains that the older animatronics are in the new restaurant, and have been retrofitted with the new technology, but as they did not work properly they are kept for spare parts.[11]

text: As the game progresses, it is hinted that something is going on during the day, as the man on the phone mentions that rumors are going around and, later, that a police investigation is going on regarding the restaurant. Atari-styled minigames reveal that the restaurant has had a troubled past, as it was apparently the location of a mass murder in which five children were killed by a someone portrayed as a purple-colored man.[12] On the game's fifth night, Jeremy is informed by the man on the phone that the restaurant has been put on lockdown due to an event that he will not describe but which is in place to make sure no employees, present or former, can come in or go out. The man also mentions that the position of the restaurant's day shift security has a vacancy and Jeremy may be promoted to it, and that the owner of the older restaurant named "Fredbear's Family Diner" will be contacted for more information on the animatronics.[13] On the sixth night, the man on the phone informs Jeremy that the restaurant has been shut down for undisclosed reasons, although mentioning the use of a "spare yellow suit" and an issue of the animatronics not functioning properly.[14] He also tells Jeremy that he will be taking over as night shift security guard when the restaurant reopens. If Jeremy is successful in surviving the sixth night, he is promoted to day shift to cover a birthday party on the next day to make sure the animatronics do not cause any problems. A newspaper that is shown in the winning screen of the sixth night says that the restaurant will close down and the newer animatronics will be scrapped; however, the older ones will be saved for when the restaurant reopens, hinting at the events of the first game.

text: On the seventh night (Custom Night), the player plays as a new character named Fritz Smith due to Jeremy's promotion. Upon completing Custom Night, Fritz is fired for tampering with the animatronics, general unprofessionalism, and odor, a callback to the first game's Custom Night completion screen.

text: Development[edit]

text: Shortly after the release of Five Nights at Freddy's, developer Cawthon began to confirm rumors of a sequel to the game.[15] Just one month after the original game's release, Cawthon posted a teaser of a sequel on his webpage, and continued to post teasers until the game's release.[16] A trailer for the game was released in October 2014. Five Nights at Freddy's 2 was first released for Microsoft Windows on November 10, 2014, earlier of its planned release of December 25, 2014. Ports for Android and iOS were released on November 13 and 20 of the same year.

text: Reception[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2017)

text: ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic(PC) 62/100[17]Review scoresPublicationScorePC Gamer (US)70/100[18]TouchArcade(iOS) [19]

text: Five Nights at Freddy's 2 was met with mixed to positive reviews from critics; the Microsoft Windows version holds an aggregate score of 62 out of 100 on Metacritic.[17]

text: Omri Petitte for PC Gamer gave Five Nights at Freddy's 2 a score of 70 out of 100, commenting that what he wanted in the sequel "was more mind games and more uncertainty. I wanted the plodding animatronic suits to find me and rip my face off in new and interesting ways. I wanted working legs. What I got was a horror game dipping heavily into deception and subtlety, a wonderfully cruel cocktail of supernatural mystery and jolts of panicked adrenaline. Enjoying the good parts, though, comes with a cost of a frustratingly steep difficulty."[18] Destructoid also gave the game a positive review, saying that "It's absolutely terrifying to know that you could be attacked at any moment from multiple avenues", praising the introduction of new animatronics and mechanics, but also criticizing the jumpscares and called the game "too hard for its own good".[20]


document_title: List of longest bridges

question_text: who has the longest bridge in the world

question_tokens: who has the longest bridge in the world

root

text: List of longest bridges

text: This is a list of the world's longest bridges more than three kilometres long sorted by their full length above land or water. "Span" refers to the longest spans without any ground support.

tag: p

text: Note: There is no standard way to measure the total length of a bridge. Some bridges are measured from the beginning of the entrance ramp to the end of the exit ramp. Some are measured from shoreline to shoreline. Yet others are the length of the total construction involved in building the bridge. Since there is no standard, no ranking of a bridge should be assumed because of its position in the list. Additionally, numbers are merely estimates and measures in U.S. customary units (feet) may be imprecise due to conversion rounding.

text:
Name
Length
Main Span
Completed
Traffic
Country

m
ft
m
ft

Danyang–Kunshan Grand Bridge
Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway
Guinness: Longest bridge (any type), 2011[1]
164,800
540,700
80
260
2010
High-speed rail
 China

Changhua-Kaohsiung Viaduct[2][3]
Taiwan High Speed Rail
157,317
516,132
(Viaduct)
2007
High-speed rail
 Taiwan

Tianjin Grand Bridge[4]
Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway
Guinness: Second longest bridge (any type), 2011[1]
113,700
373,000
(Viaduct)
2010
High-speed rail
 China

Cangde Grand Bridge[5][6]
Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway
115,900
380,200
128
420
2010
High-speed rail
 China

Weinan Weihe Grand Bridge
Zhengzhou–Xi'an High-Speed Railway
79,732
261,588
80
260[7]
2008
High-speed rail
 China

Bang Na Expressway
Guinness: Longest Road Bridge, 2000[8]
54,000
177,000
(Viaduct)
2000 (open)
Motorway
 Thailand

Beijing Grand Bridge
Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway
48,153
157,982
108
354
2010
High-speed rail
 China

Lake Pontchartrain Causeway
(across Lake Pontchartrain in Louisiana)
Guinness: Longest bridge over water (continuous), 1969[9]
38,442
126,122
46
151
1956 (SB)
1969 (NB)
Highway
 United States

Manchac Swamp Bridge
(I-55 across Manchac Swamp in Louisiana)
36,710
120,440
(Viaduct)
1979
Highway
 United States

Yangcun Bridge
Beijing-Tianjin Intercity Railway
35,812
117,493[10]
(Viaduct)
2007
High-speed rail
 China

Hangzhou Bay Bridge
35,673
117,037
448
1,470
2007
Expressway
 China

Runyang Bridge
35,660
116,990[11]
1,490
4,890
2005
Expressway
 China

Donghai Bridge
32,500
106,600
400
1,300
2005
Expressway
 China

Shanghai Maglev line
29,908
98,123[12]
(Viaduct)
2003
Maglev
 China

Dwarka Sector 8 Metro Station-Rama Krishna Ashram Marg Metro Station
29,808
97,795
(Viaduct)
2005-2010
Metro
 India

Atchafalaya Basin Bridge
(I-10 across Atchafalaya Basin in Louisiana)
29,290
96,100
(Viaduct)
1973
Highway
 United States

Line 1, Wuhan Metro Bridge
Wuhan Metro
28,870
94,720[13]
0?
2009
Metro
 China

Yanshi Bridge
Zhengzhou–Xi'an High-Speed Railway
28,543
93,645[14]
0?
2009
High-speed rail
 China

Jiaozhou Bay Bridge
Guinness: Longest bridge over water (aggregate), July 2011[15]
26,707
87,621[16][17][18]
260
850
2011
Road
 China

Jintang Bridge
26,540
87,070
620
2,030
2009
Expressway
 China

Jinbin Light Rail No. 1 Bridge[citation needed](Guanghualu – Babaocun)
Tianjin Binhai Mass Transit
25,800
84,600
(Viaduct)
2003
Metro
 China

East West MRT Line (Redhill - Tuas Link)
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)
25,700
84,300
(Viaduct)
1988 - 2017
Metro
 Singapore

King Fahd Causeway Bridge I
25,000
82,000[19]
(Viaduct)
1986
Road
 Saudi Arabia and
 Bahrain

Suvarnabhumi Airport Link
24,500
80,400
0?
2010
Rail
 Thailand

Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah Bridge
Penang Second Bridge
24,000
79,000
250
820[20]
2014
Highway
 Malaysia

Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel
(US 13 across Chesapeake Bay in Virginia)
24,140
79,200
0?
1964 (NB)
1999 (SB)
Highway
 United States

Liangshui River Bridge
Beijing-Tianjin Intercity Railway
21,563
70,745[10]
(Viaduct)
2007
High-speed rail
 China

Incheon Bridge
21,380
70,140[21]
800
2,600
2009
Road
 South Korea

Yongding New River Bridge
Beijing-Tianjin Intercity Railway
21,133
69,334[22]
0?
2007
High-speed rail
 China

6th October Bridge
20,500
67,300
(Viaduct)
1996
Road
 Egypt

C215 Viaduct[23]
Taiwan High Speed Rail
20,000
66,000
(Viaduct)
2007
High-speed rail
 Taiwan

Hami Grade Separation Bridge
Lanzhou–Urumqi High-Speed Railway
19,300
63,300[24]
0?
2014
High-speed rail
 China

Cangzhou–Dezhou Grand Bridge[4]
Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway
18,200
59,700
128
420
2010
High-speed rail
 China

Aérotrain Test Track
No longer in use
18,000
59,000
0?
1965
Rail
(prototype)
 France

Bonnet Carré Spillway Bridge of I-10
(I-10 over Bonnet Carré Spillway in Louisiana)
17,702
58,077
(Viaduct)
1972
Highway
 United States

Saigon-Trung Luong Skyway[citation needed]
North-South Expressway, Vietnam
16,000
52,000
(Viaduct)
2010
Road
 Vietnam

Eastern Freeway South Strech
15,595
51,165[25][26]
(Viaduct)
2013
Motorway
 India

Cross Beijing Ring Roads Bridge
Beijing-Tianjin Intercity Railway
15,595
51,165[10]
(Viaduct)
2007
High-speed rail
 China

Penang Bridge
13,500
44,300
225
738
1985
Highway
 Malaysia

Kam Sheung Road-Tuen Mun viaduct (part of West Rail Line)
13,400
44,000
(Viaduct)
2003
Rail
 Hong Kong

Louisiana Highway 1 Bridge[27]
(State Highway 1 between Golden Meadow, Louisiana and Port Fourchon, Louisiana)
13,300
43,600
(Viaduct)
2009
Highway
 United States

Rio-Niterói Bridge
Longest bridge in Latin America
13,290
43,600
300
980
1974
Road
 Brazil

Great Seto Bridge
13,100
43,000
1,100
3,600
1988
Highway & Rail
 Japan

Bhumibol Bridge
13,000
43,000
398
1,306
2006
Road
 Thailand

Confederation Bridge
(Trans-Canada Highway across Northumberland Strait between Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick)
12,900
42,300
220
720 (x43)
1997
Highway
 Canada

Jubilee Parkway
(I-10 over Mobile Bay in Alabama)
12,875
42,241
0?
1978
Highway
 United States

Rudong Yangkou Yellow Sea Bridge[28]
12,600
41,300[29]
0?
2008
Road
 China

Bali Mandara Toll Road
12,700
41,700
0?
2013
Road
 Indonesia

Vasco da Gama Bridge
Longest bridge in Europe
12,345
40,502
450
1,480
1998
Highway
 Portugal

Emsland test facility
12,000
39,000
(Viaduct)
1985
Maglev
 Germany

Ir. Wiyoto Wiyono Toll Road[citation needed]
12,000
39,000
0Viaduct
1990
Highway
 Indonesia

Nanjing Qinhuai River Bridge
Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed Railway
12,000
39,000[29]
0?
2010
High-speed rail
 China

Third Mainland Bridge
11,800
38,700
(Viaduct)
1991
Road
 Nigeria

Mayor Mohammed Hanif Flyover[30] (Jatrabari to Gulisthan)
11,700
38,400
(Viaduct)
2013
Motorway
 Bangladesh

Qingshuihe Bridge[31]
Qingzang Railway
11,700
38,400
(Viaduct)
2006
Rail
 China

Lezíria Bridge[32]
11,670
38,290
133
436
2007
Highway
 Portugal

P.V. Narasimha Rao Elevated Expressway
11,600
38,100
(Viaduct)
2009
Highway
 India

San Mateo–Hayward Bridge
(State Route 92 over San Francisco Bay in California)
11,270
36,980
230.8
757[33]
1967
Highway
 United States

Zhenjiang Beijing–Hangzhou Canal Bridge
Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed Railway
11,000
36,000[29]
0?
2010
High-speed rail
 China

Seven Mile Bridge
(Overseas Highway/US 1 in the Florida Keys)
10,887
35,719
41
135
1982
Highway
 United States

Shandong-Henan Yellow River Bridge[34]
10,282
33,734
0?
1985
Rail
 China

Wuhu Yangtze River Bridge
10,020
32,870
312
1,024
2000
Expressway & Rail
 China

Bangalore Elevated Tollway
9,945
32,628
(Viaduct)
2010
Highway
 India

Shanghai Yangtze River Bridge
9,970
32,710
730
2,400
2009
Road (& future Rail)
 China

General W.K. Wilson Jr. Bridge
(I-65 over the Mobile–Tensaw River Delta in Alabama)
9,786
32,106
244
801
1980
Highway
 United States

Norfolk Southern Lake Pontchartrain Bridge
(Norfolk Southern rail line across Lake Pontchartrain in Louisiana)
9,300
30,500
0?
1884[35]
Rail
 United States

TransJakarta Corridor 13
9,300
30,500[36]
(Viaduct)
2017
Elevated BRT
 Indonesia

Nanjing Dashengguan Yangtze River Bridge
9,273
30,423[29]
336
1,102
2010
High-speed rail & Metro
 China

Dhola-Sadiya bridge
9,150
30,020[37]
50
160 (x183)
2017
Road
 India

Park Circus-Parama Island, MAA flyover
9,100
29,900
(Viaduct)
2016
Road
 India

Chacahoula Swamp Bridge
(US 90 across Chacahoula Swamp in Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana)
9,005
29,544
(Viaduct)
1995
Highway
 United States

Frank Davis "Naturally N'Awlins" Memorial Bridge
(I-10 over Lake Pontchartrain in Louisiana)
8,851
29,039
(Viaduct)
1962
2011
Highway
 United States

Richmond–San Rafael Bridge
(I-580 over San Francisco Bay in California)
8,851
29,039
317
1,040
1956
Highway
 United States

General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge
8,678
28,471
235
771
1962
Road
 Venezuela

Metro Bus corridor- Rawalpindi Section (Rawalpindi)
8,600
28,200[38]
(Viaduct)
2015
Elevated BRT
 Pakistan

Virginia Dare Memorial Bridge
(US 64 Bypass over Croatan Sound in North Carolina)
8,369
27,457
(Viaduct)
2002
Highway
 United States

Yangpu Bridge
8,354
27,408
602
1,975
1993
Road
 China

Xiasha Bridge[39]
8,230
27,000
232
761
1991
Expressway
 China

Sutong Bridge
8,206
26,923
1,088
3,570
2008
Expressway
 China

Mackinac Bridge
(I-75 over the Straits of Mackinac in Michigan)
8,038
26,371
1,158
3,799
1957
Highway
 United States

LaBranche Wetlands Bridge
(I-310 over the LaBranche Wetlands in St. Charles Parish, Louisiana)
7,902
25,925
(Viaduct)
1992
Highway
 United States

Öresund Bridge
7,845
25,738
490
1,610
1999
Highway & Rail
 Denmark and
 Sweden

Maestri Bridge
(US 11 over Lake Pontchartrain in Louisiana)
7,693
25,240
(Viaduct)
1928
Road
 United States

Jiujiang Yangtze River Bridge[40]
7,675
25,180
216
709
1992
Highway & Rail
 China

James River Bridge
(US 17 over the James River in Virginia)
7,425
24,360
126
413
1983
Highway
 United States

Gwangan Bridge
7,420
24,340
500
1,600
2002
Road
 South Korea

Champlain Bridge (Montreal)
(Autoroutes 10, 15, and 20 over the Saint Lawrence River in Quebec)
7,414
24,324
215.5
707
1967
Highway
 Canada

Jamal Abdul Nasser Bridge[citation needed]
7,333
24,058
(Viaduct)
2016
Highway
 Kuwait

Seohae Bridge[41]
7,310
23,980
470
1,540
2000
Highway
 South Korea

Ershilipu Bridge
Lanzhou–Urumqi High-Speed Railway
7.093
4.407[42]
0?
2014
High-speed rail
 China

Huey P. Long Bridge
(US 90 over the Mississippi River in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana)
7,000
23,000
241
791
1936
Highway & Rail
 United States

Chesapeake Bay Bridge
(US 50 and US 301 over Chesapeake Bay in Maryland)
6,946
22,789
490
1,610
1952
1973
Highway
 United States

Aktaruzzaman Flyover[citation needed]
(Chittagong)
6,800
22,300
(Viaduct)
2017
Motorway
 Bangladesh

Great Belt Bridge (Eastern)
6,790
22,280
1,624
5,328
1998
Highway
 Denmark

Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge
6,772
22,218
160
520
1968
Highway & Rail
 China

Xiangshan Harbor Bridge
6,761
22,182
688
2,257
2012
Highway
 China

Great Belt Bridge (Western)
6,611
21,690
110
360
1998
Highway & Rail
 Denmark

Sunshine Skyway Bridge
(I-275 over Tampa Bay in Florida)
6,598
21,647
366
1,201
1987
Highway
 United States

Thanlwin Bridge (Mawlamyaing)
6,589
21,617
112
367 (x21)
2005
Road & Rail
 Myanmar

St. George Island Bridge
(State Road 300 over Apalachicola Bay in Florida)
6,588
21,614
366
1,201
2004
Highway
 United States

Astoria–Megler Bridge
(US 101 across the Columbia River between Oregon and Washington)
6,545
21,473
375
1,230
1966
Highway
 United States

Saale-Elster Viaduct
Erfurt–Leipzig/Halle high-speed railway
6,465
21,211
110
360
2013
High-speed rail
 Germany

Pakokku Bridge
6,278
20,597[43]
120
390 (x22)
2011
Road & Rail
 Myanmar

Ayeyarwady-Nyaungdon Bridge
6,262
20,545[44]
120
390 (x16)
2011[citation needed]
Road & Rail
 Myanmar

Öland bridge
6,072
19,921
130
430
1972
Highway
 Sweden

Libertador General San Martín Bridge
5,966
19,573
220
720
1976
Road
 Uruguay and
 Argentina

Hernando de Soto Bridge
(I-40 over the Mississippi River between Arkansas and Tennessee)
5,954
19,534
274
899
1973
Highway
 United States

President Bridge
5,825
19,111[45]
220
720 (x22)
2009
Road
 Russia

Mid-Bay Bridge
(State Road 293 over Choctawhatchee Bay in Florida)
5,793
19,006
141
463
1993
Highway
 United States

Mahatma Gandhi Setu[46]
5,750
18,860
121
397 (x45)
1982
Road
 India

Pulaski Skyway
(US 1/US 9 over the Hackensack and Passaic rivers in New Jersey)
5,636
18,491
168
551
1932
Highway
 United States

Garden City Skyway
(Queen Elizabeth Way over the Welland Canal in Ontario)
5,633
18,481
(Viaduct)
1963
Highway
 Canada

Bangabandhu Bridge
5,630
18,470
100
330[47] (x47)
1998
Road & Rail
 Bangladesh

Albemarle Sound Bridge[48]
(State Highways 32 and 94 over Albemarle Sound in North Carolina)
5,627
18,461
0?
1990
Road
 United States

Bromford Viaduct
5,600
18,400
(Viaduct)
1971
Road
 United Kingdom

Bandra-Worli Sea Link
5,575
18,291
250
820 (x2)
2009
Road
 India

Hong Kong–Shenzhen Western Corridor
5,545
18,192
(Viaduct)
2006
Expressway
 Hong Kong

Island Eastern Corridor (Causeway Bay to Quarry Bay section)
5,500
18,000
(Viaduct)
1983
Road
 Hong Kong

Suramadu Bridge (cross Madura Strait)
5,438
17,841
434
1,424
2009
Road
 Indonesia

Dauphin Island Bridge
(State Route 193 over the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway in Alabama)
5,430
17,810
122
400
1982
Road
 United States

Xinkai River Bridge of Beijing-Tianjin Intercity Railway
5,371
17,621[22]
0?
2007
High-speed rail
 China

Yolo Causeway
(I-80 over Yolo Bypass in California)
5,200
17,100
(Viaduct)
1916
1962
Highway
 United States

Second Severn Crossing
5,128
16,824
456
1,496
1996
Road
 United Kingdom

Zeeland Bridge
5,022
16,476
95
312 (x48)
1965
Road
 Netherlands

Malir River Bridge
5,000
16,000
(Viaduct)
2009
Road
 Pakistan

Candaba Viaduct[49]
5,000
16,000
(Viaduct)
2005
Highway
 Philippines

Buckman Bridge
(I-295 over the St. Johns River in Florida south of Jacksonville)
4,968
16,299
76
249
1970
Highway
 United States

Tappan Zee Bridge
(I-87 and I-287 over the Hudson River in New York)
4,881
16,014
736
2,415
1955
Highway
 United States

Howard Frankland Bridge (Southbound)
(I-275 over Old Tampa Bay in Florida)
4,846
15,899
(Viaduct)
1991
Highway
 United States

Howard Frankland Bridge (Northbound)
(I-275 over Old Tampa Bay in Florida)
4,838
15,873
(Viaduct)
1960
Highway
 United States

Wright Memorial Bridge
(US 158 over Currituck Sound in North Carolina)
4,828
15,840
0?
1930
Highway
 United States

Pensacola Bay Bridge
(US 98 over Pensacola Bay in Florida)
4,767.1
15,640
0?
1960 (new)
Highway
 United States

Evergreen Point Floating Bridge
(State Route 520 across Lake Washington in Washington state)
2,310
7,580
(Viaduct) [50]
1963
Highway
 United States

Vikramshila Setu
4,700
15,400
(Viaduct)
2001
Road
 India

Dingziwan Cross-Sea Bridge[51][52]
4,700
15,400
376
1,234
2012
Highway
 China

Vembanad Rail Bridge, Kochi
4,620
15,160
40
130 (x99)
2011
Rail
 India

Digha–Sonpur Bridge
4,556
14,948
123
404 (x36)
2016
Road & Rail
 India

Lindsay C. Warren Bridge[53]/Alligator River Bridge
(US 64 over the Alligator River in North Carolina)
4,550
14,930
0?
1960
Highway
 United States

Gandy Bridge (Eastbound)
(US 92 over Old Tampa Bay in Florida)
4,529
14,859
0?
1975
Highway
 United States

Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge
(over the St. Marys River between I-75 in Michigan and Ontario)
4,480
14,700
132
433
1962
Highway
 United States and
 Canada

Yeongjong Bridge
4,420
14,500
300
980
2000
Road
 South Korea

Jingzhou Yangtze River Bridge[54]
4,398
14,429[55]
500
1,600
2002
Expressway
 China

Aqua Bridge (Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line)
4,384
14,383
240
790
1997
Road
 Japan

Amur Bay Bridge (ru)
4,364
14,318
(Viaduct)
2012
Road
 Russia

Arrah–Chhapra Bridge
4,350
14,270
120
390 (x16)
2017[56]
Road
 India

Ponte Salgueiro Maia
4,300
14,100
250
820
2000
Highway
 Portugal

Bayside Bridge
(County Road 611 over Old Tampa Bay in Pinellas County, Florida)
4,270
14,010
(Viaduct)
1993
Highway
 United States

Hochstraße Elbmarsch[57]
4,258
13,970
(Viaduct)
1974
Road
 Germany

Bubiyan Island Railway Bridge
4,245
13,927[58]
(Viaduct)
2011[59]
Rail
 Kuwait

Commodore Barry Bridge
(US 322 over the Delaware River between New Jersey and Pennsylvania)
4,240
13,910
501
1,644
1974
Highway
 United States

Gandy Bridge (Westbound)
(US 92 over Old Tampa Bay in Florida)
4,226
13,865
0?
1997
Highway
 United States

Escambia Bay Bridge
(I-10 over Escambia Bay in Florida)
4,224
13,858
0?
2004 (new)
Highway
 United States

Verrazano-Narrows Bridge
(I-278 across The Narrows between Brooklyn and Staten Island, New York)
4,176
13,701
1,298
4,259
1964
Highway
 United States

Greenville Bridge
(US 278 and US 82 over the Mississippi River between Mississippi and Arkansas)
4,133
13,560
420
1,380
2007
Highway
 United States

Kovvur–Rajahmundry Bypass Bridge
(4th Godavari Bridge)
4,135
13,566
50
160 (x82)
2015
Road
 India

Godavari Road-Cum-Rail Bridge
4,100
13,500
91.5
300 (x27)
1974
Road & Rail
 India

Rosario-Victoria Bridge
4,098
13,445
350
1,150
2003
Road
 Argentina

Crescent City Connection
(US 90 Business over the Mississippi River in Louisiana)
4,093
13,428
480
1,570
1958
Highway
 United States

Anghel Saligny Bridge
(over the Danube)
4,088
13,412[60]
190
620
1895
Rail
 Romania

Arthur Ravenel, Jr. Bridge
(US 17 over the Cooper River in South Carolina)
4,023
13,199
471
1,545
2005
Highway
 United States

Kurushima-Kaikyō Bridge
4,015
13,173
1,030
3,380
1999
Highway
 Japan

Fred Hartman Bridge
(State Highway 146 over the Houston Ship Channel in Texas)
4,000
13,000
381
1,250
1995
Highway
 United States

Vicksburg Bridge / Chris Smith Bridge
(I-20 over the Mississippi River between Mississippi and Louisiana)
3,954
12,972
265
869
1973
Highway
 United States

Köhlbrandbrücke
3,940
12,930
520
1,710
1974
Road
 Germany

John James Audubon Bridge (Mississippi River)
(State Highway 10 over Mississippi River in Louisiana)
3,927
12,884
482
1,581
2011
Road
 United States

Herbert C. Bonner Bridge[61]
(State Highway 12 over Oregon Inlet in North Carolina)
3,921
12,864
(Viaduct)
1963
Road
 United States

Akashi-Kaikyō Bridge
3,911
12,831
1,991
6,532
1998
Highway
 Japan

Lupu Bridge
3,900
12,800
550
1,800
2003
Road
 China

Suez Canal Bridge
3,900
12,800
440
1,440
2001
Road
 Egypt

Yuribey Bridge
3,892.9
12,772
110
360
2009
Rail
 Russia

Khabarovsk Bridge
3,890.5
12,764[62]
127.4
418 (x18)
1916
1999
Road & Rail
 Russia

The First Kitakami River Bridge[63]
Tōhoku Shinkansen
3,868
12,690
0?
1982
High-speed rail
 Japan

Zacatal Bridge
3,861
12,667
(Viaduct)
1994
Road
 Mexico

Ponte della Libertà
3,850
12,630
0?
1846
1933
Road & Rail
 Italy

Queen Isabella Causeway
(State Park Road 100 over Laguna Madre in Texas)
3,810
12,500
0?
1974
Road
 United States

Santhià Viaduct[64]
3,782
12,408
0?
2006
Rail
 Italy

Sky Gate Bridge R (ja)[65]
Kansai Airport Line / Nankai Airport Line
3,750
12,300
150
490
1994
Road & Rail
 Japan

CNR Bonnet Carré Spillway-McComb Bridge
(Canadian National Railway over Bonnet Carré Spillway in Louisiana)
3,702
12,146
(Viaduct)
1936
Rail
 United States

Rodoferroviária Bridge
3,700
12,100
100
330
1998
Road & Rail
 Brazil

Nhật Tân Bridge
3,700
12,100
300
980 (x4)
2015
Highway
 Vietnam

Munger Ganga Bridge
3,692
12,113
125
410 (x29)
2016
Road & Rail
 India

Vinh Tuy Bridge
3,690
12,110
135
443
2008
Road
 Vietnam

Dona Ana Bridge
3,670
12,040
80
260
1934
Rail
 Mozambique

Walt Whitman Bridge
(I-76 over Delaware River between Pennsylvania and New Jersey)
3,652
11,982
610
2,000
1957
Highway
 United States

Humen Pearl River Bridge
3,618
11,870
888
2,913
1997
Expressway
 China

Ayrton Senna Bridge
3,607
11,834
50
160
1998
Road
 Brazil

Panipat Elevated Expressway
3,600
11,800
(Viaduct)
2008
Highway
 India

Rio Negro Bridge
3,595
11,795
200
660 (x2)
2011
Road
 Brazil

Fadalto Viaduct[66]
3,567
11,703
0?
1995
Highway
 Italy

Irabu Bridge R (ja)[67]
Between Miyako Island and Irabu Island, Ryukyu Island
3,540
11,610
180
590
2015
Road
 Japan

Thang Long Bridge
3,500
11,500
0?
1978
Road
 Vietnam

San Diego–Coronado Bridge
(State Route 75 over San Diego Bay in California)
3,407
11,178
200
660 (x2)
1969
Highway
 United States

Mozambique Island Bridge[68]
3,400
11,200[69]
(Viaduct)
1969
Road
 Mozambique

Lake Jesup Bridge
(State Road 417 over Lake Jesup in Florida)
3,379
11,086
0?
1993
Highway
 United States

Saint-Nazaire Bridge
3,356
11,010
404
1,325
1974
Road
 France

King Fahd Causeway Bridge II
3,334
10,938[70]
0?
1986
Road
 Saudi Arabia and
 Bahrain

Third Bridge
3,300
10,800
260
850
1989
Road
 Brazil

Delaware Memorial Bridge (Westbound)
(I-295 and US 40 over the Delaware River from New Jersey to Delaware)
3,291
10,797
655
2,149
1968
Highway
 United States

Delaware Memorial Bridge (Eastbound)
(I-295 and US 40 over the Delaware River from Delaware to New Jersey)
3,281
10,764
655
2,149
1951
Highway
 United States

La Unidad Bridge
3,277
10,751[71]
(Viaduct)
1982
Road
 Mexico

Tay Rail Bridge[72]
3,265
10,712
38
125
1887
Rail
 United Kingdom

Hale Boggs Memorial Bridge
(I-310 over the Mississippi River in Louisiana)
3,261
10,699
376
1,234
1983
Highway
 United States

Chahlari Ghat Bridge
3,260
10,700
0?
2017
Road
 India

Dames Point Bridge
(I-295 over the St. Johns River in Florida east of Jacksonville)
3,245
10,646
396
1,299
1989
Highway
 United States

Great South Bay Bridge
(Robert Moses Causeway over Great South Bay in Long Island, New York)
3,206
10,518
140
460
1954
Highway
 United States

Macleay River Bridge
3,200
10,500
34
112 (x94)
2013
Road
 Australia

Storstrøm Bridge
3,199
10,495
136
446
1937
Road & Rail
 Denmark

Second Orinoco crossing (Orinoquia Bridge)
3,156
10,354
300
980
2006
Road & Rail
 Venezuela

San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge
(I-80 over San Francisco Bay in California)
3,141
10,305
700
2,300
1936
Highway
 United States

Kuril Flyover
3,100
10,200[73]
(Viaduct)
2013
Highway
 Bangladesh

Bridge to Russky Island
3,100
10,200
1,104
3,622
2012
Road
 Russia

La Pepa Bridge
3,092
10,144
540
1,770
2015
Road
 Spain

Thanh Tri Bridge
3,084
10,118
130
430
2008
Road
 Vietnam

Heishipu Bridge[74]
3,068
10,066
162
531
2004
Expressway
 China

Jawahar Setu
3,061
10,043
0?
1965
Road
 India

Talmadge Memorial Bridge
(US 17 over the Savannah River in Georgia)
3,060
10,040
335
1,099
1990
Highway
 United States

Nehru Setu
3,059
10,036
32.5
107 (x93)
1900
Rail
 India

Kolia Bhomora Setu
3,015
9,892
120
390 (x24)
1987
Road
 India

Ponte Conde de Linhares
3,000
9,800
0?
1634
Road
 India

Jiangyin Bridge
3,000
9,800
1,385
4,544
1999
Expressway
 China

Korthi-Kolhar Bridge[75]
3,000
9,800
0?
2006
Road
 India

C310 Viaduct[76]
3,000
9,800
0?
2007
High-speed rail
 Taiwan

tag: table

text: Under construction[edit]

text:
Name
Length
Main Span
Completed
Traffic
Country

m
ft
m
ft

2nd Hangzhou Bay Bridge[77]
66,000
217,000
0?
2020?
Road & Rail
 China

Dhaka Elevated Expressway[78]
46,700
153,200
Viaduct
2021?
Expressway
 Bangladesh

Jakarta-Cikampek 2 Elevated Toll Road
36,840
120,870
Viaduct
2019
Highway
 Indonesia

Temburong Bridge
30,000
98,000
260
850
2019
Highway
 Brunei Darussalam

Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah Causeway (main causeway)
27,000
89,000[79]
200
660
2018[80]
Expressway
 Kuwait

MRT Sungai Buloh-Kajang Line Northern Elevated Section
23,100
75,800
Viaduct
2017
Metro
 Malaysia

Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge (main bridge)
22,800
74,800
460
1,510
2017
Expressway
 China

Dhaka Metro[81]
20,100
65,900
Viaduct
2019?
Metro
 Bangladesh

MRT Sungai Buloh-Kajang Line Southern Elevated Section
19,000
62,000
Viaduct
2017
Metro
 Malaysia

Chennai Port – Maduravoyal Expressway
19,000
62,000
0?
unknown
(on hold)
Road
 India

Kerch Strait Bridge
19,000
62,000
227
745 (x2)
2019
Road & Rail
 Russia

Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah Causeway (Doha link)
12,400
40,700[82]
0?
2018[80]
Expressway
 Kuwait

Digha-AIIMS Elevated Tollway[citation needed]
11,900
39,000
34
112 (x380)
2019
Highway
 India

Third Orinoco Crossing (es) (Mercosur Bridge)[83][84]
11,100
36,400
360
1,180
unknown
(on hold)[85]
Road & Rail
 Venezuela

Second Saecheonnyeon Bridge[86]
10,800
35,400
650
2,130 (x2)
2018
Road
 South Korea

Kacchi Dargah–Bidupur Bridge
9,760
32,020
0?
2020
Road
 India

Moghbazar mouchak flyover[87]
8,700
28,500
Viaduct
2017
Motorway
 Bangladesh

Padma Bridge[88]
6,150
20,180
150
490 (x41)
2018
Road & Rail
 Bangladesh

Manihari–Sahibganj Bridge[89]
6,000
20,000
0?
2019
Road
 India

Bakhtiyarpur–Tajpur Bridge
5,580
18,310
125
410[90] (x43)
2018
Road
 India

Jajmau Bypass[citation needed]
5,000
16,000
0?
2013[needs update]
Road
 India

Bogibeel Bridge[91]
4,940
16,210
125
410 (x39)
2017
Road & Rail
 India

Podilsko-Voskresensky Bridge[92]
4,430
14,530
344
1,129
unknown
(on hold)
Road & Metro
 Ukraine

Sydney Metro Northwest Skytrain
4,413
14,478
270
886
2019
Metro
 Australia


document_title: Claire Fraser (character)

question_text: who does claire end up with in outlander

text: Claire Fraser (character)

text:
Claire Fraser

Outlander character

Caitriona Balfe as Claire Fraser

First appearance
Novel:
Outlander (1991)
Television:
Outlander
"Sassenach" (2014)

Created by
Diana Gabaldon

Portrayed by
Caitriona Balfe

Information

Full name
Claire Elizabeth Beauchamp Randall/Fraser

Aliases
Sassenach

Spouse(s)

Frank Randall
Jamie Fraser

Relatives

Faith Fraser (daughter; deceased)
Brianna Ellen MacKenzie (daughter)
Roger (Wakefield) Mackenzie (son-in-law)
Fergus Fraser (adopted son)

Nationality
British

text: Claire Fraser is a fictional character in the Outlander series of multi-genre novels by American author Diana Gabaldon, and its television adaptation. In the series, Claire is a married World War II nurse visiting Scotland who finds herself transported from 1945 back to 1743. There she finds adventure, war and romance with the dashing Highland warrior Jamie Fraser.[1][2] Smart, stubborn and willful, Claire uses her wits, practical medical skills and knowledge of the future to survive in the 18th century.

text: Claire is portrayed by Irish actress Caitriona Balfe in the Starz television series Outlander. Balfe won a Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television in 2015[3] and 2016,[4] and a People's Choice Award for Favorite Sci-Fi/Fantasy TV Actress in 2016.[5] She also received nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama in 2015 and 2016.

text: Outlander novels[edit]

text:
Outlander (1991)
Dragonfly in Amber (1992)
Voyager (1994)
Drums of Autumn (1997)
The Fiery Cross (2001)
A Breath of Snow and Ashes (2005)
An Echo in the Bone (2009)
Written in My Own Heart's Blood (2014)

tag: ul


document_title: The Story of an Hour

question_text: who dies at the end of the story of an hour

text: The Story of an Hour

text: Summary[edit]

text: The short story describes the series of emotions Louise Mallard endures after hearing of the death of her husband, Brently, who reportedly died at work in a train accident. After hearing the news, Mrs. Mallard begins to feel a weight lifted off her shoulders. She immediately mourns the loss of her husband and makes way to her room upstairs. She sits down and looks out the window. She sees the nature and new life outside. While she is locked inside, a strange feeling comes over her. She begins to feel an unexpected sense of exhilaration, whispering, "Free! Body and soul free!" She begins to think of all the springs and summers she can enjoy without her husband around.[3] Her sudden rush of excitement is what she believes to be a benefit of his death. Along with all the excitement, Mrs. Mallard still grieves for her husband and knows she will cry about it later. Furthermore, as stated at the beginning of the story, Mrs. Mallard has heart trouble. Therefore, when her sister and her husband's friend, Richards, find out Brently is home, they attempt to inform her, in a gentle way to avoid shocking her, that her husband actually wasn't near or even aware of the train accident. Mrs. Mallard's sister begs her to open the door, as she is scared that Louise will become ill. As Louise and her sister descend the staircase, Brently enters the house. Louise suffers a heart attack upon realizing that he has not died, and she is stuck in her marriage to him after all. The story concludes with doctors blaming Louise's death on heart disease, from a "joy that kills". This is ironic, as it is implied that she actually died of grief over having her supposed freedom suddenly ripped away from her.

text: Analysis[edit]

text: The article "Marriage and The Story of an Hour" suggests that Chopin's short story demonstrates that marriage is not always what it appears to be, and that the journey to freedom can be dangerous. Chopin shows her readers that the love of only one partner in a marriage is not indicative of a mutual relationship.[4] In the story, Louise says that she loves her husband sometimes, and in the article it suggests that maybe her husband was cruel; so even though she did indeed love him, she also loves her prospective freedom from him.

text: The open window through which Mrs. Mallard gazes for a majority of the story is a sign of the freedom and opportunities that await her through her newfound independence. "She hears people and birds singing and smells a coming rainstorm. Everything that she experiences through her senses suggests joy and spring—new life." Mrs. Mallard can look into the distance and see nothing but a clear bright future ahead of her.[5]

text: Critical responses[edit]

text: Bert Bender offers a biographical reading of the text and argues that writing of the 1890s was influenced by Charles Darwin's theory of sexual selection. Chopin's understanding of the meaning of love and courtship, in particular, was altered and became more pessimistic. This attitude finds its expression in "The Story of an Hour" when Mrs. Mallard questions the meaning of love and ultimately rejects it as meaningless.[6]

text: Lawrence I. Berkove notes that there has been "virtual critical agreement" that the story is about female liberation from a repressive marriage. However, he contests this reading and argues that there is a "deeper level of irony in the story". The story, according to Berkove, depicts Mrs. Mallard as an "immature egotist" and a "victim of her own extreme self-assertion". He also challenges the notion that Chopin intended for the views of the story's main character to coincide with those of the author.[7] Xuding Wang has criticized Berkove's interpretation.[8]

text: In her article, "Emotions in 'The Story of An Hour'",[9] Selina Jamil argues that Chopin portrays Mrs. Mallard's perception of her husband's supposed death as fostered by emotions, rather than by rationality. Jamil claims that up until that point, Mrs. Mallard's life has been devoid of emotion to such an extent that she has even wondered if it is worth living. The repression of emotion may represent Mrs. Mallard's repressive husband, who had, up until that point, "smothered" and "silenced" her will. Therefore, her newfound freedom is brought on by an influx of emotion (representing the death of her repressive husband) that adds meaning and value to her life. Although Mrs. Mallard initially feels fear when she hears of her husband's death, the strength of the emotion is so powerful that Mrs. Mallard actually feels joy (because she is feeling). Since this "joy that kills" ultimately leads to Mrs. Mallard's death, one possible interpretation is that the repression of Mrs. Mallard's feelings is what killed her in the end.

text: In the same article, Jamil shows the repression that Mrs. Mallard faces as a wife. She realizes after her husband's apparent death that she is "free, free, free". This shows how her life would change and that she is now a new person and removed from the repressed life she faced before. No evidence is given in the story about how she is repressed, but her reaction to his death and her newfound confidence and freedom are enough. This repression of herself, that she dealt with, has now been removed, enabling her to be free.

text: In a 2013 article, Jeremy Foote argues that "The Story of an Hour" can be read as a commentary and warning about technology – specifically the railroad and the telegraph. The railroad, he claims, may be the cause of the distance between the Mallards (and many other couples of the time). It allowed for work and home to be very distant from each other, and eliminated opportunities for spouses to spend time together. Foote argues that the reason that Louise Mallard wanted more autonomy was because she and her husband did not spend time together. The alone time that Louise had in the house made her less close to her husband, and made her want her independence.[10]

text: The way the telegraph is used in the story can be viewed as a warning about a world in which information (and people) are moving too quickly. Instead of having enough time to think about and process the death of her husband, it is thrust upon Mrs. Mallard, in its entirety, followed within minutes by the shock of seeing him alive. As the title suggests, this is a story about the importance of time. It may not have been the events that happened so much as the speed at which they happened which is so devastating to Mrs. Mallard.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Louise Mallard is a young married woman, who feels constrained in her home and her marriage. Ellen Harrington states "It’s not as if her husband is mean or abusive, but she is trapped in a relationship that limits her freedoms as an individual." She discovers that her husband has died and she feels liberated; but soon after, her husband walks through the door, unharmed and alive, and kills his wife with a shock that was too much for her heart. Lawrence Berkove argues: "As we look at the character of Mrs. Mallard, we can take into account that, while she is happy her husband has died, she’s not involved in a loveless marriage, nor is she abused or oppressed by her husband." In fact Chopin states in her story, “She did love him. Sometimes." Mrs. Mallard wished no ill on her husband and is even sad when she first hears the news. However, upon reflection, she decides this is a good thing. She is free to live her own life again and decides she is happy her husband has died. This offers us a glimpse into the dark side of her personality. Is this a mere expression of freedom, or is she excited to be free of this man who she believes has held her back? The story is vague on that particular topic. Mahmoud Sabbaugh states "It is more or less up to the reader to decide if Louise Mallard is a feminist champion, or a monster who wished death upon her husband."

text: Film adaptation[edit]

text: In 1984, Director Tina Rathbone released a film adaptation[11] of the story titled The Joy That Kills. This film is based on Kate Chopin's story, "The Story of an Hour". Frances Conroy also suffers from a heart ailment, just like Lousie Mallard does. This production is mostly concerned with the psychological state.


document_title: American Horror Story

question_text: when does the new american horror story series start

text: American Horror Story

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Title
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
Murder House
12
October 5, 2011 (2011-10-05)
December 21, 2011 (2011-12-21)

2
Asylum
13
October 17, 2012 (2012-10-17)
January 23, 2013 (2013-01-23)

3
Coven
13
October 9, 2013 (2013-10-09)
January 29, 2014 (2014-01-29)

4
Freak Show
13
October 8, 2014 (2014-10-08)
January 21, 2015 (2015-01-21)

5
Hotel
12
October 7, 2015 (2015-10-07)
January 13, 2016 (2016-01-13)

6
Roanoke
10
September 14, 2016 (2016-09-14)
November 16, 2016 (2016-11-16)

7
Cult
11
September 5, 2017 (2017-09-05)
November 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)[8]

text: Murder House (2011)[edit]

text: Set in the year 2011, the season follows the Harmons, consisting of psychiatrist Ben (Dylan McDermott), his wife Vivien (Connie Britton), and their teenage daughter Violet (Taissa Farmiga), as they move from Boston to Los Angeles to make a fresh start after Vivien's miscarriage lead to Ben having an affair with one of his students, which almost tore their family apart. They move into a restored mansion and soon encounter the resident's housekeeper, Moira (Frances Conroy), as well as their neighbors – the eccentric Langdon family consisting of Constance (Jessica Lange) and her daughter Adelaide (Jamie Brewer). The Harmons' lives are troubled by the meddling Langdons, as well as by the disfigured Larry (Denis O'Hare), a former resident of the mansion who is secretly in love with Constance, and the scorned Hayden (Kate Mara), Ben's student who follows him to Los Angeles and is pregnant from their affair. Ben and Vivien try to rekindle their relationship as Violet, suffering from depression, finds comfort with Tate (Evan Peters), one of her father's mysterious patients who is plagued by violent dreams. The family soon discovers that the home is haunted by the ghosts of anyone who has ever died on the property. Flashbacks depict the mansion's previous homeowners throughout the last century, dating back to its construction in the 1920s. The season mostly deals with infidelity, with other themes including depression, family, school violence, and sexuality.

text: Asylum (2012–13)[edit]

text: Set in the year 1964, the season follows the patients and staff members of the church-owned Briarcliff Mental Institution, located in Massachusetts, which was founded to treat and house the criminally insane. Kit Walker (Evan Peters), accused of being prolific serial killer "Bloody Face" after the disappearance of his wife but claiming that his wife was abducted by aliens, is incarcerated at Briarcliff. This piques the interest of ambitious journalist Lana Winters (Sarah Paulson), who is yearning to find a story for her big break. At Briarcliff, Kit meets the other patients, many of whom claim to be unjustly institutionalized, including nymphomaniac Shelley (Chloe Sevigny), and the unassuming Grace (Lizzie Brocheré) from France, who appears to be harboring a deep secret of her own. Believed to be a violent serial killer, he becomes the subject of interest of pragmatic psychiatrist Dr. Oliver Thredson (Zachary Quinto) and the sadistic Dr. Arthur Arden (James Cromwell), the latter of whom routinely conducts scientific operations on patients. The institution is run under the watchful eye of the stern Sister Jude (Jessica Lange), as well as her second-in-command, the naive Sister Mary Eunice (Lily Rabe), and the founder of the institution, Monsignor Timothy Howard (Joseph Fiennes). Briarcliff's inhabitants are routinely subject to supernatural and scientific influences, including demonic possession and extraterrestrial abduction. The season mostly deals with insanity, with other themes including female sexuality, corrupt ambition, religion versus science, racism, prejudice, death, and faith.

text: Coven (2013–14)[edit]

text: Set in the year 2013, the season follows the dwindling descendants of the witches who survived the Salem Witch Trials and their struggle to hide their identity in the modern world. Those who share this genetic affliction are being subjected to violent attacks from outside forces, such as religious townspeople and witch hunters. Zoe Benson (Taissa Farmiga), a young teenager completely unaware of the existence of witches, discovers her identity as a Salem descendent after a violent accident that causes the death of her boyfriend. She is sent to an all-girls boarding school in New Orleans which aims to protect and house young women who carry this unique bloodline, and keep them from the dangers of the outside world. There, she meets the other students, narcissistic film star Madison Montgomery (Emma Roberts), outspoken Queenie (Gabourey Sidibe), and enigmatic Nan (Jamie Brewer), and gets romantically entangled with Kyle (Evan Peters), a non-witch and good-natured college student. The school is run by headmistress Cordelia Foxx (Sarah Paulson), head of the Witches Council and eccentric fashionista Myrtle Snow (Frances Conroy), and the mute butler Spalding (Denis O'Hare). Cordelia's mother, Fiona Goode (Jessica Lange), is the Supreme and most powerful witch of her generation, though she regularly avoids her responsibilities, much to the chagrin of Cordelia and her long-time rival Myrtle. After a mob of townspeople discover and nearly kill a lonely, young witch living in the swamps named Misty (Lily Rabe), Fiona returns to the school to ensure the safety of the other young witches, but also to fulfill her own hidden agenda. Events reveal a long-held rivalry between the witches of Salem and the voodoo practitioners of New Orleans, as well as a historic grudge between Voodoo Queen Marie Laveau (Angela Bassett) and socialite serial killer Delphine LaLaurie (Kathy Bates). This season mostly deals with oppression, with other themes including witchcraft, voodoo, racism, prejudice, death, and family, such as the relationships between mothers and daughters.

text: Freak Show (2014–15)[edit]

text: Set in the year 1952 in the quiet town of Jupiter, Florida, the season follows a struggling freak show led by Elsa Mars (Jessica Lange). Decades have passed since the public has looked upon freak shows as a form of entertainment, but Elsa dreams of finding a home for her "monsters", as well as for her own fame and fortune. Other members of her troupe include Jimmy (Evan Peters), a boy born with syndactyly who dreams of living a normal life, and his mother Ethel (Kathy Bates), a bearded lady who is Elsa's second-in-command by maintaining law and order under the tent. A strongman from Ethel's troubled past named Dell (Michael Chiklis), and his three-breasted wife Desiree (Angela Bassett), make waves when they arrive to join the freak show. To drum up business and save her troupe once and for all, Elsa also recruits conjoined twin sisters Bette and Dot (Sarah Paulson) to perform for her show. In a time when the era of television is beginning to reign high above sideshow acts, these individuals must overcome those who persecute them based on their looks. However, as events unfold, it is revealed that multiple dark entities have taken up residence in Jupiter, with all of their eyes being set on the freaks. A conman named Stanley (Denis O'Hare), posing as a Hollywood executive, arrives with his young protege Maggie (Emma Roberts), with the intention of murdering the freaks and sending their bodies to a museum for profit. The wealthy and spoiled Dandy (Finn Wittrock), enabled by his doting mother Gloria (Frances Conroy), develops an unhealthy obsession with the freaks, particularly Bette and Dot. Perhaps most dangerous of all is a mysterious, deformed serial killer, only known as Twisty the Clown (John Carroll Lynch), who wreaks havoc among the town and appears to be targeting freaks and townspeople alike. This season mostly deals with discrimination, with other themes including prejudice, acceptance, exploitation, entertainment, television, and medical oddities.

text: Hotel (2015–16)[edit]

text: Set in the year 2015, the season follows the strange and dangerous happenings that seem to center around the retro Hotel Cortez in downtown Los Angeles, California, initially built as a secret torture chamber to fulfill the violent desires of founder James Patrick March (Evan Peters). Detective John Lowe (Wes Bentley) arrives at the hotel, based on intel from an anonymous tip, to investigate a grisly string of murders, each of which exemplify a sin in violation of one of the Ten Commandments. He has become estranged from his wife Alex (Chloe Sevigny), who suffers from depression, and his daughter Scarlett (Shree Crooks), after the disappearance of their son Holden (Lennon Henry). As the season unfolds, the Lowes discover that the disappearance of Holden may be related to the strange activities at the hotel, lead by the centuries-old, bloodthirsty vampire Elizabeth, known to others simply as the Countess (Lady Gaga), and her current lover and former heroin addict-turned-vampire Donovan (Matt Bomer). Throughout his investigation, John also becomes entangled with a mysterious heroin junkie named Sally (Sarah Paulson), as well as the ghost of James Patrick March, who is looking for a protege to continue the violent acts he started when he was alive. The hotel's tireless staff includes the surly front desk manager Iris (Kathy Bates), Donovan's mother who took the job to be close to her son, and perceptive transgender bartender Liz (Denis O'Hare), both of whom hesitantly cater to the Countess and her homicidal tendencies. The Countess's relationship with Donovan becomes troubled with the arrival of male model heartthrob Tristan (Finn Wittrock), New York fashion designer and potential purchaser of the hotel Will Drake (Cheyenne Jackson), and her former scorned lover and actress Ramona Royale (Angela Bassett), all of whom become entangled in her hedonistic, violent lifestyle. This season mostly deals with addiction, with other themes including sexuality, insanity, revenge, debauchery, religion, sin, drug use, forgiveness, and death.

text: Roanoke (2016)[edit]

text: Set in the year 2016, the season follows the supernatural events that occur in a renovated farmhouse in North Carolina which is situated on the land where the Roanoke Colony moved after their infamous disappearance. Shelby Miller (Lily Rabe), her husband Matt (André Holland), along with Matt's sister Lee Harris (Adina Porter) recount their harrowing experience living in the farmhouse a year prior in a popular documentary titled My Roanoke Nightmare, including their encounters with the ghosts of the house's previous residents, the violent ghosts of the Roanoke Colony, the cannibalistic Polk family who live nearby, and a mysterious but dangerous entity known as Scathach. The documentary becomes a huge success, featuring dramatic reenactments of the Millers' story starring Audrey Tindall (Sarah Paulson) as Shelby, Dominic Banks (Cuba Gooding Jr.) as Matt, Monet Tumusiime (Angela Bassett) as Lee, Agnes Mary Winstead (Kathy Bates) as Thomasin, the matriarch of the ghost colony, Rory Monahan (Evan Peters) as Edward Mott, the wealthy former owner of the house, William van Henderson (Denis O'Hare) as Dr. Cunningham, a professor who becomes entranced with the paranormal happenings of the area, Dylan (Wes Bentley) as Ambrose, another member of the ghost colony, and an unnamed actress (Lady Gaga) as Scáthach. The success of the documentary leads to a sequel titled Return to Roanoke: Three Days In Hell, spearheaded by the producer of the original series, Sidney Aaron James (Cheyenne Jackson), who invites the Millers, as well as many of the reenactment actors, to return to the farmhouse for three days, where all their actions will be captured by hidden cameras. Although the Millers are aware of the entities that reside in the house, all three agree to return, each with their own agenda. The production eventually descends into disaster, however, as cast and crew alike are quickly targeted when the violent entities begin to surface. This season mostly deals with exploitation, with other themes including reality, fame, motherhood, family, publicity, revenge, the media, and television.

text: Cult (2017)[edit]

text: Set in the year 2017, the fictitious town of Brookfield Heights, Michigan, is left divided upon the wake of Donald Trump's presidential election. Local restaurant owner Ally Mayfair-Richards (Sarah Paulson) is left utterly distraught, along with her wife Ivy (Alison Pill). Despite the help of her psychiatrist, Dr. Rudy Vincent (Cheyenne Jackson), Ally becomes increasingly unstable in the following weeks, her long repressed phobias begin to re-emerge, and they begin to affect her relationships with her wife as well as their son Oz (Cooper Dodson). Across town, a young man named Kai Anderson (Evan Peters) rejoices at the election results, enticing him to pursue political power by running for city council, with the help of his reluctant, liberal sister Winter (Billie Lourd), who was also hired by the Mayfair-Richards household as their babysitter. As Ally attempts to adjust to regular life despite her growing anxiety and paranoia, she becomes terrorized by a group of masked assailants in clown attire who are only present when she is alone, leaving those around her to wonder if she was truly attacked, or if they were merely hallucinations. With Kai's rise to power revealing sinister motives, as well as suspicious activities from other residents such as her eccentric neighbors Harrison (Billy Eichner) and Meadow Wilton (Leslie Grossman) amplifying her growing distrust of those around her, Ally starts to draw connections between her alleged clown attackers and the many strange incidents occurring in Brookfield Heights, and she begins to fear that everyone in town is out to get her. This season mostly deals with marginalization, with other themes including politics, government, conspiracies, paranoia, fear, power, disenfranchisement, the media, sexism, and oppression.

text: Season 8 (2018)[edit]

text: On January 12, 2017, the series was renewed for an eighth season set to air in 2018.[7] On October 1, 2017, it was announced that cast mainstay Sarah Paulson will return to the eighth season.[9]

text: Season 9 (2019)[edit]

text: On January 12, 2017, the series was renewed for a ninth season set to air in 2019.[7]

text: Production[edit]

text: Conception[edit]

text:
What you saw in the finale was the end of the Harmon house. The second season of the show will be a brand-new home or building to haunt. Just like this year, every season of this show will have a beginning, middle and end. [The second season] won't be in L.A. It will obviously be in America, but in a completely different locale.
“
”

– Murphy on the series' anthology format[10]

tag: div

text: Creators Murphy and Falchuk began working on American Horror Story before their Fox series Glee began production. Murphy wanted to do the opposite of what he had done previously and thus began his work on the series. He stated: "I went from Nip/Tuck to Glee, so it made sense that I wanted to do something challenging and dark. And I always had loved, as Brad had, the horror genre. So it just was a natural for me."[11] Falchuk was intrigued by the idea of putting a different angle on the horror genre, stating that their main goal in creating the series was to scare viewers. "You want people to be a little bit off balance afterwards," he said.[12]

text: In February 2011, FX officially announced that it had ordered a pilot for a possible series from Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk, with both Murphy and Falchuk writing and Murphy directing. Dante Di Loreto was announced as executive producer. Production on the series began in April 2011.[13] In July 2011, FX officially announced the project had been picked up to series.[14]

text: From the beginning, Murphy and Falchuk planned that each season of the series would tell a different story.[10] After the first-season finale aired, Murphy spoke of his plans to change the cast and location for the second season.[15] He did say, however, that some actors who starred in the first season would be returning. "The people that are coming back will be playing completely different characters, creatures, monsters, etc. [The Harmons'] stories are done. People who are coming back will be playing entirely new characters," he announced.[10] In November 2012, FX chief executive, John Landgraf, described the unique format of the series stating: "[T]he notion of doing an anthological series of miniseries with a repertory cast – has proven groundbreaking, wildly successful and will prove to be trendsetting."[16]

text: At the 2013 PaleyFest, Falchuk compared the series to horror films: "It does demand a little bit of compassion at the end because you fall in love with these characters in a different way than you would in a movie," he said. "If you want to kill everybody in a movie except one person, you can kind of get away with that, but if you're looking to do a horror TV show, you have a different responsibility to the characters because the audience has a different affection for them."[17]

text: Murphy then explained the process of planning a series' season takes about a year. "We come up with story first and then we come up with the characters," he said. "It is a repertory company, so we'll move people around and sometimes there won't yet be a role for somebody. Like when we started [the second season], I really had no idea that Dylan [McDermott] would be the person to play Sarah's son, but the deeper we got, I thought, that would work great."[17]

text: In an August 2015 article for Entertainment Weekly, Murphy revealed that the show is mulling producing two seasons a year. The first being broadcast in the spring and the second in the fall. He explained, "We're doing something that we've never done before on the show where we're doing two different groups of writers rooms. Some of our writers will be bouncing around but a whole different group coming in late August. The next thing we’re crafting up is very, very different than [Hotel]. Not smaller. But just not opulent. More rogue and more dark."[18]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Connie Britton was first to be cast in the series, portraying female lead Vivien Harmon on Murder House.[19] Denis O'Hare joined second as Larry Harvey.[20] Jessica Lange soon followed as Constance, her first regular role on television.[21] Dylan McDermott joined the cast soon after Lange as the male lead Ben Harmon.[22] Taissa Farmiga and Evan Peters were the last actors to be added to the main cast, portraying Violet Harmon and Tate Langdon, respectively.[23]

text: In March 2012, Murphy revealed that the second season had been conceptualized around Jessica Lange who portrays Sister Jude, a sadistic nun who runs the asylum.[24] Evan Peters, Sarah Paulson, Lily Rabe and Zachary Quinto also return as main cast members in the second season.[25] Peters portrays Kit Walker, an inmate accused of murdering his wife.[26] Paulson portrays Lana, a lesbian reporter who gets committed to the asylum because of her sexuality and intent to snoop around the sanitorium.[27] Rabe's character is Sister Mary Eunice, clumsy second-in-charge to Sister Jude.[28] Quinto portrays Dr. Thredson, a psychiatrist at the asylum.[29][30] Lizzie Brocheré stars as Grace Bertrand, a character described originally as "a fierce, ferocious, extremely sexual, and dangerous wild-child sexpot", but the role was later heavily revamped.[31][32] James Cromwell co-stars as Dr. Arthur Arden, who proclaims to be in charge of the asylum and performs dark experiments on its patients.[33][34][35] Joseph Fiennes starred as Monsignor Timothy Howard, a possible love interest for Sister Jude.[35][36][37]

text: For the third season, series executive producers and co-creators Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk stated that, as with the second season, "many actors" would return in different roles, beginning with Jessica Lange.[38] Evan Peters and Sarah Paulson were confirmed to return, portraying Kyle Spencer and Cordelia Foxx, respectively. Murphy added that Lange would portray a "real glamour-cat lady", later revealed to be named Fiona Goode.[39] Taissa Farmiga, Violet in the first season, starred as Zoe Benson, a character that is involved in a prominent romance during the season.[40] Lily Rabe co-starred as Misty Day.[41] Series recurring actress Frances Conroy joined as a main cast member, playing the character of Myrtle Snow.[40] Oscar-winning actress Kathy Bates was confirmed to co-star. It was first reported that she would portray "a woman who, at the start, is Lange's character's best friend, but will become her worst enemy", but this was altered.[42] Murphy stated that Bates' character will be "five times worse than [her] Misery character" and is also inspired by a "true event". She portrayed Madame Delphine LaLaurie, an immortal racist.[43] It was announced in May 2013 that Emma Roberts had been added to the cast. Roberts played Madison Montgomery, a "self-involved party girl".[44] In July 2013, season one alum Denis O'Hare also joined the cast in an unknown role,[45] later revealed as Spalding.

text: In November 2013, Ryan Murphy confirmed that Jessica Lange would be returning for a fourth season, although in a reduced capacity. It was later revealed she would be playing Freak Show owner Elsa Mars.[46] Kathy Bates returned in a main role, portraying bearded lady Ethel Darling.[47] On March 29, 2014, Murphy announced that Sarah Paulson, Evan Peters, Frances Conroy, Emma Roberts, Denis O'Hare, and Angela Bassett would all return for the fourth season.[48] Paulson portrayed conjoined sisters Bette and Dot Tattler; Peters portrayed "Lobster Boy" Jimmy Darling; Conroy played the well-off Gloria Mott; Bassett portrayed three-breasted hermaphrodite Desiree Dupree; and O'Hare played Stanley, a conman working with Roberts' Maggie Esmerelda. At PaleyFest 2014, it was revealed that Michael Chiklis would be joining the cast as Dell Toledo, the father of Jimmy, ex-husband of Ethel, and current husband of Desiree.[49] Finn Wittrock later joined the main cast as Gloria's spoiled son, Dandy Mott.

text: On the series' fifth cycle, singer-songwriter Lady Gaga was announced as the first and new cast member on February 25, 2015.[50] After a special guest appearance on the previous season, Matt Bomer joined the fifth season's cast along with series newcomer Cheyenne Jackson during PaleyFest 2015.[51] Chloë Sevigny and Wes Bentley were promoted as main cast members, after they appear as recurring special guests in Asylum and Freak Show respectively.[52] Since PaleyFest, Murphy has announced the series returns of Kathy Bates, Sarah Paulson, Evan Peters and Angela Bassett.[53] On June 2015, Denis O'Hare will also return for the fifth series.[54] In August 2015, Murphy announced the character roles for the cast: Gaga portrayed Elizabeth Johnson also known as "The Countess", a fashionista who owns the Hotel Cortez; Jackson played desperate fashion designer Will Drake; O'Hare's Liz Taylor was a transwoman bartender who works at the hotel's Blue Parrot Lounge bar; Sevigny played pediatrician Dr. Alex Lowe who was the wife of Bentley's John Lowe, a detective who investigates the murders inside the hotel; Bomer’s role as Donovan was the acquaintance to the Countess and often had conflict between his mother and hotel manager Iris (played by Bates); Bassett portrayed actress Ramona Royale who was the former lover of Elizabeth; Paulson describes her character, Sally as a drug addict who had a rivalry with Iris and forms a bond with John since his visit in the hotel.[55] Peters played serial killer James Patrick March and was the original hotelier of the Hotel Cortez.

text: In February 2016, Angela Bassett confirms she will return to join the main cast of the sixth series during an interview with Larry King.[56] Denis O'Hare announced that he will also appear in the series on a May 2016 interview.[57] In June 2016, Cheyenne Jackson and Evan Peters return for the sixth season as well as Wes Bentley and Kathy Bates.[58][59][60] In August 2016, Sarah Paulson announced that she would return to the series in the sixth season and Ryan Murphy announced that award-nominated actor Cuba Gooding Jr. joined the main cast.[61][62] In September 2016, the full main cast was announced after the pilot episode with the inclusion of André Holland and returning series veteran Lily Rabe.[63] On Halloween 2016, Murphy announced that Paulson's Asylum character, Lana Winters will also appear in the series after the recent appearance of the actress' first role Billie Dean Howard from Murder House in the final episode of the fifth season.[64][65]

text: For the seventh season, Paulson and Peters were set to return in the series during the Winter 2017 TCA Press Tour.[66] Billie Lourd, who made her breakout appearance with Murphy in 2015, was confirmed to join the main cast on April while Jackson was the next series regular to return in the next month.[67][68][69] In June, Alison Pill was announced to co-star in the series portraying the partner of Paulson’s character.[70]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The pilot episode was shot on location in a house in Country Club Park, Los Angeles, California, which serves as the haunted house and crime scene in the series. Designed and built in 1908 by Alfred Rosenheim, the president of the American Institute of Architects' Los Angeles chapter, the Tudor or Collegiate Gothic-style single family home was previously used as a convent.[71][72] The first season was filmed on sets which are an exact replica of the house.[73] Details such as Louis Comfort Tiffany stained glass windows and hammered bronze light fixtures were re-created to preserve the look of the house.[71]

text: Production and shooting for the second season began in late July 2012 for a scheduled premiere in mid October.[74] The exteriors for the second season were filmed in Hidden Valley, Ventura County, California, a rural area outside Los Angeles, although the season took place in Massachusetts.[75]

text: Principal photography for the third season began on July 23, 2013,[76] in New Orleans, Louisiana.[77][78] It was first reported that the season would film in multiple locations, but filming primarily took place in New Orleans.[79]

text: Principal photography for season 4 began on July 15, 2014, in New Orleans, though the story takes place in Jupiter, Florida.

text: Principal photography for season 5 began on July 14, 2015, in Los Angeles, California, where the story also takes place.[80] Murphy revealed a six-story hotel set was being built on the Fox lot. A dummy set of the hotel was built at the 2015 San Diego Comic-Con International, showing an Art Deco style building from the 1920s, inspired by the old Hollywood era.[81]

text: Filming for season 6 began on July 6, 2016 at Santa Clarita, California.[82] Set constructions include a Colonial Settler home to speculate the disappearance of the Roanoke Colony.[83]

text: Originally for season 7, filming will begin at Orange, California on June 2017 before it was moved to May instead.[84][85]

text: Title sequences[edit]

text: American Horror Story's title screens offer vague hints to important plot elements and events that compose each season. For Murder House, Murphy described the sequence as a mini-mystery and stated that: "By the time you see the ninth episode of this season, every image in that title sequence will be explained," establishing the purpose of the title sequence for future seasons.[86]

text: The opening title sequence was created by Kyle Cooper and his company Prologue. He also created the title sequence for the AMC series The Walking Dead and the 1995 film Seven. The theme music was composed by sound designer Cesar Davila-Irizarry and musician Charlie Clouser.[87] The cinematography was done by Juan Ruiz Anchía and the editing by Gabriel J. Diaz.

text: For the first season, the sequence is set in the Harmons' basement and includes images of postmortem young children, fetuses in jars, skulls, a christening dress, a nurse's uniform, and a figure holding a pair of bloody hedge clippers. A photo of alleged axe murderer Lizzie Borden is shown.

text: The second season's opening sequence is done by the same creative team. "We are shooting a new title sequence with the same team that did last year's," series creator Ryan Murphy said. "The song may stay... not sure."[88] The music was kept, and the new title sequence was set around the Asylum, using shots of inmates raving and surgeons operating on patients with bandages obscuring their faces. Elements include a young girl walking backwards on her hands and feet up a staircase and a shot of the Virgin Mary's smile changing from one of benevolence to one of spite.

text: The third season's opening sequence keeps the same music, and this sequence is the first one to be filmed primarily outside and not in an enclosed location. Shots include figures wearing black robes and capirotes, a bony-skeleton creature with wings and shots of dead goats, the Minotaur from the season also appears. For the first time, there are actual backgrounds that appear with the actor names instead of an all-black background, some of these images include witches hanging and Santa Muerte. Other elements include a black man with piercing eyes and a disturbing smile as well as voodoo dolls. The final shot continues after the figures in black capirotes seize one of their own who is later seen burning at a stake where young, dress-clad witches dance around.

text: The fourth season's opening sequence changed things up, the series theme music remains intact albeit with an added carnival-like soundscape. The sequence is composed of both CGI and stop-motion animation and features strange characters such as a skeleton chimera of a human being and an elephant riding a bicycle, a skeleton of what appears to be a single head but two bodies, a devil-like man, a boy in a wheel chair with deformed legs, a character with severe syndactyly of the hands and feet, a clown who can twist his head around, a woman with a third leg where her genitalia should be, and a demonic cymbal-banging monkey toy. There are also shots of side show attractions like the Human Blockhead, knife throwing and sword swallowing. The main recurring element features a balloon twister popping balloons with a knife.

text: The fifth season's opening sequence also was very different from previous seasons', taking a more biblical approach. The font, while remaining the same as the first four seasons, glow in red against a hotel wallpaper. The Ten Commandments are also shown throughout the video. The intro returns to live-action like the first three seasons. Visuals include many people scrubbing blood all over the walls and the floor, strange things shown through peepholes, people being victims to the hotel, little kids running around the hotel, as well as many different creatures.[89]

text: The sixth season featured no title sequence or opening credits, instead opting for a simple title card (from the first season) which read "American Horror Story", while the series theme music plays over the end credits.

text: In the deveploment of the seventh season, Ryan Murphy confirmed that the opening sequence will return. The seventh season's opening sequence features the series theme music played by a marching band. The sequence is live-action. Visuals include: a gang of clown rises from a casket, Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton masks, Benjamin Franklin statue, a dead dog killed by toxic gas, a Merry Go Round, bloody hands that cannot be washed, beehive, toxic smoke released from a grenade, holes in several forms, bloody US flag with sound of a xylophone playing The Star-Spangled Banner, blood covered couple having sex and a handcuffed pinky promise. Clowns also appear throughout the sequence.

text: The title sequence for all seasons of the show use a variation of the Willow typeface that very closely resembles a style for which Scottish designer Charles Rennie Mackintosh was known.[90]

text: Promotion[edit]

text: As part of the promotion for the series, FX launched a "House Call" campaign, in which viewers at home could sign up and come face-to-face with a character from the series.[91] Prior to the series premiere, FX released several clues to shine light on the series. They were offered on the show's official YouTube channel. Ten clues were released.[92] In September 2011, FX launched a website which allows visitors to tour the Murder House throughout the decades and look for clues.[93]

text: In August 2012, the first promo for the second season was released on the American Horror Story Facebook page entitled "Special Delivery", in which a nun carries a couple of buckets filled with body parts through a field. As a church bell rings, the nun empties one bucket's bloody contents, leaving the empty bucket behind, and resumes her trek.[94] Over 20 subsequent teasers were released.[95] Four photos were also released on EW.com.[96] Two televised teasers, titled "Meet the Residents", were released on August 31, 2012. They feature the patients and some staff (such as Dr. Thredson, played by Zachary Quinto, and Sister Mary Eunice, played by Lily Rabe) lying in twin beds and dealing with their individual issues as the heads of the asylum (Jessica Lange, Joseph Fiennes and James Cromwell) look on. The song "Que Sera, Sera", mixed with the show's theme music, plays.[97] To promote Cult, a competition was set up where fans who donated to the Children's Hospital Los Angeles could get a chance to get a walk-on role in an episode, and lunch with Evan Peters.[98]

text: Universal's Halloween Horror Nights[edit]

text: On August 16, 2016, FX announced a deal had been struck to feature an American Horror Story exhibit at Universal Studios Hollywood and Universal Orlando for their Halloween Horror Nights. The maze will feature sets and themes from Murder House, Freak Show, and Hotel. Universal said of the experience, "Twisted scenes from Murder House will unleash the evil spirits that possess the Harmon estate, spiraling guests through decades of the tortured dead who previously resided there. In Freak Show, guests will join a troupe of biological misfits in a sinister sideshow where they'll be stalked by the murderous and deformed Twisty the Clown. Finally, guests will succumb to the warped desires of The Countess after checking into the haunted Hotel Cortez, conceived from the beginning as a torture chamber for its customers."[99]

text: In 2017, the show returned as haunted attractions to both parks, with Universal Orlando having an attraction based on Asylum, Coven, and Roanoke, and Universal Studios Hollywood basing their attraction solely on Roanoke.

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The series premiered on October 5, 2011, and is broadcast on the cable television channel FX in the United States. In November 2011, it premiered internationally on the respective countries' Fox International Channels. The first season premiered on October 5, 2011, and concluded on December 21, 2011. The second season premiered on October 17, 2012, and concluded on January 23, 2013. The third season premiered on October 9, 2013, and concluded on January 29, 2014. The fourth season premiered on October 8, 2014, and concluded on January 21, 2015. The fifth season premiered on October 7, 2015, and concluded on January 13, 2016. The sixth season premiered on September 14, 2016, and concluded on November 16, 2016. The seventh season premiered on September 5, 2017, and will conclude on November 14, 2017. The latter three seasons premiered on the same day and same time with the American broadcasts on FX in Canada, though the first season followed a slightly different schedule as that network launched on October 31, 2011. The series is aired in India on STAR World Premiere HD shortly after its U.S. airing. Along with it, it airs on FX India on standard definition and Fox in UK and Ireland in October 2011.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text:
Season
Critical response

Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic

Murder House
74% (38 reviews)
62 (30 reviews)

Asylum
84% (43 reviews)
65 (23 reviews)

Coven
84% (34 reviews)
71 (24 reviews)

Freak Show
79% (32 reviews)
69 (19 reviews)

Hotel
63% (43 reviews)
60 (24 reviews)

Roanoke
78% (13 reviews)
72 (9 reviews)

Cult
76% (38 reviews)
66 (24 reviews)

Average
76%
67

text: The first season of American Horror Story received generally positive reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 74% of 38 critics gave the first season a positive review. The site's consensus stated: "Convoluted yet effective, American Horror Story is strange, gory, and twisted enough to keep viewers hooked."[100] The first season scored 62 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 30 reviews.[101] Ken Tucker from Entertainment Weekly awarded the pilot episode a B+, stating: "AHS is pretty much all scare, all the time: a whole lotta screams, sex, jolts, mashed faces, psychotic behavior, and dead babies."[102] Hank Stuever from The Washington Post said in his review that: "Overdoing things is one of Murphy's trademark flaws, but this show has a captivating style and giddy gross-outs."[103] Not all reviews were favorable: Alan Sepinwall of HitFix gave the series a D−, saying: "It is so far over the top that the top is a microscopic speck in its rearview mirror, and so full of strange sounds, sights and characters that you likely won't forget it – even though many of you will wish you could."[104] Sepinwall would later go on to call it one of the worst TV shows of 2011.[105] The Los Angeles Times' Mary McNamara gave it a mixed review, stating that it "collapses into camp... upon more than one occasion" but also noting that it is "hard to look away."[106]

text: The second season, American Horror Story: Asylum, received mostly positive reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 84% of 43 critics gave the season a positive review. The site's consensus is: "American Horror Story: Asylum crosses boundaries to shock and scare with sexy subplots and some innovative takes on current social issues."[107] It scored 65 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 23 reviews.[108] James Poniewozik from Time stated: "AHS: Asylum feels like a more focused, if equally frenetic, screamfest. It's also gorgeously realized, with a vision of its '60s institution setting so detailed you can smell the stale air and incense."[109] Maureen Ryan of The Huffington Post said: "It's to the credit of Asylum's writers, directors and cast that the emotional pain of the characters often feels as real as their uncertainty and terror."[110] Verne Gay from Newsday gave the season a C grade, stating it "has some good special effects, just not much of a story to hang them on."[111] Linda Stasi of the New York Post thought the season was "over the top," adding: "I need to enter [an asylum] myself after two hours of this craziness."[112]

text: The third season, American Horror Story: Coven, received positive reviews. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 84% of 34 critics gave the season a positive review. The site's consensus reads: "A noteworthy ensemble cast combined with creepy storytelling and campy, outrageous thrills make American Horror Story: Coven a potently structured fright-fest."[113] It scored 71 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 24 reviews, the highest score for the show to that point. Not all reviews were positive, however, with criticism focused mainly in regards to the progression of both the story and certain character arcs in the second half of the season. The A.V. Club gave this season the low rating of a D+, with critic Todd Van DerWerff remarking: "It lurched drunkenly from idea to idea, never settling on one long enough to build anything of worth."[114]

text: The fourth season, American Horror Story: Freak Show, received mostly positive reviews. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 79% of 32 critics gave the season a positive review. The site's consensus is: "Though it may turn off new viewers unaccustomed to its unabashed weirdness, Freak Show still brings the thrills, thanks to its reliably stylish presentation and game cast."[115] It scored 69 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 19 "generally favorable" reviews.[116]

text: The fifth season, American Horror Story: Hotel, received mixed reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes reports that 63% of 43 critics gave the season a positive review. The site's consensus is: "Favoring garish style over effective storytelling, the fifth American Horror Story strands a talented cast at Ryan Murphy's Hotel." Audience reception on the same website was also mixed, with 57% of viewers giving the show a favorable review.[117] Hotel scored a 60 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 24 "mixed or average" reviews.[118]

text: The sixth season, American Horror Story: Roanoke, received positive reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes reports that 78% of 13 critics gave the season a positive review. The site's consensus is: "American Horror Story: My Roanoke Nightmare takes a surprising turn away from prior AHS formats, revisiting the deliberate pace of earlier seasons on a spookier, smaller scale, even if the true-crime format feels overdone."[119] It scored a 72 on Metacritic based on six reviews.[120]

text: The seventh season, American Horror Story: Cult, received generally positive reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes reports that 76% of 38 critics gave the season a positive review. The site's consensus is: "American Horror Story: Cult intrigues with timely, over-the-top creepiness – and lots of clowns – despite being hampered by broad political generalizations and occasional holes in the narrative's logic." It scored a 66 on Metacritic based on 24 "generally favorable" reviews.

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The pilot episode of American Horror Story was watched by 3.2 million viewers and averaged a 1.6 rating in the 18–49 years adult demographic, the most sought after by advertisers.[121] These were the best numbers FX had ever received for a series premiere.[122] The episode was seen by 3.2 million total viewers in 59 countries.[123] Ratings increased as the season progressed, with the season finale being watched by 3.22 million viewers and receiving a 1.7 ratings share in the 18–49 years adult demographic.[124] The series premiere aired in November 2011 across Europe and Latin America on Fox International Channels, and ranked as first or second most watched telecast in its timeslot among all paid television in most metered markets.[123] "Numbers so strong, it’s scary. American Horror Story has brought droves of new viewers to a killer global lineup," said Hernan Lopez, the president of Fox International Channels.[123]

text: The second season's premiere gained a 2.2 18–49 ratings share and gathered 3.85 million viewers,[125] marking the highest numbers for the series.[126] By the season's sixth episode, the numbers dropped to a series-low 0.9 18–49 ratings share and 1.89 million viewers;[127] however, they rebounded to above two million viewers for the subsequent episodes,[128][129] and reached 2.29 million viewers for the season's finale.[130] The premiere of the fifth season of the series became the second most-watched telecast in the network's history, only behind the premiere episode of the previous season, which was watched by 6.13 million viewers.[131] The show was subsequently renewed for another season; John Landgraf, the CEO of the network, commented on the show's success by saying that American Horror Story, the network's highest rated series, "has unquestionably joined the ranks of television's landmark series."[132] In 2016, a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that "unlike a lot of shows about the supernatural", American Horror Story was "more popular in cities, but also throughout parts of the Southwest".[133]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
TV season
Avg. viewers
(millions)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
Wednesday 10:00 p.m.
12
October 5, 2011
3.18
December 21, 2011
3.22
2011–12
2.82

2
13
October 17, 2012
3.85
January 23, 2013
2.29
2012–13
2.53

3
13
October 9, 2013
5.54
January 29, 2014
4.24
2013–14
4.00

4
13
October 8, 2014
6.13
January 21, 2015
3.27
2014–15
3.85

5
12
October 7, 2015
5.81
January 13, 2016
2.24
2015–16
2.89

6
10
September 14, 2016
5.14
November 16, 2016
2.45
2016–17
2.93

7
Tuesday 10:00 p.m.
11
September 5, 2017
3.93
TBA
TBD
2017–18
TBD

text:
Season
Ep. 1
Ep. 2
Ep. 3
Ep. 4
Ep. 5
Ep. 6
Ep. 7
Ep. 8
Ep. 9
Ep. 10
Ep. 11
Ep. 12
Ep. 13

Murder House
3.18
2.46
2.59
2.96
2.74
2.83
3.06
2.81
2.85
2.54
2.59
3.22
N/A

Asylum
3.85
3.06
2.47
2.65
2.78
1.89
2.27
2.36
2.22
2.21
2.51
2.30
2.29

Coven
5.54
4.51
3.78
3.71
3.80
4.16
4.00
4.07
3.94
3.49
3.46
3.35
4.24

Freak Show
6.13
4.53
4.44
4.51
4.22
3.65
3.91
3.30
3.07
2.99
3.11
2.94
3.27

Hotel
5.81
4.06
3.20
3.04
2.87
2.64
2.64
2.31
2.14
1.85
1.84
2.24
N/A

Roanoke
5.14
3.27
3.08
2.83
2.82
2.48
2.62
2.20
2.43
2.45
N/A

Cult
3.93
2.38
2.25
2.13
2.20
2.15
2.07
2.06
1.48
1.82
TBD
N/A

text: Accolades[edit]

text: American Horror Story has won 59 of its 230 award nominations. The franchise has garnered 28 Primetime Emmy Award nominations, with Jessica Lange winning for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie and for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie, James Cromwell winning for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie, and Kathy Bates winning for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie. It received an additional 50 Creative Arts Emmy Award nominations, winning eleven times, including Outstanding Hairstyling for a Miniseries or a Movie, Outstanding Costumes for a Miniseries, Movie, or Special, Outstanding Sound Editing for a Miniseries, Movie, or Special, and Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series, Limited Series, Movie or a Special.[140] It has received nine Golden Globe Award nominations, with Lange winning for Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Miniseries or Television Film,[141] and Lady Gaga winning for Best Actress in a Miniseries or Television Film.[142] The series has also received three Screen Actors Guild Award nominations, with Lange winning for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series.[143] Additional accolades include eighteen Critics' Choice Television Awards nominations, with four wins,[144] the GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding TV Miniseries,[145] four Costume Designers Guild Awards nominations, winning three times,[146] eight wins out of ten nominations at the Make-Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild,[147] five People's Choice Awards nominations, winning once,[148] and eleven Satellite Awards nomination, with three wins.[149]