document_title: Australian dollar

question_text: when did australia go from pounds to dollars

text: Australian dollar

text: History[edit]

text: With pounds, shillings and pence to be replaced by decimal currency on 14 February 1966, many names for the new currency were suggested. In 1963, Prime Minister, Sir Robert Menzies, a monarchist, wished to name the currency the royal. Other proposed names from a public naming competition included more exotic suggestions such as the austral, the oz, the boomer, the roo, the kanga, the emu, the koala, the digger, the zac, the kwid, the dinkum, and the ming (Menzies' nickname). Menzies' influence resulted in the selection of the royal, and trial designs were prepared and printed by the Reserve Bank of Australia. Australian treasurer, Harold Holt, announced the decision in Parliament on 5 June 1963. The royal would be subdivided into 100 cents, but the existing names shilling, florin and crown would be retained for the 10-cent, 20-cent and 50-cent coins respectively. The name royal for the currency proved very unpopular, with Holt and his wife even receiving death threats.[7] On 24 July Holt told the Cabinet the decision had been a "terrible mistake" and it would need to be revisited. On 18 September Holt advised Parliament that the name was to be the dollar, of 100 cents.[8][9]

text: The Australian pound, introduced in 1910 and officially distinct in value from the pound sterling since devaluation in 1931,[10] was replaced by the dollar on 14 February 1966.[11] The rate of conversion for the new decimal currency was two dollars per Australian pound, or ten Australian shillings per dollar. The exchange rate was pegged to the pound sterling at a rate of $1 = 8 shillings ($2.50 = UK £1). In 1967, Australia effectively left the sterling area, when the pound sterling was devalued against the US dollar and the Australian dollar did not follow. It maintained its peg to the US dollar at the rate of A$1 = US$1.12.

text: On 27 September 2012, the Reserve Bank of Australia stated that it had ordered work on a project to upgrade the current banknotes. The upgraded banknotes would incorporate a number of new features so that they would remain secure into the future.[12] The first new banknotes (of the five dollar denomination) were issued from 1 September 2016, with the remaining denominations to be issued in the coming years.[13]

text: Coins[edit]

text: In 1966, coins were introduced in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 cents. The initial 50-cent coins contained high silver (80%) content and were withdrawn after a year when the intrinsic value of the silver content was found to exceed the face value of the coins. One-dollar coins were introduced in 1984, followed by two-dollar coins in 1988. The one- and two-cent coins were discontinued in 1991 and withdrawn from circulation. In commemoration of the 40th anniversary of decimal currency, the 2006 mint proof and uncirculated sets included one- and two-cent coins. In early 2013, Australia's first triangular coin was introduced, to mark the 25th anniversary of the opening of Parliament House. The silver $5 coin is 99.9% silver and depicts Parliament House as viewed from one of its courtyards.[14] Cash transactions are rounded to the nearest five cents. As with most public changes to currency systems, there has been a great amount of seignorage of the discontinued coins. All coins portray the reigning Australian Sovereign, Queen Elizabeth II, on the obverse, and are produced by the Royal Australian Mint.

text: Australia has regularly issued commemorative 50-cent coins. The first was in 1970, commemorating James Cook's exploration along the east coast of the Australian continent, followed in 1977 by a coin for Queen Elizabeth II's Silver Jubilee, the wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales and Lady Diana Spencer in 1981, the Brisbane Commonwealth Games in 1982, and the Australian Bicentenary in 1988. Issues expanded into greater numbers in the 1990s and the 21st century, responding to collector demand. Australia has also made special issues of 20-cent, one-dollar and two-dollar coins.

text: Current Australian 5-, 10- and 20-cent coins are identical in size to the former Australian, New Zealand, and British sixpence, shilling, and two shilling (florin) coins. In 1990, the UK replaced these coins with smaller versions, as did New Zealand in 2006 – at the same time discontinuing the five-cent coin. With a mass of 15.55 grams (0.549 oz) and a diameter of 31.51 millimetres (1 1⁄4 in), the Australian 50-cent coin is one of the largest coins used in the world today. In circulation, the old New Zealand 5-, 10- and 20-cent coins were often mistaken for Australian coins of the same value, owing to their identical size and shape. Until the size of the New Zealand coins was changed in 2004, Australian coins below the dollar in value were in circulation in both countries. Still, some confusion occurs with the larger-denomination coins in the two countries; Australia's $1 coin is similar in size to New Zealand's $2 coin, and the New Zealand $1 coin is similar in size to Australia's $2 coin. As a result, Australian coins are occasionally found in New Zealand and vice versa.

text: Banknotes[edit]

text: First series[edit]

text: The first paper issues of the Australian dollar were issued in 1966. The $1, $2, $10 and $20 notes had exact equivalents in the former pound banknotes. The $5 note was issued in 1967, the $50 note was issued in 1973 and the $100 was issued in 1984.[15]

text: Polymer series[edit]

text: The first polymer banknotes were issued in 1988[16] by the Reserve Bank of Australia, specifically polypropylene polymer banknotes (produced by Note Printing Australia), to commemorate the bicentenary of European settlement in Australia. All Australian notes are now made of polymer. Australia was the first country to develop and use polymer banknotes.

text: New Polymer series[edit]

text: A new series of banknotes is being introduced, starting with the $5 note from 1 September 2016.[17] A new $10 banknote has been released into circulation from September 20, 2017.[18]

text: Value[edit]

text:
Most traded currencies by value
Currency distribution of global foreign exchange market turnover[5]

Rank
Currency
ISO 4217 code
(symbol)
 % daily share
(April 2016)

1

 United States dollar

USD ($)

87.6%

2

 Euro

EUR (€)

31.4%

3

 Japanese yen

JPY (¥)

21.6%

4

 Pound sterling

GBP (£)

12.8%

5

 Australian dollar

AUD (A$)

6.9%

6

 Canadian dollar

CAD (C$)

5.1%

7

 Swiss franc

CHF (Fr)

4.8%

8

 Renminbi

CNY (元)

4.0%

9

 Swedish krona

SEK (kr)

2.2%

10

 New Zealand dollar

NZD (NZ$)

2.1%

11

 Mexican peso

MXN ($)

1.9%

12

 Singapore dollar

SGD (S$)

1.8%

13

 Hong Kong dollar

HKD (HK$)

1.7%

14

 Norwegian krone

NOK (kr)

1.7%

15

 South Korean won

KRW (₩)

1.7%

16

 Turkish lira

TRY (₺)

1.4%

17

 Russian ruble

RUB (₽)

1.1%

18

 Indian rupee

INR (₹)

1.1%

19

 Brazilian real

BRL (R$)

1.0%

20

 South African rand

ZAR (R)

1.0%

Other
7.1%

Total[19]
200.0%

text: In 1966, when the dollar was introduced, the international currency relationships were maintained under the Bretton Woods system, a fixed exchange rate system using a U.S. dollar standard. The Australian dollar, however, was effectively pegged to the British pound at an equivalent value of approximately 1 gram of gold.

text: The highest valuation of the Australian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar was during the period of the peg to the U.S. dollar. On 9 September 1973, the peg was adjusted to US$1.4875, the fluctuation limits being changed to US$1.485–US$1.490;[20] on both 7 December 1973 and 10 December 1973, the noon buying rate in New York City for cable transfers payable in foreign currencies reached its highest point of 1.4885 U.S. dollars to one dollar.[21]

text: On 12 December 1983, the dollar was floated, allowing its value to fluctuate dependent on supply and demand on international money markets. The decision was made on 8 December 1983 and announced on 9 December 1983.[22]

text: In the two decades that followed, its highest value relative to the US dollar was $0.881 in December 1988. The lowest ever value of the dollar after it was floated was 47.75 US cents in April 2001.[23] It returned to above 96 US cents in June 2008,[24] and reached 98.49 later that year. Although the value of the dollar fell significantly from this high towards the end of 2008, it gradually recovered in 2009 to 94 US cents.

text: On 15 October 2010, the dollar reached parity with the US dollar for the first time since becoming a freely traded currency, trading above US$1 for a few seconds.[25] The currency then traded above parity for a sustained period of several days in November, and fluctuated around that mark into 2011.[26] On 27 July 2011, the dollar hit a record high since floating. It traded at a $1.1080 against the US dollar.[27]

text: Some commentators speculated that the value of the dollar in 2011 was related to Europe's sovereign debt crisis, and Australia's strong ties with material importers in Asia and in particular China.[28]

text: Economists posit that commodity prices are the dominant driver of the Australian dollar, and this means changes in exchange rates of the Australian dollar occur in ways opposite to many other currencies.[29] For decades, Australia's balance of trade has depended primarily upon commodity exports such as minerals and agricultural products. This means the Australian dollar varies significantly during the business cycle, rallying during global booms as Australia exports raw materials, and falling during recessions as mineral prices slump or when domestic spending overshadows the export earnings outlook. This movement is in the opposite direction to other reserve currencies, which tend to be stronger during market slumps as traders move value from falling stocks into cash.

text: The Australian dollar is a reserve currency and one of the most traded currencies in the world.[6] Other factors in its popularity include a relative lack of central bank intervention, and general stability of the Australian economy and government.[30] In January 2011 at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, Alexey Ulyukaev announced that the Central Bank of Russia would begin keeping Australian dollar reserves.[31]

text: Exchange rate policies[edit]

text: Prior to 1983, Australia maintained a fixed exchange rate. The first peg was between the Australian and British pounds, initially at par, and later at 0.8 GBP (16 shillings sterling). This reflected its historical ties as well as a view about the stability in value of the British pound. From 1946 to 1971, Australia maintained a peg under the Bretton Woods system, a fixed exchange rate system that pegged the U.S. dollar to gold, but the Australian dollar was effectively pegged to sterling until 1967.

text: With the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system in 1971, Australia converted the traditional peg to a fluctuating rate against the US dollar. In September 1974, Australia valued the dollar against a basket of currencies called the trade weighted index (TWI) in an effort to reduce the fluctuations associated with its tie to the US dollar.[32] The daily TWI valuation was changed in November 1976 to a periodically adjusted valuation.

text: On 12 December 1983, the Australian Labor government led by Prime Minister Bob Hawke and Treasurer Paul Keating floated the dollar, with the exchange rate reflecting the balance of payments and other market drivers.

text: Design and denominations[edit]

text: Australia was the first country in the world to have a complete system of banknotes made from plastic (polymer). These notes provide much greater security against counterfeiting. The polymer notes are cleaner than paper notes, are more durable and easily recyclable.

text: Australia's currency comprises coins of 5, 10, 20 and 50 cent and one and two dollar denominations; and notes of 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 dollar denominations.

text: Many forms of currency were used in the Australian colonies after the arrival of the first European settlers in 1788. In the rough early conditions barter was necessary, and payment in commodities like rum sometimes replaced money in transactions. Some of the first official notes used in Australia were Police Fund Notes, issued by the Bank of New South Wales in 1816.

text: After 1901, when the Australian colonies federated into a single Commonwealth, the federal government became responsible for the currency. The Bank Notes Tax Act 1910 effectively brought private and state currencies to an end. In 1913 the first series of Australian notes was issued, based on the old British system of 12 pence to a shilling, 20 shillings to a pound.

text: In 1963, Australia initiated the change to decimal currency. More than 1000 submissions were made about the name of the new currency unit. The Prime Minister of the day, Sir Robert Menzies, proposed the 'royal'. The 'dollar' was eventually chosen as the name, and decimal currency was introduced on 14 February 1966.

text: Shortly after the changeover, substantial counterfeiting of $10 notes was detected. This provided an impetus for the Reserve Bank of Australia to develop new note technologies jointly with the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation.

text: The revolutionary polymer notes were first introduced in 1988 with the issue of a commemorative $10 note,[33] marking Australia's bicentenary by featuring the theme of settlement. The note depicted on one side a young male Aboriginal person in body paint, with other elements of Aboriginal culture. On the reverse side was the ship Supply from the First Fleet, with a background of Sydney Cove, as well as a group of people to illustrate the diverse backgrounds from which Australia has evolved over 200 years.

text:
The $100 note features world-renowned soprano Dame Nellie Melba (1861–1931), and the distinguished soldier, engineer and administrator General Sir John Monash (1865–1931).[34]
The $50 note features Aboriginal writer and inventor David Unaipon (1872–1967), and Australia's first female parliamentarian, Edith Cowan (1861–1932).[35]
The $20 note features the founder of the world's first aerial medical service (the Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia), the Reverend John Flynn (1880–1951), and Mary Reibey (1777–1855), who arrived in Australia as a convict in 1792 and went on to become a successful shipping magnate and philanthropist.[36]
The $10 note features the poets AB "Banjo" Paterson (1864–1941) and Dame Mary Gilmore (1865–1962). This note incorporates micro-printed excerpts of Paterson's and Gilmore's work.[37] On 17 February, the Reserve Bank revealed the design of the new $10 banknote[38].
The $5 note features Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II and Parliament House, Canberra, the national capital. (Note that a special centenary issue of the $5 note featured Sir Henry Parkes and Catherine Helen Spence in 2001.)[39] In 2015-2016 there was a petition to feature Fred Hollows on a new $5 note, the outcome of this campaign is yet to be announced.[40] On 11 February 2016 it was announced that on 1 September 2016 a new $5 banknote would be released featuring a depiction of native Australian wattle and bird. On 12 April, the design of the new $5 banknote was released.[41][42]

text: Polymer note technology was developed by Australia, and Australia prints polymer banknotes for a number of other countries. In 1988, Australia introduced its first polymer bank note and in 1996, Australia became the first country in the world to have a complete series of polymer notes. Australia's notes are printed by Note Printing Australia, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Reserve Bank of Australia. Note Printing Australia prints polymer notes or simply supplies the polymer substrate[43] for a growing number of other countries including Bangladesh, Brunei, Chile, Indonesia, Kuwait, Malaysia, Mexico, Nepal, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Romania, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam. Many other countries are showing a strong interest in the new technology.

text: All Australian coins depict Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse, with different images on the reverse of each coin.

text:
The $2 coin, which replaced the paper two dollar note in 1988, depicts an Aboriginal tribal elder set against a background of the Southern Cross and native grasstrees. (Designed by Horst Hahne)
The $1 coin, which replaced the paper $1 note in 1984, depicts five kangaroos. (Designed by Stuart Devlin)
The 50 cent coin carries the coat of arms of Australia: the six state badges on a central shield supported by a kangaroo and an emu, with a background of golden wattle, Australia's floral emblem (Designed by Stuart Devlin)
The 20 cent coin carries a platypus, one of only two egg-laying mammals in the world. It has webbed feet and a duck-like bill that it uses to hunt for food along the bottom of streams and rivers. (Designed by Stuart Devlin)
The 10 cent coin features a male lyrebird dancing. A clever mimic, the lyrebird inhabits the dense, damp forests of Australia's eastern coast. (Designed by Stuart Devlin)
The 5 cent coin depicts an echidna, or spiny anteater, the world's only other egg-laying mammal. (Designed by Stuart Devlin)
The 2 cent coin (withdrawn from circulation since 1992) depicted a frilled lizard. (Designed by Stuart Devlin)
The 1 cent coin (withdrawn from circulation since 1992) depicted a feather tailed glider (Designed by Stuart Devlin)

text: The 5, 10, 20 and 50 cent coins are made of cupronickel (75 percent copper and 25 percent nickel). The one and two dollar coins are made of aluminium bronze (92 percent copper, 6 per cent aluminium and 2 per cent nickel). The two dollar, one dollar, 50 and 20 cent circulating coins occasionally feature commemorative designs.

text: Australia's coins are produced by the Royal Australian Mint, which is located in the nation's capital, Canberra. Since opening in 1965, the Mint has produced more than 14 billion circulating coins, and has the capacity to produce more than two million coins per day, or more than 600 million coins per year. The Royal Australian Mint has an international reputation for producing quality numismatic coins, and won an international award for 'Best Silver Coin 2006' for its Silver Kangaroo coin design.

text: Australian currency tactile feature[edit]

text: In early 2015 the Reserve Bank of Australia announced that a tactile feature will be added to all new notes.[44] The tactile feature is an embossed feature to assist the vision-impaired in identifying the denomination. A similar feature is used on the Canadian currency.[45]

text: Current exchange rates[edit]

text:
Current AUD exchange rates

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document_title: Golden calf

question_text: who made the golden calf in the bible

question_tokens: who made the golden calf in the bible

root

text: Golden calf

text: In the Book of Exodus[edit]

text: When Moses went up into Biblical Mount Sinai to receive the Ten Commandments (Exodus 24:12-18), he left the Israelites for forty days and forty nights. The Israelites feared that he would not return and demanded that Aaron make them "gods" to go before them (Exodus 32:1). Aaron gathered up the Israelites' golden earrings and ornaments, constructed a "molten calf" and they declared: "These [be] thy gods, O Israel, which brought thee up out of the land of Egypt." (Exodus 32:4)

tag: p

text: Aaron built an altar before the calf and proclaimed the next day to be a feast to the LORD. So they rose up early the next day and "offered burnt-offerings, and brought peace-offerings; and the people sat down to eat and to drink, and rose up to play." (Exodus 32:6) God told Moses what the Israelites were up to back in camp, that they had turned aside quickly out of the way which God commanded them and he was going to destroy them and start a new people from Moses. Moses besought and pleaded that they should be spared (Exodus 32:11-14), and God "repented of the evil which He said He would do unto His people."

text: Moses went down from the mountain, but upon seeing the calf, he became angry and threw down the two Tablets of Stone, breaking them. Moses burnt the golden calf in a fire, ground it to powder, scattered it on water, and forced the Israelites to drink it. When Moses asked him, Aaron admitted collecting the gold, and throwing it into the fire, and said it came out as a calf (Exodus 32:21-24).

text: Exclusion of the Levites and mass execution[edit]

text: The Bible records that the tribe of Levi did not worship the golden calf. When Moses stood in the gate of the camp, and said: 'Whosoever is on the LORD's side, let him come unto me.' And all the sons of Levi gathered themselves together unto him. And he said unto them: 'Thus saith the LORD, the God of Israel: Put ye every man his sword upon his thigh, and go to and fro from gate to gate throughout the camp, and slay every man his brother, and every man his companion, and every man his neighbour.' And the sons of Levi did according to the word of Moses; and there fell of the people that day about three thousand men. (Exodus 32:26-28)

text: Other mentions in the Bible[edit]

text: The golden calf is mentioned in Nehemiah 9:16–21.

text: "But they, our ancestors, became arrogant and stiff-necked, and they did not obey your commands. They refused to listen and failed to remember the miracles you performed among them. They became stiff-necked and in their rebellion appointed a leader in order to return to their slavery. But you are a forgiving God, gracious and compassionate, slow to anger and abounding in love. Therefore you did not desert them, even when they cast for themselves an image of a calf and said, 'This is your god, who brought you up out of Egypt,' or when they committed awful blasphemies. "Because of your great compassion you did not abandon them in the wilderness. By day the pillar of cloud did not fail to guide them on their path, nor the pillar of fire by night to shine on the way they were to take. You gave your good Spirit to instruct them. You did not withhold your manna from their mouths, and you gave them water for their thirst. For forty years you sustained them in the wilderness; they lacked nothing, their clothes did not wear out nor did their feet become swollen."

text: The language suggests that there are some inconsistencies in the other accounts of the Israelites and their use of the calf. As the version in Exodus and 1 Kings are written by Deuteronomistic historians based in the southern kingdom of Judah, there is a proclivity to expose the Israelites as unfaithful. The inconsistency is primarily located in Exodus 32.4 where "gods" is plural despite the construction of a single calf. When Ezra retells the story, he uses the single, capitalized God.[2]

text: Conversely, a more biblically conservative view offers a tenable explanation accounting for the discrepancy between "gods" in Exodus 32 and "God" in Nehemiah 9:18. In both instances, the Hebrew 'elohim' is used. Since ancient Hebrew failed to distinguish 'elohim' God (known as the majestic plural) from 'elohim' gods, Biblical translations are either determined by a) context or b) the local verb(s). In the original account in Exodus 32, the local verb is in the 3rd person plural. In Nehemiah 9, the verb connected to 'elohim' is singular. For the JEDP (i.e. Deuteronomistic) theorist, this inconsistency is confirmatory since the theory maintains a roughly equivalent date for the composition of Exodus and Nehemiah. More conservative scholarship would argue that these two texts were composed about 1000 years apart: Exodus (by Moses) circa 1500 BCE, and Nehemiah circa 500 BCE. The biblically conservative framework would therefore account for the verbal inconsistency from Exodus to Nehemiah as a philological evolution over the approximate millennium separating the two books.

text: Jeroboam's golden calves at Bethel and Dan[edit]

text: According to 1 Kings 12:26–30, after Jeroboam establishes the northern Kingdom of Israel, he contemplates the sacrificial practices of the Israelites.

text: Jeroboam thought to himself, "The kingdom will now likely revert to the house of David. If these people go up to offer sacrifices at the temple of the LORD in Jerusalem, they will again give their allegiance to their lord, Rehoboam king of Judah. They will kill me and return to King Rehoboam." After seeking advice, the king made two golden calves. He said to the people, "It is too much for you to go up to Jerusalem. Here are your gods, Israel, who brought you up out of Egypt." One he set up in Bethel, and the other in Dan. And this thing became a sin; the people came to worship the one at Bethel and went as far as Dan to worship the other.

text: His concern was that the tendency to offer sacrifices in Jerusalem, which is in the southern Kingdom of Judah, would lead to a return to King Rehoboam. He makes two golden calves and places them in Bethel and Dan. He erects the two calves in what he figures (in some interpretations) as substitutes for the cherubim built by King Solomon in Jerusalem.[3]

text: Richard Elliott Friedman says "at a minimum we can say that the writer of the golden calf account in Exodus seems to have taken the words that were traditionally ascribed to Jeroboam and placed them in the mouths of the people." Friedman believes that the story was turned into a polemic, exaggerating the throne platform decoration into idolatry, by a family of priests sidelined by Jeroboam.[4]

text: The declarations of Aaron and Jeroboam are almost identical:

text:
'These are your gods, O Israel, who brought you up from the land of Egypt' (Exod 32:4, 8);
'Behold your gods, O Israel, who brought you up from the land of Egypt (1 Kings 12:28)

tag: ul

text: After making the golden calf or golden calves both Aaron and Jeroboam celebrate festivals. Aaron builds an altar and Jeroboam ascends an altar (Exod 32:5–6; 1 Kings 12:32–33).[5]

text: Jewish views[edit]

text: In Legends of the Jews, a conservative rabbi Louis Ginzberg wrote that the worship of the Golden Calf was the disastrous consequence for Israel who took mixed multitude in their exodus from Egypt. Had not the mixed multitude joined them, Israel would not have been misled to worship this molten idol. The form of calf itself came from a magical virtue of an ornament leaf with the image of the bull which is made by Moses.[6]

text: The devotion of Israel to this worship of the calf was partly explained by a circumstance at passing through the Red Sea, when they beheld the most distinct creature about the Celestial Throne which is the resemblance of ox, then they thought it was an ox who had helped God in their journey from Egypt.[6] After seeing Hur son of Miriam who was carelessly murdered by the people following his rebuke of their ingratitude action to God, Aaron was willing rather to take a sin upon himself to make an idol than to cast the burden of an evil deed upon the people if they commit so terrible sin of killing a priest and prophet among them.[6]

text: Also there would be among Israel no caste of priesthood, and the nation would have been a nation of priests only if Israel had not sinned through worshiping the Golden Calf that the greater part of the people lost the right to priesthood, except tribe of Levi as the only tribe who remained faithful to God and did not partake in this sinful deed.[7]

text: Islamic narrative[edit]

text: This section's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
Musa
Mūsa   ٰمُوسَى
Moses

Ten Commandments
Tawrat
Ṣuḥuf Mūsā
[Biblical and Quranic narratives
Prophets and messengers in Islam
Golden calf
Asiya

Balaam
Samiri

Ulu'l azm prophets

Category
Islam portal

v
t
e

text: The incident of the worship of the Golden Calf is narrated in the Qur'an and other Islamic literature. The Qur'an narrates that after they refused to enter the promised land, God decreed that as punishment the Israelites would wander for forty years. Moses continued to lead the Israelites to Mount Sinai for Divine guidance. According to Islamic literature, God ordered Moses to fast for thirty days, and upon near completion of the thirty days, Moses ate a scented plant to improve the odour of his mouth. God commanded Moses to fast for ten more days, before receiving the guidance for the Israelites. When Moses completed the fasts, he approached God for guidance. During this time, Moses had instructed the Israelites that Aaron (Harun) was to lead them. The Israelites grew restless, since Moses had not returned to them, and after thirty days, a man the Qur'an names Samiri raised doubts among the Israelites. Samiri claimed that Moses had forsaken the Israelites and ordered his followers among the Israelites to light a fire and bring him all the jewelry and gold ornaments they had.[8] Samiri fashioned the gold into a golden calf along with the dust on which the angel Gabriel had trodden, which he proclaimed to be the God of Moses and the God who had guided them out of Egypt.[9] There is a sharp contrast between the Qur'anic and the biblical accounts the prophet Aaron's actions. The Qur'an mentions that Aaron attempted to guide and warn the people from worshipping the Golden Calf. However, the Israelites refused to stop until Moses had returned.[10] The righteous separated themselves from the pagans. God informed Moses that He had tried the Israelites in his absence and that they had failed by worshipping the Golden Calf.

text: Returning to the Israelites in great anger, Moses asked Aaron why he had not stopped the Israelites when he had seen them worshipping the Golden Calf. The Qur'an reports that Aaron stated that he did not act due to the fear that Moses would blame him for causing divisions among the Israelites. Moses realized his helplessness in the situation, and both prayed to God for forgiveness (Qur'an 7:150-151). Moses then questioned Samiri for the creation of the Golden Calf; Samiri justified his actions by stating that he had thrown the dust of the ground upon which Gabriel had tread on into the fire because his soul had suggested it to him.[8] Moses informed him that he would be banished and that they would burn the Golden Calf and spread its dust into the sea. Moses ordered seventy delegates to repent to God and pray for forgiveness.[11] The delegates traveled alongside Moses to Mount Sinai, where they witnessed the speech between him and God but refused to believe until they had witnessed God with their sight. As punishment, God struck the delegates with lightning and killed them with a violent earthquake.[12] Moses prayed to God for their forgiveness. God forgave and resurrected them and they continued on their journey.

text: In the Islamic view, the Calf-worshipers' sin had been shirk (Arabic: شرك), the sin of idolatry or polytheism. Shirk is the deification or worship of anyone or anything other than the singular God (Allah), or more literally the establishment of "partners" placed beside God, a most serious and unforgivable sin, with the Calf-worshipers' being ultimately forgiven being a mark of special forbearance by Allah.

text: Criticism and interpretation[edit]

text: This section relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (April 2015)

text: Despite a seemingly simplistic façade, the golden calf narrative is complex. According to Michael Coogan, it seems that the golden calf was not an idol for another god, and thus a false god.[13] He cites Exodus 32:4-5 as evidence: He [Aaron] took the gold from them, formed it in a mold, and cast an image of a calf; and they said, "These are your gods, O Israel, who brought you up out of the land of Egypt!" When Aaron saw this, he built an altar before it; and Aaron made proclamation and said, "Tomorrow shall be a festival to the Lord (Yahweh)." Importantly, there is a single calf in this narrative. While the people refer to it as representative of the "gods", this is a possessive form of the word Elohim (אֱלֹהֶיךָ elo'hecha, from אֱלֹהִים), which is a name of God as well as general word for "gods". While a reference to singular god does not necessarily imply Yahweh worship, the word usually translated as 'lord' is Yahweh יהוה in the original, so at least it can't be ruled out.[13] It should also be noted that "in the chronology of the narrative of the Ten Commandments" the commandment against the creation of graven images had not yet been given to the people when they pressed upon Aaron to help them make the calf, and that such behavior was not yet explicitly outlawed.[13]

text: Another understanding of the golden calf narrative is that the calf was meant to be the pedestal of Yahweh. In Near Eastern art, gods were often depicted standing on an animal, rather than seated on a throne.[13] This reading suggests that the golden calf was merely an alternative to the ark of the covenant or the cherubim upon which Yahweh was enthroned.[13]

text: The reason for this complication may be understood as 1.) a criticism of Aaron, as the founder of one priestly house that rivaled the priestly house of Moses, and/or 2.) as "an attack on the northern kingdom of Israel."[13] The second explanation relies on the "sin of Jeroboam," who was the first king of the northern kingdom, as the cause of the northern kingdom’s fall to Assyria in 722 BCE.[13] Jeroboam’s "sin" was creating two calves of gold, and sending one to Bethel as a worship site in the south of the Kingdom, and the other to Dan as a worship site in the north, so that the people of the northern kingdom would not have to continue to go to Jerusalem to worship (see 1 Kings 12.26–30). According to Coogan, this episode is part of the Deuteronomistic history, written in the southern kingdom of Judah, after the fall of the Northern kingdom, which was biased against the northern kingdom.[13] Coogan maintains that Jeroboam was merely presenting an alternative to the cherubim of the Temple in Jerusalem, and that calves did not indicate non-Yahwehistic worship.[13]

text: The documentary hypothesis can be used to further understand the layers of this narrative: it is plausible that the earliest story of the golden calf was preserved by E (Israel source) and originated in the Northern kingdom. When E and J (Judah source) were combined after the fall of northern kingdom, "the narrative was reworked to portray the northern kingdom in a negative light," and the worship of the calf was depicted as "polytheism, with the suggestion of a sexual orgy" (see Exodus 32.6). When compiling the narratives, P (a later Priest source from Jerusalem) may have minimized Aaron’s guilt in the matter, but preserved the negativity associated with the calf.[13]

text: Alternatively it could be said that there is no golden calf story in the J source, and if it is correct that the Jeroboam story was the original as stated by Friedman, then it is unlikely that the Golden Calf events as described in Exodus occurred at all. Friedman states that the smashing of the Ten Commandments by Moses when he beheld the worship of the golden calf, is really an attempt to cast into doubt the validity of Judah's central shrine, the Ark of the Covenant. "The author of E, in fashioning the golden calf story, attacked both the Israelite and Judean religious establishments." [14]

text: As to the likelihood that these events ever took place, on the one hand there are two versions of the ten commandments story, in E (Exodus 20) and J (Exodus 34), this gives some antiquity and there may be some original events serving as a basis to the stories. The Golden Calf story is only in the E version and a later editor added in an explanation that God made a second pair of tablets to give continuity to the J story.[15] The actual Ten Commandments as given in Exodus 20 were also inserted by the redactor who combined the various sources.[16]

text: Archaeologists Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman say that while archaeology has found traces left by small bands of hunter-gatherers in the Sinai, there is no evidence at all for the large body of people described in the Exodus story: "The conclusion – that Exodus did not happen at the time and in the manner described in the Bible – seems irrefutable... repeated excavations and surveys throughout the entire area have not provided even the slightest evidence."[17]

text: As adoration of wealth[edit]

text: A metaphoric interpretation emphasizes the "gold" part of "golden calf" to criticize the pursuit of wealth.

text: This usage can be found in Spanish[18] where Mammon, the Gospel personification of idolatry of wealth, is not so current.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Eponymous subjects[edit]

text:
Le veau d'or est toujours debout (The Golden Calf is still standing), an aria in Charles Gounod's opera Faust
Cave of the Golden Calf, a notorious nightclub in Edwardian London, created by Frida Uhl
"The Golden Calf and the Altar", an episode in the unfinished opera Moses und Aron, a three-act, uncompleted opera by Arnold Schoenberg
The Golden Calf, a sculpture by conceptual artist Damien Hirst
"The Golden Calf", a song on the Prefab Sprout album From Langley Park to Memphis
Mooby the Golden Calf, a fictional character featured in the works of Kevin Smith
The Little Golden Calf, a satirical novel by Soviet authors Ilf and Petrov.

text: Others[edit]

text:
In Episode 79 of Batman the Golden Calf was nabbed by The Riddler
Le veau d'or est toujours debout (The Golden Calf is still standing) is an aria in Charles Gounod's opera Faust


document_title: Regime change

question_text: a change of government by force is a

question_tokens: a change of government by force is a

text: Regime change

text: Popular use[edit]

text: The transition from one political regime to another, especially through concerted political or military action, as was done in World War II to Italy, Germany, and Japan. (also known as the Axis Powers)

text: The term has been popularized by recent US presidents. Bill Clinton and George W. Bush regularly used the term in reference to Saddam Hussein's regime in Iraq. Ronald Reagan had previously called for regime change in Libya, directing the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to work towards that goal.[2]

text: The term regime change is sometimes erroneously used to describe a change in the government of the day.

text: The term regime change can also be applied to bodies other than nation states.[3]

text: Internal regime change[edit]

text: Regime change can be precipitated by revolution or a coup d'état. The Russian Revolution, the 1962 Burmese coup and the 1990 collapse of communism in Eastern Europe (→ #Dissolution of the Eastern Bloc) are consummate examples.

text: Examples of internally driven regime change are the establishment of the French Fifth Republic (1958) and the Federation of Australia.

text: In academic use[edit]

text: In addition to the above uses, the term 'regime change' can also be used in a more general sense, particularly in academic work, to refer to a change in political institutions or laws that affect the nature of the system as a whole. For example, the end of the Bretton Woods system was a regime change in the international system, as was the repeal of the National Mandatory Speed Limit in the United States. Regime changes are often viewed as ideal opportunities for natural experiments by social scientists.

text: Role of the United States[edit]

text: The United States has been involved in and assisted in the overthrow of foreign governments (more recently termed "regime change") without the overt use of U.S. military force. Often, such operations are tasked to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).


document_title: Ready Player One (film)

question_text: who does the voice for h in ready player one

text: Ready Player One (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Set in 2045, people seek regular escape from life through the virtual reality entertainment universe OASIS, co-created by James Halliday and Ogden Morrow of Gregarious Games. After Halliday's death, a pre-recorded message left by his avatar Anorak announces a game, granting ownership of OASIS to the first to find the Golden Easter Egg within it which is locked behind a gate requiring three keys. The contest has lured a number of ‘gunters’, or egg hunters, and the interest of Nolan Sorrento, the CEO of Innovative Online Industries (IOI) who seeks to control OASIS himself. IOI uses a number of indentured servants and employees called "Sixers" to find the egg.[a]

text: Wade Watts is an orphaned teenager living in the slums, or ‘stacks’, of Columbus, Ohio, with his Aunt Alice. In the OASIS, his avatar, Parzival, is good friends with Aech, a virtual mechanic. Parzival befriends Art3mis, a well-known Gunter, sharing a common interest in Halliday's history. They review Halliday's life from the Archives with help of its Curator.  They learn Halliday had several regrets in life, including his unrequited love for Morrow’s wife Kira and losing Morrow as a friend after forcing him to sign away his part of Gregarious Games. Using this information, they solve the first two challenges of Anorak's game: a car race across an ever-shifting Manhattan cityscape and a search for Kira in the Overlook Hotel from The Shining. Aech and his friends Daito and Sho follow suit, the five becoming known as the "High Five" on the OASIS scoreboards.

text: Sorrento learns of Parzival's identity through OASIS mercenary i-R0k, and attempts to sway Wade into joining IOI, but he refuses. In retaliation, Sorrento has IOI's head of operations F'Nale Zandor bomb Wade's stack, killing Alice. Art3mis' player, Samantha Cook, rescues Wade, but they are soon found by IOI. Samantha is captured and forced into IOI's servitude, while Wade is extracted by the other High Fivers – Helen (Aech), Toshiro (Daito), and Zhou (Sho). The group tracks down Samantha's location at IOI, and they remotely help her escape, allowing her to assist them in the OASIS as Art3mis.

text: The third challenge requires one to play Halliday's favorite Atari 2600 game, in a castle on Planet Doom, which Sorrento has protected with a force field. Parzival recruits other OASIS players to help the rebels attack the IOI forces around the castle. Art3mis deactivates the force field, allowing Parzival to reach the console, but Sorrento activates the Cataclyst, a bomb that kills all the avatars on Planet Doom. However, due to having won a coin from the Archive's Curator earlier, Parzival gets an extra life, proceeding to play through Adventure to find its Easter egg; he is awarded the last key. Opening the gate, he is greeted by Anorak and given a contract to sign; however, he recognizes it as the same contract Morrow signed to turn over his part of Gregarious and refuses. Anorak changes forms to be Halliday, revealing that the contract was the final test to make sure Parzival would not make the same mistakes he did. Parzival is given the Golden Egg and control of OASIS.

text: In the real world, Sorrento and Zandor fail to stop Parzival before he wins; they are quickly arrested for the bombing. Morrow, revealed to have been the Curator, offers his services to Wade; he gladly accepts. Wade decides to run OASIS with the other High Five, agreeing to ban IOI from forcing people into servitude and to shut down the OASIS twice a week for everyone to spend more time in the real world. Meanwhile, he and Samantha move into an apartment together.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tye Sheridan as Parzival / Wade Watts, a Gunter who wishes to win so he can leave the stacks.
Olivia Cooke as Art3mis / Samantha Cook, a well-known Gunter who works with various allies to ensure the OASIS is kept free and out of the hands of IOI.
Ben Mendelsohn as Nolan Sorrento, the CEO of Innovative Online Industries who seeks full control over the OASIS.
Lena Waithe as Aech / Helen Harris, a Gunter and long-time friend of Wade's who works as a mechanic in the OASIS.
T.J. Miller as i-R0k, a freelance dealer and mercenary often employed by IOI.
Simon Pegg as Curator / Ogden Morrow, a co-creator of the OASIS, who eventually left the company. He is concerned about how many people have developed an unhealthy dependency on the game.
Mark Rylance as Anorak / James Halliday, the deceased co-creator of the OASIS who reveals an Easter Egg hidden in the OASIS after his passing that grants control over the OASIS to its winner.
Philip Zhao as Sho / Zhou, a Gunter and one of the "High Five”. He is 11 years old in reality.[9]
Win Morisaki as Daito / Toshiro, a Gunter and one of the "High Five".
Hannah John-Kamen as F'Nale Zandor, IOI’s head of operations in the physical world and for their indentured servant programs.[9]

text: Additionally, Susan Lynch portrays Alice, Wade's aunt; Ralph Ineson portrays Rick, Alice's abusive boyfriend; Perdita Weeks portrays Karen "Kira" Underwood, Morrow's wife; Clare Higgins portrays Mrs. Gilmore, Wade's neighbor; and Letitia Wright portrays a rebel who can briefly be seen at the safe house. McKenna Grace and Lulu Wilson appear as elementary school children who use the OASIS.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Warner Bros. and De Line Pictures won an auction for the rights to Ernest Cline's novel Ready Player One in 2010, before it had been published.[10] Cline was set to write the script for the film, which Donald De Line and Dan Farah would produce.[10] Eric Eason rewrote Cline's script,[11] and Zak Penn was hired to rewrite the previous drafts by Cline and Eason. Village Roadshow Pictures came aboard to co-finance and co-produce the film with Warner Bros.[12] Steven Spielberg signed on to direct and produce the film, which Kristie Macosko Krieger also produced, along with De Line and Farah.[13] Ready Player One is Spielberg's first action-fantasy film since The Adventures of Tintin in late 2011.[14] Cline and Penn made several revisions while adapting the novel to film. Most of these changes were to eliminate scenes that would be uninteresting in a visual format, such as when Wade beats a high score in Pac-Man, or recites all the lines from the film WarGames.[15][16]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Three actresses were top-runners for the role of Art3mis: Elle Fanning, Olivia Cooke, and Lola Kirke;[17] In September 2015, Cooke was announced as having been cast in the coveted female lead role. In January 2016, Ben Mendelsohn joined the cast.[18] In February 2016, Tye Sheridan was confirmed as playing the lead role of Wade, after a lengthy nationwide casting call failed to produce an unknown for the part.[19] In March 2016, Simon Pegg joined the cast.[20] In April 2016, Mark Rylance joined the cast,[21] and in June 2016, T.J. Miller, Hannah John-Kamen and Win Morisaki also joined.[22][23][24][25] In July 2016, Philip Zhao joined the cast,[26] and Lena Waithe, Ralph Ineson, McKenna Grace, and Letitia Wright were later also announced to have been cast.[27][28][29][30]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Production was set to begin in July 2016.[23] Screenwriter Zak Penn tweeted on July 1, 2016 that the first week of filming had been completed.[31] In August and September 2016, filming took place in Birmingham, England; this included Livery Street in the Jewellery Quarter area of the city, which was extensively used, including the van chase that takes place towards the film's end. The chase was edited to make the street appear longer than it actually is. The backpackers hostel Hatters, also on Livery Street, was used for internal filming for a basement scene. The Ludgate Hill Car Park lot on Lionel Street, in which caravan homes were partially built was also used and a planned explosion there caused some local business and homes to call emergency services, as no prior notification were given by the production team. Other locations in the city included the former industrial area of Digbeth, in a rooftop scene that overlooks the Birmingham City Centre skyline. Some of the city's landmark buildings were erased and replaced with CGI buildings  to create a dystopian Ohio in the year 2045.[32][33] Principal photography ended on September 27, 2016.[34][35]

text: Visual effects and post-production[edit]

text: Spielberg worked with Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) to oversee the film's visual effects, meeting with ILM for 3 hours three times a week.[35] He has stated that "[t]his is the most difficult movie I've done since Saving Private Ryan."[35]

text: A significant part of the film takes place in a virtual space based on the Overlook Hotel in the film The Shining. This was mostly a digital recreation of the film using high-quality telecine of the original film, giving them some freedom of new camera angles and shots that could be generated from this recreation. The final film includes a combination of the original footage from The Shining and ILM's additional work. Only a few scenes in this sequence which involved real actors, such as the appearance of the Grady twins, required them to construct a faithful reproduction of The Shining's set for the actors to interact with. Finally, the sequence was post-processed to introduce film grain and other aging effects to make the new footage indistinguishable from the original film.[36]

text: ILM also had to faithfully produce digital recreations of several of the cultural references that appear throughout the film, including the DeLorean time machine, the Iron Giant, Chucky, and King Kong that was modeled after the 1933 version of the character.[37] The Tyrannosaurus rex from Jurassic Park was also recreated using the same base model that ILM had previously created during the original film production.[37]

text: Cultural references[edit]

text: Ready Player One, as in the book, pays homage to popular culture from various time periods, mainly the 1970s and 1980s but also extending to the 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s; reviewers have identified well over a hundred references to films, television shows, music, toys, video games, anime and comics from these eras.[38][39][40] Cline did not have any issues with these copyrighted elements when he published the book, but was aware that securing all necessary rights would be a major obstacle for a film adaptation. This task was eventually made easier thanks to Spielberg's reputation in the film industry.[15] Spielberg and producer Kristie Macosko Krieger spent several years securing the rights for the copyrighted elements used in the film long before filming began, knowing that some scenes would not be possible without certain copyrighted elements.[41][42] In the end, Spielberg estimated that they managed to get about 80% of the copyrighted elements they wanted[15], noting that in some cases, the filmmakers were able to secure rights for some but not all the characters they wanted. In negotiating with Warner Bros., they could not secure Close Encounters of the Third Kind from Columbia Pictures, despite the latter being one of Spielberg's first films as director.[43]

text: Blade Runner, which was integral to the plot of the book, was off-limits as Blade Runner 2049 was in production at the same time as Ready Player One; as a replacement, the creative team had the players play through the events of The Shining, which Spielberg was able to secure the rights to as an homage to his friend Stanley Kubrick.[15] While Cline's original work heavily used the character of Ultraman, the rights over the character were still under legal dispute, requiring them to replace Ultraman with the titular robot from The Iron Giant.[44] Spielberg recognized that his past films were a significant part of the 1980s popular culture cited in the book, and to avoid being accused of "vanity", he opted to remove many of the references to his own work.[45] Cline stated that he believed Spielberg wanted to avoid self-references to films he directed, due to the criticism he received for his film 1941, which lampooned his own previous works Jaws and Duel. Cline said he had to convince Spielberg to include some iconic elements, such as the DeLorean time machine from Back to the Future, which Spielberg conceded as the film was one he produced rather than directed.[46] Spielberg also allowed the Tyrannosaurus rex from his own Jurassic Park to be included.[37] Cline also asked ILM to include a reference to Last Action Hero, one of Penn's first screenplays, without Penn's knowledge.[47]

text: Music[edit]

text: On June 9, 2016, Variety stated that Spielberg's regular collaborator John Williams was planning to compose the film's score.[48] However, in July 2017, it was reported that Williams had left the project to work on Spielberg's The Post instead, with Alan Silvestri hired to take over scoring duties for Ready Player One.[49] The official score was released by WaterTower Music as a two-CD set on March 30, 2018,[50] with vinyl and cassette releases projected for the summer.[51] At Spielberg's request, Silvestri references his own music from Back to the Future within the film's score, as well as quoting the music by Wendy Carlos and Rachel Elkind from The Shining for the film's sequence at the Overlook Hotel.[52]

text: The film also includes licensed music from the 1970s and 1980s, which appears on the digital-only soundtrack album Ready Player One: Songs From the Motion Picture.

text: showOriginal SoundtrackNo.TitlePerformed byLength1."I Wanna Be Your Lover"Prince5:482."Everybody Wants to Rule the World"Tears for Fears4:123."Just My Imagination (Running Away with Me)"The Temptations3:494."Stand on It"Bruce Springsteen3:065."One Way or Another"Blondie3:276."Can't Hide Love"Earth, Wind & Fire4:097."Blue Monday"New Order7:248."Stayin' Alive"Bee Gees4:459."We're Not Gonna Take It"Twisted Sister3:3810."You Make My Dreams"Hall & Oates3:1211."Pure Imagination (feat. Merethe Soltvedt)"Bryan Nguyen2:33

text: showReady Player One (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."The Oasis"Alan Silvestri1:492."Hello, I'm James Halliday"Alan Silvestri2:013."Why Can't We Go Backwards?"Alan Silvestri4:184."An Orb Meeting"Alan Silvestri4:115."Real World Consequences"Alan Silvestri3:306."Sorrento Makes an Offer"Alan Silvestri3:347."Welcome to the Rebellion"Alan Silvestri3:148."High 5 Assembles"Alan Silvestri4:249."Orb of Osuvox"Alan Silvestri3:4510."Sorrento Punked"Alan Silvestri3:5711."Wade's Broadcast"Alan Silvestri5:5112."Arty on the Inside"Alan Silvestri2:3313."Looking for a Truck"Alan Silvestri5:3614."She Never Left"Alan Silvestri2:4115."Last Chance"Alan Silvestri3:2116."Get Me Out of This"Alan Silvestri1:3517."Hold on to Something"Alan Silvestri5:1418."This Is Wrong"Alan Silvestri3:4919."What Are You?"Alan Silvestri3:2920."There's Something I Need to Do"Alan Silvestri5:0121."Main Title"Alan Silvestri2:2722."End Credits"Alan Silvestri8:04

text: Release[edit]

text: Ready Player One was initially scheduled to be released on December 15, 2017,[53] but was pushed back to March 30, 2018, to avoid competition with Star Wars: The Last Jedi.[54] In January 2018, it was announced the film's release date had been moved up one day to March 29, 2018.[55] The film had its world premiere at the Paramount Theatre in Austin, Texas on March 11, 2018 (as part of the South by Southwest Film Festival).[4]

text: Warner Bros. Pictures distributed the film worldwide, with Village Roadshow Pictures distributing in several overseas territories.[56]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Ready Player One was released by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment on digital copy on July 3, 2018, and on 4K UHD Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D, Blu-Ray, and DVD on July 24, 2018.[57]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Ready Player One has grossed $137 million in the United States and Canada, and $445 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $582 million.[6] Made on a production budget of $175 million, with about $150 million more spent on global marketing costs, the film needed to gross at least $440 million in order to break-even.[58]

text: North America[edit]

text: In the United States and Canada, Ready Player One was released alongside God's Not Dead: A Light in Darkness and Acrimony, and was projected to gross $40–50 million from 4,100 theaters over its first four days.[59] It made $12.1 million on its first day, including $3.75 million from Wednesday night previews. It ended up grossing $41.8 million in its opening weekend (for a four-day total of $53.7 million), marking Spielberg's biggest debut since 2008's Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull.[60] In its second weekend it grossed $25.1 million (a drop of 40%), finishing second behind newcomer A Quiet Place ($50 million).[61] In its third weekend the film made $11.2 million, coming in fourth behind Rampage, A Quiet Place and Truth or Dare.[62] In its fourth weekend the film made $7.4 million, finishing sixth at the box office [63] In its fifth weekend it grossed $2.4 million, a drop of 67% from previous weekend and finishing ninth.[64]

text: Other territories[edit]

text: Worldwide, the film was released day-in-date in 62 countries, including China, where it was expected to make $100–120 million in its opening weekend.[59] It grossed $2.9 million on its first day from 11 countries, including $980,000 from Korea.[65] In China the film made $14.75 million on its first day and earned a score of 9.2 from audiences on Douban (compared to the average 6–7 earned by Hollywood films).[58] It grossed $61.7 million in China in its opening weekend which is the highest opening ever for Warner Bros in said territory. The film's other major opening weekend territories were South Korea ($8.1 million), United Kingdom ($7.3 million), Russia ($6.1 million) and France ($6 million).[66] In its second weekend in China it grossed $42 million, and in third weekend grossed $13.9 million.[67][68] The film grossed $81.7 million in its second weekend overseas, dropping only 35% and is ahead of other newcomers A Quiet Place and Blockers.[67] In its third weekend it grossed $33.8 million overseas dropping 58.6%.[68] On April 21, 2018, the film topped $200 million in China, becoming the tenth-biggest U.S. release ever in the country.[69] In its fourth weekend in China, it grossed $8.24 million finishing third at the box office and has a total gross of $207 million.[70] It grossed $23 million overseas from 67 territories in its fourth weekend.[71] It opened in Japan, its final major market and grossed $4.4 million.[71] In its fifth weekend overseas, it grossed $8.6 million from 63 territories.[72] In China, the weekend was $2.4M to push it past Avatar as the no. 9 Hollywood title ever in the market with $213.8M (RMB 1.34B).[72] Japan's third frame held well during Golden Week with just a 6% drop from the last session. The total there is currently at $17.5M.[73] In its sixth weekend in China, it bumped up 10% from last session to lift the local cume to $220.2M.[73] The film's largest markets after China are Japan ($23.4 million), United Kingdom ($21.3 million), France ($21.5 million), Korea ($18.6 million), and Russia-CIS ($13.1 million).[74]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 73% based on 353 reviews, and an average rating of 6.9/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Ready Player One is a sweetly nostalgic thrill ride that neatly encapsulates Spielberg's strengths while adding another solidly engrossing adventure to his filmography."[75] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 64 out of 100, based on 54 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[76] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 82% overall positive score and a 65% "definite recommend".[58]

text: In a review for RogerEbert.com, Brian Tallerico wrote that the film's "overwhelming" nature and non-stop action will likely thrill fans of pop culture; while he observed narrative weaknesses, such as a lack of depth among the supporting characters, he felt that they ultimately do not hinder the film from working "on the level of technical, blockbuster mastery that Spielberg helped define".[77] Writing for Variety, Owen Gleiberman called the film a "coruscating explosion of pop-culture eye candy", and found the sequence based on The Shining to be "irresistible". However, he also criticized Spielberg's dichotomization of fantasy and reality, as well as the film having "more activity than it does layers".[78] IndieWire's Eric Kohn characterized the film as "an astonishing sci-fi spectacle and a relentless nostalgia trip at once" and praised both the sequence based on The Shining as well as Penn's screenplay, particularly with respect to Mendelsohn's character. Nevertheless, he remarked that the film "drags a bunch in its final third".[79]

text: Alissa Wilkinson, writing for Vox, praised both the quality and quantity of the world building. She also commented on just how dystopian the future portrayed is, where the main characters fight to save the OASIS and the escape from reality it represents, with arguably less concern for the problems of the real world.[80]

text: Monica Castillo was more critical of the film in her review for The Guardian and drew attention to the absence of character arcs, the lack of resolution for plot holes in the novel, and the bloating of scenes in the film by trivia.[81] Matt Bobkin scored the film a 6 out of 10 for Exclaim! saying the film "is not so much a groundbreaking recontextualizing, more doe-eyed affection with no critical commentary".[82] Movie Metropolis noted that the film "is an absolute thrill-ride from start to finish and is pure Spielberg in the very best way" and awarded it 4 out of 5 stars.[83]

text: Film and television critic Matt Zoller Seitz praised Ready Player One and noted the undercurrent of sadness present in the film, stating that "I don't think Spielberg gets enough credit for making sad films that most people interpret as happy, and complex films that are immediately dismissed as simple or confused".[84][85][86] Seitz concluded that the film "is a mess, but it is a fascinating and complex one..."[87]

text: Possible sequel[edit]

text: Cline is working on a sequel to the novel.[88] For a sequel to the film, he stated, "[...] I think there's a good chance that, if this one does well, Warner Bros. will want to make a sequel. I don't know if Steven [Spielberg] would want to dive back in, because he would know what he is getting into. He's said that it's the third-hardest film he's made, out of dozens and dozens of movies".[89][90] Co-star Olivia Cooke, and presumably the rest of the cast, is "contracted to sequels".[91]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ IOI employees are called Sixers because their employee IDs are six digits long and begin with the number 6

tag: ol


document_title: Moons of Jupiter

question_text: which of jupiter's moons is the largest in the solar system

question_tokens: which of jupiter 's moons is the largest in the solar system

text: Moons of Jupiter

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: The physical and orbital characteristics of the moons vary widely. The four Galileans are all over 3,100 kilometres (1,900 mi) in diameter; the largest Galilean, Ganymede, is the ninth largest object in the Solar System, after the Sun and seven of the planets, Ganymede being larger than Mercury. All other Jovian moons are less than 250 kilometres (160 mi) in diameter, with most barely exceeding 5 kilometres (3.1 mi). Their orbital shapes range from nearly perfectly circular to highly eccentric and inclined, and many revolve in the direction opposite to Jupiter's spin (retrograde motion). Orbital periods range from seven hours (taking less time than Jupiter does to spin around its axis), to some three thousand times more (almost three Earth years).

text: Origin and evolution[edit]

text: Jupiter's regular satellites are believed to have formed from a circumplanetary disk, a ring of accreting gas and solid debris analogous to a protoplanetary disk.[3][4] They may be the remnants of a score of Galilean-mass satellites that formed early in Jupiter's history.[3][5]

text: Simulations suggest that, while the disk had a relatively high mass at any given moment, over time a substantial fraction (several tenths of a percent) of the mass of Jupiter captured from the solar nebula was passed through it. However, only 2% the proto-disk mass of Jupiter is required to explain the existing satellites.[3] Thus there may have been several generations of Galilean-mass satellites in Jupiter's early history. Each generation of moons might have spiraled into Jupiter, because of drag from the disk, with new moons then forming from the new debris captured from the solar nebula.[3] By the time the present (possibly fifth) generation formed, the disk had thinned so that it no longer greatly interfered with the moons' orbits.[5] The current Galilean moons were still affected, falling into and being partially protected by an orbital resonance with each other, which still exists for Io, Europa, and Ganymede. Ganymede's larger mass means that it would have migrated inward at a faster rate than Europa or Io.[3]

text: The outer, irregular moons are thought to have originated from captured asteroids, whereas the protolunar disk was still massive enough to absorb much of their momentum and thus capture them into orbit. Many are believed to have broken up by mechanical stresses during capture, or afterward by collisions with other small bodies, producing the moons we see today.[6]

text: Discovery[edit]

text: The first claimed observation of one of Jupiter's moons is that of Chinese astronomer Gan De around 364 BC.[7] However, the first certain observations of Jupiter's satellites were those of Galileo Galilei in 1609.[8] By January 1610, he had sighted the four massive Galilean moons with his 30× magnification telescope, and he published his results in March 1610.[9] Simon Marius had independently discovered them one day after Galileo, though he did not publish his book on the subject until 1614, and the names Marius assigned are used today: Ganymede, Callisto, Io, and Europa.[10] No additional satellites were discovered until E. E. Barnard observed Amalthea in 1892.[11] With the aid of telescopic photography, further discoveries followed quickly over the course of the twentieth century. Himalia was discovered in 1904,[12] Elara in 1905,[13] Pasiphae in 1908,[14] Sinope in 1914,[15] Lysithea and Carme in 1938,[16] Ananke in 1951,[17] and Leda in 1974.[18] By the time that Voyager space probes reached Jupiter around 1979, 13 moons had been discovered, not including Themisto which had been observed in 1975,[19] but was lost until 2000 due to insufficient initial observation data. The Voyager spacecraft discovered an additional three inner moons in 1979: Metis, Adrastea, and Thebe.[20]

text: No additional moons were discovered for two decades but, between October 1999 and February 2003, researchers found and later named another 34 moons using sensitive ground-based detectors.[21] These are tiny moons, in long, eccentric, generally retrograde orbits, and averaging 3 km (1.9 mi) in diameter, with the largest being just 9 km (5.6 mi) across. All of these moons are thought to have been captured asteroidal or perhaps comet bodies, possibly fragmented into several pieces;[22] but very little is known about them. Since 2003, 18 additional moons have been discovered but not yet named,[23] bringing the total number of known moons of Jupiter to 69.[1] As of 2017, this is the most of any planet in the Solar System; but additional undiscovered, tiny moons may exist.

text: Some of the 69 known satellites of Jupiter are considered lost because they have not been observed since their discovery and hence their orbits are not well-known enough to pinpoint their current locations. Work has been done to recover many of them in surveys from 2009 onwards (in which some new moons were also discovered), but six – S/2003 J 12, S/2003 J 10, S/2003 J 19, S/2003 J 4, S/2003 J 2, and S/2011 J 1 – still remain lost today.[24][25][26] Follow-up observations in 2018 are planned to secure their orbits and perhaps find new moons.[27]

text: Naming[edit]

text: The Galilean moons of Jupiter (Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto) were named by Simon Marius soon after their discovery in 1610.[28] However, these names fell out of favor until the 20th century. The astronomical literature instead simply referred to "Jupiter I", "Jupiter II", etc., or "the first satellite of Jupiter", "Jupiter's second satellite", and so on.[28] The names Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto became popular in the 20th century, whereas the rest of the moons remained unnamed and were usually numbered in Roman numerals V (5) to XII (12).[29] Jupiter V was discovered in 1892 and given the name Amalthea by a popular though unofficial convention, a name first used by French astronomer Camille Flammarion.[21]

text: The other moons were simply labeled by their Roman numeral (e.g. Jupiter IX) in the majority of astronomical literature until the 1970s.[30] In 1975, the International Astronomical Union's (IAU) Task Group for Outer Solar System Nomenclature granted names to satellites V–XIII,[31] and provided for a formal naming process for future satellites still to be discovered.[31] The practice was to name newly discovered moons of Jupiter after lovers and favorites of the god Jupiter (Zeus) and, since 2004, also after their descendants.[32] All of Jupiter's satellites from XXXIV (Euporie) are named after daughters of Jupiter or Zeus.[32] Names ending with "a" or "o" are used for prograde irregular satellites (the latter for highly inclined satellites), and names ending with "e" are used for retrograde irregulars.[33] The most recently confirmed moons Jupiter LI through LX (with the exception of Jupiter LIII Dia) have not received names.

text: Some asteroids share the same names as moons of Jupiter: 9 Metis, 38 Leda, 52 Europa, 85 Io, 113 Amalthea, 239 Adrastea. Two more asteroids previously shared the names of Jovian moons until spelling differences were made permanent by the IAU: Ganymede and asteroid 1036 Ganymed; and Callisto and asteroid 204 Kallisto.

text: Groups[edit]

text: Regular satellites[edit]

text: These have prograde and nearly circular orbits of low inclination and are split into two groups:

text: Inner satellites or Amalthea group: Metis, Adrastea, Amalthea, and Thebe. These orbit very close to Jupiter; the innermost two orbit in less than a Jovian day. The latter two are respectively the fifth and seventh largest moons in the Jovian system. Observations suggest that at least the largest member, Amalthea, did not form on its present orbit, but farther from the planet, or that it is a captured Solar System body.[34] These moons, along with a number of as-yet-unseen inner moonlets, replenish and maintain Jupiter's faint ring system. Metis and Adrastea help to maintain Jupiter's main ring, whereas Amalthea and Thebe each maintain their own faint outer rings.[35][36]

text: Main group or Galilean moons: Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto. They are some of the largest objects in the Solar System outside the Sun and the eight planets in terms of mass and are larger than any known dwarf planet. Ganymede exceeds even the planet Mercury in diameter. They are respectively the fourth-, sixth-, first-, and third-largest natural satellites in the Solar System, containing approximately 99.997% of the total mass in orbit around Jupiter, while Jupiter is almost 5,000 times more massive than the Galilean moons.[note 1] The inner moons are in a 1:2:4 orbital resonance. Models suggest that they formed by slow accretion in the low-density Jovian subnebula—a disc of the gas and dust that existed around Jupiter after its formation—which lasted up to 10 million years in the case of Callisto.[37] Several are suspected of having subsurface oceans.

text: Irregular satellites[edit]

text: The irregular satellites are substantially smaller objects with more distant and eccentric orbits. They form families with shared similarities in orbit (semi-major axis, inclination, eccentricity) and composition; it is believed that these are at least partially collisional families that were created when larger (but still small) parent bodies were shattered by impacts from asteroids captured by Jupiter's gravitational field. These families bear the names of their largest members. The identification of satellite families is tentative, but the following are typically listed:[23][38][39]

text: Prograde satellites:

text: Themisto[38] is the innermost irregular moon and not part of a known family.[23]

text: The Himalia group is spread over barely 1.4 Gm in semi-major axes, 1.6° in inclination (27.5 ± 0.8°), and eccentricities between 0.11 and 0.25. It has been suggested that the group could be a remnant of the break-up of an asteroid from the asteroid belt.[38]

text: Carpo is the outermost prograde moon and not part of a known family.[23]

text: Retrograde satellites:

text: S/2003 J 12 and S/2011 J 1 are the innermost of the retrograde moons, and are not part of any known family.

text: The Carme group is spread over only 1.2 Gm in semi-major axis, 1.6° in inclination (165.7 ± 0.8°), and eccentricities between 0.23 and 0.27. It is very homogeneous in color (light red) and is believed to have originated from a D-type asteroid progenitor, possibly a Jupiter Trojan.[22]

text: The Ananke group has a relatively wider spread than the previous groups, over 2.4 Gm in semi-major axis, 8.1° in inclination (between 145.7° and 154.8°), and eccentricities between 0.02 and 0.28. Most of the members appear gray, and are believed to have formed from the breakup of a captured asteroid.[22]

text: The Pasiphae group is quite dispersed, with a spread over 1.3 Gm, inclinations between 144.5° and 158.3°, and eccentricities between 0.25 and 0.43.[22] The colors also vary significantly, from red to grey, which might be the result of multiple collisions. Sinope, sometimes included in the Pasiphae group,[22] is red and, given the difference in inclination, it could have been captured independently;[38] Pasiphae and Sinope are also trapped in secular resonances with Jupiter.[40]

text: S/2003 J 2 is the outermost moon of Jupiter, and is not part of a known family.

text: List[edit]

text: The moons of Jupiter are listed below by orbital period. Moons massive enough for their surfaces to have collapsed into a spheroid are highlighted in bold. These are the four Galilean moons, which are comparable in size to the Moon. The four inner moons are much smaller, the fourth most massive being more than 7000 times more massive than the fifth-most. The irregular captured moons are shaded light gray when prograde and dark gray when retrograde.

text:
Order
[note 2]
Label
[note 3]
Name
Pronunciation
(key)
Image
Diameter
(km)[note 4]
Mass
(×1016 kg)
Semi-major
axis
(km)[41]
Orbital period
(d)[41][note 5]
Inclination
(°)[41]
Eccentr.
[23]
Discovery
year[21]
Discoverer[21]
Group
[note 6]

1
16 !XVI
Metis
/ˈmiːtɪs/

0059 !60 × 40 × 34
1636 !≈ 3.6
00127 !7005127690000000000♠127690
0074 !+7h 4m 29s
00006 !0.06[42]
0.0002
1979
Synnott
(Voyager 1)
Inner

2
15 !XV
Adrastea
/ædrəˈstiːə/

0020 !20 × 16 × 14
152 !≈ 0.2
00128 !7005128690000000000♠128690
0079 !+7h 9m 30s
00003 !0.03[42]
0.0015
1979
Jewitt
(Voyager 2)
Inner

3
05 !V
Amalthea
/æməlˈθiːə/

0171 !250 × 146 × 128
(7002167000000000000♠167±4.0)
18208 !208
0018 !7005181366000000000♠181366
008 !+11h 57m 23s
000374 !0.374[42]
0.0032
1892
Barnard
Inner

4
14 !XIV
Thebe
/ˈθiːbiː/

0116 !116 × 98 × 84
1743 !≈ 43
002 !7005221889000000000♠221889
009 !+16h 11m 17s
001076 !1.076[42]
0.0175
1979
Synnott
(Voyager 1)
Inner

5
01 !I
Io
/ˈaɪoʊ/

3660 !7003366000000000000♠3660.0
× 7003363740000000000♠3637.4
× 7003363060000000000♠3630.6
2289 !7006893190000000000♠8931900
004 !7005421700000000000♠421700
01 !+7000176910000000000♠1.7691
00005 !0.050[42]
0.0041
1610
Galilei
Galilean

6
02 !II
Europa
/jʊəˈroʊpə/

3121 !7003312160000000000♠3121.6
2248 !7006480000000000000♠4800000
006 !7005671034000000000♠671034
03 !+7000355120000000000♠3.5512
00047 !0.471[42]
0.0094
1610
Galilei
Galilean

7
03 !III
Ganymede
/ˈɡænɪmiːd/

5362 !7003526239999999999♠5262.4
2315 !7007148190000000000♠14819000
010 !7006107041200000000♠1070412
07 !+7000715460000000000♠7.1546
000204 !0.204[42]
0.0011
1610
Galilei
Galilean

8
04 !IV
Callisto
/kəˈlɪstoʊ/

4820 !7003482060000000000♠4820.6
2311 !7007107590000000000♠10759000
018 !7006188270900000000♠1882709
08 !+7001166890000000000♠16.689
000205 !0.205[42]
0.0074
1610
Galilei
Galilean

9
18 !XVIII
Themisto
/θɪˈmɪstoʊ/

0008 !8
1469 !6998690000000000000♠0.069
07 !7006739321600000000♠7393216
+129.87
045 !45.762
0.2115
1975/2000
Kowal & Roemer/
Sheppard et al.
Themisto

10
13 !XIII
Leda
/ˈliːdə/

0016 !16
1611 !0.6
7007111877810000000♠11187781
+240.82
027562 !27.562
0.1673
1974
Kowal
Himalia

11
06 !VI
Himalia
/haɪˈmeɪliə/

0170 !170
1867 !670
7007114519710000000♠11451971
+250.23
030 !30.486
0.1513
1904
Perrine
Himalia

12
10 !X
Lysithea
/laɪˈsɪθiə/

0036 !36
1663 !6.3
7007117405600000000♠11740560
+259.89
027006 !27.006
0.1322
1938
Nicholson
Himalia

13
07 !VII
Elara
/ˈɛlərə/

0086 !86
1787 !87
7007117780340000000♠11778034
+257.62
029 !29.691
0.1948
1905
Perrine
Himalia

14
53 !LIII
Dia
/ˈdaɪə/

0004 !4
139 !6997899999999999999♠0.0090
7007125704240000000♠12570424
+287.93
027584 !27.584
0.2058
2001
Sheppard et al.
Himalia

15
46 !XLVI
Carpo
/ˈkɑːrpoʊ/

0003 !3
1345 !6997449999999999999♠0.0045
7007171448730000000♠17144873
+458.62
056 !56.001
0.2735
2003
Sheppard et al.
Carpo

16
99 !—
S/2003 J 12

0001 !1
1215 !6996150000000000000♠0.00015
7007177395390000000♠17739539
−482.69
142.680
0.4449
2003
Sheppard et al.
?

17
34 !XXXIV
Euporie
/juːˈpɒrɪiː/

0002 !2
1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015
7007190884340000000♠19088434
−538.78
144.694
0.0960
2002
Sheppard et al.
Pasiphae

18
60 !LX
S/2003 J 3

0002 !2
1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015
7007196217800000000♠19621780
−561.52
146.363
0.2507
2003
Sheppard et al.
Ananke

19
99 !—
S/2011 J 1

0001 !1

7007201552900000000♠20155290
−582.22
162.8
0.2963
2011
Sheppard et al.
?

20
55 !LV
S/2003 J 18

0002 !2
1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015
7007202196480000000♠20219648
−587.38
146.376
0.1048
2003
Gladman et al.
Pasiphae

21
52 !LII
S/2010 J 2

0001 !1

7007203071500000000♠20307150
−588.36
150.4
0.307
2010
Veillet
Ananke

22
42 !XLII
Thelxinoe
/θɛlkˈsɪnoʊiː/

0002 !2
1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015
7007204537530000000♠20453753
−597.61
151.292
0.2684
2003
Sheppard et al.
Ananke

23
33 !XXXIII
Euanthe
/juːˈænθiː/

0003 !3
1345 !6997449999999999999♠0.0045
7007204648540000000♠20464854
−598.09
143.409
0.2000
2002
Sheppard et al.
Ananke

24
45 !XLV
Helike
/ˈhɛlɪkiː/

0004 !4
139 !6997899999999999999♠0.0090
7007205402660000000♠20540266
−601.40
154.586
0.1374
2003
Sheppard et al.
Pasiphae

25
35 !XXXV
Orthosie
/ɔːrˈθɒsɪiː/

0002 !2
1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015
7007205679710000000♠20567971
−602.62
142.366
0.2433
2002
Sheppard et al.
Pasiphae

26
54 !LIV
S/2016 J 1

0003 !3
1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015
7007205954830000000♠20595483
−603.83
139.839
0.1377
2016
Sheppard et al.
Pasiphae

27
24 !XXIV
Iocaste
/aɪoʊˈkæstiː/

0005 !5
1419 !6998190000000000000♠0.019
7007207225660000000♠20722566
−609.43
147.248
0.2874
2001
Sheppard et al.
Ananke

28
99 !—
S/2003 J 16

0002 !2
1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015
7007207437790000000♠20743779
−610.36
150.769
0.3184
2003
Gladman et al.
Ananke

29
27 !XXVII
Praxidike
/prækˈsɪdɪkiː/

0007 !7
1443 !6998429999999999999♠0.043
7007208239480000000♠20823948
−613.90
144.205
0.1840
2001
Sheppard et al.
Ananke

30
22 !XXII
Harpalyke
/hɑːrˈpælɪkiː/

0004 !4
1412 !6998120000000000000♠0.012
7007210638140000000♠21063814
−624.54
147.223
0.2440
2001
Sheppard et al.
Ananke

31
40 !XL
Mneme
/ˈniːmiː/

0002 !2
1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015
7007211297860000000♠21129786
−627.48
149.732
0.3169
2003
Gladman et al.
Ananke

32
30 !XXX
Hermippe
/hərˈmɪpiː/

0004 !4
139 !6997899999999999999♠0.0090
7007211820860000000♠21182086
−629.81
151.242
0.2290
2002
Sheppard et al.
Ananke

33
29 !XXIX
Thyone
/θaɪˈoʊniː/

0004 !4
139 !6997899999999999999♠0.0090
7007214055700000000♠21405570
−639.80
147.276
0.2525
2002
Sheppard et al.
Ananke

34
12 !XII
Ananke
/əˈnæŋkiː/

0028 !28
163 !3.0
7007214549520000000♠21454952
−640.38
151.564
0.3445
1951
Nicholson
Ananke

35
50 !L
Herse
/ˈhɜːrsiː/

0002 !2
1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015
7007221343060000000♠22134306
−672.75
162.490
0.2379
2003
Gladman et al.
Carme

36
31 !XXXI
Aitne
/ˈɛtniː/

0003 !3
1345 !6997449999999999999♠0.0045
7007222851610000000♠22285161
−679.64
165.562
0.3927
2002
Sheppard et al.
Carme

37
37 !XXXVII
Kale
/ˈkeɪliː/

0002 !2
1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015
7007224092070000000♠22409207
−685.32
165.378
0.2011
2002
Sheppard et al.
Carme

38
20 !XX
Taygete
/teɪˈɪdʒɪtiː/

0005 !5
1416 !6998160000000000000♠0.016
7007224386480000000♠22438648
−686.67
164.890
0.3678
2001
Sheppard et al.
Carme

39
99 !—
S/2003 J 19

0002 !2
1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015
7007227090610000000♠22709061
−699.12
164.727
0.1961
2003
Gladman et al.
Carme?

40
21 !XXI
Chaldene
/kælˈdiːniː/

0004 !4
1375 !6997750000000000000♠0.0075
7007227134440000000♠22713444
−699.33
167.070
0.2916
2001
Sheppard et al.
Carme

41
58 !LVIII
S/2003 J 15

0002 !2
1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015
7007227209990000000♠22720999
−699.68
141.812
0.0932
2003
Sheppard et al.
Pasiphae

42
99 !—
S/2003 J 10

0002 !2
1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015
7007227308130000000♠22730813
−700.13
163.813
0.3438
2003
Sheppard et al.
Carme?

43
99 !—
S/2003 J 23

0002 !2
1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015
7007227396540000000♠22739654
−700.54
148.849
0.3930
2004
Sheppard et al.
Pasiphae?

44
25 !XXV
Erinome
/ɪˈrɪnoʊmiː/

0003 !3
1345 !6997449999999999999♠0.0045
7007229862660000000♠22986266
−711.96
163.737
0.2552
2001
Sheppard et al.
Carme

45
41 !XLI
Aoede
/eɪˈiːdiː/

0004 !4
139 !6997899999999999999♠0.0090
7007230441750000000♠23044175
−714.66
160.482
0.4311
2003
Sheppard et al.
Pasiphae

46
44 !XLIV
Kallichore
/kəˈlɪkoʊriː/

0002 !2
1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015
7007231118230000000♠23111823
−717.81
164.605
0.2041
2003
Sheppard et al.
Carme

47
23 !XXIII
Kalyke
/ˈkælɪkiː/

0005 !5
1419 !6998190000000000000♠0.019
7007231807730000000♠23180773
−721.02
165.505
0.2139
2001
Sheppard et al.
Carme

48
11 !XI
Carme
/ˈkɑːrmiː/

0046 !46
1713 !13
7007231979920000000♠23197992
−763.95
165.047
0.2342
1938
Nicholson
Carme

49
17 !XVII
Callirrhoe
/kəˈlɪroʊiː/

0009 !9
1487 !6998870000000000000♠0.087
7007232149860000000♠23214986
−727.11
139.849
0.2582
2000
Spahr, Scotti
Pasiphae

50
32 !XXXII
Eurydome
/jʊəˈrɪdəmiː/

0003 !3
1345 !6997449999999999999♠0.0045
7007232308580000000♠23230858
−723.36
149.324
0.3769
2002
Sheppard et al.
Pasiphae

51
38 !XXXVIII
Pasithee
/pəˈsɪθɪiː/

0002 !2
1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015
7007233073180000000♠23307318
−726.93
165.759
0.3288
2002
Sheppard et al.
Carme

52
51 !LI
S/2010 J 1

0002 !2

7007233143350000000♠23314335
−722.83
163.2
0.320
2010
Jacobson et al.
Carme

53
49 !XLIX
Kore
/ˈkɔːriː/

0002 !2
1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015
7007233450930000000♠23345093
−776.02
137.371
0.1951
2003
Sheppard et al.
Pasiphae

54
48 !XLVIII
Cyllene
/sɪˈliːniː/

0002 !2
1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015
7007233962690000000♠23396269
−731.10
140.148
0.4115
2003
Sheppard et al.
Pasiphae

55
56 !LVI
S/2011 J 2

0001 !1

7007234009810000000♠23400981
−731.32
148.77
0.3321
2011
Sheppard et al.
Pasiphae

56
47 !XLVII
Eukelade
/juːˈkɛlədiː/

0004 !4
139 !6997899999999999999♠0.0090
7007234836940000000♠23483694
−735.20
163.996
0.2828
2003
Sheppard et al.
Carme

57
59 !LIX
S/2017 J 1

0002 !2
1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015
7007234839780000000♠23483978
−734.15
149.197
0.3969
2017
Sheppard et al.
Pasiphae

58
99 !—
S/2003 J 4

0002 !2
1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015
7007235707900000000♠23570790
−739.29
147.175
0.3003
2003
Sheppard et al.
Pasiphae?

59
08 !VIII
Pasiphae
/pəˈsɪfeɪiː/

0060 !60
173 !30
7007236090420000000♠23609042
−739.80
141.803
0.3743
1908
Melotte
Pasiphae

60
39 !XXXIX
Hegemone
/hɪˈdʒɛməniː/

0003 !3
1345 !6997449999999999999♠0.0045
7007237025110000000♠23702511
−745.50
152.506
0.4077
2003
Sheppard et al.
Pasiphae

61
43 !XLIII
Arche
/ˈɑːrkiː/

0003 !3
1345 !6997449999999999999♠0.0045
7007237170510000000♠23717051
−746.19
164.587
0.1492
2002
Sheppard et al.
Carme

62
26 !XXVI
Isonoe
/aɪˈsɒnoʊiː/

0004 !4
1375 !6997750000000000000♠0.0075
7007238006470000000♠23800647
−750.13
165.127
0.1775
2001
Sheppard et al.
Carme

63
99 !—
S/2003 J 9

0001 !1
1215 !6996150000000000000♠0.00015
7007238578080000000♠23857808
−752.84
164.980
0.2761
2003
Sheppard et al.
Carme?

64
57 !LVII
S/2003 J 5

0004 !4
139 !6997899999999999999♠0.0090
7007239739260000000♠23973926
−758.34
165.549
0.3070
2003
Sheppard et al.
Carme

65
09 !IX
Sinope
/sɪˈnoʊpiː/

0038 !38
1675 !7.5
7007240578650000000♠24057865
−739.33
153.778
0.2750
1914
Nicholson
Pasiphae

66
36 !XXXVI
Sponde
/ˈspɒndiː/

0002 !2
1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015
7007242526270000000♠24252627
−771.60
154.372
0.4431
2002
Sheppard et al.
Pasiphae

67
28 !XXVIII
Autonoe
/ɔːˈtɒnoʊiː/

0004 !4
139 !6997899999999999999♠0.0090
7007242644450000000♠24264445
−772.17
151.058
0.3690
2002
Sheppard et al.
Pasiphae

68
19 !XIX
Megaclite
/mɛɡəˈklaɪtiː/

0005 !5
1421 !6998210000000000000♠0.021
7007246872390000000♠24687239
−792.44
150.398
0.3077
2001
Sheppard et al.
Pasiphae

69
99 !—
S/2003 J 2

0002 !2
1315 !6997150000000000000♠0.0015
7007285704100000000♠28570410
9 !2997018450000000000♠−981.55
153.521
0.4074
2003
Sheppard et al.
?

text: Exploration[edit]

text: The first spacecrafts to visit Jupiter were Pioneer 10 in 1973, and Pioneer 11 a year later, taking low-resolution images of the four Galilean moons.[43] The Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 probes visited Jupiter in 1979, discovering the volcanic activity on Io and the presence of water ice on the surface of Europa. The Cassini probe to Saturn flew by Jupiter in 2000 and collected data on interactions of the Galilean moons with Jupiter's extended atmosphere. The New Horizons spacecraft flew by Jupiter in 2007 and made improved measurements of its satellites' orbital parameters.

text: The Galileo spacecraft was the first to enter orbit around Jupiter, arriving in 1995 and studying it until 2003. During this period, Galileo gathered a large amount of information about the Jovian system, making close approaches to all of the Galilean moons and finding evidence for thin atmospheres on three of them, as well as the possibility of liquid water beneath the surfaces of Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. It also discovered a magnetic field around Ganymede.

text: In 2016, the Juno spacecraft imaged the Galilean moons from above their orbital plane as it approached Jupiter orbit insertion, creating a time-lapse movie of their motion.[44]