document_title: Milli Vanilli

question_text: who are the real singers for milli vanilli

text: Milli Vanilli

text: Beginnings[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2016)

text: According to VH1's Behind the Music, the single "Girl You Know It's True" was first produced by Jesse Powell and had already been completed before Rob Pilatus and Fab Morvan were recruited. Frank Farian felt that no efforts should be made to refine Pilatus and Morvan's voices. Farian added his own studio-augmented voice to recordings, using back-up singers to hide the other two members' live voices.[7][not in citation given]

text: In 2011 Morvan claimed that Farian manipulated the two of them by giving them a small advance when he signed them. The pair spent most of it on clothes and hairstyling. Several months later, Farian called them and told them they had to lip sync to some prerecorded music or, as stated in the contract, repay the advance in full. "We were not hired, we were trapped," Morvan recalled.[8]

text: Lip-synching indications, exposure, and media backlash[edit]

text: Beth McCarthy-Miller, then an executive with MTV, says the duo's poor English language skills, when they came in for their first interview with the channel, stirred doubts among those present as to whether they had sung on their records.[8] The first public sign that the group was lip-synching came on 21 July 1989, during a live performance on MTV at the Lake Compounce theme park in Bristol, Connecticut. As they performed, the recording of the song "Girl You Know It's True" jammed and began to skip, repeating the partial line "Girl, you know it's..." over and over through the speakers. They continued to pretend to sing and dance onstage for a few more moments, then they both ran offstage. According to the episode of VH1's Behind the Music which profiled Milli Vanilli, Downtown Julie Brown stated that fans attending the concert seemed neither to care, nor even to notice, and the concert continued as if nothing unusual had happened.[citation needed] In a March 1990 issue of Time magazine, Pilatus was quoted proclaiming himself to be "the new Elvis", reasoning that by the duo's success they were more talented musically than Bob Dylan, Paul McCartney and Mick Jagger.[9]

text: Unlike the international release of All or Nothing, the inserts for the American version of the album explicitly attributed the vocals to Morvan and Pilatus. This prompted singer Charles Shaw to reveal in December 1989 that he was one of the three actual singers on the album and that Pilatus and Morvan were impostors. Farian reportedly paid Shaw $150,000 to retract his statements, though this did not stem the tide of public criticism.[10] Because of growing public questioning as to who sang in the group, as well as the Morvan and Pilatus' demand to Farian that they be allowed to sing on the next album, Farian confessed to reporters on 12 November 1990 that Morvan and Pilatus did not sing on the records. As a result of American media pressure, Milli Vanilli's Grammy was withdrawn four days later. However, their three American Music Awards were never withdrawn because the organizers felt the awards were given to them by music consumers.[11]

text: After these details emerged, at least 27 different lawsuits[12] were filed under various U.S. consumer fraud protection laws[13] against Pilatus, Morvan and Arista Records. One such filing occurred on 22 November 1990, in Ohio, where lawyers filed a class-action lawsuit asking for refunds on behalf of a local woman in Cuyahoga County, who had bought Girl You Know It's True. At the time the lawsuit was filed, it was estimated at least 1,000 Ohio residents had bought the album.[13] On 12 August 1991, a proposed settlement of a refund lawsuit in Chicago, Illinois, was rejected. This settlement would have refunded buyers of Milli Vanilli CDs, cassettes, records, or singles. However, the refunds would only be given as a credit for a future Arista release.[12] On 28 August, a new settlement was approved; it refunded those who attended concerts along with those who bought Milli Vanilli recordings.[14] An estimated 10 million buyers were eligible to claim a refund and they could keep the refunded recordings as well.[14] The deadline to claim refunds passed on 8 March 1992.[15]

text: The Real Milli Vanilli[edit]

text: The resulting album, released in Europe in early 1991, was renamed The Moment of Truth and spawned three singles, "Keep On Running", "Nice 'n Easy" and "Too Late (True Love)". A Morvan/Pilatus lookalike named Ray Horton was depicted on the cover along with the real singers; Brad Howell and John Davis. In addition, the album featured rappers Icy Bro on "Hard as Hell" and Tammy T on "Too Late (True Love)". Original members and vocalists Jodie Rocco and Linda Rocco remained on 95% of the tracks. One of four Diane Warren-penned songs that are included on The Moment of Truth, "When I Die", has been covered by several other artists, including Farian's No Mercy. For the American market, Farian chose to avoid any association with Milli Vanilli and had the tracks re-recorded with Ray Horton on the majority of lead vocals, however, The Moment of Truth was never released in that format in the USA.[16]

text: Try 'N' B[edit]

text: In 1992, RCA signed on to release the album as the debut of the newly created group Try 'N' B. The self-titled release included three additional tracks not on the Real Milli Vanilli release: "Ding Dong", "Who Do You Love", and a remake of Dr. Hook's "Sexy Eyes", and featured original Milli Vanilli vocalists Jodie Rocco and Linda Rocco. Because of significantly better sales under the name Try 'N' B in America, a slightly modified Try 'N' B debut album was released internationally. It featured guest singer Tracy Ganser, a Ray Horton lookalike named Kevin Weatherspoon, as well as Jodie Rocco and Linda Rocco.[16]

text: Rob & Fab[edit]

text: Meanwhile, Morvan and Pilatus moved to Los Angeles, California, and signed with the Joss Entertainment Group, where they recorded their follow-up album under the name Rob & Fab. Almost all the songs on the album were written by Kenny Taylor and Fab Morvan, while Morvan and Pilatus provided the lead vocals. Because of financial constraints, Joss Entertainment Group was only able to release the album in the United States, the priority market to Milli Vanilli. A single, "We Can Get It On", was made available for radio play shortly before the album's release. However, the lack of publicity, poor distribution, and their steep fall from the height of pop-culture visibility after the lip-synching scandal contributed to its failure. The album only sold around 2,000 copies.

text: Milli Vanilli comeback and death of Rob Pilatus[edit]

text: In order to restore their career, in 1997 Farian agreed to produce a new Milli Vanilli album with Morvan and Pilatus on lead vocals. This led up to the recording of the 1998 Milli Vanilli comeback album Back and In Attack. Even some of the original studio singers backed the performers in their attempt to bring back some of the fame that had been shed so quickly. However, Rob Pilatus encountered a number of personal problems during the production of the new album. He turned to drugs and crime, committing a series of assaults and robberies,[17] and was ultimately sentenced to three months in jail and six months in a drug rehabilitation facility in California. Farian bailed Pilatus out of jail and paid for the rehab and plane tickets for him to fly back to Germany.[18][citation needed] On the eve of the new album's promotional tour on 2 April 1998, Pilatus was found dead of a suspected alcohol and prescription drug overdose in a Frankfurt, Germany hotel room.[6][19] Pilatus' death was ruled accidental.[20]According to one source, "In 1998, Rob Pilatus died of a drug overdose, which many suspect was a suicide."[21]

text: The tour was cancelled and Back and In Attack remains unreleased. The recordings are assumed to have been destroyed.[citation needed]

text: Fab Morvan's solo career[edit]

text: Morvan spent the following years as a session musician and public speaker while working on his musical abilities. In 1998, he was a DJ at famed L.A. radio station KIIS-FM. During this period he also performed at the station's sold-out 1999 Wango Tango festival concert before 50,000 people at Dodger Stadium. Morvan then spent 2001 on tour before performing in 2002 as the inaugural performer at the brand-new Velvet Lounge at the Hard Rock Hotel in Orlando, Florida. In 2003, Morvan released his first solo album, Love Revolution. He marketed the album through his website and CD Baby.

text: In April 2011, Morvan released the single "Anytime" on iTunes.[22]

text: Later developments[edit]

text: In 2000, Fab Morvan was featured in a BBC documentary titled It Takes Two: The Story of the Pop Duo about musical duos. The duo were also featured (and interviewed) for the premiere episode of VH1's Behind the Music.

text: On 14 February 2007, it was announced that Universal Pictures was developing a film based on the story of Milli Vanilli's rise and fall in the music industry. Jeff Nathanson, screenwriter for Catch Me If You Can, producers Kathleen Kennedy and Frank Marshall, and producer executive Adam Yoelin, were supposed to write and direct the film while Fab Morvan served as a consultant.[23][24] However, in February 2011, it was announced the Milli Vanilli movie would be rewritten and directed by Florian Gallenberger.[25][26]

text: In January 2014, the actual Milli Vanilli singers — Jodie and Linda Rocco, John Davis and Brad Howell — filmed an in-depth interview with the producers of Oprah: Where Are They Now for OWN TV. The show aired in the US on Friday, 21 February 2014.

text: In 2015 TMZ reported that Fab Morvan was working on an album with John Davis, one of the original Milli Vanilli singers, called Face Meets Voice.[27]

text: Discography[edit]


document_title: Halloween (The Office)

question_text: who does michael fire in the halloween episode

root

text: Halloween (The Office)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Although informed early in October that he must fire somebody by the end of the month, Michael Scott (Steve Carell) waits until the last day of the month, Halloween, and still hasn't fired anyone. Meanwhile, Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) and Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) post Dwight Schrute's (Rainn Wilson) résumé on the internet, and when a prospective employer (Cumberland Mills in Maryland) calls, Jim pretends to be Michael and gives Dwight a great reference. When the company calls Dwight to set up an interview, Dwight immediately ruins his chances by arguing with the caller over the importance and relevance of martial arts in his résumé. Later in the day, Pam suggests that Jim should apply for the Cumberland Mills position. Jim is quietly hurt by the suggestion that Pam would not miss him if he left.

tag: p

text: After several failed attempted firings of other employees, Michael calls Creed Bratton (Creed Bratton) into his office to fire him. Creed, in turn, convinces Michael to let Devon (Devon Abner) go. After Michael fires Devon, Devon angrily rebuffs Michael's attempts to save their friendship, and invites everyone in the office (except Michael, Creed, Dwight and Angela) to join him at a local bar. As Jim leaves, Pam apologizes for pushing him into taking the Cumberland job and assures him that she would "blow her brains out" if he ever left. Jim admits to the camera that Pam is the only thing keeping him there. When the group leaves the office, Devon smashes a pumpkin over Michael's car in revenge.

text: At the end of the episode, Michael is alone at his home in front of the television, upset over firing Devon. When trick-or-treaters come, Michael cheerfully gives them a generous amount of candy.

text: Production[edit]

text: "Halloween" is the third episode written by the series developer, executive producer, and show runner Greg Daniels. The episode was directed by Paul Feig, his second credit after "Office Olympics".[2][3] This episode is the only episode to date to have a quote to play over the Deedle-Dee Productions title card in the closing credits.[2] The quote features Dwight Schrute exclaiming "Quiet, you!"[2] The episode is rated TV-PG on television in the United States.[4]

text: During the pre-production for the episode, the cast and crew realized that the Halloween conceit would allow the various cast members to wear costumes, rather than their "usual, realistically plain suits".[5] B. J. Novak called the dress-up experience "fun", noting that "seeing the most serious of our plotlines play out alongside such silly and bizarre visuals was, I think, one of the most inspired ideas of the episode's writer, Greg Daniels."[5] The idea for Pam to be dressed as a cat was inspired by several unused stories, created by Gene Stupnitsky, in which "Pam Beesley must disguise herself as a cat".[5] The plot lines were vetoed by the shows writers, but Stupnitsky successfully petitioned to allow Pam to wear a cat costume.[5]

text: "Halloween" marks the last appearance of Devon in an episode until the series finale, seven seasons later. Although Devon was only a background character, he is mentioned during "The Dundies",[6] seen in the background of "The Fire",[7] and is seen in a deleted scene during "Diversity Day".[8] Devon is later seen in a deleted scene on "Valentine's Day", when Michael passes by a homeless Devon in New York. Devon then chases Michael, presumably still angry over the events of "Halloween".[9] Guest stars in this episode included Devon Abner, Hugh Dane, George Gaus, Annabelle Kopack, Ava Nisbet and Alec Zbornak.[10]

text: Cultural references[edit]

text: Due to the presence of Halloween, many of the employees costumes reflect movie and literary characters. Kelly is dressed as Dorothy Gale, but Michael makes an insensitive remark about Bend It Like Beckham. Dwight is dressed as a Sith, one of the characters in the Star Wars universe capable of using the "dark side" of the Force. Phyllis, however, confuses him for "some sort of monk".[5][11] Kevin is dressed as a Dunder Mifflin super hero, with a costume design similar to Mr. Incredible.[5][11] Creed is dressed like a vampire and Devon is dressed like a hobo. Pam, Phyllis, and Angela are all dressed up as cats. Oscar is dressed as a woman, and Michael asks him if he is "flying his true colors", to which Oscar reacts defensively.[11]

text: Reception[edit]

text: "Halloween" was originally broadcast on NBC in the United States on October 18, 2005.[12] The episode was viewed by 8 million viewers and received a 4.1 rating/10% share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49.[13] This means that it was seen by 4.1% of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 10% of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast. The episode was the number one ranked episode among adults, men, and women in the 18–34 demographic, and achieved its highest 18–49 rating since the season's premiere.[13] "Halloween" retained 73 percent of its lead-in My Name Is Earl audience, its best lead-in retention at the time.[13]

text: Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the episode a "B+". He felt that the plot revolving around downsizing was "fitting", because the episode takes place on "Halloween", and that this plot returned Michael to the role of villain.[14] Adams also felt that "director Paul Feig and credited writer Greg Daniels had a lot of fun dressing the show up for “Halloween,” framing Dwight like a shrouded Emperor Palpatine and making John Krasinski step into Steve Carell’s shoes for a couple of great punchlines."[14]

text: The episode received mostly positive reviews from television critics. Michael Sciannamea of TV Squad gave the episode a relatively positive review and noted that he "could certainly relate to [the] episode." Sciannamea also said that "great moment" in the episode was when "Michael tells Creed, who is dressed as a vampire, that he can spread his wings and fly to wherever he wants."[15] "Miss Alli" of Television Without Pity rated "Halloween" a B+.[11] Entertainment Weekly named Michael Scott's line, "I just hope that you and I can remain friends," one of "TV's funniest lines" for the week ending October 24, 2005.[16]


document_title: List of NCAA major college football yearly rushing leaders

question_text: who holds the record for rushing yards in a season college

text: Overview[edit]

text: Seven players since 1937 have led the country in rushing yardage in multiple seasons. They are Ricky Williams of Texas (1997-1998), Troy Davis of Iowa State (1995-1996), Charles White of USC (1978-1979), O. J. Simpson of USC (1967-1968), Preacher Pilot of New Mexico State (1961-1962), Art Luppino of Arizona (1954-1955), and Rudy Mobley of Hardin-Simmons (1942, 1946).

text: Since 1937, the single-season rushing record has been broken eight times, by Rudy Mobley in 1942 (1,281 yards), Fred Wendt in 1948 (1,570 yards), O. J. Simpson in 1968 (1,880 yards), Ed Marinaro in 1971 (1,881 yards), Ricky Bell in 1975 (1,957 yards), Tony Dorsett in 1976 (2,150 yards), Marcus Allen in 1981 (2,427 yards), and Barry Sanders in 1988 (2,628 yards).

text: The record for highest rushing yards per carry in a season was set in 1939 by Jackie Robinson of UCLA with an average of 12.2 yards per carry, a record that stands to this day.

text: The record of 37 rushing touchdowns in a season was set by Barry Sanders of Oklahoma State in 1988. Mike Rozier of Nebraska held the record previously with 29 rushing touchdowns in 1983.

text: Leading programs[edit]

text: Programs with multiple rushing leaders (in any of the three categories) include:

text:
Oklahoma - 8 (Patrick Collins, Marcus Dupree, Buster Rhymes, Billy Sims, Kenny King, Greg Pruitt, Clendon Thomas, and Buck McPhail)
USC - 8 (Reggie Bush, LenDale White, Marcus Allen, Charles White, Ricky Bell, O. J. Simpson, Mike Garrett, and Mort Kaer)
Texas - 6 (Vince Young, Cedric Benson, Ricky Williams, Earl Campbell, Gralyn Wyatt, and Jimmy Saxton)
Georgia Tech - 5 (David Sims, Red Barron, Buck Flowers, Everett Strupper, and Albert Hill)
Nebraska - 5 (Ahman Green, Calvin Jones, Tom Rathman, Mike Rozier, and Glenn Presnell)
Northern Illinois - 5 (Mark Kellar, LeShon Johnson, Garrett Wolfe, Stacey Robinson and Chad Spann)
Ohio State - 5 (Eddie George, Keith Byars, Pete Johnson, Archie Griffin, and Champ Henson)
Alabama - 4 (Derrick Henry, Santonio Beard, Wilbur Jackson, and Bobby Marlow)
Michigan - 4 (Bill Daley, Tom Harmon, Willie Heston, and Al Herrnstein)
Michigan State - 4 (Javon Ringer, DeAndra' Cobb, Lorenzo White, and Neno DaPrato)
New Mexico State - 4 (Kenton Keith, Preacher Pilot, Bob Gaiters, and Pervis Atkins)
Oklahoma State - 4 (Barry Sanders, Ernest Anderson, Terry Miller, and Bob Fenimore)
Pittsburgh - 4 (Craig Heyward, Tony Dorsett, Dick Cassiano, and Marshall Goldberg)
Arizona State - 3 (Tony Lorick, Leon Burton, and Wilford White)
Army - 3 (Glenn Davis, Doc Blanchard, and Bob Anderson)
Colorado - 3 (Rashaan Salaam, Byron White, and Kayo Lam)
Detroit - 3 (Jack Kurkowski, Al Ghesquiere, and Lloyd Brazil)
Georgia - 3 (Frank Sinkwich, Garrison Hearst, and Nick Chubb)
New Mexico - 3 (Jhurell Pressley, Fred Henry, Billy Brown)
Notre Dame - 3 (Robert Farmer, Reggie Brooks, and Creighton Miller)
Penn State - 3 (Larry Johnson, Ki-Jana Carter, and Don Kunit)
Tennessee - 3 (Charlie Garner, Beattie Feathers, and Gene McEver)
Wisconsin - 3 (Melvin Gordon, Montee Ball, and Ron Dayne)

tag: ul

text: Rushing leaders since 1937[edit]

text: The NCAA did not compile and distribute official, national rushing statistics until the 1937 season. This chart reflects the official rushing statistics compiled and distributed by the NCAA.

text:
Year
Name
Yards
Name
Yds/Carry
Name
Rushing TDs

1937
Byron White[1]
(Colorado)
1121
Dick Cassiano
(Pittsburgh)
9.0[2]

1938
Len Eshmont[1]
(Fordham)
831
Parker Hall[3]
(Ole Miss)
6.5

1939
John Polanski[1]
(Wake Forest)
882
Jackie Robinson[4]
(UCLA)
12.2

1940
Al Ghesquiere[1]
(Detroit)
957
James Farrell[5]
(Lafayette)
7.2
Tom Harmon
(Michigan)
15

1941
Frank Sinkwich[1]
(Georgia)
1103
Bob Steuber
(Missouri)
7.6

1942
Rudy Mobley[1]
(Hardin-Simmons)
1281
Bob Steuber[6]
(Missouri)
7.4
Frank Sinkwich
(Georgia)
17

1943
Creighton Miller[1]
(Notre Dame)
911
Bill Daley[7]
(Michigan)
6.8

1944
Wayne Williams[1]
(Minnesota)
911
Glenn Davis[8]
(Army)
11.5
Glenn Davis
(Army)
14

1945
Bob Fenimore[1]
(Oklahoma St.)
1048
Glenn Davis[9]
(Army)
11.5
Doc Blanchard
(Army)
16

1946
Rudy Mobley[1][10]
(Hardin-Simmons)
1262
Roger Stephens[11]
(Cincinnati)
7.7

1947
Wilton Davis[1][12]
(Hardin-Simmons)
1173
Jack Kurkowski[13]
(Detroit)
10.1

1948
Fred Wendt[1][14]
(UTEP)
1570
Fred Wendt[14][15]
(UTEP)
8.53
Fred Wendt
(UTEP)
20

1949
John Dottley[1][16]
(Ole Miss)
1312
John Pont[17]
(Miami-OH)
7.6

1950
Wilford White[1][18]
(Arizona St.)
1502
Wilford White[19]
(Arizona St.)
Bobby Marlow[19]
(Alabama)
7.5
7.5

1951
Ollie Matson[1][20]
(San Francisco)
1566
Buck McPhail[20][21]
(Oklahoma)
8.56

1952
Howard Waugh[1][22]
(Tulsa)
1372
Howard Waugh[22][23]
(Tulsa)
8.53

1953
J. C. Caroline[1][24]
(Illinois)
1256

1954
Art Luppino[1][25]
(Arizona)
1359

Art Luppino[26]
(Arizona)
21

1955
Art Luppino[1][27]
(Arizona)
1313
Art Luppino
(Arizona)
6.28

1956
Jim Crawford[1][28]
(Wyoming)
1104
Tommy Lorino
(Auburn)
8.4
Jim Brown
(Syracuse)
Clendon Thomas
(Oklahoma)
13

1957
Leon Burton[1][29]
(Arizona St.)
1126
Leon Burton
(Arizona St.)
9.6
Bob Anderson
(Army)
13

1958[30]
Dick Bass[1]
(Pacific)
1361
Bob Jeter
(Iowa)
7.2
Dick Bass
(Pacific)
Billy Austin
(Rutgers)
15
15

1959[31]
Pervis Atkins[1]
(New Mexico St.)
971
Billy Brown
(New Mexico)
7.8
Pervis Atkins
(New Mexico St.)
13

1960[32]
Bob Gaiters[1]
(New Mexico St.)
1338
Tom Larscheid
(Utah St.)
8.4
Bob Gaiters
(New Mexico St.)
23

1961[33]
Preacher Pilot[1]
(New Mexico St.)
1278
Jimmy Saxton
(Texas)
7.9
Pete Pedro
(West Texas A&M)
21

1962[34]
Preacher Pilot[1]
(New Mexico St.)
1247
Gale Sayers
(Kansas)
7.1
Preacher Pilot
(New Mexico St.)
15

1963[35]
Dave Casinelli[1]
(Memphis)
1016
Tony Lorick
(Arizona St.)
7.7
Dave Casinelli
(Memphis)
Cosmo Iacavazzi
(Princeton)
14

1964[36]
Brian Piccolo[1]
(Wake Forest)
1044
Don Kunit
(Penn St.)
Tom Brown
(Villanova)
6.4
Brian Piccolo
(Wake Forest)
15

1965[37]
Mike Garrett[1]
(USC)
1440
Harry Jones
(Arkansas)
7.7
Dave Alexander
(East Carolina)
17

1966[38]
Ray McDonald[1]
(Idaho)
1329
MacArthur Lane
(Utah St.)
7.6
Lee Jones
(Buffalo)
16

1967
O. J. Simpson
(USC)
1543[39]
1415[1]
Duane Thomas
(West Texas A&M)
7.2
Butch Colson
(East Carolina)
15

1968
O. J. Simpson
(USC)
1880[40]
1709[1]
Fred Willis
(Boston College)
7.3
O. J. Simpson
(USC)
23

1969
Leon Burns[41]
(Long Beach St.)
Steve Owens[1]
(Oklahoma)
1659
1523
Billy Walik
(Villanova)
8.9
Leon Burns
(Long Beach St.)
26

1970[42]
Don McCauley
(North Carolina)
1863
Fred Henry
(New Mexico)
7.3
Don McCauley
(North Carolina)
22

1971[43]
Ed Marinaro
(Cornell)
1881
Greg Pruitt
(Oklahoma)
9.0
Terry Metcalf
(Long Beach St.)
28

1972[44]
Pete Van Valkenburg
(BYU)
1386
Wilbur Jackson
(Alabama)
7.1
Champ Henson
(Ohio St.)
20

1973[45]
Mark Kellar
(N. Illinois)
1719
Wilbur Jackson
(Alabama)
7.9
J. J. Jennings
(Rutgers)
21

1974[46]
Archie Griffin
(Ohio St.)
1695
Gralyn Wyatt
(Texas)
7.8
Keith Barnette
(Boston College)
22

1975[47]
Ricky Bell
(USC)
1957
David Sims
(Georgia Tech)
8.2
Pete Johnson
(Ohio St.)
25

1976[48]
Tony Dorsett
(Pittsburgh)
2150
Scott McConnell
(Appalachian St.)
6.9
Terry Miller
(Okla. St.)
23

1977[49]
Earl Campbell
(Texas)
1744
Henry White
(Colgate)
7.9
Earl Campbell
(Texas)
18

1978[50]
Charles White
(USC)
1859
Kenny King
(Oklahoma)
7.9
Billy Sims
(Oklahoma)
20

1979[51]
Charles White
(USC)
2050
Gwain Durden
(Chattanooga)
7.8
Billy Sims
(Oklahoma)
22

1980[52]
George Rogers
(South Carolina)
1781
Buster Rhymes
(Oklahoma)
7.7
Sammy Winder
(S. Mississippi)
20

1981[53]
Marcus Allen
(USC)
2427
Tim Martin
(Appalachian St.)
6.8
Marcus Allen
(USC)
22

1982[54]
Ernest Anderson
(Okla. St.)
1877
Marcus Dupree
(Oklahoma)
7.8
Greg Allen
(Florida St.)
20

1983[55]
Mike Rozier
(Nebraska)
2148
Mike Brown
(Air Force)
8.5
Mike Rozier
(Nebraska)
29

1984[56]
Keith Byars
(Ohio St.)
1764
Kevin Lowe
(Wyoming)
8.0
Keith Byars
(Ohio St.)
22

1985[57]
Lorenzo White
(Michigan St.)
2066
Tom Rathman
(Nebraska)
7.5
Bernard White
(Bowling Green)
18

1986[58]
Paul Palmer
(Temple)
1866
Brent Fullwood
(Auburn)
8.3
Steve Bartalo
(Colorado St.)
19

1987[59]
Craig Heyward
(Pittsburgh)
1791
Patrick Collins
(Oklahoma)
7.6
Paul Hewitt
(San Diego St.)
18

1988[60]
Barry Sanders
(Okla. St.)
2628
Chuck Weatherspoon
(Houston)
8.5
Barry Sanders
(Okla. St.)
37

1989[61]
Anthony Thompson
(Indiana)
1793
Chuck Weatherspoon
(Houston)
9.6
Anthony Thompson
(Indiana)
24

1990[62]
Darren Lewis
(Texas A&M)
1691
Nikki Fisher
(Virginia)
7.0
Stacey Robinson
(N. Illinois)
19

1991[63]
Vaughn Dunbar
(Indiana)
1805
Calvin Jones
(Nebraska)
8.3
Tommy Vardell
(Stanford)
22

1992[64]
Marshall Faulk
(San Diego St)
1630
Reggie Brooks
(Notre Dame)
8.0
Garrison Hearst
(Georgia)
19

1993[65]
LeShon Johnson
(N. Illinois)
1976
Charlie Garner
(Tennessee)
7.3
Bam Morris
(Texas Tech)
22

1994[66]
Rashaan Salaam
(Colorado)
2055
Ki-Jana Carter
(Penn State)
7.8
Rashaan Salaam
(Colorado)
24

1995[67]
Troy Davis
(Iowa State)
2010
Ahman Green
(Nebraska)
7.7
Eddie George
(Ohio State)
24

1996[68]
Troy Davis
(Iowa State)
2185
Robert Farmer
(Notre Dame)
8.5
Corey Dillon
(Washington)
22

1997[69]
Ricky Williams
(Texas)
1893
Kevin McDougal
(Colorado St.)
7.4
Ricky Williams
(Texas)
Travis Prentice
(Miami-OH)
25

1998[70]
Ricky Williams
(Texas)
2124
Reuben Droughns
(Oregon)
7.4
Ricky Williams
(Texas)
27

1999[71]
Ron Dayne
(Wisconsin)
2034
Levron Williams
(Indiana)
6.9
Ron Dayne
(Wisconsin)
LaDainian Tomlinson
(TCU)
20

2000[72]
LaDainian Tomlinson
(TCU)
2158
Kenton Keith
(N. Mexico St.)
7.8
Lee Suggs
(Va. Tech)
27

2001[73]
Chance Kretschmer
(Nevada)
1732
Santonio Beard
(Alabama)
8.2
Luke Staley
(BYU)
24

2002[74]
Larry Johnson
(Penn St.)
2087
Larry Johnson
(Penn St.)
Joshua Cribbs
(Kent St.)
7.7
Willis McGahee
(Miami-FL)
28

2003[75]
Darren Sproles
(Kansas St.)
1986
Vince Young
(Texas)
Matt Jones
(Arkansas)
7.4
Kevin Jones
(Virginia Tech)
Cedric Benson
(Texas)
21
21

2004[76]
J. J. Arrington
(California)
2018
DeAndra' Cobb
(Michigan St.)
7.6
DeAngelo Williams
(Memphis)
22

2005[77]
DeAngelo Williams
(Memphis)
1964
Reggie Bush
(USC)
8.7
LenDale White
(USC)
24

2006[78]
Garrett Wolfe
(N. Illinois)
1928
Anthony Alridge
(Houston)
10.1
Ian Johnson
(Boise St.)
25

2007[79]
Kevin Smith
(UCF)
2567
Percy Harvin
(Florida)
9.2
Kevin Smith
(UCF)
29

2008[80]
Donald Brown
(Connecticut)
2083
Shun White
(Navy)
8.3
MiQuale Lewis
(Ball St.)
Javon Ringer
(Michigan St)
22

2009[81]
Toby Gerhart
(Stanford)
1871
Vai Taua
(Nevada)
7.8
Toby Gerhart
(Stanford)
28

2010[82]
LaMichael James
(Oregon)
1731
Onterio McCalebb
(Auburn)
8.5
Chad Spann
(N. Illinois)
22

2011[83]
Montee Ball
(Wisconsin)
1923
Henry Josey
(Missouri)
8.1
Montee Ball
(Wisconsin)
33

2012[84]
Ka'Deem Carey
(Arizona)
1929
Dri Archer
(Kent State)
9.0
Kenneth Dixon
(La. Tech)
27

2013[85]
Andre Williams
(Boston College)
2177
Elijah McGuire
(La.-Lafayette)
8.4
Kapri Bibbs
(Colorado St.)
Keenan Reynolds
(Navy)
31

2014[86]
Melvin Gordon (Wisconsin)
2587
Jhurell Pressley
(New Mexico)
9.5
Melvin Gordon
(Wisconsin)
29

2015[87]
Derrick Henry
(Alabama)
2219
Nick Chubb
(Georgia)
8.1
Derrick Henry
(Alabama)
28

2016[88]
Donnel Pumphrey
(San Diego State)
2133
Ty Johnson
(Maryland)
9.1
Anthony Wales
(Western Kentucky)
27

tag: table

text: Pre-1937 unofficial data[edit]

text: This chart reflects unofficial rushing statistics before the NCAA started keeping official rushing statistics in 1937, compiled by historians largely from contemporary newspaper accounts.

text:
Year
Name
Yards
Name
Yds/Carry
Name
Rushing TDs

1936
Marshall Goldberg[89]
(Pittsburgh)
860

1935
Kayo Lam[90][91]
(Colorado)
1043

1934
Kayo Lam[92]
(Colorado)
906

Bill Shepherd
(Western Maryland)
18

1933
Beattie Feathers
(Tennessee)
663

Beattie Feathers
(Tennessee)
13

1932

1931
Shipwreck Kelly[93]
(Kentucky)
1074
Shipwreck Kelly[94]
(Kentucky)
6.3

1930
Frank Christensen[95]
(Utah)
1131

1929
Lloyd Brazil[96]
(Detroit)
1117

Gene McEver
(Tennessee)
18

1928
Ken Strong[97]
(NYU)
2032

Ken Strong
(NYU)
22

1927
Glenn Presnell[98]
(Nebraska)
1448

Joel Hunt
(Texas A&M)
19

1926

1925

Peggy Flournoy (Tulane)
and Mort Kaer (USC)
19

1924
Red Strader[99]
(St. Mary's)
1421

1923

1922

1921
Red Barron[100]
(Georgia Tech)
1459

1920
Jimmy Leech
(VMI)
1723
Buck Flowers[101]
(Georgia Tech)
10.2
Jimmy Leech
(VMI)
26

1919

Ira Rodgers
(West Virginia)
19

1918

1917
Everett Strupper[102]
(Georgia Tech)
1150
Everett Strupper
(Georgia Tech)
10.1
Albert Hill
(Georgia Tech)
23

1916

1915

Jerry DaPrato
(Michigan Aggies)
34

1914

Buck Mayer
(Virginia)
21

1913

1912
Jim Thorpe[103][104]
(Carlisle)
1869+
Jim Thorpe
(Carlisle)
9.8
Jim Thorpe
(Carlisle)
29

1911
Jim Thorpe[103]
(Carlisle)
899
Jim Thorpe
(Carlisle)
8.0

1910

1909
Jim Thorpe[103]
(Carlisle)
781

1908

1907

1906

1905

1904
Willie Heston[103]
(Michigan)
686
Willie Heston
(Michigan)
12.7
Willie Heston
(Michigan)
21

1903

1902
Willie Heston
(Michigan)
487
Willie Heston
(Michigan)
8.7
Al Herrnstein
(Michigan)
26

1901[103]
Willie Heston
(Michigan)
684
Willie Heston
(Michigan)
10.2
Willie Heston
(Michigan)
20

1900

1899

1898

1897

1896

1895

1894

1893

1892

1891

Everett J. Lake[105]
(Harvard)
39

1890

Philip King
(Princeton)
29

1889

1888

1887

Snake Ames[106]
(Princeton)
20

1886

Harry Beecher[105]
(Yale)
33


document_title: Transformer oil

question_text: what is the flash point of transformer oil

text: Transformer oil

text: Function and properties[edit]

text: Transformer oil's primary functions are to insulate and cool a transformer.  It must therefore have high dielectric strength, thermal conductivity, and chemical stability, and must keep these properties when held at high temperatures for extended periods.[1] Typical specifications are: flash point 140 °C or greater, pour point −30 °C or lower, dielectric breakdown voltage 28 kV (RMS) or greater.[2]

text: To improve cooling of large power transformers, the oil-filled tank may have external radiators through which the oil circulates by natural convection. Power transformers with capacities of thousands of kVA may also have cooling fans, oil pumps, and even oil-to-water heat exchangers.[3]

text: Power transformers undergo prolonged drying processes, using electrical self-heating, the application of a vacuum, or both to ensure that the transformer is completely free of water vapor before the insulating oil is introduced. This helps prevent corona formation and subsequent electrical breakdown under load.

text: Oil filled transformers with a conservator (oil reservoir) may have a gas detector relay (Buchholz relay). These safety devices detect the buildup of gas inside the transformer due to corona discharge, overheating, or an internal electric arc. On a slow accumulation of gas, or rapid pressure rise, these devices can trip a protective circuit breaker to remove power from the transformer.  Transformers without conservators are usually equipped with sudden pressure relays, which perform a similar function as the Buchholz relay.

text: Mineral oil alternatives[edit]

text: Mineral oil is generally effective as a transformer oil, but it has some serious disadvantages, of which the worst is its high flammability.  If a transformer leaks mineral oil, it can easily start a fire.  Fire codes often require that transformers inside buildings use a less flammable liquid, or  the use of dry-type transformers with no liquid at all.  Mineral oil is also an environmental contaminant, and its insulating properties are rapidly degraded by even small amounts of water.

text: Pentaerythritol tetra fatty acid natural and synthetic esters have emerged as an increasingly common mineral oil alternative, especially in high-fire-risk applications such as indoors or offshore, due to their low volatility and high fire point, which can be over 300 °C.[4] They also have a lower pour point, greater moisture tolerance, and improved function at high temperatures, and they are non-toxic and readily biodegradable.  Silicone or fluorocarbon-based oils, which are even less flammable, are also used, but they are more expensive than esters, and less biodegradable.[5]

text: Researchers are experimenting with vegetable-based formulations, using coconut oil for instance.  As yet these are unsuitable for use in cold climates or for voltages over 230 kV.[7]  Researchers are also investigating nanofluids for transformer use; these would be used as additives to improve the stability and thermal and electrical properties of the oil.[citation needed]

text: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)[edit]

text: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were formerly used as transformer oil, since they have high dielectric strength and are not flammable.  Unfortunately, they are also toxic, bioaccumulative, not at all biodegradable, and difficult to dispose of safely.  When burned, they form even more toxic products, such as chlorinated dioxins and chlorinated dibenzofurans.  Beginning in the 1970s, production and new uses of PCBs were banned in many countries, due to concerns about the accumulation of PCBs and toxicity of their byproducts.  For instance, in the USA,      production of PCBs was banned in 1979 under the Toxic Substances Control Act.[8]  In many countries significant programs are in place to reclaim and safely destroy PCB contaminated equipment.[citation needed] One method that can be used to reclaim PCB contaminated transformer oil is the application of a PCB removal system, also called a PCB dechlorination system. PCB removal systems use an alkali dispersion to strip the chlorine atoms from the other molecules in a chemical reaction. This forms PCB-free transformer oil and a PCB-free sludge. The two can then be separated via a centrifuge. The sludge can be disposed as regular non-PCB industrial waste. The treated transformer oil is fully restored, meeting the required standards, without any detectable PCB content. It can, thus, be used as the insulating fluid in transformers again.[9]

text: PCBs and mineral oil are miscible in all proportions, and sometimes the same equipment (drums, pumps, hoses, and so on) was used for either type of liquid, so PCB contamination of transformer oil continues to be a concern.  For instance, under present regulations, concentrations of PCBs exceeding 5 parts per million can cause an oil to be classified as hazardous waste in California.[10]

text: Testing and oil quality[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Transformer oils are subject to electrical and mechanical stresses while a transformer is in operation. In addition there is contamination caused by chemical interactions with windings and other solid insulation, catalyzed by high operating temperature. The original chemical properties of transformer oil change gradually, rendering it ineffective for its intended purpose after many years.[11] Oil in large transformers and electrical apparatus is periodically tested for its electrical and chemical properties, to make sure it is suitable for further use. Sometimes oil condition can be improved by filtration and treatment. Tests can be divided into:

text:
Dissolved gas analysis
Furan analysis
PCB analysis
General electrical & physical tests:
Color & Appearance
Breakdown Voltage
Water Content
Acidity (Neutralization Value)
Dielectric Dissipation Factor
Resistivity
Sediments & Sludge
Flash Point
Pour Point
Density
Kinematic Viscosity

tag: ol

text: The details of conducting these tests are available in standards released by IEC, ASTM, IS, BS, and testing can be done by any of the methods. The Furan and DGA tests are specifically not for determining the quality of transformer oil, but for determining any abnormalities in the internal windings of the transformer or the paper insulation of the transformer, which cannot be otherwise detected without a complete overhaul of the transformer. Suggested intervals for these test are:

text:
General and physical tests - bi-yearly
Dissolved gas analysis - yearly
Furan testing - once every 2 years, subject to the transformer being in operation for min 5 years.

text: On-site testing[edit]

text: Some transformer oil tests can be carried out in the field, using portable test apparatus. Other tests, such as dissolved gas, normally require a sample to be sent to a laboratory. Electronic on-line dissolved gas detectors can be connected to important or distressed transformers to continually monitor gas generation trends.

text: To determine the insulating property of the dielectric oil, an oil sample is taken from the device under test, and its breakdown voltage is measured on-site according to the following test sequence:

text:
In the vessel, two standard-compliant test electrodes with a typical clearance of 2.5 mm are surrounded by the insulating oil.
During the test, a test voltage is applied to the electrodes. The test voltage is continuously increased up to the breakdown voltage with a constant slew rate of e.g. 2 kV/s.
Breakdown occurs in an electric arc, leading to a collapse of the test voltage.
Immediately after ignition of the arc, the test voltage is switched off automatically.
Ultra fast switch off is crucial, as the energy that is brought into the oil and is burning it during the breakdown, must be limited to keep the additional pollution by carbonisation as low as possible.
The root mean square value of the test voltage is measured at the very instant of the breakdown and is reported as the breakdown voltage.
After the test is completed, the insulating oil is stirred automatically and the test sequence is performed repeatedly.
The resulting breakdown voltage is calculated as mean value of the individual measurements.


document_title: List of Indian cities on rivers

question_text: on the bank of which river delhi is situated

text: List of Indian cities on rivers

text: This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (June 2014)

text: The following is a list of cities in India through which gangs flows by and how:

text:
City
River
State

Agra
Yamuna
Western Uttar Pradesh

Ahmedabad
Sabarmati
Gujarat

Allahabad
At the confluence of Ganga, Yamuna and Saraswati
Uttar Pradesh

Ayodhya
Saryu
Uttar Pradesh

Badrinath
Alaknanda
Uttarakhand

Banki
Mahanadi
Odisha

Brahmapur
Rushikulya
Odisha

Chhatrapur
Rushikulya
Odisha

Bhagalpur
Ganges
Bihar

Kolkata
Hooghly
West Bengal

Cuttack
Mahanadi
Odisha

New Delhi
Yamuna
Delhi

Dibrugarh
Brahmaputra
Assam

Ferozpur
Sutlej
Punjab

Guwahati
Brahmaputra
Assam

Haridwar
Ganges
Uttarakhand

Hyderabad
Musi
Telangana

Jabalpur
Narmada
Madhya Pradesh

Kanpur
Ganges
Uttar Pradesh

Kota
Chambal
Rajasthan

Kottayam
Meenachil
Kerala

Jaunpur
Gomti
Uttar Pradesh

Patna
Ganges
Bihar

Rajahmundry
Godavari
Andhra Pradesh

Srinagar
Jhelum
Jammu & Kashmir

Surat
Tapi
Gujarat

Tiruchirapalli
Kaveri
Tamil Nadu

Varanasi
Ganges
Uttar Pradesh

Vijayawada
Krishna
Andhra Pradesh

Vadodara
Vishwamitri, Mahi, Narmada
Gujarat

Mathura
Yamuna
Uttar Pradesh

Mirzapur
Ganga
Uttar Pradesh

Auraiya
Yamuna
Uttar Pradesh

Etawah
Yamuna
Uttar Pradesh

Bangalore
Vrishabhavathi
Karnataka

Farrukhabad
Ganges
Uttar Pradesh

Rangpo
Teesta
Sikkim

Gaya
Falgu (Neeranjana)
Bihar

Fatehgarh
Ganges
Uttar Pradesh

Kannauj
Ganges
Uttar Pradesh

Mangalore
Netravati, Gurupura
Karnataka

Shimoga
Tunga River
Karnataka

Bhadravathi
Bhadra
Karnataka

Hospet
Tungabhadra
Karnataka

Karwar
Kali
Karnataka

Bagalkot
Ghataprabha
Karnataka

Honnavar
Sharavathi
Karnataka

Gwalior
Chambal
Madhya Pradesh

Gorakhpur
Rapti
Uttar Pradesh

Lucknow
Gomti
Uttar Pradesh

Kanpur Cantonment
Ganges
Uttar Pradesh

Shuklaganj
Ganges
Uttar Pradesh

Chakeri
Ganges
Uttar Pradesh

Malegaon
Girna River
Maharashtra

Sambalpur
Mahanadi
Odisha

Rourkela
Brahmani
Odisha

Pune
Mula, Mutha
Maharashtra

Daman
Daman Ganga River
Daman

Madurai
Vaigai
Tamil Nadu

Thiruchirapalli
Kaveri
Tamil Nadu

Chennai
Cooum, Adyar
Tamil Nadu

Coimbatore
Noyyal
Tamil Nadu

Erode
Kaveri
Tamil Nadu

Tirunelveli
Thamirabarani
Tamil Nadu

Bharuch
Narmada
Gujarat

Karjat
Ulhas
Maharashtra

Nashik
Godavari
Maharashtra

Mahad
Savitri
Maharashtra

Nanded
Godavari
Maharashtra

Kolhapur
Panchaganga
Maharashtra

Nellore
Pennar
Andhra Pradesh

kurnool
Tungabhadra River
Andhra Pradesh

Nizamabad
Godavari
Telangana

Sangli
Krishna
Maharashtra

Karad
Krishna, Koyna
Maharashtra

Hajipur
Ganges
Bihar

Ujjain
Shipra
Madhya Pradesh[1]

Ashta
Parwati
Madhya Pradesh[2]

Rishikesh
Ganges
Uttarakhand