document_title: United States presidential election, 1860

question_text: he represented the southern democratic party in the election of 1860

text: United States presidential election, 1860

text: Nominations[edit]

text: The 1860 presidential election conventions were unusually tumultuous, due in particular to a split in the Democratic Party that led to rival conventions.

text: Democratic (Northern Democratic) Party nomination[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Democratic Party Ticket, 1860

Stephen A. Douglas
Herschel V. Johnson

for President
for Vice President

U.S. Senator from Illinois
(1847–1861)
41st
Governor of Georgia
(1853–1857)

Campaign

text: Northern Democratic candidates:

text:
Stephen Douglas, Senator from Illinois
James Guthrie, former Secretary Treasury from Kentucky
Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter, Senator from Virginia
Joseph Lane, Senator from Oregon
Daniel S. Dickinson, former Senator from New York
Andrew Johnson, Senator from Tennessee

text: Democratic Party candidates gallery[edit]

text:
Senator Stephen A. Douglas from Illinois

Former Treasury Secretary James Guthrie

Senator Robert M. T. Hunter from Virginia

Senator Joseph Lane from Oregon

Former Senator Daniel S. Dickinson from New York

Senator Andrew Johnson
from Tennessee

text: At the Democratic National Convention held in Institute Hall in Charleston, South Carolina, in April 1860, 51 Southern Democrats walked out over a platform dispute. The extreme pro-slavery “Fire-Eater” William Lowndes Yancey and the Alabama delegation first left the hall, followed by the delegates of Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, Texas, three of the four delegates from Arkansas, and one of the three delegates from Delaware.

text: Six candidates were nominated: Stephen A. Douglas from Illinois, James Guthrie from Kentucky, Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter from Virginia, Joseph Lane from Oregon, Daniel S. Dickinson from New York, and Andrew Johnson from Tennessee. Three other candidates, Isaac Toucey from Connecticut, James Pearce from Maryland, and Jefferson Davis from Mississippi (the future president of the Confederate States) also received votes.

text: Douglas, a moderate on the slavery issue who favored “popular sovereignty”, was ahead on the first ballot, but needed 56.5 more votes to secure the nomination. On the 57th ballot, Douglas was still ahead, but 51.5 votes short of the nomination. In desperation, the delegates agreed on May 3 to stop voting and adjourn the convention.

text: The Democrats convened again at the Front Street Theater in Baltimore, Maryland, on June 18. This time, 110 Southern delegates (led by “Fire-Eaters”) walked out when the convention would not adopt a resolution supporting extending slavery into territories whose voters did not want it. Some considered Horatio Seymour a compromise candidate for the National Democratic nomination at the reconvening convention in Baltimore. Seymour wrote a letter to the editor of his local newspaper declaring unreservedly that he was not a candidate for either spot on the ticket. After two ballots, the remaining Democrats nominated the ticket of Stephen A. Douglas from Illinois for president.

text: Benjamin Fitzpatrick from Alabama was nominated for vice president, but he refused the nomination. That nomination ultimately went instead to Herschel Vespasian Johnson from Georgia.

text: Southern Democratic Party nomination[edit]

text:
Southern Democratic Party Ticket, 1860

John C. Breckinridge
Joseph Lane

for President
for Vice President

14th
Vice President of the United States
(1857–1861)
U.S. Senator from Oregon
(1859–1861)

Campaign

text: Southern Democratic candidates:

text:
John C. Breckinridge, Vice President of the United States
Daniel S. Dickinson, former Senator from New York
Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter, Senator from Virginia
Joseph Lane, Senator from Oregon
Jefferson Davis, Senator from Mississippi

text: Southern Democratic Party candidates gallery[edit]

text:
Vice President John C. Breckinridge

Former Senator
Daniel S. Dickinson from New York

Senator
Robert M. T. Hunter from Virginia
(declined to be nominated)

Senator Joseph Lane from Oregon
(declined to be nominated)

Senator Jefferson Davis from Mississippi
(declined to be nominated)

text: The Charleston bolters reconvened in Richmond, Virginia on June 11. When the Democrats reconvened in Baltimore, they rejoined (except South Carolina and Florida, who stayed in Richmond).

text: When the convention seated two replacement delegations on June 18, they bolted again, now accompanied by nearly all other Southern delegates, as well as erstwhile Convention chair Caleb Cushing, a New Englander and former member of Franklin Pierce’s cabinet. This larger group met immediately in Baltimore’s Institute Hall, with Cushing again presiding. They adopted the pro-slavery platform rejected at Charleston, and nominated Vice President John C. Breckinridge for President, and Senator Joseph Lane from Oregon for Vice President.[5]

text: Yancey and some (less than half) of the bolters, almost entirely from the Lower South, met on June 28 in Richmond, along with the South Carolina and Florida delegations. This convention affirmed the nominations of Breckinridge and Lane.[4]

text: Besides the Democratic Parties in the southern states, the Breckinridge/Lane ticket was also supported by the Buchanan administration. Buchanan's own continued prestige in his home state of Pennsylvania ensured that Breckinridge would be the principal Democratic candidate in that populous state. Breckinridge was the last sitting Vice President nominated for President until Richard Nixon in 1960.

text: Republican Party nomination[edit]

text:
Republican Party Ticket, 1860

Abraham Lincoln
Hannibal Hamlin

for President
for Vice President

Former U.S. Representative
for Illinois's 7th
(1847–1849)
U.S. Senator from Maine
(1848–1857 & 1857–1861)

Campaign

text: Republican candidates:

text:
Abraham Lincoln, former representative from Illinois
William Seward, Senator from New York
Simon Cameron, Senator from Pennsylvania
Salmon P. Chase, Governor of Ohio
Edward Bates, former representative from Missouri
John McLean, Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court
Benjamin Wade, Senator from Ohio
William L. Dayton, former Senator from New Jersey

text: Republican Party candidates gallery[edit]

text:
Former Representative Abraham Lincoln
from Illinois

Senator William H. Seward from New York

Senator Simon Cameron
from Pennsylvania

Governor Salmon P. Chase
of Ohio

Former Representative Edward Bates from Missouri

Associate Justice John McLean

Senator Benjamin Wade from Ohio

Former Senator William L. Dayton from New Jersey

text: The Republican National Convention met in mid-May 1860 after the Democrats had been forced to adjourn their convention in Charleston. With the Democrats in disarray and a sweep of the Northern states possible, the Republicans felt confident going into their convention in Chicago. William H. Seward from New York was considered the front-runner, followed by Abraham Lincoln from Illinois, Salmon P. Chase from Ohio, and Missouri’s Edward Bates.

text: As the convention developed, however, it was revealed that Seward, Chase, and Bates had each alienated factions of the Republican Party. Delegates were concerned that Seward was too closely identified with the radical wing of the party, and his moves toward the center had alienated the radicals. Chase, a former Democrat, had alienated many of the former Whigs by his coalition with the Democrats in the late 1840s. He had also opposed tariffs demanded by Pennsylvania, and critically, had opposition from his own delegation from Ohio. Bates outlined his positions on the extension of slavery into the territories and equal constitutional rights for all citizens, positions that alienated his supporters in the border states and Southern conservatives. German Americans in the party opposed Bates because of his past association with the Know Nothings.

text: Since it was essential to carry the West, and because Lincoln had a national reputation from his debates and speeches as the most articulate moderate, he won the party's nomination for president on the third ballot on May 18, 1860. Senator Hannibal Hamlin from Maine was nominated for vice-president, defeating Cassius Clay from Kentucky.

text: The party platform[6] promised not to interfere with slavery in the states, but opposed slavery in the territories. The platform promised tariffs protecting industry and workers, a Homestead Act granting free farmland in the West to settlers, and the funding of a transcontinental railroad. There was no mention of Mormonism (which had been condemned in the Party's 1856 platform), the Fugitive Slave Act, personal liberty laws, or the Dred Scott decision.[7] While the Seward forces were disappointed at the nomination of a little-known western upstart, they rallied behind Lincoln. Abolitionists, however, were angry at the selection of a moderate and had little faith in Lincoln.[8][9]

text: Constitutional Union Party nomination[edit]

text:
Constitutional Union Party Ticket, 1860

John Bell
Edward Everett

for President
for Vice President

Former U.S. Senator from Tennessee
(1847–1859)
Former U.S. Senator from Massachusetts
(1853–1854)

Campaign

text: Constitutional Union candidates:

text:
John Bell, former Senator from Tennessee
Sam Houston, Governor of Texas
John J. Crittenden, Senator from Kentucky
Edward Everett, former Senator from Massachusetts
William A. Graham, former Senator from North Carolina
William C. Rives, former Senator from Virginia

text:
Former Senator John Bell of Tennessee

Governor Sam Houston of Texas

Senator John J. Crittenden from Kentucky

Former Senator Edward Everett from Massachusetts

Former Senator William A. Graham from North Carolina

Former Senator William C. Rives from Virginia

text: The Constitutional Union Party was formed by remnants of both the defunct Know Nothing and Whig Parties who were unwilling to join either the Republicans or the Democrats. The parties members hoped to stave off Southern secession by avoiding the slavery issue.[10] They met in the Eastside District Courthouse of Baltimore and nominated John Bell from Tennessee for president over Governor Sam Houston of Texas on the second ballot. Edward Everett was nominated for vice-president at the convention on May 9, 1860, one week before Lincoln.[11][12]

text: John Bell was a former Whig who had opposed the Kansas–Nebraska Act and the Lecompton Constitution. Edward Everett had been president of Harvard University and Secretary of State in the Fillmore administration. The party platform advocated compromise to save the Union with the slogan “The Union as it is, and the Constitution as it is.”[13]

text: Liberty (Union) Party nomination[edit]

text: Liberty (Union) candidates:

text: Gerrit Smith, former representative from New York

text: Liberty (Union) candidates gallery[edit]

text: Former Representative Gerrit Smith from New York

text: The Liberty Party as formed in 1860 was a splinter (or remnant) of the former Liberty Party of the 1840s, after most of its membership left to join the Free Soil Party in 1848 and nearly all of what remained of it joined the Republicans in 1854. A convention of one hundred delegates was held in Convention Hall, Syracuse, New York, on August 29, 1860. Delegates were in attendance from New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Michigan, Illinois, Ohio, Kentucky, and Massachusetts. Several of the delegates were women.

text: Gerrit Smith, a prominent abolitionist and the 1848 presidential nominee of the original Liberty Party, had sent a letter in which he stated that his health had been so poor that he had not been able to be away from home since 1858. Nonetheless, he remained popular in the party because he had helped inspire some of John Brown's supporters at the Raid on Harpers Ferry. In his letter, Smith donated $50 to pay for the printing of ballots in the various states.

text: There was quite a spirited contest between the friends of Gerrit Smith and William Goodell in regard to the nomination for the presidency. In spite of his professed ill health, Gerrit Smith was nominated for president and Samuel McFarland from Pennsylvania was nominated for vice president.

text: In Ohio, a slate of presidential electors pledged to Smith ran with the name of the Union Party.[14]

text: People's Party nomination[edit]

text: Governor Sam Houston of Texas

text: The People's Party was a loose association of the supporters of Governor Samuel Houston. On April 20, 1860, the party held what it termed a national convention to nominate Houston for president on the San Jacinto Battlefield in Texas. Houston’s supporters at the gathering did not nominate a vice-presidential candidate, since they expected later gatherings to carry out that function. Later mass meetings were held in northern cities, such as New York City on May 30, 1860, but they too failed to nominate a vice-presidential candidate. Houston withdrew from the race on August 16, convinced that his candidacy would only make it easier for the Republican candidate to win, and urged the formation of a Unified “Union” ticket in opposition to it.[15][16]

text: An election for disunion[edit]

text:
Events leading to
the American Civil War

Slavery
Northwest Ordinance
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
Battle of Negro Fort
Missouri Compromise
Tariff of 1828
Nat Turner's slave rebellion
Nullification Crisis
The Amistad
Prigg v. Pennsylvania
Texas annexation
Mexican–American War
Wilmot Proviso
Manifest destiny
Underground Railroad
Nashville Convention
Compromise of 1850
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Kansas–Nebraska Act
Ostend Manifesto
Bleeding Kansas
Caning of Charles Sumner
Dred Scott v. Sandford
The Impending Crisis of the South
Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
1860 presidential election
Crittenden Compromise
Secession of Southern States
Star of the West
Corwin Amendment
Battle of Fort Sumter

v
t
e

text: In their campaigning, Bell and Douglas both claimed that disunion would not necessarily follow a Lincoln election. Nonetheless, loyal army officers in Virginia, Kansas and South Carolina warned Lincoln of military preparations to the contrary. Secessionists threw their support behind Breckinridge in an attempt either to force the anti-Republican candidates to coordinate their electoral votes or throw the election into the House of Representatives, where the selection of the president would be made by the representatives elected in 1858, before the Republican majorities in both House and Senate achieved in 1860 were seated in the new 37th Congress. Mexican War hero Winfield Scott suggested to Lincoln that he assume the powers of a commander-in-chief before inauguration. However, historian Bruce Chadwick observes that Lincoln and his advisors ignored the widespread alarms and threats of secession as mere election trickery.

text: Indeed, voting in the South was not as monolithic as the Electoral College map would make it seem. Economically, culturally, and politically, the South was made up of three regions. In the states of the “Upper” South, later known as the “Border States” (Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri along with the Kansas territories), unionist popular votes were scattered among Lincoln, Douglas, and Bell, to form a majority in all four. In the “Middle” South states, there was a unionist majority divided between Douglas and Bell in Virginia and Tennessee; in North Carolina and Arkansas, the unionist (Bell and Douglas) vote approached a majority. Texas was the only Middle South state that Breckinridge carried convincingly. In three of the six “Deep” South, unionists (Bell and Douglas) won divided majorities in Georgia and Louisiana or neared it in Alabama. Breckinridge convincingly carried only three of the six states of the Deep South (South Carolina, Florida, and Mississippi).[17] These three Deep South states were all among the four Southern states with the lowest white populations; together, they held only nine-percent of Southern whites.[18]

text: Among the slave states, the three states with the highest voter turnouts voted the most one-sided. Texas, with five percent of the total wartime South’s population, voted 75 percent Breckinridge. Kentucky and Missouri, with one-fourth the total population, voted 73 percent pro-union Bell, Douglas and Lincoln. In comparison, the six states of the Deep South making up one-fourth the Confederate voting population, split 57 percent Breckinridge versus 43 percent for the two pro-union candidates.[nb 1] The four states that were admitted to the Confederacy after Fort Sumter held almost half its population, and voted a narrow combined majority of 53 percent for the pro-union candidates.

text: In the eleven states that would later declare their secession from the Union and be controlled by Confederate armies, ballots for Lincoln were cast only in Virginia,[nb 2] where he received 1,929 votes (1.15 percent of the total).[17][21]Not surprisingly, the vast majority of the votes Lincoln received were cast in border counties of what would soon become West Virginia - the future state accounted for 1,832 of Lincoln's 1,929 votes. [22] Lincoln received no votes at all in 121 of the state's then-145 counties (including 31 of the 50 that would form West Virginia), received a single vote in three counties and received ten or fewer votes in nine of the 24 counties where he polled votes. Lincoln's best results, by far, were in the four counties that comprised the state's northern panhandle, a region which had long felt alienated from Richmond and which was economically and culturally linked to its neighbors Ohio and Pennsylvania and which would become the key driver in the successful effort to form a separate state. Hancock County (Virginia's northernmost at the time) returned Lincoln's best result - he polled over 40% of the vote there and finished in second place (Lincoln polled only eight votes fewer than Breckinridge). Of the 97 votes cast for Lincoln in the state's post-1863 boundaries, 93 were polled in four counties (all along the Potomac River) and four were tallied in the coastal city of Portsmouth.

text: Some key differences between modern elections and the those of the mid-nineteenth century are that at the time, there was no secret ballot anywhere in the United States, that candidates were responsible for printing and distributing their own ballots (a service that was typically done by supportive newspaper publishers) and that in order to distribute valid ballots for a presidential election in a state, candidates needed citizens eligible to vote in that state who would pledge to vote for the candidate in the Electoral College. This meant that even if a voter had access to a ballot for Lincoln, casting one in favor of him in a strongly pro-slavery county would incur (at the very least) social ostracization (of course, casting a vote for Breckinridge in a strongly abolitionist county ran a voter the same risk). In ten southern slave states, no citizen would publicly pledge to vote for Abraham Lincoln. In most of Virginia, no publisher would print ballots for Lincoln's pledged electors.

text: In the four slave states that did not secede (Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware), Lincoln came in fourth in every state except Delaware (where he finished third). Within the fifteen slave states, Lincoln won only two counties out of 996, Missouri’s St. Louis and Gasconade Counties.[17] In the 1856 election, the Republican candidate for president had received no votes at all in twelve of the fourteen slave states with a popular vote (these being the same states as in the 1860 election, plus Missouri and Virginia).

text: Results[edit]

text: The election was held on Tuesday, November 6, 1860, and was noteworthy for exaggerated sectionalism in a country that was soon to dissolve into civil war. Voter turnout was 81.2%, the highest in American history up to that time, and the second-highest overall (exceeded only in the election of 1876).[23][24] All six Presidents elected since Andrew Jackson won re-election in 1832 had been one-term presidents, the last four with a popular vote under 51 percent.[25]

text: Lincoln won the Electoral College with less than 40 percent of the popular vote nationwide by carrying states above the Mason–Dixon line and north of the Ohio River, plus the states of California and Oregon in the Far West. Unlike every preceding president-elect, Lincoln did not carry even one slave state, and indeed he was not on the ballot in the southern states of North and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Tennessee, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana and Texas. He was the first President-elect to not be on the ballot in all states, a feat which has since been equalled thrice[nb 3] but never to the same extent.

text: The Republican victory resulted from the concentration of votes in the free states, which together controlled a majority of the presidential electors.[26] Lincoln’s strategy was deliberately focused, in collaboration with Republican Party Chairman Thurlow Weed, on expanding on the states Frémont won four years earlier. New York was critical with 35 Electoral College votes, 11.5 percent of the total; with Pennsylvania (27) and Ohio (23), a candidate could collect more than half (85) of the votes needed. The Wide Awakes young Republican men’s organization massively expanded registered voter lists, and although Lincoln was not even on the ballot in most southern states, population increases in the free states had far exceeded those seen in the slave states for many years before the election of 1860, hence free states dominated in the Electoral College.[27]

text: The split in the Democratic party is sometimes held responsible for Lincoln’s victory,[28], however, despite the fact that Lincoln won the election with less than forty percent of the popular vote, much of the anti-Republican vote was "wasted" in Southern states where Lincoln was not even on the ballot. At most, a single opponent nationwide would only have deprived Lincoln of California, Oregon, and four New Jersey electors, [29] whose combined total of eleven electoral votes would have made no difference to the result; every other state won by the Republicans was won by a clear majority of the vote. In the three states of New York, Rhode Island, and New Jersey where anti-Lincoln votes did combine into fusion tickets, Lincoln still won two and split New Jersey.[30] If the opposition had formed fusion tickets in every state, Lincoln still would have received 169 electoral votes, more the 152 he required to win the Electoral College.[31][32]

text: Like Lincoln, Breckinridge and Bell won no electoral votes outside of their respective sections. While Bell retired to his family business, quietly supporting his state’s secession, Breckinridge served as a Confederate general. He finished second in the Electoral College with 72 votes, carrying eleven of fifteen slave states (including South Carolina, whose electors were chosen by the state legislature, not popular vote). Breckinridge stood a distant third in national popular vote at eighteen percent, but accrued 50–75 percent in the first seven states that would become the Confederate States of America. He took nine of the eleven states that eventually joined, plus the border slave states of Delaware and Maryland, losing only Virginia and Tennessee. Breckinridge received very little support in the free states, showing some strength only in California, Oregon, Pennsylvania and Connecticut.

text: Bell carried three slave states (Tennessee, Kentucky, and Virginia) and lost Maryland by only 722 votes. Nevertheless, he finished a remarkable second in all slave states won by Breckinridge and Douglas. He won 45 to 47 percent in Maryland, Tennessee and North Carolina and canvassed respectably with 36 to 40 percent in Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, Georgia, and Florida. It was hoped by Bell himself that he would take over the former support of the extinct Whig Party in free states, but the majority of this support went to Lincoln.[33] Thus, except for running mate Everett’s home state of Massachusetts, and California, Bell received even less support in the free states than did Breckinridge, and consequently came in last in the national popular vote at 12 percent.

text: Douglas was the only candidate who won electoral votes in both slave and free states (free New Jersey and slave Missouri). His support was the most widespread geographically; he finished second behind Lincoln in the popular vote with 29.5 percent, but last in the Electoral College. Douglas attained a 28–47 percent share in the states of the Mid-Atlantic, Midwest and Trans-Mississippi West, but slipped to 19–39 percent in New England. Outside his regional section, Douglas took 15–17 percent of the popular vote total in the slave states of Kentucky, Alabama and Louisiana, then 10 percent or less in the nine remaining slave states. Douglas, in his “Norfolk Doctrine”, reiterated in North Carolina, promised to keep the Union together by coercion if states proceeded to secede. The popular vote for Lincoln and Douglas combined was seventy percent of the turnout.

text:
Presidential candidate
Party
Home state
Popular vote(a)
Electoral
vote
Running mate

Count
Percentage
Vice-presidential candidate
Home state
Electoral vote

Abraham Lincoln
Republican
Illinois
1,865,908
39.8%
180
Hannibal Hamlin
Maine
180

John C. Breckinridge
Southern Democratic
Kentucky
848,019
18.1%
72
Joseph Lane
Oregon
72

John Bell
Constitutional Union/Whig
Tennessee
590,901
12.6%
39
Edward Everett
Massachusetts
39

Stephen A. Douglas
Northern Democratic
Illinois
1,380,202
29.5%
12
Herschel Vespasian Johnson
Georgia
12

Other
531
0.0%
—
Other
—

Total
4,685,561
100%
303

303

Needed to win
152

152

text: Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. "1860 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved July 27, 2005.  Source (Electoral Vote): "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 31, 2005.

text: (a) The popular vote figures exclude South Carolina where the Electors were chosen by the state legislature rather than by popular vote.

text:
Popular vote

Lincoln

39.82%

Douglas

29.46%

Breckinridge

18.10%

Bell

12.61%

Others

0.01%

text:
Electoral vote

Lincoln

59.41%

Breckinridge

23.76%

Bell

12.87%

Douglas

3.96%

text: Geography of results[edit]

text: Cartographic gallery[edit]

text:
Map of presidential election results by county

Map of Republican presidential election results by county

Map of Northern Democratic presidential election results by county

Map of Southern Democratic presidential election results by county

Map of Constitutional Union presidential election results by county

Map of "Fusion" slate presidential election results by county

Cartogram of presidential election results by county

Cartogram of Republican presidential election results by county

Cartogram of Northern Democratic presidential election results by county

Cartogram of Southern Democratic presidential election results by county

Cartogram of Constitutional Union presidential election results by county

Cartogram of "Fusion" slate presidential election results by county

text: Results by state[edit]

text: Source: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836–1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247–57.

text:
Abraham Lincoln
Republican
Stephen Douglas
(Northern) Democratic
John Breckinridge
(Southern) Democratic
John Bell
Constitutional Union
Fusion
(Non-Republican)
(Democratic Fusion)
State Total

State
electoral
votes
#
 %
electoral
votes
#
 %
electoral
votes
#
 %
electoral
votes
#
 %
electoral
votes
#
 %
electoral
votes
#

Alabama
9
no ballots
0001361813,618
15.1
-
0004866948,669
54.0
9
27,835
30.9
-
no ballots
90,122
AL

Arkansas
4
no ballots
5,357
9.9
-
28,732
53.1
4
20,063
37.0
-
no ballots
54,152
AR

California
4
38,733
32.3
4
37,999
31.7
-
33,969
28.4
-
9,111
7.6
-
no ballots
119,812
CA

Connecticut
6
43,488
58.1
6
15,431
20.6
-
14,372
19.2
-
1,528
2.0
-
no ballots
74,819
CT

Delaware
3
3,822
23.7
-
1,066
6.6
-
7,339
45.5
3
3,888
24.1
-
no ballots
16,115
DE

Florida
3
no ballots
223
1.7
-
8,277
62.2
3
4,801
36.1
-
no ballots
13,301
FL

Georgia
10
no ballots
11,581
10.9
-
52,176
48.9
10
42,960
40.3
-
no ballots
106,717
GA

Illinois
11
172,171
50.7
11
160,215
47.2
-
2,331
0.7
-
4,914
1.4
-
no ballots
339,631
IL

Indiana
13
139,033
51.1
13
115,509
42.4
-
12,295
4.5
-
5,306
1.9
-
no ballots
272,143
IN

Iowa
4
70,302
54.6
4
55,639
43.2
-
1,035
0.8
-
1,763
1.4
-
no ballots
128,739
IA

Kentucky
12
1,364
0.9
-
25,651
17.5
-
53,143
36.3
-
66,058
45.2
12
no ballots
146,216
KY

Louisiana
6
no ballots
7,625
15.1
-
22,681
44.9
6
20,204
40.0
-
no ballots
50,510
LA

Maine
8
62,811
62.2
8
29,693
29.4
-
6,368
6.3
-
2,046
2.0
-
no ballots
100,918
ME

Maryland
8
2,294
2.5
-
5,966
6.4
-
42,482
45.9
8
41,760
45.1
-
no ballots
92,502
MD

Massachusetts
13
106,684
62.9
13
34,370
20.3
-
6,163
3.6
-
22,331
13.2
-
no ballots
169,548
MA

Michigan
6
88,481
57.2
6
65,057
42.0
-
805
0.5
-
415
0.3
-
no ballots
154,758
MI

Minnesota
4
22,069
63.4
4
11,920
34.3
-
748
2.2
-
50
0.1
-
no ballots
34,787
MN

Mississippi
7
no ballots
3,282
4.7
-
40,768
59.0
7
25,045
36.2
-
no ballots
69,095
MS

Missouri
9
17,028
10.3
-
58,801
35.5
9
31,362
18.9
-
58,372
35.3
-
no ballots
165,563
MO

New Hampshire
5
37,519
56.9
5
25,887
39.3
-
2,125
3.2
-
412
0.6
-
no ballots
65,943
NH

New Jersey
7
58,346
48.1
4[nb 4]
no ballots
3[nb 5]
no ballots
-
no ballots
-
62,869[nb 6]
51.9
-[nb 7]
121,215
NJ

New York
35
362,646
53.7
35
no ballots
-
no ballots
-
no ballots
-
312,510
46.3
-[nb 8]
675,156
NY

North Carolina
10
no ballots
2,737
2.8
-
48,846
50.5
10
45,129
46.7
-
no ballots
96,712
NC

Ohio
23
231,709
52.3
23
187,421
42.3
-
11,406
2.6
-
12,194
2.8
-
no ballots
442,730
OH

Oregon
3
5,329
36.1
3
4,136
28.0
-
5,075
34.4
-
218
1.5
-
no ballots
14,758
OR

Pennsylvania
27
268,030
56.3
27
16,765
3.5
-[nb 9]
no ballots
12,776
2.7
-
178,871[nb 10]
37.5
-[nb 11]
476,442
PA

Rhode Island
4
12,244
61.4
4
7,707[nb 12]
38.6
-
no ballots
no ballots
no ballots
19,951
RI

South Carolina
8
no popular vote
no popular vote
no popular vote
8
no popular vote
no popular vote
-
SC

Tennessee
12
no ballots
11,281
7.7
-
65,097
44.6
-
69,728
47.7
12
no ballots
146,106
TN

Texas
4
no ballots
18
0.0
-
47,454
75.5
4
15,383
24.5
-
no ballots
62,855
TX

Vermont
5
33,808
75.8
5
8,649
19.4
-
1,866
4.2
-
217
0.5
-
no ballots
44,644
VT

Virginia
15
1,887
1.1
-
16,198
9.7
-
74,325
44.5
-
74,481
44.6
15
no ballots
166,891
VA

Wisconsin
5
86,110
56.6
5
65,021
42.7
-
887
0.6
-
161
0.1
-
no ballots
152,179
WI

TOTALS:
303
1,865,908
39.8
180
1,004,823
21.5
12
669,148
14.3
72
590,901
12.6
39
554,250
11.8
0
4,685,030
US

TO WIN:
152

text: Trigger for the Civil War[edit]

text: The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 was an immediate cause of secession of the first 7 Southern states (SC, MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX), which formed the Confederacy in February 1861. The statehood of Kansas as a free state and Lincoln's military resistance to the Confederacy led to secession of 4 more states (VA, NC, TN, AR) after May 1861. Lincoln had been the nominee of the Republican party with an anti-slavery expansion platform, he refused to acknowledge the right to secession, and he would not yield federal property within Southern states. Numerous historians have explored the reasons so many white Southerners adopted secessionism in 1860, after 30 years of disputes between North and South states over protection tariffs, Federal spending, and civil rights of refusing to allow slaves to travel with slaveholder families in some North States. Tariffs had been levied on South imports to protect North industries, taxes were charged on South cotton but not North wool, or 3-to-1 Federal expenditures on North navigation lighthouses versus the South's longer coastline, and a faked slave uprising in Virginia angered many Southerners.[36][37] Bertram Wyatt-Brown argues that secessionists desired independence as necessary for their honor. They could no longer tolerate Northern state attitudes that regarded slave ownership as a great sin and Northern politicians who insisted on stopping the spread of slavery.[38][39] Avery Craven argues that secessionists believed Lincoln's election meant long-term doom for their vast social system, of thousands of Southerners working with over two million slaves living in private households as nearly half the population of many Southern states in 1860. This situation could not be solved by the democratic process, and it placed "the great masses of men, North and South, helpless before the drift into war".[40]


document_title: Stamp collecting

question_text: what is the name of the person who collects stamps

root

text: Stamp collecting

text: Collecting[edit]

text: Stamp collecting is generally accepted as one of the areas that make up the wider subject of philately, which is the study of stamps. A philatelist may, but does not have to, collect stamps. It is not uncommon for the term philatelist to be used to mean a stamp collector. Many casual stamp collectors accumulate stamps for sheer enjoyment and relaxation without worrying about the tiny details. The creation of a large or comprehensive collection, however, generally requires some philatelic knowledge and will usually contain areas of philatelic studies.

tag: p

text: Postage stamps are often collected for their historical value and geographical aspects and also for the many subjects depicted on them, ranging from ships, horses, and birds to kings, queens and presidents.[2]

text: Stamp collectors are an important source of income for some countries who create limited runs of elaborate stamps designed mainly to be bought by stamp collectors. The stamps produced by these countries may exceed their postal needs, but may also feature attractive topical designs that many collectors desire.

text: History[edit]

text: It has been suggested that John Bourke, Receiver General of Stamp Dues in Ireland was the first collector. In 1774 he assembled a book of the existing embossed revenue stamps, ranging in value from 6 pounds to half a penny, as well as the hand stamped charge marks that were used with them. His collection is preserved in Dublin.[3]

text: Postage stamp collecting began at the same time that stamps were first issued, and by 1860 thousands of collectors and stamp dealers were appearing around the world as this new study and hobby spread across Europe, European colonies, the United States and other parts of the world.

text: The first postage stamp, the Penny Black, was issued by Britain in May 1840 and pictured a young Queen Victoria. It was produced without perforations (imperforate) and consequently had to be cut from the sheet with scissors in order to be used. While unused examples of the Penny Black are quite scarce, used examples are quite common, and may be purchased for $20 to $200, depending upon condition.

text: People started to collect stamps almost immediately. One of the earliest and most notable was John Edward Gray. In 1862, Gray stated that he "began to collect postage stamps shortly after the system was established and before it had become a rage".[4]

text: As the hobby and study of stamps began to grow, stamp albums and stamp related literature began to surface, and by the early 1880s publishers like Stanley Gibbons made a business out of this advent.

text: Children and teenagers were early collectors of stamps in the 1860s and 1870s. Many adults dismissed it as a childish pursuit but later many of those same collectors, as adults, began to systematically study the available postage stamps and publish books about them. Some stamps, such as the triangular issues of the Cape of Good Hope, have become legendary.

text: Stamp collecting is a less popular hobby in the early 21st century than it was a hundred years ago. In 2013, the Wall Street Journal estimated the global number of stamp collectors was around 60 million.[5] Tens of thousands of stamp dealers supply them with stamps along with stamp albums, catalogues and other publications. There are also thousands of stamp (philatelic) clubs and organizations that provide them with the history and other aspects of stamps. Today, though the number of collectors is somewhat less, stamp collecting is still one of the world's most popular indoor hobbies.[6]

text: Equipment[edit]

text: A few basic items of equipment are needed to collect stamps. Stamp tongs help to handle stamps safely, a magnifying glass helps in viewing fine details and an album is a convenient way to store stamps. The stamps need to be attached to the pages of the album in some way and stamp hinges are a cheap and simple way to do this. Hinging stamps can damage them, thus reducing their value; today many collectors prefer more expensive hingeless mounts. Issued in various sizes, these are clear chemically neutral thin plastic holders that open to receive stamps and are gummed on the back so that they stick to album pages. Another alternative is a stockbook where the stamps drop into clear pockets without the need for a mount. Stamps should be stored away from light, heat and moisture or they will be damaged.

text: Stamps can be displayed according to the collector's wishes, by country, topic, or even by size, which can create a display pleasing to the eye. There are no rules and it is entirely a matter for the individual collector to decide. Albums can be commercially purchased, downloaded or created by the collector. In the latter cases using acid free paper provides better long-term stamp protection.

text:
A stockbook with clear plastic pockets is one of the safest ways to store stamps. Some collectors prefer a traditional stamp album.

Clockwise from top left: hinge-mounted stamp, stamp about to be hinge-mounted, stamp damaged by a hinge, stamp hinges.

A magnifying glass.

Stamp tongs with rounded tips help to prevent damage to stamps from skin oils and rough handling.

tag: ul

text: Acquiring stamps[edit]

text: Many collectors ask their family and friends to save stamps for them from their mail. Although the stamps received by major businesses and those kept by elderly relatives may be of international and historical interest, the stamps received from family members are often of the definitive sort. Definitives seem mundane but, considering their variety of colours, watermarks, paper differences, perforations and printing errors, they can fill many pages in a collection.[7] Introducing either variety or specific focus to a collection can require the purchasing of stamps, either from a dealer or online. Large numbers of relatively recent stamps, often still attached to fragments or envelopes, may be obtained cheaply and easily. Rare and old stamps can also be obtained, but these can be very expensive.

text: Duplicate stamps are those a collector already has and are not required, therefore, to fill a gap in a collection. Duplicate stamps can be sold or traded, so they are an important medium of exchange among collectors.

text: Many dealers sell stamps through the Internet while others have neighborhood shops which are among the best resources for beginning and intermediate collectors. Some dealers also jointly set up week-end stamp markets called "bourses" that move around a region from week to week. They also meet collectors at regional exhibitions and stamp shows.

text: Collecting specialties[edit]

text: A worldwide collection would be enormous, running to thousands of volumes, and would be incredibly expensive to acquire. Many consider that Count Philipp von Ferrary's collection at the beginning of the 20th century was the most complete ever formed. Many collectors limit their collecting to particular countries, certain time periods or particular subjects (called "topicals") like birds or aircraft.

text: Some of the more popular collecting areas include:

text:
Postage stamps – particular countries and/or time periods

Airmail stamps – stamps may be required for airmail, which is typically more expensive and has special postage rates.
Commemorative stamps – stamps to commemorate events, anniversaries, etc., on sale for a limited time.
Definitive stamps – the most common type of stamps
Postage due stamps are special stamps applied by a post office to mail bearing insufficient postage. The stamps were issued in several denominations to make up different amounts due.

Topical stamp collecting – many collectors choose to organize their philatelic collection on the theme of the stamps, covers, or postmarks. Popular topical themes are animals, dogs, cats, butterflies, birds, flowers, art, sports, Olympics, maps, Disney, scouting, space, ships, Americana (topics relating to the US), stamps on stamps, famous people, chess, Chinese new year, and many others.

Birds on stamps
Ships on stamps
Insects on stamps
People on stamps
Stamps on stamps

Postal stationery – includes government-issued postal cards, aerograms, letter card, wrappers, envelopes, etc., that have an imprinted stamp.
Sheets

Sheetlets – this is a format that is now issued regularly by postal administrations. Instead of issuing stamps in large sheets of 40, 100 or even 200 stamps, smaller sheetlets with 20 to 24 stamps are issued with a large selvedge area which may incorporate part of the stamp design or theme.
Souvenir sheets – many postal services sometimes release stamps in a format that look like a sheet with a big picture. Various parts of the picture can be torn out and used as postage stamps. See example with 10 stamps in one picture. (Souvenir sheets should be distinguished from souvenir cards, which are souvenirs of a philatelic meeting or exhibition but are not valid for postage.)
Miniature sheet – is very similar to a souvenir sheet, being in a sheetlet with a single or a number of stamps embedded in it.
Corner blocks or plate blocks – compose a block of stamps from one of the four corners of the stamp sheet. Collectors usually opt for a block of four stamps, complete with the selvage area which will sometimes have the printing details on it.
Coil Strips - Pairs or more of stamps from rolls, premium ones showing the plate number or a coil line pair which shows the seam between the edges of the plate.

Revenue stamps – stamps issued to pay taxes.

Federal Duck Stamps (stamps for duck hunting licenses, mainly U.S. with some other countries such as Canada and New Zealand)

First day covers – (FDCs) – envelopes with stamps attached and canceled on the first day that the stamp was issued. Most modern FDCs bear designs, called "cachets", related to the theme of the stamp issued.
Maximum cards – these are postcards where the stamp is on the same side as the picture and they have a close connection.
Souvenir pages – with first day canceled stamps on a page describing all design, printing and issuing details. These are similar to first day covers except that they are issued as printed sheets of paper instead of envelopes, and the specification of the stamp is printed by the official source. See picture of first souvenir page in the US.
Cinderella stamps – stamp-like labels that are not valid for postage.
Postmarks or postal markings in general.

text: Organizations[edit]

text: There are thousands of organizations for collectors: local stamp clubs, special-interest groups, and national organizations. Most nations have a national collectors' organization, such as the American Philatelic Society in the United States. The Internet has greatly expanded the availability of information and made it easier to obtain stamps and other philatelic material. The American Topical Association (ATA) is now a part of the APS and promotes thematic collecting as well as encouraging sub-groups of numerous topics.

text: Stamp clubs and philatelic societies can add a social aspect to stamp collecting and provide a forum where novices can meet experienced collectors. Although such organizations are often advertised in stamp magazines and online, the relatively small number of collectors - especially outside urban areas - means that a club may be difficult to set up and sustain. The Internet partially solves this problem, as the association of collectors online is not limited by geographical distance. For this reason, many highly specific stamp clubs have been established on the Web, with international membership.[8]

text: Organizations such as the Cinderella Stamp Club (UK) retain hundreds of members interested in a specific aspect of collecting. Social organizations, such as the Lions Club and Rotary International, have also formed stamp collecting groups specific to those stamps that are issued from many countries worldwide that display the organization's logo.

text: Rare stamps[edit]

text: Rare stamps are often old and many have interesting stories attached to them. Some include:

text:
The United States "Inverted Jenny" (which is actually a printing error)
The United States "1-cent Z grill" stamp.
The Treskilling Yellow.
The Mauritius "Post Office" stamps.
The British Guiana 1c magenta, and many others.

text: Some of the most valuable stamps in the world[edit]

text:
The Three-Skilling Yellow of Sweden was sold for CHF 2.88 million (then about $2,300,000) in 1996 and again for an undisclosed amount in 2010.[9]

David Feldman sold this Blue Mauritius stamp for CHF 1,610,000 (approx. $1.1 million) in 1993.[10]

One of the first two Mauritius Post Office stamps. This orange stamp was sold for CHF 1,725,000 (approx $1.2 million) in 1993.[10]

text: Catalogues[edit]

text: Stamp catalogues are the primary tool used by serious collectors to organize their collections, and for the identification and valuation of stamps. Most stamp shops have stamp catalogues available for purchase. A few catalogues are offered on-line, either free or for a fee. There are hundreds of different catalogues, most specializing in particular countries or periods.

text: Notable collectors[edit]

text: The stamp collection assembled by French-Austrian aristocrat Philipp von Ferrary (1850–1917) at the beginning of the 20th century is widely considered the most complete stamp collection ever formed (or likely to be formed). It included, for example, all of the rare stamps described above that had been issued by 1917. However, as Ferrary was an Austrian citizen, the collection was broken up and sold by the French government after the First World War, as war reparations. A close rival was Thomas Tapling (1855 – 1891), whose Tapling Collection was donated to the British Museum.

text: Several European monarchs were keen stamp collectors, including King George V of the United Kingdom and King Carol II of Romania. King George V possessed one of the most valuable stamp collections in the world and became President of the Royal Philatelic Society. His collection was passed on to Queen Elizabeth II who, while not a serious philatelist, has a collection of British and Commonwealth first day covers which she started in 1952.[11]

text: U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt was a stamp collector; he designed several American commemorative stamps during his term.[12] Late in life Ayn Rand renewed her childhood interest in stamps and became an enthusiastic collector.[13] Several entertainment and sport personalities have been known to be collectors. Freddie Mercury, lead singer of the band Queen, collected stamps as a child. His childhood stamp album is in the collection of the British Postal Museum & Archive.[14] John Lennon of The Beatles was a childhood stamp collector. His stamp album is held by the National Postal Museum.[15]

text: Former world chess champion Anatoly Karpov has amassed a huge stamp collection over the decades, led by stamps from Belgium and Belgian Congo, that has been estimated to be worth $15 million.[16]


document_title: List of human evolution fossils

question_text: what is the best known early african hominoid

text: List of human evolution fossils

text: Late Miocene[edit]

text: 5.5 million - 7 million years old[edit]

text:
Name
Age
Species
Year
discovered
Country
Discovered by
Now located at

TM 266 (Toumai)
7 Ma[2]
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
2001
Chad
Alain Beauvilain, Fanone Gongdibe, Mahamat Adoum and Ahounta Djimdoumalbaye
N'Djamena (Chad), BEAC

BAR 1000'00
6 Ma[3]
Orrorin tugenensis
2000
Kenya
Martin Pickford, Kiptalam Cheboi, Dominique Gommery, Pierre Mein, Brigitte Senut,

ALA-VP 1/20[4]
5.5-5.8 Ma
Ardipithecus kadabba
1997
Ethiopia
Yohannes Haile-Selassie

tag: table

text: Pliocene[edit]

text: 2.58 million - 5.3 million years old[edit]

text:
Image
Name
Age
Species
Year
discovered
Country
Discovered by
Now located at

Ardi
4.4 Ma[5]
Ardipithecus ramidus
1994
Ethiopia
Yohannes Haile-Selassie

KNM-LT 329
4.2 - 5 Ma[6]
Australopithecus anamensis
1967
Kenya
Arnold Lewis, Bryan Patterson[7][8][9]

KNM-TH 13150
4.15-5.25 Ma[10]
Australopithecus anamensis
1984
Kenya
Kiptalam Cheboi[7]

KNM-KP 271
4 Ma[11]
Australopithecus anamensis
1965
Kenya
Bryan Patterson[7]

Laetoli Footprints
3.7 Ma
Bipedal hominin
1976
Tanzania
Mary Leakey

LH 4
2.9 - 3.9 Ma
Australopithecus afarensis
1974
Laetoli, Tanzania
Mary Leakey[12]

KSD-VP-1/1 (Kadanuumuu)
3.58 Ma
Australopithecus afarensis
2005
Ethiopia
Yohannes Haile-Selassie

KT-12/H1 (Abel)
3.5 Ma
Australopithecus bahrelghazali
1995
Chad
Mamelbaye Tomalta and Michel Brunet
N'Djamena (Chad), BEAC

KNM-WT 40000 (Flat Faced Man)[13]
3.5 Ma
Kenyanthropus platyops
1999
Lake Turkana, Kenya
Justus Erus and Meave Leakey[14]

BRT-VP-3/14
3.3 - 3.5 Ma
Australopithecus deyiremeda
2015
Ethiopia
Yohannes Haile-Selassie[15]

Stw 573 (Little foot)
3.3 Ma
Australopithecus ?
1994
South Africa
Ronald J. Clarke

DIK-1 (Selam)
3.3 Ma
Australopithecus afarensis
2000
Ethiopia
Zeresenay Alemseged

AL 288-1 (Lucy)
3.2 Ma
Australopithecus afarensis
1974
Ethiopia
Tom Gray, Donald Johanson, Yves Coppens and Maurice Taieb
National Museum of Ethiopia

AL 200-1
3 - 3.2 Ma
Australopithecus afarensis
1975
Ethiopia
Donald Johanson Yves Coppens and Maurice Taieb

AL 129-1
3 - 3.2 Ma
Australopithecus afarensis
1973
Ethiopia
Donald Johanson

AL 444-2[16]
3 Ma
Australopithecus afarensis
1992
Ethiopia
Yoel Rak

[17]
LD 350-1[18]
2.75 - 2.8 Ma
Homo ?
2013
Ethiopia
Chalachew Seyoum

text: Pleistocene[edit]

text: Lower Paleolithic: 400,000 - 2.58 million[edit]

text:
Name
Age
Species
Date
discovered
Country
Discovered by
Now located at

Taung 1
(Taung Child)
2.5 Ma
Australopithecus africanus
1924
South Africa
Raymond Dart

KNM WT 17000
(The Black Skull)
2.5 Ma
Paranthropus aethiopicus
1985
Kenya
Alan Walker

BOU-VP-12/130[19]
2.5 Ma
Australopithecus garhi
1997
Ethiopia
Yohannes Haile-Selassie

Uraha 501
Uraha Jawbone[20]
2.3-2.5 Ma
Homo rudolfensis
1991
Malawi
Tyson Msiska, Timothy Bromage, Friedemann Schrenk

STS 14[21]
2.04-2.58 Ma
Australopithecus africanus
1947
South Africa
Robert Broom

STS 71[22]
2.04 - 2.58 Ma
Australopithecus africanus
1947
South Africa
Robert Broom and John T. Robinson

STS 52[23]
2.04 -2.58 Ma
Australopithecus africanus
1947
South Africa
Robert Broom

STS 5
(Mrs. Ples)
2.04Ma
Australopithecus africanus
1947
South Africa
Robert Broom

TM 1517[24]
2 Ma
Paranthropus robustus
1938
South Africa
Gert Terblanche

MH1 (Karabo)[25][26]
1.977-1.98 Ma[27]
Australopithecus sediba
2008
South Africa
Lee R. Berger

KNM ER 1813
1.9 Ma
Homo habilis
1973
Kenya
Kamoya Kimeu

KNM ER 1470
1.9 Ma
Homo rudolfensis
1972
Kenya
Bernard Ngeneo[28]

OH 24
(Twiggy)[29]
1.8 Ma
Homo habilis
1968
Tanzania
Peter Nzube

OH 8[30]
1.8 Ma
Homo habilis
1960
Tanzania

OH 5
(Zinj or
nutcracker man)
1.8 Ma
Paranthropus boisei
1959
Tanzania
Mary Leakey

D2700 (Dmanisi Skull 3)
1.8 Ma
Homo erectus
2001
Georgia
David Lordkipanidze and Abesalom Vekua

D3444 (Dmanisi Skull 4)
1.8 Ma
Homo erectus
2003
Georgia
David Lordkipanidze

D4500 (Dmanisi Skull 5)
1.8 Ma
Homo erectus
2005 (published in 2013)
Georgia
David Lordkipanidze

KNM-ER 62000[31]
1.78 -1.9 Mya
Homo rudolfensis
2012
Koobi Fora, Kenya
Meave Leakey's team

KNM-ER 62003 (mandibular fragment)[31]
1.78 -1.9 Mya
Homo rudolfensis
2012
Koobi Fora, Kenya
Meave Leakey's team

KNM-ER 60000 (mandible)[31]
1.78 -1.9 Mya
Homo rudolfensis
2012
Koobi Fora, Kenya
Meave Leakey's team

OH 7
1.75 Ma
Homo habilis
1960
Tanzania
Jonathan Leakey

KNM ER 3733
1.75 Ma
Homo ergaster[32] (aka Homo erectus)
1975
Kenya
Bernard Ngeneo

KNM ER 1805
1.74 Ma
Homo habilis
1973/4
Kenya
Paul Abell

Yuanmou Man
1.7 Ma / 0.5-0.6 Ma (disputed)[33]
Homo erectus
1965
China
Fang Qian

KNM ER 406
1.7 Ma
Paranthropus boisei
1969
Kenya
Richard Leakey

KNM ER 732[34]
1.7 Ma
Paranthropus boisei
1970
Kenya
Richard Leakey

KNM ER 23000[35]
1.7 Ma
Paranthropus boisei
1990
Koobi Fora, Kenya
Benson Kyongo

KNM WT 17400[36][37]
1.7 Ma
Paranthropus boisei
Not know[38]
Kenya
Not know[38]
National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi (Kenia)

KNM WT 15000
(Turkana Boy)
1.6 Ma
Homo ergaster (aka Homo erectus)
1984
Kenya
Kamoya Kimeu
Kenya National Museum

[39]
StW 53
1.5 - 2 Ma
Homo gautengensis
1976
South Africa
A. R. Hughes

SK 847[40]
1.5 - 2 Ma
Homo habilis
1949
South Africa

DNH 7
(Eurydice)[41]
1.5 - 2 Ma
Paranthropus robustus
1994
South Africa
André Keyser

SK 46[42]
1.5 - 1.8 Ma
Paranthropus robustus
1949
South Africa
Robert Broom

Peninj Mandible
1.5 Ma
Paranthropus boisei
1964
Tanzania
Richard Leakey

OH 9
(Chellean Man)[43]
1.5 Ma
Homo erectus
1960
Tanzania
Louis Leakey

KNM ER 992
1.5 Ma
Homo ergaster (aka Homo erectus)
1971
Kenya
Richard Leakey

Mojokerto 1
(Mojokerto child)
1.43 - 1.49 Ma
Homo erectus
1936
Indonesia
Andojo, G.H.R. von Koenigswald

KNM ER 3883
1.4 - 1.6 Ma
Homo erectus
1976
Kenya
Richard Leakey

KGA 10-525[44][45]
1.4 Ma
Paranthropus boisei
1993
Ethiopia
A. Amzaye

Atapuerca Jawbone[46]
1.2 Ma
Homo sp.
2008
Spain
Eudald Carbonell
Museo de la Evolución Humana, Burgos (Spain)

Kocabas
1.1 Ma [47]
Homo erectus [48]
2002
Turkey
M. Cihat Alçiçek

Daka
1.0 Ma
Homo erectus
1997
Ethiopia
Henry Gilbert

Sangiran 4
1 Ma
Homo erectus
1939
Indonesia
G.H.R. von Koenigswald

ATD6-15 and ATD6-69
Niño de la Gran Dolina342

780k - 858k
Homo erectus
1994
Spain
Bermúdez & Arsuaga
Museo de la Evolución Humana, Burgos (Spain)

Sangiran 2
0.7 - 1.6 Ma
Homo erectus
1937
Indonesia
G.H.R. von Koenigswald

Trinil 2
Pithecanthropus-1
or
Java Man[49]
0.7 -1 Ma
Homo erectus
1891
Indonesia
Eugène Dubois

Ternifine 2-3 now Tighennif[50]
700k
Homo erectus
1954
Algeria
C. Arambourg & B. Hoffstetter

Sangiran 17[51]
700k
Homo erectus
1969
Indonesia
S. Sartono

Peking Man
680k - 780k
Homo erectus
1921
China
Davidson Black
Lost/stolen

Madam Buya[52]
600k - 1.4 Ma
Homo heidelbergensis or Homo erectus
1997
Eritrea
Ernesto Abbate
National Museum of Eritrea

Bodo[53]
600k
Homo heidelbergensis or Homo erectus
1976
Ethiopia
A. Asfaw

Mauer 1
(Heidelberg Man)
500k
Homo heidelbergensis
1907
Germany
Daniel Hartmann

Saldanha man[54]
500k
Homo rhodesiensis
1953
South Africa

Boxgrove Man
478k - 524k
Homo heidelbergensis
1994
UK

Arago 21
(Tautavel Man)
450k
Homo erectus
1971
France
Henry de Lumley

[55]
Hexian[56]
400k - 500k
Homo erectus
1980
China

Argil
Ceprano Man
400 - 500k
Homo cepranensis?
Homo antecessor?
Homo heidelbergensis?
1994
Ceprano, Italia
Italo Biddittu

Skull 5 (Miguelón)
400k
Homo heidelbergensis
1992
Spain
Bermúdez, Arsuaga & Carbonell
Museo de la Evolución Humana, Burgos (Spain)

Swanscombe Man
400k
Homo heidelbergensis
1935
UK
Alvan T Marston

Salé[57][58][59]
400k
Homo rhodesiensis
1971
Morocco
A quarry worker

Ndutu[60]
350k
Homo rhodesiensis
1973
Tanzania
A.A. Mturi

Steinheim Skull
350k
Homo heidelbergensis
1933
Germany

Samu
350k
Homo erectus
1964
Hungary
Márton Pécsi

Dinaledi Chamber hominins
414k - 236k[61]
Homo naledi
2013
South Africa
Rick Hunter and Steven Tucker
University of the Witwatersrand (South Africa)

text: Middle Paleolithic: 300,000 - 50,000 years old[edit]

text:
Name
Age
Species
Year
discovered
Country
Discovered by
Now located at

Petralona 1[62]
150k - 350k
Homo heidelbergensis
1960
Greece

Galilee Man
300k-200k
Homo heidelbergensis
1925
Israel
Francis Turville-Petre

Saccopastore 1
250k[63]
Homo neanderthalensis
1929
Italy
Mario Grazioli

Ngandong 7
250k
Homo erectus
1931
Indonesia
C. ter Haar and G. H. R. von Koenigswald

Bontnewydd (Pontynewydd)
230k
Homo neanderthalensis
1981
UK

[64]
Dali
209k ±23k (disputed)[65][66]
Homo erectus
or
Homo sapiens
1978
China
Shuntang Liu

Broken Hill 1
(Kabwe Cranium
or
Rhodesian Man)
200k - 300k
Homo rhodesiensis
1921
Zambia
Tom Zwiglaar

[67]
Omo 1
190k
Homo sapiens
1967
Ethiopia
Richard Leakey

[68]
Omo 2
190k
Homo sapiens

Ethiopia
Richard Leakey

Penghu 1
190k—10k[69][70]
Homo tsaichangensis[71]

Taiwan

National Museum of Natural Science

Herto remains[72]
160k
Homo sapiens
1997
Ethiopia
Tim White

Jebel Irhoud 1[73]
315k
Homo sapiens
1991
Morocco

Jebel Irhoud 2
315k
Homo sapiens
1991
Morocco

[74]
Jebel Irhoud 3
315k
Homo sapiens
1991
Morocco

Jebel Irhoud 4
315k
Homo sapiens
1991
Morocco

[75][76]
Altamura Man
130-172k[77]
Homo neanderthalensis
1993
Italy

in situ

Tabun C1[78]
120k
Homo neanderthalensis
1967
Israel
Arthur Jelinek

Denisova 8
110k[79][80]
Homo sp. Altai
2010
Russia

Krapina[81]
100k - 127k [82]
Homo neanderthalensis
1899
Croatia
Dragutin Gorjanović-Kramberger

Qafzeh 6[83]
90k - 100k[82]
Homo sapiens
1930
Israel
R. Neuville M Stekelis

Qafzeh 9
90k - 100k[82]
Homo sapiens[84]
1933
Israel
T. McCown and H. Moivus, Jr.

Scladina
80k - 127k[82]
Homo neanderthalensis

Belgium

Skhul 5
80k - 120k
Homo sapiens
1933
Israel
T. McCown and H. Moivus, Jr.

Skhul 9
80k - 120k
Homo sapiens

Israel

[85]
Klasies River Caves
75k - 125k
Homo sapiens
1960
South Africa
Ray Inskeep, Robin Singer, John Wymer, Hilary Deacon

Obi-Rakhmat 1[86]
75k [82]
Homo neanderthalensis
2003
Uzbekistan

Teshik-Tash Skull[87]
70k
Homo neanderthalensis
1938
Uzbekistan
A. Okladnikov

La Ferrassie 1
70k
Homo neanderthalensis
1909
France
R. Capitan and D. Peyrony

Shanidar 1
60k - 80k
Homo neanderthalensis
1961
Iraq
Ralph Solecki

La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1
60k
Homo neanderthalensis
1908
France
A. and J. Bouyssonie and L. Bardon

Kebara 2 (Moshe)[88]
60k
Homo neanderthalensis
1983
Israel
Lynne Schepartz

[89]
Amud 7
50k - 60k
Homo neanderthalensis

Israel

text: Upper Paleolithic: 50,000 - 10,000 years old[edit]

text:
Name
Age
Species
Date
discovered
Country
Discovered by
Now Located at

Sidrón Cave
49k
Homo neanderthalensis
1994
Spain

La Quina 5[citation needed]
45k - 60k[82]
Homo neanderthalensis

France

La Quina 18[citation needed]
45k - 60k[82]
Homo neanderthalensis

France

Tam Pa Ling Cave[90]
46k - 63k [90][91]
Homo sapiens
2009
Laos

Kents Cavern
41k - 45k
Homo sapiens
1927
UK

Amud 1[92]
41k [93]
Homo neanderthalensis
1961
Israel
Hisashi Suzuki

Mungo Man
40k - 60k
Homo sapiens
1974
Australia

WLH-50

Homo sapiens
1982
Australia

Mt. Circeo 1[94]
40k - 60k
Homo neanderthalensis
1939
Italy
Prof. Blanc

Neanderthal 1[95]
40k
Homo neanderthalensis
1856
Germany
Johann Carl Fuhlrott

Denisova hominin (X-Woman)
40k
Homo sp. Altai
2008
Russia
Johannes Krause, et al.

hominin toe bone
40k
Homo sp. Altai (possible Neanderthal-Denisovan hybrid)
2010
Russia

Peștera cu Oase[96]
37.8k
Homo sapiens
2002
Romania

Balangoda man
37k
Homo sapiens
2012
Sri Lanka

Hofmeyr Skull
36k
Homo sapiens
1952
South Africa

Red Lady of Paviland
33k
Homo sapiens
1823
UK
William Buckland

Yamashita-Cho Man
32k
Homo sapiens
1962
Japan

Engis 2
30k-50k [82][97]
Homo neanderthalensis
1829
Belgium
Philippe-Charles Schmerling

Gibraltar 1
30k-50k [82]
Homo neanderthalensis
1848
Gibraltar
Captain Edmund Flint

Le Moustier
30k-50k
Homo neanderthalensis
1909
France

Denisovan tooth
30k - 50k
Homo sp. Altai
2000
Russia

Cro-Magnon 1
30k
Homo sapiens
1868
France
Louis Lartet

NG 6
27k - 53k
Homo erectus
1931
Indonesia
C. ter Haar and GHR von Koenigswald

Predmost 3[98]
26k
Homo sapiens
1894
Czech Republic
K.J. Maska

[99]
Lapedo Child
24.5k
Homo neanderthalensis or Homo sapiens
1998
Portugal
João Zilhão

[99]
Eel Point
24k
Homo sapiens
1997
UK

LB 1 (Hobbit)
18k
Homo floresiensis
2003
Indonesia
Peter Brown

[100]
Minatogawa 1
16k - 18k
Homo sapiens
1970
Japan

Anthropology Museum, Tokyo University

Tandou[101][102]
17k
Homo sapiens
1967
Australia
Duncan Merrilees

Gough's Cave[103][104]
14.7k
Homo sapiens
2010
UK

Iwo Eleru Skull
13k[105]
Homo sapiens
1965
Nigeria

Arlington Springs Man
13k[106]
Homo sapiens
1959
United States
Phil Orr

Chancelade find
17-12k[107]
Homo sapiens
1888
France

Red Deer Cave
14.5k - 11.5k
Uncertain, possibly Homo sapiens
1979
China
Darren Curnoe?

Luzia
11.5k[108]
Homo sapiens
1975
Brazil
Annette Laming-Emperaire

[109]
Cerro Sota 2[110]
11k
Homo sapiens
1936
Chile
Junius Bird

Wadjak 1[111]
10k - 12k
Homo sapiens
1888
Indonesia
B.D. van Rietschoten

Talgai Skull[112]
11k - 9k
Homo sapiens
1886
Australia
William Naish
Sydney Museum

text: Holocene[edit]

text: Mesolithic / Neolithic: 10,000 - 5000 years old[edit]

text:
Name
Age
Species
Year
discovered
Country
Discovered by
Now located at

La Brea Woman
~ 10k
Homo sapiens sapiens
1914
United States

Combe Capelle
9.6 k[113]
Homo sapiens sapiens
1909
France
O. Hauser

Cheddar Man
9k
Homo sapiens sapiens
1903
UK

Kow Swamp 1
9k - 13k
Homo sapiens sapiens
1968
Australia
A.G. Thorne

Afalou 13[citation needed]
8k - 12k
Homo sapiens sapiens
1920
Algeria
C. Arambourg

Wadi Halfa (Site 6B36)[citation needed]
8k - 15k
Homo sapiens sapiens
1963
Sudan
G. Armelagos, E. Ewing, D. Greene

Wadi Kubbaniya[citation needed]
8k - 20k
Homo sapiens sapiens
1982
Egypt
Fred Wendorf

Minnesota Woman
7.8 - 8k
Homo sapiens sapiens
1931
Minnesota, United States
Albert Jenks, via construction crew

Lo 4b[114][115]
6k - 9k
Homo sapiens sapiens
1965-1975
Kenya
H. Robbins B.M. Lynch

Tepexpan man
5k - 11k
Homo sapiens sapiens
1947
Mexico
H. de Terra

Del Mar skull[citation needed]
4.9k - 11.8
Homo sapiens sapiens
1929
United States
M.J. Rogers

Ötzi
5.3k
Homo sapiens sapiens
1991
Ötztal Alps, Italy
Helmut Simon and Erika Simon

text: Abbreviations used in fossil catalog name[edit]

text:
AL – Afar Locality, Ethiopia
ARA-VP – Aramis Vertebrate Paleontology, Ethiopia
BAR – (Lukeino, Tugen Hills) Baringo District, Kenya
BOU-VP – Bouri Vertebrate Paleontology, Ethiopia
D – Dmanisi, Georgia
ER – East (Lake) Rudolf, Kenya
KGA – Konso-Gardula, Ethiopia
KNM – Kenya National Museum
KP – Kanapoi, Kenya
LB – Liang Bua, Indonesia
LH – Laetoli Hominid, Tanzania
MH – Malapa Hominin, South Africa
NG – Ngandong, Indonesia
OH – Olduvai Hominid, Tanzania
SK – Swartkrans, South Africa
Sts, Stw – Sterkfontein, South Africa
TM – Transvaal Museum, South Africa
TM – Toros-Menalla, Chad
WT – West (Lake) Turkana, Kenya


document_title: Don't Think Twice, It's All Right

question_text: don't think twice it's all right meaning

question_tokens: do n 't think twice it 's all right meaning

text: Don't Think Twice, It's All Right

text: Context[edit]

text: In the liner notes to the original release, Nat Hentoff calls the song "a statement that maybe you can say to make yourself feel better ... as if you were talking to yourself." It was written around the time that Suze Rotolo indefinitely prolonged her stay in Italy.  The melody is based on the public domain traditional song "Who's Gonna Buy Your Chickens When I'm Gone"[1][2] and was taught to Dylan by folksinger Paul Clayton, who had used it in his song "Who's Gonna Buy You Ribbons When I'm Gone?"

text: As well as the melody, a couple of lines were taken from Clayton's "Who's Gonna Buy You Ribbons When I'm Gone?", which was recorded in 1960, two years before Dylan wrote "Don't Think Twice". Lines taken word-for-word or slightly altered from the Clayton song are, "T'ain't no use to sit and wonder why, darlin'," and, "So I'm walkin' down that long, lonesome road." On the first release of the song, instead of "So I'm walkin' down that long, lonesome road babe, where I'm bound, I can't tell" Dylan sings "So long, honey babe, where I'm bound, I can't tell". The lyrics were changed when Dylan performed live versions of the song and on cover versions recorded by other artists.

text: In addition to its original release, the song has appeared on several of Dylan's greatest hits compilations, including Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits Vol. II (1971), The Best of Bob Dylan (1997), and The Essential Bob Dylan (2000). Another version of the song, recorded as a demo for Dylan's music publisher M. Witmark & Sons in 1963, was included on two releases in Columbia's Bootleg Series: Vol. 7: No Direction Home: The Soundtrack (2005) and Vol. 9 – The Witmark Demos: 1962–1964 (2010). In addition, live versions have been released on Before the Flood (1974; recorded February 14, 1974), Bob Dylan at Budokan (1978; recorded February 28, 1978), The Bootleg Series Vol. 6: Bob Dylan Live 1964, Concert at Philharmonic Hall (2004; recorded October 31, 1964), Live at The Gaslight 1962 (2005; recorded October 15, 1962), and Live 1962-1966: Rare Performances From The Copyright Collections (2018; recorded April 12, 1963).

text: It has been argued that the guitar on the original version of the song, which features a fast fingerstyle, was played by Bruce Langhorne.[3] In live performances, Dylan often strummed the chords, or flatpicked, but in a similar, fast-paced manner. Moreover, the 1963 "Witmark demos" version of the song has Bob Dylan finger-picking, in a very similar manner to the original 1962 recording. Furthermore, a recording of an April 1963 concert in New York City[4] contains a live version of "Don't Think Twice", finger-picked in a manner similar to that heard on the original recording.

text: The song was used on the television series Mad Men, Friday Night Lights, and Men of a Certain Age.[5][6]  It was also used in Nancy Savoca's 1991 film Dogfight, starring River Phoenix and Lili Taylor; the 2011 film The Help; and the October 30, 2016 episode of the TV series The Walking Dead.

text: Cover versions[edit]

text:
"Don't Think Twice, It's All Right"
Single by Peter, Paul and Maryfrom the album In the WindB-side
"Autumn to May"Released
1963Length
3:16Label
Warner Bros.Songwriter(s)
Bob DylanProducer(s)
Albert Grossman

text: "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right" has been covered by Willie Nelson and Merle Haggard, Peter, Paul and Mary (1963),[7] Dick and Dee Dee, Bobby Darin, Glen Campbell, Dolly Parton, The Seekers, John Anderson, Randy Travis, Arnaldo Baptista, The Georgia Satellites, Cher, Melanie, Kesha, Johnny Cash, Ed Sheeran, Bobby Bare, Jackie DeShannon, Gordon Lightfoot, Davey Graham, Odetta, Ralph McTell, Rory Gallagher, Stone the Crows, Heinz, Elvis Presley, Burl Ives, Waylon Jennings, Flatt and Scruggs, Steve Young, Donavon Frankenreiter, Ramblin' Jack Elliott, Jerry Reed, Joan Baez (who, in addition to covering it alone, also recorded it as a trio with the Indigo Girls), Joshua Radin, Doc Watson, The Waifs, Vonda Shepard, John Martyn, Metric, Elliott Smith, Billy Bragg, Frank Turner & Mark McCabe, Nick Drake, Sandi Thom, Susan Tedeschi, Emily Haines, Susanna and the Magical Orchestra, Boris Grebenshchikov, Jackie Greene, Ben Lee, Bryan Ferry, Julie Felix, Wolfgang Ambros, Arlo Guthrie, Tristan Prettyman, Bree Sharp, Gavin Castleton, The Folkswingers, O.A.R. with Matt Nathanson and Mike Ness, The Kingston Trio, David Wiffen, Billy Paul, guitarist Lenny Breau, Ryan Montbleau, John Mayer, Albert Hammond Jr., The Allman Brothers Band, Emilie-Claire Barlow, Cock Robin, Gregory and the Hawk, Eddie from Ohio, Barbara Dickson, Chris Thile, Brad Mehldau, Kronos Quartet, Drew Holcomb and The Neighbors, Milky Chance, Eastern Conference Champions, Post Malone, Jess & Matt, Lill Lindfors, and Nick Takenobu Ogawa. The Peter, Paul and Mary cover was the definitive single, reaching #9 pop Billboard Hot 100, #2 easy listening on Billboard's charts.[7]

text: Eric Clapton performed, to critical acclaim, a blues rendition of the song at the 1992 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration in Dylan's honor.[8]

text: The Four Seasons released a cover of the song as a single in 1965 (with the title "Don't Think Twice") under the pseudonym The Wonder Who? Their "joke" version reached the #12 position on the Billboard Hot 100 chart,[9] and eventually sold one million copies.