document_title: Funny Car

question_text: how much hp does a nitro funny car have

question_tokens: how much hp does a nitro funny car have

root

text: Funny Car

text: Guidelines[edit]

text: The NHRA has strict guidelines for funny cars. Most of the rules relate to the engine. In short, the engines can only be V-8s displacing no more than 500 cubic inches (8.19 L). The most popular design is loosely based on the second generation Chrysler 426 Hemi "Elephant Engine" made from 1964 to 1971.

tag: p

text: There can only be two valves per cylinder. The heads are machined from aluminum billet and have no water jackets, as the high latent heat of the methanol in the fuel coupled with the brevity of the run precludes the need for water cooling of the cylinder heads. Superchargers are restricted to a basic Roots type—19-inch (480 mm) rotor case width with a breadth of 11.25 inches (286 mm). The rotors are not allowed to have more than a certain amount of helical twist in them so the blower does not become a screw-type supercharger in function. Only single camshafts are allowed. There are two common bore-stroke combinations: 4.1875 by 4.50 inches (106.36 mm × 114.30 mm) (called a 3/4 stroker) and 4.25 by 4.375 inches (108.0 mm × 111.1 mm) (called a 5/8 stroker). The 3/4 stroker is the most common combination used today and equals 496 CID (8.1 L).

text: Crankshafts are CNC machine carved from steel billet then nitrided in an oven to increase surface hardness. Intake valves are titanium and of 2.40-inch (61 mm) width, while exhaust valves are 1.90-inch (48 mm) width of Inconel. Every funny car has ballistic blankets covering the supercharger because this part of the engine is prone to explosion.

text: Funny car fuel systems are key to their immense power. During a single run (starting, burnout, backing up, staging, 1/4 mile) cars can burn as much as 15 US gallons (12 imp gal; 57 L) of fuel. The fuel mixture is usually 85–90% nitromethane with 10–15% methanol. The ratio of fuel to air can be as high as 1:1. Compression ratios vary from 6:1 to 7:1. The engines in funny cars commonly exhibit varying piston heights and ratios that are determined by the piston's proximity to the air intake. Funny cars have a fixed gear ratio of 3.20:1 and have a reversing gear; power is transmitted from engine to final drive through a multiple staged clutch which provides progressive incremental lockup as the run proceeds. The rate/degree of lockup is mechanically/pneumatically controlled and preset before each run according to various conditions, in particular track surface. Wheelbase is between 100 and 125 inches (2.5 and 3.2 m). The car must maintain a 3-inch (76 mm) ground clearance.

text: Horsepower claims vary widely—from 6,978 to 8,897—but are probably around 8,000 HP. Supercharged, nitromethane-fueled motors of this type also have a very high torque, which is estimated at about 7,000 ft⋅lbf (9,500 N⋅m). They routinely achieve a 6G acceleration from a standing start.

text: Safety[edit]

text: Many safety rules are in place to protect the driver and fans. The more visible safety devices are the twin parachutes to help stabilize and decelerate the car after crossing the finish line. Less visible precautions include roll cages and fire extinguishers.

text: During safety evaluations in the wake of the fatal crash of Scott Kalitta on June 21, 2008, in Englishtown, N.J., the NHRA reduced the distance of Top Fuel and Funny Car races to 1,000 feet effective July 2, 2008. Pro Stock and sportsman classes still race to 1,320 feet.

text: History[edit]

text: In drag racing in the mid-1960s, Top Fuel horsepower began to be combined with bodied cars with altered wheelbases to produce the first "funny cars" (originally a derisive term).[13] The first funny cars were built in the early to mid-1960s. Funny Car as a class traces its roots to Super Stock, through "the intriguingly named Optional Super Stock class", to A/Factory Experimental (A/FX), which NHRA introduced in 1962, and ultimately XS (experimental stock).[14]

text: At the start, the rear tires ("slicks") were made with a bias-ply construction ("wrinklewall" slicks had not been invented yet), which meant that grip upon launching was poor. Racers who performed these altered wheelbase modifications found it shifted the center of gravity rearward, which placed more weight on the rear wheels, enhancing traction from these bias-ply slicks. Because of these many obvious modifications they did not look stock, hence the name "funny".[15] The wheelbases were changed to assist traction for the narrow (7 in (180 mm)-wide) slicks (required by NHRA rules), while keeping the mandatory factory distance between axle centers.[16]

text: The first of the "funny-looking cars" were a trio of 1964 Dodge 330 Max Wedges which were named the "Dodge Chargers". They debuted in March 1964 at San Diego Raceway.[17]  Funny Cars started as stockers, and were, at first, pure exhibition cars, in the Super/Factory Experimental (S/FX) class; NHRA treated them like a passing fad,[18] and tried to "legislate them out of existence" by placing them in first gas and then fuel dragster classes, with cars of half the weight and twice the horsepower.[19]

text: Funny car success followed the popularity of gassers, the previous favorite doorslammer class.[20]  The precursor of the funny car, appearing almost a decade earlier, was John Bandimere's blown '55 Chevy.[21]  Funny cars were also preceded by the Modified Sport cars, which had fiberglass bodies, tube frames, and supercharged set-back engines even before Super Stock was conceived.[22]  Among the Modified Sport racers to challenge early funny cars was Roger Hardcastle, in an Astra J-5.[23]

text: The first funny cars were Super Stock 1964 Dodge 330 Max Wedges, named the "Dodge Chargers", prepared, at the behest of Don Beebe, by Dragmaster's Jim Nelson and Dode Martin.[24] Raced in the Supercharged Experimental Stock (S/XS) class, their original 426 Max Wedges were replaced by stroked 480 cu in (8 l) Top Gas engines (virtual clones of the Top Gas Dodge Dart engines also built by Dragmaster).[25] (Thus, they were technically "funny gassers", not fuel cars, unlike the later examples.[26]) Despite their fuel limitations, however, they weree turning in E.T.s in the high 10s, with speeds around 130 mph (210 km/h), when Super Stock and FX cars were only running 11s at about 120 mph (190 km/h), clearly a winning edge.[27] They would also be the first factory cars fitted with parachutes, and the first to see the drivers wear firesuits.[28]

text: The first major altered-wheelbase car was Dick Landy's class-legal SS/A 1964 Dodge Coronet, which had front and rear axles moved radically forward, a high gasser-style front end and axle, and a 426 hemi.  It moved the rear wheels forward 15 in (380 mm), the front 10 in (250 mm), and 80 lb (36 kg) worth of fiberglass parts (including hood, instrument panel, doors, front fenders, front deck lid, front bumpers)  replaced steel.[29] First appearing at the AHRA Winternationals at Phoenix, Arizona, 29–31 January 1964, the combination improved E.T.s from low 11s with speeds in the 120 mph (190 km/h) range to 10.60s at almost 130 mph (210 km/h).[30]  Only twelve were built.[31]

text:
The three Chargers, wearing a color scheme of red body sides and white roof, hood, and trunk, with two blue longitudinal stripes,[32]  were driven by Jimmy Nix, who previously ran a Top Gas dragster; Jim Johnson, who ran a Dodge Polara stocker, and who had won the B/SA title in 1963; Jim Nelson; and Dode Martin.[33]
(Nix tried to persuade Chrisman to get Mercury Racing Director Fran Hernandez to allow him to run his Comet's 427 on nitro, as a way to gain leverage on NHRA, so Nix could use nitro himself).[34]

text: Their debut was at San Diego Raceway in March 1964, for a three-race exhibition. While in theory all were identical, Nix would change slicks or add lead shot in the trunk of his Dodge 330 to improve traction.[35]

text: They were shortly turning in E.T.s in the low 11s and trap speeds of over 140 mph (230 km/h); at Long Beach on 21 March, an 11.49 pass at 141.66 mph (227.98 km/h) was recorded.[36]  These cars ran in NHRA's S/FX class, variously defined as "Super Factory Experimental" or "Supercharged Factory Experimental".[37]  For their part, the Dodge factory spent only US$250,000 on the inaugural season, insufficient for a single car, let alone three,[38] an amount arranged by promoter Don Beebe, who persuaded Wally Parks safety would not be compromised, promising the cars would be built to Super Stock standard.[39]

text: Three months after the Chargers' debut, the factory-backed Sachs and Sons 1964 Mercury Comet, powered by a supercharged SOHC 427 "cammer", made its debut, at the 1964 Nationals in Indianapolis.[40]  Driven by Jack Chrisman, and entered in B/FD, the Comet created a sensation.[41]

text: When Chrisman’s Comet first ran in Indy, the Charger program had been waylaid by financial issues and parts shortages. Their final race appearance was at a Greer, South Carolina, dragstrip, in July 1964. Nix, disappointed, went back to TG/D.[42]  Chrisman’s Comet was placed in the B/Fuel Dragster class at Indianapolis; he was defeated in eliminations, but not before recording a pass of 10.25 seconds at 156.31 mph (251.56 km/h) mph.[43]

text: The success of these cars inspired other racers to give up class racing for supercharged exhibition cars, led by "Arnie Farmer" Beswick  and his Pontiac GTO, Gary Dyer's hemi Dodge A/FX (financed by Norm Krause, "Mister Norm"[44]), and Bob Sullivan's Pandemonium (a '65 Plymouth Barracuda).  Pandemonium joined about six other nitro-fuelled early funny cars facing fuel dragsters in the 1965 season.[45] Dyer's A/FX was the first to have all four of the trademark early funny car features:  altered wheelbase, supercharging, nitromethane fuel, and (then long-since out of production) 392 hemi (rather than the Max Wedges of other Chrysler racers).[46]

text: Funny cars proved enormously popular, with cars driven by Chrisman and Beswick setting track records all over the U.S.[47]  The first wave of funny car development ended around 1965, when bracket racer Jim Liberman and crew chief Lew Arrington made a deal with Pontiac to supply rare hemis (remnants of Mickey Thompson's gas dragster program).  (The duo later switched to Chrysler powerplants.)[48] Two of the Dodge trio would return in 1965 as the Guzler Chargers team, powered by supercharged, nitro-fuelled hemis, with direct drive; both crashed the same year.[49] The popularity of funny car grew that year, with January's AHRA Winternationals seeing seven entrants:  the Ramchargers, ”Dandy Dick” Landy, and Bud Faubel, in Dodges; and Butch Leal, Sox & Martin, the Golden Commandos, and Lee Smith in Plymouths.[50]  By June, the number was over a dozen, including factory Mustangs and Cyclones with 427 “cammers”.[51]

text: A dedicated funny car class was tried by NHRA at one 1966 national event, and at two in 1968, before Funny Car Eliminator was created in 1969.[52] The trend to flip-top fiberglass bodies ("floppers") began with Jim Lytle's US$2000 Allison V-1710-powered chopped '34 Tudor Big Al II.[53] It would inspire "every flopper body ever formed".[54] Chrysler's dominance led Hernandez and Al Turner to try and turn things in Mercury's favor; Don Nichsolson's flip-top, tube-chassis Comet, arriving in 1966, changed everything.[55]  The “flopper”-bodied Comets were highly successful, in the hands of Chrisman, Kenz and Leslie, and Eddie Schartman; at the 1966 World Final, Schartman would become NHRA's first official Funny Car title winner.[56]

text: Tom McEwen, better known for his dragster racing, flirted with funny cars in 1965, as did Lou Barney, a veteran slingshot racer; Barney's hemi-powered, mid-engined Barracuda proved unsafe, before being replaced by another, which turned out to be "one of the quickest early match racers".[57]  So did Gary Gabelich,[58] probably better known for land speed racing, in the Beach City Chevrolet-sponsored Sting Ray.[59]

text: Before TF/FC became an official class, funny cars were run as B/FDs and C/FDs (B and C/Fuel Dragster),[60] an odd classification, since they were bodied cars, not dragsters.

text: In 1965, Ford produced Holman and Moody-built fiberglass-bodied Mustangs for (among others) "Gas" Ronda, who was the most successful Ford racer.  In 1966, Mercury offered a revolutionary flopper-bodied Comet, as exemplified by Don Nicholson's Eliminator I, which clocked a 7.98 at Detroit Dragway in its debut season, the quickest of the fuel injected cars.[61] The car was built by Logghe Bros. (based in Detroit[62]) (with bodies by Fiberglass Trends), weighing in around 1,700 lb (770 kg), making it heavier than most contemporary top fuel dragsters.[63] (It would be the first Funny Car on the cover of Hot Rod, in April 1966.[64])  Similar cars went to Chrisman, "Fast Eddie" Schartman, and Kenz and Leslie.[65]  These cars had the first coilover suspension in funny car, and were powered by Hilborn-injected 427 SOHCs producing 1,000 hp (750 kW) on 80% nitro.[66]  (Chrisman's was the oddity, a roadster running a 6-71 GMC supercharger.[67]) They were capable of mid-seven second e.t.s at around 185 mph (298 km/h).[68] Schartman (working with Roy Steffey, on the "Flip-Top Fueller") would beat Chrisman for Top Funny Car at the NHRA World Finals in 1966 at Tulsa, Oklahoma, with a pass of 8.28 at 174.41 mph (280.69 km/h).[69]  Nicholson would fit a Pete Robinson-built Top Fuel 427 SOHC early in the 1967 season and turn 7.90s at around 180 mph (290 km/h), earning an eighty-six percent winning record.[70]  (The success of the Top Fuel-engined Comets would eventually prompt both Ford and Chrysler to drop funny car sponsorship.)[71]  In 1967, Doug Thorley would record the first (unofficial) 200 mph (320 km/h) funny car pass in his Corvair at Lions.[72]

text: Even in 1965, Ford factory support wavered, since the manufacturer did not build street versions of the radically altered cars; by 1968, pioneering Chrysler was also considering withdrawal.[73]  Of the privateers in this era, Bruce Larson's USA-1 (a '66 Chevelle with a Hilborn-injected 427 and four-speed) was the most successful.[74]  Among other early funny car competitors were Hayden Proffitt, who faced Chrisman at Lions Dragway in 1966 and won in a Hicks and Sublet-chassised Corvair.[75]  Butch Leal would body one of Logghe's first customer chassis with a fiberglass Plymouth Barracuda and run an inected 426 Hemi on 100% nitro; this car's best pass would be a 7.82 at 182.16 mph (293.16 km/h),[76] with a career win ratio of ninety percent.[77] In 1967, Proffitt would take over the failed Grant Rebel SST AMC Rambler, aided by Les Shockley, "Famous" Amos Satterlee, and Dwight Guild.[78] Gene Conway built the hemi Jeep Destroyer (sponsored by the U.S. Navy), and scored so much success, NHRA banned Jeep funny cars in 1967.[79]

text: Logghe proved unable to keep up with demand for chassis, leading to the creation of a funny car chassis-building industry, which was soon joined by Dick Fletcher, Don Hardy, Ronnie Scrima, and a number of others.[80] Late in 1969, Pat Foster and John Buttera would devise a Top Fuel dragster-style chassis to replace the "dune buggy" design common at the time. This would go under the Mustang Mach Is of Danny Ongais and Mickey Thompson. Similar chassis would be built by Logghe, Scrima, Buttera, Woody Gilmore, Don Long, and Steve Plueger, among others; this design remains the standard in TF/FC.[81]

text: In 1968, Thorley would drive a rear-engined Javelin, built by Woody Gilmore, powered by an AMC 401.[82] (This engine would later be replaced by a 392 hemi prepared by John Hoven and Glenn Okazaki.) That same year, Leal would sell his 'cuda to Don Schumacher.[83]

text: NHRA created the new Funny Car (TF/FC) class at the NHRA Winternationals in 1969; Funny Car Eliminator (FCE) would be won by Clare Sanders, teammate of "Jungle Jim" Liberman.[84] Tragedy struck the same year, with the death of Jerry Schwartz in the ex-Foster Mach I.[85] In a virtually identical car (except the color), Ongais won a number of rounds, with passes frequently in the low sevens at over 182.16 mph (293.16 km/h), including taking Funny Car Eliminator at the USnats.[86] Gene Snow would record the first official 200 mph (320 km/h) pass in the Keith Black-engined, Logghe-chassised 1969 Dodge Charger, Rambunctious.[87] One of the most famous (and popular) funny cars in NHRA history would appear in 1969:  Chi-Town Hustler, a Charger prepared by Fakonas and Coil (driven by Pat Minnick).[88]

text: Another Funny Car record was set in 1970 by Leroy Goldstein, then testing Firestone tires, with a 6.99 pass at Capitol Raceway, Funny Car's first under seven seconds.[89] By November, Jake Johnson in the hemi-powered Blue Max (driving for Harry Schmidt) turned in a 6.72 at 218 mph (351 km/h), at OCIR.[90] The big news that year was the creation of Mattel Hot Wheels-sponsored team of Don Prudhomme and Tom McEwen.[91]

text: Don Garlits' 1971 accident in Top Fuel Dragster, which led to the creation of the revolutionary Swamp Rat XIV, did not produce the same kind of change in Funny Car, though there had been a number of rear-engined examples, including Thorley's Javelin and Dave Bowman’s California Stud, which was the most successful of the rear-engined funny cars.[92]

text: The Funny Car Eliminator title at the 1971 Winternats would go to Roland Leong's Charger, Hawaiian.[93]

text: At the 1972 Supernationals, Jim Dunn recorded a historic win in his Barracuda, the first, and only, one by a mid-engined funny car.[94]

text: In 1973, Shirley Muldowney teamed up with Connie Kalitta as the Bounty Hunter and Bounty Huntress, in a pair of Ford Mustangs, hers a Buttera chassis, his a Logghe.[95]

text: Between 1973 and 1975, Ed McCullough would score eighteen wins at NHRA national events in the Revell-sponsored Dodge Dart, Revelloution.[96]

text: Shirl Greer would defeat Prudhomme in the final in 1974 to take the first NHRA Funny Car World Championship.[97] He would suffer severe burns in the final after an engine exploded.[98]

text: In 1975, Raymond Beadle and Harry Schmidt resurrected the Blue Max; built by Tony Casarez Race Cars, the Mustang II would win at Indianapolis.  Beadle later bought out Schmidt and went on to seven funny car national titles, four with NHRA, three with IHRA.[99]

text: Mark Oswald, driving for Candies and Hughes (with Old Milwaukee sponsorship[100]), in 1984 did something no other driver has:  he won both the NHRA and IHRA world championships.[101] The team took four IHRA titles between 1983 and 1987, including two in a row, 1986 and 1987, as well as beating John Force in the 1986 Big Bud Shootout (losing to him the next year).[102]

text: Force between 1987 and 1996 won sixty-seven of 203 NHRA national events, four of nine Big Bud Shootouts, and six World Championships.[103] In 1996, with Austin Coil tuning, Force went to the final round in sixteen of nineteen national events, taking thirteen wins, one of the best records ever in Funny Car history.[104] Force's domination in 1989 would only really be challenged by Bruce Larson, a long-time East Coast match racer, with Outlaw sprint car driver Maynard Yingst as his tuner, winning six events and taking the runner-up spot five times, in an Oldsmobile sponsored by Sentry.[105]  In 1992, the honor of putting Force on the trailer would go to Cruz Pedregon, driving the Larry Minor McDonald's-sponsored Olds to the championship.[106]  Pedregon was also one of the first Funny Car drivers to clock a five-second e.t.[107]

text: Ed McCulloch in 1988 would claim the US$100,000 prize for winning both IHRA TF/FC events at Texas Motorplex; Eddie Hill would do the same in TFD that year. (Billy Meyer, who owned IRHA and offered the prize, would sell at season's end.)[108]

text: Kenny Bernstein and tuner Dale Armstrong would turn to land speed racers the Arivett brothers to design Bernstein's car in 1989.[109]  This car would be dubbed the "Batmobile".[110] It would profoundly change Funny Car aerodynamics.[111]

text: In 1991, Jim White, driving for Leong, turned in two of the fastest Funny Car passes to date, at over 290 mph (470 km/h), and placed second to Force in the championship.[112]

text: Al and Helen Hoffman, with tuner Tom Anderson, "were the antithesis of the corporate button-down shirt racers".[113] Sponsored by BDS,[114] between 1991 and 1995, Hoffman earned eleven national event wins, as well as the 1991 Winston Invitational and the Big Bud Shootout in 1991, 1994, and 1995.[115]

text: Tom McEwen would build his "gorgeous" replica '57 Funny Car, running it as an NHRA exhibition vehicle and creating Nostalgia Funny Car, even though the car would not (now) be legal in that class.[116]

text: Major corporate sponsorship money came to Funny Car starting in 1997, leading to significant changes in the sport.  Multi-car teams, with several tuners each, became commonplace, and single car teams "had a very slim chance of winning an NHRA World Championship".[117] Force's domination would continue, with ten NHRA FC World Championship wins from 1993 to 2002, including six straight 1997-2002; his success was so amazing, he was accused of cheating (and was willing to strip off his firesuit to prove he was not).[118] Between 1997 and 2006, Force went to the final in 105 of 228 events and took sixty-one tour wins, as well as qualifying for all ten Big Bud Shootouts, winning in 2000 and 2006. Between 1997 and 2006, Force went to the final in 105 of 228 events and took sixty-one tour wins.[119]   On top of that, he had ten of the quickest or fastest passes in Funny Car.[120]

text: In recent years, a resurgence of interest in vintage drag cars has created many new "nostalgia" funny cars, which are newly made vintage-style funny car bodies mounted on modern funny car frames or, in certain cases, newly built frames that look close to the originals and are made NHRA legal. These "Nostalgia Funny Cars" often compete in various nostalgia drag racing events, such as the NHRA Heritage Hot Rod Racing Series, which includes the National Hot Rod Reunion and the California Hot Rod Reunion.

text: In 2007, NHRA limited technical innovation in Funny Car, as well as introducing a 1,000 ft (300 m) track length and restrictions on maximum engine revs.[121]

text: Nitro Funny Car racing has never been more competitive than since 2006.[122] The dominance of John Force Racing ended in 2006 and between 2007 and 2015 was equalled by DSR, with three TF/FC titles each.[123] Funny Car is dominated by multi-car teams, with only Cruz Pedregon, Jim Dunn, and Tim Wilkerson maintaining the traditional one-car operation.[124]

text: NHRA Top Fuel Funny Car champions[edit]

text:
1969 Clare Sanders (Funny Car Eliminator)
1974 - Shirl Greer
1975 - Don Prudhomme
1976 - Don Prudhomme
1977 - Don Prudhomme
1978 - Don Prudhomme
1979 - Raymond Beadle
1980 - Raymond Beadle
1981 - Raymond Beadle
1982 - Frank Hawley
1983 - Frank Hawley
1984 - Mark Oswald
1985 - Kenny Bernstein
1986 - Kenny Bernstein
1987 - Kenny Bernstein
1988 - Kenny Bernstein
1989 - Bruce Larson
1990 - John Force
1991 - John Force
1992 - Cruz Pedregon
1993 - John Force
1994 - John Force
1995 - John Force
1996 - John Force
1997 - John Force
1998 - John Force
1999 - John Force
2000 - John Force
2001 - John Force
2002 - John Force
2003 - Tony Pedregon
2004 - John Force
2005 - Gary Scelzi
2006 - John Force
2007 - Tony Pedregon
2008 - Cruz Pedregon
2009 - Robert Hight
2010 - John Force
2011 - Matt Hagan
2012 - Jack Beckman
2013 - John Force[125]
2014 - Matt Hagan
2015 - Del Worsham
2016 - Ron Capps
2017- Robert Hight

tag: ul

text: Currently, John Force is the driver in the Funny Car class with the most wins, having 16 championships, over 1,000 round wins and over 145 National Event wins. He is also the owner with the most funny car championships with 19, since Tony Pedregon (2003) and Robert Hight (2009&2017) have won three titles while on his team. Force's former crew chief, Austin Coil, also has logged the highest number of wins in that position.

text: Most NHRA Funny Car wins[edit]

text:
Driver
Wins

John Force
149

Ron Capps
59

Tony Pedregon
43

Robert Hight
43

Don Prudhomme
35

Cruz Pedregon
35

Del Worsham
31

Kenny Bernstein
30

Jack Beckman
26

Matt Hagan
25

Tim Wilkerson
20

Whit Bazemore
20

Mark Oswald
18

Ed McCulloch
18

Al Hoffman
15

Tommy Johnson Jr
14

Chuck Etchells
13

Raymond Beadle
13

Gary Scelzi
12

Billy Meyer
11

Mike Neff
10

Mike Dunn
10

Gordie Bonin
9

Courtney Force
8

Gary Densham
8

tag: table


document_title: Tesla Roadster (2020)

question_text: how much torque does a tesla roadster have

text: Tesla Roadster (2020)

text: Overview[edit]

text: History[edit]

text: In 2011, at the end of the production run of the original Tesla Roadster, Elon Musk suggested that a new version of the Roadster, without the Lotus chassis, would return to production by 2014.[5] The new Roadster was first teased in 2014.[6]

text: In 2015, Musk suggested a new Roadster in 2019, capable of faster acceleration.[7][8][9] A tweet by Elon Musk in December 2016 reconfirmed a second Roadster was in the works, but still "some years away".[10][11]

text: The 2020 version of the Roadster was shown as a surprise at the end of the Tesla Semi event on November 16, 2017—during which a Roadster was driven out of the back of one of the semi-truck trailers to the song "Sabotage".[12] Musk explained the concept as: "The point of doing this is to give a hardcore smackdown to gasoline cars. Driving a gasoline sports car is going to feel like a steam engine with a side of quiche."[13][14] The car will retail for upwards of $200,000;[15] test rides were given at the event for those who immediately paid the first $5,000 of a $50,000 deposit to pre-order the vehicle.[13][16][17][18]

text: Extra information followed after the teaser, such as the various world-record speeds Tesla said it will break.[1][3][19][20][21]

text: Pre-order marketing[edit]

text: As of 2017, pre-orders of the Roadster had begun, with a US $50,000 deposit required.[13] Tesla owners taking part in the referral promotion program began accumulating discounts towards the purchase of a Roadster based on the number of referrals. Those reaching 55 confirmed referrals obtained a 100% rebate towards a future Roadster purchase.[22][23]

text: Price[edit]

text: The base model was expected to sell for US $200,000 but the first 1,000 to be produced, the so-called Founder's Series, will be priced at $250,000.[13] Full payment would be required to pre-order the latter vehicle. Deposits for the Roadster should help Tesla cover some of their current capital expenditures, according to CNBC.[24]

text: Design[edit]

text: The second generation Tesla Roadster is a 2+2 roadster with a removable glass roof. It was designed by Franz von Holzhausen, formerly of Mazda. The Roadster has a 2+2 seating arrangements, with smaller rear seats for two passengers.[13] The design has taken some styling cues from McLaren, mainly the P1 and 650s, With the rear tyres slightly larger and wider than the front to increase performance.

text: The Roadster has three electric motors, one in front and two at the rear,[13] allowing for all-wheel drive, and torque vectoring during cornering. Tesla said that the vehicle had a 200 kWh (720 MJ) battery, twice the capacity of the Tesla Model S P100D, and giving a 621 miles (1,000 km) range on one charge at highway speeds. Tesla stated that the torque at wheels was 10,000 N⋅m (7,400 lb⋅ft).[25]

text: Performance estimates[edit]

text: At the November 17, 2017 unveiling, Tesla said the Roadster's acceleration will be:

text:
0–97 km/h (0–60 mph) in 1.9 seconds[26]
0–161 km/h (0–100 mph) in 4.2 seconds

text: They said the 0 to 1⁄4 mi (0.0 to 0.4 km) time will be 8.9 seconds, with a top speed above 400 km/h (250 mph).[27][28] If the production Roadster achieves these performance numbers, it will outperform the supercars of 2017 and would set new production car records, none of which had yet done better than 0–100 km/h (0–62 mph) in 2.0 seconds or 9.0 seconds in the 1/4 mile.[27][28] The hybrid plug-in Porsche 918 Spyder is the fastest car in current production, achieving 0–100 km/h (0–62 mph) in 2.2 seconds.[13]

text: Independent analyses[edit]

text: Research completed by Bloomberg L.P. indicates that the estimate as to range per charge is optimistic, based on comments from Salim Morsy, electric vehicle analyst at Bloomberg New Energy Finance. In an article titled Tesla's Newest Promises Break the Laws of Batteries, Morsey indicated that the claimed battery capacity would require batteries that would be too large for the Roadster's small frame. "I really don't think the car you saw last week had the full 200 kilowatt hours in it. I don't think it's physically possible to do that right now."[29]

text: Venkat Viswanathan,[30] described as a "mechanical engineering assistant professor who works at the Wilton E. Scott Institute for Energy Innovation and focuses on next-generation battery technology" told Jalopnik (a Gizmodo Media Group publication) that the 1.9-second figure for 0 to 60 mph seems reasonable in spite of the estimated battery weight of 833 kg, or 1,836 pounds. He added that the feasibility of the acceleration claim assumed that suitable tires would be available for the maximum traction that will be required. Viswanathan did not address the issue of the claimed range with current battery technology.[31]


document_title: Rizzoli & Isles

question_text: who plays the mom on rizzoli and isles

question_tokens: who plays the mom on rizzoli and isles

text: Rizzoli & Isles

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series' backstory is inspired by the Maura Isles/Jane Rizzoli series of novels by Tess Gerritsen. Rizzoli appears in the series' first novel, The Surgeon, and Isles is introduced in the second, The Apprentice, which serves as the basis for the television series. Boston detective Jane Rizzoli has been investigating a serial killer named Charles Hoyt. Hoyt, who was banned from medical school for fondling a corpse, used his vast medical knowledge to systematically torture and kill people, usually choosing couples so that he could induce the most fear in his victims. Jane ascertains Hoyt's location, but as she is searching for him, she is hit in the back of the head and knocked unconscious. She is pinned to the floor by scalpels and awakes as Hoyt prepares to cut her throat, but Vince Korsak, Jane's partner, locates her and shoots Hoyt, saving her life. Jane, reasoning that Korsak would never trust her as his partner after seeing her so vulnerable, applies for a new partner.

text: The series pilot, "See One. Do One. Teach One", is largely based on the novel The Apprentice. Jane and medical examiner Maura Isles investigate a killer with Hoyt's modus operandi plus an interest in necrophilia. Jane and Maura discover that the copycat was John Stark (Brendan McCarthy), a soldier who met Hoyt in medical school, had his identity erased for CIA black operations, and mimicked Hoyt's MO in a killing spree during said operations. Meanwhile, Hoyt escapes from prison and rejoins his apprentice to continue in his killing. Later, Jane's home is broken into, and she is told by someone posing as part of BPD that her neighbor had been killed; she rushes into the van to see the body but finds Hoyt instead. Hoyt and his apprentice knock her out and kidnap her. When she wakes up they attempt to kill her, but she manages to disarm them by Tasing them and burning Hoyt's eye with a flare. In self-defense, she shoots the apprentice to death, and, when Hoyt reaches for her gun, she shoots him through the hands, giving him injuries similar to the ones he gave her.

text: New twists are introduced when Jane and Maura discover that a recent murder victim is actually Maura's previously unknown half-brother, resulting in her discovery that her father is notorious criminal Patrick Doyle.

text: Hoyt returns 18 months later through another apprentice, Lola, in "I'm Your Boogie Man". Having murdered Lola's abusive husband two years earlier, Hoyt uses her Stockholm syndrome to his advantage and uses her to stalk Jane. Lola seduces and captures Frankie Rizzoli before tying Jane up. She plans to kidnap Jane until Hoyt can escape from prison, but Jane manages to distract Lola long enough for Frankie to kill Lola with her own revolver.

text: Hoyt returns again when he arranges for another inmate to be stabbed while he is dying of cancer, luring Jane into the prison so that he can taunt her about another unsolved murder he committed. While speaking to Jane in the prison infirmary, Hoyt tells her to look at what he is reading—Tess Gerritsen's novel The Silent Girl. Although she manages to find the bodies of his victims—the family of an old college professor of Hoyt's who was unaware of his expulsion—Hoyt, aided by a third apprentice, manages to capture Jane and Maura, only to have Jane beat Hoyt and then stab him when he and his apprentice try to kill Maura.

text: Production[edit]

text: The untitled project was on TNT's development slate as early as March 2008.[3] In October 2009, TNT placed a cast-contingent pilot order under the original title, Rizzoli.[4][5] The pilot script was written by Janet Tamaro. Angie Harmon was the first actress cast, taking the title role of police detective Jane Rizzoli.[6] Sasha Alexander won the role of medical examiner Dr. Maura Isles after auditioning with Harmon.[7] Bruce McGill signed as Rizzoli's former partner, Sgt. Vince Korsak.[8] Lee Thompson Young was cast as her new partner, Barry Frost.[8] The role of Rizzoli's younger brother Frankie was filled by Jordan Bridges.[8] Lorraine Bracco signed on as Rizzoli's mother, Angela.[9] In early 2010, Billy Burke was announced as FBI agent Gabriel Dean.[10]

text: In late January 2010, TNT green-lighted the pilot to series with the new title Rizzoli & Isles.[10][11] Ten episodes were ordered and the show premiered on July 12, 2010.[10][12] The series is produced on the Paramount Pictures lot in Hollywood, California.[13] Owing to a sponsorship deal between MillerCoors and Turner Broadcasting for the summer 2010 season, the series included product placement for MGD 64, including billboards in the backgrounds of some scenes.[14][15] The first season was additionally sponsored by Vonage. After having aired three episodes in 2010, the series was renewed for a second season,[16] which aired from July 11 to December 26, 2011. In August 2011, TNT ordered a third season, which aired from June 5 through December 25, 2012.[17] On June 29, 2012, TNT ordered a fourth season, which aired from June 25, 2013, through March 18, 2014.[18][19][20] On December 9, 2014, TNT renewed Rizzoli & Isles for an 18-episode sixth season.[21][22]

text: In August 2013, production on the fourth season was suspended when cast member Lee Thompson Young was found dead at his Los Angeles apartment from a self-inflicted gunshot wound.[23] In the second half of the fifth season, a new character, crime scene analyst Nina Holiday, played by Idara Victor, was introduced. Series executive producer Jan Nash stated that Nina would not replace Young's character, Frost, but is her own character. Instead, the existing characters were given "new dynamics", according to Nash. For example, Jane and Korsak work more cases together, and Frankie is more involved and has more access.[24]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main characters[edit]

text:
Jane Clementine Rizzoli (Angie Harmon): a Boston detective in the Homicide Unit. From an Italian American family, Jane is brash, sarcastic, and often prickly but also a confident and independent woman as well as a brilliant detective. She is the tomboy daughter of an overprotective mother. She is extremely competitive, especially with her younger brother, Frankie (also a cop), who is often caught in her shadow. Jane can tackle a perp like a linebacker. She rarely lets her guard down with anyone, except her best friend, Maura Isles. She is something of a slob; her apartment has been shown on several occasions to be quite messy, and in one episode she claimed to have just opened a box of cereal five years after originally buying it. As a child, she was slightly chubby, earning her the nickname "Roly-Poly Rizzoli". She mentioned in one episode that she played field hockey as an attacker in junior college. She is the eldest Rizzoli sibling,[25] and graduated from high school in 1994, which puts Jane's birth year at 1976.[26] She is hopeless with men and allergic to dogs, but she winds up taking in Jo Friday, a stray dog rescued by her former partner, Korsak. Raised in the blue-collar Boston suburb of Revere, Jane has fought long and hard to win the respect of her colleagues, but it is her relationship with her equally stubborn mother, Angela Rizzoli, that sometimes proves to be her biggest headache. During her time on the force, she had a traumatic experience at the hands of a serial killer known as "The Surgeon", Charles Hoyt. While trying to rescue one of his victims, she was taken by surprise from behind and almost became a victim herself. She has matching scars in the center of her palms where Hoyt stabbed her with scalpels, keeping her pinned to the ground. Her original partner, Vince Korsak, saved her life, and Jane survived the brutal, near-death attack by Hoyt. Although she put Hoyt behind bars, she is still haunted by him. She learned that she was pregnant at the end of season four, owing to a liaison with her old boyfriend Casey, but lost the baby midway through the fifth season when she was attacked while protecting a key witness in a case.  In the final season, Jane takes a new job as an instructor at the FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia, and works her final case with the Boston PD in the series finale, "Ocean-Frank".
Dr. Maura Dorothea Isles (Sasha Alexander): the Commonwealth of Massachusetts' Chief Medical Examiner. Isles is a forensic expert working at the Boston Police Department. She is Jane's best friend. Maura is a walking encyclopedia, able to spout out facts regardless of whether or not they are relevant to a case. She has a pet tortoise named Bass, after noted forensic anthropologist William M. Bass. Maura is not easily ruffled and has a steady temperament. She absolutely loves examining dead bodies, but she has a tendency to diagnose living people a little too often. She is the adopted only child of a wealthy family. In high school, she was nicknamed "Maura-The-Bore-A" because her classmates thought she was boring. She is always impeccably dressed and is known around the force as "Queen of the Dead"; her ring tone on Jane's phone appropriately plays Chopin's "Funeral March". Maura is the complete opposite of Jane, though they are best friends; Rizzoli is more of a tomboy, while Maura always looks like she is going to a fashion shoot rather than to the morgue or a crime scene. Though Maura is socially awkward and has trouble with men because of her brutal honesty and habit of revealing all their medical conditions, she is not awkward around Jane. She can analyze x-rays and blood chemistries and can slice open muscles and organs but possesses no scalpel with which to dissect human emotions. Maura also cannot lie; if she does, she breaks out in hives. It is later revealed that her biological father is an Irish crime boss named Paddy Doyle, something she finds out while investigating her half-brother's death. She finds out in the episode "What Doesn't Kill You" (3.1) that her father told her biological mother that she died on the day she was born, August 7, 1976. She subsequently visited a cemetery containing a gravestone with the name "Baby Maura Doyle" on it.  In the series finale, "Ocean-Frank", Maura takes a sabbatical from the ME's office to go to Paris, France, and work on her novel.
Angela Rizzoli (Lorraine Bracco): Jane, Frankie and Tommy's overbearing mother. Angela is fiercely protective of her children, saying she has not slept since Jane decided to become a cop. Angela wishes Jane could be a little more feminine and is constantly trying to set her up on dates. After her divorce, she spent some time working in the precinct's café, and dated Lieutenant Cavanagh, but she quit the job and broke up with Cavanagh when she decided that she needed to re-evaluate her life. She currently works at the bar that Vince Korsak bought and that they all frequent.
Vincent "Vince" Walter Korsak (Bruce McGill): Rizzoli's former partner. The two maintain a close bond after years of working together, but Korsak is clearly bothered that he is no longer partnered with Jane. He seems to care for her like a daughter and is nearly as protective of her as Angela is. It is revealed in the series pilot that he saved her life from Hoyt. He will drop whatever he is doing on a moment's notice to rescue an animal, and enjoys watching videos of dogs on the Internet. After remaining a detective for nearly his entire career, Korsak was finally promoted to sergeant-detective in season two, and took the lieutenant's exam in season five. In preparing for retirement, Vince bought the local bar that they all frequent, the Dirty Robber, and employed Angela. He was a US Marine and served during the Vietnam War. Korsak has been divorced 3 times, despite the jokes that he is behind the times he is very wise and observant. He also has several hobbies including playing guitar and sailing, Maura has even once before asked him for his expertise on seaman knots and skills.  In the series finale, "Ocean-Frank", Korsak retires from the Boston PD after a thirty-two year career.
Barold "Barry" Frost (Lee Thompson Young) (Seasons 1-4): Rizzoli's second partner. A whiz when it comes to computers and technology, he is terrified of dead bodies and becomes ill at the sight of blood. He is very protective of Jane and stands by her like a loyal, tough partner. In the season five premiere, he is killed in a car accident while returning from vacation. In the season five finale, the team establish the Barry Frost Memorial Scholarship, intended for students who are academically gifted and seek to go into professions that would help others but lack the resources to do so.
Francesco "Frankie" Rizzoli, Jr. (Jordan Bridges): Jane's brother and police officer. He looks up to Jane, but does not like feeling caught in her shadow, especially as he tries to make his own way on the police force. Like all the men in Jane's life, Frankie is more protective of Jane than she would like. He is a cop against his mother's wishes, and sees his sister as a role model. In season four, Frankie is promoted to detective and starts taking night classes in computer science in season five to increase his skill set in Frost's absence. In season seven, he begins a romantic relationship with Nina and eventually successfully proposes to her.
Sean Cavanaugh (Brian Goodman) (Seasons 3-4, main; 1-2, 5, recurring): the lieutenant of the Boston PD's Homicide Unit. Fiercely loyal to Jane and an old friend of Korsak, Sean is willing to bend the rules for his guys. It is later discovered that Sean lost his wife and son in a fire (set by Paddy Doyle) back when he and Korsak were rookies.
Nina Holiday (Idara Victor) (Seasons 6-7, main; 5, recurring): a crime scene analyst and computer technician. Formerly a detective, Holiday transferred to Boston Homicide in order to hone her analytical skills in an office-based environment.[27] Following her being shot in the sixth-season finale, Frankie Rizzoli begins a romantic relationship with her and later successfully proposes to her in the seventh.
Dr. Kent Drake (Adam Sinclair) (Season 7, main; 6, recurring): a lab technician, and Maura's new assistant starting in the sixth season.  In the series finale, "Ocean-Frank", Kent is set to oversee the Commonwealth of Massachusetts' Medical Examiner's Office during Maura's sabbatical.

text: Recurring cast and characters[edit]

text:
Annabeth Gish as Alice Sands. Alice was born into a distinguished law enforcement family, but she dropped out of the police academy while Jane was enrolled. Alice was second in her class behind Jane, after having been the best at everything prior to then. This created her dangerous fixation on Jane, which led to Alice inserting herself into a circle of tunnel residents and having them do her bidding. Following a shootout at Korsak's wedding reception, Jane seems to make a personal vendetta against Alice. Jane ultimately corners Alice, who has taken a teenager hostage, and shoots her dead. This leaves her team to wonder if Jane shot her in the line of duty or an act of vengeance.
Tina Huang as Susie Chang, the senior criminalist of the Boston Police Department's crime laboratory. She has described herself as having a very physical memory; when circumstances required her to take point in an investigation, she made various dioramas to explain her reasoning. In the third-season episode "Class Action Satisfaction", she is revealed to be a nudist. She was killed in the sixth-season episode "Misconduct" as part of a complex plan to frame the forensics department for poor handling of a recent case, but the subsequent investigation exposed the killer's true agenda.
Donnie Wahlberg as Lieutenant Joe Grant, an old rival of Jane's who has known her since childhood. He constantly made fun of her, calling her "Frog-Face" and "Roly-Poly Rizzoli" because she was slightly chubby when she was younger. When he leaves for Washington, DC after being appointed as the liaison between Boston and Homeland Security, he claims that he had liked her for a very long time.
John Doman as Patrick "Paddy" Doyle, an Irish-American crime boss and biological father and protector of Maura Isles. Paddy claimed Maura had died as a baby and made sure she was adopted.[28]
Jacqueline Bisset as Constance Isles, a visual artist and the adoptive mother of Dr. Maura Isles. She loves Maura but is sorry that they don't have a close relationship.
Colin Egglesfield as Thomas "Tommy" Rizzoli: the youngest brother of Jane and Frankie; he is the youngest of the Rizzoli kids, arrested for running a priest over at a crosswalk on his third DUI violation. He returns to the family fold following his release from prison. As of the season two episode "He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother", he is 32 years old. He tries to kiss Maura when he comes back to pay her back for her kindness, but she stops him and he develops a huge crush on Maura as he works on starting a new life.[29]
Chris Vance as Charles (Casey) Jones, an old flame of Jane's during high school, reunited with Jane during season two. A US Army officer assigned to the Middle East, he returns to Boston in season three but breaks up with Jane because of injuries that left him partially paralyzed below the waist. He returns in season four's first episode after a successful operation and proposes to Jane, but when he receives the offer of a promotion to colonel, he decides to stay in the army, leaving Jane behind as she was unwilling to leave her life. He is aware that Jane was pregnant with his child, but respects her decision to raise the child alone as he had also made the choice to return to the army; she loses the baby midway through the fifth season after being attacked while protecting a witness.
Darryl Alan Reed as Rondo, a man with access to information in the criminal world. Although Jane initially dismisses his offer to be her confidential informant, he does become her informant later on and is currently providing Jane with information from the criminal world. He has also been shown to have a comical character persona, similar to Larry Laffer. He frequently hits on Jane, calling her "Vanilla", and eventually develops a friendship with Angela, referring to her as "Mrs. Vanilla". He is revealed to be an ex–jazz singer in "This Is How a Heart Breaks".
Billy Burke as Gabriel Dean, an FBI agent often seen working with the Boston Homicide detectives and Medical Examiner's Office. He later becomes romantically involved with Detective Jane Rizzoli, but she ends this relationship when he tries to use her as part of a plan to capture Paddy Doyle that forced Jane to shoot Paddy.
Chazz Palminteri as Francesco "Frank" Rizzoli Sr. – Jane, Frankie, and Tommy's father. He owns and runs a plumbing business called Rizzoli and Sons. He and Angela separate and then divorce after the first season. He later tries to have their marriage annulled so that he can remarry in a Catholic ceremony. He returns to announce he has stage 2 prostate cancer, and, despite the news, his family finds it difficult to overlook his past transgressions.
Matthew Del Negro as Giovanni Gilberti, a dim-witted former classmate of Jane's and a blue-collar auto mechanic. He is under the impression that Maura and Jane are dating, which Maura came up with in order to save the two of them from Giovanni's advances.
Michael Massee as Charles Hoyt, a former serial killer who stabbed Jane in both hands and continued to threaten Jane, even from behind bars. Hoyt appears in many episodes, including "See One, Do One, Teach One" (episode 1), "I'm Your Boogie Man", and "Remember Me". In the episode "See One, Do One, Teach One", Hoyt and the apprentice he went to medical school with kidnap Jane. Jane shoots and kills the apprentice and throws a flare at Hoyt. Jane then shoots him in the hands and says, "We match". In the episode "Remember Me", Hoyt, despite dying of cancer, lures Jane and Maura into his hospital room with the aid of a new apprentice with the goal of killing Jane before he dies, but Jane manages to get the upper hand and stabs and kills Hoyt with a scalpel while saying, "I win". Despite his death, he continues to haunt Jane and the team and was mentioned in the next two seasons after his death; when dealing with the murders committed by Dennis Rockmond ("Melt My Heart of Stone"), Jane speculates that he may be an apprentice of Hoyt's due to the ritualistic nature of his crimes, and "No One Mourns the Wicked" saw the team deal with a forensic pathologist and her son (conceived by her father's abuse) who were committing murders inspired by Hoyt's methods.
Sharon Lawrence as Hope Martin, Maura's biological mother, who believed Maura died as a baby. She is a noted forensic pathologist.
Emilee Wallace as Cailin Martin, Hope's daughter and Maura's half-sister. Maura anonymously donated her kidney to Cailin to save her life.
Alexandra Holden as Lydia Sparks, a ditzy young woman who is heavily pregnant when she is befriended by Angela. It is soon revealed that the child she is carrying is either Tommy's or Angela's ex-husband Frank's. Eventually the child is known as TJ, for "Tommy Junior", once a test confirms that Tommy is the father.
Jaz Sinclair as Tasha Williams.

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Rizzoli & Isles started to air on GEM in Australia on November 29, 2010.[30] The series started to air on Super Channel in Canada on October 5, 2010.[31] As of 2016, Superchannel is no longer carrying the show.

text: The series moved to Showcase in Canada on January 3, 2012, on TVNorge in Norway on November 11, 2010, M-Net Series in South Africa on September 14, 2011, and on Warner TV in Singapore on February 1, 2011.[32]

text: Rizzoli & Isles started to air on Alibi in the United Kingdom on September 13, 2011. A subscription is required.[32][33] The series second season premiered on January 26, 2012.[32]

text:
Season

Time slot (EST)

Number of episodes

Premiere

Finale

TV season

Overall rank

Overall viewership

Date

Viewers(millions)

18–49 Rating

Date

Viewers(millions)

18–49 Rating

1

Monday 10:00 pm

10

July 12, 2010

7.55[34]

2.1[34]

September 13, 2010

6.56[35]

1.5[35]

2010

N/A

N/A

2

15

July 11, 2011

6.38[36]

1.2[36]

December 26, 2011

5.79[37]

1.1[37]

2011

N/A

N/A

3

Tuesday 9:00 pm

15

June 5, 2012

5.62[38]

1.2[38]

December 25, 2012

4.42[39]

0.8[39]

2012

#3[40]

7.40[40]

4

16

June 25, 2013

6.64[41]

1.4[41]

March 18, 2014

3.58[42]

0.7[42]

2013–14

N/A

N/A

5

18

June 17, 2014

5.81[43]

1.0[43]

March 17, 2015

3.62[44]

0.6[44]

2014–15

N/A

N/A

6

18

June 16, 2015

4.39[45]

0.7[45]

March 15, 2016

2.92[46]

0.5[46]

2015–16

N/A

N/A

7

Monday 9:00 pm

13

June 6, 2016

3.91[47]

0.6[47]

September 5, 2016

5.26[48]

0.7[48]

2016

TBA

TBA

text: Reception[edit]

text: The series started strong in the ratings, as 7.55 million viewers tuned in for the premiere episode. Rizzoli & Isles was the second most-watched cable program on the evening of July 12, 2010, behind its lead-in, The Closer, which had 110,000 more viewers.[49] The show finished the week in third behind The Closer and the final episode of Deadliest Catch.[50]

text: The premiere set a record as the highest-rated debut for a commercial-supported cable series, and it was the second-highest debut ever for a basic cable TV series.[51][52] Rizzoli & Isles is second only to the 2008 premiere of Raising the Bar, which attracted 7.7 million viewers during its commercial-free debut.[52][53][54] Live + 7 day ratings for the premiere updated the show's status as the all-time most-watched cable series launch, with DVR viewers increasing the show's rating to just over 9 million viewers.[55]

text: The show has ranked in the top five cable programs all five seasons and was the number one basic cable program in its fifth season.[56]

text: The show has been described as having lesbian undertones,[57][58][59] and the purported sexual attraction between Rizzoli and Isles has been the subject of critical and fan attention,[60][61][62][59][63] with sites such as The Advocate connecting the show's lesbian subtext to its popularity.[64] Harmon said that she was not surprised by the attention[65] and that, while it was "'super fun' to play a role that has some same-sex romantic vibes", the characters are "straight" and "just best friends".[60] Alexander said that she was not initially aware of the subtext but believed it reflected the characters' chemistry.[66] She also expressed skepticism that Rizzoli and Isles' friendship was out of the ordinary.[67]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Association

Category

Recipient(s)

Result

2012

Young Artist Awards

Best Performance in a TV Series – Guest Starring Young Actor 18–21

Cameron Monaghan

Nominated

2014

People's Choice Awards

Favorite Cable TV Actress

Angie Harmon

Nominated

2015

Favorite Cable TV Actress

Angie Harmon

Won

Favorite Cable TV Drama

Rizzoli & Isles

Nominated

2016

Favorite Cable TV Actress

Sasha Alexander

Won


document_title: Personal foul (basketball)

question_text: how many fouls you get in the nba

question_tokens: how many fouls you get in the nba

text: Personal foul (basketball)

text: History[edit]

text: Basketball has always had the concept of fouls. In 1891, James Naismith's original 13 rules[1] defined a foul as:

text:
running with the ball,
holding the ball with the arms or body,
striking the ball with the fist,
shouldering, holding, pushing, striking or tripping in any way of an opponent.

text: Only the fourth definition remains. Running with the ball and striking it with the fist are now violations. Holding the ball with the arms or body is now rare but legal.

text: Originally, on a player's second foul, the player would be removed without substitution until the next successful goal (similar to a penalty in ice hockey). Before long, free throws were introduced, originally worth three points each, then one. Originally, any team member was allowed to shoot free throws. In 1924, the rules were changed so that the fouled player shot the free throws.

text: The victim of a contact foul used to be given three attempts at a free throw, and the offense retained possession of the basketball. Now, a player fouled in the act of shooting gets from one to three shots and the other team tends to get possession afterwards (see Penalties below).

text: Principles[edit]

text: Personal contact does not necessarily constitute a personal foul, unless it gives a player an advantage or puts the opponent at a disadvantage.

text: Cylinder[edit]

text: In FIBA, the cylinder principle gives each player exclusive rights within an imaginary cylinder defined:

text:
in the front by the palms of the hands, when the arms are bent at the elbows so that the forearms and hands are raised, but no farther in front than the feet,
in the rear by the buttocks,
at the sides by the outside edge of the arms and legs.

text: The cylinder extends from the floor to the ceiling, allowing the player to jump upward.

text: A player can occupy any cylinder not already occupied by the opponent. No one else is allowed to step or reach into this cylinder. A player must not extend his limbs or bend his body in a way that is not normal. If there is a breach of this principle that places the opponent at a disadvantage, the official may penalise it.

text: The NBA does not use the cylinder principle to judge contact; it only says that a player may not bend or reach in a position that is not normal (nor push, hold, and so on).

text: Elements of time and distance[edit]

text: The elements of time and distance concern the reaction time and distance of another person. They apply only to players without the ball, not to the ball carrier. For example, a player cannot suddenly step in front of a sprinting player, even without invading the cylinder. Another example is when a player sets a screen directly behind a player: the player would not physically be able to react to the screen in enough time to avoid it.

text: Types of foul[edit]

text: Charging and blocking[edit]

text: When significant[n 1] illegal contact between the ball-carrier and a defender occurs, it usually means that either —

text:
The defender committed a blocking foul, or
The ball-carrier committed the offensive foul of charging.

text: Deciding between the two is complex, partly subjective, and often controversial.

text: Generally, the ball-carrier committed a charge if all of the following are true:

text:
The defender was still, or moving sideways or backward but not forward, when contact occurred.
The defender took a legal guarding position before the contact, that is, one with both feet on the floor.
The defender was hit on the torso (as opposed to the arm or leg).

text: In the NBA, in contact during a move to the basket, officials do not consider the position of the defender's feet, but decide whether the defensive player's torso was set in position before the offensive player began his upward motion.[2]

text: A charging foul is usually not called if the ball-handler is within a 4-foot (1.22 m) radius around the center of the basket (known in the rules as the "restricted area" and sometimes colloquially as the "smiley face"[3]). That is, if the ball-carrier is under the basket, the defense usually cannot restrict his or her movement by drawing a charge. An exception is made if the offensive player receives the ball within an area close to the basket known as the "lower defensive box."

text: A related call is the player control foul.[n 2]

text: Apart from using hands in neutral space to shield or deflect a pass or a shot, the defender uses his or her body to impede the ball-carrier's advance toward the basket. The defender's only absolute way to achieve this is to stand directly in the ball-carrier's path and "draw a charge." Short of this, the defender's use of the body may make the ball-carrier hesitate or change tactics. Both opponents are restrained by their desire not to commit a foul.

text: It is not a foul to grab for the ball, or to touch a hand of the ball-carrier that is on the ball, but the ball-carrier, especially in the act of shooting, can easily cause greater contact that is a blocking foul against the defender.

text: Once contact is made, the defender may fall to the ground to exaggerate the force of the collision and induce a foul to be called. (The ball-carrier rarely does so, as it would disrupt the effort to score a goal.) Overt deception is disparagingly called a "flop" and is discouraged by the rules at every level of basketball.

text: A screen is an attempt by an offensive player to stop a defender from guarding the ball-carrier. For example, John Stockton and Karl Malone were well known for their pick and roll (or screen and roll) play. The ball-carrier's teammate is the screener; he stands in the path of the defender as the ball-carrier dribbles past the screener. This at least costs the defender time, and may induce a collision. Either leaves the ball-carrier unguarded. However, if the screener moves towards the ball-carrier when contact occurs, or does not respect the elements of time and distance, or initiates contact, he is charged with illegal screening or setting a moving pick. These are blocking fouls.

text: Other fouls on the ball-carrier[edit]

text: In the NBA, the ball-carrier cannot attempt to dribble past a defender where there is not enough space, such as dribbling between a defender and either a boundary or another defensive player. If the ball-carrier has space to put head and shoulders past the defender, then the defender is responsible.

text: In FIBA, this rule is not codified, but contact caused by the dribbler is still penalized.

text: Fouls away from the ball[edit]

text: The rules are symmetrical for contact between offensive and defensive players not involving the ball-carrier. Any player has the right to a position on the court legally acquired. A player acquiring a position that will impede an opponent must respect the elements of time and distance; that is, not take a position so close, or so quickly, that the opponent cannot avoid contact. This includes gradually slowing down after running with the opponent, and situations where the opponent is shielded from seeing the player's movement.

text: Other personal fouls[edit]

text:
Pushing — Contact that displaces an opponent (for example, pushing a player away from the basket, or using body weight to affect a player's movement).
Holding — Contact that interferes with a player's freedom of movement (for example, physically grabbing a player driving to the basket).
Illegal use of hands — Extending the hands outside the cylinder and causing illegal contact (for example, going for a steal but hitting the player's hand or arm, or hitting the arm of a shooter).
Hand-checking — Contact by the defense on a ball handler that impedes a player's speed, quickness, rhythm, and/or balance.
Illegal use of elbow — Moving one's elbow outside the cylinder to disadvantage an opponent. This mostly occurs during a post-up play situation, where either offense or defense attempt to gain a better position.
Illegal use of legs or knees (on the dunk): Jumping up with one knee forward as to intentionally hit the defender.

text: Non-foul[edit]

text: Referees who called every case of illegal player contact would dominate the game to the exclusion of the athletes, but reluctance to make calls would make the game excessively violent. The rules direct referees to seek a balance between these extremes, though they do not define it.[n 3]

text: When players are competing for a ball that goes out of bounds, and one player commits illegal but minor contact, referees often do not feel a foul is justified but resolve the situation by simply awarding possession of the ball to the other team.

text: The "reach-in foul" is a misnomer. Reaching toward a player is not a foul, though physical contact may be a foul.

text: Penalties[edit]

text: The official scorer records the foul in two counts of fouls on the scoresheet:

text:
As a player foul against the offending player during the game. A player who accumulates too many fouls will foul out (see below).
As a team foul against the offending player's team during the current quarter or half. A team that accumulates too many fouls in that period enters the penalty situation and puts the other team into the "bonus." In college basketball, another, higher number of team fouls gives the other team a "double bonus" (men only) regarding the number of free throws. (See the article on free throws.)

text: On a foul committed by the defense (and on a loose-ball foul when neither team is in possession of the ball), if the team committing the foul is in the penalty situation or the fouled player was in the act of shooting, the fouled player is awarded free throws. Otherwise, and on offensive fouls, the fouled player's team is awarded possession of the ball to pass inbounds from the out-of-bounds point nearest to the foul. The shot clock is reset.

text: In some rulebooks, such as that of FIBA, a technical foul is included in the count of player fouls.

text: If the game goes to overtime, foul counts are not reset, but continue as though overtime were a continuation of the final regulation period. The NBA and WNBA are exceptions, in that each overtime period has its own count of team fouls.

text: Strategy[edit]

text: Fans and commentators often call an infraction a "good foul," such as when the foul is against a player who would otherwise have made a sure basket. By fouling the player and preventing an easy two points, the defender forces the offensive player to "earn" the two points from the free throw line. However, if the foul does not prevent the player from scoring, the basket is counted and the fouled player gets an additional free throw.

text: After the fouled player shoots free throws, the team that was on defense is likely to gain possession of the ball. This is by award, if the final free throw was made. Even if it is missed, defensive players can occupy better positions at the side of the lane to get the rebound.

text: Near the end of the game, a team that is losing may purposefully foul offensive players to stop the clock and regain possession of the ball, with the hope that the player will miss his free throws. Coaches study free-throw percentages, so that the defense will foul a ball carrier who is poor at free-throw shooting. The "Hack-a-Shaq" strategy was famously practiced against Shaquille O'Neal in view of his poor percentage. The defense is not free to foul its choice of the five offensive players, as a foul "away from the ball" results in free throws plus possession.

text: In the NBA, it also results in free throws plus possession when the defense commits a foul and the ball carrier is in the frontcourt with a "clear path" to the basket (no defender between the ball carrier and the basket).[4]

text: Fouling out[edit]

text: A player who commits five personal fouls over the course of a 40-minute game,[n 4] or six in a 48-minute game, fouls out and is disqualified for the remainder of the game. A player within one or two fouls of fouling out is in "foul trouble." Players who foul out are not ejected and may remain in the bench area for the remainder of the game. Fouling out of a game is not a disciplinary action.

text: In the NCAA and FIBA, if a team is reduced to five players by injury or ejection, and one of them commits a sixth foul or is ejected, play continues with that team reduced to four players. A team automatically loses the game by default if fewer than two players remain in the game.

text: In the NBA and WNBA, no team can be reduced to four players, so such a player stays in the game. If another of the five players is ejected or injured, the last player to foul out rejoins the game. In these reinsertions, the team is assessed a technical foul. In addition, any additional foul the player commits draws another technical foul. This results in one or an extra free throw for the opponents, even if the player's foul would not normally result in free throws. (These technical fouls are not for unsportsmanlike conduct, so they do not result in ejections from the game.)

text: This rule let Don Otten set the NBA record for personal fouls in a regular-season game. He had eight fouls while playing for the Tri-Cities Blackhawks (now the Atlanta Hawks) against the Sheboygan Red Skins on November 24, 1949.[5] The rule was again invoked in a game between the Los Angeles Lakers and Cleveland Cavaliers on February 5, 2014.[6] With the Lakers down to 5 players due to injuries, when Robert Sacre fouled out, he remained in the game.[7]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The NBA rulebook (officiating guidelines, Section C) repeatedly excludes "negligible and/or incidental....contact".
Jump up ^ NBA Rule 12-B-II states, "The dribbler must be in control of his body at all times."
Jump up ^ For example, in the NBA rulebook, the overview of officiating discusses the need to "create a balance of play" and "provide reasonable safety...without unduly limiting freedom of action."
Jump up ^ In the WNBA, the limit is 6 personal fouls in a 40-minute game. In the NBA Summer League, the limit is 10 fouls.

tag: ol


document_title: The Search for Everything World Tour

question_text: who is opening for john mayer on his tour

text: The Search for Everything World Tour

text: Background[edit]

text: All tickets went on sale February 3, 2017, and began on March 31, 2017, and will finish on May 12, 2017. All tickets include a free CD copy of the new album.[1] The second leg of tour dates were announced on February 24, 2017 running July 18-September 3, 2017. with tickets going on sale March 4, 2017.[2]

text: Opening acts[edit]

text:
The Record Company (North America—Leg 1, select dates)
LANY (North America—Leg 1, select dates)[3]
Andreas Moe (Europe)[4]
The Night Game (North America—Leg 2, select dates)[5]
Dawes (North America—Leg 2, select dates)[6]
Rodrigo y Gabriela (South America)[7]

text: Setlist[edit]

text: The following setlist was obtained from the concert held on April 12, 2017, at the Schottenstein center in Columbus, Ohio. It does not represent all concerts for the duration of the tour.[8]

text:
"Belief"
"Why Georgia"
"Queen of California"
"Slow Dancing in a Burning Room"
"Love on the Weekend"
"In Your Atmosphere (LA Song)"
"Comfortable"
"Free Fallin'"
"Your Body is a Wonderland"
"Cross Road Blues"
"Ain't No Sunshine"
"Bold as Love"
"Helpless"
"Moving On and Getting Over"
"If I Ever Get Around to Living"
"Still Feel Like Your Man"
"Dear Marie"
"Roll It on Home"
"In Repair"
"You're Gonna Live Forever in Me"

text: Tour dates[edit]

text:
Date
City
Country
Venue

North America[9]

March 31, 2017
Albany
United States
Times Union Center

April 1, 2017
Montreal
Canada
Bell Centre

April 3, 2017
Toronto
Air Canada Centre

April 5, 2017
New York City
United States
Madison Square Garden

April 6, 2017
Washington, D.C.
Verizon Center

April 7, 2017
Philadelphia
Wells Fargo Center

April 9, 2017
Boston
TD Garden

April 11, 2017
Chicago
United Center

April 12, 2017
Columbus
Value City Arena

April 14, 2017
Kansas City
Sprint Center

April 15, 2017
Saint Paul
Xcel Energy Center

April 17, 2017
Edmonton
Canada
Rogers Place

April 19, 2017
Vancouver
Rogers Arena

April 21, 2017
Inglewood
United States
The Forum

April 22, 2017
Las Vegas
T-Mobile Arena

Europe[10]

May 2, 2017
Amsterdam
Netherlands
Ziggo Dome

May 3, 2017

May 5, 2017
Herning
Denmark
Jyske Bank Boxen

May 7, 2017
Stockholm
Sweden
Ericsson Globe

May 8, 2017
Oslo
Norway
Oslo Spektrum

May 9, 2017
Copenhagen
Denmark
Royal Arena

May 11, 2017
London
England
The O2 Arena

May 12, 2017

North America[11]

July 18, 2017
Albuquerque
United States
Isleta Amphitheater

July 19, 2017
Denver
Pepsi Center

July 21, 2017
George
The Gorge Amphitheatre

July 22, 2017
Portland
Moda Center

July 24, 2017[A]
Paso Robles
Chumash Grandstand Arena

July 25, 2017
Anaheim
Honda Center

July 27, 2017
Sacramento
Golden 1 Center

July 29, 2017
Mountain View
Shoreline Amphitheatre

July 30, 2017
Inglewood
The Forum

August 1, 2017
Phoenix
Talking Stick Resort Arena

August 3, 2017
San Antonio
AT&T Center

August 5, 2017
Dallas
American Airlines Center

August 6, 2017
The Woodlands
Cynthia Woods Mitchell Pavilion

August 8, 2017
Nashville
Bridgestone Arena

August 9, 2017
New Orleans
Smoothie King Center

August 10, 2017
Atlanta
Lakewood Amphitheatre

August 12, 2017
Sunrise
BB&T Center

August 13, 2017
Tampa
Amalie Arena

August 15, 2017
Charlotte
PNC Music Pavilion

August 16, 2017
Raleigh
Coastal Credit Union Music Park

August 18, 2017
Camden
BB&T Pavilion

August 19, 2017
Holmdel Township
PNC Bank Arts Center

August 20, 2017
Hartford
Xfinity Theatre

August 22, 2017
Geddes
Lakeview Amphitheater

August 23, 2017
Wantagh
Northwell Health at Jones Beach Theater

August 25, 2017
Bristow
Jiffy Lube Live

August 26, 2017
Cincinnati
Riverbend Music Center

August 27, 2017
Darien
Darien Lake Performing Arts Center

August 29, 2017
Toronto
Canada
Budweiser Stage

August 30, 2017
Cuyahoga Falls
United States
Blossom Music Center

September 1, 2017
Clarkston
DTE Energy Music Theatre

September 2, 2017
Tinley Park
Hollywood Casino Amphitheatre

September 3, 2017
Noblesville
Klipsch Music Center

South America[12]

October 18, 2017
São Paulo
Brazil
Allianz Parque

October 20, 2017
Belo Horizonte
Esplanada do Mineirão

October 22, 2017
Curitiba
Pedreira Paulo Leminski

October 24, 2017
Porto Alegre
Anfiteatro Beira Rio

October 27, 2017
Rio de Janeiro
Jeunesse Arena

October 29, 2017
Buenos Aires
Argentina
Hipódromo Argentino de Palermo

text: Box office score data[edit]

text:
Venue
City
Tickets sold / available
Gross revenue

Times Union Center
Albany
10,165 / 12,587 (81%)
$617,897[14]

Bell Centre
Montreal
11,702 / 13,168 (89%)
$743,748[15]

Air Canada Centre
Toronto
14,790 / 14,790 (100%)
$1,092,790[16]

Madison Square Garden
New York City
14,793 / 14,793 (100%)
$1,413,563[17]

Verizon Center
Washington, D.C.
11,600 / 11,600 (100%)
$1,041,800[18]

Wells Fargo Center
Philadelphia
14,526 / 14,840 (98%)
$975,201[19]

TD Garden
Boston
13,454 / 13,763 (98%)
$968,536[19]

United Center
Chicago
13,530 / 13,807 (98%)
$1,039,809[19]

Value City Arena
Columbus
11,572 / 13,289 (87%)
$740,532[19]

Sprint Center
Kansas City
13,806 / 13,930 (99%)
$813,850[20]

Xcel Energy Center
Saint Paul
12,334 / 14,519 (85%)
$877,374[20]

Rogers Centre
Edmonton
8,676 / 11,651 (74%)
$583,674[21]

Rogers Arena
Vancouver
10,790 / 12,534 (86%)
$788,828[22]

The Forum
Inglewood
26,039 / 27,026 (96%)
$2,335,578[14][23]

T-Mobile Arena
Las Vegas
11,780 / 15,301 (77%)
$1,108,429[22]

Jyske Bank Boxen
Herning
13,399 / 15,207 (88%)
$1,078,600[24]

Oslo Spektrum
Oslo
7,725 / 7,725 (100%)
$601,991[24]

Royal Arena
Copenhagen
15,641 / 15,641 (100%)
$1,255,140[24]

The O2 Arena
London
30,709 / 30,709 (100%)
$1,739,780[14]

Isleta Amphitheater
Albuquerque
7,702 / 15,051 (51%)
$394,803[23]

Pepsi Center
Denver
10,288 / 14,361 (72%)
$908,976[23]

The Gorge Amphitheatre
George
16,753 / 22,000 (76%)
$812,861[23]

Moda Center
Portland
8,792 / 12,065 (73%)
$771,310[23]

Honda Center
Anaheim
9,686 / 13,113 (74%)
$968,593[25]

Golden 1 Center
Sacramento
9,683 / 11,611 (83%)
$829,569[20]

Shoreline Amphitheatre
Mountain View
18,449 / 22,000 (84%)
$1,154,199[23]

Talking Stick Resort Arena
Phoenix
10,417 / 13,144 (79%)
$773,437[23]

AT&T Center
San Antonio
10,556 / 13,119 (80%)
$899,533[23]

American Airlines Center
Dallas
13,835 / 13,835 (100%)
$1,407,267[23]

Cynthia Woods Mitchell Pavilion
The Woodlands
16,047 / 16,047 (100%)
$992,511[23]

Bridgestone Arena
Nashville
15,733 / 15,733 (100%)
$1,267,357[19]

Smoothie King Center
New Orleans
9,046 / 11,915 (76%)
$806,449[23]

Lakewood Amphitheatre
Atlanta
18,820 / 18,820 (100%)
$1,130,469[23]

BB&T Center
Sunrise
11,353 / 12,147 (93%)
$1,123,010[23]

Amalie Arena
Tampa
11,018 / 11,806 (93%)
$1,054,256[23]

PNC Music Pavilion
Charlotte
15,765 / 18,744 (84%)
$836,555[23]

Coastal Credit Union Music Park
Raleigh
12,904 / 19,980 (65%)
$624,606[23]

BB&T Pavilion
Camden
13,440 / 24,426 (55%)
$687,227[23]

PNC Bank Arts Center
Holmdel
16,937 / 16,937 (100%)
$1,028,816[23]

Xfinity Theatre
Hartford
17,246 / 23,994 (72%)
$910,258[23]

Lakeview Amphitheater
Geddes
10,644 / 19,567 (54%)
$521,842[23]

Northwell Health at Jones Beach Theater
Wantagh
13,891 / 13,891 (100%)
$1,157,747[23]

Jiffy Lube Live
Bristow
13,781 / 22,583 (61%)
$682,067[23]

Riverbend Music Center
Cincinnati
13,326 / 20,265 (66%)
$764,662[23]

Darien Lake Performing Arts Center
Darien
8,983 / 21,629 (41%)
$441,849[23]

Budweiser Stage
Toronto
15,876 / 15,876 (100%)
$871,288[23]

Blossom Music Center
Cuyahoga Falls
10,335 / 20,555 (50%)
$522,069[23]

DTE Energy Music Theatre
Clarkston
14,827 / 14,827 (100%)
$888,484[23]

Hollywood Casino Amphitheatre
Tinley Park
15,438 / 28,188 (55%)
$823,186[23]

Klipsch Music Center
Noblesville
21,642 / 24,483 (88%)
$989,731[23]

TOTAL
680,244 / 829,592 (82%)
$46,862,107

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
Steve Jordan – drums
John Mayer – vocals, guitars
Pino Palladino – bass
Larry Goldings – keyboards
David Ryan Harris – guitar
Tiffany Palmer – vocals
Carlos Ricketts – vocals
Isaiah Sharkey – guitar