document_title: Mode of transport

question_text: which mode of transport is used for travelling to moon

text: Mode of transport

text: Animal-powered[edit]

text: Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of people and goods. Humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles.

text: Air[edit]

text: A fixed-wing aircraft, typically airplane, is a heavier-than-air flight vehicle, in which the special geometry of the wing generates lift. Fixed-wing aircraft ranges from small trainers and recreational aircraft to j j large airliners and military cargo aircraft. For short distances or in places without runways, helicopters can be practical.[1] (Other types of aircraft, like autogyros and airships, are not a significant portion of air transport.)

text: Air transport is the fastest method of transport, Commercial jets reach speeds of up to 955 kilometres per hour (593 mph) and a considerably higher ground speed if there is a jet stream tailwind, while piston-powered general aviation aircraft may reach up to 555 kilometres per hour (345 mph) or more. This celerity comes with higher cost and energy use,[2] and aviation's impacts to the environment and particularly the global climate require consideration when comparing modes of transportation.[3] The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates a commercial jet's flight to have some 2-4 times the effect on the climate than if the same CO2 emissions were made at ground level, because of different atmospheric chemistry and radiative forcing effects at the higher altitude.[4] U.S. airlines alone burned about 16.2 billion gallons of fuel during the twelve months between October 2013 and September 2014.[5] WHO estimates that globally as many as 500,000 people at a time are on planes.[2] The global trend has been for increasing numbers of people to travel by air, and individually to do so with increasing frequency and over longer distances, a dilemma that has the attention of climate scientists and other researchers,[6][7][8] the press,[9][10] and the World Wide Web.[11] The issue of impacts from frequent travel, particularly by air because of the longer distances that are easily covered in one or a few days, is called hypermobility  and has been a topic of research and governmental concern for many years.

text: Human-powered[edit]

text: Human powered transport, a form of sustainable transportation, is the transport of people and/or goods using human muscle-power, in the form of walking, running and swimming. Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human power. Human-powered transport remains popular for reasons of cost-saving, leisure, physical exercise, and environmentalism; it is sometimes the only type available, especially in underdeveloped or inaccessible regions.

text: Although humans are able to walk without infrastructure, the transport can be enhanced through the use of roads, especially when using the human power with vehicles, such as bicycles and inline skates. Human-powered vehicles have also been developed for difficult environments, such as snow and water, by watercraft rowing and skiing; even the air can be entered with human-powered aircraft.

text: Land[edit]

text: Land transport covers all land-based transportation systems that provide for the movement of people, goods and services. Land transport plays a vital role in linking communities to each other. Land transport is a key factor in urban planning. It consists of 2 kinds, rail and road. Now, some websites allow to compare and combine different land transport to facilitate mobility (SoBus for example).

text: Rail[edit]

text: Rail transport is a means of conveyance of passengers and goods by way of wheeled vehicles running on rail track, known as a railway or railroad. The rails are anchored perpendicular to railroad train consists of one or more connected vehicles that run on the rails. Propulsion is commonly provided by a locomotive, that hauls a series of unpowered cars, that can carry passengers or freight. The locomotive can be powered by steam, diesel or by electricity supplied by trackside systems. Alternatively, some or all the cars can be powered, known as a multiple unit. Also, a train can be powered by horses, cables, gravity, pneumatics and gas turbines. Railed vehicles move with much less friction than rubber tires on paved roads, making trains more energy efficient, though not as efficient as ships.

text: Intercity trains are long-haul services connecting cities;[12] modern high-speed rail is capable of speeds up to 430 km/h (270 mph), but this requires a specially built track. Regional and commuter trains feed cities from suburbs and surrounding areas, while intra-urban transport is performed by high-capacity tramways and rapid transits, often making up the backbone of a city's public transport. Freight trains traditionally used box cars, requiring manual loading and unloading of the cargo. Since the 1960s, container trains have become the dominant solution for general freight, while large quantities of bulk are transported by dedicated trains.

text: Road[edit]

text: A road is an identifiable route of travel, usually surfaced with gravel, asphalt or concrete, and supporting land passage by foot or by a number of vehicles.

text: The most common road vehicle in the developed world is the automobile, a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. As of 2002, there were 591 million automobiles worldwide.[citation needed] Other users of roads include motorcars, motorcycles, buses, trucks, bicycles and pedestrians, and special provisions are sometimes made for each of these. For example, the use of bus lanes give priority for public transport, and cycle lanes provide special areas of road for bicycles to use.

text: Motorcars offer high flexibility, but are deemed with high energy and area use, and the main source of noise and air pollution in cities;  buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility.[13] Road transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport.

text: Water[edit]

text: Water transport is the process of transport that a watercraft, such as a barge, boat, ship or sailboat, makes over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. If a boat or other vessel can successfully pass through a waterway it is known as a navigable waterway. The need for buoyancy unites watercraft, and makes the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance and appearance. When a boat is floating on the water the hull of the boat is pushing aside water where the hull now is, this is known as displacement.

text: In the 1800s, the first steamboats were developed, using a steam engine to drive a paddle wheel or propeller to move the ship. The steam was produced using wood or coal. Now, most ships have an engine using a slightly refined type of petroleum called bunker fuel. Some ships, such as submarines, use nuclear power to produce the steam. Recreational or educational craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use internal combustion engines to drive one or more propellers, or in the case of jet boats, an inboard water jet. In shallow draft areas, hovercraft are propelled by large pusher-prop fans.

text: Although slow, modern sea transport is a highly effective method of transporting large quantities of non-perishable goods. Commercial vessels, nearly 35,000 in number, carried 7.4 billion tons of cargo in 2007.[14] Transport by water is significantly less costly than air transport for transcontinental shipping;[15] short sea shipping and ferries remain viable in coastal areas.[16][17]

text: Other modes[edit]

text: Pipeline transport sends goods through a pipe, most commonly liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes can also send solid capsules using compressed air. For example liquids/gases, any chemically stable liquid or gas can be sent through a pipeline. Short-distance systems exist for sewage, slurry water and beer, while long-distance networks are used for petroleum and natural gas.

text: Cable transport is a broad mode where vehicles are pulled by cables instead of an internal power source. It is most commonly used at steep gradient. Typical solutions include aerial tramway, elevators, escalator and ski lifts; some of these are also categorized as conveyor transport.

text: Space transport is transport out of Earth's atmosphere into outer space by means of a spacecraft. While large amounts of research have gone into technology, it is rarely used except to put satellites into orbit, and conduct scientific experiments. However, man has landed on the moon, and probes have been sent to all the planets of the Solar System.

text: Unmanned aerial vehicle transport (drone transport) is currently being tested by Amazon.com and other transportation companies. This method will allow short-range small-parcel delivery in a short time frame.

text: Components of a mode of transport[edit]

text: A transport mode is a combination of the following:

text:
Transportation infrastructure: thoroughfares, networks, hubs (stations, bus terminals, airport terminals), etc.
Vehicles and containers: motor vehicles, automobiles, motorcycles, trucks, wagons, trains, ships, and aircraft
A stationary or mobile workforce
Propulsion system and power supply (traction)
Operations: driving, management, traffic signals, railway signalling, air traffic control, etc.

text: Purpose of Transport : Freight & Passenger movement and mobility are core components of a transport system.

text: Worldwide comparison of the most important transport[edit]

text: Worldwide, the most widely used modes for passenger transport are the Automobile (16,000 bn passenger km), followed by Buses (7,000), Air (2,800), Railways (1,900), and Urban Rail (250).[18]

text: The most widely used modes for freight transport are Sea (40,000 bn ton km), followed by Road (7,000), Railways (6,500), Oil pipelines (2,000) and Inland Navigation (1,500).[18]

text:
EU 15
USA
Japan
World

GDP (PPP) per capita (€)
19,000
28,600
22,300
5,500

Passenger km per capita[18]

Private car
10,100
22,700
6,200
2,700

Bus/ coach
1,050
870
740
1,200

Railway
750
78
2,900
320

Air (domestic except World)
860
2,800
580
480


document_title: The Lion King II: Simba's Pride

question_text: who sings for simba in lion king 2

question_tokens: who sings for simba in lion king 2

root

text: The Lion King II: Simba's Pride

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the Pride Lands of Africa, King Simba and Queen Nala's newborn daughter, Kiara, is presented to the assembled animals by Rafiki, a baboon who serves as shaman and advisor. Simba's father Mufasa proudly watches over the ceremony from the Heavens above. Months later, Kiara becomes annoyed with her father's overprotective parenting. Simba assigns his friends Timon and Pumbaa to follow her. After entering the forbidden "Outlands," Kiara meets a young cub, Kovu, and they escape from crocodiles while befriending each other. When Kovu retaliates to Kiara's playing, Simba confronts the young cub just as he is confronted by Zira, Kovu's mother and the Outsiders' leader. Zira reminds Simba of how he exiled her and the other Outsiders, and she reveals that she selected Kovu to be Scar's successor.

tag: p

text: After returning to the Pride Lands, Nala, Timon and Pumbaa and the rest of the pride head back to Pride Rock while Simba lectures Kiara about the danger posed by the Outsiders. He then tells her that they are a part of each other. In the Outlands, Zira reminds Kovu that Simba killed Scar and exiled the lions who respect him. Kovu explains that he does not think it is so bad to have Kiara as a friend, but Zira realizes she can use Kovu's friendship with Kiara to seek revenge on Simba.

text: Several years later, Kiara, now a young adult, begins her first solo hunt. Simba has Timon and Pumbaa follow her in secret, causing her to hunt away from the Pride Lands. As part of Zira's plan, Kovu's siblings Nuka and Vitani trap Kiara in a fire, allowing Kovu to rescue her. Simba is forced to accept Kovu's place since he rescued Kiara. Later that night, Simba has a nightmare about attempting to save Mufasa from falling into the wildebeest stampede but is stopped by Scar who then morphs into Kovu and throws Simba into the stampede to his death as well .

text: The next day, Kovu contemplates attacking Simba as he was instructed to, but he teaches Kiara how to hunt instead and eventually realizes his feelings for her. Later, Kiara and Kovu stargaze where they talk about the Great Kings of the Past and Kovu wonders if there is a darkness in him like there was in Scar. Simba watches the two from afar and Nala convinces him to give Kovu a chance. Kovu attempts to reveal his mission to Kiara, but Rafiki interrupts and leads them to the jungle, where he introduces them to "upendi" (an erroneous form of upendo, which means "love" in Swahili). The two lions fall in love. That night, Simba allows Kovu to sleep inside Pride Rock with the rest of the pride, but Vitani tells Zira about Kovu's failure to kill Simba. Zira sets a trap for her son and Simba.

text: The next day, Kovu attempts to reveal his mission to Kiara, but Simba takes him around the Pride Lands and tells him the real story of Scar. The Outsiders then attack Simba, resulting in Nuka's death and Simba's escape. Enraged, Zira scratches Kovu for his brother's death, causing him to turn on her. Kovu returns to Pride Rock to plead Simba for his forgiveness but is exiled. Kiara makes Simba realize that he is acting irrationally, and flees to find Kovu. The two lions later find each other and profess their love. Realizing that they must reunite the two prides, Kiara and Kovu return to the Pride Lands and convince them to stop fighting. When Zira attempts to kill Simba, Kiara intervenes and Zira falls to her death.

text: Simba accepts the Outsiders back into the Pride Lands, and appoints Kovu and Kiara as his successors.

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
Matthew Broderick as Simba, son of Mufasa and Sarabi, King of the Pride Lands, Nala's mate and Kiara's overprotective father. Cam Clarke provided his singing voice. Ian Harrowell served as the supervising animator for Simba.
Neve Campbell as Kiara, daughter of Simba and Nala and Kovu's love interest. Liz Callaway provided adult Kiara's singing voice. Lianne Hughes served as the supervising animator for Kiara.
Michelle Horn voiced young Kiara, while Charity Sanoy provided her singing voice and Ashley Edner provided her lion growls.
Jason Marsden as Kovu, Zira's son and Nuka and Vitani's younger brother and Kiara's love interest. Gene Miller provided Kovu's singing voice. Andrew Collins served as the supervising animator for Kovu.
Ryan O'Donohue provided the voice of young Kovu.
Suzanne Pleshette as Zira, the leader of the Outsiders, Scar's most loyal follower and the mother of Nuka, Vitani, and Kovu. Kevin Peaty served as the supervising animator for Zira.
Moira Kelly as Nala, Queen of the Pride Lands, Simba's mate, daughter-in-law of Mufasa and Sarabi, and Kiara's mother. Ian Harrowell served as the supervising animator for Nala.
Nathan Lane as Timon, a wise-cracking and self-absorbed yet somewhat loyal meerkat who is Pumbaa and Simba's best friend. Bob Baxter served as the supervising animator for Timon.
Ernie Sabella as Pumbaa, a naïve warthog who suffers from flatulence and is Timon's and Simba's best friend. Bob Baxter served as the supervising animator for Pumbaa.
Robert Guillaume as Rafiki, an old mandrill who serves as the shaman of The Pride Lands. Bob Baxter served as the supervising animator for Rafiki.
Edward Hibbert as Zazu, a hornbill who serves as the king's majordomo. Bob Baxter served as the supervising animator for Zazu. He was voiced by Rowan Atkinson in the original film.
Andy Dick as Nuka, Zira's son, Vitani and Kovu's older brother and the oldest male of Zira's family. Ian Harrowell served as the supervising animator for Nuka.
Jennifer Lien as Vitani, Zira's daughter and Nuka and Kovu's sister. Kevin Peaty served as the supervising animator for Vitani.
Lacey Chabert voiced young Vitani while Crysta Macalush provided her singing voice.
James Earl Jones as Mufasa, Simba's father, Kiara's grandfather, Nala's father-in-law and the previous King of the Pride Lands.
Jim Cummings as Scar, Mufasa's younger brother, Simba's uncle, Nala's uncle-in-law and Kiara's great-uncle, who appears in a brief cameo. He was voiced by Jeremy Irons in the original film.

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Discussion began about the possibility of a sequel to The Lion King before the first film even hit theaters.[1] In January 1995, it was reported that a Lion King sequel was to be released "in the next twelve months".[2] However, it was delayed, and then it was reported in May 1996 that it would be released in "early next year" of 1997.[3] By 1996, producer Jeannine Roussel and director Darrell Rooney signed on board to produce and direct the sequel.[4] In August 1996, Cheech Marin reported that he would reprise his role as Banzai the Hyena from the first film, but the character was ultimately cut from the sequel.[5] In December 1996, Matthew Broderick was confirmed to be returning as Simba while his wife, Sarah Jessica Parker, and Jennifer Aniston were in talks to voice Aisha, Simba's daughter. Andy Dick was also confirmed to have signed on to voice Nunka, the young villain-in-training-turned hero, who attempts to romance Aisha.[6] Ultimately, the character was renamed Kiara (after it was discovered that Aisha was the name of the female Power Ranger), and voiced by Neve Campbell, from the Scream trilogy.[7] Nunka was renamed Kovu, and voiced by Jason Marsden.[8] Then-Disney CEO Michael Eisner urged for Kovu's relationship to Scar to be changed during production as being Scar's son would make him Kiara's first cousin once-removed. According to Rooney, the final draft gradually became a variation of Romeo and Juliet. "It's the biggest love story we have," he explained. "The difference is that you understand the position of the parents in this film in a way you never did in the Shakespeare play."[9] Because none of the original animators were involved in the production, the majority of the animation was done by Walt Disney Television Animation's studio in Sydney, Australia. However, all storyboarding and pre-production work was done at the Feature Animation studio in Burbank, California.[9] By March 1998, Disney confirmed the sequel would be released on October 27, 1998.[10]

text: Release[edit]

text: Coincided with its direct-to-video release, Simba's Pride was accompanied with a promotional campaign which included tie-ins with McDonald's, Mattel, and Lever 2000.[11][12][13] Unlike the North American release, Simba's Pride was theatrically released in European and Latin American countries in spring 1999.[14][15]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was first released on VHS in the United States on October 27, 1998 and on DVD as a limited issue on November 23, 1999. The DVD release featured the film in a letterboxed 1.66:1 aspect ratio, the trailer for the movie, and a music video of "Love Will Find A Way" performed by Heather Headley and Kenny Lattimore.[16] In 1998, Disney believed that The Lion King II: Simba's Pride would be so popular that it shipped 13 million copies to stores for the October 27 release date.[17] In March 2001, it was reported that in its first three days, 3.5 million VHS copies were sold, and ultimately about thirteen million copies were sold.[18] In September 2001, it was reported that Simba's Pride had sold more than 15 million copies.[19] Overall, consumer spending on The Lion King II: Simba's Pride accumulated about $300 million — roughly the same figure of its predecessor's theatrical release at that time,[20] and continues to be one of the top-selling direct-to-video releases of all time, with $464.5 million worldwide in sales and rentals.[21]

text: On August 31, 2004, the film was re-released on VHS and a 2-Disc Special Edition DVD. The DVD edition featured optional pop-up informational commentary, interactive games (the "Virtual Safari") featuring Timon, Pumbaa and Rafiki, five humorous "Find Out Why" shorts, an animated short based on Lebo M's "One By One", and a "Proud of Simba's Pride" featurette.[22] The Special Edition version featured changes made to the film such as Kovu in the water being inexplicably re-animated as well as other alterations.[16] A DVD boxed set of the three The Lion King films (in two-disc Special Edition formats) was released on December 6, 2004. In January 2005, the film, along with the sequels, went back into moratorium.[23]

text: On October 4, 2011, Simba's Pride was included in an eight-disc box set trilogy set with the other two films.[24] The Blu-ray edition for the film was released as a separate version on March 6, 2012.[25] The Blu-ray edition has three different versions, a 2-disc Blu-ray/DVD combo pack, a 1-disc edition, and a digital download. The Blu-ray edition has also been attached with a new Timon & Pumbaa short, in which the two friends gaze at the night sky as the star constellations resemble their favorite meal, insects.[25]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the film an approval rating of 43% based on 7 reviews with an average rating of 6/10.[26]

text: Siskel & Ebert gave the film a "two-thumbs up" and said it was a "satisfactory sequel to one of the most popular films of all time, The Lion King". However, they also said it was best that it went to video, citing that the music was lacking and not remotely equal to the original's soundtrack.[27] TV Guide gave the film 2½ stars out of four, claiming that, despite being of slightly higher quality than Disney's previous direct-to-video animated sequels, "comes nowhere near the level of its big-screen predecessor", either musically or artistically. The review later went on to say that "Though most of the original characters and their voices are back, they all sound bored, apart from the zesty addition of Suzanne Pleshette as the scheming Zira. The overall result is OK for kids, who will enjoy the low humor provided by the comical meerkat Timon and the flatulent warthog Pumbaa, but it could have been so much better."[28]

text: Writing for Variety, Joe Leydon commented in his review "In marked contrast to most of the studio's small screen sequels to bigscreen animated hits, the new pic isn't merely kids' stuff. Not unlike its predecessor, Lion King II has enough across-the-board appeal to entertain viewers of all ages."[29] Caryn James of The New York Times concluded her review with "It's the rare sequel that matches the creative flair of an original, of course. The Lion King II may be derivative, but it is also winning on its own."[8]

text: Entertainment Weekly critic Stephen Witty, who graded the sequel a C+, wrote, "Despite its drawbacks, The Lion King II could make a decent rental for undemanding under-7 fans of the original, who won't be overburdened by the psychodrama. For true believers who've already watched and rewound their copies to shreds, it might even make a good buy. And for them, hey, hakuna matata. But for the rest of us, caveat emptor might be a better motto."[30] James Plath of Movie Metropolis gave the film 6/10, saying that, "Simply put, we've seen it all before."[31] Felix Vasquez Jr. of Cinema Crazed derided, "the sequel is as predictable a sequel as can be. It takes from The Fox and the Hound with shades of Romeo and Juliet and side steps the interesting Simba in favor of his bland daughter Kiara, and Timon and Pumba [sic]."[32]

text: Music[edit]

text: Songs[edit]

text: The songwriters were Marty Panzer, Tom Snow, Kevin Quinn, Randy Petersen, Mark Mancina, Jay Rifkin, Lebo M, Jack Feldman, Scott Warrender, and Joss Whedon.

text:
"He Lives in You" – Sung by Lebo M and his African choir. This song represents Kiara's birth and is the equivalent of "Circle of Life". The song is a reference to when Rafiki told Simba in the first film that Mufasa "lives" in him. Also appears in the Broadway version of the first film. The end title is performed by Tina Turner.
"We Are One" – Sung by Cam Clarke and Charity Sanoy. Following Kiara's encounter with Kovu and Zira in which she endangers herself, Simba explains how important she is to the pride and that the pride is one.
"My Lullaby" – Sung by Suzanne Pleshette, Andy Dick, and Crysta Macalush. Zira's lullaby to Kovu, which outlines her plot for him to kill Simba and how proud it would make her.
"Upendi" – Sung by Robert Guillaume, Liz Callaway, Gene Miller, and Ladysmith Black Mambazo. Rafiki's song to Kiara and Kovu about love, friendship, and happiness. Sung by Rafiki and his animal friends.
"Not One of Us" – Sung following Kovu being exiled by Simba after he accuses Kovu of betraying him. This was the first time the animals other than lions outside of the main characters (excluding The Lion King 1½) have been seen talking.
"Love Will Find a Way" – Sung by Liz Callaway and Gene Miller. A romantic love song that includes of Kiara and Kovu's first encounter following Kovu's banishment. The pair concludes that their mutual feelings for each other are too strong and true for their differences to keep them apart. The end title version is performed by R&B artists Kenny Lattimore and Heather Headley.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: An audio CD entitled Walt Disney Records Presents: Return to Pride Rock: Songs Inspired by Disney's The Lion King II: Simba's Pride was released on September 8, 1998. Although not promoted as a soundtrack to the film, it contained all the songs from the film and some additional songs inspired by it by Lebo M.

text: Related television series[edit]

text: In January 2016, a television series titled The Lion Guard began airing on Disney Junior, following a television pilot film The Lion Guard: Return of the Roar in November 2015. The series takes place during the years in-between Kiara's first meeting with Kovu as a cub and her first hunt as a young adult.[33] It focuses on Kiara's younger brother Kion who as second-born, becomes leader of The Lion Guard, a group who protect the Pride Lands and defend the Circle of Life.

text: Kovu, Nuka, Vitani and Zira appear in the season one episode "Lions of the Outlands".


document_title: Hollywood

question_text: when did the movie industry moved to hollywood

text: Hollywood

text: History[edit]

text: Early history and development[edit]

text: In 1853, one adobe hut stood in Nopalera (Nopal field), named for the Mexican Nopal cactus indigenous to the area. By 1870, an agricultural community flourished. The area was known as the Cahuenga Valley, after the pass in the Santa Monica Mountains immediately to the north.

text: According to the diary of H. J. Whitley, known as the "Father of Hollywood," on his honeymoon in 1886 he stood at the top of the hill looking out over the valley. Along came a Chinese man in a wagon carrying wood. The man got out of the wagon and bowed. The Chinese man was asked what he was doing and replied, "I holly-wood," meaning 'hauling wood.' H. J. Whitley had an epiphany and decided to name his new town Hollywood. "Holly" would represent England and "wood" would represent his Scottish heritage. Whitley had already started over 100 towns across the western United States.[7][8]

text: Whitley arranged to buy the 480 acres (190 ha) E.C. Hurd ranch. They agreed on a price and shook hands on the deal. Whitley shared his plans for the new town with General Harrison Gray Otis,publisher of the Los Angeles Times, and Ivar Weid, a prominent businessman in the area.

text: Daeida Wilcox learned of the name Hollywood from Ivar Weid, her neighbor in Holly Canyon (now Lake Hollywood) and a prominent investor and friend of Whitley's.[9][10] She recommended the same name to her husband, Harvey. H. Wilcox who had purchased 120 acres on February 1, 1887. It wasn't until August 1887 Wilcox decided to use that name and filed with the Los Angeles County Recorder's office on a deed and parcel map of the property. The early real-estate boom busted at the end of that year.

text: By 1900, the region had a post office, newspaper, hotel, and two markets. Los Angeles, with a population of 102,479 lay 10 miles (16 km) east through the vineyards, barley fields, and citrus groves. A single-track streetcar line ran down the middle of Prospect Avenue from it, but service was infrequent and the trip took two hours. The old citrus fruit-packing house was converted into a livery stable, improving transportation for the inhabitants of Hollywood.

text: The Hollywood Hotel was opened in 1902 by H. J. Whitley who was a president of the Los Pacific Boulevard and Development Company. Having finally acquired the Hurd ranch and subdivided it, Whitley built the hotel to attract land buyers. Flanking the west side of Highland Avenue, the structure fronted on Prospect Avenue, which, still a dusty, unpaved road, was regularly graded and graveled. The hotel was to become internationally known and was the center of the civic and social life and home of the stars for many years.[11]

text: Whitley's company developed and sold one of the early residential areas, the Ocean View Tract.[12] Whitley did much to promote the area. He paid thousands of dollars for electric lighting, including bringing electricity and building a bank, as well as a road into the Cahuenga Pass. The lighting ran for several blocks down Prospect Avenue. Whitley's land was centered on Highland Avenue.[13][14] His 1918 development, Whitley Heights, was named for him.

text: Incorporation and merger[edit]

text: Hollywood was incorporated as a municipality on November 14, 1903, by a vote of 88 for and 77 against. On January 30, 1904, the voters in Hollywood decided, by a vote of 113 to 96, for the banishment of liquor in the city, except when it was being sold for medicinal purposes. Neither hotels nor restaurants were allowed to serve wine or liquor before or after meals.[15]

text: In 1910, the city voted for merger with Los Angeles in order to secure an adequate water supply and to gain access to the L.A. sewer system. With annexation, the name of Prospect Avenue changed to Hollywood Boulevard and all the street numbers were also changed.[16]

text: Motion picture industry[edit]

text: By 1912, major motion-picture companies had set up production near or in Los Angeles.[17] In the early 1900s, most motion picture patents were held by Thomas Edison's Motion Picture Patents Company in New Jersey, and filmmakers were often sued to stop their productions. To escape this, filmmakers began moving out west, where Edison's patents could not be enforced.[18] Also, the weather was ideal and there was quick access to various settings. Los Angeles became the capital of the film industry.[19]

text: Director D. W. Griffith was the first to make a motion picture in Hollywood. His 17-minute short film In Old California (1910) was filmed for the Biograph Company.[20][21][22] Although Hollywood banned movie theaters—of which it had none—before annexation that year, Los Angeles had no such restriction.[23] The first film by a Hollywood studio, Nestor Motion Picture Company, was shot on October 26, 1911.[24] The H. J. Whitley home was used as its set, and the unnamed movie was filmed in the middle of their groves at the corner of Whitley Avenue and Hollywood Boulevard.[25][26]

text: The first studio in Hollywood, the Nestor Company, was established by the New Jersey–based Centaur Company in a roadhouse at 6121 Sunset Boulevard (the corner of Gower), in October 1911.[27]

text: Four major film companies – Paramount, Warner Bros., RKO, and Columbia – had studios in Hollywood, as did several minor companies and rental studios. In the 1920s, Hollywood was the fifth-largest industry in the nation.[19]

text: Hollywood became known as Tinseltown[2] because of the glittering image of the movie industry. Hollywood has since become a major center for film study in the United States.

text: Development[edit]

text: In 1923, a large sign, reading HOLLYWOODLAND, was erected in the Hollywood Hills. Its purpose was to advertise a housing development. In 1949, the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce entered a contract with the City of Los Angeles to repair and rebuild the sign. The agreement stipulated that "LAND" be removed to spell "HOLLYWOOD" so the sign would now refer to the district, rather than the housing development.[28]

text: During the early 1950s, the Hollywood Freeway was constructed through the northeast corner of Hollywood.

text: The Capitol Records Building on Vine Street, just north of Hollywood Boulevard, was built in 1956, and the Hollywood Walk of Fame was created in 1958 as a tribute to artists and other significant contributors to the entertainment industry. The official opening was on February 8, 1960.[29][30][31]

text: The Hollywood Boulevard Commercial and Entertainment District was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

text: In June 1999, the Hollywood extension of the Los Angeles County Metro Rail Red Line subway opened from Downtown Los Angeles to the San Fernando Valley, with stops along Hollywood Boulevard at Western Avenue (Hollywood/Western Metro station), Vine Street (Hollywood/Vine Metro station), and Highland Avenue (Hollywood/Highland Metro station).

text: The Dolby Theatre, which opened in 2001 as the Kodak Theatre at the Hollywood & Highland Center mall, is the home of the Oscars. The mall is located where the historic Hollywood Hotel once stood.

text: Revitalization[edit]

text: This section needs expansion with: ongoing revitalization supported by city but various neighborhood groups opposed to dense development have won several major court victories. You can help by adding to it. (May 2015)

tag: table

text: After years of serious decline in the 1980s, many Hollywood landmarks were threatened with demolition.[32] Columbia Square, at the northwest corner of Sunset Boulevard and Gower Street, is part of the ongoing rebirth of Hollywood. The Art Deco-style studio complex completed in 1938, which was once the Hollywood headquarters for CBS, became home to a new generation of broadcasters when cable television networks MTV, Comedy Central, BET and Spike TV consolidated their offices here in 2014 as part of a $420-million office, residential and retail complex.[33] Since 2000, Hollywood has been increasingly gentrified due to revitalization by private enterprise and public planners.[34][35][36]

text: Secession movement[edit]

text: In 2002, some Hollywood voters began a campaign for the area to secede from Los Angeles and become a separate municipality. In June of that year, the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors placed secession referendums for both Hollywood and the San Fernando Valley on the ballot. To pass, they required the approval of a majority of voters in the proposed new municipality as well as a majority of voters in all of Los Angeles. In the November election, both measures failed by wide margins in the citywide vote.[37]

text: Geography[edit]

text: According to the Mapping L.A. project of the Los Angeles Times, Hollywood is flanked by Hollywood Hills to the north, Los Feliz to the northeast, East Hollywood or Virgil Village to the east, Larchmont and Hancock Park to the south, Fairfax to the southwest, West Hollywood to the west and Hollywood Hills West to the northwest.[38]

text: Street limits of the Hollywood neighborhood are: north, Hollywood Boulevard from La Brea Avenue to the east boundary of Wattles Garden Park and Franklin Avenue between Bonita and Western avenues; east, Western Avenue; south, Melrose Avenue, and west, La Brea Avenue or the West Hollywood city line.[39][40]

text: In 1918, H. J. Whitley commissioned architect A. S. Barnes to design Whitley Heights as a Mediterranean-style village on the hills above Hollywood Boulevard, and it became the first celebrity community.[41][42][43]

text: Other areas within Hollywood are Franklin Village, Little Armenia, Spaulding Square, Thai Town,[39] and Yucca Corridor.[44][45]

text: Climate[edit]

text:
[hide]Climate data for Hollywood, Los Angeles, California

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
91
(33)
91
(33)
94
(34)
103
(39)
97
(36)
108
(42)
103
(39)
98
(37)
108
(42)
103
(39)
99
(37)
94
(34)
108
(42)

Average high °F (°C)
66.5
(19.2)
66.9
(19.4)
67.4
(19.7)
70.2
(21.2)
70.6
(21.4)
72.8
(22.7)
77.2
(25.1)
79.4
(26.3)
77.9
(25.5)
74.8
(23.8)
71.3
(21.8)
66.7
(19.3)
71.81
(22.12)

Average low °F (°C)
50.5
(10.3)
50.8
(10.4)
51.3
(10.7)
53.2
(11.8)
55.8
(13.2)
57.5
(14.2)
61.5
(16.4)
62.4
(16.9)
61.7
(16.5)
58.8
(14.9)
55.2
(12.9)
50.7
(10.4)
55.78
(13.22)

Record low °F (°C)
30
(−1)
36
(2)
37
(3)
40
(4)
45
(7)
44
(7)
52
(11)
51
(11)
48
(9)
40
(4)
33
(1)
33
(1)
30
(−1)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
3.99
(101.3)
5.23
(132.8)
2.84
(72.1)
0.97
(24.6)
0.31
(7.9)
0.11
(2.8)
0.02
(0.5)
0.05
(1.3)
0.25
(6.4)
0.91
(23.1)
1.36
(34.5)
2.75
(69.9)
18.79
(477.2)

Source: The Weather Channel[46]

text: Adjacent neighborhoods[edit]

text: Relation of Hollywood to nearby communities:[38][40]

text:
[show]
Places adjacent to Hollywood

Hollywood Hills West
Hollywood Hills
Los Feliz

West Hollywood

Hollywood

East Hollywood

Fairfax
Larchmont and Hancock Park
East Hollywood

text: The famous Hollywood Sign on Mount Lee is not actually in Hollywood but is instead to the north in the Hollywood Hills.[39]

text: Demographics[edit]

text: The 2000 U.S. census counted 77,818 residents in the 3.51-square-mile (9.1 km2) Hollywood neighborhood—an average of 22,193 people per square mile (8,569 per km2), the seventh-densest neighborhood in all of Los Angeles County. In 2008 the city estimated that the population had increased to 85,489. The median age for residents was 31, about the city's average.[39]

text: Hollywood was said to be "highly diverse" when compared to the city at large. The ethnic breakdown in 2000 was: Latino or Hispanic, 42.2%, Non-Hispanic Whites, 41%; Asian, 7.1%; blacks, 5.2%, and others, 4.5%.[39] Mexico (21.3%) and Guatemala (13%) were the most common places of birth for the 53.8% of the residents who were born abroad, a figure that was considered high for the city as a whole.[39]

text: The median household income in 2008 dollars was $33,694, considered low for Los Angeles. The average household size of 2.1 people was also lower than the city norm. Renters occupied 92.4% of the housing units, and home- or apartment owners the rest.[39]

text: The percentages of never-married men (55.1%), never-married women (39.8%) and widows (9.6%) were among the county's highest. There were 2,640 families headed by single parents, about average for Los Angeles.[39]

text: In 2000, there were 2,828 military veterans, or 4.5%, a low rate for the city as a whole.[39] These were the ten neighborhoods or cities in Los Angeles County with the highest population densities, according to the 2000 census, with the population per square mile:[47]

text:
Koreatown, Los Angeles, 42,611
Westlake, Los Angeles, 38,214
East Hollywood, Los Angeles, 31,095
Pico-Union, Los Angeles, 25,352
Maywood, California, 23,638
Harvard Heights, Los Angeles, 23,473
Hollywood, Los Angeles, 22,193
Walnut Park, California, 22,028
Palms, Los Angeles, 21,870
Adams-Normandie, Los Angeles, 21,848

tag: ol

text: Radio and television[edit]

text: KNX was the last radio station to broadcast from Hollywood before it left CBS Columbia Square for a studio in the Miracle Mile in 2005.[48]

text: On January 22, 1947, the first commercial television station west of the Mississippi River, KTLA, began operating in Hollywood. In December of that year, The Public Prosecutor became the first network television series to be filmed in Hollywood.Television stations KTLA and KCET, both on Sunset Boulevard, are the last broadcasters (television or radio) with Hollywood addresses, but KCET has since sold its studios on Sunset and plans to move to another location. KNBC moved in 1962 from the former NBC Radio City Studios at the northeast corner of Sunset Boulevard and Vine Street to NBC Studios in Burbank. KTTV moved in 1996 from its former home at Metromedia Square on Sunset Boulevard to West Los Angeles, and KCOP left its home on La Brea Avenue to join KTTV on the Fox lot. KCBS-TV and KCAL-TV moved from their longtime home at CBS Columbia Square on Sunset Boulevard to a new facility at CBS Studio Center in Studio City.

text: Government[edit]

text: As a neighborhood within the Los Angeles city limits, Hollywood does not have its own municipal government. There was an official, appointed by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce, who served as an honorary "Mayor of Hollywood" for ceremonial purposes only. Johnny Grant held this position from 1980 until his death on January 9, 2008.[49]

text: Emergency service[edit]

text: The Los Angeles Police Department is responsible for police services. The Hollywood police station is at 1358 N. Wilcox Ave.

text: Los Angeles Fire Department operates four fire stations – Station 27, 41, 52, and 82 – in the area.

text: The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the Hollywood-Wilshire Health Center in Hollywood.[50]

text: Post office[edit]

text: The United States Postal Service operates the Hollywood Post Office,[51] the Hollywood Pavilion Post Office,[52] and the Sunset Post Office.[53]

text: Neighborhood councils[edit]

text: Hollywood is included within the Hollywood United Neighborhood Council (HUNC)[54] Hollywood Hills West Neighborhood Council[55][56] and the Hollywood Studio District Neighborhood Council.[57][58] Neighborhood Councils cast advisory votes on such issues as zoning, planning, and other community issues. The council members are voted in by stakeholders, generally defined as anyone living, working, owning property, or belonging to an organization within the boundaries of the council.[59]

text: Education[edit]

text: Hollywood residents aged 25 and older holding a four-year degree amounted to 28% of the population in 2000, about the same as in the county at large.[39]

text: Schools[edit]

text: Public schools are operated by the Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD).

text: Schools in Hollywood include:

text:
Temple Israel of Hollywood Day School, private, 7300 Hollywood Boulevard
Gardner Street Elementary School, LAUSD, 7450 Hawthorne Avenue
Selma Avenue Elementary School, LAUSD, 6611 Selma Avenue
Grant Elementary School, 1530 North Wilton Place
Young Hollywood, private elementary, 1547 North McCadden Place
Hollywood High School, LAUSD, 1521 North Highland Avenue[60]
Hollywood Community Adult School, LAUSD, 1521 North Highland Avenue
Blessed Sacrament School, private elementary, 6641 Sunset Boulevard

Helen Bernstein High School, LAUSD, 1309 North Wilton Place
Richard A. Alonzo Community Day School, LAUSD, 5755 Fountain Avenue
Beverly Hills RC School, private elementary, 6550 Fountain Avenue
Hollywood Schoolhouse, private elementary, 1233 North McCadden Place
Joseph LeConte Middle School, LAUSD, 1316 North Bronson Avenue
T.C.A. Arshag Dickranian School, private K-12, 1200 North Cahuenga Boulevard
Hollywood Primary Center, LAUSD elementary, 1115 Tamarind Avenue
Santa Monica Boulevard Community Charter School, 1022 North Van Ness Avenue
Vine Street Elementary School, LAUSD, 955 North Vine Street
Hubert Howe Bancroft Middle School, LAUSD, 929 North Las Palmas Avenue
Larchmont Charter School, elementary, 815 North El Centro Avenue
Cheder Menachem, private elementary, 1606 South La Cienega Boulevard

text: Public libraries[edit]

text: The Will and Ariel Durant Branch and the Frances Howard Goldwyn – Hollywood Regional Branch of the Los Angeles Public Library are in Hollywood.

text: Notable places[edit]

text:
CBS Columbia Square
Charlie Chaplin Studios
Cinerama Dome
Crossroads of the World
Dolby Theatre
Earl Carroll Theatre (currently Nickelodeon on Sunset)
El Capitan Theatre
Frederick's of Hollywood
Gower Gulch
Grauman's Chinese Theatre
Grauman's Egyptian Theatre
Hollywood & Western Building
Hollywood and Highland Center
Hollywood and Vine
Hollywood Forever Cemetery
Hollywood Heritage Museum
Hollywood Palladium
Hollywood Masonic Temple
Hollywood Museum
Hollywood Walk of Fame
Hollywood Wax Museum
Knickerbocker Hotel
Madame Tussauds Hollywood
Musso & Frank Grill
Pantages Theatre
Roosevelt Hotel
Sunset Gower Studios

text: Special events[edit]

text:
The Academy Awards are held in late February/early March (since 2004) of each year, honoring the preceding year in film. Prior to 2004, they were held in late March/early April. Since 2002, the Oscars have been held at their new home at the Dolby (formerly Kodak) Theater at Hollywood Boulevard and Highland Avenue.
The annual Hollywood Christmas Parade: The 2006 parade on Nov 26 was the 75th edition of the Christmas Parade. The parade goes down Hollywood Boulevard and is broadcast in the LA area on KTLA, and around the United States on Tribune-owned stations and the WGN superstation.[61]
The Hollywood Half Marathon takes place in April (since 2012) of each year, to raise funds and awareness for local youth homeless shelters. The event includes a Half Marathon, 10K, 5K, and Kids Fun Run along Hollywood Blvd.


document_title: List of World Heritage sites in India

question_text: how many world heritage sites are there in maharashtra

text: List of World Heritage sites in India

text: Location of Heritage sites[edit]

text: vte

text: List of Heritage sites[edit]

text: Manas Wildlife Sanctuary was listed as being in danger in 1992, but was removed in 2011 following significant improvements.[1] Hampi was added to the List of World Heritage sites in Danger in 1999, but removed in 2006 following successful conservation efforts.[2][3] Kumbh Mela which is organised in every 12 years in different holy places in India viz. Allahabad in Uttar Pradesh, Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh, Haridwar in Uttarakhand and Nashik, Maharashtra is selected in UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists in 2017.[4]

text:
Sr.
No.

Name

Image

Region

Period

UNESCO data

Description

1

Ajanta Caves

Maharashtra, India

 2nd century BC to the 6th century

242; 1983; i, ii, iii, vi

Ajanta Caves are Buddhist caves that were built in two phases. The first, was from the 2nd century BC. The second, further additions were made during the 5th and 6th centuries AD of the Gupta period. The caves depict richly decorated fresco paintings, reminiscent of the Sigiriya paintings and sculptures in Sri Lanka. There are 31 rock-cut cave monuments which are unique representations of the religious art of Buddhism.[5][6][7]

2

Ellora Caves

Maharashtra, India

 600 to 1000 AD

243; 1983; (i)(iii)(vi)

Ellora Caves, also known as Ellora Complex, are a cultural mix of religious arts of Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism. 34 monasteries and temples [2] sculpted contiguously into rock walls of a high basalt cliff are seen along a length of 2 kilometres (1.2 mi). Dated to 600 to 1000 AD, they are a reflection of artistic creation of the ancient civilization of India.

3

Agra Fort, Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh, India

 16th century

251; 1983; iii

Agra Fort, also known as the Red Fort of Agra, represents Mughal opulence and power as the center piece of their empire. It was inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1982, under Category iii as a cultural monument. The fortress is located on the right bank of the Yamuna River, built in red sandstone, covering a length of 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi). It is surrounded by a moat which encloses several palaces, towers, and mosques. They were built from the 16th century onward utill the early 18th century. This corresponds to Emperor Akbar's reign in the 16th century to that of Aurangzeb in the early part of the 18th century, including the contributions made during the reign of Jahangir and Shahjahan of the Moghul Rule in India. The impressive structures built within the precincts of the fort are the Khas Mahal, the Shish Mahal, Muhamman Burje (an octagonal tower), Diwan-i-Khas (1637), Diwan-i-Am, white marble mosque or the Pearl Mosque (built during 1646–1653) and the Nagina Masjid (1658–1707). These monuments are remarkable for the fusion of Persian art of the Timurid and Indian art forms. It is near the famous Taj Mahal, with a buffer zone separating the two monuments.[8][9]

4

Taj Mahal, Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh, India

 17th century

252; 1983;i

Taj Mahal, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, is a mausoleum – a funerary mosque. It was built by Emperor Shahjahan in memory of his third wife Begum Mumtaz Mahal who had died in 1631. It is a large edifice made in white marble in typical Mughal architecture, a style that combines elements from Persian, Islamic, and Indian architectural styles. This much acclaimed masterpiece was built over a 16-year period between 1631 and 1648 under the Chief Architect Ustad Ahmad Lahauri supported by several thousand artisans under the guidance of an Imperial Committee. It was inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1983, under Category i, as a cultural property/monument. It is set amidst vast Mughal Gardens, which cover 17 hectares (42 acres) of land on the right bank of the Yamuna River. It has an octagonal layout marked by four exclusive minarets at four corners with a pristine elevation of a central bulbous dome below which the tombs are laid in an underground chamber. Calligraphic inscriptions in-crusted in polychromatic pierra dura, decorative bands and floral arabesques glorify the monument's graphic beauty and provide a picture perfect impression to the viewers.[10][11]

5

Sun Temple, Konârak

Puri District, Odisha, India

13th-century

 246; 1984;(i)(iii)(vi)

Konark Sun Temple is a 13th-century Sun Temple (also known as the "Black Pagoda"), at Konark, in Odisha. Located on the east coast of the Bay of Bengal in the Mahanadi Delta, it is built in the form of the chariot of Surya (Arka), the sun god with 24 wheels, and is heavily decorated with symbolic stone carvings and led by a team of six horses. It was constructed from oxidizing weathered ferruginous sandstone by King Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty.  The temple is one of the most renowned temples in India and is a World Heritage site inscribed in 1984 as cultural property under categories (i), (iii) and (vi).[12][13]

6

Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram

Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu, India

7th and 8th centuries

249; 1984; (i)(ii)(iii)(vi)

The Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram, in Tamil Nadu, about 58 km from Chennai, were built by the Pallava kings in the 7th and 8th centuries. The town has gained prominence under the rule of Mamalla. These monuments have been carved out of rock along the Coromandel coast. The temple town has approximately forty monuments, including the largest open-air bas-relief in the world. It was inscribed under the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1984 as a cultural heritage under categories (i)(ii)(iii)(vi). The monuments inscribed are the Ratha Temples: Temples in the form of chariots, Mandapas, 11 Cave sanctuaries covered with bas-reliefs, rock relief of Descent of the Ganges, which is the largest open air Rock relief also known as Arjuna's Penance or Bhagiratha's Penance.[14][15]

7

Kaziranga

Assam, India

20th century

337; 1985; ix, x

Kaziranga, located in the Northeastern state of Assam in the flood plains of the Brahmaputra River’s south bank, was declared a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1985 for its unique natural environment. It was first established as a reserved forest in 1908 to protect the dwindling species of rhinoceros. It underwent several transformations over the years, as The Kaziranga Game Sanctuary in 1916, renamed Kaziranga Wildlife Sanctuary in 1950, and declared a national park in 1974. The park, which covers an area of 42,996 hectares (106,250 acres), has the distinction of being home to the largest population of the great Indian one-horned rhinoceros. There are many other mammals and birds species in the sanctuary.[16][17][18]

8

Manas Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam

Assam, India

20th century

338; 1985; vii, ix, x

Manas Wildlife Sanctuary, located in the northeastern state of Assam covers an area of 50,000 hectares (120,000 acres) in the plains of the Manas River in the foot hills of the Himalayas, on the border with Bhutan (contiguous with the Manas Wildlife Sanctuary in Bhutan). It was inscribed as a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1985 for its unique natural environment. The sanctuary is the habitat of several species of plants, 21 most-threatened species of mammals (out of 55 mammal species in the sanctuary), 36 reptile species, 3 amphibians and 350 species of birds. Endangered species include tiger, pygmy hog, clouded leopard, sloth bear, Indian rhinoceros, wild buffaloes (the only pure strain of buffalo in India), Indian elephants, golden langur and Bengal florican. In 1907, it was declared a reserve forest, was declared a sanctuary in 1928, and became a tiger reserve in 1973 as part of "Project Tiger" and a World Heritage site in December 1985. Plants listed under the broad category of Burma Monsoon Forests include 285 species of Dicotyledons and 98 species of Monocotyledons. Since 1992, the sanctuary was listed under "The World Heritage in Danger"|,[19][20][21] but removed in 2011 after significant conservation efforts.

9

Keoladeo National Park

Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India

 1981

340; 1985; (x)

Keoladeo National Park in Bharatpur is located within the Indus-Ganges Monsoon Forest Biogeographical Province. It extends over an area of 2,783 hectares (6,880 acres). It was declared a national park in 1982. Earlier to this, in 1900, it was a duck-hunting reserve of the Maharajasof Bharatpur, then became a bird sanctuary in 1956, with the Maharajas exercising shooting rights till 1972, and was recorded as a Ramsar Wetland site, in 1981. It was inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1985 under category (x), as a natural property. The area of the wetland of the park shrinks to 1,000 hectares (2,500 acres) during most part of the year. It has a human-built environment created partly by embankments dividing the area into 10 units, and has sluice controlled arrangement to maintain the water level. It is famous for 364 species of wintering birds that flock in large numbers, arriving from distant countries of Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, China and Siberia. It is surrounded by 17 villages and the Bharatpur city.[22][23]

10

Churches and Convents of Goa

Velha Goa (Old Goa), Goa, India

 16th and 18th centuries

234; 1986; (ii)(iv)(vi)

Churches and Convents of Goa are monuments inscribed by UNESCO under the World Heritage List in 1986 as cultural property, under criteria (ii),(iv) and (vi), which were built by the Portuguese colonial rulers of Goa between 16th and 18th centuries. These monuments are mainly in the former capital of Velha Goa. Velha Goa is also known Goem, Pornem Gõy, Adlem Gõi, Old Goa or Saibachem Gõi, where Saib or Goencho Saib refers to Saint Francis Xavier. The most significant of these monuments is the Basilica of Bom Jesus, which enshrines the tomb containing the relics of St. Francis Xavier. These monuments of Goa, known as the "Rome of the Orient," were established by different Catholic religious orders, from 25 November 1510 onwards. There were originally 60 churches of which some of the surviving monuments in the city of Velha Goa are the Saint Catherine's Chapel (where one of the first, probably only besides the Angediva Island, Latin rite mass in Asia, was held on Saint Catherine's feast day, 25 November 1510), the Church and Convent of Saint Francis of Assisi, the Sé Catedral de Santa Catarina dedicated to Saint Catherine of Alexandria, the Jesuit Borea Jezuchi Bajilika or Basílica do Bom Jesus, Igreja de São Francisco de Assis (also known as Asisachea Sanv Fransiskachi Igorz), the Theatine Igreja da Divina Providência (São Caetano) (also known as San Kaitanachi Igorz or the church of Saint Cajetan and its seminary (resembles Basilica Papale di San Pietro in Vaticano), Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Rosário (also known as Ruzai Saibinnichi Igorz (Church of Our Lady of the Rosary)) and Igreja de Santo Agostinho (also known as Sanv Agustineachi Igorz (Church of Saint Augustine) (only the belfry stands today and some graves, including the Georgian Orthodox Church Saint, Saint Ketevan, who was also a queen). These monuments were forerunners in establishing an ensemble of the Manueline, Mannerist and Baroque art forms in the Asian region. The monuments are built in laterites and walls plastered with limestone mortar mixed with broken shells. For this reason, the monuments need constant maintenance to prevent deterioration due to monsoon climatic conditions, and thus keep them in good shape.[24][25]

11

Khajuraho Group of Monuments, Madhya Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh, India

 950 AD to 1050 AD

240; 1986; (i) (iii)

Khajuraho Group of Monuments attributed to the Chandela dynasty which, under sovereignty of Gurjar Pratihars reached its glory. The ensemble of monuments that have survived belong to the Hindu and Jain Religious practices with striking fusion of sculpture and architecture; the best example of this outstanding feature is seen in the Kandariya Temple. Of the 85 temples built, only 22 temples have survived in an area of 6 km2, which represents the Chandela period of the 10th century. Located in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, it was inscribed by UNESCO as a World Heritage site, a cultural property on October 15, 1982 for its unique original artistic creation and proof of the Chandela Culture that existed prior to the Muslim invasion of India in the early 12th century.[26][27]

12

Group of Monuments at Hampi

Ballari district, Karnataka, India

14th and 16th centuries

241 ; 1986; (i)(iii)(iv)

The Group of Monuments at Hampi comprise a sombre but ostentatious Hampi town, on the banks of the river Tungabhadra in Karnataka. Hampi subsumes the ruins of Vijayanagara, which was the former capital of the powerful Vijayanagara Empire. Dravidian temples and palaces abound in Hampi. These won the admiration of travellers between the 14th and 16th centuries. Hampi, as an important Hindu & Jain religious centre, has the Virupaksha Temple (different from Pattadakal's Virupaksha Temple) and several other monuments, which are part of the cultural heritage site inscribed under category (i), (iii) and (iv) in the UNESCO World Heritage List.[28][29]

13

Fatehpur Sikri, Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh, India

 16th century

255; 1986; ii, iii, iv

Fatehpur Sikri, "the City of Victory," was built during the second half of the 16th century by the Mughal Emperor Akbar (1556–1605). It was the capital of the Empire and seat of the grand Mughal court, but only for 14 years. Despite bearing exceptional testimony to the Mughal civilization at the end of the 16th century, it had to be abandoned due to the twin reasons of lack of water and unrest in north-west India, leading the emperor to shift the capital to Lahore. Akbar decided to construct it in 1571, on the same site where the birth of his son, the future Emperor Jahangir, was predicted by the wise saint Shaikh Salim Chisti (1480–1572). The work, supervised by the great Mughal himself, was completed in 1573. The complex of monuments and temples, all uniformly in Mughal architectural style, includes one of the largest mosques in India, the Jama Masjid, the Buland Darwaza, the Panch Mahal, and the Tomb of Salim Chishti. The English traveller Ralph Fitch considered the city in 1585 as 'considerably larger than London and more populous.' Its form and layout strongly influenced the evolution of Indian town planning, notably at Shahjahanabad (Old Delhi). The city has numerous other palaces, public buildings and mosques, as well as living areas for the court, the army, servants of the king and for an entire population whose history has not been recorded.[30][31]

14

Group of Monuments at Pattadakal

Bagalkot District, Karnataka, India

 8th century

 239 ; 1987; (iii)(iv)

The Group of monuments in Pattadakal designated under UNESCO World Heritage List, in 1987, cover a remarkable series of nine Hindu temples, as well as a Jain sanctuary in northern Karnataka. In this group of temples, the Virupaksha Temple, built c. 740 by Queen Lokamahadevi to commemorate her husband's (King Vikramaditya II) victory over the Pallava kings from the south, is considered the most outstanding architectural edifice (This is different from the Virupaksha Temple at Hampi.) These are a remarkable combination of temples built by the Chalukya Dynasty in the 6th to the 8th century at Aihole, Badami and Pattadakal, the latter city was known as the "Crown Rubies". The temples represent a remarkable fusion of the architectural features of northern (Nagara) and southern (Dravida) India. Pattadakal is considered a Hindu holy city and within the heritage complex are eight temples dedicated to Shiva, a ninth shaivite sanctuary called the Papanatha Temple, and a Jain Narayana temple.[32][33]

15

Elephanta Caves

Maharashtra, India

 5th to 8th centuries

244rev; 1987; (i)(iii)

The Elephanta Caves are a network of sculpted caves located on Elephanta Island, or Gharapuri (literally "the city of caves") in Mumbai Harbour, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) to the east of the city of Mumbai. The island, located on an arm of the Arabian Sea, consists of two groups of caves — the first is a large group of five Hindu caves, the second, a smaller group of two Buddhist caves. The Hindu caves contain rock cut stone sculptures, representing the Shaiva Hindu sect, dedicated to the god Shiva. The rock-cut architecture of the caves is dated to between the 5th and 8th centuries, although the identity of the original builders is still a subject of debate. The caves are hewn from solid basalt rock. Renovated in the 1970s, the caves were designated a World Heritage site in 1987 to preserve the artwork.[34][35]

16

Great Living Chola Temples

Brihadeeswarar temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram, Tamil Nadu, India

11th and 12th century

250bis; 1987; (ii)(iii)

The Great Living Chola Temples, built by kings of the Chola Empire stretched over all of Tamil Nadu. This cultural heritage site includes three great temples of 11th and 12th centuries namely, the Brihadisvara Temple at Thanjavur, the Brihadisvara Temple at Gangaikondacholisvaram and the Airavatesvara Temple at Darasuram. The Temple of Gangaikondacholisvaram, built by Rajendra I, was completed in 1035. Its 53 metres (174 ft) vimana (sanctum tower) has recessed corners and a graceful upward curving movement, contrasting with the straight and severe tower at Thanjavur. The Airavatesvara temple complex, built by Rajaraja II, at Darasuram features a 24 metres (79 ft) vimana and a stone image of Shiva. The temples testify to the brilliant achievements of the Chola in architecture, sculpture, painting and bronze casting. The site was inscribed under UNESCO World Heritage List in 1987 as Cultural heritage under criteria (ii) and (iii).[36][37]

Airavateshwarar Temple, Darasuram, Tamil Nadu, India

Brihadeeswarar Temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India

17

Sundarbans National Park

West Bengal (India)

 1939 and 1982

 452; 1987 ; (ix) and (x)

The Sundarbans National Park, the largest estuarine mangrove forest in the world is a national park, tiger reserve, World Heritage site and a biosphere reserve located in the Sundarbans Ganges river delta bordering the Bay of Bengal, in West Bengal. It is also on the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves. The Sundarbans as a whole encompasses 10,000 km2 (3,900 sq mi) of land and water, about 5,980 km2 (2,310 sq mi) in Bangladesh and the balance is in India. It is integral to the world's largest delta of 80,000 km2 formed from sediments deposited by the three great rivers, the Ganges, the Brahmaputra and the Meghna, which confluence in the Bengal Basin. The entire basin is traversed by a complex network of interconnecting waterways. Though, the history of protection in the area of Indian part of the Sundarbans dates back to 1878, it was declared as the core area of Sundarbans Tiger Reserve in 1973 and a wildlife sanctuary in 1977 of 133,000-hectare core area within the 258,500 hectares (639,000 acres) Sundarbans Tiger Reserve. On May 4, 1984 it was declared a National Park. It was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1987 as a natural property under category (ix) and (x). This region is densely covered by mangrove forests, and is one of the largest reserves for the Bengal tiger. It is also home to a variety of bird, reptile and invertebrate species, including the salt-water crocodile.[38][39]

18

Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks

Chamoli District, Uttarakhand, India

1939 and 1982

335bis; 1988, 2005 ;(vii),(x)

Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks are nestled high in West Himalaya. Valley of Flowers National Park is renowned for its meadows of endemic alpine flowers and outstanding natural beauty. It is located in the Garhwal Himalaya of Chamoli District of Uttarakhand. This richly diverse area is also home to rare and endangered animals, including the Asiatic black bear, snow leopard, brown bear and blue sheep. The gentle landscape of the Valley of Flowers National Park complements the rugged mountain wilderness of Nanda Devi National Park. Together, they encompass a unique transition zone between the mountain ranges of the Zanskar and Great Himalaya. The park stretches over an expanse of 87.5 km2 (33.8 sq mi). It was established as a national park on 6 November 1982. However, it was initially established as a game sanctuary on 7 January 1939. It was inscribed under the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1988 with extension in 2005 under category (vii) and (x).[40][41] Together, they comprise the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, which is on the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves since 2004.

19

Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh, India

2nd and 1st centuries BC to the 12th century AD

524; 1989; (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi)

Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi, located 45 kilometres (28 mi) from Bhopal in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh are a group of Buddhist monuments dated between 200 BC and 100 BC. The site, however, has been conjectured to have been developed in the 3rd century BC, when Emperor Ashoka of the Mauryan Empire ruled. The principal monument is Stupa 1 dated to the 2nd century and 1st century BC. These Buddhist sanctuaries were active Buddhist religious monuments, which flourished till the 12th century. The sanctuary has a plethora of monolithic pillars, palaces, temples and monasteries in different status of preservation. It was inscribed as a World Heritage site by UNESCO on January 24, 1989 for its unique cultural importance. It was discovered only in 1818 in a deserted state of preservation. Archaeological excavations undertaken thereafter revealed 50 unique monuments.[42][43][44]

20

Humayun’s Tomb, Delhi

Delhi, India

 1572

 232, 1993, (ii), (iv)

Humayun’s Tomb, Delhi, the first tomb built with several innovations, set at the centre of luxurious gardens with water channels, was the precursor monument to the Taj Mahal (built a century later). It was built in 1570 and was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Monument in 1993 for its cultural importance. It was built in 1569–1570 by the second Mughal Emperor Humayun’s widow Biga Begum (Hajji Begum). Its architecture is credited to Mirza Ghiyath and its Mughal architectural style has been acclaimed as the "necropolis of the Mughal dynasty" for its double domed elevation provided with Chhatris. Apart from the tomb of Humayun, the funerary also has 150 tombs of various members of the royal family. The tomb is built with a char-bagh (fourfold) layout with two gates, one on the south and the other on the west. It has a number of water channels, a pavilion and a bath. The tomb set on an irregular octagonal plinth has a raised dome of 42.5 m height, covered by marble slabs and decorated with chhatris.[45][46]

21

Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi

Delhi, India

 Late 12th century

 233, 1993, (iv)

Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi, located to the south of Delhi, is a complex with the Qutb Minar as the centre piece, which is a red sandstone tower of 72.5 metres (238 ft) height with a base of 14.32 metres (47.0 ft) reducing to 2.75 metres (9.0 ft) diameter at the top. Built in the beginning of the 13th century, the complex of structures comprises itineraries, the Alai Darwaza Gate (1311), the Alai Minar (an incomplete mound of the intended Minar or tower), the Qubbat-ul-Islam Mosque (the earliest existing mosque in India), the tomb of Iltumish, and an Iron Pillar.  The complex is a testimony to the Islamic depredations during the period as seen from the materials used for building the complex which are those that were removed after destroying Hindu and Jain temples; a shining iron pillar of 7.02 metres (23.0 ft) height (without any trace of rusting) erected at the centre of the complex, with inscriptions in Sanskrit, of the Chandra Gupta II period is a moot witness. History records its construction, initially by Qutubuddin Aibak in 1192, its completion by Iltumish (1211–36) and again by Alauddin Khalji (1296–1316). It underwent several renovations by subsequent rulers, following damage to the structures due to lightning. It was inscribed under the UNESCO World Heritage List under category iv for its unique representation of the Islamic architectural and artistic excellence.[47][48]

22

Mountain Railways of India

Darjeeling Himalayan Railway (1999), Darjeeling, West Bengal, India

19th and early 20th centuries

944ter; 1999, 2005, 2008; (ii)(iv)

The Mountain Railways of India represents a collective listing of the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, the Nilgiri Mountain Railway and the Kalka-Shimla Railway under the UNESCO World Heritage site. Two railways, the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway (1881) and the Kalka-Shimla Railway (1898) are located in the rugged hill regions of the Himalayas of Northern India and the other two, the Nilgiri Mountain Railway (1908) and the Matheran Hill Railway (1907) are located in the rugged hill regions of the Western Ghats of Southern India. The World Heritage UNESCO recognition to these mountain railways of India has been stated as for being "outstanding examples of bold, ingenious engineering solutions for the problem of establishing an effective rail link through a rugged, mountainous terrain. The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway was recognized first in 1999,  the Nilgiri Mountain Railway followed suite as an extension to the site in 2005, and in 2008 the Kalka–Shimla Railway was further added as an extension; and the three together have been titled as Mountain Railways of India under Criteria: ii, iv under the region in the Asia-Pacific. The claim of the Matheran Hill Railway, the fourth mountain railway, is pending acceptance by the international body.[49][50]

Nilgiri Mountain Railway (2005) Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India

Kalka-Shimla Railway, Himachal Pradesh (2008)India

23

Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya, Bihar

Bihar, India

 3rd century BC, 5th and 6th century AD and 19th century

1056 rev; 2002; i, ii, iii, iv, vi

Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya (Buddha Gaya), spread over an area of 4.86 hectares (12.0 acres) was inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List i as a unique property of cultural and archaeological importance. The first temple was built by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BC (260 BC) around the Bodhi Tree Ficus religiosa (to the west of the temple). However, the temples seen now are dated between 5th and 6th centuries AD. The structures have been built in bricks. Revered and sanctified as the place where Siddhartha Gautama Buddha was enlightened in 531 BC at age 35, and then propagated his divine knowledge of Buddhism to the world, it has been the ultimate temple for reverential worship, over the last several centuries, by Buddhists of all denominations, from all over the world who visit on pilgrimage. The main temple is 50 m in height, built in Indian architectural style, dated between 5th and 6th centuries, and it is the oldest temple in the Indian sub-continent built during the "Golden Age" of Indian culture credited to the Gupta period. Sculpted balustrades of the Ashokan times (3rd century BC) are preserved in the Archaeological Museum located within the temple complex.[51][52]

24

Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka, Madhya Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh, India

30,000 years

925; 2003; (iii) (v)

Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka described in the UNESCO Inscription as "the site complex … a magnificent repository of rock paintings within natural rock shelters" is located in the foothills of the Vindhya range of hills in the Central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It is spread in sandstone formations extending over an area of 1893 ha with a buffer zone 10,280 hectares (25,400 acres). The rock shelters, discovered only in 1957, comprise a group of "five clusters of rock shelters" with paintings that are inferred to date from the "Mesolithic period right through to the Historical period", with the 21 villages surrounding them reflecting the traditions displayed in the rock paintings. The unique rock art has been discovered in 400 painted shelters spread over an area of 1,892 ha amidst dense forest with high diversity of flora and fauna, with some of the shelters dated from 100,000 BC (Late Acheulian) to 1000 AD. It was inscribed as a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 2003 as a unique cultural property representing a convergence displayed in the art form between the people and the landscape with links to the hunting gathering economy of the past.[43][53][54]

25

Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus), Mumbai

Maharashtra, India

 1887–1888

945rev; 2004; (ii)(iv)

Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus is a historic railway station in Mumbai, which serves as the headquarters of the Central Railways. It is one of the busiest railway stations in India, and serves Central Railway trains terminating in Mumbai as well as the Mumbai Suburban Railway. The station was designed by Frederick William Stevens, a consulting architect in 1887–1888. It took ten years to complete and was named "Victoria Terminus" in honour of the Queen and Empress Victoria; it was opened on the date of her Golden Jubilee in 1887. This famous architectural landmark in Gothic style was built as the headquarters of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway. In 1996, in response to demands by the Shiv Sena and in keeping with the policy of renaming locations with Indian names, the station was renamed by the state government after Chatrapati Shivaji, the famed 17th-century Maratha king.  On 2 July 2004, the station was nominated as a World Heritage site by the World Heritage Committee of UNESCO.[55][56]

26

Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park, Gujarat

Gujarat, India

Prehistoric and 8th to 14th centuries

1101; 2004; iii, iv, v, vi

Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park is situated in Panchmahal district in Gujarat, India. It was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2004 as a cultural site.  There is a concentration of largely unexcavated archaeological, historic and living cultural heritage properties cradled in an impressive landscape which includes prehistoric (chalcolithic) sites, a hill fortress of an early Hindu capital, and remains of the 16th-century capital of the state of Gujarat. The site also includes, among other vestiges, fortifications, palaces, religious buildings, residential precincts, agricultural structures and water installations, from the 8th to the 14th centuries. The Kalikamata Temple & Jain Temple on top of the Pavagadh Hill is considered to be an important shrine, attracting large numbers of pilgrims throughout the year. The site is the only complete and unchanged Islamic pre-Mughal city.[57][58]

27

Red Fort Complex

Delhi, India

1648

 231rev, 2007, (ii), (iii), (vi)

Red Fort Complex, also known as Lal Qila is a palace fort built in the 17th century by Shahjahan (1628–58), the fifth Mughal emperor as part of his new capital city of Shahjahanabad. located to the north of Delhi. It represents the glory of the Mughal rule and is considered the Highpoint of Mughal architectural, artistic aesthetic creativity. The architectural design of the structures built within the fort represents a blend of Persian, Timuri and Indian architectural styles; Isfahan, the Persian Capital is said to have provided the inspiration to build the Red Fort Complex. The planning and design of this complex, in a geometrical grid plan with pavilion structures, was the precursor of several monuments which were built later in Rajasthan, Delhi, Agra and other places. The palace complex has been fortified by an enclosure wall built with red sand stone (hence the name Red Fort). It is adjacent to the Salimgarh Fort on its north built by Islam Shah Suri in 1546 and is now part of the Red Fort Complex (area covered 120 acres) under the revised inscription of the UNESCO World Heritage List under categories (i),(ii), (iii) and (vi). Built between 1639 and 1648, enclosing an area of size 656 metres (2,152 ft)x328 metres (1,076 ft) and raising to a height of 23 metres (75 ft) on the right bank of the Yamuna River, it is linked to the Salimgarh Fort through a bridge over an old river channel, now a city road. The palace within the fort complex, located behind the Diwan-i-Am (Hall of Public Audience), comprises a series of richly engraved marble palace pavilions, interconnected by water channels called the ‘Nehr-i-Behishit’ meaning the "Stream of Paradise", the Diwane-i-khas (Private audience hall), several other essential private structures, and also the Moti Masjid (Pearl Mosque built by Emperor Aurangzeb).[59][60]

28

Jantar Mantar, Jaipur

Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

 1727 and 1734

1338; 2010; (iii)(iv)

The Jantar Mantar in Jaipur is a collection of architectural astronomical instruments, built by Maharaja (King) Jai Singh II at his then new capital of Jaipur between 1727 and 1734. It is modelled after the one that he had built at the Mughal capital of Delhi. He had constructed a total of five such facilities at different locations, including the ones at Delhi and Jaipur. The Jaipur observatory is the largest and best preserved of these and has a set of some 20 main fixed instruments built in masonry. It has been inscribed as cultural property on the UNESCO World Heritage List as "an expression of the astronomical skills and cosmological concepts of the court of a scholarly prince at the end of the Mughal period."[61][62]

29

Western Ghats

Agasthyamalai Sub-Cluster

2012

Western Ghats, also known as the Sahyadri Mountains, a mountain range along the western side of India and one of the world’s ten "Hottest biodiversity hotspots" (sub cluster nomination)[63][64][65] A total of thirty nine properties (including national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and reserve forests) were designated as World Heritage sites – twenty in the state of Kerala, ten in Karnataka, five in Tamil Nadu and four in Maharashtra.[66][67]

Periyar Sub-Cluster

Anamalai Sub-Cluster

Nilgiri Sub-Cluster

Talakaveri Sub-Cluster (five properties)

Kudremukh Sub-Cluster (five properties)

Sahyadri Sub-Cluster

30

Hill Forts of Rajasthan

Chittorgarh

7th to 16th centuries[68]

 247; 2013;(ii)(iii)

Hill Forts of Rajasthan, are a series of sites located on rocky outcrops of the Aravallis mountain range in Rajasthan. They represent a typology of Rajput military hill architecture, a style characterized by its mountain peak settings, utilizing the defensive properties of the terrain. These hill forts in Rajasthan represent Rajput military strongholds across a vast range of geographical and cultural zones.It represents number of hill forts and is said to express the development of Rajput defensive architecture. examples of Rajput military architecture. Rajput forts are well known for their defensive architecture. They enclose large territories and even complete villages in walled compounds. The property consists of Chittor Fort, Kumbhalgarh Fort, Ranthambore Fort, Gagron Fort, Amer Fort, Jaisalmer Fort. These fort complexes include palaces, Hindu and Jain temples, urban centers and trading centers.[69] Due to the variety of built structures in each hill fort, only the most significant elements of each complex are described.[70][71]

Kumbhalgarh

Ranthambhore

Amber Sub-Cluster

Jaisalmer

Gagron

31

Rani ki vav (The Queen's Stepwell)

Patan, Gujarat, India

11th century AD[72]

2014

Rani ki vav (The Queen's Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat, is a famous stepwell It is famous for its size and sculpture. The length of Rani ki Vav is more than 64m long, 20m wide & 27m deep and there are more than 500 sculptures of god. Most of the sculptures are in devotion to Vishnu, in the forms of Dus-Avatars Kalki, Rama, Mahisasurmardini, Narsinh, Vaman, Varahi and others representing their return to the world. Nagkanya, Yogini beautiful women – Apsara showcasing 16 different styles of make-up to look more attractive called Solah-shringar.[73][74]

32

Great Himalayan National Park

Himachal Pradesh, India

2014[75]

Great Himalayan National Park at Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, is characterized by high alpine peaks, alpine meadows and riverine forests. The 90,540 ha property includes the upper mountain glacial and snow melt water source origins of several rivers, and the catchments of water supplies that are vital to millions of downstream users. The GHNPCA protects the monsoon-affected forests and alpine meadows of the Himalayan front ranges. It is part of the Himalaya biodiversity hotspot and includes 25 forest types along with a rich assemblage of fauna species, several of which are threatened. This gives the site outstanding significance for biodiversity conservation.[75]

33

Nalanda

Bihar, India

5th to 12th centuries

2016[76]

The Nalanda Mahavihara site is in the State of Bihar, in north-eastern India. It comprises the archaeological remains of a monastic and scholastic institution dating from the 3rd century BCE to the 13th century CE. It includes stupas, shrines, viharas (residential and educational buildings) and important art works in stucco, stone and metal. Nalanda stands out as the most ancient university of the Indian Subcontinent. It engaged in the organized transmission of knowledge over an uninterrupted period of 800 years. The historical development of the site testifies to the development of Buddhism into a religion and the flourishing of monastic and educational traditions.

34

Khangchendzonga National Park

Sikkim, India

2016[77]

Located at the heart of the Himalayan range in northern India (State of Sikkim), the Khangchendzonga National Park includes a unique diversity of plains, valleys, lakes, glaciers and spectacular, snow-capped mountains covered with ancient forests, including the world’s third highest peak, Mount Khangchendzonga.[78]

35

The Architectural Work Of Le Corbusier

Chandigarh, India

20th century

2016[79]

Chosen from the work of Le Corbusier, the 17 sites comprising this transnational serial property are spread over seven countries. Urban and Architectural Work of Le Corbusier in Chandigarh, is home to numerous architectural projects of Le Corbusier, Pierre Jeanneret, Matthew Nowicki and Albert Mayer.

36

Historic City of Ahmedabad

Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

15th century

2017[80]

The walled city of Ahmedabad, founded by Sultan Ahmad Shah I in the 15th century, on the eastern bank of the Sabarmati river, presents a rich architectural heritage from the sultanate period, notably the Bhadra citadel, the walls and gates of the Fort city and numerous mosques and tombs as well as important Hindu and Jain temples of later periods. The urban fabric is made up of densely-packed traditional houses (pols) in gated traditional streets (puras) with characteristic features such as bird feeders, public wells, and religious institutions. The city continued to flourish as the capital of the State of Gujarat for six centuries, up to the present.

37

The Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble of Mumbai

Maharashtra,  India

1862

2018[81][82]

This is a collection of the Victorian Gothic buildings and Art Deco buildings. They are Bombay High Court, Rajabai Clock Tower, Eros Cinema and University of Mumbai

text: Sites by states[edit]

text: The list shows the number of the heritage sites in India by statewise.

text:
State
Exclusive sites
Shared sites

Assam
2
0

Bihar
2

0

Chandigarh
1
0

Delhi
3
0

Goa
1
0

Gujarat
3
0

Himachal Pradesh
1
1

Karnataka
2
1

Kerala
0
1

Madhya Pradesh
3
0

Maharashtra
6
0

Odisha
1
0

Rajasthan
3
0

Tamil Nadu
2
2

Uttarakhand
1
0

Uttar Pradesh
3
0

West Bengal
1
1

Sikkim
1
0

text: Tentative list of Heritage sites[edit]

text: Apart from the 37 sites inscribed on the World Heritage list, there is a list of tentative sites for recognition which has been submitted to UNESCO Committee for evaluation and acceptance. This procedure of prelisting is a prerequisite for the nominations for the World Heritage list to be accepted.[83] Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Thailand, the Philippines, and Nepal have expressed their support in inscribing more sites from India.[84]

text:
Sr.
No.

Name

Image

Region

Period

UNESCO data

Description

01

Temples at Bishnupur

Bishnupur, West Bengal, India

1600–1758 AD

1998

West Bengal is famous for its terracotta temples built in the 17th and 18th centuries and the balucheri sarees

02

Mattancherry Palace

Mattancherry, Kochi, Kerala, India

1555 AD

1998

Mattancherry Palace, also known as the Dutch Palace, in Mattancherry, Kochi, Kerala features Kerala murals depicting Hindu temple art, portraits and exhibits of the rajas of Kochi. (1998)

03

Mandu, Madhya Pradesh Group of Monuments

Mandu, Madhya Pradesh, India

10th century AD[85]

1998

Mandu, Madhya Pradesh Group of Monuments are in the fortress town on a rocky outcrop about 100 km (62 mi) from Indore, and are celebrated for their fine architecture

04

Ancient Buddhist Site in Sarnath

Sarnath, Varanasi District, Uttar Pradesh, India

500 CE

1998

Ancient Buddhist Site in Sarnath, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh where Gautama Buddha first taught the Dharma, and where the Buddhist Sangha came into existence through the enlightenment of Kondanna. (1998)

05

Sri Harimandir Sahib (The "Golden Temple")

Amritsar, Punjab, India

August 1604

2004

Sri Harimandir Sahib (The "Golden Temple") in Amritsar, Punjab, is the holiest shrine in Sikhism

06

River Island of Majuli

Brahmaputra River, Assam, India

2004

River Island of Majuli in midstream of the Brahmaputra River in Assam, it is the largest river island in the world.[86][87]

07

Namdapha National Park

Arunachal Pradesh, India

2006

This is the largest protected area in the Eastern Himalaya biodiversity hotspot is located in Arunachal Pradesh in Northeast India

08

Wild Ass Sanctuary

Kutchh, Gujarat, India

2006

Wild Ass Sanctuary, largest wildlife sanctuary in India is known for the endangered wild ass subspecies of Indian wild ass in Little Rann of Kutch

09

Bhitarkanika Conservation Area

Odisha, India

2009

A mangrove wetland in Odisha home to largest salt water crocodiles in the world apart from other wildlife animals and exotics birds both indigenous and migratory. It has the largest number of mangrove species in India. The Gahirmatha sanctuary besides the bhitarkanika national park is the site of mass nesting and egg laying by olive ridley sea turtles that happens once a year. It is known as aribada.

10

Neora Valley National Park

Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India

2009

This is one of the richest biological zones in the entire Northeast situated in the Kalimpong subdivision under Darjeeling District in West Bengal.

11

Desert National Park

Rajasthan, India

2009

This is an example of the ecosystem of the Thar Desert.

12

Mughal Gardens in Jammu and Kashmir

Chashma Shahi, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

1619–1650 AD

2010

There are six gardens. They are Chashma Shahi, Shalimar Bagh, Pari Mahal, Verinag Garden, Achabal Gardens and Nishat Bagh.

Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

Verinag Garden, Anantnag, Jammu and Kashmir, India

Pari Mahal, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

Achabal Gardens, Anantnag, Jammu and Kashmir, India

Nishat Bagh, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

13

Silk Road Sites in India

Bihar, Jammu and Kashmir, Maharashtra, Puducherry, Punjab, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh in India

Around 114 BC – 1450s

2010

This is part of the extensive interconnected network of trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East, South, and Western Asia with the Mediterranean world, as well as North and Northeast Africa and Europe.

14

Santiniketan

Shantiniketan, West Bengal, India

1862

2010

Santiniketan made famous by Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore, whose vision became the present university town Visva-Bharati University.

16

The Qutb Shahi Monuments of Hyderabad

Hyderabad, India

1594[88]

2011

This is a collection of the Qutb Shahi Monuments in and around Hyderabad city. They are Golconda Fort, Qutb Shahi Tombs, Charminar, Char Kaman and Taramati Baradari.

15

Delhi

NCT Delhi, India

6th century BC

2012

India's historic national Capital nominated for World Heritage City status.

18

Apatani Cultural Landscape

Arunachal Pradesh, India

2014

19

Archaeological remains of Lothal

Gujarat, India

3700 BCE.[89]

2014

It is one of the most prominent city of the ancient Indus valley civilisation, discovered in 1954, Lothal was excavated from 13 February 1955 to 19 May 1960 by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). Lothal's dock—the world's earliest known—connected the city to an ancient course of the Sabarmati river.).[90]

20

Bahá'í House of Worship

New Delhi, India

24 December 1986

2014

21

Cellular Jail

Andaman Islands, India

1906 AD

2014

Historic Cellular Jail in Port Blair was used by the British to exile political prisoners during the struggle for India's independence to the remote archipelago. Presently, the jail complex serves as a national memorial monument.[91]

22

Chettinad, Village Clusters of the Tamil Merchants

Chettinad, Tamil Nadu, India

2014

23

Chilika Lake

Odisha, India

2014

It is the largest coastal lagoon in India and the second largest lagoon in the world.[92][93]

24

Monuments and forts of the Deccan Sultanate

Karnataka (Gulbarga, Bidar, Bijapur) and Telangana (Hyderabad), India

1656[94]

2014

25

Ekamra Kshetra – The Temple City

Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

3rd century BCE

2014

Bhubaneswar is famous for Kalinga Style temples and Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves, Bhubaneswar got the name Ekamra Kshetra as Lingaraj, deity of Lingaraja Temple, is believed to be originally under a mango tree (Ekamra), according to Ekamra Purana. Bhubaneswar is considered as pilgrimage site by Shaivite, Buddhist and Jain.[95]

26

Iconic Saree Weaving Clusters of India

India

2014

27

Padmanabhapuram Palace

Tamil Nadu, India

1601 AD[96]

2014

Padmanabhapuram Palace is located in the Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu but it is owned and controlled by Kerala Govt.

28

Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysala

Karnataka (Belur and Halebidu), India

1113–1268 AD

2014

Group of 25 Jain and Hindu temples.[97][98][99][100] built in 12th and 13th century AD by Hoysala Emperors.

29

Monuments of Srirangapatna Island Town

Karnataka, India

9th–18th century

2014

Group of structures including Ranganatha Swamy Temple, Tipu Sultan's palace, Tipu Sultan's Gumbaz, Garrison cemetery, Scott's Bungalow, Srirangapatna Fort, Bailey's Dungeon, Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary.

30

Narcondam Island

Andaman and Nicobar islands, India

2014

It is a small volcanic island located in the Andaman Sea. Famous for endangered Narcondam hornbill that is endemic to the island.

31

The Neolithic Settlement of Burzahom

Jammu & Kashmir, India

3000 BC to 1000 BC

2014

Prehistoric occupational culture of Neolithic era, Megalithic era and early Modern Period.

32

Thembang Fortified Village

Arunachal Pradesh, India

2014

33

The Glorious Kakatiya Temples and Gateways

Warangal, Telangana, India

1163 AD[101]

2014

This is a collection of the Kakatiya era Gateways and Temples. They are Kakatiya Kala Thoranam, Warangal Fort, Ramappa Temple and Thousand Pillar Temple.

34

Sites of Satyagraha, India’s non-violent freedom movement

India

2014

Satyagraha loosely translated as "insistence on truth"[102] generally known as nonviolent resistance, was coined and developed by Mahatma Gandhi[103] for Indian independence movement. Satyagraha theory influenced Nelson Mandela's struggle in South Africa under apartheid, Martin Luther King Jr.'s and James Bevel's campaigns during the Civil Rights Movement in the United States, and many other social justice and similar movements.[104][105]

36

Moidams – the Mound-Burial system of the Ahom Dynasty

Assam, India

2014

Those are tumuli of the royalty and aristocracy of the medieval Ahom Kingdom (1228–1826) in Assam.[106]

37

Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam

Srirangam, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India

10th century AD[107]

2014

38

Dholavira: A Harappan City

Gujarat, India

2650 BCE

2014

Ancient Dholavira, archaeological site in Kutch District contains ruins of ancient Indus Valley Civilization city, it is one of the largest Harappan archaeological sites.[108]

42

Mountain Railways of India (Extension)

Maharashtra, India

1881

2014

The Matheran Hill Railway in Western ghats is proposed to be included to the group of already inscribed Mountain Railway Lines.

35

Sites along the Uttarapath, Badshahi Sadak, Sadak-e-Azam, Grand Trunk Road

India

Antiquity – present

2015

It is one of Asia's oldest and longest major roads.[109]

39

Evolution of Temple Architecture – Aihole-Badami-Pattadakal

Aihole, Badami and Pattadakal in Karnataka, India

450 A.D.

2015

Cradle of Indian rock cut architecture.

40

Jaipur

Jaipur, Rajasthan

18 November 1727

2015

India's historic city and capital city of state of Rajasthan – nominated for World Heritage City status – famous for palaces and forts

41

Cold Desert Cultural Landscape of India

Ladakh, India

2015

Much of it being over an altitude of 3,000 m (9,800 ft).[110][111]

43

Keibul Lamjao Conservation Area

Manipur

1977

2016

Keibul Lamjao Conservation Area comprises Keibul Lamjao National Park and Loktak Lake and Pumlen Pat. Loktak Lake is famous for Phumdis, a series of floating islands.[112] Keibul Lamjao National Park is rich amalgam of aquatic, wetland and terrestrial ecosystem.[113]

text: Performance of India in UNESCO[edit]

text:
UNESCO List
Exclusive Entries of India
Shared/Multinational Entries Involving India
Total

UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves
11
—
11

UNESCO World Heritage List
35
2
37

UNESCO Memory of the World Register
8
1
9

UNESCO Global Geoparks Network
(not yet a member)
—
—

UNESCO Creative Cities Network
3
—
3

UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists
12
1
13