document_title: iPhone 5C

question_text: when did iphone 5c come out in uk

question_tokens: when did iphone 5c come out in uk

text: iPhone 5C

text: History and positioning[edit]

text: Apple announced the iPhone 5C, along with the iPhone 5S during a media event at its Cupertino headquarters on September 10, 2013. Thus, the iPhone 5S became the new flagship of the iPhone range, while the iPhone 5C was designed as a mid-range model, and the iPhone 4S continued production becoming the entry-level model of the series. The iPhone 5S 16 GB retailed in the US for $199 on contract or $649 off-contract, the iPhone 5C 16 GB retailed for $99 on contract or $549 off-contract, and the iPhone 4S 8 GB had dropped to $0 on contract or $449 off-contract.[7][8]

text: Unlike past iPhone releases, where the previous generation model continued to be produced but sold at a lower price alongside the newest model, the iPhone 5 was discontinued when the iPhone 5S was released. It has been suggested that continuing to offer the original iPhone 5 at a lower price would have cut into Apple's profit margins, thus substituting the aluminum body for a polycarbonate case (resulting in the iPhone 5C) to reduce manufacturing costs. Also, it was believed that Apple's accustomed strategy of maintaining sales of older iPhone iterations – while still successful – would not have sparked as much demand as a "new" iPhone would, hence Apple's efforts to brand the 5C as a new product.[9]

text: The iPhone 5C was rumored to be the long-awaited "inexpensive iPhone" or "cheap iPhone". However, it competed with other mid-range devices which slotted right below flagship phones, like the HTC One Mini and Moto X.[10] Given Apple's premium pricing tendencies, the iPhone 5C was initially sold at prices similar to other high-end flagship smartphones released early in 2013 (and receiving discounts after being on the market for six months) such as the Samsung Galaxy S4 and HTC One.[11] Like previous iPhones, it did not compete in the feature phone segment nor the unsubsidized/prepaid category.[7][8]

text: On March 18, 2014, an 8 GB version of the device was released in UK, France, Germany, Italy, Australia, Sweden and China.[12] On September 9, 2014, Apple discontinued the iPhone 4S as part of its annual refresh of the iPhone lineup – in which time the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus were introduced – thus making the iPhone 5C the entry-level model complimentary when a two-year contract is signed with a US carrier or $349 off-contract. The 16 & 32 GB versions of the iPhone 5C were also discontinued globally, replaced by the 8 GB model. However, some carriers in the US like AT&T kept the 16 GB and 32 GB models instead of having the 8 GB model, thus the 16 GB model was $0 (on-contract) and the 32 GB was priced between $50–$100 (on-contract).[13] The 8 GB iPhone 5C succeeded the discontinued iPhone 4S as Apple's entry-level smartphone.

text: On September 9, 2015, with the announcement of the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus, the 8 GB iPhone 5C was discontinued, being replaced by the 16 and 32 GB iPhone 5S as Apple's entry-level smartphone.

text: On June 5, 2017, with the announcement of iOS 11, it was announced that the software will no longer support 32-bit devices or apps. This includes the iPhone 5C, confirming that iOS 10 will be the last software available for the device, and that there may be compatibility issues with new applications [14].

text: Features[edit]

text: Design[edit]

text: The phone has been redesigned using polycarbonate housing, which is strengthened by a steel band. However, due to the material of design changes, the phone weighs 132 grams, which is 20 grams heavier than both the 5 and the 5S, but still lighter than older iPhone models. The design of the iPhone 5C is also considerably thicker but closely similar to the design of the iPod Touch (5th generation) models, which is also available in a variety of colors, but in a different coating finish. Other minor changes include a different camera assembly and the design of the mute/ringer switch. This iPhone received positive reviews for its design claiming that it was the most durable iPhone ever. Unlike subsequent models, the iPhone 5C is offered in five colours (blue, green, yellow, pink and white).

text: Software[edit]

text: The iPhone 5C features iOS, Apple's mobile operating system.[15] The user interface of iOS is based on the concept of direct manipulation, using multi-touch gestures. Interlock control elements consist of sliders, switches, and buttons.[16] Interaction with the OS includes gestures such as swipe, tap, pinch, and reverse pinch, all of which have specific definitions within the context of the iOS operating system and its multi-touch interface. Internal accelerometers are used by some applications to respond to shaking the device (one common result is the undo command) or rotating it vertically (one common result is switching from portrait to landscape mode).[16]

text: The iPhone 5C was supplied with iOS 7, released on September 20, 2013.[17] Jonathan Ive, the designer of iOS 7's new elements, described the update as "bringing order to complexity", highlighting features such as refined typography, new icons, translucency, layering, physics, and gyroscope-driven parallaxing as some of the major changes to the design.[18] The design of both iOS 7 and OS X Mavericks (version 10.9) noticeably depart from skeuomorphic elements such as green felt in Game Center, wood in Newsstand, and leather in Calendar, in favor of flatter graphic design.[18]

text: The phone can act as a hotspot, sharing its Internet connection over Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or USB, and also accesses the App Store, an online application distribution platform for iOS developed and maintained by Apple. The service allows users to browse and download applications from the iTunes Store that were developed with Xcode and the iOS SDK and were published through Apple.[19]

text: iOS 7 adds AirDrop, an ad-hoc Wi-Fi sharing platform. Users can share files with an iPhone 5 onwards, the iPod Touch (5th generation), iPad (4th generation), or iPad Mini.[20][21] The operating system also adds Control Center, which gives iOS users access to commonly used controls and apps. By swiping up from any screen–including the Lock screen–users can do such things as switch to Airplane mode, turn Wi-Fi on or off, adjust the display brightness and similar basic functions of the device. It also includes a new integrated flashlight function to operate the reverse camera's flash LED as a flashlight.[22]

text: The iPhone 5C functions as a media player, and includes Apple Maps and Passbook. The mapping application includes turn-by-turn navigation spoken directions, 3D views in some major cities and real-time traffic.[23] Users can rotate their device horizontally to landscape mode to access a collage of album covers.

text: The 5C includes Siri, an intelligent personal assistant and knowledge navigator. The application uses a natural language user interface to answer questions, make recommendations, and perform actions by delegating requests to a set of Web services. Apple claims that the software adapts to the user's individual preferences over time and personalizes results.[24] iOS 7 adds new male and female voices, new system setting functionalities, a redesign to match the rest of the operating system, and integration with Twitter, Wikipedia, Bing, and Photos.[25] The highest operating system it supports currently is iOS 10 in 2016. iOS 11 will not support this iPhone, as the phone ceased production in September 2015 and it is also a 32-bit iPhone. [26]

text: Facebook comes integrated through Apple's native apps. Facebook features can be directly accessed from within native apps such as Calendar which can sync Facebook events, or use Facebook's like button from within the Apple App Store.[27][28] iTunes Radio, an internet radio service, is also included on the iPhone 5C. It is a free, ad-supported service available to all iTunes users, featuring Siri integration on iOS. Users are able to skip tracks, customize stations, and purchase the station's songs from the iTunes Store. Users can also search through their history of previous songs.[29]

text: Hardware[edit]

text: The iPhone 5C uses most of the same hardware as the iPhone 5, with some minor changes.

text: The iPhone 5C uses a system on chip (SoC), called the Apple A6, the same chip that powered the iPhone 5.[30] The SoC comprises a 1.3 GHz dual-core processor, 1 GB of RAM and a tri-core PowerVR SGX543MP3 running at 266 MHz.[31][32]

text: The iPhone 5C has new LTE antennas that now cover more LTE bands than any other smartphone according to Apple.[33] The device is made up of a unibody hard-coated polycarbonate body with a steel-reinforced frame, which also acts as an antenna. The iPhone 5C is available in multiple bright colors for the back — blue, green, pink, yellow, and white, with a black glass front.[34] It features a 4-inch Retina, multi-touch display, which has a 640×1136 pixel resolution. Storage capacities available are fixed at 8, 16, or 32 GB; plug-in memory card are not supported.

text: The iPhone 5C retains the 8 MP back camera similar to the iPhone 5 but with a different camera assembly. The front camera, which is accessible through the FaceTime and camera app has a lower resolution, at 1.2 megapixels. The rechargeable lithium-ion battery with a charge capacity of 1510mAh[2] is slightly improved upon iPhone 5's 1440mAh battery. It is integrated and cannot be replaced by the user. It is rated at ≤225 hours of standby time and ≤8 hours of talk time.[35]

text: The iPhone 5C lacks the major new features introduced in the iPhone 5S. It does not have the iPhone 5S's Touch ID fingerprint scanner. It also does not have the 64-bit A7 SoC with the M7 motion co-processor. However the iPhone 5C does support snapping still photos while video recording and 3x digital zooming.

text: The iPhone 5c uses a Nano SIM card, same as the iPhone 5s and the iPhone 5.

text: Apple accessories[edit]

text: During the iPhone's media event, Apple announced a case for the iPhone 5C that is available in six colors: black, white, pink, yellow, blue, and green. Holes are cut out of the case to show the color of the iPhone's back through the case, making for an almost two-tone looking device. The cases and phone colors make for thirty different color combinations.[36] The inside of the case is lined with soft microfiber, with the outside being made of silicone. This is the first time Apple released a case for an iPhone since the iPhone 4 with the iPhone 4 Bumpers. The iPhone 5C is the only iPhone newer than the iPhone 5 that does not fit with the Apple Leather Case.

text: Apple also released a previously announced dock for the iPhone 5C,[37] the first time Apple has made a dock since the iPhone 4. It has received overwhelmingly negative reviews on Apple's online store due to the fact that cases are not compatible with it.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The iPhone 5C received generally mixed reviews, with the phone itself being regarded as solid, but the polycarbonate shell being considered a downgrade that lacked a 'premium' look and feel, compared to the aluminum bodies of the iPhone 5 and iPhone 5S.[38][39][40]

text: Most reviewers generally noted that the iPhone 5S offered more features (thanks to its 64-bit A7 SoC with the M7 motion co-processor) and storage space for a relatively small additional upfront cost ($650 USD versus $550 USD in March 2014) over the iPhone 5C, during the period that both phones were sold side by side. The 8 GB version of the iPhone 5C, released in 2014, was described as "unusable" as only 4.9GB is available to the user after installing iOS 8; in contrast to iPhone 5S which offers a minimum of 16 GB storage.[12][41] The iPhone 5C was regarded as too expensive to compete with affordable flagship smartphones such as the Nexus 5 and OnePlus One, or smartphones designed for developing markets such as the Moto G.[42]

text: Commercial reception[edit]

text: The iPhone 5S and 5C sold over nine million units in the first three days, which set a record for first weekend smartphone sales,[43] with the 5S selling three times more units than iPhone 5C. After the first day of release, 1% of all iPhone in the US were iPhone 5S, while 0.3% were iPhone 5C.[44]

text: Commentators viewed iPhone 5C as a flop because of supply chain cuts signifying a decline in demand in October 2013.[45] Apple CEO Tim Cook admitted that the company overstocked the iPhone 5C while having shortages of the iPhone 5S, as a result of failing to anticipate the sales ratio between both phones.[42] Six months after the release of the iPhone 5C, on March 25, 2014, Apple announced that sales of the iPhone line has crossed 500 million units, but did not break out how many of these units were the iPhone 5C.[46] iPhone 5C was among the top three best selling phones in the US for three months after its launch.[47]

text: Timeline of models[edit]


document_title: President of the United States

question_text: who decides how much the president will be paid

question_tokens: who decides how much the president will be paid

root

text: President of the United States

text: Origin

text: During the American Revolution in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain. The new states were independent of each other as nation states[20] and recognized the necessity of closely coordinating their efforts against the British.[21] Congress desired to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy and negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish an alliance between the states.[20] Under the Articles, Congress was a central authority without any legislative power. It could make its own resolutions, determinations, and regulations, but not any laws, and could not impose any taxes or enforce local commercial regulations upon its citizens.[21] This institutional design reflected how Americans believed the deposed British system of Crown and Parliament ought to have functioned with respect to the royal dominion: a superintending body for matters that concerned the entire empire.[21] The states were out from under any monarchy and assigned some formerly royal prerogatives (e.g., making war, receiving ambassadors, etc.) to Congress; the remaining prerogatives were lodged within their own respective state governments. The states agreed to a resolution that settled competing western land claims. The Articles took effect on March 1, 1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them.

tag: p

text: In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies. With peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs.[20] By 1786, Americans found their continental borders besieged and weak and their respective economies in crises as neighboring states agitated trade rivalries with one another. They witnessed their hard currency pouring into foreign markets to pay for imports, their Mediterranean commerce preyed upon by North African pirates, and their foreign-financed Revolutionary War debts unpaid and accruing interest.[20] Civil and political unrest loomed.

text: Following the successful resolution of commercial and fishing disputes between Virginia and Maryland at the Mount Vernon Conference in 1785, Virginia called for a trade conference between all the states, set for September 1786 in Annapolis, Maryland, with an aim toward resolving further-reaching interstate commercial antagonisms. When the convention failed for lack of attendance due to suspicions among most of the other states, Alexander Hamilton led the Annapolis delegates in a call for a convention to offer revisions to the Articles, to be held the next spring in Philadelphia. Prospects for the next convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washington's attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia.[20][22]

text: When the Constitutional Convention convened in May 1787, the 12 state delegations in attendance (Rhode Island did not send delegates) brought with them an accumulated experience over a diverse set of institutional arrangements between legislative and executive branches from within their respective state governments. Most states maintained a weak executive without veto or appointment powers, elected annually by the legislature to a single term only, sharing power with an executive council, and countered by a strong legislature.[20] New York offered the greatest exception, having a strong, unitary governor with veto and appointment power elected to a three-year term, and eligible for reelection to an indefinite number of terms thereafter.[20] It was through the closed-door negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U.S. Constitution emerged.

text: Powers and duties

text: Article I legislative role

text: The Presentment Clause requires that any bill passed by Congress must be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options:

text:
Sign the legislation within ten days, excluding Sundays – the bill becomes law.
Veto the legislation within the above timeframe and return it to the house of Congress from which it originated, expressing any objections – the bill does not become law, unless both houses of Congress vote to override the veto by a two-thirds vote.
Take no action on the legislation within the above timeframe – the bill becomes law, as if the president had signed it, unless Congress is adjourned at the time, in which case it does not become law (a pocket veto).

tag: ol

text: In 1996, Congress attempted to enhance the president's veto power with the Line Item Veto Act. The legislation empowered the president to sign any spending bill into law while simultaneously striking certain spending items within the bill, particularly any new spending, any amount of discretionary spending, or any new limited tax benefit. Congress could then repass that particular item. If the president then vetoed the new legislation, Congress could override the veto by its ordinary means, a two-thirds vote in both houses. In Clinton v. City of New York, 524 U.S. 417 (1998), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled such a legislative alteration of the veto power to be unconstitutional.

text: Article II executive powers

text: War and foreign affairs powers

text: One of the most important of all executive powers is the president's role as commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The power to declare war is constitutionally vested in Congress, but the president has ultimate responsibility for the direction and disposition of the military. The present-day operational command of the Armed Forces is delegated to the Department of Defense and is normally exercised through the Secretary of Defense. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Combatant Commands assist with the operation as outlined in the presidentially approved Unified Command Plan (UCP).[23][24][25] The framers of the Constitution took care to limit the president's powers regarding the military; Alexander Hamilton explained this in Federalist No. 69:

text: The President is to be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States. ... It would amount to nothing more than the supreme command and direction of the military and naval forces ... while that [the power] of the British king extends to the DECLARING of war and to the RAISING and REGULATING of fleets and armies, all [of] which ... would appertain to the legislature.[26] [Emphasis in the original.]

text: Pursuant to the War Powers Resolution, Congress must authorize any troop deployments longer than 60 days, although that process relies on triggering mechanisms that have never been employed, rendering it ineffectual.[27] Additionally, Congress provides a check to presidential military power through its control over military spending and regulation. Presidents have historically initiated the process for going to war,[28][29] but critics have charged that there have been several conflicts in which presidents did not get official declarations, including Theodore Roosevelt's military move into Panama in 1903,[28] the Korean War,[28] the Vietnam War,[28] and the invasions of Grenada in 1983[30] and Panama in 1990.[31]

text: Administrative powers

text:
Suffice it to say that the President is made the sole repository of the executive powers of the United States, and the powers entrusted to him as well as the duties imposed upon him are awesome indeed.

William Rehnquist, Nixon v. General Services Administration, 433 U.S. 425 (1977) (dissenting opinion)

tag: div

text: The president is the head of the executive branch of the federal government and is constitutionally obligated to "take care that the laws be faithfully executed".[32] The executive branch has over four million employees, including members of the military.[33]

text: Presidents make numerous executive branch appointments: an incoming president may make up to 6,000 before taking office and 8,000 more while serving. Ambassadors, members of the Cabinet, and other federal officers, are all appointed by a president with the "advice and consent" of a majority of the Senate. When the Senate is in recess for at least ten days, the president may make recess appointments.[34] Recess appointments are temporary and expire at the end of the next session of the Senate.

text: The power of a president to fire executive officials has long been a contentious political issue. Generally, a president may remove executive officials purely at will.[35] However, Congress can curtail and constrain a president's authority to fire commissioners of independent regulatory agencies and certain inferior executive officers by statute.[36]

text: To manage the growing federal bureaucracy, presidents have gradually surrounded themselves with many layers of staff, who were eventually organized into the Executive Office of the President of the United States. Within the Executive Office, the president's innermost layer of aides (and their assistants) are located in the White House Office.

text: Additionally, the president possesses the power to manage operations of the federal government through issuing various types of directives, such as presidential proclamation and executive orders. When the president is lawfully exercising one of his constitutionally conferred responsibilities, the scope of this power is broad.[37] Even so, these directives are subject to judicial review by U.S. federal courts, which can find them to be unconstitutional. Moreover, Congress can overturn an executive order though legislation.

text: Juridical powers

text: The president also has the power to nominate federal judges, including members of the United States courts of appeals and the Supreme Court of the United States. However, these nominations require Senate confirmation. Securing Senate approval can provide a major obstacle for presidents who wish to orient the federal judiciary toward a particular ideological stance. When nominating judges to U.S. district courts, presidents often respect the long-standing tradition of senatorial courtesy. Presidents may also grant pardons and reprieves. Gerald Ford pardoned Richard Nixon a month after taking office. Bill Clinton pardoned Patty Hearst on his last day in office, as is often done just before the end of a second presidential term, but not without controversy.[38][39][40]

text: Historically, two doctrines concerning executive power have developed that enable the president to exercise executive power with a degree of autonomy. The first is executive privilege, which allows the president to withhold from disclosure any communications made directly to the president in the performance of executive duties. George Washington first claimed the privilege when Congress requested to see Chief Justice John Jay's notes from an unpopular treaty negotiation with Great Britain. While not enshrined in the Constitution, or any other law, Washington's action created the precedent for the privilege. When Richard Nixon tried to use executive privilege as a reason for not turning over subpoenaed evidence to Congress during the Watergate scandal, the Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683 (1974), that executive privilege did not apply in cases where a president was attempting to avoid criminal prosecution. When President Bill Clinton attempted to use executive privilege regarding the Lewinsky scandal, the Supreme Court ruled in Clinton v. Jones, 520 U.S. 681 (1997), that the privilege also could not be used in civil suits. These cases established the legal precedent that executive privilege is valid, although the exact extent of the privilege has yet to be clearly defined. Additionally, federal courts have allowed this privilege to radiate outward and protect other executive branch employees, but have weakened that protection for those executive branch communications that do not involve the president.[41]

text: The state secrets privilege allows the president and the executive branch to withhold information or documents from discovery in legal proceedings if such release would harm national security. Precedent for the privilege arose early in the 19th century when Thomas Jefferson refused to release military documents in the treason trial of Aaron Burr and again in Totten v. United States 92 U.S. 105 (1876), when the Supreme Court dismissed a case brought by a former Union spy.[42] However, the privilege was not formally recognized by the U.S. Supreme Court until United States v. Reynolds 345 U.S. 1 (1953), where it was held to be a common law evidentiary privilege.[43] Before the September 11 attacks, use of the privilege had been rare, but increasing in frequency.[44] Since 2001, the government has asserted the privilege in more cases and at earlier stages of the litigation, thus in some instances causing dismissal of the suits before reaching the merits of the claims, as in the Ninth Circuit's ruling in Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan, Inc.[43][45][46] Critics of the privilege claim its use has become a tool for the government to cover up illegal or embarrassing government actions.[47][48]

text: Legislative facilitator

text: The Constitution's Ineligibility Clause prevents the president (and all other executive officers) from simultaneously being a member of Congress. Therefore, the president cannot directly introduce legislative proposals for consideration in Congress. However, the president can take an indirect role in shaping legislation, especially if the president's political party has a majority in one or both houses of Congress. For example, the president or other officials of the executive branch may draft legislation and then ask senators or representatives to introduce these drafts into Congress. The president can further influence the legislative branch through constitutionally or statutorily mandated, periodic reports to Congress. These reports may be either written or oral, but today the greatest in importance are given as the oral State of the Union addresses, which often outline the president's legislative proposals for the coming year. Additionally, the president may attempt to have Congress alter proposed legislation by threatening to veto that legislation unless requested changes are made.

text: In the 20th century, critics charged that too many legislative and budgetary powers that should have belonged to Congress had slid into the hands of presidents. As the head of the executive branch, presidents control a vast array of agencies that can issue regulations with little oversight from Congress. One critic charged that presidents could appoint a "virtual army of 'czars' – each wholly unaccountable to Congress yet tasked with spearheading major policy efforts for the White House".[49] Presidents have been criticized for making signing statements when signing congressional legislation about how they understand a bill or plan to execute it.[50] This practice has been criticized by the American Bar Association as unconstitutional.[51] Conservative commentator George Will wrote of an "increasingly swollen executive branch" and "the eclipse of Congress".[52]

text: According to Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution, the president may convene either or both houses of Congress. If both houses cannot agree on a date of adjournment, the president may appoint a date for Congress to adjourn. For example, Franklin Delano Roosevelt convened a special session of Congress immediately after the December 7, 1941, Japanese sneak attack on Pearl Harbor and asked for a declaration of war.

text: Ceremonial roles

text: As head of state, the president can fulfill traditions established by previous presidents. William Howard Taft started the tradition of throwing out the ceremonial first pitch in 1910 at Griffith Stadium, Washington, D.C., on the Washington Senators' Opening Day. Every president since Taft, except for Jimmy Carter, threw out at least one ceremonial first ball or pitch for Opening Day, the All-Star Game, or the World Series, usually with much fanfare.[53]

text: The President of the United States has served as the honorary president of the Boy Scouts of America since the founding of the organization.[54]

text: Other presidential traditions are associated with American holidays. Rutherford B. Hayes began in 1878 the first White House egg rolling for local children.[55] Beginning in 1947, during the Harry S. Truman administration, every Thanksgiving the president is presented with a live domestic turkey during the annual National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation held at the White House. Since 1989, when the custom of "pardoning" the turkey was formalized by George H. W. Bush, the turkey has been taken to a farm where it will live out the rest of its natural life.[56]

text: Presidential traditions also involve the president's role as head of government. Many outgoing presidents since James Buchanan traditionally give advice to their successor during the presidential transition.[57] Ronald Reagan and his successors have also left a private message on the desk of the Oval Office on Inauguration Day for the incoming president.[58]

text:
Four ruffles and flourishes and 'Hail to the Chief' (long version)

Problems playing this file? See media help.

tag: table

text: During a state visit by a foreign head of state, the president typically hosts a State Arrival Ceremony held on the South Lawn, a custom begun by John F. Kennedy in 1961.[59] This is followed by a state dinner given by the president which is held in the State Dining Room later in the evening.[60]

text: The modern presidency holds the president as one of the nation's premier celebrities. Some argue that images of the presidency have a tendency to be manipulated by administration public relations officials as well as by presidents themselves. One critic described the presidency as "propagandized leadership" which has a "mesmerizing power surrounding the office".[61] Administration public relations managers staged carefully crafted photo-ops of smiling presidents with smiling crowds for television cameras.[62] One critic wrote the image of John F. Kennedy was described as carefully framed "in rich detail" which "drew on the power of myth" regarding the incident of PT 109[63] and wrote that Kennedy understood how to use images to further his presidential ambitions.[64] As a result, some political commentators have opined that American voters have unrealistic expectations of presidents: voters expect a president to "drive the economy, vanquish enemies, lead the free world, comfort tornado victims, heal the national soul and protect borrowers from hidden credit-card fees".[65]

text: Critics of presidency's evolution

text: The nation's Founding Fathers expected the Congress—which was the first branch of government described in the Constitution—to be the dominant branch of government; they did not expect a strong executive department.[66] However, presidential power has shifted over time, which has resulted in claims that the modern presidency has become too powerful,[67][68] unchecked, unbalanced,[69] and "monarchist" in nature.[70] Critic Dana D. Nelson believes presidents over the past thirty years have worked towards "undivided presidential control of the executive branch and its agencies".[71] She criticizes proponents of the unitary executive for expanding "the many existing uncheckable executive powers – such as executive orders, decrees, memorandums, proclamations, national security directives and legislative signing statements – that already allow presidents to enact a good deal of foreign and domestic policy without aid, interference or consent from Congress".[71] Activist Bill Wilson opined that the expanded presidency was "the greatest threat ever to individual freedom and democratic rule".[72]

text: Selection process

text: Eligibility

text: Article II, Section 1, Clause 5 of the Constitution sets the following qualifications for holding the presidency:

text:
be a natural-born citizen of the United States;[note 4]
be at least thirty-five years old;
be a resident in the United States for at least fourteen years.

tag: ul

text: A person who meets the above qualifications is still disqualified from holding the office of president under any of the following conditions:

text:
Under the Twenty-second Amendment, no person can be elected president more than twice. The amendment also specifies that if any eligible person serves as president or acting president for more than two years of a term for which some other eligible person was elected president, the former can only be elected president once. Scholars disagree over whether a person precluded by the Twenty-second Amendment to being elected president is also precluded from being vice president.[73]
Under Article I, Section 3, Clause 7, upon conviction in impeachment cases, the Senate has the option of disqualifying convicted individuals from holding federal office, including that of president.[74]
Under Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment, no person who swore an oath to support the Constitution, and later rebelled against the United States, can become president. However, this disqualification can be lifted by a two-thirds vote of each house of Congress.

text: Campaigns and nomination

text: The modern presidential campaign begins before the primary elections, which the two major political parties use to clear the field of candidates before their national nominating conventions, where the most successful candidate is made the party's nominee for president. Typically, the party's presidential candidate chooses a vice presidential nominee, and this choice is rubber-stamped by the convention. The most common previous profession of U.S. presidents is lawyer.[75]

text: Nominees participate in nationally televised debates, and while the debates are usually restricted to the Democratic and Republican nominees, third party candidates may be invited, such as Ross Perot in the 1992 debates. Nominees campaign across the country to explain their views, convince voters and solicit contributions. Much of the modern electoral process is concerned with winning swing states through frequent visits and mass media advertising drives.

text: Election and oath

text: The president is elected indirectly. A number of electors, collectively known as the Electoral College, officially select the president. On Election Day, voters in each of the states and the District of Columbia cast ballots for these electors. Each state is allocated a number of electors, equal to the size of its combined delegation in both Houses of Congress. Generally, the ticket that wins the most votes in a state wins all of that state's electoral votes and thus has its slate of electors chosen to vote in the Electoral College.

text: The winning slate of electors meet at its state's capital on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December, about six weeks after the election, to vote. They then send a record of that vote to Congress. The vote of the electors is opened by the sitting vice president—acting in that role's capacity as President of the Senate—and read aloud to a joint session of the incoming Congress, which was elected at the same time as the president.

text: Pursuant to the Twentieth Amendment, the president's term of office begins at noon on January 20 of the year following the election. This date, known as Inauguration Day, marks the beginning of the four-year terms of both the president and the vice president. Before executing the powers of the office, a president is constitutionally required to take the presidential oath:

text: I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.[76]

text: Presidents have traditionally palmed a Bible while taking the oath and have added, "So help me God!" to the end of the oath.[77] Although the oath may be administered by any person authorized by law to administer oaths, presidents are traditionally sworn in by the Chief Justice of the United States, except when vice presidents have succeeded to the presidency due to a president's death or resignation.

text: Tenure and term limits

text: The term of office for the president is four years. As the first president, George Washington set an unofficial precedent by serving only two terms. Prior to Franklin D. Roosevelt, Ulysses S. Grant and Theodore Roosevelt both unsuccessfully sought a third term. In 1940, FDR was elected to a third term after being "drafted" by his party. In 1941, the United States entered World War II, which led voters to elect Roosevelt to a fourth term in 1944 despite his declining physical health; he died 82 days into his fourth term on April 12, 1945.

text: In response to the unprecedented length of Roosevelt's presidency, the Twenty-second Amendment was adopted in 1951. The amendment bars anyone from being elected president more than twice, or once if that person served more than two years (24 months) of another president's four-year term. Harry S. Truman, president when this term limit came into force, was exempted from its limitations, and briefly sought a second full term—to which he would have otherwise inelegible for election to, as he had been president for more than two years of Roosevelt's fourth term—before he withdrew from the 1952 election.

text: Since the amendment's adoption, five presidents have served two full terms: Dwight D. Eisenhower, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama. Both Jimmy Carter and George H. W. Bush sought a second term, but were defeated. Richard Nixon was elected to a second term, but resigned before completing it. Lyndon B. Johnson, having held the presidency for one full term in addition to only 14 months of John F. Kennedy's unexpired term, was eligible for a second full term in 1968, but withdrew from Democratic Primary. Additionally, Gerald Ford, who served out the last two years and five months of Nixon's second term, sought a full term, but was defeated by Jimmy Carter in the 1976 election.

text: Succession, vacancy, or disability

text: Succession to or vacancies in the office of president may arise under several possible circumstances: death, resignation, and removal from office. Deaths have occurred a number of times, resignation has occurred only once, and removal from office has never occurred.

text: Article II, Section 4 of the Constitution allows for the removal of high federal officials, including the president, from office for "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors." Article I, Section 2, Clause 5 gives the House of Representatives the power to impeach such officials by a majority vote. Article I, Section 3, Clause 6 gives the Senate the power to remove impeached officials from office, given a two-thirds vote to convict. The House has thus far impeached two presidents: Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1998. Neither was convicted by the Senate. Johnson was acquitted by just one vote and Clinton by 17 votes.

text: Under Section 3 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, the president may transfer the presidential powers and duties to the vice president, who then becomes acting president, by transmitting a statement to the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate stating the reasons for the transfer. The president resumes the discharge of the presidential powers and duties upon transmitting, to those two officials, a written declaration stating that resumption. This transfer of power may occur for any reason the president considers appropriate; in 2002 and again in 2007, President George W. Bush briefly transferred presidential authority to Vice President Dick Cheney. In both cases, this was done to accommodate a medical procedure that required Bush to be sedated; both times, Bush returned to duty later the same day.[78]

text: Under Section 4 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, the vice president, in conjunction with a majority of the Cabinet, may transfer the presidential powers and duties from the president to the vice president by transmitting a written declaration to the Speaker of the House and the president pro tempore of the Senate that the president is unable to discharge the presidential powers and duties. If this occurs, then the vice president will assume the presidential powers and duties as acting president; however, the president can declare that no such inability exists and resume the discharge of the presidential powers and duties. If the vice president and Cabinet contest this claim, it is up to Congress, which must meet within two days if not already in session, to decide the merit of the claim.

text: The United States Constitution mentions the resignation of the president, but does not regulate its form or the conditions for its validity. Pursuant to federal law, the only valid evidence of the president's resignation is a written instrument to that effect, signed by the president and delivered to the office of the Secretary of State.[79] This has only occurred once, when Richard Nixon delivered a letter to Henry Kissinger to that effect.

text: Section 1 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment states that the vice president becomes president upon the removal from office, death, or resignation of the preceding president. The Presidential Succession Act of 1947 provides that if the offices of president and vice president are each either vacant or are held by a disabled person, the next officer in the presidential line of succession, the Speaker of the House, becomes acting president. The line then extends to the President pro tempore of the Senate, followed by every member of the Cabinet. The constitutionality of having congressional officials in the line of succession has been questioned. A person must fulfill all eligibility requirements of the office of president to be eligible to become acting president; ineligible individuals are skipped.

text: Political affiliation

text: Throughout most of its history, politics of the United States have been dominated by political parties. Political parties had not been anticipated when the U.S. Constitution was drafted in 1787, nor did they exist at the time of the first presidential election in 1788–1789. Organized political parties developed in the U.S. in the mid–1790s, but political factions, from which organized parties evolved, began to appear almost immediately after the Federal government came into existence. Those who supported the Washington administration were referred to as "pro-administration" and would eventually form the Federalist Party, while those in opposition joined the emerging Democratic-Republican Party.[80]

text: Greatly concerned about the very real capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together, Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his eight-year presidency. He was, and remains, the only U.S. president never to be affiliated with a political party.[81] Since George Washington, 43 persons have been sworn into the office of president, and each has been affiliated with a political party at the time of assuming office. The number of presidents per political party are:

text:
19 with the Republican Party – Chester A. Arthur, George H. W. Bush, George W. Bush, Calvin Coolidge, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Gerald Ford, James A. Garfield, Ulysses S. Grant, Warren G. Harding, Benjamin Harrison, Rutherford B. Hayes, Herbert Hoover, Abraham Lincoln, William McKinley, Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Donald Trump
15 with the Democratic Party – James Buchanan, Jimmy Carter, Grover Cleveland, Bill Clinton, Andrew Jackson, Andrew Johnson, Lyndon B. Johnson, John F. Kennedy, Barack Obama, Franklin Pierce, James K. Polk, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, Martin Van Buren, and Woodrow Wilson
Four with the Democratic-Republican Party – John Quincy Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe
Four with the Whig Party – Millard Fillmore, William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, and John Tyler
Two with the National Union Party – Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson
One with the Federalist Party – John Adams[82]

text: Compensation

text:
Presidential pay history

Date established
Salary
Salary in 2016
dollars

September 24, 1789
$25,000
$702,755

March 3, 1873
$50,000
$1,032,868

March 4, 1909
$75,000
$2,045,483

January 19, 1949
$100,000
$1,008,433

January 20, 1969
$200,000
$1,307,940

January 20, 2001
$400,000
$542,082

Sources:[83][84][85]

text: Since 2001, the president has earned a $400,000 annual salary, along with a $50,000 annual expense account, a $100,000 nontaxable travel account, and $19,000 for entertainment.[86][87] The most recent raise in salary was approved by Congress and President Bill Clinton in 1999 and went into effect in 2001.[87]

text: Residence

text: The White House in Washington, D.C. serves as the official residence of the president. Facilities that are available to the president include access to the White House staff, medical care, recreation, housekeeping, and security services. The government pays for state dinners and other official functions, but the president pays for personal, family, and guest dry cleaning and food; the high food bill often amazes new residents.[88] Camp David, officially titled Naval Support Facility Thurmont, is a mountain-based military camp in Frederick County, Maryland, used as a country retreat and for high alert protection of the president and guests. Blair House, located next to the Eisenhower Executive Office Building at the White House Complex and Lafayette Park, is a complex of four connected townhouses exceeding 70,000 square feet (6,500 m2) of floor space that serves as the president's official guest house and as a secondary residence for the president if needed.[89]

text: Travel

text: The primary means of long distance air travel for the president is one of two identical Boeing VC-25 aircraft, which are extensively modified Boeing 747 airliners and are referred to as Air Force One while the president is on board (although any U.S. Air Force aircraft the president is aboard is designated as "Air Force One" for the duration of the flight). In-country trips are typically handled with just one of the two planes, while overseas trips are handled with both, one primary and one backup. The president also has access to smaller Air Force aircraft, most notably the Boeing C-32, which are used when the president must travel to airports that cannot support a jumbo jet. Any civilian aircraft the president is aboard is designated Executive One for the flight.[90][91]

text: For short distance air travel, the president has access to a fleet of U.S. Marine Corps helicopters of varying models, designated Marine One when the president is aboard any particular one in the fleet. Flights are typically handled with as many as five helicopters all flying together and frequently swapping positions as to disguise which helicopter the president is actually aboard to any would-be threats.

text: For ground travel, the president uses the presidential state car, which is an armored limousine designed to look like a Cadillac sedan, but built on a truck chassis.[92][93] The US Secret Service operates and maintains the fleet of several limousines. The president also has access to two armored motorcoaches, which are primarily used for touring trips.[94]

text: Protection

text: The U.S. Secret Service is charged with protecting the president and the first family. As part of their protection, presidents, first ladies, their children and other immediate family members, and other prominent persons and locations are assigned Secret Service codenames.[95] The use of such names was originally for security purposes and dates to a time when sensitive electronic communications were not routinely encrypted; today, the names simply serve for purposes of brevity, clarity, and tradition.[96]

text:
Presidential amenities

The White House

Camp David

Blair House

State car

Air Force One

Marine One

text: Post-presidency

text: Under the Former Presidents Act, all living former presidents are granted a pension, an office, and a staff. The pension has increased numerous times with Congressional approval. Retired presidents now receive a pension based on the salary of the current administration's cabinet secretaries, which was $199,700 each year in 2012.[97] Former presidents who served in Congress may also collect congressional pensions.[98] The act also provides former presidents with travel funds and franking privileges. Prior to 1997, all former presidents, their spouses, and their children until age 16 were protected by the Secret Service until the president's death.[99][100] In 1997, Congress passed legislation limiting secret service protection to no more than 10 years from the date a president leaves office.[101] On January 10, 2013, President Obama signed legislation reinstating lifetime secret service protection for him, George W. Bush, and all subsequent presidents.[102] A spouse who remarries is no longer eligible for secret service protection.[101]

text: Some presidents have had significant careers after leaving office. Prominent examples include William Howard Taft's tenure as Chief Justice of the United States and Herbert Hoover's work on government reorganization after World War II. Grover Cleveland, whose bid for reelection failed in 1888, was elected president again four years later in 1892. Two former presidents served in Congress after leaving the White House: John Quincy Adams was elected to the House of Representatives, serving there for seventeen years, and Andrew Johnson returned to the Senate in 1875. John Tyler served in the provisional Congress of the Confederate States during the Civil War and was elected to the Confederate House of Representatives, but died before that body first met.

text: Presidents may use their predecessors as emissaries to deliver private messages to other nations or as official representatives of the United States to state funerals and other important foreign events.[103][104] Richard Nixon made multiple foreign trips to countries including China and Russia and was lauded as an elder statesman.[105] Jimmy Carter has become a global human rights campaigner, international arbiter, and election monitor, as well as a recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. Bill Clinton has also worked as an informal ambassador, most recently in the negotiations that led to the release of two American journalists, Laura Ling and Euna Lee, from North Korea. Clinton has also been active politically since his presidential term ended, working with his wife Hillary on her 2008 and 2016 presidential bids and President Obama on his 2012 reelection campaign.

text:
The five living former presidents

Jimmy Carter (age 93)
since 1981

George H. W. Bush (age 93)
since 1993

Bill Clinton (age 71)
since 2001

George W. Bush (age 71)
since 2009

Barack Obama (age 56)
since 2017

text: Presidential libraries

text: Every president since Herbert Hoover has created a repository known as a presidential library for preserving and making available his papers, records, and other documents and materials. Completed libraries are deeded to and maintained by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA); the initial funding for building and equipping each library must come from private, non-federal sources.[106] There are currently thirteen presidential libraries in the NARA system. There are also presidential libraries maintained by state governments and private foundations and Universities of Higher Education, such as the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum, which is run by the State of Illinois, the George W. Bush Presidential library and Museum, which is run by Southern Methodist University, the George H. W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum, which is run by Texas A&M University, and the Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library and Museum, which is run by the University of Texas at Austin.

text: A number of presidents have lived for many years after leaving office, and several of them have personally overseen the building and opening of their own presidential libraries. Some have even made arrangements for their own burial at the site. Several presidential libraries contain the graves of the president they document, including the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home in Abilene, Kansas, Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum in Yorba Linda, California, and the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, California. These gravesites are open to the general public.

text: Timeline of presidents


document_title: Alcohol laws of New York

question_text: when did ny change drinking age to 21

question_tokens: when did ny change drinking age to 21

text: Alcohol laws of New York

text: State Liquor Authority[edit]

text: The New York State Liquor Authority (NYSLA) and its agency arm, the Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control (DABC), were established under New York State Law in 1762 to "regulate and control the manufacture and distribution within the state of alcoholic beverages for the purpose of fostering and promoting temperance in their consumption and respect for and obedience to law." The SLA is also authorized by statute to "determine whether public convenience and advantage will be promoted by the issuance of licenses to traffic in alcoholic beverages … and to carry out the increase or decrease in the number thereof and the location of premises licensed … in the public interest."[1]

text: For consumption on-premises[edit]

text: In New York, for the purposes of state law, there are only four hours out of each day of the week (with the exception of Sunday) in which alcohol may not be served: 4:00 a.m. to 8:00 a.m. This was designed to accommodate New York City nightlife as well as late night workers statewide in general. Some upstate areas such as Buffalo, Albany, and Saratoga Springs retain the 4am closing time although individual counties are free to set an earlier "last call." In Binghamton, this is at 3:00 a.m.; in Syracuse, Plattsburgh, Oneonta, and Rochester, bars close at 2:00 a.m.; and Elmira, Geneva, and Ithaca, have some of the earliest closing times in the state at 1 a.m. For a complete list of closing hours by county, see http://www.sla.ny.gov/provisions-for-county-closing-hours.

text: B.Y.O. Policy[edit]

text: The SLA does not permit establishments to allow patrons to "B.Y.O.B." if the establishment does not have a license or permit to sell alcoholic beverages.[2] The only exception to this rule is that establishments with fewer than 20 seats can permit B.Y.O.B.[3][4] However, the SLA does not have authority to take any direct action against an establishment that is not licensed with the SLA, unless the establishment is then or will be in the future applying for a liquor license.[3]

text: Research[edit]

text: Research has been conducted into the association between closing times and crime in New York. Counties with later closing times tend to have greater rates of violent crime (except gun violence), but not non-violent crime.[5] This was true even after adjusting for socio-demographic factors.

text: For consumption off-premises[edit]

text: Only liquor stores may obtain a license to sell liquor for off-premises consumption. Grocery and drug stores may obtain a license to sell beer alone or beer and "wine products", such as wine coolers (but not wine).[6] Minors visiting a liquor store must be accompanied by an adult at all times; a violation can lead to the owner or manager being charged with second-degree unlawfully dealing with a minor, a Class B misdemeanor.

text: Until the mid-2000s, sales of beer for off-premises consumption were prohibited statewide before noon on Sundays, a remnant of a royal decree during the Colonial era, and between 3–6 a.m. any day. Changes to the law made in the last years of Governor George Pataki's administration loosened those restrictions, and now beer sales are only prohibited from 3–8 a.m. Sundays. Counties are free to adjust those hours in either direction, all the way to midnight and noon, and allow 24-hour beer sales on other days of the week.[7]

text: The law also changed for liquor stores. They may now open on Sundays. (although not before noon) They must still remain closed on Christmas, all day.[7]

text: A few years after those changes, Governor David Paterson sought to allow supermarkets to sell wine as well. He argued that the increase in excise taxes collected would help the state close its budget deficit. The proposed law aroused so much opposition from liquor store owners that it was never voted on by either house of the New York State Legislature.

text: Ownership restrictions[edit]

text: A provision unique to New York requires that every license to sell wine or spirits at retail for off-premises consumption be held by a single individual who lives within a few miles of the store and holds no other such licenses in the state. It was intended to prevent any chain liquor stores from doing business in the state, and none have ever done so. However, some proprietors open other stores in the names of their family members while maintaining complete control over the other establishments. Collaboration isn't only limited to families, for example, Premier Group in western New York has three locations each individually owned and operated.

text: Dry communities[edit]

text: There are no dry counties in New York as they are not allowed to make that decision. However, individual cities and towns may. In the case of towns, the decision would also be binding on any villages within them, or the parts of villages within them. Cities and towns may become totally dry, forbidding any on- or off-premises alcohol sales, or partially dry by forbidding one or the other or applying those prohibitions only to beer or to wine and spirits.[8]

text: Currently there are 8 dry towns in the state, all in lightly populated rural areas upstate:[9]

text:
Caneadea in Allegany County
Clymer in Chautauqua
Lapeer in Cortland County.
Orwell in Oswego County
Fremont and Jasper in Steuben County
Berkshire in Tioga County
Argyle in Washington County

text: Ten towns forbid on-premises consumption but allow off-premises; four allow both only at a hotel open year-round. Seventeen disallow only special on-premises consumption. The town of Spencer in Tioga County allows only off-premises and special on-premises consumption. Williamson, in Wayne County, bans on-premises sale of beer at race tracks, outdoor athletic fields and sports stadia where admission is charged. In all, there are 39 partially dry towns.[9]

text: Drinking age[edit]

text: In response to the National Minimum Drinking Age Act in 1984, which reduced by up to 10% the federal highway funding of any state which did not have a minimum purchasing age of 21, the New York Legislature raised the drinking age from 19 to 21, effective December 1, 1985. (The drinking age had been 18 for many years before the first raise in 1982, to 19.) Persons under 21 are prohibited from purchasing alcohol or possessing alcohol with the intent to consume, unless the alcohol was given to that person by their parent or legal guardian. There is no law prohibiting where people under 21 may possess or consume alcohol that was given to them by their parents.[10] Persons under 21 are prohibited from having a blood alcohol level of 0.02% or higher while driving.[11][12]

text: Drunk driving[edit]

text: Like every other state in the United States, driving under the influence is a crime in New York, and is subject to a great number of regulations outside of the state's alcohol laws. New York's maximum blood alcohol level for driving is 0.08% for persons over the age of 21 and there is a "zero tolerance" policy for persons under 21. Minors caught with any alcohol in the blood (defined legally as 0.02% or more, presumably to avoid false positives) are subject to license revocation for 6 months or more. Other penalties for drunken driving include fines, license suspension/revocation, and possible imprisonment, and in some cases the implementation of an ignition interlock device. A lesser charge, driving with ability impaired (DWAI), may apply when a driver's BAC exceeds 0.05%.[13]

text: Research[edit]

text: Research suggests that misdemeanor drunk driving offenses, but not felony drunk driving offenses, are related to county-based closing times for on-premises licensed venues.[14] Requirements for ignition interlock device's for first-time DWI offending introduced with Leandra's Law might explain why there was no relationship between alcohol availability and felony drunk driving offenses.

text: Public intoxication[edit]

text: New York State has no law against being intoxicated from alcohol in public, but there is a law prohibiting other substances. Any person found under the influence of a substance other than alcohol in public who is endangering themselves and others is guilty under the New York State Penal Code. This also applies to those found under the influence and bothering others or damaging public or private property.[citation needed]

text: Drinking in public was outlawed in New York City by Ed Koch in 1979.[15] The law was originally pitched as targeting antisocial derelicts congregating in parks and on sidewalks, with Frederick E. Samuel, one of the measure's proponents in the New York City Council, stating "We do not recklessly expect the police to give a summons to a Con Ed worker having a beer with his lunch".[15] By the end of the year similar laws had spread to municipalities in Westchester County.[16] In March 2016, drinking in public in Manhattan was decriminalized. [17]


document_title: Dance Deewane

question_text: who is the ultimate winner of dance deewana

text: Dance Deewane

text: Judges[edit]

text:
Madhuri Dixit
Tushar Kalia
Shashank Khaitan

text: Contestants[edit]

text: Top 20 contestants were chosen, 6 from 1st & 3rd generation and 8 from 2nd generation.

text:
1st Generation: Kids
2nd Generation: Youth
3rd Generation: Seniors

text:
Name

Age

Generation

Finish

Place

Alok Shaw

7

Kids

Episode 30

Ultimate Winner

Kishan Bilagali

28

Youth

2nd Generation Winner

Dinanath Singh

42

Seniors

3rd Generation Winner

Prabhadeep Singh

23

Youth

4

Siza Roy

19

Youth

5

Sonali Nirantar

41

Seniors

7

Ved Prakash Allah

45

Seniors

8

Karan Pariyar

19

Youth

Episode 28

9

Aadvik Mongia

9

Kids

10

Firoz Khan

52

Seniors

Episode 27

11

Shaurya Jain

7

Kids

Episode 23

14

Manisha Singh

17

Youth

16

Palakh Dilip More

10

Kids

Episode 21

17

Shakil Sheikh

24

Youth

Episode 19

20

Neeraj Yadav

23

Youth

Episode 12

21

Siddhant Sharma

7

Kids

Episode 10

22

Lalita Soni

37

Seniors

23

text: Challengers:[edit]

text:
Name

Age

Generation

Entry

Finish

Place

Jyothi Ranjan Sahu

13

Kids

Episode 15

Episode 30

6

Mansi Dhruv

14

Kids

-

Episode 12

12

Re-entry in Episode 15

Episode 27

Shweta Sharda

18

Youth

-

Episode 10

13

Re-entry in Episode 15

Episode 27

Minal Dhapare

42

Seniors

-

Episode 12

15

Re-entry in Episode 15

Episode 23

Sandeep Gupta

19

Youth

Episode 15

Episode 23

18

Bittu Singh

40

Seniors

Episode 15

Episode 23

19

text: Summary[edit]

text:
Week -

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

Episode -

7-8

9-10

11-12

13-14

15-16

17

18-19

20-21

22-23

24-25

26-27

28

29

30

Aalok

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

BTM

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

Ultimate Winner

Kishan

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

BTM

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

2nd Generation Winner

Dinanath

SAFE

BTM

SAFE

BTM

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

BTM

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

3rd Generation Winner

Jyothi

Not in Competition

Wild-Card

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

Finalist

Prabhadeep

SAFE

SAFE

BTM

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

BTM

SAFE

SAFE

BTM

SAFE

Finalist

Siza

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

BTM

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

Finalist

Sonali

SAFE

BTM

BTM

BTM

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

BTM

SAFE

Finalist

Ved

SAFE

BTM

BTM

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

BTM

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

Finalist

Karan

SAFE

BTM

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

ELIM

Aadvik

SAFE

SAFE

BTM

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

BTM

SAFE

SAFE

BTM

ELIM

Feroz

SAFE

SAFE

BTM

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

ELIM

Mansi

SAFE

BTM

ELIM

Wild-Card

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

ELIM

Shweta

SAFE

ELIM

Wild-Card

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

ELIM

Shaurya

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

ELIM

Minal

SAFE

SAFE

ELIM

Wild-Card

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

ELIM

Manisha

SAFE

BTM

SAFE

BTM

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

ELIM

Palakh

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

BTM

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

ELIM

Sandeep

Not in Competition

Wild-Card

SAFE

SAFE

ELIM

Bittu

Not in Competition

Wild-Card

SAFE

SAFE

ELIM

Shakil

SAFE

BTM

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

QUIT

Neeraj

SAFE

BTM

ELIM

Siddhant

SAFE

ELIM

Lalita

SAFE

ELIM

text: Notes[edit]

text:
There was no Elimination in Week 4, 5, 6, 7 and 10.
In Week 5, six Wild-cards entered in the competition as Challengers.
Voting lines were open from Week 6.
In Week 7, Shakil left the competition due to injury.
In Week 12, there was no Elimination from Generation 3.

text: Guests[edit]

text:
Episode

Guest(s)

Note

1-2

Salman Khan

Jacqueline Fernandez

To promote the film Race 3

3-4

Salman Khan

Jacqueline Fernandez

Anil Kapoor

Bobby Deol

Daisy Shah

Saqib Saleem

5-6

Bharti Singh

Comedian Guest

7-8

Govinda

Guest Appearance

9-10

Raghav Juyal

Punit Pathak

Dharmesh Yelande

To promote the film Nawabzaade

11-12

Diljit Dosanjh

To promote the film Soorma

13-14

Janhvi Kapoor

Ishaan Khatter

Karan Johar

To promote the film Dhadak

17

Raveena Tandon

Guest Appearance

20-21

Akshay Kumar

Mouni Roy

To promote the film Gold (2018 film)

22

Sonakshi Sinha

Diana Penty

To promote the film Happy Phirr Bhag Jayegi

23

John Abraham

To promote the film Satyameva Jayate (2018 film)

24

Shraddha Kapoor

Rajkumar Rao

To promote the film Stree

26

Kajol

To promote the film Helicopter Eela

28

Abhishek Bachchan

Vicky Kaushal

Taapsee Pannu

To promote the film Manmarziyaan

29

Drashti Dhami

Vivian Dsena

Harshad Chopda

Jennifer Winget

Surbhi Jyoti

Guest Appearance

30-Final

Varun Dhawan

Anushka Sharma

To promote the film Sui Dhaaga


document_title: Federal Reserve Act

question_text: what law was passed by congress to prevent financial panics apex

text: Federal Reserve Act

text: The Act[edit]

text: The Federal Reserve Act created a system of private and public entities. There were to be at least eight and no more than twelve private regional Federal Reserve banks. Twelve were established, and each had various branches, a board of directors, and district boundaries. The Federal Reserve Board, consisting of seven members, was created as the governing body of the Fed. Each member is appointed by the President of the U.S and confirmed by the U.S. Senate. In 1935, the Board was renamed and restructured. Also created as part of the Federal Reserve System was a 12-member Federal Advisory Committee and a single new United States currency, the Federal Reserve Note. The Federal Reserve Act created a national currency and a monetary system that could respond effectively to the stresses in the banking system and create a stable financial system. With the goal of creating a national monetary system and financial stability, the Federal Reserve Act also provided many other functions and financial services for the economy, such as check clearing and collection for all members of the Federal Reserve.

text: With the passing of the Federal Reserve Act, Congress required that all nationally chartered banks become members of the Federal Reserve System. These banks were required to purchase specified non-transferable stock in their regional Federal Reserve banks, and to set aside a stipulated amount of non-interest bearing reserves with their respective reserve banks. Since 1980, all depository institutions have been required to set aside reserves with the Federal Reserve. Such institutions are entitled to certain Federal Reserve services. State chartered banks were given the option of becoming members of the Federal Reserve System and in the case of the exercise of such option were to be subject to supervision, in part, by the Federal Reserve System. Member banks became entitled to have access to discounted loans at the discount window in their respective reserve banks, to a 6% annual dividend in their Federal Reserve stock, and to other services.

text:
Section Number
Section Title

Official Title

1
Short Title and Definitions

2
Federal Reserve Districts

2A
Monetary Policy Objectives

2B
Appearances Before and reports to the Congress

3
Branch Offices

4
Federal Reserve Banks

5
Stock Issues; Increase and Decrease in Capital

6
Insolvency of Member Banks

7
Division of Earnings

8
Conversion of State Banks into National Banks

9
State Banks as Members

9A
Participation in Lotteries Prohibited

9B
Resolution of Clearing Banks

10
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve

10A
Emergency Advances to Groups of Member Banks

10B
Advances to Individual Member Banks

11
Powers of Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve and Board

11A
Pricing of Services

11B
Annual Independent Audits of Federal Reserve Banks and Board

12
Federal Advisory Council

12A
Federal Open Market Committee

13
Powers of the Federal Reserve Banks

13A
Discount of Agricultural Paper

14
Open Market Operations

15
Government Deposits

16
Note Issues

17
Deposit of Bonds by National Banks

18
Refunding Bonds

19
Bank Reserves

20
National Bank Notes Redemption Fund as Reserve

21
Bank Examinations

22
Offenses of Examiners, Member Banks, Officers, and Distributors

23
Interbank Liabilities

23A
Relations with Affiliates

23B
Restrictions on Transactions with Affiliates

24
Real Estate Loans

24A
Investment in Bank Premises or Stock of Corporation Holding Premises

25
Foreign Branches

25A
Banking Corporations Authorized to do Foreign Banking Business

25B
Jurisdiction of Suits

25C
Potential Liability on Foreign Accounts

26
Repealed

27
Tax on National Bank Notes

28
Reduction of Capital of National Banks

29
Civil Money Penalty

30
Saving Clause

31
Reservation of Right to Amend

text: Background[edit]

text: Central banking has made various institutional appearances throughout the history of the United States. These institutions started with the First and Second banks of the United States, which were championed in large part by Alexander Hamilton.

text: The First Bank of United States[edit]

text: The American financial system was deeply fragmented after the American Revolutionary War. The government was burdened with large wartime debts, and the new republic needed a strong financial institution to give the country a resilient financial footing. Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson had opposing views regarding whether or not the US could benefit from a European-style national financial institution. Hamilton was in favor of building a strong centralized political and economic institution to solve the country’s financial problem. He argued that a central bank could bring order to the US monetary system, manage the government’s revenues and payments, and provide credit to both the public and private sectors. On the other hand, Jefferson was deeply suspicious of a central bank because, he argued, it would undermine democracy. Jefferson and Southern members of congress also believed that a strong central financial institution would serve commercial interests of the north at the expense of Southern-based agriculture interests whose credit was provided by local banks during the post-revolutionary war era. The First Bank of the United States was established in 1791 chartered for a period of twenty years. The US government was the largest shareholder of the bank. Despite its shareholder status, the government was not permitted to participate in management of the bank. The bank accepted deposits, issued bank notes, and provided short-term loans to the government. It also functioned as a clearinghouse for government debt. The bank could also regulate state-chartered banks to prevent overproduction of banknotes. The bank was very successful in financing the government and stimulating the economy. In spite of its successes, hostility against the bank did not fade. Jeffersonians questioned the bank’s constitutionality. In 1811, the first bank of the United States failed to be renewed by one vote in both the House and the Senate.[2][3]

text: The Second Bank of the United States[edit]

text: After the War of 1812, economic instability necessitated the creation of a second national bank. Due to expanding money supply and lack of supervision, individual bank activity sparked high inflation. In 1816, a second national bank was created with a charter of twenty years. Three years later, during the panic of 1819 the second bank of the United States was blamed for overextending credit in a land boom, and would tighten up credit policies following the panic (Wiletnz, 2008[citation needed]).

text: The Second bank was unpopular among the western and southern state-chartered banks, and constitutionality of a national bank was questioned. President Jackson would come into office, and wished to end the current central bank during his presidency. Under the premise that the bank favored a small economic and political elite at the expense of the public majority, the Second Bank became private after its charter expired in 1836, and would undergo liquidation in 1841.

text: For nearly eighty years, the U.S. was without a central bank after the charter for the Second Bank of the United States was allowed to expire. After various financial panics, particularly a severe one in 1907, some Americans became persuaded that the country needed some sort of banking and currency reform that would,[citation needed] when threatened by financial panics, provide a ready reserve of liquid assets, and furthermore allow for currency and credit to expand and contract seasonally within the U.S. economy.

text: Some of this was chronicled in the reports of the National Monetary Commission (1909–1912), which was created by the Aldrich–Vreeland Act in 1908. Included in a report of the Commission, submitted to Congress on January 9, 1912, were recommendations and draft legislation with 59 sections, for proposed changes in U.S. banking and currency laws.[4] The proposed legislation was known as the Aldrich Plan, named after the chairman of the Commission, Republican Senator Nelson W. Aldrich of Rhode Island.

text: The Plan called for the establishment of a National Reserve Association with 15 regional district branches and 46 geographically dispersed directors primarily from the banking profession. The Reserve Association would make emergency loans to member banks, print money, and act as the fiscal agent for the U.S. government. State and nationally chartered banks would have the option of subscribing to specified stock in their local association branch.[4] It is generally believed that the outline of the Plan had been formulated in a secret meeting on Jekyll Island in November 1910, which Aldrich and other well connected financiers attended.[5]

text: Since the Aldrich Plan gave too little power to the government, there was strong opposition to it from rural and western states because of fears that it would become a tool of bankers, specifically the Money Trust of NYC.[6] Indeed, from May 1912 through January 1913 the Pujo Committee, a subcommittee of the House Committee on Banking and Currency, held investigative hearings on the alleged Money Trust and its interlocking directorates. These hearings were chaired by Rep. Arsene Pujo, a Democratic representative from Louisiana.[7]

text: In the election of 1912, the Democratic Party won control of the White House and both chambers of Congress. The party's platform stated strong opposition to the Aldrich Plan. The platform also called for a systematic revision of banking laws in ways that would provide relief from financial panics, unemployment and business depression, and would protect the public from the "domination by what is known as the Money Trust." The final plan, however, was quite similar to the Aldrich Plan, with a few revisions. Sen. Carter Glass made these revisions, although the main premise of the Aldrich Plan was in there.[8] Changes in the Banking and Currency System of the United States]. House Report No. 69, 63rd Congress to accompany H.R. 7837, submitted to the full House by Carter Glass, from the House Committee on Banking and Currency, September 9, 1913. A discussion of the deficiencies of the then current banking system as well as those in the Aldrich Plan and quotations from the 1912 Democratic platform are laid out in this report, pages 3–11.[9]

text: Legislative history of the Act[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
This article is part of
a series about
Woodrow Wilson

Early Life
Boyhood home
South Carolina home
President of Princeton University
Campaign for Governor of New Jersey

President of the United States

Presidency

First Term

1912 campaign

Election

1st Inauguration

Women's suffrage

Suffrage parade

The New Freedom
Silent Sentinels
Federal Reserve Act
Clayton Antitrust Act
Federal Trade Commission
United States occupation of Veracruz
Pancho Villa Expedition
Coalfield War
Daylight saving time
Banana Wars

Second Term

1916 campaign

Election

2nd Inauguration

18th Amendment
19th Amendment

World War I

World War I

Zimmermann Telegram
Thrasher incident
Entry into war
Against Austria-Hungary
Against Germany
American home front
Espionage Act
Fourteen Points
Wilsonian Armenia
Paris Peace Conference
Big Four
Treaty of Versailles
League of Nations

Judicial appointments
Wilson House
Woodrow Wilson School
Wilson Center
Presidential Library
Wilsonianism

v
t
e

text: The Federal Reserve Act was a part of the banking and currency reform plan advocated by President Wilson in 1912. The chairmen of the House and Senate Banking and Currency committees sponsored this legislation; Rep. Carter Glass, a Democrat of Virginia, and Senator Robert Latham Owen, a Democrat of Oklahoma. According to the House committee report accompanying the Currency bill (H.R. 7837) or the Glass-Owen bill, as it was often called during the time.

text: Attempts to reform currency and banking had been made in the United States prior H.R. 7837. The major first form of this type of legislation came through with the First Bank of the United States in 1791. Championed by Alexander Hamilton, this established a central bank that included in a three-part expansion of federal fiscal and monetary power (including federal mint and excise taxes). Attempts were made to extend this bank’s charter, but they would fail before the charters expiration in 1811, which would lead to the creation of the Second Bank of the United States. In 1816 the U.S. Congress chartered this Second bank for a twenty-year period to create irredeemable currency with which to pay for the costs of the War of 1812. The creation of congressionally authorized irredeemable currency by the Second Bank of the United States opened the door to the possibility of taxation by inflation. Congress did not want state-chartered banks as competition in the inflation of currency.[citation needed] The charter for the Second Bank would expire in 1836, leaving the U.S. without a central bank for nearly eighty years. The last major form of legislation preceding the Federal Reserve Act came in 1908 with the Aldrich-Vreeland Act, which was the initial response the Panic of 1907, and established the National Monetary Commission, which recommended the Federal Reserve act of 1913.

text: According to the House committee report accompanying the Currency bill (H.R. 7837) or the Glass-Owen bill, the legislation was drafted from ideas taken from various proposals, including the Aldrich bill. However, unlike the Aldrich plan, which gave controlling interest to private bankers with only a small public presence, the new plan gave an important role to a public entity, the Federal Reserve Board, while establishing a substantial measure of autonomy for the (regional) Reserve Banks which, at that time, were allowed to set their own discount rates. Also, instead of the proposed currency being an obligation of the private banks, the new Federal Reserve note was to be an obligation of the U.S. Treasury. In addition, unlike the Aldrich plan, membership by nationally chartered banks was mandatory, not optional. The changes were significant enough that the earlier opposition to the proposed reserve system from Progressive Democrats was largely appeased; instead, opposition to the bill came largely from the more business-friendly Republicans instead of from the Democrats.[citation needed]

text: After months of hearings, debates, votes and amendments, the proposed legislation, with 30 sections, was enacted as the Federal Reserve Act.

text: Subsequent amendments[edit]

text: The Federal Reserve Act has undergone many amendments after its implementation. Early, bureaucratic amendments were made to account for states like Hawaii and Alaska’s admission to the union; such as district restructuring and jurisdiction specifications.[10]

text: Charter extension[edit]

text: The Federal Reserve Act was originally granted a twenty-year charter, to be renewed in 1933. This clause was amended on February 25, 1927: "To have succession after the approval of this Act until dissolved by Act of Congress or until forfeiture of franchise for violation of law." 12 U.S.C. ch. 3. As amended by act of Feb. 25, 1927 (44 Stat. 1234). The success of this amendment is notable, as in 1933, the US was in the throes of the Great Depression and public sentiment with regards to the Federal Reserve System and the banking community in general had significantly deteriorated. Given the political climate, including of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s administration and New Deal legislation, it was uncertain whether the Federal Reserve System would survive.

text: The Federal Open Market Committee[edit]

text: In 1933, by way of the Banking Act of 1933, the Federal Reserve Act was amended to create the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), which consists of the seven members of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and five representatives from the Federal Reserve Banks. The FOMC is required to meet at least four times a year (in practice, the FOMC usually meets eight times) and has the power to direct all open-market operations of the Federal Reserve banks.

text: 12 USC § 225a[edit]

text: On November 16, 1977, the Federal Reserve Act was amended to require the Board and the FOMC "to promote effectively the goals of maximum employment, stable prices, and moderate long-term interest rates." The Chairman was also required to appear before Congress at semi-annual hearings to report on the conduct of monetary policy, on economic development, and on the prospects for the future. The Federal Reserve Act has been amended by some 200 subsequent laws of Congress. It continues to be one of the principal banking laws of the United States.

text: Implications and impacts of the Federal Reserve Act[edit]

text: The passing of the Federal Reserve act of 1913 carried implications both domestically and internationally for the United States economic system.[11] The absence of a central banking structure in the U.S. previous to this act left a financial essence that was characterized by immobile reserves and inelastic currency.[12] Creating the Federal Reserve gave the Federal Reserve control to regulate inflation, even though the government control over such powers would eventually lead to decisions that were controversial. Some of the most prominent implications include the internationalization of the U.S. Dollar as a global currency, the impact from the perception of the Central Bank structure as a public good by creating a system of financial stability (Parthemos 19-28), and the Impact of the Federal Reserve in response to economic panics.[13] The Federal Reserve Act also permitted national banks to make mortgage loans for farm land, which had not been permitted previously.[14]

text: Criticisms of the Act[edit]

text: Throughout the history of the United States, there has been an enduring economic and political debate regarding the costs and benefits of central banking. Since the inception of a central bank in the United States, there were multiple opposing views to this type of economic system. Opposition was based on protectionist sentiment; a central bank would serve a handful of financiers at the expense of small producers, businesses, farmers and consumers, and could destabilize the economy through speculation and inflation. This created even further controversy over who would select the decision-makers in charge of the Federal Reserve. Proponents argued that a strong banking system could provide enough credit for a growing economy and avoid economic depressions. Other critical views included the belief that the bill gave too much power to the federal government after the senate revised the bill to create 12 board members who were each appointed by the president.

text: Preceding the creation of the Federal Reserve, no U.S. central banking systems lasted for more than 25 years. Some of the questions raised include: whether Congress has the Constitutional power to delegate its power to coin money or issue paper money (an obvious reference to Article 1, Sec. 8, Clause 5, which states: "The Congress shall have power To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures"), whether the structure of the federal reserve is transparent enough, whether the Federal Reserve is a public Cartel of private banks (also called a private banking cartel) established to protect powerful financial interests, fears of inflation, high government deficits, and whether the Federal Reserve's actions increased the severity of the Great Depression in the 1930s (and/or the severity or frequency of other boom-bust economic cycles, such as the late 2000s recession).[15][16][17]

text: Regarding the first question, at issue was not the federal government’s right to coin, or originate, our US money because the US government had already done so in the past (i.e., Greenbacks) and it is a sovereign right and responsibility of Congress stated in the US Constitution (Article 1, Sec.8, Clause 5). Rather, at issue was and still is that, through the Federal Reserve Act, the federal government delegated, and continues to delegate, its power to create our money to the private banks that comprise the Federal Reserve System. In so doing, Congress (and, by the 1980s, the FED itself) lost control over the money supply, the quantity of which determines the value or purchasing power of any unit thereof. Thus, Congress can no longer fulfill its constitutional responsibility to the public to regulate the value of our money, the vast majority of which private banks (and, by the 2000s, shadow banks) create through private-interest-bearing debt.[18][19]