document_title: New England Patriots

question_text: who did the new england patriots lose the superbowl to

question_tokens: who did the new england patriots lose the superbowl to

text: New England Patriots

text: Franchise history

text: On November 16, 1959, Boston business executive Billy Sullivan was awarded the eighth and final franchise of the developing American Football League (AFL). The following winter, locals were allowed to submit ideas for the Boston football team's official name. The most popular choice – and the one that Sullivan selected – was the "Boston Patriots," with "Patriots" referring to those colonists of the Thirteen Colonies who rebelled against British control during the American Revolution and in July 1776 declared the United States of America an independent nation. Immediately thereafter, artist Phil Bissell of The Boston Globe developed the "Pat Patriot" logo.[6]

text: The Patriots struggled for most of their years in the AFL, and they never had a regular home stadium. Nickerson Field, Harvard Stadium, Fenway Park, and Alumni Stadium all served as home fields during their time in the American Football League. They played in only one AFL championship game, following the 1963 season, in which they lost to the San Diego Chargers 51–10. They did not appear again in an AFL or NFL post-season game for another 13 years.[6]

text: When the NFL and AFL merged in 1970, the Patriots were placed in the American Football Conference (AFC) East division, where they still play today.[6] The following year, the Patriots moved to a new stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts, which would serve as their home for the next 30 years. As a result of the move, they announced they would change their name from the Boston Patriots to the Bay State Patriots.[5] The name was rejected by the NFL and on March 22, 1971, the team officially announced they would change its geographic name to New England.[6]

text: During the 1970s, the Patriots had some success, earning a berth to the playoffs in 1976—as a wild card team—and in 1978—as AFC East champions. They lost in the first round both times. In 1985, they returned to the playoffs, and made it all the way to Super Bowl XX, which they lost to the Chicago Bears 46–10. Following their Super Bowl loss, they returned to the playoffs in 1986, but lost in the first round. The team would not make the playoffs again for eight more years. During the 1990 season, the Patriots went 1–15. They changed ownership three times in the ensuing 14 years, being purchased from the Sullivan family first by Victor Kiam in 1988, who sold the team to James Orthwein in 1992. Orthwein intended to move the team to his native St. Louis, Missouri (where it would have been renamed as the St. Louis Stallions), but instead sold the team in 1994 to its current owner Robert Kraft.[6]

text: Though Orthwein's period as owner was short and controversial, he did oversee major changes to the team, first with the hiring of former New York Giants coach Bill Parcells in 1993. Orthwein and his marketing team also commissioned the NFL to develop a new visual identity and logo, and changed their primary colors from the traditional red, white and blue to blue and silver for the team uniforms.[7] Parcells would bring the Patriots to two playoff appearances, including Super Bowl XXXI, which they lost to the Green Bay Packers by a score of 35–21. Pete Carroll, Parcells's successor, would also take the team to the playoffs twice in 1997 & 1998 before being dismissed as head coach after the 1999 season.[6]

text: The Patriots' current coach, Bill Belichick, was hired in 2000, and a new home field, Gillette Stadium, was opened in 2002. Under Belichick, the team won three Super Bowls in four years (2001, 2003, and 2004). The Patriots finished the 2007 regular season with a perfect 16–0 record, becoming only the fourth team in league history to go undefeated in the regular season, and the only one since the league expanded its regular season schedule to 16 games.[6] After advancing to Super Bowl XLII, the team's fourth Super Bowl in seven years, the Patriots were defeated by the Giants to end their bid for a 19–0 season. With the loss, the Patriots ended the year at 18–1, becoming only one of three teams to go 18–1 along with the 1984 San Francisco 49ers and the 1985 Chicago Bears. The Patriots' returned to the Super Bowl in 2012 but lost again to the Giants, 21–17.[8] In 2015, they won Super Bowl XLIX, defeating the Seattle Seahawks by a score of 28–24.[9] The Patriots became the first team to reach nine Super Bowls in the 2016–17 playoffs and faced the Atlanta Falcons in Super Bowl LI,[10] which ended up paving the way for their fifth Super Bowl victory,[11] tying them with the Dallas Cowboys and the San Francisco 49ers for the second-most in NFL history, 1 behind the Pittsburgh Steelers with 6; the game was also the first Super Bowl to go into overtime.[12]

text: The Patriots became the first team to reach ten Super Bowls in the 2017–18 playoffs but lost to the Philadelphia Eagles in Super Bowl LII, on February 4, 2018, at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota.[13]

text: Season-by-season records

text: Records

text:
All-time Patriots leaders

Leader
Player
Record number
Years played for Patriots

Passing[14]
Tom Brady
66,159 passing yards
2000–present

Rushing[15]
Sam Cunningham
5,453 rushing yards
1973–1982

Receiving[16]
Stanley Morgan
10,352 receiving yards
1977–1989

Scoring[17]
Stephen Gostkowski
1,537 points
2006–present

Coaching wins[18]
Bill Belichick
280 wins
2000–present

text: Rivalries

text: In terms of number of games played, the Patriots have competed most against teams either currently or formerly from the AFC East division. This includes the current teams, the New York Jets, the Miami Dolphins, and the Buffalo Bills, as well as former divisional opponents the Indianapolis Colts. Among those, however, a few run deeper than others.[citation needed]

text: New York Jets

text: The closest geographically has been the rivalry with the New York Jets.[20] The Patriots and Jets have been in the same division (what is now the AFC East) since both teams' foundings in 1960, and have played each other at least twice a year since then.[21] The rivalry between the Jets and Patriots has escalated since 1996, when Patriots head coach Bill Parcells left the Patriots under controversy to become the head coach of the Jets; he was replaced by former Jets coach Pete Carroll.[21] Four years later Carroll was fired, and Parcells's assistant, Bill Belichick, resigned the day he was named the Jets' head coach to become the head coach of the Patriots.[22] Six years after that, Eric Mangini, an assistant under Belichick, became the head coach of the Jets.[23]

text: Bill Belichick achieved his 200th career head coaching win (regular season and playoffs) on November 22, 2012, defeating the Jets 49–19; it was his 163rd such win as Patriots coach.[24] The Patriots defeated the Jets in Week seven of the 2015 season by a score of 30–23, to give them a 6–0 record to date. [25]

text: Baltimore/Indianapolis Colts

text: The Patriots rivalry with the Baltimore/Indianapolis Colts ran through the two clubs' tenure together in the AFC East (1970–2001). The two clubs clashed in several close games, such as on December 19, 1971, as a late Patriots touchdown decided a 21–17 New England win; on September 18, 1978, the Colts rallied to defeat the Patriots 34–27 on Monday Night Football on a virtual one-man scoring rampage by running back Joe Washington; on September 4, 1983, the Colts defeated the Patriots in overtime 29–23 in their final season in Baltimore.[26] The Patriots defeated the Colts in back-to-back overtime games, 23–17 on December 8, 1991, and 37–34 on November 15, 1992.[26]

text: Even though the two clubs were placed in separate divisions in the NFL's 2002 divisional realignment, their rivalry did not diminish. At that time, both teams were among the best in the AFC, and both were led by likely Hall of Fame quarterbacks, Peyton Manning (for the Colts) and Tom Brady (for the Patriots) The teams met three times in four years (2003, 2004, 2006) in the playoffs, with the winner going on to win that season's Super Bowl each time. The Manning portion of the rivalry began in Manning's rookie season, 1998; in 1999 Manning suffered a bitter 31–28 loss in September as the Patriots behind Drew Bledsoe erased a 28–7 Colts lead, then defeated the Patriots 20–15 in Indianapolis on December 12. The Brady–Manning portion of the rivalry began on September 30, 2001, as Brady made his first NFL start in a 44–13 Patriots win at Foxboro; on October 21 the Patriots defeated the Colts at the RCA Dome 38–17.[26]

text: After the Colts left the AFC East in 2002, they first met on November 30, 2003, in a 38–34 Patriots win decided on a last-second goal line stand by the Patriots.[26] The Colts broke a six-game Patriot winning streak in the rivalry in November 2005,[26] then won twice in 2006;[26] in the AFC Championship Game the Colts erased a 21–6 halftime lead; the game lead tied or changed seven times in the second half before a late touchdown led to a 38–34 Colts win. The November 4, 2007, meeting involved both teams being unbeaten to that point; the 8–0 Patriots and the 7–0 Colts. The Patriots rallied to win 24–20.[27] The Colts won again in 2008 and then erased a large Patriots lead in 2009's 4th and 2 game. Manning's final meeting with the Patriots as a Colt came in November 2010; a late interception sealed a 31–28 Patriots win.[28] In 2012, the Patriots faced the Colts, quarterbacked now by Andrew Luck, on November 18; the Patriots defeated the Colts 59–24.[29] The Patriots also beat the Colts on January 12, 2014, 43–22.[30] The Patriots played the Colts in the playoffs again on January 18, 2015, in the AFC title game, winning 45–7.[31]

text: Buffalo Bills

text: The Patriots and the Bills were both charter members of the AFL, and even competed with each other in an AFL playoff game. They have remained divisional rivals since the NFL-AFL merger. Prior to the rise of Tom Brady, the two teams shared a mellow, yet occasionally competitive rivalry, featuring highlights from players such as O.J. Simpson, Steve Grogan, Joe Ferguson, Jim Kelly, and Drew Bledsoe. However, Brady has dominated the Bills ever since taking over as the Patriots' franchise quarterback, holding a 26-3 regular season record over them.[32] Though Patriots fans usually feel apathetic towards the Bills, Bills fans have come to despise the Patriots more than any other rival.[33] The rivalry has remained somewhat intense in recent years with multiple players having played for both teams, the Bills usually giving their all when playing the Patriots, and the presence of Rex Ryan, who coached both the Bills and Jets and was known for his trash-talk.[34]

text: Miami Dolphins

text: The Patriots first played the Miami Dolphins in 1966 in the AFL, when Miami was one of two expansion teams to debut that year in that league. The Dolphins dominated the Patriots in the 1970s and 1990s, but the two teams remained competitive with each other for years before the rise of Tom Brady. Brady, however, struggled occasionally against the Dolphins in the 2000s before reasserting dominance in the 2010s. The Patriots and Dolphins are the only two teams in the Super Bowl era to post undefeated regular season records, with Miami going 14-0 in 1972 and the Patriots going 16-0 in 2007.[35] Notable moments between the clubs include the Snowplow Game, three playoff matchups, and the Dolphins revealing their Wildcat offense against the Patriots.[36]

text: Baltimore Ravens

text: The Ravens first met the New England Patriots in 1996,[37] but the rivalry truly started in 2007 when the Ravens suffered a bitter 27–24 loss in the Patriots' quest for perfection.[38] The rivalry began to escalate in 2009 when the Ravens lost to the Patriots 27–21 in a game that involved a confrontation between Patriots quarterback Tom Brady and Ravens linebacker Terrell Suggs.[39] Both players would go on to take verbal shots at each other through the media after the game. The Ravens defeated the Patriots in the 2009 AFC Wild Card playoff game, 33–14.[40] This was the first time the Ravens had ever defeated the Patriots. The Ravens faced the Patriots in week six of the 2010 season. The Patriots ended up winning 23–20 in overtime; the game caused controversy from a hit to the helmet of tight end Todd Heap by Patriots safety Brandon Meriweather.[41]

text: The Ravens played the Patriots for the third consecutive season in the 2012 AFC championship game, which the Ravens lost 23–20.[42] The rivalry reached a new level of friction with this, the second career playoff game between the two clubs. The Ravens clawed to a 20–16 lead in the fourth quarter, but Patriots quarterback Tom Brady dove into the end zone to make the score 23–20 with around 11 minutes remaining; this proved to be the winning touchdown.[42] On the Ravens' last possession of the game, quarterback Joe Flacco threw a pass to wide receiver Lee Evans in the corner of the end zone which looked to be the game-winning touchdown, before a last-second strip by Sterling Moore forced the ball from the hands of Evans, forcing the game to be decided on a last-minute field goal by Ravens placekicker Billy Cundiff.[42] With 11 seconds remaining on the clock, the kicker missed the 32-yard field goal attempt, allowing the Patriots to kill the clock on their way to Super Bowl XLVI for a rematch with the New York Giants.[42]

text: The Ravens' first regular-season win over the Patriots came on September 23, 2012. The game was emotional as receiver Torrey Smith was competing following the death of his brother in a motorcycle accident just the night before.[43] Smith caught two touchdowns in a back and forth game; the Ravens erased a 13–0 lead in the first half and led 14–13, but the Patriots scored at the end of the second quarter for a 20–14 lead. The lead changed twice in the third quarter and the Patriots led 30–21 in the fourth, but the Ravens scored on Smith's second touchdown catch. The Ravens were stopped on fourth down but the Patriots had to punt; in the final two minutes a pass interference penalty on Devin McCourty put the ball at the Patriots 7-yard line; new Ravens kicker Justin Tucker booted a 27-yard field goal on the final play; the ball sailed directly over the upright and was ruled good; the quality of officiating by replacement referees caused controversy as Bill Belichick angrily reached for one of the referees as they were leaving the field, leading to a $50,000 fine later that week.[44][45]

text: The two teams met again on January 20, 2013, in the AFC Championship, where the Ravens won 28–13.[46] The Patriots led at halftime, 13–7, but the Ravens defense gave up no points in the 2nd half.[46] It was the first time ever that Tom Brady lost a game at home after leading at halftime, and the first time a road team beat the Patriots in the AFC Championship.[46]

text: The two teams met once again at Gillette Stadium in the playoffs on January 10, 2015. The Patriots trailed by as much as 14 twice, before beating the Ravens 35–31 to advance to the AFC Championship.[47]

text: Controversies

text: "Spygate"

text: During the 2007 season, the New England Patriots were disciplined by the league for videotaping New York Jets' defensive coaches' signals from an unauthorized location during a September 9, 2007 game.[48][49] Videotaping opposing coaches is not illegal in the NFL de jure, but there are designated areas allowed by the league to do such taping. After an investigation, the NFL fined Patriots head coach Bill Belichick $500,000 for his role in the incident, fined the Patriots $250,000, and docked the team their original first-round selection in the 2008 NFL Draft which would have been the 31st pick of the draft.[50]

text: "Deflategate"

text: During the 2015 AFC Championship Game against the Indianapolis Colts, allegations arose that the Patriots were utilizing under-inflated footballs. It was even suggested that the Patriots' staff themselves deliberately deflated the footballs to give their team an unfair advantage during the playoffs. [51][52] A lengthy investigation and heated debate commenced shortly afterwards, with a full report being published in May 2015.[53][54] The Wells Report found that balls provided by the Patriots, who were the home team, indeed had less pressure on average than the balls provided by the Colts. Also notable was the findings of some suggestions of communication between Tom Brady and two Patriots locker room attendants, indicating Brady was likely "generally aware" of the situation and that the Patriots staff intentionally deflated the footballs.[54] A later study by the American Enterprise Institute called the evidence and methodology of the Wells report "deeply flawed" and "unreliable".[55]

text: In the aftermath of the incident, the NFL suspended Brady without pay for the first four games of the 2015 season, fined the Patriots $1 million, and forced them to forfeit their 2016 first round draft pick and 2017 fourth round draft pick. Brady appealed his suspension, which was eventually vacated by the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, only for the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit to reinstate it a year later for the 2016 NFL season.[56] Brady eventually agreed to serve the suspension in 2016, but led the Patriots to win Super Bowl LI in spite of it.[57]

text: Strategy

text: Under head coach Bill Belichick, the Patriots have employed specific on-field and off-field strategies. On the field, the Patriots have typically utilized an "Erhardt–Perkins" offense and a "Fairbanks–Bullough" 3–4 defense, referred to commonly as a two-gap 3–4 defensive system.[58] Their philosophy in making personnel decisions and in game planning has focused on the "team" concept,[59] stressing preparation, strong work ethic, versatility,[60] and lack of individual ego.[61] This approach, which has led to five Super Bowl victories under Belichick, was analyzed in the 2004 book Patriot Reign.

text: When owner Robert Kraft purchased the team in 1994, he did so for $175 million. Since then, the Patriots have sold out every home game in both Foxboro Stadium and Gillette Stadium.[6] By 2009, the value of the franchise had increased by over $1 billion, to a Forbes magazine estimated value of $1.361 billion, third highest in the NFL only behind the Dallas Cowboys and Washington Redskins.[62][63][64] As of July 2015[update], the Patriots are the seventh most valuable sports franchise in the world according to Forbes magazine.[65]

text: Stadium

text: Since 2002, the Patriots' home stadium has been Gillette Stadium, a $350 million facility privately financed by Kraft. It houses all administrative offices for the team and its owning entity, The Kraft Group, as well as the Kraft-owned Major League Soccer team, the New England Revolution.[66] The field, which was originally natural grass, was replaced with a FieldTurf surface during the 2006 season.[67] The area around the stadium was developed, beginning in 2007, into a $375 million "lifestyle and entertainment center" called Patriot Place; among its largest structures is a multi-floor restaurant and bar called CBS Scene.[68]

text: Prior to 2002, the Patriots played in Foxboro Stadium dating back to 1971, the team's second year in the NFL after the AFL–NFL merger.[66] During the team's days in the American Football League, the Boston Patriots were hosted by a number of fields in or around Boston—they played at Braves Field, Harvard Stadium, Fenway Park, and Alumni Stadium.[66]

text: Logos and uniforms

text: Logos

text: The Patriots original helmet logo was a simple tricorne hat, used only for the 1960 season. From 1961 to 1992, the Patriots used a logo of a Revolutionary War minuteman hiking a football. The Patriots script logo during this time consisted of a western-style font. The minuteman logo became known as the "Pat Patriot" logo, which later became the name of the team's mascot.[70]

text: In 1979, the Patriots worked with NFL Properties to design a new, streamlined logo, to replace the complex Pat Patriot logo. The new logo featured the blue and white profile of a minuteman in a tricorne hat set against a flag showing three red stripes separated by two white stripes. Team owner Billy Sullivan decided to put the new logo up to a vote against Pat Patriot with the fans at the September 23rd home game against the San Diego Chargers, using a sound level meter to judge the crowd's reaction. The new logo was decidedly rejected by the crowd in favor of Pat, and the concept was shelved.[71]

text: In 1993, a new logo was unveiled involving the gray face of a minuteman wearing a red, white and blue hat that begins as a tricorne and transitions into a flowing banner-like design. The logo bears some superficial resemblance to the aborted 1979 logo. It became popularly known as the "Flying Elvis" due to many observing its resemblance to the profile of a young Elvis Presley.[70] In 2000, the blue color was darkened.[70]

text: On July 3, 2013, the Patriots unveiled a new wordmark logo.[69]

text: Uniforms

text: The Patriots originally wore red jerseys with white block numbering at home, and white jerseys with red block numbering on the road. Both uniforms used white pants and white helmets, first with the hat logo over the player's number, then with the "Pat Patriot" logo starting in 1961.[72] A blue stripe was added to the two red helmet stripes in 1964.[72] The numbers on both the home and away jerseys gained a blue outline in 1973.[72] In 1979, the Patriots began the first of many sporadic runs of wearing red pants with the white jerseys.[72] The red pants were dropped in 1981, but returned in 1984. After being dropped again in 1988, they were used again from 1990 to 1992.[72]

text: The Patriots underwent a complete identity overhaul before the 1993 season, starting with the introduction of the aforementioned "Flying Elvis" logo. The new uniforms consisted of a royal blue home jersey and a white away jersey.[70] The helmet was silver with the Flying Elvis logo and no additional striping.[70] Both uniforms used silver pants, originally with stripes designed to look like those flowing from the Flying Elvis, but these were changed to simple red and blue stripes after one season. When they debuted, both the home and away jerseys used red block numbers with a blue and white outline, but after one season the home uniforms switched to the now-familiar white with a red outline.[73]

text: In 1995, the Patriots switched the block numbers to a more modern rounded number font with a dropshadow.[73] The Patriots were one of the first adopters of custom numbers, a trend that would grow drastically over the next 20 years.[73]

text: However, in 2000, the Patriots also became one of the only teams to drop the rounded numbers and switched back to block numbers.[73] Also that year, the shade of blue was darkened from royal to nautical blue.[73] The Patriots, unsatisfied with the white-on-silver road look, also took the opportunity to introduce blue pants to be worn with the white jersey, offering a better contrast. To better match the blue pants, the number on the white jersey was switched from red to blue.[73]

text: Alternate uniforms

text: In 1994, the Patriots wore the "Pat Patriot" helmets and plain white striped pants from two seasons prior as alternates as part of the NFL's 75th anniversary celebration. In 2002, NFL teams were allowed to add a permanent third jersey to be worn in a maximum of two games. The Patriots reintroduced a red jersey as their alternate, complimented with the old-style "Pat Patriot" helmet.[70] In 2003, the Patriots changed their alternate to a silver jersey with blue pants. For this uniform, the "Flying Elvis" helmet was utilized.[70] The uniform was identical to the white jersey with any areas of white replaced by silver. These uniforms were dropped after 2007. No alternate uniform was used in 2008. In 2009, the red alternate was reintroduced, again accompanied by the "Pat Patriot" helmet. An alternate white road jersey was also worn with the older helmet for one game, using red numbers, in tribute to the 50th anniversary of the AFL. The red alternate gained a blue outline around the numbers in 2010 and this was worn through 2012. The Patriots retired their alternate red uniforms in 2013, thanks to a new NFL rule outlawing throwback alternate helmets.[74]

text: In 2016, the Patriots took part in the NFL Color Rush program, wearing monochrome navy uniforms on September 22 against the Houston Texans.[75]

text: Players

text: Current roster

text:
New England Patriots roster

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talk
edit

Quarterbacks

12 Tom Brady
 2 Brian Hoyer

Running backs

38 Brandon Bolden
34 Rex Burkhead
46 James Develin FB
35 Mike Gillislee
-- Jeremy Hill
28 James White

Wide receivers

85 Kenny Britt
13 Phillip Dorsett
11 Julian Edelman
15 Chris Hogan
81 Cody Hollister
-- Jordan Matthews
84 Riley McCarron
19 Malcolm Mitchell
-- Cordarrelle Patterson
18 Matthew Slater

Tight ends

83 Dwayne Allen
87 Rob Gronkowski
47 Jacob Hollister
-- Troy Niklas
82 Will Tye

Offensive linemen

60 David Andrews C
-- Luke Bowanko G/C
61 Marcus Cannon T
74 Cole Croston G/T
64 James Ferentz C
63 Antonio Garcia T
76 Andrew Jelks T
75 Ted Karras G/C
72 Jason King G
69 Shaq Mason G
62 Joe Thuney G
-- Matt Tobin T
68 LaAdrian Waddle T

Defensive linemen

90 Malcom Brown DT
70 Adam Butler DT
-- Adrian Clayborn DE
42 Keionta Davis DE
98 Trey Flowers DE
96 Geneo Grissom DE
93 Lawrence Guy DE
55 Eric Lee DE
95 Derek Rivers DE
-- Danny Shelton DT
99 Vincent Valentine DT
91 Deatrich Wise Jr. DE

Linebackers

59 Marquis Flowers OLB
50 Nicholas Grigsby MLB
54 Dont'a Hightower MLB
48 Harvey Langi OLB
52 Elandon Roberts MLB
53 Kyle Van Noy OLB

Defensive backs

23 Patrick Chung SS
43 Nate Ebner SS
24 Stephon Gilmore CB
30 Duron Harmon FS
41 Cyrus Jones CB
26 David Jones FS
31 Jonathan Jones CB
36 Brandon King SS
27 Ryan Lewis CB
32 Devin McCourty FS
-- Jason McCourty CB
37 Jordan Richards SS
25 Eric Rowe CB
39 Damarius Travis SS
22 Jomal Wiltz CB

Special teams

 6 Ryan Allen P
49 Joe Cardona LS
 3 Stephen Gostkowski K

Reserve lists

Currently vacant

Rookies in italics
Roster updated April 5, 2018
Depth chart • Transactions
72 Active, 0 Inactive
→ AFC rosters → NFC rosters

AFC East
BUF
MIA
NE
NYJ
North
BAL
CIN
CLE
PIT
South
HOU
IND
JAX
TEN
West
DEN
KC
LAC
OAK

NFC East
DAL
NYG
PHI
WAS
North
CHI
DET
GB
MIN
South
ATL
CAR
NO
TB
West
ARI
LAR
SF
SEA

text: Retired numbers

text:
New England Patriots retired numbers

No.
Player
Position
Tenure

20
Gino Cappelletti
WR, K
1960–1970

40
Mike Haynes
CB
1976–1982

57
Steve Nelson
LB
1974–1987

73
John Hannah
G
1973–1985

78
Bruce Armstrong
T
1987–2000

79
Jim Lee Hunt
DL
1960–1971

89
Bob Dee
DL
1960–1967

text: New England Patriots Hall of Fame members

text: The New England Patriots feature 22 former players and two contributors in their team hall of fame, established in 1991.[76] A committee of media and staff selected 11 players for enshrinement between 1991 and 2001, before a six-year span of no selections. In 2007, in advance of the 2008 opening of The Hall at Patriot Place, the Patriots introduced a new nomination committee to select three candidates, with the winner of an Internet fan vote being enshrined in the hall of fame.[77] In order to be eligible, players and coaches must be retired for at least four years.[78] Beginning in 2011, and meeting every five years, a senior selection committee has the option of voting a player who has been retired for at least 25 seasons into the hall of fame.[79]

text: Former owner Billy Sullivan was inducted by owner Robert Kraft in March 2009, the Patriots' 50th season, as a contributor.[80]

text: Additionally, four of these Patriots players have also been enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame. The Patriots have officially retired seven uniform numbers.

text:
New England Patriots Hall of Fame

Players

No.
Name
Positions
Seasons
Inducted
No.
Name
Positions
Seasons
Inducted

73
John Hannah
G
1973–1985
1991 (Pro: 1991)
87
Ben Coates
TE
1991–1999
2008

85
Nick Buoniconti
LB
1962–1968
1992 (Pro: 2001)
35
Jim Nance
FB
1965–1971
2009

20
Gino Cappelletti
WR/K
1960–1970
1992
39
Sam Cunningham
RB
1973–1982
2010

89
Bob Dee
DL
1960–1967
1993
11
Drew Bledsoe
QB
1993–2001
2011

79
Jim Lee Hunt
DT
1960–1971
1993
56
Jon Morris
C
1964–1974
2011

57
Steve Nelson
LB
1974–1987
1993
80
Troy Brown
WR/PR/CB
1993–2007
2012

15
Vito "Babe" Parilli
QB
1961–1967
1993
54
Tedy Bruschi
LB
1996–2008
2013

40
Mike Haynes
CB
1976–1982
1994 (Pro: 1997)
24
Ty Law
CB
1995–2004
2014

14
Steve Grogan
QB
1975–1990
1995
55
Willie McGinest
LB/DE
1994–2005
2015

56
Andre Tippett
LB
1982–1993
1999 (Pro: 2008)
65
Houston Antwine
DL
1961–1971
2015

78
Bruce Armstrong
T
1987–2000
2001
33
Kevin Faulk
RB
1999–2011
2016

86
Stanley Morgan
WR
1977–1989
2007
26
Raymond Clayborn
CB
1977-1989
2017

Contributors

Name
Positions
Seasons
Inducted
Name
Positions
Seasons
Inducted

Billy Sullivan
Owner & founder
1960–1988
2009
Gil Santos
Broadcaster
1972–1979
1991–2012
2013

text: Three other players enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame spent part of their careers with the Patriots:

text:
28 Curtis Martin, RB (1995–1997), elected in 2012.
Bill Parcells, head coach (1993–1996), elected in 2013.
55 Junior Seau, LB (2006–2009), elected in 2015.

text: All-decade teams

text: 1960s (AFL)

text: In November 1971, fans voted on a 10-year Patriots anniversary team, which coincided with the team's 10 years in the then-defunct American Football League:[81] Additional selections for returner, special teamer, and coach were added in 2009:[82]

text:
[show]

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Boston Patriots All-1960s Team

Offense
Parilli (QB)
Nance (RB)
Garron (RB)
Colclough (WR)
Graham (WR)
Whalen (TE)
Long (T)
Neville (T)
Neighbors (G)
St. Jean (G)
Morris (C)

Defense
Dee (DE)
Eisenhauer (DE)
Antwine (DT)
Hunt (DT)
Addison (OLB)
Philpott (OLB)
Buoniconti (MLB)
Shonta (CB)
Johnson (CB)
Webb (S)
Hall (S)

Special Teams
Garron (Ret.)
Cappelletti (PK)
Yewcic (P)
Webb (ST)

Coach
Holovak

text: 1970s, 1980s, 1990s

text: In March 2009, as part of the Patriots' 50th anniversary, a group of local media and other team figures selected all-decade teams for the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s:[82]

text:
[show]

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e

New England Patriots All-1970s Team

Offense
Grogan (QB)
Cunningham (RB)
Johnson (RB)
Morgan (WR)
Vataha (WR)
Francis (TE)
Gray (T)
Neville (T)
Hannah (G)
S. Adams (G)
Lenkaitis (C)

Defense
J. Adams (DE)
McGee (DE)
Hamilton (NT)
Zabel (OLB)
King (OLB)
Nelson (ILB)
Hunt (ILB)
Clayborn (CB)
Haynes (CB)
Fox (S)
McCray (S)

Special Teams
Herron (Ret.)
Smith (PK)
Patrick (P)
Tatupu (ST)

Coach
Fairbanks

text:
[show]

v
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New England Patriots All-1980s Team

Offense
Grogan (QB)
Collins (RB)
C. James (RB)
Fryar (WR)
Morgan (WR)
Dawson (TE)
Armstrong (T)
Holloway (T)
Hannah (G)
Wooten (G)
Brock (C)

Defense
Adams (DE)
Veris (DE)
Bishop (NT)
Tippett (OLB)
Blackmon (OLB)
Nelson (ILB)
Rembert (ILB)
Clayborn (CB)
Lippett (CB)
R. James (S)
Marion (S)

Special Teams
Fryar (Ret.)
Franklin (PK)
Camarillo (P)
Tatupu (ST)

Coach
Berry

text:
[show]

v
t
e

New England Patriots All-1990s Team

Offense
Bledsoe (QB)
Martin (RB)
Russell (RB)
Glenn (WR)
Jefferson (WR)
Coates (TE)
Armstrong (T)
Harlow (T)
Rucci (G)
Lane (G)
Wohlabaugh (C)

Defense
McGinest (DE)
Williams (DE)
Goad (NT)
Tippett (OLB)
Slade (OLB)
Brown (ILB)
Johnson (ILB)
Hurst (CB)
Law (CB)
Clay (S)
Milloy (S)

Special Teams
Meggett (Ret.)
Vinatieri (PK)
Tupa (P)
Whigham (ST)

Coach
Parcells

text: On March 16, 2010, the Patriots Hall of Fame selection committee selected an all-decade team for the 2000s:[81][83]

text:
[show]

v
t
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New England Patriots All-2000s Team

Offense
Brady (QB)
Dillon (RB)
Moss (WR)
Welker (WR)
Brown (WR)
Graham (TE)
Light (T)
Kaczur (T)
Andruzzi (G)
Mankins (G)
Koppen (C)

Defense
Seymour (DE)
Warren (DE)
Wilfork (NT)
McGinest (OLB)
Vrabel (OLB)
Bruschi (ILB)
Phifer (ILB)
Law (CB)
Samuel (CB)
Harrison (S)
Milloy (S)

Special Teams
Faulk (Ret.)
Vinatieri (PK)
Miller (P)
Izzo (ST)

Coach
Belichick

text: Anniversary teams

text: 35th anniversary (1994)

text: In 1994, a group of local media selected a 35th anniversary team:[81]

text:
[show]

v
t
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New England Patriots 35th Anniversary Team (1994)

Offense
Grogan (QB)
Nance (RB)
Cunningham (RB)
Morgan (WR)
Cappelletti (WR)
Francis (TE)
Armstrong (T)
Neville (T)
Hannah (G)
S. Adams (G)
Morris (C)

Defense
J. Adams (DE)
Eisenhauer (DE)
Antwine (DT)
J. Hunt (DT)
Tippett (LB)
Buoniconti (LB)
Nelson (LB)
S. Hunt (LB)
Haynes (CB)
Clayborn (CB)
Marion (S)
Hall (S)

Special Teams
Cappelletti (PK)
Camarillo (P)
Tatupu (ST)

text: 50th anniversary (2009)

text: In 2009, the Patriots Hall of Fame selection committee selected a 50th anniversary team:[81]

text:
[show]

v
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New England Patriots 50th Anniversary Team (2009)

Offense
Brady (QB)
Nance (RB)
Cunningham (RB)
Morgan (WR)
Brown (WR)
Fryar (WR)
Coates (TE)
Armstrong (T)
Light (T)
Hannah (G)
Mankins (G)
Morris (C)

Defense
Adams (DE)
Seymour (DE)
Antwine (DT)
Wilfork (DT)
Tippett (OLB)
Vrabel (OLB)
Nelson (ILB)
Buoniconti (ILB)
Haynes (CB)
Law (CB)
Marion (S)
Harrison (S)

Special Teams
Faulk (Ret.)
Vinatieri (PK)
Camarillo (P)
Tatupu (ST)

Captains
Cappelletti (Offense)
Bruschi (Defense)

Coach
Belichick

text: All-time first-round draft picks

text: Key

text:
Table key

^
Indicates the player was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

 *
Selected number one overall

†
Indicates the player was selected for the Pro Bowl at any time in their career.

—
The Patriots did not draft a player in the first round that year.

Year
Each year links to an article about that particular AFL, Common, or NFL Draft.

Pick
Indicates the number of the pick within the first round

Position
Indicates the position of the player in the NFL

College
The player's college football team

text:
Positions key

C
Center

CB
Cornerback

DB
Defensive back

DE
Defensive end

DL
Defensive lineman
DT
Defensive tackle
FB
Fullback
FS
Free safety

G
Guard
HB
Halfback
K
Placekicker
KR
Kick returner

LB
Linebacker
LS
Long snapper
OT
Offensive tackle
OL
Offensive lineman

NT
Nose tackle
P
Punter
PR
Punt returner
QB
Quarterback

RB
Running back
S
Safety
SS
Strong safety
TB
Tailback

TE
Tight end
WR
Wide receiver

text:
New England Patriots first-round draft picks

Year
Pick
Player name
Position
College
Notes

Boston Patriots (1960–1970)

1960
—
Schwedes, GerhardGerhard Schwedes
RB
Syracuse
a

1961
2
Mason, TommyTommy Mason
RB
Tulane
b

1962
6
Collins, GaryGary Collins
WR
Maryland
c

1963
7
Graham, ArtArt Graham
WR
Boston College
d

1964
1
Concannon, JackJack Concannon *
QB
Boston College
e

1965
7
Rush, JerryJerry Rush
OT
Michigan State
f

1966
3
Singer, KarlKarl Singer
OT
Purdue
d

1967
21
Charles, JohnJohn Charles
CB
Purdue

1968
6
Byrd, DennisDennis Byrd
DE
NC State

1969
6
Sellers, RonRon Sellers
WR
Florida State

1970
4
Olsen, PhilPhil Olsen
DT
Utah State

New England Patriots (1971–present)

1971
1
Plunkett, JimJim Plunkett *
QB
Stanford

1972
—
— No pick
—
—
g

1973
4
Hannah, JohnJohn Hannah ^
OG
Alabama

1973
11
Cunningham, SamSam Cunningham †
RB
USC
h

1973
19
Stingley, DarrylDarryl Stingley
WR
Purdue
i

1974
—
— No pick
—
—
j

1975
16
Francis, RussRuss Francis †
TE
Oregon

1976
5
Haynes, MikeMike Haynes ^
CB
Arizona State

1976
12
Brock, PetePete Brock
C
Colorado
k

1976
21
Fox, TimTim Fox †
S
Ohio State
l

1977
16
Clayborn, RaymondRaymond Clayborn †
CB
Texas
m

1977
25
Morgan, StanleyStanley Morgan †
WR
Tennessee

1978
18
Cryder, BobBob Cryder
OG
Alabama

1979
25
Sanford, RickRick Sanford
CB
South Carolina

1980
14
James, RolandRoland James
CB
Tennessee

25
Ferguson, VagasVagas Ferguson
RB
Notre Dame
n

1981
19
Holloway, BrianBrian Holloway †
OT
Stanford

1982
1
Sims, KennethKenneth Sims *
DE
Texas

27
Williams, LesterLester Williams
DT
Miami (FL)
o

1983
15
Eason, TonyTony Eason
QB
Illinois

1984
1
Fryar, IrvingIrving Fryar *
WR
Nebraska
p

1985
28
Matich, TrevorTrevor Matich
C
BYU
q

1986
26
Dupard, ReggieReggie Dupard
RB
SMU

1987
23
Armstrong, BruceBruce Armstrong †
OT
Louisville

1988
17
Stephens, JohnJohn Stephens †
RB
Northwestern State

1989
16
Dykes, Hart LeeHart Lee Dykes
WR
Oklahoma State

1990
8
Singleton, ChrisChris Singleton
LB
Arizona
r

10
Agnew, RayRay Agnew
DE
NC State
s

1991
11
Harlow, PatPat Harlow
OT
USC
t

14
Russell, LeonardLeonard Russell
RB
Arizona State
u

1992
13
Chung, EugeneEugene Chung
OT
Virginia Tech
v

1993
1
Bledsoe, DrewDrew Bledsoe *
QB
Washington State

1994
4
McGinest, WillieWillie McGinest †
DE
USC

1995
23
Law, TyTy Law †
CB
Michigan

1996
7
Glenn, TerryTerry Glenn †
WR
Ohio State

1997
29
Canty, ChrisChris Canty
CB
Kansas State

1998
18
Edwards, RobertRobert Edwards
RB
Georgia
w

22
Jones, TebuckyTebucky Jones
CB
Syracuse

1999
17
Woody, DamienDamien Woody †
C
Boston College
x

28
Katzenmoyer, AndyAndy Katzenmoyer
LB
Ohio State
y

2000
—
— No pick
—
—
z

2001
6
Seymour, RichardRichard Seymour †
DT
Georgia

2002
21
Graham, DanielDaniel Graham
TE
Colorado
aa

2003
13
Warren, TyTy Warren
DT
Texas A&M
bb

2004
21
Wilfork, VinceVince Wilfork †
DT
Miami (FL)
cc

32
Watson, BenjaminBenjamin Watson
TE
Georgia

2005
32
Mankins, LoganLogan Mankins †
OG
Fresno State

2006
21
Maroney, LaurenceLaurence Maroney
RB
Minnesota

2007
24
Meriweather, BrandonBrandon Meriweather †
S
Miami (FL)
dd

2008
10
Mayo, JerodJerod Mayo †
LB
Tennessee
ee

2009
—
— No pick
—
—
ff

2010
27
McCourty, DevinDevin McCourty †
CB/S
Rutgers
gg

2011
17
Solder, NateNate Solder
OT
Colorado

2012
21
Jones, ChandlerChandler Jones †
DE
Syracuse

25
Hightower, Dont'aDont'a Hightower †
LB
Alabama

2013
—
— No pick
—
—
hh

2014
29
Easley, DominiqueDominique Easley
DT
Florida

2015
32
Brown, MalcomMalcom Brown
DT
Texas

2016
—
— No pick
—
—
ii

2017
—
— No pick
—
—
jj

text: Staff

text: Head coaches

text:
#
Number of coaches

GC
Games coached

W
Wins

L
Losses

T
Ties

Win%
Winning percentage

00†
Elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a coach

00‡
Elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a player

00*
Spent entire NFL head coaching career with the Patriots

text: Note: Statistics are correct as of the end of the 2016 NFL season.

text:
#
Name
Term
Regular season
Playoffs
Awards
Reference

GC
W
L
T
Win%
GC
W
L

Boston Patriots

1
Lou Saban
1960–1961
19
7
12
0
.368
–
–
–

[84]

2
Mike Holovak
1961–1968
107
52
46
9
.528
2
1
1
UPI AFL Coach of the Year (1966)[85]
[86]

3
Clive Rush*
1969–1970
21
5
16
0
.238
–
–
–

[87]

4
John Mazur*
1970
7
1
6
0
.143
–
–
–

[88]

New England Patriots

—
John Mazur*
1971–1972
23
8
15
0
.348
–
–
–

[88]

5
Phil Bengtson
1972[89]
5
1
4
0
.200
–
–
–

[90]

6
Chuck Fairbanks*
1973–1978[91]
85
46
39
0
.541
2
0
2
UPI NFL Coach of the Year (1976)[92]
Sporting News NFL Coach of the Year (1976)

[93]

7
Ron Erhardt
1979–1981[94]
49
21
28
0
.428
–
–
–

[95]

8
Ron Meyer
1982–1984
33
18
15
0
.545
1
0
1

[96]

9
Raymond Berry *‡
1984–1989*
87
48
39
0
.551
5
3
2
UPI NFL Coach of the Year (1985)
AFC Championship (1985)
[97][98]

10
Rod Rust*
1990
16
1
15
0
.062
–
–
–

[99]

11
Dick MacPherson*
1991–1992
32
8
24
0
.250
–
–
–

[100]

12
Bill Parcells†
1993–1996
64
32
32
0
.500
4
2
2
AP NFL Coach of the Year (1994)
Pro Football Weekly NFL Coach of the Year (1994)
Maxwell Football Club NFL Coach of the Year (1994)
UPI NFL Coach of the Year (1994)
AFC Championship (1996)

[101][102]

13
Pete Carroll
1997–1999
48
27
21
0
.562
3
1
2

[103]

14
Bill Belichick
2000–present
272
201
71
0
.739
34
25
9
AP NFL Coach of the Year (2003, 2007, 2010)
Sporting News NFL Coach of the Year (2003)
Pro Football Weekly NFL Coach of the Year (2003)
Maxwell Football Club NFL Coach of the Year (2007)
5 Super Bowl Championships (2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016)
8 AFC Championships (2001, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2011, 2014, 2016, 2017)

[104][105]

text: Current staff

text:
New England Patriots staff

v
t
e

Front office

Chairman/CEO – Robert Kraft
President – Jonathan Kraft
General Manager – Bill Belichick
Director of Player Personnel – Nick Caserio
Director of College Scouting – Monti Ossenfort
Director of Pro Personnel – Dave Ziegler
Assistant Director of College Scouting – Brian Smith
Director of Scouting Administration – Nancy Meier
Football Research Director – Ernie Adams
Director of Football/Head Coach Administration – Berj Najarian

Head Coach

Head Coach – Bill Belichick

Offensive Coaches

Offensive Coordinator/Quarterbacks Coach – Josh McDaniels
Assistant Quarterbacks – Jerry Schuplinski
Running Backs – Ivan Fears
Wide Receivers – Chad O'Shea
Tight Ends – Nick Caley
Offensive Line – Dante Scarnecchia
Offensive Assistant – Cole Popovich
Coaching Assistant – DeMarcus Covington

Defensive Coaches

Defensive Coordinator – Vacant
Defensive Line – Brendan Daly
Linebackers – Brian Flores
Cornerbacks – Josh Boyer
Safeties – Steve Belichick
Defensive Assistant – Mike Pellegrino
Coaching Assistant – Brian Belichick

Special Teams Coaches

Special Teams – Joe Judge
Assistant Special Teams – Vacant

Strength and Conditioning

Strength and Conditioning – Moses Cabrera
Assistant Strength and Conditioning – James Hardy

→ Coaching staff
→ Management
→ More NFL staffs

AFC East
BUF
MIA
NE
NYJ
North
BAL
CIN
CLE
PIT
South
HOU
IND
JAX
TEN
West
DEN
KC
LAC
OAK

NFC East
DAL
NYG
PHI
WAS
North
CHI
DET
GB
MIN
South
ATL
CAR
NO
TB
West
ARI
LAR
SF
SEA

text: Culture

text: Cheerleaders and mascot

text: The Patriots NFL Cheerleaders are simply known as the Patriots Cheerleaders.[106] In 2005, cheerleader Kristin Gauvin won Miss Massachusetts, in part from her local commitment with the Patriots.[106]

text: The Patriots' mascot is Pat Patriot, a revolutionary minuteman wearing a Patriots home jersey.[106]

text: The Patriots also employ a corps known as the End Zone Militia. During each game, about ten men dressed as minutemen line the back of each end zone. When the Patriots score a touchdown, field goal, point-after-touchdown or safety, the militia behind the opposite end zone fire a volley of blanks from flintlock muskets. Per an interview with the Loren & Wally Show on WROR 105.7 FM in and around the time of Super Bowl XLIX, said shots use double the load of black powder than a regular historical reenactor does, specifically 200 grains, in order to be heard throughout the stadium. ESPN writer Josh Pahigian named this one of the top ten celebrations in the league in 2007.[107]

text: Radio and television

text: The Patriots' flagship radio station is WBZ-FM 98.5 FM, owned by CBS Radio.[108] The larger radio network is called the New England Patriots Radio Network, whose 37 affiliate stations span seven states.[108] Gil Santos and Gino Cappelletti were the longtime announcing team until their retirement following the conclusion of the 2012 NFL season. Santos was replaced by Bob Socci.[108] Former Patriots QB Scott Zolak joined the radio team in the 2011 season as a sideline analyst, and in 2013, he replaced Cappelletti as color commentator.[108]

text: Any preseason games not on national television are shown on CBS's O&O WBZ-TV, who also airs the bulk of Patriots regular season games by virtue of CBS having the rights to most AFC games; CBS also has a presence at the nearby Patriot Place with the "CBS Scene" bar/restaurant. During the regular season whenever the Patriots host an NFC team, the games are aired on Fox affiliate WFXT-TV, and NBC Sunday Night Football games are carried by the "NBC Boston" network of stations led by WBTS-LD.[108] Preseason games were broadcast on ABC affiliate WCVB-TV from 1995 until the change to WBZ in 2009.[108] Don Criqui was play-by-play announcer for the 1995–2012 seasons, with Randy Cross as a color commentator and Mike Lynch as a sideline reporter.[108] Lynch was replaced by WBZ reporter Steve Burton in 2009.[108]


document_title: Remote control

question_text: when did tv's first have remote controls

question_tokens: when did tv 's first have remote controls

root

text: Remote control

text: History[edit]

text: In 1894, the first example of wirelessly controlling at a distance was during a demonstration by the British physicist Oliver Lodge, in which he made use of a Branly's coherer to make a mirror galvanometer move a beam of light when an electromagnetic wave was artificially generated. This was further refined by radio innovators Guglielmo Marconi and William Preece, at a demonstration that took place on December 12, 1896, at Toynbee Hall in London, in which they made a bell ring by pushing a button in a box that was not connected by any wires.[3] In 1898 Nikola Tesla filed his patent, U.S. Patent 613,809, named Method of an Apparatus for Controlling Mechanism of Moving Vehicle or Vehicles, which he publicly demonstrated by radio-controlling a boat during an electrical exhibition at Madison Square Garden. Tesla called his boat a "teleautomaton".[4]

tag: p

text: In 1903, Leonardo Torres Quevedo presented the Telekino at the Paris Academy of Science, accompanied by a brief, and making an experimental demonstration. In the same time he obtained a patent in France, Spain, Great Britain, and the United States. The Telekino consisted of a robot that executed commands transmitted by electromagnetic waves. With the Telekino, Torres-Quevedo laid down modern wireless remote-control operation principles[5] and was a pioneer in the field of remote control. In 1906, in the presence of the king and before a great crowd, Torres successfully demonstrated the invention in the port of Bilbao, guiding a boat from the shore. Later, he would try to apply the Telekino to projectiles and torpedoes, but had to abandon the project for lack of financing. The first remote-controlled model aeroplane flew in 1932, and the use of remote control technology for military purposes was worked intensively during the Second World War, one result of this being the German Wasserfall missile.

text: By the late 1930s, several radio manufacturers offered remote controls for some of their higher-end models.[6] Most of these were connected to the set being controlled by wires, but the Philco Mystery Control (1939) was a battery-operated low-frequency radio transmitter,[7] thus making it the first wireless remote control for a consumer electronics device. Using pulse-count modulation, this also was the first digital wireless remote control.

text: Television remote controls[edit]

text: The first remote intended to control a television was developed by Zenith Radio Corporation in 1950. The remote, called "Lazy Bones", was connected to the television by a wire. A wireless remote control, the "Flashmatic", was developed in 1955 by Eugene Polley. It worked by shining a beam of light onto a photoelectric cell, but the cell did not distinguish between light from the remote and light from other sources. The Flashmatic also had to be pointed very precisely at the receiver in order to work.[8]

text: In 1956, Robert Adler developed "Zenith Space Command", a wireless remote.[9] It was mechanical and used ultrasound to change the channel and volume. When the user pushed a button on the remote control, it clicked and struck a bar, hence the term "clicker". Each bar emitted a different frequency and circuits in the television detected this sound. The invention of the transistor made possible cheaper electronic remotes that contained a piezoelectric crystal that was fed by an oscillating electric current at a frequency near or above the upper threshold of human hearing, though still audible to dogs. The receiver contained a microphone attached to a circuit that was tuned to the same frequency. Some problems with this method were that the receiver could be triggered accidentally by naturally occurring noises, and some people could hear the piercing ultrasonic signals.

text: The impetus for a more complex type of television remote control came in 1973, with the development of the Ceefax teletext service by the BBC. Most commercial remote controls at that time had a limited number of functions, sometimes as few as three: next channel, previous channel, and volume/off. This type of control did not meet the needs of teletext sets, where pages were identified with three-digit numbers. A remote control to select teletext pages would need buttons for each numeral from zero to nine, as well as other control functions, such as switching from text to picture, and the normal television controls of volume, channel, brightness, colour intensity, etc. Early teletext sets used wired remote controls to select pages, but the continuous use of the remote control required for teletext quickly indicated the need for a wireless device. So BBC engineers began talks with one or two television manufacturers, which led to early prototypes in around 1977–1978 that could control many more functions. ITT was one of the companies and later gave its name to the ITT protocol of infrared communication.[10]

text: In 1980, a Canadian company, Viewstar, Inc., was formed by engineer Paul Hrivnak and started producing a cable TV converter with an infrared remote control. The product was sold through Philips for approximately $190 CAD. At the time the most popular remote control was the Starcom of Jerrold (a division of General Instruments) which used 40-kHz sound to change channels. The Viewstar converter was an immediate success, the millionth converter being sold on March 21, 1985, with 1.6 million sold by 1989.[11]

text: Other remote controls[edit]

text: The Blab-off was a wired remote control created in 1952 that turned a TV's sound on or off so that viewers could avoid hearing commercials.[12] In the 1980s Steve Wozniak of Apple started a company named CL 9. The purpose of this company was to create a remote control that could operate multiple electronic devices. The CORE unit (Controller Of Remote Equipment) was introduced in the fall of 1987. The advantage to this remote controller was that it could "learn" remote signals from different devices. It had the ability to perform specific or multiple functions at various times with its built-in clock. It was the first remote control that could be linked to a computer and loaded with updated software code as needed. The CORE unit never made a huge impact on the market. It was much too cumbersome for the average user to program, but it received rave reviews from those who could.[citation needed] These obstacles eventually led to the demise of CL 9, but two of its employees continued the business under the name Celadon. This was one of the first computer-controlled learning remote controls on the market.[13]

text: In 2006, Hillcrest Labs introduced the Loop pointer, a remote control that used Hillcrest's Freespace motion control technology to allow users to control their televisions with natural gestures. The Loop had just four buttons and a scroll wheel.[14][15][16][17] Freespace-enabled remote controls use radio waves to communicate with a USB antenna connected to a computer that is also connected to the television, so they do not need to be pointed at the PC, or even have a direct line of sight.[18][19][20]

text: In the 2010s, cars are increasingly sold with electronic remote control door locks. These remotes transmit a signal to the car which locks or unlocks the door locks or unlocks the trunk. An aftermarket device sold in some countries is the remote starter. This enables a car owner to remotely start their car. This feature is most associated with countries with winter climates, where users may wish to run the car for several minutes before they intend to use it, so that the car heater and defrost systems can remove ice and snow from the windows.

text: Proliferation[edit]

text: By the early 2000s, the number of consumer electronic devices in most homes greatly increased, along with the number of remotes to control those devices. According to the Consumer Electronics Association, an average US home has four remotes.[citation needed] To operate a home theater as many as five or six remotes may be required, including one for cable or satellite receiver, VCR or digital video recorder (DVR/PVR), DVD player, TV and audio amplifier. Several of these remotes may need to be used sequentially for some programs or services to work properly. However, as there are no accepted interface guidelines, the process is increasingly cumbersome. One solution used to reduce the number of remotes that have to be used is the universal remote, a remote control which is programmed with the operation codes for most major brands of TVs, DVD players, etc. In the early 2010s, many smartphone manufacturers began incorporating infrared emitters into their devices, thereby enabling their use as universal remotes via an included or downloadable app.[21]

text: Technique[edit]

text: The main technology used in home remote controls is infrared (IR) light. The signal between a remote control handset and the device it controls consists of pulses of infrared light, which is invisible to the human eye, but can be seen through a digital camera, video camera or a phone camera. The transmitter in the remote control handset sends out a stream of pulses of infrared light when the user presses a button on the handset. A transmitter is often a light emitting diode (LED) which is built into the pointing end of the remote control handset. The infrared light pulses form a pattern unique to that button. The receiver in the device recognizes the pattern and causes the device to respond accordingly.[22]

text: Opto components and circuits[edit]

text: Most remote controls for electronic appliances use a near infrared diode to emit a beam of light that reaches the device. A 940 nm wavelength LED is typical. This infrared light is invisible to the human eye, but picked up by sensors on the receiving device. Video cameras see the diode as if it produces visible purple light. With a single channel (single-function, one-button) remote control the presence of a carrier signal can be used to trigger a function. For multi-channel (normal multi-function) remote controls more sophisticated procedures are necessary: one consists of modulating the carrier with signals of different frequency. After the receiver demodulates the received signal, it applies the appropriate frequency filters to separate the respective signals. One can often hear the signals being modulated on the infrared carrier by operating a remote control in very close proximity to an AM radio not tuned to a station. Today, IR remote controls almost always use a pulse width modulated code, encoded and decoded by digital computer: a command from a remote control consists of a short train of pulses of carrier-present and carrier-not-present of varying widths.

text: Consumer electronics infrared protocols[edit]

text: Different manufacturers of infrared remote controls use different protocols to transmit the infrared commands. The RC-5 protocol that has its origins within Philips, uses, for instance, a total of 14 bits for each button press. The bit pattern is modulated onto a carrier frequency that, again, can be different for different manufacturers and standards, in the case of RC-5, the carrier is 36 kHz. Other consumer infrared protocols include the various versions of SIRCS used by Sony, the RC-6 from Philips, the Ruwido R-Step, and the NEC TC101 protocol.

text: Infrared, line of sight and operating angle[edit]

text: Since infrared (IR) remote controls use light, they require line of sight to operate the destination device. The signal can, however, be reflected by mirrors, just like any other light source. If operation is required where no line of sight is possible, for instance when controlling equipment in another room or installed in a cabinet, many brands of IR extenders are available for this on the market. Most of these have an IR receiver, picking up the IR signal and relaying it via radio waves to the remote part, which has an IR transmitter mimicking the original IR control. Infrared receivers also tend to have a more or less limited operating angle, which mainly depends on the optical characteristics of the phototransistor. However, it's easy to increase the operating angle using a matte transparent object in front of the receiver.

text: Radio remote control systems[edit]

text: Radio remote control (RF remote control) is used to control distant objects using a variety of radio signals transmitted by the remote control device. As a complementary method to infrared remote controls, the radio remote control is used with electric garage door or gate openers, automatic barrier systems, burglar alarms and industrial automation systems. Standards used for RF remotes are: Bluetooth AVRCP, ZigBee (RF4CE), Z-Wave. Most remote controls use their own coding, transmitting from 8 to 100 or more pulses, fixed or Rolling code, using OOK or FSK modulation. Also, transmitters or receivers can be universal, meaning they are able to work with many different codings. In this case, the transmitter is normally called a universal remote control duplicator because it is able to copy existing remote controls, while the receiver is called a universal receiver because it works with almost any remote control in the market.

text: A radio remote control system commonly has two parts: transmit and receive. The transmitter part is divided into two parts, the RF remote control and the transmitter module. This allows the transmitter module to be used as a component in a larger application. The transmitter module is small, but users must have detailed knowledge to use it; combined with the RF remote control it is much simpler to use.

text: The receiver is generally one of two types: a super-regenerative receiver or a superheterodyne. The super-regenerative receiver works like that of an intermittent oscillation detection circuit. The superheterodyne works like the one in a radio receiver. The superheterodyne receiver is used because of its stability, high sensitivity and it has relatively good anti-interference ability, a small package and lower price.

text: Usage[edit]

text: Industry[edit]

text: Remote control is used for controlling substations, pump storage power stations and HVDC-plants. For these systems often PLC-systems working in the longwave range are used.

text: Garage and gate[edit]

text: Garage and gate remote control are very common, especially in some countries such as the US, Australia, and the UK, where garage doors, gates and barriers are widely used. Such a remote is very simple by design, usually only one button, and some with more buttons to control several gates from one control. Such remotes can be divided into two categories by the encoder type used: fixed code and rolling code. If you find dip-switches in the remote, it is likely to be fixed code, an older technology which was widely used. However, fixed code has been criticized for its (lack of) security, thus rolling code has been more and more widely used in later installations.

text: Military[edit]

text: Remote controls in military usage employ jamming and countermeasures against jamming. Jammers are used to disable or sabotage the enemy's use of remote controls. The distances for military remote controls also tend to be much longer, up to intercontinental distance satellite linked remote controls used by the U.S. for their unmanned airplanes (drones) in Afghanistan, Iraq and Pakistan. Remote controls are used by insurgents in Iraq and Afghanistan to attack coalition and government troops with roadside improvised explosive devices, and terrorists in Iraq are reported in the media to use modified TV remote controls to detonate bombs.[23]

text: Military history[edit]

text: In World War I, the Imperial German Navy employed FL-boats (Fernlenkboote) against coastal shipping. These were driven by internal combustion engines, and controlled remotely from a shore station through several miles of wire wound on a spool on the boat. An aircraft was used to signal directions to the shore station. EMBs carried a high explosive charge in the bow and traveled at speeds of thirty knots.[24] The Soviet Red Army used remotely controlled teletanks during the 1930s in the Winter War against Finland and the early stages of World War II. A teletank is controlled by radio from a control tank at a distance of 500 to 1,500 meters, the two constituting a telemechanical group. The Red Army fielded at least two teletank battalions at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. There were also remotely controlled cutters and experimental remotely controlled planes in the Red Army.

text: Space[edit]

text: Remote control technology is also used in space travel, for instance the Soviet Lunokhod vehicles were remote-controlled from the ground. Many space exploration rovers can be remotely controlled, though vast distance to a vehicle results in a long time delay between transmission and receipt of a command.

text: Video games[edit]

text: Video game consoles had not used wireless controllers until recently, mainly because of the difficulty involved in playing the game while keeping the infrared transmitter pointed at the console, or like the Wii whose remotes require line of sight to the infrared sensor bar.[further explanation needed] Early wireless controllers were cumbersome and when powered on alkaline batteries, lasted only a few hours before they needed replacement. Some wireless controllers were produced by third parties, in most cases using a radio link instead of infrared. Even these were very inconsistent, and in some cases, had transmission delays, making them virtually useless. Some examples include the Double Player for NES, the Master System Remote Control System and the Wireless Dual Shot for the PlayStation.

text: The first official wireless game controller made by a first party manufacturer was the CX-42 for Atari 2600. The Philips CD-i 400 series also came with a remote control, the WaveBird was also produced for the GameCube. In the seventh generation of gaming consoles, wireless controllers became standard. Some wireless controllers, such as those of the PlayStation 3, use Bluetooth. Others, like the Xbox 360, use proprietary wireless protocols.

text: PC control[edit]

text: Existing infrared remote controls can be used to control PC applications. Any application that supports shortcut keys can be controlled via IR remote controls from other home devices (TV, VCR, AC).[citation needed] This is widely used[citation needed] with multimedia applications for PC based home theatre systems. For this to work, one needs a device that decodes IR remote control data signals and a PC application that communicates to this device connected to PC. Connection can be made via serial port, USB port or motherboard IrDA connector. Such devices are commercially available but can be homemade using low-cost micro controllers.[citation needed] LIRC (Linux IR Remote control) and WinLIRC (for Windows) are software packages developed for the purpose of controlling PC using TV remote and can be also used for homebrew remote with lesser modification.

text: Photography[edit]

text: Remote controls are used in photography, in particular to take long-exposure shots. Many action cameras such as the GoPros [25] as well as standard DSLRs including Sony's Alpha series [26] incorporate Wi-Fi based remote control systems. These can often be accessed and even controlled via cell-phones and other mobile devices.[27]

text: Standby power[edit]

text: To be turned on by a wireless remote, the controlled appliance must always be partly on, consuming standby power.[28]

text: Alternatives[edit]

text: Hand-gesture recognition has been researched as an alternative to remote controls for television sets.[29]