document_title: Josh Brolin

question_text: what character did josh brolin play in goonies

text: Josh Brolin

text: Early life[edit]

text: Brolin was born in Santa Monica, California, the son of Jane Cameron (Agee), a wildlife activist who was a native of Corpus Christi, Texas, and actor James Brolin.[4][5] Brolin was raised on a ranch in Templeton, California,[6] with little exposure to his father's acting career.[7][full citation needed] His parents divorced in 1984, when he was 16 years old. (James Brolin was married to actress Jan Smithers from 1986 to 1995, and he married singer/actress Barbra Streisand in 1998.)[8] Brolin became interested in acting after taking an improv acting class in high school.[7][full citation needed]

text: Brolin explained in a 2014 interview that during his teenage years, he was a member of a surfing friendship group who called themselves the "Cito Rats". In his description of the group, he stated: "It was Santa Barbara. It was the '80s. It was punk rock. You either had the children of rich, neglectful parents or children of poor, neglectful parents, so it was a mix. But we basically grew up the same way. I've never seen a group like that before or since." He admitted to stealing cars to pay for his drug use, which included heroin, a drug that he explained he did not like: "I mean, I never got into it and I never died from it, which is a good thing. I've had 19 friends who died. Most of those guys I grew up with, they're all dead now."[9]

text: Career[edit]

text: Acting[edit]

text: Brolin started his career in TV films and guest roles on TV shows before getting a more notable role as Brand Walsh in the Richard Donner-directed film The Goonies (1985).[7][full citation needed] He was considered for the role of Tom Hanson in the series 21 Jump Street; he and Johnny Depp were the finalists for the role, and at that time the two became close and remained friends. The role was ultimately awarded to Depp.[10][11] Brolin guest-starred in an episode of the show in its first season.[12]

text: Brolin implied that he turned away from film acting for years after the premiere of his second film, Thrashin', where he witnessed what he called "horrendous" acting on his part.[13] For several years, he appeared in stage roles in Rochester, New York, often alongside mentor and friend Anthony Zerbe. One of Brolin's more prominent roles early in his career was that of "Wild Bill" Hickok in the ABC western TV series The Young Riders, which lasted three seasons (1989–92).[7][full citation needed] Two other TV series he was involved in include the Aaron Spelling production Winnetka Road (1994) and Mister Sterling (2003), both of which were cancelled after a few episodes.

text: Brolin's extensive film work consists of many villainous roles in late-2000s/early-2010s films, including Planet Terror (one of two feature-length segments of the Quentin Tarantino/Robert Rodriguez collaboration Grindhouse), Gus Van Sant's Milk, American Gangster, and Oliver Stone's Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps.[7][full citation needed] He also played the lead role in the Coen brothers' Academy Award-winning film No Country for Old Men.

text: Brolin also starred in another Oliver Stone film in 2008 called W., a biopic about key events in the life of President George W. Bush.[7][full citation needed][14] Stone pursued an initially hesitant Brolin for the role. He said of his decision to cast Brolin in the leading role:[15]

text:
“

It always seemed to me that he was the right person. Although classically handsome, I think he would consider himself a character actor first and foremost, and it was in this context that I thought of him as W. Josh certainly has star appeal and could be a leading man, but I don’t think he necessarily wants to be that. I think he really enjoys disappearing into a character.

”

text: Brolin received an Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actor for his role in Gus Van Sant's biopic Milk as city supervisor Dan White, who assassinated San Francisco Supervisor Harvey Milk and Mayor George Moscone.[16] He made news by wearing a White Knot to the Academy Awards ceremony to demonstrate solidarity with the marriage equality movement.[17] Brolin told an interviewer that co-star Sean Penn, who portrayed Milk, decided to dispel any nerves the actors had about playing gay men by grabbing the bull by the horns. At the first cast dinner, which included castmates James Franco, Emile Hirsch and Diego Luna, Brolin said, "[Penn] walked right up and grabbed me and planted a huge one right on my lips."[15] Brolin has received critical acclaim for his performance and, in addition to his Oscar nomination, received NYFCC and NBR Awards for Best Supporting Actor and a nomination for a SAG Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role.

text: In 2010, Brolin was cast to portray the titular character in Jonah Hex, based on the DC Comics' character with the same name.[18] Brolin later was cast the younger version of Tommy Lee Jones's character, Kevin Brown / Agent K, in Men in Black 3 (2012).[19] A year later he starred in the film Gangster Squad, portraying fictional WWII Veteran named John O'Mara.[20]

text: Brolin was one of the actors who was considered for the role of Bruce Wayne / Batman in the DC Extended Universe, a deal which would have begun with Zack Snyder's Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, but Ben Affleck was chosen for the role instead.[21] The following year, it was announced that Brolin would play Thanos within the Marvel Cinematic Universe. He portrays the character through motion capture performance, as well as voice acting. He cameoed as the character in Guardians of the Galaxy (2014) and Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), and then reprised Thanos in a starring role in Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and the upcoming Untitled Avengers film (2019), which were filmed back-to-back.[22]

text: In April 2017, Brolin signed a four-film contract with 20th Century Fox studios to portray the Marvel Comics character Nathan Summers / Cable in the X-Men film series. 2018's Deadpool 2 is his first installment within that contract. He is set to reprise his role in Fox’s planned X-Force movie.

text: Writing and directing[edit]

text: In 2009, Brolin executive produced and performed in The People Speak, a documentary feature film that uses dramatic and musical performances of the letters, diaries, and speeches of everyday Americans, based on historian Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States.[23]

text: Brolin wrote and directed the short film X, as his directorial debut. The film, about an inmate who escapes prison to reunite with his daughter and search for her murdered mother, was the opening film at the first annual Union City International Film Festival in Union City, New Jersey in December 2010.[24][25][26]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Marriages and family[edit]

text: Brolin was married to actress Alice Adair from 1988 until 1994;[27] they have two children. He was engaged to actress Minnie Driver for six months.[27] He married actress Diane Lane on August 15, 2004.[28] Brolin and Lane divorced in 2013.[29] In March 2015, Brolin became engaged to his former assistant and model Kathryn Boyd.[30] The couple married on September 24, 2016[31]and announced on May 29, 2018 that they are expecting their first child together.[32]

text: Legal issues[edit]

text: On December 20, 2004, Brolin's wife at the time, Diane Lane, called the police after an altercation with him, and he was arrested on a misdemeanor charge of domestic battery. Lane declined to press charges and the couple's spokesman characterized the incident as a misunderstanding.[33]

text: On July 12, 2008, Brolin was arrested after an altercation at the Stray Cat Bar in Shreveport, Louisiana, along with actor Jeffrey Wright and five other men who were crew members of W. Brolin was released after posting a cash bond of $334.[34][35] Brolin said to a reporter, "It was nice to be in jail knowing that I hadn’t done anything wrong. And it was maddening to be in jail knowing that I hadn’t done anything wrong."[15] Charges against all seven men were later dropped by Shreveport prosecutors.[36]

text: Brolin was arrested for public intoxication on New Year's Day, 2013 in Santa Monica, California.[37] The remainder of 2013 proved very difficult for him, and he later explained: "Well, it was another turning point. It made me think of a lot of things. My mom dying when I was in my 20s. All the impact that had on me that I hadn't moved past; I was always such a momma's boy. But I realized that I was on a destructive path. I knew that I had to change and mature."[9]

text: Business interests[edit]

text: Brolin commenced active stock trading in his mid 20s and briefly considered quitting acting. In 2014, he explained that he made a large amount of money over a three-year period: "Fear and greed, that's all that there is. And I traded very specifically. I found momentum stocks that had room to breathe and I just grab a little of the breath." He was also co-founder of the now defunct stock trading website MarketProbability.com.[38]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Role

Director

Notes

1985

The Goonies

Brandon "Brand" Walsh

Richard Donner

1986

Thrashin'

Corey Webster

David Winters

1994

The Road Killers

Tom

1996

Bed of Roses

Danny

Michael Goldenberg

Flirting with Disaster

Tony Kent

David O. Russell

1997

Mimic

Josh

Guillermo del Toro

Nightwatch

James Gallman

Ole Bornedal

1999

The Mod Squad

Billy Waites

Scott Silver

Best Laid Plans

Bryce

Mike Barker

It's the Rage

Tennel

James D. Stern

2000

Hollow Man

Matt Kensington

Paul Verhoeven

Nominated—Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Supporting Actor – Science Fiction

Slow Burn

Duster

Christian Ford

Direct-to-DVD

2003

Milwaukee, Minnesota

Gary

Allan Mindel

2004

Melinda and Melinda

Greg Earlinger

Woody Allen

2005

Into the Blue

Derek Bates

John Stockwell

2006

The Dead Girl

Tarlow

Karen Moncrieff

2007

Grindhouse

Dr. William Block

Robert Rodriguez

Segment: Planet Terror

In the Valley of Elah

Chief Buchwald

Paul Haggis

No Country for Old Men

Llewelyn Moss

Joel and Ethan Coen

National Board of Review Award for Best CastPhoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best CastSan Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Performance by an EnsembleScreen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion PictureWashington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best EnsembleNominated—Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best CastNominated—Satellite Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture – DramaNominated—St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor

American Gangster

Det. Reno Trupo

Ridley Scott

Nominated—Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture

2008

W.

George W. Bush

Oliver Stone

Nominated—IFTA Award for Best International ActorNominated—London Film Critics' Circle Award for Actor of the YearNominated—Satellite Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or ComedyNominated—Detroit Film Critics Society Award for Best Actor

Milk

Dan White

Gus Van Sant

Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best CastNational Board of Review Award for Best Supporting ActorNew York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting ActorPhoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best CastNominated—Academy Award for Best Supporting ActorNominated—Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting ActorNominated—Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting RoleNominated—St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting ActorNominated—Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting ActorNominated—Toronto Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting ActorNominated—Houston Film Critics Society Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Supportting Role

2009

Women in Trouble

Nick Chapel

Sebastian Gutierrez

Comedy

The People Speak

Himself

Howard Zinn, Chris Moore, & Anthony Arnove

Documentary; also producer

2010

Jonah Hex

Jonah Hex

Jimmy Hayward

The Tillman Story

Narrator (voice)

Amir Bar-Lev

Documentary[39]

You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger

Roy

Woody Allen

Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps

Bretton James

Oliver Stone

True Grit

Tom Chaney

Joel and Ethan Coen

2012

Men in Black 3

Young Agent K

Barry Sonnenfeld

2013

Gangster Squad

John O'Mara

Ruben Fleischer

Oldboy

Joe Doucett

Spike Lee

Labor Day

Frank Chambers

Jason Reitman

2014

Guardians of the Galaxy

Thanos (voice and motion-capture)

James Gunn

Uncredited cameo

Sin City: A Dame to Kill For

Dwight McCarthy

Robert Rodriguez & Frank Miller

Inherent Vice

Lt. Det. Christian "Bigfoot" Bjornsen

Paul Thomas Anderson

Nominated—Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting ActorNominated—Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting ActorNominated—Detroit Film Critics Society for Best Supporting ActorNominated—Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting ActorNominated—St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting ActorNominated—Toronto Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor (runner-up)Nominated—Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor

2015

Avengers: Age of Ultron

Thanos (voice and motion-capture)

Joss Whedon

Uncredited cameo

Sicario

Matt Graver

Denis Villeneuve

Everest

Beck Weathers

Baltasar Kormákur

2016

Hail, Caesar!

Eddie Mannix

Joel and Ethan Coen

2017

Only the Brave

Eric "Supe" Marsh

Joseph Kosinski

2018

The Legacy of a Whitetail Deer Hunter

Buck Ferguson

Jody Hill

Avengers: Infinity War

Thanos (voice and motion-capture)

Anthony and Joe Russo

Nominated—MTV Movie Award for Best Villain

Deadpool 2

Cable

David Leitch

Sicario: Day of the Soldado

Matt Graver

Stefano Sollima

2019

Untitled Avengers film

Thanos (voice and motion-capture)

Anthony and Joe Russo

Post-production

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Role

Notes

1986

Highway to Heaven

Josh Bryant

Episode: "Finish Line"[40]

1987–1988

Private Eye

Johnny Betz

7 episodes

1987

21 Jump Street

Taylor Rolator

Episode: "My Future's So Bright, I Gotta Wear Shades"

1989

Finish Line

Glenn

Television movie

1989–1992

The Young Riders

James Butler Hickok

67 episodes

1994

Winnetka Road

Jack Passion

6 episodes

1995

The Outer Limits

Jack Pierce

Episode: "Virtual Future"

1997

Gang in Blue

Keith DeBruler

Television film

2000

Picnic

Hal Carter

Television film

2003

Mister Sterling

Senator Bill Sterling

10 episodes

2005

Into the West

Jedediah Smith

Episode: "Wheel to the Stars"

2008–2012

Saturday Night Live

Himself (host)

2 episodes

2012

Mankind: The Story of All of Us

Narrator (voice)

12 episodes


document_title: Wampanoag

question_text: who was the member of the wampanoag tribe who helped the pilgrims grow key wampanoag crops

question_tokens: who was the member of the wampanoag tribe who helped the pilgrims grow key wampanoag crops

root

text: Wampanoag

text: Name[edit]

text: Wampanoag means "Easterners" or literally "People of the Dawn."[2] The word Wapanoos was first documented on Adriaen Block's 1614 map, which was the earliest European representation of Wampanoag territory. Other interpretations include "Wapenock," "Massasoit", and the exonym "Philip's Indians."

tag: p

text: In 1616, John Smith erroneously referred to the entire Wampanoag confederacy as the Pokanoket, one of the tribes. Pokanoket was used in the earliest colonial records and reports. The Pokanoket tribal seat was located near Bristol, Rhode Island.

text: Groups of Wampanoag[edit]

text:
Group

Area inhabited

Gay Head or Aquinnah

western point of Martha's Vineyard

Chappaquiddick

Chappaquiddick Island

Nantucket

Nantucket Island

Nauset

Cape Cod

Mashpee

Cape Cod

Patuxet

eastern Massachusetts, on Plymouth Bay

Pokanoket

eastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island (RI) near present-day Bristol, Rhode Island

Pocasset

present day north Fall River, Massachusetts

Herring Pond

Plymouth & Cape Cod

Assonet

Freetown

and approximately 50 more groups

tag: table

text: Culture[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Wampanoag people were semi-sedentary, with seasonal movements between sites in southern New England.[3] The men often traveled far north and south along the Eastern seaboard for seasonal fishing expeditions, and sometimes stayed in those distant locations for weeks and months at a time. The women cultivated varieties of the "three sisters" (maize, climbing beans, and squash) as the staples of their diet, supplemented by fish and game caught by the men.[3] Each community had authority over a well-defined territory from which the people derived their livelihood through a seasonal round of fishing, planting, harvesting, and hunting. Southern New England was populated by various tribes, so hunting grounds had strictly defined boundaries.

text: The Wampanoag have a matrilineal system, like many indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands, in which women controlled property and hereditary status was passed through the maternal line. They were also matrifocal; when a young couple married, they lived with the woman's family. Women elders could approve selection of chiefs or sachems. Men acted in most of the political roles for relations with other bands and tribes, as well as warfare. Women with claims to plots of land used for farming or hunting passed those claims to their female descendants, regardless of their marital status.[4]

text: The production of food among the Wampanoag was similar to that of many American Indian societies, and food habits were divided along gender lines. Men and women had specific tasks. Women played an active role in many of the stages of food production, so they had important socio-political, economic, and spiritual roles in their communities.[5] Wampanoag men were mainly responsible for hunting and fishing, while women took care of farming and gathering wild fruits, nuts, berries, and shellfish.[6] Women were responsible for up to 75 percent of all food production in Wampanoag societies.[7][3]

text: The Wampanoag were organized into a confederation where a head sachem presided over a number of other sachems. The colonists often referred to the sachem as "king," but the position of a sachem differed in many ways from what they knew of a king. Sachems were bound to consult their own councilors within their tribe, but also any of the "petty sachems" in the region.[8] They were also responsible for arranging trade privileges, as well as protecting their allies in exchange for material tribute.[9] Both women and men could hold the position of sachem, and women were sometimes chosen over close male relatives.[10]

text: Pre-marital sexual experimentation was accepted, although once couples opted to marry, the Wampanoag expected fidelity within unions. Roger Williams (1603–1683) stated that "single fornication they count no sin, but after Marriage… they count it heinous for either of them to be false."[11]  In addition, polygamy was practiced among the Wampanoag, although monogamy was the norm. Some elite men could take several wives for political or social reasons, and multiple wives were a symbol of wealth because women were the producers and distributors of corn and other food products. Marriage and conjugal unions were not as important as ties of clan and kinship.

text: Language and revival[edit]

text: The Wampanoag originally spoke Wôpanâak, a dialect of the Massachusett language which belongs to the Algonquian languages family.[citation needed] The first Bible published in America was a 1663 translation into Wampanoag by missionary John Eliot. He created an orthography which he taught to the Wampanoag. Many became literate, using Wampanoag for letters, deeds, and historic documents.[12]

text: The rapid decline of Wampanoag speakers began after the American Revolution. Neal Salisbury and Colin G. Calloway suggest that New England Indian communities suffered from gender imbalances at this time due to premature male deaths, especially due to warfare and their work in whaling and shipping. They posit that many Wampanoag women married outside their linguistic groups, making it difficult for them to maintain the various Wampanoag dialects.[13]

text: Some Wampanoag have been working on a language revival since 1993. The Wôpanâak (Wampanoag) Language Reclamation Project is a collaboration of several tribes and bands led by Jessie Little Doe Baird. They have taught a few children who have become the first speakers of Wôpanâak in more than 100 years.[12] The project is training teachers to reach more children and to develop a curriculum for a Wôpanâak-based school. Baird has compiled a 10,000-word dictionary from university collections of colonial documents in Wôpanâak, as well as a grammar, collections of stories, and other books.[12]

text: History[edit]

text: Early contacts between the Wampanoag and colonists date from the 16th century when European merchant vessels and fishing boats traveled along the coast of New England. Captain Thomas Hunt captured several Wampanoag in 1614 and sold them in Spain as slaves. A Patuxet named Tisquantum (or Squanto) was bought by Spanish monks who attempted to convert him before setting him free. He accompanied an expedition to Newfoundland as an interpreter, then made his way back to his homeland in 1619—only to discover that the entire Patuxet tribe had died in an epidemic.[14]

text: In 1620, the Pilgrims arrived in Plymouth, and Tisquantum and other Wampanoag taught them how to cultivate the varieties of corn, squash, and beans (the Three Sisters) that flourished in New England, as well as how to catch and process fish and collect seafood. They enabled the Pilgrims to survive their first winters, and Squanto lived with them and acted as a middleman between them and Massasoit, the Wampanoag sachem.

text: The Wampanoag suffered from an epidemic between 1616 and 1619, long thought to be smallpox introduced by contact with Europeans. However, researchers published a study in 2010 suggesting that the epidemic was leptospirosis, or 7-day fever.[15] The groups most devastated by the illness were those who had traded heavily with the French, leading to speculation that the disease was a virgin soil epidemic. Alfred Crosby has speculated that the population losses were as high as 90 percent among the Massachusett and mainland Pokanoket.[16]

text: Since the late 20th century, the event celebrated as the first Thanksgiving has been debated in the United States.  Many American Indians argue against the romanticized story of the Wampanoag celebrating together with the colonists.  Some say that there is no documentation of such an event, but there actually are two primary accounts of the 1621 event written by people who were present.[17]

text: Massasoit became gravely ill in the winter of 1623, but he was nursed back to health by the colonists. In 1632, the Narragansetts attacked Massasoit's village in Sowam, but the colonists helped the Wampanoag to drive them back.[14]

text: After 1630, the members of Plymouth Colony became outnumbered by the growing number of Puritans settling around Boston. The colonists expanded westward into the Connecticut River Valley. In 1637, they destroyed the powerful Pequot Confederation. In 1643, the Mohegans defeated the Narragansetts in a war with support from the colonists, and they became the dominant tribe in southern New England.[14]

text: Conversion to Christianity[edit]

text: After 1650, John Eliot and other Puritan missionaries sought to convert Indians to Christianity, and the converted Indians settled in 14 "praying towns." Eliot and his colleagues hoped that the Indians would adopt practices such as monogamous marriage, agriculture, and jurisprudence.[18] The high levels of epidemics among the Indians may have motivated some conversions. Salisbury suggests that the survivors suffered a type of spiritual crisis because their medical and religious leaders had been unable to prevent the epidemic losses.[19] By the latter half of the seventeenth century, alcoholism had become rampant among Indian men. Many turned for help to Christianity and Christian discipline systems. Christianity also became a refuge for women from drunkenness, with its insistence upon temperance and systems of retribution for drunkenness.[citation needed]

text: Individual towns and regions had differing expectations for Indian conversions. In most of Eliot's mainland "praying towns," religious converts were also expected to follow colonial laws and manners, and to adopt the material trappings of colonial life. Eliot and other ministers relied on praise and rewards for those who conformed, rather than punishing those who did not.[20] The Christian Indian settlements of Martha's Vineyard were noted for a great deal of sharing and mixing between Wampanoag and colonial ways of life. Wampanoag converts often continued their traditional practices in dress, hairstyle, and governance. The Martha's Vineyard converts were not required to attend church and they often maintained traditional cultural practices, such as mourning rituals.[21]

text: The Wampanoag women were more likely to convert to Christianity than the men. Experience Mayhew said that "it seems to be a Truth with respect to our Indians, so far as my knowledge of them extend, that there have been, and are a greater number of their Women appearing pious than of the men among them" in his text "Indian Converts". [22] The frequency of female conversion created a problem for missionaries, who wanted to establish patriarchal family and societal structures among them. Women had control of property, and inheritance and descent passed through their line, including hereditary leadership for men. Wampanoag women on Martha's Vineyard were the spiritual leaders of their households. In general, English ministers agreed that it was preferable for women to subvert the patriarchal model and assume a dominant spiritual role than it was for their husbands to remain unconverted. Experience Mayhew asked, "How can those Wives answer it unto God who do not Use their utmost Endeavors to Perswade and oblige their husbands to maintain Prayer in their families?"[23] In some cases, Wampanoag women converts accepted changed gender roles under colonial custom, while others practiced their traditional roles of shared power as Christians.

text: Metacomet (King Philip)[edit]

text: Massasoit was among those Indians who adopted colonial customs. He asked the legislators in Plymouth near the end of his life to give both of his sons English names. The older son Wamsutta was given the name Alexander, and his younger brother Metacom was named Philip. After his father's death, Alexander became the sachem of the Wampanoag. The colonists invited him to Plymouth to talk, but Wamsutta became seriously ill on the way home and died shortly after. The Wampanoag were told that he died of fever, but many Indians thought that he had been poisoned. The following year, his brother Philip (Metacom) became sachem of the Wampanoag.[24][unreliable source?]

text: Under Philip's leadership, the relationship changed dramatically between the Wampanoag and the colonists. Philip believed that the ever-increasing colonists would eventually take over everything—not only land, but also their culture, their way of life, and their religion, and he decided to limit the further expansion of colonial settlements. The Wampanoag numbered only 1,000, and Philip began to visit other tribes to build alliances among those who also wanted to push out the colonists. At that time, the number of colonists in southern New England already numbered more than double that of the Indians—35,000 vs. 15,000. In 1671, Philip was called to Taunton, Massachusetts where he listened to the accusations of the colonists and signed an agreement that required the Wampanoag to give up their firearms. To be on the safe side, he did not take part in the subsequent dinner. His men never delivered their weapons.[24][unreliable source?]

text: Philip gradually gained the Nipmuck, Pocomtuc, and Narragansett as allies, and the beginning of the uprising was first planned for the spring of 1676. In March 1675, however, John Sassamon was murdered.[25] Sassamon was a Christian Indian raised in Natick, one of the "praying towns." He was educated at Harvard College and had served as a scribe, interpreter, and counselor to Philip and the Wampanoag. But, a week before his death, Sassamon reported to Plymouth governor Josiah Winslow that Philip was planning a war against the colonists.

text: Sassamon was found dead under the ice of Assawompsett Pond a week later; three Wampanoag warriors were accused of his murder by a Christian Indian and taken captive by the colonists; they were hanged in June 1675 after a trial by a jury of 12 colonists and six Christian Indians. This execution was a catalyst for war, combined with rumors that the colonists wanted to capture Philip. Philip called a council of war on Mount Hope; most Wampanoag wanted to follow him, with the exception of the Nauset on Cape Cod and the small groups on the offshore islands. Allies included the Nipmuck, Pocomtuc, and some Pennacook and eastern Abenaki from farther north. The Narragansett remained neutral at the beginning of the war.[26]

text: King Philip's War[edit]

text: On June 20, 1675 some young Wampanoags trekked to Swansea, killed some cattle, and scared the white settlers. The next day King Philip's War broke out, and the Wampanoag attacked a number of white settlements, burning them to the ground. The unexpected attacks caused great panic among the English. The united tribes in southern New England attacked 52 of 90 English settlements, and partially burned them down.[24]

text: At the outbreak of the war, many pro-English Native Americans offered to fight with the English against King Philip and his allies, serving as warriors, scouts, advisers and spies. Mistrust and hostility eventually caused the English to discontinue Native American assistance, even though they were invaluable in the war. The English resented the Christian Indians "turning against them", ignoring their own part in the tensions. The Massachusetts government moved many Christian Indians to Deer Island in Boston Harbor, in part to protect the "praying Indians" from English vigilantes, but also as a precautionary measure to prevent rebellion and sedition from them.[27] Mary Rowlandson's The Sovereignty and Goodness of God, an account of her months of captivity by the Wampanoag during King Philip's War, expresses English prejudice against the Christian Native Americans.  She complains of their cruelties towards "fellow" Christians, singling Christian converts out for fierce verbal attacks.[28]

text: From Massachusetts, the war spread to other parts of New England. Some tribes from Maine – the Kennebec, Pigwacket (Pequawkets) and Arosaguntacook – joined in the war against the English. The Narragansett of Rhode Island gave up their neutrality after the colonists attacked one of their fortified villages. In that battle, which became known as the "Great Swamp Massacre," the Narragansett lost more than 600 people and 20 sachems. Their leader, Canonchet, was able to flee and led a large group of Narragansett warriors west to join King Philip's warriors.[24]

text: In the spring of 1676, following a winter of hunger and deprivation, the tide turned against Philip. The English troops set out on a relentless chase after him, and his best ally—Sachem Canonchet of the Narragansett—was taken captive and executed by a firing squad. Canonchet's  corpse was quartered, and his head was sent to Hartford, Connecticut, to be put on public display.[24]

text: During the summer months, Philip escaped from his pursuers and went to a hideout on Mount Hope. In August, after Indian scouts discovered the hideout, the English attacked, killing or taking captive 173 Wampanoag. Philip barely escaped capture, but among the prisoners were his wife and their nine-year-old son. Taken onto a ship at Plymouth, they were sold as slaves in the West Indies. On August 12, 1676, English troops surrounded Philip's camp, and soon shot and killed him.  They cut off his head, displaying it for twenty years on a pike in Plymouth.[24]

text: Consequences of the war[edit]

text: With the death of Philip and most of their leaders, the Wampanoags were nearly exterminated; only about 400 survived the war. The Narragansett and Nipmuck suffered similar rates of losses, and many small tribes in southern New England were, for all intents and purposes, finished. In addition, many Wampanoag were sold into slavery. Male captives were generally sold to slave traders and transported to the West Indies, Bermuda, Virginia, or the Iberian Peninsula. The colonists used the women and children as slaves in New England. Of those Indians not sold into slavery, the colony forced them to move into Natick, Wamesit, Punkapoag, and Hassanamesit, four of the original fourteen praying towns.  These were the only ones to be resettled after the war.[29] Overall, approximately five thousand Native Americans (forty percent of their population) and twenty-five hundred English colonists (five percent) were killed in King Philip's War.  By this time, the English population had increased so much that, while significant, the losses were less important for their overall society.[30]

text: 18th to 20th century[edit]

text: Mashpee[edit]

text: The exception to relocation was the coastal islands' Wampanoag groups, who had stayed neutral through the war.  The colonists forced the Wampanoag of the mainland to resettle with the Saconnet (Sekonnet), or with the Nauset into the praying towns in Barnstable County. Mashpee is the largest reservation set aside in Massachusetts, and is located on Cape Cod. In 1660, the colonists allotted the Indians about 50 square miles (130 km2) there, and beginning in 1665 they had self-government, adopting an English-style court of law and trials. The area was integrated into the district of Mashpee in 1763.

text: In the 1740s, during King George's War, John Gorham was in command of Gorham's Independent Company of Rangers. Initially, the company was made up of primarily Wampanoag men, and was stationed in Nova Scotia.[31] Several of those who had remained neutral or were loyal to the English during the conflict migrated to Nova Scotia, beginning in the 1750s, and established a community  on and around what is now Cape Sable Island.

text: In 1788 after the American Revolutionary War, the state revoked the Wampanoag ability to self-govern, considering it a failure. It appointed a supervisory committee consisting of five European-American members, with no Wampanoag.  In 1834, the state returned a certain degree of self-government to the First Nations People, and although the First Nations People were far from autonomous, they continued in this manner.  To support assimilation, in 1842 the state violated the Nonintercourse Act when it illegally allocated plots from 2,000 acres (8.1 km2) of their communal 13,000 acres (53 km2), to be distributed in 60-acre (240,000 m2) parcels to each household for subsistence farming, although New England communities were adopting other types of economies.  The state passed laws to try to control white encroachment on the reservation; some stole wood from its forests. A large region, once rich in wood, fish and game, it was considered highly desirable by the whites. With competition between whites and the Wampanoag, conflicts were more frequent than for more isolated Indian settlements elsewhere in the state.

text: Wampanoag on Martha's Vineyard[edit]

text: On Martha's Vineyard in the 18th and 19th centuries, there were three reservations—Chappaquiddick, Christiantown and Gay Head. The Chappaquiddick Reservation was part of a small island of the same name and was located on the eastern point of that island. As the result of the sale of land in 1789, the Indians lost valuable areas, and the remaining land was distributed among the Indian residents in 1810. In 1823 the laws were changed, in order to hinder those trying to get rid of the Indians and to implement a visible beginning of a civic organization. Around 1849, they owned 692 acres (2.80 km2) of infertile land, and many of the residents moved to nearby Edgartown, so that they could practice a trade and obtain some civil rights.[32]

text: Christiantown was originally a "praying town" on the northwest side of Martha's Vineyard, northwest of Tisbury. In 1849 the reservation still consisted of 390 acres (1.6 km2), of which all but 10 were distributed among the residents. The land, kept under community ownership, yielded very few crops and the tribe members left it to get paying jobs in the cities. Wampanoag oral history tells that Christiantown was wiped out in 1888 by a smallpox epidemic.[32]

text: The third reservation on Martha's Vineyard was constructed in 1711 by the New England Company (founded in 1649) to Christianize the Indians. They bought land for the Gay Head Indians who had lived there since before 1642. There was considerable dispute about how the land should be cultivated, as the colony had leased the better sections to the whites at low interest. The original goal of creating an undisturbed center for missionary work was quickly forgotten. The state finally created a reservation on a peninsula on the western point of Martha's Vineyard and named it Gay Head. This region was connected to the main island by an isthmus; it enabled the isolation desired by the Wampanoag. In 1849 they had 2,400 acres (9.7 km2) there, of which 500 acres were distributed among the tribe members. The rest was communal property. In contrast to the other reservation groups, the tribe had no guardian or headman. When they needed advice on legal questions, they asked the guardian of the Chappaquiddick Reservation, but other matters they handled themselves. The band used usufruct title members had no legal claim to their land and allowed the tribal members free rein over their choice of land, as well as over cultivation and building, in order to make their ownership clear. They did not allow whites to settle on their land.  They made strict laws regulating membership in the tribe. As a result, they were able to strengthen the groups' ties to each other, and they did not lose their tribal identity until long after the other groups had lost theirs.[32]

text: The Wampanoag on Nantucket Island were almost completely destroyed by an unknown plague in 1763; the last Nantucket died in 1855.[32]

text: Current status[edit]

text: Slightly more than 2,000 Wampanoag are counted as enrolled members of the nation today (many have ancestry including other tribes and races), and many live near the reservation (Watuppa Wampanoag Reservation) on Martha's Vineyard, in Dukes County. It is located in the town of Aquinnah (formerly known as Gay Head), at the extreme western part of the island. It has a land area of 1.952 square kilometres (482 acres), and a 2000 census resident population of 91 persons.

text: Several bands of the Wampanoag have organized governments: Aquinnah of Gay Head, Herring Pond, Mashpee, Pocasset, Pokonoket and Seekonk. Only the Aquinnah and Mashpee bands have gained federal recognition, although the other bands are recognized by the state of Massachusetts and have also applied for federal recognition as tribes.

text: Some genealogy experts testified that the tribes did not demonstrate the required continuity since historic times.  For instance, in his testimony to the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the historian Francis Hutchins said that the Mashpee "were not an Indian tribe in the years 1666, 1680, 1763, 1790, 1834, 1870, and 1970, or at anytime between 1666 and 1970 (Day 36, 130–140). In his opinion, an Indian tribe was "an entity composed of persons of American Indian descent, which entity possesses distinct political, legal, cultural attributes, which attributes have descended directly from aboriginal precursors." (Day 36, 124). Without accounting for cultural change, adaptation, and the effects of non-Indian society, Hutchins argued the Mashpee were not an Indian tribe historically because they adopted Christianity and non-Indian forms of dress and appearance, and chose to remain in Massachusetts as "second-class" citizens rather than emigrating westward (note: to Indian Territory) to "resume tribal existence." Hutchins also noted that they intermarried with non-Indians to create a "non-white," or "colored," community (Day 36, 130–140). Hutchins appeared to require unchanged culture, including maintenance of a traditional religion and essentially total social autonomy from non-Indian society."[33]

text: Wampanoag federally recognized tribes[edit]

text: Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah)[edit]

text: The Aquinnah ("land under the hill"[34][35]) Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head, Massachusetts are the only Wampanoag tribe to have a formal land-in-trust reservation, which is located on Martha's Vineyard. Their reservation consists of 485 acres (1.96 km2) and is located on the outermost southwest part of the island. Aquinnah Wampanoag descendants formed the "Wampanoag Tribal Council of Gay Head, Inc." in 1972 for the purpose of self-determination and receiving federal recognition. Its members received government recognition in 1987 from the Bureau of Indian Affairs.  The tribe has 1,121 registered members.[36]

text: Native Aquinnahers have a separate history; their myth has them arriving on an ice floe from the far North, and they sided with the white settlers in King Philip's War. They performed whaling from small boats,[37] and the character Tashtego from the Great American Novel Moby-Dick is a harpooner from Aquinnah.[38]

text: Gladys Widdiss, an Aquinnah Wampanoag tribal historian and potter, served as the President of the Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head from 1978 to 1987.[39] The Aquinnah Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head won federal recognition from the United States government during her tenure.[39] Under Widdis, the Aquinnah Wampanoag also acquired the Herring Creek, the Gay Head Cliffs, and the cranberry bogs surrounding Gay Head (now called Aquinnah) during her presidency.[39]

text: The Aquinnah Wampanoag are led by tribal council chair Cheryl Andrews-Maltais, who was elected to the post in November 2007.[40] In 2010, Andrews-Maltais put forward plans for the development of an Aquinnah reservation casino, which was met with opposition by state and local officials.[41]  Current Chairperson is Tobias Vanderhoop.

text: Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe[edit]

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2013)

text: The Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe consists of more than 1,400 enrolled members[42] who must meet defined membership requirements including lineage, community involvement and reside within 20 miles of Mashpee.[43] Since 1924 they have held an annual powwow at the beginning of July in Mashpee.  The Mashpee Wampanoag Tribal Council was established in 1972 under the leadership of its first president, Russell "Fast Turtle" Peters. In 1974 the Council petitioned the Bureau of Indian Affairs for recognition. In 1976 the tribe sued the Town of Mashpee for the return of ancestral homelands. The case was lost but the tribe continued to pursue federal recognition for three decades.

text: In 2000 the Mashpee Wampanoag Council was headed by chairman Glenn Marshall.  Marshall led the group until 2007 when it was disclosed that he had a prior conviction for rape, had lied about having a military record and was under investigation associated for improprieties associated with the tribe's casino lobbying efforts.[44] Marshall was succeeded by tribal council vice- chair Shawn Hendricks.  He held the position until Marshall pleaded guilty in 2009 to federal charges of embezzling, wire fraud, mail fraud, tax evasion and election finance law violations.  He steered tens of thousands of dollars in illegal campaign contributions to politicians through the tribe's hired lobbyist Jack Abramoff, who was convicted of numerous charges in a much larger scheme.[45][46]  Following the arrests of Abramoff and Marshall, the newly recognized Mashpee Tribe led by new chair Shawn Hendricks, continued to work with Abramoff lobbyist colleague Kevin A. Ring pursuing their Indian gaming-related interests.[47] Ring was subsequently convicted on corruption charges linked to his work for the Mashpee band. Tribal elders who had sought access to the tribal council records detailing the council's involvement in this scandal via a complaint filed in Barnstable Municipal Court were shunned by the council and banned them from the tribe for seven years.[48]

text: In 2009 the tribe elected council member Cedric Cromwell to the position of council chair and president.  Cromwell ran a campaign based on reforms and distancing himself from the previous chairmen, even though he had served as a councilor for the prior six years during which the Marshall and Abramoff scandals took place - including voting for the shunning of tribe members who tried to investigate.[49] A challenge to Cromwell's election by defeated candidates following allegations of tampering with voting and enrollment records was filed with the Tribal Court, and Cromwell's administration has been hampered by a series of protest by Elders over casino-related finances.[50][51]

text: The Mashpee Wampanoag tribal offices are located in Mashpee on Cape Cod. After decades of legal disputes, the Mashpee Wampanoag obtained provisional recognition as an Indian tribe from the Bureau of Indian Affairs in April 2006, and official Federal recognition in February 2007.[52] Tribal members own some land, as well as land held in common by Wampanoag descendants at both Chapaquddick and Christiantown.  Descendants have also purchased land in Middleborough, Massachusetts upon which the tribe under Glenn A. Marshall's leadership had lobbied to build a casino.  The tribe has moved its plans to Taunton, Massachusetts but their territorial rights have been challenged by the Pocasset Wampanoag.[53]

text: But Indian gaming operations are regulated by the National Indian Gaming Commission established by the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act.  It contains a general prohibition against gaming on lands acquired into trust after October 17, 1988.[54] The tribe's attempts to gain approvals have been met with legal and government approval challenges.[55]

text: The Wampanoag Tribe's current plan has agreement for financing by the Malaysian Genting Group and has the political support of Massachusetts Senator John Kerry,[56] Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick, and former Massachusetts Congressman Bill Delahunt, who is working as a lobbyist to represent the casino project.[57]  Both Kerry[58] and Delahunt[59] received campaign contributions from the Wampanoag Tribe in transactions authorized by Glenn Marshall as part of the Abramoff lobbying scandal.

text: In November 2011, the Massachusetts legislature passed a law to license up to three sites for gaming resort casinos and one for a slot machine parlor.[60] The Wampanoag are given a "headstart" to develop plans for a casino in southeastern part of the state.[61]

text: Wampanoag state-recognized tribes[edit]

text: Herring Pond Wampanoag Tribe[edit]

text: The Herring Pond Wampanoag Tribe, headed by tribal council chair Kevin Harding, is not federally recognized. HIstorically one of the "praying towns" set up in the colonial era by The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, they are involved in the Wampanoag Language Reclamation Project.[62] In 1924 they helped organize the annual powwow at the beginning of July, which is now hosted in Mashpee. The first few pow wows in over 200 years were held at the Herring Pond Wampanoag Meetinghouse before expanding and moving to Mashpee. The Mashpee Wampanoag and Herring Pond both petitioned at the same time to the Bureau of Indian Affairs for recognition.[63]  They maintain offices in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts. The Herring Pond Tribe claims as traditional lands a territory which ranges from the Plymouth (Plimouth Colony) areas to the upper parts of Cape Cod (Bourne, Sandwich and Plymouth).[64]

text: Namasket (or Nemasket) Pokanoket Band[edit]

text: The Namasket (or Nemasket) Pokanoket Band was organized in 2000. It is one of the Pokanoket royal family clans of the Wattupa Reservation State Park in Freetown and Fall River, Massachusetts. Led by council chairman Chief George Spring Buffalo, it is clan members of the Pocasset State Recognized tribe. Tuspaquin and Anne [Black Sachem] was the Namasket Band of Royal family of the Pokanoket's resided in villages around the Taunton River near modern-day Middleborough, Massachusetts. It also included Squanto of the Patuxet tribe. Today's remaining Namasket lines are most related to the current-day Pocasset tribe of the Pokanoket Nation of Fall River.[65]

text: Pocasset Wampanoag Tribe (Pokonoket)[edit]

text: The Pocasset Wampanoag band has held lands in Fall River, Massachusetts since colonial times. They are the descendants and heirs of the Natives described in a deed from Benjamin Church dated November 1, 1709. Their government is organized under a traditional, clan-based system.[66] They manage a 201.2 acre reservation in Fall River[67] recognized under international law via the 1713 Treaty of Portsmouth[68] and the 1725 Treaty of Boston.[3][69] These treaties were entered into after the Queen Anne's War, following raids such as those at Deerfield and Haverhill.

text: In 1869 the Commonwealth of Massachusetts passed the "enfranchisement act".[70] This act would dissolve reservation status for lands held by the tribes, replacing it with fee-simple property allocated to individual Indians upon application of any member of that tribe to the judge of probate in the county that the lands were located.[71] The Pocasset resisted the enfranchisement act and prior attempts to divide the reserve into smaller parcels.[72] In the late 20th century, they resisted an attempt to have their lands put into federal trust,[73] managing to keep their lands intact.[74] The Nation has members living throughout Southeastern Massachusetts.[75] They applied for federal recognition in 1995, but were turned down.[76]

text:
Corbitant, sachem or sagamore of the Pocassets,
Weetamoo, his daughter and successor, the lady sachem or sagamore of the Pocasset. She was the wife of Wamsutta, a brother to King Phillip or Metacom and son of Massasoit, and who died in the King Philip's War.
Woonekanuske, daughter of Corbitant and wife of Metacom. The whites cut off Weetamoo's head and displayed it on a pike in Taunton, MA. Her sister Woonekanuske and son were sold into slavery and transported to the Bermuda.
Leroy C. Perry, chief of the Wampanoag.[77]

tag: ul

text: Also other Wampanoag groups[edit]

text:
Seaconke Wampanoag Tribe
Royal House of the Pokanoket Tribe
Chappaquiddick Wampanoag Tribe
Cape Sable Island Wampanoag

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Year

Number

Note

Source

1610

6,600

mainland 3,600; islands 3,000

James Mooney

1620

5,000

mainland 2,000 (after the epidemics); islands 3,000

unknown

1677

400

mainland (after King Philip's War)

general estimate

2000

2,336

Wampanoag

US Census

2010

2,756

Wampanoag

US Census

text: Notable Wampanoag people[edit]

text: Historical leaders include

text:
Crispus Attucks, first man killed in Revolutionary War
Massasoit, the sachem who first met the English
Massasoit's oldest son Wamsutta (known by the English as King Alexander), who died under mysterious circumstances after visiting with English colonial administrators in Plymouth
Massasoit's second son Metacom or Metacomet (King Philip), who initiated the war against the English known as King Philip's War (1675–1676) in retaliation for the death of his brother at the hands of the English
Corbitant, 17th-century sachem of the Pocasset
Sachem Weetamoo of the Pocasset, a woman who supported Metacom and drowned crossing the Taunton River while fleeing the English
Sachem Awashonks of the Sakonnet, a woman who at first fought the English but changed sides
Annawan, a war leader

text: Other notable figures:

text:
Caleb Cheeshahteaumuck, the first student at the Indian College at Harvard College
Amos Haskins, 19th-century whaling captain
Sonny Dove, professional basketball player, New York City Basketball Hall of Fame
Cedric Cromwell, Elected Tribal Council Chairman, 2009
Epenow, a Nauset taken captive by English explorers in the 17th century, he was taken to England, where he learned the language. He convinced the English to return to North America, where he escaped and rejoined his people
Russell "Fast Turtle" Peters
Blind Joe Amos
Vernon "Silent Drum" Lopez
John "Slow Turtle" Peters, supreme medicine man
Jessie Little Doe Baird, linguist, co-founder and director of the Wôpanâak (Wampanoag) Language Reclamation Project, which has been the first to revive a Native American language after all the speakers had died.[12] In 2010 she was selected as a MacArthur Fellow
Joan Tavares Avant, author and historian
Morgan James "Mwalim" Peters, author, playwright, musician, composer, filmmaker, historian and educator
Linda Coombs, author and historian
Adrian Haynes, chief of the Wampanoag People
Paula Peters, journalist and educator
Chief George Spring Buffalo, Chairman of the Pocasset Wampanoag Tribe of the Pokanoket Nation

text: Representation in other media[edit]

text:
Tashtego was a fictional Wampanoag harpooneer from Gay Head in Herman Melville's novel Moby Dick.
Wampanoag history from 1621 to King Philip's War is depicted in the first part of We Shall Remain, a 2009 documentary.


document_title: List of Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce episodes

question_text: how many episodes are in season 4 girlfriends guide to divorce

text: Series overview[edit]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2014–15)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)11"Rule No. 23: Never Lie to the Kids"Adam BrooksMarti NoxonDecember 2, 2014 (2014-12-02)1.04[6]
Abby McCarthy, a self-help author who writes about marriage and childcare, struggles to hide the truth about her marriage as she continues to spend time with divorced moms Phoebe and Lyla. Taking advantage of the separation, Abby goes out to a club and later hooks up with a younger man. Lyla gets back at her ex-husband Dan after having sex with him. During a book signing, Abby breaks down and declares her book a lie, exposing the truth about her marriage.
22"Rule No. 174: Never Trust Anyone Who Charges By the Hour"Adam BrooksMarti NoxonDecember 9, 2014 (2014-12-09)0.84[7]
After her breakdown at the book signing, Abby tries to do damage control. While working out the particulars of the divorce with Jake, such as finding a place for him to live, Abby meets with Delia, a divorce attorney and Lyla's business rival. Phoebe tries to pick an idea for her next business venture, deciding upon infant jewelry. Lyla gets payback on Dan after he has her car impounded with tickets, resulting in him asking for full custody.
33"Rule No. 47: Always Take Advantage of "Me" Time"Leslie LibmanLiz Kruger & Craig ShapiroDecember 16, 2014 (2014-12-16)0.70[8]
Abby has the weekend to herself and uses it to come up with book ideas. However, after getting drunk and wrecking Lilly's poster, Abby, Phoebe and Lyla go out to find a new poster. Jake finally settles into his new place and has the kids over for the weekend. When the kids get bored, he calls Max for help and has Becca Riley come over to liven the evening. Lyla sends her nanny to story time at her kids school, but gets reprimanded by the principal.
44"Rule No. 426: Fantasyland: A Great Place to Visit"Robert Duncan McNeillPaul AdelsteinDecember 23, 2014 (2014-12-23)0.77[9]
Abby pursues a relationship with Nate, but has trouble trying to connect with him on a deeper level. At the suggestion of everyone around her, Lyla tries to find methods of de-stressing. She later fights with Phoebe after trying a special massage without warning of what it entails. Max and Ford are honored at the Family Equality Gala, but Max has trouble getting with the program. Phoebe pursues a relationship with a married man as a way of "saving the relationship".

Paul Adelstein does not appear in this episode.
55"Rule No. 21: Leave Childishness to Children"David KatzenbergEd RoeDecember 30, 2014 (2014-12-30)0.87[10]
Abby runs into Will and tries dating him, and begins experiencing some youthfulness as a result. Lyla's mother (Bernadette Peters) visits during the weekend when she has her first dinner with a court-appointed caseworker. Phoebe's relationship with Vika and Merete reaches a new level. Jake has the kids for the weekend, but loses Lilly, who runs out to the same club Abby is at.
66"Rule No 33: When in Doubt, Run Away"Victor Nelli, Jr.Marti Noxon & Ilene RosenzweigJanuary 6, 2015 (2015-01-06)0.87[11]
Phoebe takes Abby, Lyla and Delia to Vegas to promote her infant jewelry line. After being called out by rising author Cleo Stevens, Abby uses the trip to gain some inspiration. Lyla uses the trip to de-stress following an embarrassing dinner with a social worker. Jake and Becca go on a retreat to a visit a shaman to help Jake make a deeper connection in their relationship. Jake stumbles out of the retreat, high, and goes back home, where he and Abby have sex.
77"Rule No. 67: Don't Kill the Princess"Daisy MayerJanine NabersJanuary 13, 2015 (2015-01-13)0.77[12]
Abby holds Lilly's birthday party at the house. She also sets the boundaries for the party, initially forbidding Becca from coming, but yields when the party turns out to be a bust. The party suffers a complication when the girls get drunk and put vodka-laced tampons on. Delia handles the divorce of a wealthy businessman (Matthew Glave), but soon becomes enamored with him, starting a secret affair. Becca breaks up with Jake after finding out about his and Abby's tryst.
88"Rule No. 17: Ask the Answer Lady"Brian DannellyAshley CardiffJanuary 20, 2015 (2015-01-20)0.69[13]
Abby's friend Jo (Alanna Ubach) comes to visit during a very hectic time for Abby. She preps for the proposal of her next book while trying to take care of Charlie as Jake takes a directing job for Blood Sisters. Phoebe preps for her baby jewelry launch event while consorting with Ralf's new girlfriend. Delia's affair with Gordon comes to a head when she reaches an impasse on a condition of his divorce with his ex-wife. After experiencing some discourse, Max and Ford try to reconnect on a date.
99"Rule No. 32: F-You, Rob Frumpkis"Robert Duncan McNeillMarti NoxonJanuary 27, 2015 (2015-01-27)0.91[14]
Abby's pitch leads to an opportunity with Huffington Post in which she goes on ten dates and writes about them, one of them with former flame Will. Looking for a new path in life, Phoebe helps out at a home grown foods farm while eyeing the head farmer, Marco (Brandon Jay McLaren). Delia convinces Courtney to give up Asia in the divorce, but breaks up with Gordon after finding out he slept with Courtney. Jo accompanies Abby on several of her dates, and goes home with one of them, which leads to a fight between her and Abby. Meanwhile, her daughter Zooey flies over to stay with her. Max and Ford settle their issues by reverting to their old arrangement.
1010"Rule No. 3: Don't Stand in the Doorway"Silver TreeLiz Kruger & Craig ShapiroFebruary 3, 2015 (2015-02-03)0.74[15]
Abby's article trends all over Twitter, so much that she is offered a job as senior editor. However, the article also creates problems for Lilly as her name appears on a slut list circulating throughout the school. Delia struggles to let Gordon into her life while Phoebe helps make Marco's business more successful. When Jo tries to settle her financials and send Zooey to school, she finds out that her husband has a second wife.
1111"Rule No. 46: Keep the Holidays Low Key"Robert Duncan McNeillEd RoeFebruary 10, 2015 (2015-02-10)0.83[16]
Abby hosts a Thanksgiving dinner for her friends and boyfriend, but has to add the kids to the mix when Jake gets sick, and Jake soon after when Charlie begs for him to come. Delia deals with her difficult father while Phoebe invites Marco to the Thanksgiving dinner. Meanwhile, Abby and Jo look through a box found in the backyard containing photos and letters of a former tenant.
1212"Rule No. 92: Don't Do the Crime If You Can't Do the Time"Millicent SheltonIlene RosenzweigFebruary 17, 2015 (2015-02-17)0.74[17]
Abby and Jake's divorce is coming to a close, but Abby gets cold feet when Jake starts making strides in his career. After Gordon pulls his business of the law firm, Delia must face her unresolved issues with Gordon to save her job. Phoebe has trouble facing a person from her past while defining the limitations of her relationship with Marco. Jo tries to help Zooey become more social at school while helping out with the school fundraiser.
1313"Rule No. 101: Know When It's Time to Move On"Robert Duncan McNeillMarti NoxonFebruary 24, 2015 (2015-02-24)0.79[18]
Abby and Jake finalize the divorce and go out on a divorce signing date to sign it together. Towards the end of the date, Jake proposes that they don't file the papers, expressing that he still loves her. Delia is offered a partner position at the firm, but upon learning the terms of deal, she demands full equity partnership. Meanwhile, Delia reconciles with Gordon but when confronted with the idea of marriage, becomes apprehensive and breaks up with Gordon. Jo holds a divorce party to celebrate Abby's divorce, while going to therapy with her embattled daughter. After blowing up at Kori at school, Phoebe confides in Abby and Marco what Kori did to her when she was younger. Max and Ford continue their arrangement, but soon find out how complicated it is. Becca tells Jake that she is pregnant.

text: Season 2 (2015–16)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)141"Rule No. 58: Avoid the Douchemobile"Adam BrooksMarti NoxonDecember 1, 2015 (2015-12-01)0.70[19]
Abby and Jake are secretly hooking up with each other while at the time she has a meeting with an online magazine called SheShe. In her meeting with the people from SheShe, Abby goes on to tell how divorce can be fun but one of the editors Barbara (Retta) who is also divorced disagrees. Delia gets engaged to Gordon. Kori puts out a restraining order against Phoebe after Phoebe attacked her. To retaliate Phoebe wants to make public all she went through with Kori when she was younger. Jo asks Abby if she and Zooey can move in permanently. Becca tells Jake that she has decided to keep the baby and not have an abortion. Will gets mad when he figures out that Abby and Jake are sleeping with each other.
152"Rule No. 77: Don't Blow The Bubble"Brian DannellyCarol BarbeeDecember 8, 2015 (2015-12-08)0.62[20]
After walking in on Abby and Jake making out, Zooey promises to not tell anyone what she saw. The two continue to keep their relationship a secret from everyone else. One of the SheShe people tell Abby that she is the sexy face of divorce and needs go to events such as fashion shows. Jo prepares for the opening of her vegan bakery, Rize, and has a problem when her chef, Scott uses butter in one of the pastries. The two talk and then she decides to sell both vegan food and non vegan food, and says that if anyone has a problem with it, there are plenty of other vegan restaurants in Los Angeles. Delia meets with a wedding planner, Jo finds a new place to live, and Phoebe and Marco break up.
163"Rule No. 8: Timing Is Everything"Randy ZiskMarti Noxon and Lisa EdelsteinDecember 15, 2015 (2015-12-15)0.59[21]
Abby goes on a date with a TV doctor, Dr. Harris. Everyone plans for Delia and Gordon's engagement party. Jo decides to take some time off from seeing Abby. Jake tells Becca that he is back together with Abby but he hasn't told her yet about Becca's pregnancy. Delia asks Gordon's mom to help plan the wedding. Abby gets angry at Jake when she finds out that he went a month without telling her about Becca.
174"Rule No. 65: You Can Go Home Again"Robert Duncan McNeillPaul AdelsteinDecember 22, 2015 (2015-12-22)0.57[22]
After sending the kids away, Abby and Jake spend the weekend together completely alone at home to evaluate their relationship. When Delia and Gordon go house hunting they find out that they have different tastes and don't want the same things. Jo finds out that Zooey gets along well with her step-mother. Zooey then returns from visiting her father and step-mother in Kentucky. After spending the weekend together Abby and Jake both come to the same agonizing conclusion about their relationship. Even though they still love each other, their insecurities will prevent them from being a couple again.
185"Rule No. 72: It's Never Too Late to Be a Mean Girl"Millicent SheltonAdam MilchDecember 29, 2015 (2015-12-29)0.68[23]
A 1990s-themed prom is thrown for Phoebe to celebrate her getting her GED. Abby goes on a second date with Dr. Harris. Frumpkis comes to Los Angeles to spend time with Zooey. After seeing a totally reformed Rob Frumpkis, Jo discovers that she wants him back.
196"Rule No. 25: Beware the Second Chance"J. Miller TobinIlene RosenzweigJanuary 5, 2016 (2016-01-05)0.60[24]
While in New York trying to sell her 'Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce' book to a publisher, Abby runs into Dr. Harris. TMZ has learned about Becca's pregnancy and is going to announce it to the public. Jo finally meets Frumpkis' new wife Charlene, Phoebe takes a class on Gender Studies.
207"Rule No. 14: No...Means No"Michael B. SilverJanine NabersJanuary 12, 2016 (2016-01-12)0.76[25]
Abby gets a visit from her parents George (Barry Bostwick) and Dina (Lesley Ann Warren). Abby and Becca talk. Jo is in risk of losing her bakery because of her custody battle with her ex so she has to prove that she got the bakery through inheritance. Her family also comes to town. Jo and Phoebe try out the dating scene with Jo online dating and Phoebe dating her college professor. Delia is getting cold feet and gets close to her boss, Albert. Jake leaves for Latvia to direct a movie there for a few months.
218"Rule No. 79: Labels Are For Canned Goods"Silver TreeAshley CardiffJanuary 19, 2016 (2016-01-19)0.65[26]
Abby and Barbara attend SplitCon, a convention for people who are broken up from relationships. Frumpkis ask Jo if Charlene can work at the store and be co-manager since he owns half of the store, much to her chagrin. The two fight on how to run the store. Delia tells her boss that she has to stop seeing him. Someone at the convention gets Abby to have her own line of merchandise. Phoebe's new beau(Niall Matter) introduces her to the LA art scene. Jo catches Charlene fooling around with Scott. Jo tells Frumpkis to leave the store alone until the judge decides who gets it. Abby confess to one of the guys at SheShe that she tried to reconcile with Jake. Someone sends Delia incriminating photos of her affair with Albert.
229"Rule No. 81: There's No Crying in Porn"Robert Duncan McNeillMarti Noxon & Vicki IovineJanuary 26, 2016 (2016-01-26)0.74[27]
Abby runs into Carl, the professional gigolo she met while in Las Vegas, who is currently in L.A. entertaining a client. Jo warns Charlene not to do anything nuts around Zooey or she's going after her. Delia worries about Gordon finding about her affair with Albert. She goes to Albert to talk about it and there she finds out that he is a serial cheater. A baby-shower for Becca is thrown by her friends at Abby's house. Phoebe meets J.D., an extremely shy artist, and is intrigued by both his work and him.
2310"Rule No. 36: If You Can't Stand the Heat, You're Cooked"Uta BriesewitzAdam MilchFebruary 2, 2016 (2016-02-02)0.69[28]
Abby's editor wants her to finish her book sooner, and to include details about her dates with Dr. Harris. Phoebe introduces J.D. to Ralph, who then helps put on an exhibit and auction for J.D.'s art. The girls question Abby about her taking care of Becca. Abby hosts a party at her house with disastrous results: Dr. Harris arrives, meeting Charlie and finding out that Becca is staying in the guest house, Delia gets embarrassed by Gordon's rude behavior, and Jo and Scott consummate their feelings for each other. Becca goes into labor with Abby at her side. Abby faints when she sees that the baby boy is black.
2411"Rule No. 118: Let Her Eat Cake"Andy WolkIlene RozenwwigFebruary 9, 2016 (2016-02-09)0.64[29]
Abby has been admitted to the hospital after she passed out. During her checkup the doctor tells her that she doesn't look too good and prescribes her with fluids, to eat a sandwich, and rest. Abby tells the kids that Jake is not the father of Becca's baby. Lily asks if she can still see the baby and maybe babysit for Becca sometime. Things get awkward between Jo and Scott at work so they talk about the night before. J.D. insults Phoebe in front of an art dealer. Delia gets surprised with a bachelorette party. At the party Abby gets drunk, out of control and outs Delia and Albert's affair to everyone. Albert tells Delia to marry him instead but tells him no, they're through.
2512"Rule No. 876: Everything Does Not Happen For a Reason"Robert Duncan McNeilAshley Cardiff & Janine NabersFebruary 16, 2016 (2016-02-016)0.64[30]
Delia's wedding day has arrived, and Abby says she's not going. Abby rushes to finish her book. Zooey tells Jo that Charlene left Frumpkis, and that she is worried about her dad's drinking problem. Jo, Phoebe, and Barbara stop by Abby's to check on her and drag her to the wedding. Before heading to the church, Gordon receives a package for him that has the pictures of Delia and Albert together. Abby's editor says her book is gibberish and wants her to re-write it. Gordon confronts Delia and has her go through the wedding as a punishment. Once the wedding is finished, Gordon leaves Delia once they walk out of the church.
2613"Rule No. 59: Happily Ever After Is An Oxymoron"Marti NoxonMarti NoxonFebruary 23, 2016 (2016-02-23)0.76[31]
This episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) After Gordon walked out on Delia after the wedding, they try to make sure that people won't notice that he is missing during the reception. Delia lies and tells everyone that Gordon got sick and can't attend. Abby's editor Kat, reveals to her that Carl released the names of the women he has been with in an article. Abby tells her that she never paid to sleep with him, just paid to talk to him. In the article Carl says a whole bunch of stuff that Abby told him about her personal life. Jake returns from Latvia and visits Becca. Becca asks Jake to take care of the baby so she can rest. J.D. accidentally let it slip to a drunk Frumpkis that Gordon left Delia for what she did to him. Frumpkis then goes to the microphone and blurts out the real reason why Gordon left and that he is not sick. Jake takes the baby to pick up Lily from the reception and hears about Abby and goes to find her. Jake and Abby talk about their lives and Abby tells Jake about Carl. Together they both tell Lily about Carl. Barbra tells Abby that her brand has helped her. J.D. and Phoebe got married the day before. Kat wants Abby to write a tell all or she's finished. Abby refuses to write it and fires Kat. When Jake takes the baby home, they find out that Becca isn't there.

text: Season 3 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)271"Rule No. 43: When One Door Opens, There's An Icy Draft"Robert Duncan McNeilMarti Noxon & Emily FoxJanuary 11, 2017 (2017-01-11)0.44[32]
Jake has been stuck with Becca's baby Christopher for days, he's tired and suggests surrendering the baby at a fire station. Abby intervenes and offers to take care of him so that Jake can rest. Abby is called into work and Delia says she will baby-sit while she is gone. While in her meeting with her boss she is fired by Mitchell who wants "to go in a different direction." He has Barbara write Abby's article. Delia wants to move to New York for a fresh start. Abby discovers she is having hot flashes when she mistakes it for the baby having a fever. Jake is able to get the baby off their hands after getting in touch with Becca who fled to Florida. Abby thinks that Becca isn't ready to be a mother, and suggest that she and Jake raise Christopher because they work well together. Jake insists that neither he or she wants to raise any more kids.
282"Rule No. 137: Move Your Car"Brian DannellyAdam Milch & Vince CalandraJanuary 18, 2017 (2017-01-18)0.37[33]
Since Abby no longer has a job she doesn't know what to do now. Barbara is having a hard time writing Abby's article, she doesn't quite get the criticism of the article, plus her writing style is the opposite of what SheShe is looking for. Charlie starts playing baseball and Abby becomes one of those crazy baseball moms when Charlie gets benched. Scott's sex addiction gets the best of Jo and she breaks up with him. After a talk with Barbara she goes to make up with him but it's too late when she arrives to his empty trailer and sees that he's gone. Delia is ready to fight when she realizes that Albert tricked her into taking a clingy client. Phoebe is having some financial troubles due to her no longer getting alimony payments from Ralph. She wants to make things work with J.D., and has to sacrifice no longer buying the luxurious things she's accustom to.
293"Rule No. 188: Mind Your Side of the Plate"Michael B. SilverLisa EdelsteinJanuary 25, 2017 (2017-01-25)0.40[34]
Abby and Barbara spend the night out on the town where Barbara gets ideas for her column. The two get into it when Abby attacks her about her weight, Barbara answers right back and calls her a skinny bitch. They eventually apologize for their behavior. Abby fantasies about Charlie's baseball coach, Mike Brady when she's writing her book. Phoebe and JD takes her kids camping, Jo deals with Scott's departure.
304"Rule No. 225: What Happens in Bakersfield Stays in Bakersfield"Steven TsuchidaIlene RosenzweigFebruary 1, 2017 (2017-02-01)0.40[35]
Charlie's baseball team travels to Bakersfield for a tournament and Abby tries to make friends with the other moms. Delia, Jo and Phoebe head to Palm Springs where Delia runs into Gordon. All the baseball moms get carried away with heckling the umpire. Abby takes it too far, making the ump angry which later leads to Mike being thrown out from the game for his dispute with the ump. He blames Abby for it. Later that night the two end up fondling in the hotel's laundry room but he stops before things go any further because he doesn't want to go over the line. Jo has Frumpkis watch the store while she's gone and spies on him via a video surveillance app. He "broke" out of rehab which concerns her. While talking to her on the phone he sees the camera in the corner of the store and chastises her for spying on him. Gordon agrees to have breakfast with Delia but it doesn't happen since she gets arrested for a CUI (Cycling Under the Influence). Gordon bails her out, they talk where he says that he still loves her but he will never trust her again. He also doesn't want to see her again.
315"Rule No. 99: Cook Naked"Kat CoiroJanine NabersFebruary 8, 2017 (2017-02-08)0.42[36]
Abby hosts a party for Charlie's baseball team as a way to spend time with Mike. With everybody outside, the two use the laundry room to fool around, but Linda accidentally walks in on them. Barbara looks to get her kitchen remolded, and Phoebe introduces her to someone (Malcolm-Jamal Warner) to give her ideas, although Barbara is unimpressed with his slick style and high-end catalog of appliances. Phoebe continues to spend hours on end with Gemma. Zooey finds new strength in being assertive in a way to be noticeable to Ethan. However, all that comes crashing down after finding her dad collapsed at home with an empty liquor bottle by his side. Frumpkis is taken to the hospital, where he admits the true extent of his alcoholism to Jo, who tells him that he has to get clean for real this time.
326"Rule #No. 218: There's No Crying in Baseball"Andy WolkMatthew ShireFebruary 15, 2017 (2017-02-15)0.28[37]
Abby is processing that Mike is still living with his ex. She also tries to make it through Charlie's last baseball game of the season without creating any conflict. Lily and Zooey fight over Ethan which leads to Zooey bullying Lily. Standing up for their daughters, Abby and Jo end up fighting with themselves. Barbara steps in to up break up the fights. Phoebe worries about the art direction J.D. is going in after seeing the painting he painted for Gemma. When Jo tells Zooey that her behavior was not acceptable, Zooey quickly tells her mom that she learned that behavior from her. Delia's new client isn't helping her get her former reputation back at the firm. Mike comes over to tell Abby that he now has his own place, and with this they go up to her bedroom to have sex.
337"Rule No. 91: Run Toward What Scares You"Robert Duncan McNeillAdam Milch & Emily FoxFebruary 22, 2017 (2017-02-22)0.29[38]

text: Season 4 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)341"Rule No. 776: The Cat is Always on the Roof"Robert Duncan McNeillEmily FoxAugust 17, 2017 (2017-08-17)0.37[39]
352"Rule #No. 10: Just Survive"Scott WilliamsIlene RosenzweigAugust 24, 2017 (2017-08-24)0.36[40]
363"Rule No. 706: Let Them Eat Cupcakes"Tanya WexlerJanine Nabers & Emmylou DiazAugust 31, 2017 (2017-08-31)0.37[41]
374"Rule No. 49: Let It Shine"Terrell CleggMatthew ShireSeptember 7, 2017 (2017-09-07)0.42[42]
385"Rule No. 930: Plan for New Plans"Jude WengMatthew Scott HunterSeptember 14, 2017 (2017-09-14)0.42[43]
396"Rule No. 155: Go with the Magician"Jonathan FrakesAdam MilchSeptember 21, 2017 (2017-09-21)0.32[44]

text: Season 5 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitle [45][5]Directed byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)401"Rule No. 73: Step and Repeat"Robert Duncan McNeilEmily FoxJune 14, 2018 (2018-06-14)0.42[46]
412"Rule No. 149: Don't Eat the Yellow Snow"Robert Duncan McNeilIlene RosenzweigJune 21, 2018 (2018-06-21)0.45[47]
423"Rule No. 97: It Takes Two to Stab Yourself in the Butt"TBATBAJune 28, 2018 (2018-06-28)0.44[48]
434"Rule No. 63: It's a Marathon, Not a Sprint"TBATBAJuly 5, 2018 (2018-07-05)0.42[49]
445"Rule No. 303: Burn That S... to the Ground"TBATBAJuly 12, 2018 (2018-07-12)0.49[50]
456"Rule No. 1: Keep the Toast Short"TBATBAJuly 19, 2018 (2018-07-19)TBD


question_text: who won ncaa women's lacrosse championship 2018

question_tokens: who won ncaa women 's lacrosse championship 2018

text: History[edit]

text: Lacrosse was one of twelve women's sports added to the NCAA championship program for the 1981-82 school year, as the NCAA engaged in battle with the AIAW for sole governance of women's collegiate sports. The AIAW continued to conduct its established championship program in the same twelve (and other) sports; however, after a year of dual women's championships, the AIAW held its last championship in 1982 and ceased operation.

text: Separate championships are held for Division II, founded in 2001, and Division III, founded in 1985.[1]

text: Results[edit]

text: See Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women Champions for the women's lacrosse champions from 1978 to 1982. NOTE: In 1982 there were both NCAA and AIAW Division I champions.

text:
NCAA Division I Women's Lacrosse Championship

Year
Site
(Host Team)
Host Stadium

Final

Winner
Score
Runner-up

1982
Details
Trenton, NJ
(Trenton State)
Lions Stadium
Massachusetts
9–6
Trenton State

1983
Details
Philadelphia, PA
(Penn)
Franklin Field
Delaware
10–7
Temple

1984
Details
Boston, MA
(Boston U.)
Nickerson Field
Temple
6–4
Maryland

1985
Details
Philadelphia, PA
(Penn)
Franklin Field
New Hampshire
6–5
Maryland

1986
Details
College Park, MD
(Maryland)
Byrd Stadium
Maryland
6–5
Penn State

1987
Details
College Park, MD
(Maryland)
Byrd Stadium
Penn State
7–6
Temple

1988
Details
Haverford, PA
(Haverford)
Walton Field
Temple
15–7
Penn State

1989
Details
West Chester, PA
(West Chester)
John A. Farrell Stadium
Penn State
7–6
Harvard

1990
Details
Princeton, NJ
(Princeton)
Palmer Stadium
Harvard
8–7
Maryland

1991
Details
Trenton, NJ
(Trenton State)
Lions Stadium
Virginia
8–6
Maryland

1992
Details
Bethlehem, PA
(Lehigh)
Goodman Stadium
Maryland
11–10
(OT)
Harvard

1993
Details
College Park, MD
(Maryland)
Byrd Stadium
Virginia
8–6
(OT)
Princeton

1994
Details
College Park, MD
(Maryland)
Byrd Stadium
Princeton
10–7
Maryland

1995
Details
Trenton, NJ
(Trenton State)
Lions Stadium
Maryland
13–5
Princeton

1996
Details
Bethlehem, PA
(Lehigh)
Goodman Stadium
Maryland
10–5
Virginia

1997
Details
Bethlehem, PA
(Lehigh)
Goodman Stadium
Maryland
8–7
Loyola (MD)

1998
Details
Catonsville, MD
(UMBC)
UMBC Stadium
Maryland
11–5
Virginia

1999
Details
Baltimore, MD
(Johns Hopkins)
Homewood Field
Maryland
16–6
Virginia

2000
Details
Trenton, NJ
(TCNJ)
Lions Stadium
Maryland
16–8
Princeton

2001
Details
Baltimore, MD
(Johns Hopkins)
Homewood Field
Maryland
14–13
(3OT)
Georgetown

2002
Details
Baltimore, MD
(Loyola)
Diane Geppi-Aikens Field
Princeton
12–7
Georgetown

2003
Details
Syracuse, NY
(Syracuse)
Carrier Dome
Princeton
8–7
(OT)
Virginia

2004
Details
Princeton, NJ
(Princeton)
Princeton Stadium
Virginia
10–4
Princeton

2005
Details
Annapolis, MD
(Navy)
Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium
Northwestern
13–10
Virginia

2006
Details
Boston, MA
(Boston U.)
Nickerson Field
Northwestern
7–4
Dartmouth

2007
Details
Philadelphia, PA
(Penn)
Franklin Field
Northwestern
15–13
Virginia

2008
Details
Towson, MD
(Towson)
Johnny Unitas Stadium
Northwestern
10–6
Penn

2009
Details
Towson, MD
(Towson)
Johnny Unitas Stadium
Northwestern
21–7
North Carolina

2010
Details
Towson, MD
(Towson)
Johnny Unitas Stadium
Maryland
13–11
Northwestern

2011
Details
Stony Brook, NY
(Stony Brook)
Kenneth P. LaValle Stadium
Northwestern
8–7
Maryland

2012
Details
Stony Brook, NY
(Stony Brook)
Kenneth P. LaValle Stadium
Northwestern
8–6
Syracuse

2013
Details
Villanova, PA
(Villanova)
Villanova Stadium
North Carolina
13–12
(3OT)
Maryland

2014
Details
Towson, MD
(Towson)
Johnny Unitas Stadium
Maryland
15–12
Syracuse

2015
Details
Chester, PA
(Saint Joseph's)
PPL Park
Maryland
9–8
North Carolina

2016
Details
Chester, PA
(Saint Joseph's)
Talen Energy Stadium
North Carolina
13–7
Maryland

2017
Details
Foxborough, MA
(UMass)
Gillette Stadium
Maryland
16–13
Boston College

2018
Details
Stony Brook, NY
(Stony Brook)
Kenneth P. LaValle Stadium
James Madison
16–15
Boston College

2019
Details
Baltimore, MD
(Johns Hopkins)
Homewood Field

2020
Details
Baltimore, MD
(Johns Hopkins)
Homewood Field

2021
Details
Towson, MD
(Towson)
Johnny Unitas Stadium

2022
Details
Baltimore, MD
(Johns Hopkins)
Homewood Field

text: Team titles[edit]

text:
Team
Titles
Years won

Maryland
13
1986, 1992, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2010, 2014, 2015, 2017

Northwestern
7
2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012

Princeton
3
1994, 2002, 2003

Virginia
3
1991, 1993, 2004

North Carolina
2
2013, 2016

Penn State
2
1987, 1989

Temple
2
1984, 1988

Delaware
1
1983

Massachusetts
1
1982

New Hampshire
1
1985

Harvard
1
1990

James Madison
1
2018