document_title: Maillard reaction

question_text: what carcinogen is known to be produced when high carbohydrate foods are cooked at high temperature

text: Maillard reaction

text: History[edit]

text: In 1912 Maillard published a paper to explain what happens when amino acids react with sugars at elevated temperatures.[1] However, it was chemist John E. Hodge, working at the U.S. Department of Agriculture in Peoria, Illinois, who published a paper in 1953 that established a mechanism for the Maillard reaction.[5][6]

text: Foods and products with Maillard reactions[edit]

text: The Maillard reaction is responsible for many colors and flavors in foods:

text:
The browning of various meats like steak, when seared and grilled
The browning and umami taste in fried onions
Coffee roasting
The darkened crust of baked goods like pretzels, bagels, and toast
The golden-brown color of French fries and other crisps
Malted barley, found in malt whiskey or beer
Dried or condensed milk
Dulce de leche
Black garlic
Chocolate
Lightly roasted peanuts

tag: ul

text: 6-Acetyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine is responsible for the biscuit or cracker-like flavor present in baked goods like bread, popcorn, and tortilla products. The structurally related compound 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline has a similar smell, and occurs also naturally without heating and gives varieties of cooked rice and the herb pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius) their typical smells. Both compounds have odor thresholds below 0.06 ng/l.[7]

text: The browning reactions that occur when meat is roasted or seared are complicated, and occur mostly by Maillard browning[8] with contributions from other chemical reactions, including the breakdown of the tetrapyrrole rings of the muscle protein myoglobin.

text: Caramelization is an entirely different process from Maillard browning, though the results of the two processes are sometimes similar to the naked eye (and taste buds). Caramelization may sometimes cause browning in the same foods in which the Maillard reaction occurs, but the two processes are distinct. They are both promoted by heating, but the Maillard reaction involves amino acids, as discussed above, whereas caramelization is simply the pyrolysis of certain sugars.

text: In making silage, excess heat causes the Maillard reaction to occur, which reduces the amount of energy and protein available to the animals who feed on it.

text: Chemical mechanism[edit]

text:
The carbonyl group of the sugar reacts with the amino group of the amino acid, producing N-substituted glycosylamine and water
The unstable glycosylamine undergoes Amadori rearrangement, forming ketosamines
There are several ways for the ketosamines to react further:

Produce 2 water and reductones
Diacetyl, aspirin, pyruvaldehyde and other short-chain hydrolytic fission products can be formed
Produce brown nitrogenous polymers and melanoidins

text: The open-chain Amadori product undergo further dehydration and de-amination to produce dicarbonyls.[9] This is a crucial intermediate.

text: Dicarbonyls react with amine to produce Strecker aldehyde through Strecker degradation.[10]

text: Acrylamide, a possible human carcinogen,[11] can be generated as a by-product of Maillard reaction between reducing sugars and amino acids, especially asparagine, both of which are present in most food products.[12][13]

text: Physiology[edit]

text: The Maillard reaction also occurs in the human body. It is a step in the formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs).[14] It is tracked by measuring pentosidine.

text: Although the Maillard reaction has been studied most extensively in foods, it has also shown a correlation in numerous different diseases in the human body, in particular degenerative eye diseases. In general, these diseases are due to the accumulation of AGEs on nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Though AGEs have numerous origins, they can form from the oxidation and dehydration of Amadori adducts, which themselves are products of nonenzymatic Maillard reactions. Apart from ocular diseases, whose correlation with Maillard chemistry has been more recently studied, the formation of AGEs has also proven to contribute to a wide range of human diseases that include diabetic complications, pulmonary fibrosis, and neurodegeneration.[15] The positron emission tomography imaging agent fluorodeoxyglucose has been shown to undergo the Maillard reaction to form fluorodeoxyglycosylamine.

text: Receptor systems in the body have been suggested to have evolved to remove glycation-modified molecules, such as AGEs, to eliminate their effects. The adverse effects of AGE accumulation appear to be mediated by numerous different AGE receptors. Examples include AGE-R1, galectin-3, CD36, and, most noted, RAGE, the receptor for AGEs.

text: Advanced glycation in numerous different locations within the eye can prove detrimental. In the cornea, whose endothelial cells have been known to express RAGE and galectin-3, the accumulation of AGEs is associated with thickened corneal stroma, corneal edema, and morphological changes within patients with diabetes. Within the lens, Maillard chemistry has been studied extensively in the context of cataract formation. Advanced glycation is known to alter fiber membrane integrity in the lens, and dicarbonyl compounds are known to cause increased aggregate formation within the lens. This effect is exacerbated by both diabetes and aging. Furthermore, it is thought that AGE-inhibiting compounds are effective in preventing cataract formation in diabetics.

text: Glycation in Maillard reactions may lead to destabilization of the vitreous gel structure within the eye via unnecessary cross-linking between collagen fibrils. Again, this process is more strongly observed within diabetic patients.

text: Within the retina, the accumulation of AGEs in the drusen and Bruch's membrane has been associated with age, and has also been observed at a higher level among patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This is manifested by the thickening of the Bruch's membrane. Furthermore, it has been observed that AGE levels increase with age within the lamina cribrosa, and the products of the Maillard reaction have been observed there, as well.

text: A wide range of ocular diseases, particularly diabetic retinopathy, may be prevented by the inhibition of the Maillard reaction. This may be achieved in numerous ways: preventing the formation of AGEs, reducing the effectiveness of the AGE signaling pathway and the receptor-ligand interactions, or breaking the AGE crosslinks. This latter method has already been achieved to some extent by the breaker alagebrium, though its effectiveness against retinopathy is unknown. Another method is by the use of amadorins, which are able to prevent the reaction of Amadori intermediates, which form into AGEs, by scavenging the reactive carbonyls.[16]

text: Acrylaway is an enzyme that cannot be seen or tasted in the food. It can only be measured through advanced laboratory equipment. During the Maillard reaction, the asparaginase Acrylaway can reduce the mitigation of acrylamide by up to 90 per cent, and can be used in a broad range of foods such as biscuits, cookies, crackers, French fries, crisp and toasted bread, fried and baked snacks, and breakfast cereals – without changing the taste or appearance of the product.[17]

text: The Maillard delycases are a set of enzymes of the DJ-1/Park7 family, that can degrade Maillard adducts and prevent the formation of advanced glycation endproducts in proteins and DNA. They act on the early glycation adducts between glyoxals (methylglyoxal and glyoxals) and cysteine, arginine and lysine in proteins and guanine in DNA and RNA (18, 19). Their ability to prevent the glycation of proteins and nucleic acids suggests that they are involved in the fight against aging, and against many diseases including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetic and post-diabetic diseases.


document_title: Himalayas

question_text: when did the himalayan mountains start to form

root

text: Himalayas

text: Name[edit]

text: The name of the range derives from the Sanskrit Himā-laya (हिमालय, "Abode of Snow"), from himá (हिम, "snow") and ā-laya (आलय, "receptacle, dwelling").[6] They are now known as the "Himalaya Mountains", usually shortened to the "Himalayas". Formerly, they were described in the singular as the "Himalaya". This was also previously transcribed "Himmaleh", as in Emily Dickinson's poetry[7] and Henry David Thoreau's essays.[8]

tag: p

text: The mountains are known as the Himālaya in Nepali and Hindi (both written हिमालय), the Himalaya (ཧི་མ་ལ་ཡ་) or 'The Land of Snow' (གངས་ཅན་ལྗོངས་) in Tibetan, the Hamaleh Mountain Range (سلسلہ کوہ ہمالیہ) in Urdu and the Ximalaya Mountain Range (t 喜馬拉雅山脈, > Xǐmǎlāyǎ Shānmài) in Chinese.

text: Geography and key features[edit]

text: In the middle of the great curve of the Himalayan mountains lie the 8000m peaks of Dhaulagiri and Annapurna in Nepal, separated by the Kali Gandaki Gorge. The gorge splits the Himalayas into Western and Eastern sections both ecologically and orographically – the pass at the head of the Kali Gandaki, the Kora La is the lowest point on the ridgeline between Everest and K2. To the east of Annapurna are the 8000 m peaks of Manaslu and across the border in Tibet, Shishapangma. To the south of these lies Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal and the largest city in the Himalayas. East of the Kathmandu Valley lies valley of the Bhote/Sun Kosi river which rises in Tibet and provides the main overland route between Nepal and China – the Araniko Highway/China National Highway 318. Further east is the Mahalangur Himal with four of the world's six highest mountains, including the highest: Cho Oyu, Everest, Lhotse and Makalu. The Khumbu region, popular for trekking, is found here on the south-western approaches to Everest. The Arun river drains the northern slopes of these mountains, before turning south and flowing through the range to the east of Makalu.

text: In the far east of Nepal the Himalayas rise to the Kanchenjunga massif on the border with India, the third highest mountain in the world, the most easterly 8000 m summit and the highest point of India. The eastern side of Kanchenjunga is in the Indian state of Sikkim. Formerly an independent Kingdom, it lies on the main route from India to Lhasa, Tibet, which passes over the Nathu La pass into Tibet. East of Sikkim lies the ancient Buddhist Kingdom of Bhutan. The highest mountain in Bhutan is Gangkhar Puensum, which is also a strong candidate for the highest unclimbed mountain in the world. The Himalayas here are becoming increasingly rugged with heavily forested steep valleys. The Himalayas continue, turning slightly north east, through the Indian State of Arunachal Pradesh as well as Tibet, before reaching their easterly conclusion in the peak of Namche Barwa, situated in Tibet inside the great bend of the Yarlang Tsangpo river. On the other side of the Tsangpo, to the east, are the Kangri Garpo mountains. The high mountains to the north of the Tsangpo including Gyala Peri, however, are also sometimes also included in the Himalayas.

text: Going west from Dhaulagiri, Western Nepal is somewhat remote and lacks major high mountains, but is home to Rara Lake, the largest lake in Nepal. The Karnali River rises in Tibet but cuts through the centre of the region. Further west, the border with India follows the Sarda River and provides a trade route into China, where on the Tibetan plateau lies the high peak of Gurla Mandhata. Just across Lake Manasarovar from this lies the sacred Mount Kailash, which stands close to the source of the four main rivers of Himalayas and is revered in Hinduism, Buddhism, Sufism, Jainism and Bonpo. In the newly created Indian state of Uttarkhand, the Himalayas rise again as the Garwhal Himalayas with the high peaks of Nanda Devi and Kamet. The state is also an important pilgrimage destination, with the source of the Ganges at Gangotri and the Yamuna at Yamunotri, and the temples at Badrinath and Kedarnath.

text: The next Himalayan Indian state, Himachal Pradesh, lacks very high mountains, but is noted for its hill stations, particularly Shimla, the summer capital of the British Raj, and Dharmasala, the centre of the Tibetan community in exile in India. This area marks the start of the Punjab Himalaya and the Sutlej river, the most easterly of the five tributaries of the Indus, cuts through the range here. Further west, the Himalayas form most of the southern portion of the disputed Indian State of Jammu & Kashmir. The twin peaks of Nun Kun are the only mountains over 7000 m in this part of the Himalayas. Beyond lies the renown Kashmir Valley and the town and lakes of Srinagar. Finally, the Himalayas cross the Line of Control into Pakistan and reach their western end in the dramatic 8000 m peak of Nanga Parbat, which rises over 7000 m above the Indus valley and is the most westerly of the 8000 m summits.

text: Geology[edit]

text: The Himalayan range is one of the youngest mountain ranges on the planet and consists mostly of uplifted sedimentary and metamorphic rock. According to the modern theory of plate tectonics, its formation is a result of a continental collision or orogeny along the convergent boundary between the Indo-Australian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. The Arakan Yoma highlands in Myanmar and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal were also formed as a result of this collision.

text: During the Upper Cretaceous, about 70 million years ago, the north-moving Indo-Australian Plate (which has subsequently broken into the Indian Plate and the Australian Plate[10]) was moving at about 15 cm per year. About 50 million years ago this fast moving Indo-Australian Plate had completely closed the Tethys Ocean, the existence of which has been determined by sedimentary rocks settled on the ocean floor and the volcanoes that fringed its edges. Since both plates were composed of low density continental crust, they were thrust faulted and folded into mountain ranges rather than subducting into the mantle along an oceanic trench.[9] An often-cited fact used to illustrate this process is that the summit of Mount Everest is made of marine limestone from this ancient ocean.[11]

text: Today, the Indian plate continues to be driven horizontally at the Tibetan Plateau, which forces the plateau to continue to move upwards.[12] The Indian plate is still moving at 67 mm per year, and over the next 10 million years it will travel about 1,500 km into Asia. About 20 mm per year of the India-Asia convergence is absorbed by thrusting along the Himalaya southern front. This leads to the Himalayas rising by about 5 mm per year, making them geologically active. The movement of the Indian plate into the Asian plate also makes this region seismically active, leading to earthquakes from time to time.

text: During the last ice age, there was a connected ice stream of glaciers between Kangchenjunga in the east and Nanga Parbat in the west.[13][14] In the west, the glaciers joined with the ice stream network in the Karakoram, and in the north, they joined with the former Tibetan inland ice. To the south, outflow glaciers came to an end below an elevation of 1,000–2,000 metres (3,300–6,600 ft).[13][15] While the current valley glaciers of the Himalaya reach at most 20 to 32 kilometres (12 to 20 mi) in length, several of the main valley glaciers were 60 to 112 kilometres (37 to 70 mi) long during the ice age.[13] The glacier snowline (the altitude where accumulation and ablation of a glacier are balanced) was about 1,400–1,660 metres (4,590–5,450 ft) lower than it is today. Thus, the climate was at least 7.0 to 8.3 °C (12.6 to 14.9 °F) colder than it is today.[16]

text: Hydrology[edit]

text: Despite their scale the Himalayas do not form a major watershed, and a number of rivers cut through the range, particularly in the eastern part of the range. As a result, the main ridge of the Himalayas is not clearly defined, and mountain passes are not as significant for traversing the range as with other mountain ranges. The rivers of the Himalayas drain into two large river systems:

text:
The western rivers combine into the Indus Basin. The Indus itself forms the northern and western boundaries of the Himalayas. It begins in Tibet at the confluence of Sengge and Gar rivers and flows north-west through India into Pakistan before turning south-west to the Arabian Sea. It is fed by several major tributaries draining the southern slopes of the Himalayas, including the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej rivers, the five rivers of the Punjab.
The other Himalayan rivers drain the Ganges-Brahmaputra Basin. Its main rivers are the Ganges, the Brahmaputra and the Yamuna, as well as other tributaries. The Brahmaputra originates as the Yarlung Tsangpo River in western Tibet, and flows east through Tibet and west through the plains of Assam. The Ganges and the Brahmaputra meet in Bangladesh and drain into the Bay of Bengal through the world's largest river delta, the Sunderbans.[17]

text: The northern slopes of Gyala Peri and the peaks beyond the Tsangpo, sometimes included in the Himalayas, drain into the Irrawaddy River, which originates in eastern Tibet and flows south through Myanmar to drain into the Andaman Sea. The Salween, Mekong, Yangtze and Yellow River all originate from parts of the Tibetan Plateau that are geologically distinct from the Himalaya mountains and are therefore not considered true Himalayan rivers. Some geologists refer to all the rivers collectively as the circum-Himalayan rivers.[18]

text: Glaciers[edit]

text: The great ranges of central Asia, including the Himalayas, contain the third-largest deposit of ice and snow in the world, after Antarctica and the Arctic.[19] The Himalayan range encompasses about 15,000 glaciers, which store about 12,000 km3 (3,000 cubic miles) of fresh water.[20] Its glaciers include the Gangotri and Yamunotri (Uttarakhand) and Khumbu glaciers (Mount Everest region), Langtang glacier (Langtang region) and Zemu (Sikkim).

text: Owing to the mountains' latitude near the Tropic of Cancer, the permanent snow line is among the highest in the world at typically around 5,500 metres (18,000 ft).[21] In contrast, equatorial mountains in New Guinea, the Rwenzoris and Colombia have a snow line some 900 metres (2,950 ft) lower.[22] The higher regions of the Himalayas are snowbound throughout the year, in spite of their proximity to the tropics, and they form the sources of several large perennial rivers.

text: In recent years, scientists have monitored a notable increase in the rate of glacier retreat across the region as a result of global climate change.[23] For example, glacial lakes have been forming rapidly on the surface of debris-covered glaciers in the Bhutan Himalaya during the last few decades. Although the effect of this will not be known for many years, it potentially could mean disaster for the hundreds of millions of people who rely on the glaciers to feed the rivers during the dry seasons.[24]

text: Lakes[edit]

text: The Himalayan region is dotted with hundreds of lakes. Most of the larger lakes are on the northern side of the main range. The most famous is the sacred freshwater Lake Manasarovar, near to Mount Kailas with an area of 410 km² and an altitude of 4590m. It drains into the nearby Lake Rakshastal  with an area of 250 km² and slightly lower at 4575m.  Pangong Tso, which is spread across the border between India and China, at far western end of Tibet, and Yamdrok Tso, located in south central Tibet, are among the largest with surface areas of 700 km², and 638 km², respectively. Lake Puma Yumco is one of the highest of the larger lakes at an elevation of 5030m.

text: South of the main range the lakes are smaller. Tilicho Lake in Nepal in the Annapurna massif is one of the highest lakes in the world.Other notable lakes include Rara Lake in western Nepal, She-Phoksundo Lake in the Shey Phoksundo National Park of Nepal, Gurudongmar Lake, in North Sikkim, Gokyo Lakes in Solukhumbu district of Nepal and Lake Tsongmo, near the Indo-China border in Sikkim.

text: Some of the lakes present a danger of a glacial lake outburst flood. The Tsho Rolpa glacier lake in the Rowaling Valley, in the Dolakha District of Nepal, is rated as the most dangerous. The lake, which is located at an altitude of 4,580 metres (15,030 ft) has grown considerably over the last 50 years due to glacial melting.[25][26] The mountain lakes are known to geographers as tarns if they are caused by glacial activity. Tarns are found mostly in the upper reaches of the Himalaya, above 5,500 metres.[27]

text: Climate[edit]

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tag: table

text: The vast size, huge altitude range and complex topography of the Himalayas mean they experience a wide range of climates, from humid subtropical in the foothills to cold, dry desert conditions on the Tibetan side of the range.

text: For much of Himalayas – that on the south side of the high mountains, except in the furthest west, the most characteristic feature of the climate is the monsoon. Heavy rain arrives on the south-west monsoon in June and persists until September. The monsoon can seriously impact transport and cause major landslides. It restricts tourism – the trekking and mountaineering season is limited to either before the monsoon in April/May or after the monsoon in October/November (autumn). In Nepal and Sikkim, there are often considered to be five seasons: summer, monsoon, autumn (or post-monsoon), winter and spring.

text: Using the Köppen climate classification, the lower elevations of the Himalayas, reaching in mid elevations in central Nepal (including the Kathmandu valley), are classified as Cwa, Humid subtropical climate with dry winters. Higher up, most of the Himalayas have a subtropical highland climate (Cwb).

text: In the furthest west of the Himalayas, in the west of the Kashmir valley and the Indus valley, the South Asian monsoon is no longer a dominant factor and most precipitation falls in the spring. Srinagar receives around 723 millimetres (28 in) around half the rainfall of locations such as Shimla and Kathmandu, with the wettest months being March and April.

text: The northern side of the Himalayas, also known as the Tibetan Himalaya, is dry, cold and generally wind swept particularly in the west where it has a cold desert climate. The vegetation is sparse and stunted and the winters are severely cold. Most of the precipitation in the region is in the form of snow during late winter and spring months.

text: Local impacts on climate are significant throughout the Himalayas. Temperatures fall by 6.5 °C (11.7 °F) for every 1000m rise in altitude. This gives rise to a variety of climates from nearly tropical in the foothills to tundra and permanent snow and ice. Local climate is also affected by the topography: The leeward side of the mountains receive less rain while the well exposed slopes get heavy rainfall and the rain shadow of large mountains can be significant, for example leading to near desert conditions in the Upper Mustang which is sheltered from the monsoon rains by the Annapurna and Dhaulagiri massifs and has annual precipitation of around 300mm, while Pokhara on the southern side of the massifs has substantial rainfall (3,900mm/year). Thus although annual precipitation is generally higher in east than the west, local variations are often more important.

text: The Himalayas have a profound effect on the climate of the Indian subcontinent and the Tibetan Plateau. They prevent frigid, dry winds from blowing south into the subcontinent, which keeps South Asia much warmer than corresponding temperate regions in the other continents. It also forms a barrier for the monsoon winds, keeping them from traveling northwards, and causing heavy rainfall in the Terai region. The Himalayas are also believed to play an important part in the formation of Central Asian deserts, such as the Taklamakan and Gobi.[28]

text: Ecology[edit]

text: The flora and fauna of the Himalayas vary with climate, rainfall, altitude, and soils. The climate ranges from tropical at the base of the mountains to permanent ice and snow at the highest elevations. The amount of yearly rainfall increases from west to east along the southern front of the range. This diversity of altitude, rainfall and soil conditions combined with the very high snow line supports a variety of distinct plant and animal communities. The extremes of high altitude (low atmospheric pressure) combined with extreme cold favor extremophile organisms.[29]

text: At high altitudes, the elusive and previously endangered snow leopard is the main predator. Its prey includes members of the goat family grazing on the alpine pastures and living on the rocky terrain, notably the endemic bharal or Himalayan blue sheep. The Himalayan musk deer is also found at high altitude. Hunted for its musk, it is now rare and endangered. Other endemic or near endemic herbivores include the Himalayan tahr, the takin, the Himalayan serow, and the Himalayan goral. The critically endangered Himalayan subspecies of the brown bear is found sporadically across the range as is the Asian black bear. In the mountainous mixed deciduous and conifer forests of the eastern Himalayas, Red panda feed in the dense understories of bamboo. Lower down the forests of the foothills are inhabited by several different primates, including the endangered Gee's golden langur and the Kashmir gray langur, with highly restricted ranges in the east and west of the Himalayas respectively.

text: The unique floral and faunal wealth of the Himalayas is undergoing structural and compositional changes due to climate change. Hydrangea hirta is an example of floral species that can be found in this area. The increase in temperature is shifting various species to higher elevations. The oak forest is being invaded by pine forests in the Garhwal Himalayan region. There are reports of early flowering and fruiting in some tree species, especially rhododendron, apple and box myrtle. The highest known tree species in the Himalayas is Juniperus tibetica located at 4,900 metres (16,080 ft) in Southeastern Tibet.[30]

text: Culture[edit]

text: The Himalayan population belongs to four distinct cultural groups, who throughout history have systematically penetrated the isolated indigenous Himalayan population. Those migrating cultures – Hindu (Indian), Buddhist (Tibetan), Islamic (Afghanistan–Iran) and Animist (Burmese and south-eastern Asian) – without any doubt have created here their own individual and unique place.[5] Their current arrangement, though with a few exceptions, is linked to specific geographical regions, and the relative altitude at which they occur.

text: There are many cultural aspects of the Himalayas. In Jainism, Mount Ashtapad in Himalayas is a sacred place where the first Jain Tirthankara , Rishabhdeva attained moksha.[31][32] For the Hindus, the Himalayas are personified as Himavath, the father of the goddess Parvati.[33] The Himalayas is also considered to be the father of the river Ganges. The Mountain Kailash is a sacred peak to the Hindus and is where the Lord Shiva is believed to live.[citation needed] Two of the most sacred places of pilgrimage for the Hindus is the temple complex in Pashupatinath and Muktinath, also known as Saligrama because of the presence of the sacred black rocks called saligrams.[34]

text: The Buddhists also lay a great deal of importance on the mountains of the Himalayas. Paro Taktsang is the holy place where Buddhism started in Bhutan.[35]The Muktinath is also a place of pilgrimage for the Tibetan Buddhists. They believe that the trees in the poplar grove came from the walking sticks of eighty-four ancient Indian Buddhist magicians or mahasiddhas. They consider the saligrams to be representatives of the Tibetan serpent deity known as Gawo Jagpa.[36]

text: The Himalayan people’s diversity shows in many different ways. It shows through their architecture, their languages and dialects, their beliefs and rituals, as well as their clothing.[36] The shapes and materials of the people’s homes reflect their practical needs and the beliefs. Another example of the diversity amongst the Himalayan peoples is that handwoven textiles display colors and patterns unique to their ethnic backgrounds. Finally, some people place a great importance on jewellery. The Rai and Limbu women wear big gold earrings and nose rings to show their wealth through their jewellery.[36]

text: Religions of the region[edit]

text: Several places in the Himalayas are of religious significance in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism. A notable example of a religious site is Paro Taktsang, where Padmasambhava is said to have founded Buddhism in Bhutan.[37] Padmasambhava is also worshipped as the patron saint of Sikkim. There are also Muslim and Hindhu Shaivite Kashmiri Pandit in the area of Kashmir.

text: In Hinduism, the Himalayas have been personified as the king of all Mountain – "Giriraj Himavat", father of Ganga and Parvati (form of Adi Shakti Durga).[38]

text: A number of Vajrayana Buddhist sites are situated in the Himalayas, in Tibet, Bhutan and in the Indian regions of Ladakh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Spiti and Darjeeling. There were over 6,000 monasteries in Tibet, including the residence of the Dalai Lama.[39] Bhutan, Sikkim and Ladakh are also dotted with numerous monasteries. The Tibetan Muslims have their own mosques in Lhasa and Shigatse.[40]

text: Resources[edit]

text:
The Himalayas are home to a diversity of medicinal resources. Plants from the forests have been used for millennia to treat conditions ranging from simple coughs to snake bites.[34]
Different parts of the plants – root, flower, stem, leaves, and bark – are used as remedies for different ailments. For example, a bark extract from an abies pindrow tree is used to treat coughs and bronchitis. Leaf and stem paste from an arachne cordifolia is used for wounds and as an antidote for snake bites. The bark of a callicarpa arborea is used for skin ailments.[34] Nearly a fifth of the gymnosperms, angiosperms and pteridophytes in the Himalayas are found to have medicinal properties, and more are likely to be discovered.[34]

text: Most of the population in some Asian and African countries depend on medicinal plants rather than prescriptions and such.[33] Since so many people use medicinal plants as their only source of healing in the Himalayas, the plants are an important source of income. This contributes to economic and modern industrial development both inside and outside the region.[33] The only problem is that locals are rapidly clearing the forests on the Himalayas for wood, often illegally.[41] This means that the number of medicinal plants is declining and that some of them might become rarer or, in some cases, go extinct.

text: Although locals are clearing out portions of the forests in the Himalayas, there is still a large amount of greenery ranging from the tropical forests to the Alpine forests. These forests provide wood for fuel and other raw materials for use by industries. There are also many pastures for animals to graze upon.[citation needed] The many varieties of animals that live in these mountains do so based on the elevation. For example, elephants and rhinoceros live in the lower elevations of the Himalayas, also called the Terai region. Also, found in these mountains are the Kashmiri stag, black bears, musk deer, langur, and snow leopards. The Tibetan yak are also found on these mountains and are often used by the people for transportation. However, the populations of many of these animals and still others are declining and are on the verge of going extinct.[citation needed]

text: The Himalayas are also a source of many minerals and precious stones. Amongst the tertiary rocks, are vast potentials of mineral oil. There is coal located in Kashmir, and precious stones located in the Himalayas. There is also gold, silver, copper, zinc, and many other such minerals and metals located in at least 100 different places in these mountains.[citation needed]


document_title: Alice in Wonderland (2010 film)

question_text: who plays the voice of alice in wonderland

text: Alice in Wonderland (2010 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Troubled by a strange recurring dream and mourning the loss of her father, 19-year-old Alice Kingsleigh attends a garden party at Lord Ascot's estate. There, she is confronted by an unwanted marriage proposal to Lord Ascot's son, Hamish, and the stifling expectations of the society in which she lives. Unsure of how to proceed, she pursues a rabbit wearing a blue waistcoat and accidentally falls into a large rabbit hole under a tree. She emerges in a forest where she is greeted by the White Rabbit, the Dormouse, the Dodo, the Talking Flowers, and Tweedledum and Tweedledee. They argue over whether Alice is "the right Alice" who must slay the Red Queen's Jabberwocky and restore the White Queen to power, as foretold by Absolem the Caterpillar and his prophetic scroll. The group is then ambushed by the Bandersnatch and a group of playing-card soldiers led by the Knave of Hearts. Alice, Tweedledum and Tweedledee escape into the woods. The Knave steals the Caterpillar's scroll. The Dormouse leaves the others behind with one of the Bandersnatch's eyes in her possession. Tweedledum and Tweedledee are then captured by the Red Queen's Jubjub bird.

text: The Knave informs the Red Queen that Alice threatens her reign, and the soldiers and Bayard the Bloodhound are ordered to find Alice immediately. Meanwhile, the Cheshire Cat guides Alice to the March Hare and the Mad Hatter. The Hatter helps Alice avoid capture by allowing himself to be seized instead. Later, Alice is found by the Bloodhound, but Alice insists upon helping the Hatter. At the Red Queen's citadel and palace, the Red Queen is unaware of Alice's true identity and therefore welcomes her as a guest. Alice learns that the vorpal sword, the only weapon capable of killing the Jabberwocky, is locked inside the den of the Bandersnatch. The Knave attempts to seduce Alice, but she rebuffs him, causing a jealous Red Queen to order that Alice be beheaded. Alice obtains the sword and befriends the Bandersnatch by returning its eye. She then escapes on the back of the grateful Bandersnatch and delivers the sword to the White Queen. The Cheshire Cat saves the Hatter from the executioner, and the Hatter calls for rebellion against the Red Queen. The rebellion is quickly put down by the Jubjub bird, but the resistance flees to the White Queen's castle, and both armies prepare for battle. Absolem advises Alice to fight the Jabberwocky just before completing his transformation into a pupa.

text: On the appointed day, the White Queen and the Red Queen gather their armies on a chessboard-like battlefield and send Alice and the Jabberwocky to decide the battle in single combat. Encouraged by the advice of her late father, Alice fights the Jabberwocky among the ruins surrounding the battlefield and finally jumps from the remains of a spiral staircase onto the Jabberwocky's neck and beheads it. During this fight, a catapult stone kills the Jubjub bird. As punishment for their crimes, the White Queen banishes the Red Queen and the Knave into exile together. The Knave attempts to kill the Red Queen, yet the Hatter protects the Red Queen from his attack. After the Hatter performs a celebration dance called Futterwacken, the White Queen gives Alice a vial of the Jabberwocky's purple blood whose power will bring her whatever she wishes. She decides to rejoin the everyday world after saying farewell to her friends. Back in England, Alice impresses Lord Ascot with her idea of establishing oceanic trade routes to Hong Kong, inspiring him to take her as his apprentice. As the story closes, Alice prepares to set off on a trading ship. A light-blue butterfly with dark vein markings lands on her shoulder, and Alice recognizes him as Absolem.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Mia Wasikowska as Alice Kingsleigh. When creating the character, screenwriter Linda Woolverton researched how young women were expected to behave in the Victorian era and then made her the opposite.[7] Wasikowska read Carroll's books as a child and re-read them to prepare for her role. She also watched Jan Švankmajer's Alice. She said, "When we were kids, my mum would pop it in the VCR player. We would be disturbed, and wouldn't really understand it, but we couldn't look away because it was too intriguing. So I had kept that feeling about Alice, a kind of haunting feeling."[8] Although facing pressures to conform to society's expectations, Alice grows into a stronger-willed and empowered heroine who chooses her own path; Independent columnist Liz Hoggard praised Alice as a role model for girls, describing the character as "stubborn, brave, [and] non-girlie".[7][9] Mairi Ella Challen portrayed Alice as a six-year-old girl.[10]
Johnny Depp as Tarrant Hightopp/Mad Hatter.[11] Wasikowska said that the characters, "both feel like outsiders and feel alone in their separate worlds, and have a special bond and friendship."[12][13] Burton explained that Depp "tried to find a grounding to the character … as opposed to just being mad."[14] Burton also said that, "In a lot of versions it's a very one-note kind of character and you know [Depp's] goal was to try and bring out a human side to the strangeness of the character."[14] The orange hair is an allusion to the mercury poisoning suffered by hatters who used mercury to cure felt; Depp believes that the character "was poisoned … and it was coming out through his hair, through his fingernails and eyes".[15] Depp and Burton decided that the Hatter's clothes, skin, hair, personality and accent would change throughout the film to reflect his emotions.[16] In an interview with Depp, the character was paralleled to "a mood ring, [as] his emotions are very close to the surface".[17] The Hatter is "made up of different people and their extreme sides", with a gentle voice much like the character's creator Lewis Carroll reflecting the lighter personality and with a Scottish Glaswegian accent (which Depp modeled after Gregor Fisher's Rab C. Nesbitt character) reflecting a darker, more dangerous personality.[18] Illusionary dancer David "Elsewhere" Bernal doubled for Depp during the "Futterwacken" sequence near the end of the film.[19]
Helena Bonham Carter as The Red Queen. She is an amalgamation of two Carroll characters: the Red Queen and the Queen of Hearts.[11] Her first name is a play on the word irascible because she is easily irritated, obstreperous, impatient, and quick to anger.[20] Bonham Carter's head was digitally increased to three times its original size on screen.[21][22] The character hates animals, and chooses to use them as servants and furniture.[23] It is implied that the Red Queen beheaded her former husband, the King. The actress took inspiration from her young daughter Nell, a toddler, stating that, "The Red Queen is just like a toddler, because she's got a big head and she's a tyrant."
Anne Hathaway as The White Queen.[11] She was one of few characters that did not require digital manipulation.[24] Hathaway summed up her character with a caption on a magnet of Happy Bunny holding a knife; "Cute but psycho. Things even out."[25] According to Hathaway, "She comes from the same gene pool as the Red Queen. She really likes the dark side, but she's so scared of going too far into it that she's made everything appear very light and happy. But she's living in that place out of fear that she won't be able to control herself."[26] Hathaway described her interpretation of the White Queen as "a punk-rock vegan pacifist", with inspiration drawn from Debbie Harry, Greta Garbo, and the artwork of Dan Flavin.[26] Burton said that the White Queen's appearance was inspired by Nigella Lawson.[27]
Crispin Glover as Ilosovic Stayne/Knave of Hearts.[11] The Knave of Hearts is arrogant and tricky. While he follows the Red Queen's every order, he is the only one capable of calming her dramatic mood swings. Glover said, "The Red Queen has a fair amount of short-tempered reactions to things that people do, and so [the Knave] has to be quite diplomatic." The Red Queen believes that the Knave of Hearts is her lover, but this proves to be false.
Matt Lucas as Tweedledee and Tweedledum. Burton commented on the mixture of animation and Lucas, saying that "It's a weird mixture of things which gives his characters the disturbing quality that they so richly deserve."[28] The characters are portrayed through a combination of CGI and live-action, with Lucas's face digitally composited to a full animated body. While performing the character, Lucas had to wear a teardrop-shaped motion capture suit and walk on stilts. In order to play both characters, Lucas was doubled by Ethan Cohn.
Frances de la Tour as Imogene, Alice's aunt.[29] She is suffering from severe delusions and is constantly awaiting her fictional fiancé whom she believes to be a prince.
Leo Bill as Hamish Ascot, Alice's would-be fiancé.[29]

text: Marton Csokas makes a cameo appearance as Alice's deceased father in the film's opening scene and Alice's mother is played by Lindsay Duncan. Lord and Lady Ascot are played by Tim Pigott-Smith and Geraldine James, respectively. Eleanor Tomlinson and Eleanor Gecks play the Cathaway sisters, who bear a strong resemblance to Tweedledum and Tweedledee. Jemma Powell appears briefly as Alice's sister, Margaret, while Margaret's unfaithful husband Lowell is played by John Hopkins.

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
Michael Sheen as Nivens McTwisp.[11][30] Sheen said the character "is such an iconic character that [he] didn't feel like [he] should break the mold too much."[31] Burton said the quality he wanted most in his clock-watching bunny was a twitchiness, also commenting that "[in] any incarnation of the [White Rabbit] through the years, there's that sort of nervousness of a rabbit."[31]
Alan Rickman as Absolem.[11] Rickman was originally going to have his face composited onto the animated Caterpillar. He was filmed recording his voice in the studio, but the idea was eventually scrapped. The animators did, however, try to give Absolem's face characteristics similar to Rickman's.[22]
Stephen Fry as Chess.[11][32] Burton stated that the character had a creepy quality in addition to tapping into his own hatred of cats.[33][34] The role was intended to be played by Michael Sheen but he changed his role to the White Rabbit due to scheduling conflicts.
Barbara Windsor as Mallymkun.[11] Burton said that he sought after Windsor for the role because he was a fan of her TV show EastEnders. Her voice sealed the deal for her role as the character.[35]
Timothy Spall as Bayard. Although Bayard does not appear in the book, a similar character named The Puppy is likely the inspiration for the character.
Paul Whitehouse as Thackery Earwicket.[11] Burton stated that because Whitehouse is a great comedic actor, a lot of his lines came from improvisation.[36]
Michael Gough as Uilleam.[11] Burton said that Gough was the first person he thought of for the role of Uilleam because he has "a full life quality to his voice".[37] The character only speaks three lines, that Gough recorded in a day. This would be Gough's final acting role; he died a year after its release, aged 94. Gough had previously portrayed the March Hare in the 1966 TV play of the book.
Christopher Lee as Jabberwock. While it only had two lines, Burton said that he felt Lee to be a good match for the iconic character because he is "an iconic guy".[38] For the character, Lee had originally tried to make his voice "burble" (as described in the poem "Jabberwocky"). However, Burton convinced him to use his actual voice, as he found it more intimidating and aggressive.
Imelda Staunton as The Tall Flower Faces. Though there are many flowers that appear around Underland, only one of them speaks and one of them is clearly a caricature of Staunton.[39] Staunton only speaks three lines that are heard very briefly at the beginning of the film.
Jim Carter as The Executioner. The Executioner only speaks one line and appears extremely briefly, though Carter also voiced several other servants to the Red Queen.

text: Frank Welker provided additional voices and vocal effects; including roars of the Jabberwocky and Bandersnatch, squawks for the Jubjub bird, and Bayard barking.[39] Rickman, Windsor, Fry, Gough, Lee, Staunton and Carter each took only a day to record their dialogue.[39]

text: Burton and Bonham Carter's children Billy and Nell made cameo appearances as a boy and baby at the dock in the end of the film.

text: Production[edit]

text: Tim Burton signed with Walt Disney Pictures to direct two films in Disney Digital 3D, which included Alice in Wonderland[40] and his remake of Frankenweenie. Burton developed the story because he never felt an emotional tie to the original book.[41]

text: He explained "the goal is to try to make it an engaging movie where you get some of the psychology and kind of bring a freshness but also keep the classic nature of Alice." On prior versions, Burton said "It was always a girl wandering around from one crazy character to another, and I never really felt any real emotional connection." His goal with the new film is to give the story "some framework of emotional grounding" and "to try and make Alice feel more like a story as opposed to a series of events."[14] Burton focused on the poem "Jabberwocky" as part of his structure,[42] and refers to the described creature by the name of the poem rather than by the name "Jabberwock" used in the poem. Burton also stated that he does not see his version as either a sequel to any existing Alice film nor as a "re-imagining".[41] However, the idea of the climax of the story being Alice's battle with the Queen's champion, the Jabberwocky, was first added in the video game American McGee's Alice, and the landscape, tower, weapons and appearance of Alice in those scenes of the film are very reminiscent of the same scenes in the game.

text:
We wanted somebody who had… it's hard to put into words, but just had a gravity to her, an internal life, something that you could see the wheels turning. It's just a simple kind of power to her that we really liked. Not flamboyant, not very showy, but just somebody that's got a lot of internal life to her. That's why I picked her.

—Burton on casting Mia Wasikowska as Alice[43]

text: This film was originally set to be released in 2009 but was pushed back to March 5, 2010.[44] Principal photography was scheduled for May 2008, but did not begin until September and concluded in three months.[40][45] Scenes set in the Victorian era were shot at Torpoint and Plymouth from September 1 to October 14 (Mia Wasikowska's birthday). Two hundred and fifty local extras were chosen in early August. Locations included Antony House in Torpoint, Charlestown, Cornwall and the Barbican,[46][47] however, no footage from the Barbican was used. Motion capture filming began in early October at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City, California, though the footage was later discarded.[48][49][50] Filming also took place at Culver Studios.[51] Burton said that he used a combination of live action and animation, without motion capture.[52] He also noted that this was the first time he had filmed on a green screen.[52] Filming of the green screen portions, comprising 90% of the film, was completed after only 40 days.[53] Many of the cast and crew felt nauseated as a result of the long hours surrounded by green, and Burton had lavender lenses fitted into his glasses to counteract the effect.[53] Due to the constant need for digital effects to distort the actors' physical appearances, such as the size of the Red Queen's head or Alice's height, visual effects supervisor Ken Ralston cited the film as being exhausting, saying it was "The biggest show I've ever done, [and] the most creatively involved I've ever been."[54]

text: Sony Pictures Imageworks designed the visual effects sequences.[55] Burton felt 3D was appropriate to the story's environment.[13] Burton and Zanuck chose to film with conventional cameras, and convert the footage into 3D during post-production; Zanuck explained 3D cameras were too expensive and "clumsy" to use, and they felt that there was no difference between converted footage and those shot in the format.[56] James Cameron, who released his 3D film Avatar in December 2009, criticized the choice, stating, "It doesn't make any sense to shoot in 2-D and convert to 3-D".[57]

text: Music[edit]

text: Score[edit]

text:
Alice in Wonderland: An Original Walt Disney Records SoundtrackFilm score by Danny ElfmanReleased
March 2, 2010Genre
Orchestral, Classical, PopLength
50:59Label
Walt Disney

text: Longtime Burton collaborator Danny Elfman's score was released March 2, 2010.[58] It debuted at #89 on the Billboard Top 200 albums chart.[59]

text: Almost Alice[edit]

text: Almost Alice is a collection of various artists' music inspired by the film.[58][60][61] The lead single, "Alice" by Avril Lavigne, premiered on January 27, 2010 on Ryan Seacrest's radio program. Other singles include "Follow Me Down" by 3OH!3, "Her Name Is Alice" by Shinedown, and "Tea Party" by Kerli.[62] The album was released on March 2, 2010.[58]

text: Release[edit]

text: On February 12, 2010, major UK cinema chains, Odeon, Vue, and Cineworld, had planned to boycott the film because of a reduction of the interval between cinema and DVD release from the usual 17 weeks to 12 (possibly to avoid the release of the DVD clashing with the 2010 FIFA World Cup, which was Disney's pretext for cutting short Alice's theatrical run but UK exhibitors protested that Alice would be less threatened by the World Cup than other titles).[63] A week after the announcement, Cineworld, who has a 24% share of UK box office, chose to play the film on more than 150 screens. Cineworld's chief executive Steve Wiener stated, "As leaders in 3D, we did not want the public to miss out on such a visual spectacle. As the success of Avatar has shown, there is currently a huge appetite for the 3D experience".[64] Shortly after, the Vue cinema chain also reached an agreement with Disney, but Odeon had still chosen to boycott in Britain, Ireland, and Italy.[65] On February 25, 2010 Odeon had reached an agreement and decided to show the film on March 5, 2010.[66] The Royal premiere took place at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on February 25, 2010 for the fundraiser The Prince's Foundation for Children and The Arts where the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall attended. It also did not affect their plans to show the film in Spain, Germany, Portugal, and Austria.[65][67][68] The film was released in the U.S. and UK, in both Disney Digital 3D and IMAX 3D,[45] as well as regular theaters on March 5, 2010.[69]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: On June 22, 2009, the first pictures of the film were released, showing Depp as the Mad Hatter, Hathaway as the White Queen, Bonham Carter as the Red Queen and Lucas as Tweedledee and Tweedledum.[45] A new image of Alice was also released.[70] In July, new photos emerged of Alice holding a white rabbit, the Mad Hatter with a hare, the Red Queen holding a pig, and the White Queen with a mouse.[71]

text: On July 22, 2009, a teaser trailer from the Mad Hatter's point of view was released on IGN but was shortly taken down because Disney claimed that the trailer was not supposed to be out yet. The teaser was also planned to premiere along with a trailer of Robert Zemeckis' film adaptation of A Christmas Carol on July 24, 2009 for G-Force. The following day, the teaser trailer premiered at Comic-Con but the trailer shown was different from the one that leaked. The ComicCon version didn't have the Mad Hatter's dialogue. Instead, it featured "Time to Pretend" by MGMT, and the clips shown were in different order than in the leaked version. The leaked version was originally to be shown to one of the three Facebook groups used to promote the film that had the most members. The groups used to promote the film are "The Loyal Subjects of the Red Queen", "The Loyal Subjects of the White Queen" and "The Disloyal Subjects of the Mad Hatter".[72]

text: Also at ComicCon, props from the film were displayed in an "Alice in Wonderland" exhibit. Costumes featured in the exhibit included the Red Queen's dress, chair, wig, spectacles, and scepter; the White Queen's dress, wig and a small model of her castle; the Mad Hatter's suit, hat, wig, chair and table; Alice's dress and battle armor (to slay the Jabberwocky). Other props included the "DRINK ME" bottles, the keys, an "EAT ME" pastry and stand-in models of the White Rabbit and March Hare.[73]

text: A nighttime party area at the Disney California Adventure theme park was created, called "Mad T Party".

text: Video games[edit]

text: On July 23, 2009, Disney Interactive Studios announced that an Alice in Wonderland video game, developed by French game studio Étranges Libellules, would be released in the same week as the film for the Wii, Nintendo DS, and Microsoft Windows. The soundtrack was composed by video games music composer Richard Jacques.[74] The Wii, DS, and PC versions were released on March 2, 2010.

text: Disney Interactive released in 2013 the game Alice in Wonderland: A New Champion for iOS.[75]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released a three-disc Blu-ray combo pack (which includes the Blu-ray, DVD and a digital copy), single-disc Blu-ray and single-disc DVD on June 1, 2010 in North America and July 1, 2010 in Australia.[76] The DVD release includes three short features about the making of the film, focusing on Burton's vision for Wonderland and the characters of Alice and the Mad Hatter. The Blu-ray version has nine additional featurettes centered on additional characters, special effects and other aspects of the film's production.[77] In some confusion, a small number of copies were put on shelves a week before schedule in smaller stores, but were quickly removed, although a handful of copies were confirmed purchased ahead of schedule.

text: In its first week of release (June 1–6, 2010), it sold 2,095,878 DVD units (equivalent to $35,441,297) and topped the DVD sales chart for two continuous weeks. By May 22, 2011, it had sold 4,313,680 units ($76,413,043). It failed to crack the 2010 top ten DVDs list in terms of units sold, but reached 10th place on that chart in terms of sales revenue.[78][79]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Alice in Wonderland has grossed $334,191,110 in North America and $691,276,000 in other territories for a worldwide total of $1,025,467,110 against a budget of $200 million.[5][80][81] Worldwide, it is currently the thirtieth-highest-grossing film[82] and the second-highest-grossing 2010 film.[83] It is the third-highest-grossing film starring Johnny Depp,[84] the highest-grossing film directed by Tim Burton.[85] The second-highest-grossing film of Anne Hathaway and the second-highest-grossing children's book adaptation (worldwide, as well as in North America and outside North America separately).[86]

text: On its first weekend, the film made $220.1 million worldwide, marking the second-largest opening ever for a movie not released during the summer or the holiday period (behind The Hunger Games), the fourth-largest for a Disney-distributed film and the fourth-largest among 2010 films.[87] It dominated for three consecutive weekends at the worldwide box office.[88][89][90][91] On May 26, 2010, its 85th day of release, it became the sixth film ever to surpass the $1 billion mark and the second film that had been released by Walt Disney Studios that did so.[92][93]

text: In North America, Alice in Wonderland is the forty-fourth-highest-grossing film but out of the top 100 when adjusted for inflation. It is also the second-highest-grossing 2010 film, behind Toy Story 3,[94] the second-highest-grossing film starring Johnny Depp[84] and the highest-grossing film directed by Tim Burton.[85] The film opened on March 5, 2010, on approximately 7,400 screens at 3,728 theaters with $40,804,962 during its first day, $3.9 million of which came from midnight showings,[95] ranking number one and setting a new March opening-day record.[96] Alice earned $116.1 million on its opening weekend, breaking the record for the largest opening weekend in March (previously held by 300),[97] the record for the largest opening weekend during springtime (previously held by Fast and Furious), the largest opening weekend for a non-sequel (previously held by Spider-Man)[98] and the highest one for the non-holiday, non-summer period. However, all of these records were broken by The Hunger Games ($152.5 million) in March 2012.[99][100] Alice made the seventeenth-highest-grossing opening weekend ever[101] and the fifth-largest among 3D films.[102] Opening-weekend grosses originating from 3D showings were $81.3 million (70% of total weekend gross). This broke the record for the largest opening-weekend 3D grosses[103][104] but it was later topped by Marvel's The Avengers ($108 million).[105] It had the largest weekend per-theater average of 2010 ($31,143 per theater) and the largest for a PG-rated film.[106] It broke the IMAX opening-weekend record[107] by earning $12.2 million on 188 IMAX screens, with an average of $64,197 per site. The record was first overtaken by Deathly Hallows – Part 2 ($15.2 million).[104] Alice remained in first place for three consecutive weekends at the North American box office.[108][109] Alice closed in theaters on July 8, 2010 with $334.2 million.

text: Outside North America, Alice is the thirteenth-highest-grossing film,[110] the highest-grossing 2010 film,[111] the fourth-highest-grossing Disney film, the second-highest-grossing film starring Johnny Depp[84] and the highest-grossing film directed by Tim Burton.[85] It began with an estimated $94 million, on top of the weekend box office, and remained at the summit for four consecutive weekends and five in total.[112][113] Japan was the film's highest-grossing country after North America, with $133.7 million, followed by the UK, Ireland and Malta ($64.4 million), and France and the Maghreb region ($45.9 million).[114]

text: Critical reaction[edit]

text: Review aggregate Rotten Tomatoes reports that 52% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 267 reviews; the average score is 5.7/10. The consensus is: "Tim Burton's Alice sacrifices the book's minimal narrative coherence—and much of its heart—but it's an undeniable visual treat".[115] Metacritic rated it 53/100 based on 38 reviews.[116]

text: Todd McCarthy of Variety praised it for its "moments of delight, humor and bedazzlement", but went on to say, "But it also becomes more ordinary as it goes along, building to a generic battle climax similar to any number of others in CGI-heavy movies of the past few years".[117] Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter said "Burton has delivered a subversively witty, brilliantly cast, whimsically appointed dazzler that also manages to hit all the emotionally satisfying marks", while as well praising its computer-generated imagery (CGI), saying "Ultimately, it's the visual landscape that makes Alice's newest adventure so wondrous, as technology has finally been able to catch up with Burton's endlessly fertile imagination."[118] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly said, "But Burton's Disneyfied 3-D Alice in Wonderland, written by the girl-power specialist Linda Woolverton, is a strange brew indeed: murky, diffuse, and meandering, set not in a Wonderland that pops with demented life but in a world called Underland that's like a joyless, bombed-out version of Wonderland. It looks like a CGI head trip gone post apocalyptic. In the film's rather humdrum 3-D, the place doesn't dazzle—it droops."[119] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film three out of four stars and wrote in his review that, "Alice plays better as an adult hallucination, which is how Burton rather brilliantly interprets it until a pointless third act flies off the rails."[120] The market research firm CinemaScore found that audiences gave the film an average rating of "A-".[121]

text: Several reviews criticized the decision to turn Alice into a "colonialist entrepreneur" at the end of the film setting sail for China.[122][123][124] Given Britain's role in the First and Second Opium Wars during the Victorian era and the foreign domination of China through "unequal treaties", China expert Kevin Slaten writes, "Not only is it troubling imagery, for a female role model in a Disney movie, but it's also a celebration of the exploitation that China suffered for a century."[125]

text: Game developer American McGee, best known for creating Alice and Alice: Madness Returns, was asked in a 2011 interview about Tim Burton's interpretation of the title character since both versions share almost similar dark and twisted tone of Wonderland. McGee praised the film's visuals and audio but criticized the lack of screen time Alice had compared to the other characters. He felt Alice did not have any purpose in the story and that she was merely used as a "tool".[126]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award

Category

Recipient

Result

83rd Academy Awards[127]

Best Art Direction

Robert Stromberg  Karen O'Hara

Won

Best Visual Effects

Ken Ralston  David Schaub  Carey Villegas  Sean Phillips

Nominated

Best Costume Design

Colleen Atwood

Won

64th British Academy Film Awards[128]

Best Costume Design

Won

Best Film Music

Danny Elfman

Nominated

Best Production Design

Robert Stromberg  Karen O’Hara

Nominated

Best Special Visual Effects

Ken Ralston  David Schaub  Carey Villegas  Sean Phillips

Nominated

Best Makeup and Hair

Won

68th Golden Globe Awards[129]

Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy

Nominated

Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy

Johnny Depp

Nominated

Best Original Score

Danny Elfman

Nominated

53rd Grammy Awards

Best Score Soundtrack Album For Motion Picture, Television Or Other Visual Media

Nominated

9th Annual Visual Effects Society Awards (VES Awards)[130]

Outstanding Visual Effects in a Visual Effects-Driven Feature Motion Picture

Ken Ralston  Carey Villegas  David Schaub  Tom Peitzman

Nominated

Outstanding Compositing in a Feature Motion Picture (Stolen Tarts)

Lisa Deaner  Orde Stevanoski  Aaron Kupferman Ruben Flores

Nominated

15th Annual Satellite Awards[131]

Best Visual Effects

Ken Ralston  Carey Villegas  David Schaub  Sean Phillips

Won

Best Costume Design

Colleen Atwood

Won

Best Art Direction & Production Design

Robert Stromberg  Stefan Dechant

Nominated

Best Motion Picture, Animated or Mixed Media

Nominated

Best Original Song

Avril Lavigne

Nominated

37th Saturn Awards

Best Fantasy Film

Won

Best Costume

Won

Best Make-Up

Nominated

Best Production Design

Nominated

Best Special Effects

Ken Ralston  Carey Villegas  David Schaub  Tom Peitzman

Nominated

Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards

Best Costume Design

Colleen Atwood

Won

Best Makeup

Jaremy Aiello

Won

Best Visual Effects

Ken Ralston  Carey Villegas  David Schaub  Tom Peitzman

Nominated

Best Art Direction

Robert Stromberg  Karen O'Hara

Nominated

2011 Kids' Choice Awards[132]

Favorite Movie

Nominated

Favorite Movie Actor

Johnny Depp

Won

MTV Movie Awards

Global Superstar

Nominated

Best Movie

Nominated

Best Villain

Helena Bonham Carter

Nominated

National Movie Awards

Best Performance

Nominated

Johnny Depp

Nominated

Best Fantasy

Nominated

People's Choice Awards[133]

Favorite Movie

Nominated

Favorite Drama Movie

Nominated

Teen Choice Awards

Choice Movie: Fantasy

Nominated

Choice Movie Actor: Fantasy

Johnny Depp

Nominated

Choice Movie: Female Scene Stealer

Anne Hathaway

Nominated

Choice Movie Actress: Fantasy

Mia Wasikowska

Nominated

Choice Movie: Female Breakout Star

Nominated

Choice Movie: Fight

Mia Wasikowska vs. The Jabberwock

Won

2010 Scream Awards

Ultimate Scream

Nominated

Best Fantasy Movie

Nominated

Best Director

Tim Burton

Nominated

Best Fantasy Actress

Mia Wasikowska

Nominated

Best Breakout Performance – Female

Nominated

Best Fantasy Actor

Johnny Depp

Nominated

Best Supporting Actress

Anne Hathaway

Won

3-D Top Three

Nominated

AD First Half of the Year Awards[134]

Best Art Direction

Nominated

Best Visual Effects

Won

Best Make Up

Nominated

MTV Fan Music Awards

Best Movie Song

Avril Lavigne

Won

ChartAttack's 16th Annual Year-End Readers' Poll

Best Song

Avril Lavigne

Won

text: Legacy[edit]

text: After the release and success of the movie, Walt Disney Pictures has announced the development of several live-action adaptations of their Animated Classics series.[135][136] Maleficent, Cinderella, The Jungle Book, and Beauty and the Beast have followed to similar box-office results with the latter three also earning critical praise. Disney has also announced the development of live-action adaptations of Christopher Robin,[137] Dumbo,[138] Aladdin,[139] The Lion King,[140] Mulan,[141] Pinocchio,[142] Fantasia,[143] The Sword in the Stone,[144] The Black Cauldron,[145] Peter Pan,[146] The Little Mermaid,[147] Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs,[148] and Lady and the Tramp.[149] The company also has plans for live-action spin-offs of One Hundred and One Dalmatians, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, and Peter Pan along with a live-action prequel to Aladdin.[150][151][152][153]

text: Stage adaptation Walt Disney Theatrical is in early talks with Burton and screenwriter Linda Woolverton to develop the property as a Broadway musical. Woolverton authored the screenplay for Disney's The Lion King and is also the Tony Award-nominated book writer of Beauty and the Beast, Aida, and Lestat. Burton will also render the overall designs for the stage musical. Woolverton will adapt her screenplay for the stage production. Neither a composer nor songwriting team has been chosen yet. Direction and choreography will be done by Rob Ashford.[154][155][156] The musical is aiming to make its world-premiere in London.[157]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: On December 7, 2012, Variety announced the development of a sequel to Alice in Wonderland. Linda Woolverton returned to write a screenplay.[158] On May 31, 2013, James Bobin began talks to direct the sequel under the working title Alice in Wonderland: Into the Looking Glass.[159] Johnny Depp returned as The Hatter, Mia Wasikowska reprised the role of Alice, and Helena Bonham Carter returned as the Red Queen.[160][161][162] Several other cast members from the 2010 film also reprised their roles in the sequel.[163] On November 22, 2013, it was announced that the sequel will be released on May 27, 2016 and that Bobin would direct the film. Rhys Ifans and Sacha Baron Cohen are featured in the film.[161][164][165] On January 21, 2014, the film was again retitled to Alice in Wonderland: Through the Looking Glass.[166] The title was later reworked once again to Alice Through the Looking Glass.


document_title: United States military casualties of war

question_text: how many american lives were lost in the revolutionary war

text: Overview[edit]

text:
War or Conflict
Date
Total U.S. Deaths
Wounded
Total U.S. Casualties
Missing
Sources & Notes

Combat
Other
Total

American Revolutionary War
1775–1783
8,000
17,000
25,000
25,000
50,000

Northwest Indian War
1785–1796
1,056+

1,056+
825+
1,881+

[1][2][3]

Quasi-War
1798–1800
20
494[4]
514
42
556

[4][5]

First Barbary War
1801–1805
35
39
74
64
138

[6][7]:25–27[8][9]

Other actions against pirates
1800–1900
36
158+[7]:42
194+
100+
294+

[5][10][11][b]

Chesapeake–Leopard Affair
1807
3
0
3
18
21

[5]

War of 1812
1812–1815
2,260
12,740~
15,000~
4,505
20,000~

[12]

Nuka Hiva Campaign
1813–1814
5
0
5
11
16

[7]:34–38

Creek War
1813–1814

575

[13]

Second Barbary War
1815
4
134[14]

10
148

[15]

First Seminole War
1817–1818
47
0
47
36
83

[16]

First Sumatran Expedition
1832
2

2
11
13

[5]

Black Hawk War
1832
47
258[17][18]
305
85
390

[19]

Second Seminole War
1835–1842
328
1,207
1,535

Mexican–American War
1846–1848
1,733
11,550
13,283
4,152
17,435

[20]

Cayuse War
1847–1856
40
1
41
74
115

[21]

Rogue River Wars
1851–1856
190
6
196
293
489

[22]

Yakima War
1855–1856
32
2
34
92
126

[23]

Third Seminole War
1855–1858
26

26
27
53

[24]

Second Opium War
1856–1860
12

12
39
51

[7]

Coeur d'Alene War
1858
36

36
60
96

[25]

Civil War: total
1861–1865
214,938
400K-500K
750,000~ [26]

[c][27]

Union

140,414
224,097
364,511
281,881
646,392

[28]

Confederate

74,524–94,000[29]
225,000~
299,524~

Dakota War of 1862
(Little Crow's War)
1862
70–113

70–113
150
220–263

[30][31][32]

Shimonoseki Straits
1863
4–5[5][33]
0
4–5
6[5]
10

[5][33]

Snake Indian War
1864–1868
30

30
128
158

[23]

Indian Wars
1865–1898
919

1,025

[20]

Red Cloud's War
1866–1868
126

126
100
226

[34][35][36]

Korea (Shinmiyangyo)
1871
3

3
9
12

[37]

Modoc War
1872–1873
56

56
88
144

[38][39]

Great Sioux War
1875–1877
314

314
211
525

[40][41]

Nez Perce War
1877
134

134
157
291

[42][43]

Bannock War
1878
12
0
12
22
34

[44][45]

Ute War
1879
15
0
15
52
67

[44][46]

Sheepeater Indian War
1879
1

1
10
11

[44]

Samoan crisis
1887–1889
0
62
62

62

[47]

Ghost Dance War
1890–1891
35

35
64
99

[48][49]

Sugar Point
Pillager Band of Chippewa Indians
1898
7
0
7
16
23
0
[50]

Spanish–American War
1898
385
2,061
2,446
1,622
4,068

[20]

Philippine–American War
1898–1913
1,020
3,176
4,196
2,930
7,126

[20]

Boxer Rebellion
1900–1901
68
63
131
204
335
0
[51]

Santo Domingo Affair
1904
1
0
1
2
3

[5]

United States occupation of Nicaragua
1910, 1912–1925, 1927–1933
90
69
159
290
449

[52][53][54]

Mexican Revolution
1914–1919
120
61
181
319
500

[55]

Occupation of Haiti
1915–1934
10
138
148
26+
184+

[5][56]

World War I
1917–1918
53,402
63,114
116,516
204,002
320,518
3,350
[20][d]

North Russia Campaign
1918–1920

424

[57]

American Expeditionary Force Siberia
1918–1920
160
168
328
52+
380+

[7]:228

China
1918; 1921; 1926–1927; 1930; 1937
5

78
83

[52]

World War II
1941–1945
291,557
113,842
405,399
670,846
1,076,245
30,314
[20]See Note DA below

Greek Civil War
1944-1949
1
5
6

6

[58]

Chinese Civil War
1945–1950
14
150
164
51
215

[58]

Berlin Blockade
1948–1949

31

[59]

Korean War
1950–1953
33,686
2,830
36,516
92,134
128,650
4,759
Note: 4,759 MIA-See Note E below

U.S.S.R. Cold War
1947–1991
32

12
44

[52]

China Cold War
1950–1972
16

16

[52]

Vietnam War
1955–1975
47,424
10,785
58,209
153,303
211,454
1,603
[20][60] Note as of 1 September 2017 Vietnam MIA Are 1,603

1958 Lebanon crisis
1958
1
5
6
1+
7+

Bay of Pigs Invasion
1961
4

4

4

[61]

Cuban Missile Crisis
1962
1
19
20

20

[58]

Dominican Republic
1965–1966
27
20
47
283
330

[52][58][62]

USS Liberty incident
1967
34

34
171

Iran
1980
0
8
8
4
12
0
[63]

El Salvador Civil War
1980–1992
22
15
37
35

[64][65][66][67]

Beirut deployment
1982–1984
256

266
169

[68]

Persian Gulf escorts
1987–1988
39
0
39
31

Invasion of Grenada
1983
18
1
19
119

[68]

1986 Bombing of Libya
1986
2
0
2
0
2

[69]

Invasion of Panama
1989
23

40
324

[68]

Gulf War
1990–1991
149
145
294
849
1,143
0[70]
[71]

Operation Provide Comfort
1991–1996
1
18
19
4
23

[72][73]

Somalia
1992–1993
29
14
43
153

[68]

Haiti
1994–1995
1

4
3

[68]

Colombia
1994–present
0
8[74][75]
8

[76]

Bosnia-Herzegovina
1995–2004
1
11
12

[77]

Kosovo War
1998–1999
4
14
18
N/A
18+
2
[78]

Afghanistan War
2001–present
1,954*
471
2,356
18,675
20,904
0
[f][79][80]

Iraq War
2003–2011
3,836*
961
4,497
32,222
36,710
2
[79]

Operation Inherent Resolve
2014–
4
11
14
17
28
1
[81]

Raid on Yemen
2017
1

1
3
4

[82]

Total
1775–present
666,441+
673,929+
1,354,664+
1,498,240+
2,852,901+
40,917+

text: Wars ranked by total number of American military deaths[edit]

text:
Rank
War
Years
Deaths
Deaths per Day
US Population in First Year of War
Deaths per Population

1
American Civil War
1861–65
750,000[26]
420
31,443,000
2.385% (1860)

2
World War II
1941–45
405,399
297
133,402,000
0.307% (1940)

3
World War I
1917–18
116,516
279
103,268,000
0.110% (1920)

4
Vietnam War
1961–75
58,209
11
179,323,175
0.032% (1970)

5
Korean War
1950–53
54,246
45
151,325,000
0.036% (1950)

6
American Revolutionary War
1775–83
25,000
11
2,500,000
1.00% (1780)

7
War of 1812
1812–15
15,000
15
8,000,000
0.207% (1810)

8
Mexican–American War
1846–48
13,283
29
21,406,000
0.057% (1850)

9
Iraq War/Afghanistan Wars
2001– 2014
7,222
2
294,043,000
0.002% (2010)

10
Philippine–American War
1899–1902
4,196
3.8
72,129,001
0.006% (1900)

text: "Deaths per day" is the total number of Americans killed in military service, divided by the number of days between the dates of the commencement and end of hostilities. "Deaths per population" is the total number of deaths in military service, divided by the U.S. population of the year indicated.

text:
Total American Deaths by War

Civil War

750,000

World War II

405,399

World War I

116,516

Vietnam

58,209

Korean War

54,246

Revolutionary

25,000

War of 1812

15,000

Mexican American

13,283

Iraq/Afghanistran Wars* present

7,222

Philippine–American War

4,196

text: Wars ranked by American combat deaths[edit]

text:
Rank
War
Years
Deaths

1
World War II
1941–45
291,557

2
American Civil War
1861–65
212,938

3
World War I
1917–18
53,402

4
Vietnam War
1955–75
47,424

5
Korean War
1950–53
33,746

6
American Revolutionary War
1775–83
8,000

7
Iraq War/Afghanistan Wars
2001–2014
5,650 [83]

8
War of 1812
1812–15
2,260

9
Mexican–American War
1846–48
1,733

10
Second Seminole War
1835–1842
1,500+

text:
American Combat Deaths by War

World War II

291,557

American Civil War

212,938

World War I

53,402

Vietnam

47,424

Korean War

33,746

American Revolutionary War

8,000

Iraq/Afghanistan Wars*

5,650

War of 1812

2,260

Mexican American War

1,733

Second Seminole War

1,500

text: Notes[edit]

text: a. ^ Revolutionary War: All figures from the Revolutionary War are rounded estimates. Commonly cited casualty figures provided by the Department of Defense are 4,435 killed and 6,188 wounded, although the original government report that generated these numbers warned that the totals were incomplete and far too low.[84] In 1974, historian Howard Peckham and a team of researchers came up with a total of 6,824 killed in action and 8,445 wounded. Because of incomplete records, Peckham estimated that this new total number of killed in action was still about 1,000 too low.[85] Military historian John Shy subsequently estimated the total killed in action at 8,000, and argued that the number of wounded was probably far higher, about 25,000.[86] The "other" deaths are primarily from disease, including prisoners who died on British prison ships.

text: b. ^ Other Actions Against Pirates: Includes actions fought in the West Indies, the Greek Isles, off of Louisiana, China and Vietnam. Other deaths resulted from disease and accidents.

text:
c. ^ Civil War: All Union casualty figures, and Confederate killed in action, from The Oxford Companion to American Military History except where noted (NPS figures).[20] estimate of total Confederate dead from James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (Oxford University Press, 1988), 854. Newer estimates place the total death toll at 650,000 to 850,000.[26] 148 of the Union dead were U.S. Marines.[87]
CA. ^ Civil War April 2, 2012 Doctor David Hacker after extensive research offered new casualty rates higher by 20%; his work has been accepted by the academic community and is represented here.

text: d. ^ World War I figures include expeditions in North Russia and Siberia. See also World War I casualties

text: da.^ World War II Note: as of March 31, 1946 there were an estimated 286,959 dead of whom 246,492 were identified; of 40,467 who were unidentified 18,641 were located {10,986 reposed in military cemeteries and 7,655 in isolated graves} and 21,826 were reported not located. As of April 6, 1946 there were 539 American Military Cemeteries which contained 241,500 dead. Note the American Battle Monuments Commission database for the World War II reports that in 18 ABMC Cemeteries total of 93,238 buried and 78,979 missing and that "The World War II database on this web site contains the names of those buried at our cemeteries, or listed as Missing in Action, buried or lost at sea. It does not contain the names of the 233,174 Americans returned to the United States for burial..." Similarly, the ABMC Records do not cover inter-War deaths such as the Port Chicago disaster in which 320 died. As of October 2017 total of US World War II casualties {Military and Civilian} not recovered is 72,979[88]

text: e. ^ Korean War: Note:[20] gives Dead as 33,746 and Wounded as 103, 284 and MIA as 8,177. The American Battle Monuments Commission database for the Korean War reports that "The Department of Defense reports that 54,246 American service men and women lost their lives during the Korean War. This includes all losses worldwide. Since the Korean War Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C. honors all U.S. Military who lost their lives during the War, we have tried to obtain the names of those who died in other areas besides Korea during the period June 27, 1950 to July 27, 1954, one year after the Korean Armistice...". {For a breakdown of Worldwide casualties of 54,246 see The Korean War educator at [89] gives figures as In-theatre/non theater} After their retreat in 1950, dead Marines and soldiers were buried at a temporary gravesite near Hungnam, North Korea. During "Operation Glory" which occurred from July to November 1954 the dead of each side were exchanged; remains of 4,167 US soldiers/Marines were exchanged for 13,528 North Korean/Chinese dead.[90] After "Operation Glory" 416 Korean War "unknowns" were buried in the Punchbowl Cemetery. According to a DPMO white paper [91] 1,394 names were also transmitted during "Operation Glory" from the Chinese and North Koreans, of whom 858 names proved to be correct; of the 4,167 returned remains were found to be 4,219 individuals of whom 2,944 were found to be Americans of whom all but 416 were identified by name. Of 239 Korean War unaccounted for: 186 not associated with Punchbowl unknowns (176 were identified and of the remaining 10 cases 4 were non-Americans of Asiatic descent; one was British; 3 were identified and 2 cases unconfirmed); Of 10 Korean War "Punchbowl Unknowns" 6 were identified. The W.A. Johnson listing of 496 POWs-including 25 Civilians [92]-who died in North Korea can be found here and there[93]

text: According to report of June 24, 2008 at [94]

text:
Number of remains total unaccounted for: 8,055
Number of remains repatriated are: 489 of whom 100 are identified

text: Update of report of October 26, 2011 at [95]

text:
Number of remains total unaccounted for: 7,983
Number of remains either repatriated from North/South Korea; China; Japan or disinterred from Punchbowl cemetery: 678 of which the number have been identified from 1982 to 2011: 174

text: Listed as MIA: 7,718 [96]

text: ea. ^ Cold War – Korea and Vietnam and Middle East-additional US Casualties:

text:
North Korea {Cold War} 1959:1968-1969;1976;1984 killed 41; Wounded 5; 82 captured/released.[97]
USS Liberty incident 1967 killed 34; Wounded 173 by Israeli armed forces
Vietnam War prior to 1964-US Casualties were Laos-2 killed in 1954; and Vietnam 1946–1954 2 killed see;[98]

text: f. ^ Iraq War. See also Casualties of the Iraq War. Sources: .[99]

text: g. ^ Afghanistan. Casualties include those that occurred in Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Guantanamo Bay (Cuba), Jordan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Philippines, Seychelles, Sudan, Tajikistan, Turkey, and Yemen.