document_title: Military rank

question_text: what rank is higher than captain in the army

question_tokens: what rank is higher than captain in the army

text: Military rank

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The term "rank" comes from Old French ranc meaning "row, line", borrowed from a Germanic dialect and cognate with English ring.[7]

text: Ancient and medieval ranks[edit]

text: Greek ranks[edit]

text: From 501 BC the Athenians annually elected ten individuals to the rank of strategos, one for each of the ten "tribes" that had been created with the founding of the democracy. Strategos literally means "army leader" and so it is usually translated as "general". Originally these generals worked together with the old polemarchos ("warlord") but over time the latter figure was absorbed into the generalship: each of the ten generals would rotate as polemarch for one day, and during this day his vote would serve as tie-breaker if necessary.

text: The ten generals were equal to one another. There was no hierarchy among them, however a basic form of democracy was in effect: For example, at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC, the generals determined the battle plan by majority vote. Particular assignments, however, might have been given to individual generals; inevitably there was a regular division of responsibilities.

text: The rank that was subordinate to a top general was a taxiarchos or taxiarhos, something akin to the modern brigadier. In Sparta, however, the title was polemarchos. Below this was the syntagmatarchis, which can be translated as "leader of a regiment" (syntagma) and was therefore like a modern colonel. Below him was the tagmatarches, a commanding officer of a tagma (near to the modern battalion). The rank was roughly equivalent to the legatus of a Roman legion. Next was the lokhagos, an officer who led an infantry unit called a lokhos that consisted of roughly a hundred men, much the same as in a modern company led by a captain.

text: A Greek cavalry (hippikon) regiment was called a hipparchia and was commanded by an epihipparch. The unit was split into two and led by two hipparchos or hipparch, but Spartan cavalry was led by a hipparmostes. A hippotoxotès was a mounted archer. A Greek cavalry company was led by a tetrarchès or tetrarch.

text: The rank and file of the military in most of the Greek city states was composed of ordinary citizens. Heavily armed foot soldiers were called hoplitès or hoplites and a hoplomachos was a drill or weapons instructor.

text: Once Athens became a naval power, the top generals of the land armies had authority over the naval fleets as well. Under them, each warship was commanded by a trièrarchos or trierarch, a word which originally meant "trireme officer" but persisted when other types of vessels came into use. Moreover, as in modern navies, the different tasks associated with running a ship were delegated to different subordinates. Specifically, the kybernètès was the helmsman, the keleustēs managed the rowing speed, and the trièraulès was the flute player who maintained the strike rate for the oarsmen. Following further specialization, the naval strategos was replaced by a nauarchos, a sea officer equating to an admiral.

text: With the rise of Macedonia under Philip II of Macedon and Alexander the Great, the Greek military became professional, tactics became more sophisticated and additional levels of ranking developed. Foot soldiers were organized into heavy infantry phalanxes called phalangites. These were among the first troops ever to be drilled, and they fought packed in a close rectangular formation, typically eight men deep, with a leader at the head of each column (or file) and a secondary leader in the middle so that the back rows could move off to the sides if more frontage was needed.

text: A tetrarchia was a unit of four files and a tetrarchès or tetrarch was a commander of four files; a dilochia was a double file and a dilochitès was a double-file leader; a lochos was a single file and a lochagos was a file leader; a dimoiria was a half file and a dimoirites was a half-file leader. Another name for the half file was a hèmilochion with a hèmilochitès being a half-file leader.

text: Different types of units, however, were divided differently and therefore their leaders had different titles. For example, under a numbering system by tens, a dekas or dekania was a unit of ten led by a dekarchos, a hekatontarchia was a unit of hundred led by a hekatontarchos and a khiliostys or khiliarchia was a unit of a thousand led by a khiliarchos.

text: The cavalry, for which Alexander became most famous (in a military sense), grew more varied. There were heavy cavalry and wing cavalry (ilè) units, the latter commanded by an ilarchos.

text: Roman ranks[edit]

text: The use of formalized ranks came into widespread use with the Roman legions after the reforms by Marius. Comparisons to modern ranks, however, can only be loose because the Roman army's command structure was very different from the organizational structure of its modern counterparts, which arose from the medieval mercenary companies, rather than from the writings of Fourth Century Roman writer Vegetius and Caesar's commentaries on his conquest of Gaul and the civil war.

text: Military command properly so-called was a political office in Rome. A commander needed to be equipped with imperium, a politico-religious concept. The king possessed it (the rex sacrorum was strictly forbidden to have it to avoid a return to the monarchy). In the Republic, commanding was confined to consuls or (seldom) to praetors, or in cases of necessity a dictator. Proconsuls, after the establishment of the office, would also be used. In Imperial times, each legion was commanded by the emperor, who was technically either consul or proconsul.

text: The commander could appoint a deputy, a so-called legate (legatus). The association of "legatus" with "legion" is folk etymology, as the meaning of legatus is "proxy" or "envoy". Legates were typically drawn from the Roman Senate for a three-year term. The political nature of high military command was even reflected here, in that legions were always subordinate to the governor, and only the second and further legions stationed in a province had their own legatus legionis. The real commanders and the legates together were, in modern terms, the general officers.[citation needed]

text: Immediately beneath the commander (or his legate) were six military tribunes (tribuni militum), five of whom were young men of equestrian rank and one of whom was a nobleman who was headed for the Senate. The latter is called laticlavian tribune (tribunus laticlavius) and was second in command. If in modern divisions the deputy commander is a brigadier general, the laticlavian tribune can perhaps be translated with this rank, though he commanded no formation of his own. The other tribunes are called tribuni angusticlavii and are equivalent to staff officers in both senses of the term: of ranks major, lieutenant colonel, colonel, and with administrative duties. They did not command a formation of their own. The term military tribune is even sometimes translated into English as "colonel"—most notably by the late classicist Robert Graves in his "Claudius" novels and his translation of Suetonius' Twelve Caesars—to avoid confusion with the political "tribunes of the people"; in addition, they must not either be confused with the "military tribunes with consular authority", who in early Republican times could replace the consuls.

text: The third highest officer of a legion, above the angusticlavian tribunes, was the praefectus castrorum. He too would have colonel rank in modern armies, yet he differed much from the tribunes in that his office was not part of the rather administrative cursus, but normally filled by former centurions. (Modern armies have a similar distinction on a lower scale—i.e., between commissioned and non-commissioned officers.)

text: The fighting men in the legion were formed into ranks, rows of men who fought as a unit. Under Marius's new system, legions were divided into ten cohorts (cohortes) (roughly equivalent to battalion and immediately subject to the legion), each consisting of three manipula, each of them of two centuries (a rather small company in modern terms), each consisting of between 60 and 160 men. Each century was led by a centurion (centurio, traditionally translated as captain), who was assisted by a number of junior officers, such as an Optio. Centuries were further broken into ten contubernia of eight soldiers each. The manipula were commanded by one of their two centurions, the cohorts by one of their three manipulum's centurions; the most senior cohort-commanding centurions was called primus pilus. The ranks of centurions in the individual cohorts were, in descending order, pilus prior, pilus posterior, princeps prior, princeps posterior, hastatus prior, and hastatus posterior.[8] Individual soldiers were referred to as soldiers (milites) or legionaries (legionarii).

text: Roman discipline was severe, with all ranks subject to corporal and capital punishment at the commander's discretion. For example, if a cohort broke in battle, the typical punishment was decimation, in which every tenth soldier, selected by lot, was killed. Decimation was not commonplace as lack of men would reduce combat effectiveness, which would eventually overcome the psychological "benefit" of keeping the troops in line.

text: Turko-Mongol ranks[edit]

text: There were no ranks in the modern sense of a hierarchy of titles, although the army was organized into a hierarchical command. The organization of the army was based on the decimal system, employed by Oghuz Khagan. The army was built upon a squad of ten (aravt) led by an appointed chief. Ten of these would then compose a company of a hundred (zuut), also led by an appointed chief. The next unit was a regiment of a thousand (myangat) led by an appointed noyan. The largest organic unit was a ten thousand man unit (tumen) also led by an appointed noyan.[9]

text: Persian ranks[edit]

text: The army of ancient Persia consisted of manageable military groupings under the individual commands. Starting at the bottom, a unit of 10 was called a dathabam and was led by a dathapatis. A unit of 100 men was a satabam led by a satapatis. A unit of 1,000 was a hazarabam and was commanded by a hazarapatis. A unit of 10,000 was a baivarabam and was commanded by a baivarapatis. The Greeks called such masses of troops a myrias or myriad. Among mounted troops, an asabam was a cavalry unit led by an asapatis.

text: Historians have discovered the existence of the following ranks in Parthian and Sassanian armies:

text:
Commander-in-Chief: Eran spahbod (to be replaced with four spahbods, one for each frontier of the Empire during the reign of Khosrau I).
Commander of the Cavalry: aspwargan salar (Parthian) or aswaran salar (Sassanian).
Commander of the Archers: Tirbodh
Commander of the infantry: paygan salar
Castellan: argbadh or argbod
Commander of a frontier March: marzpawn (Parthian) or marzban (Sassanian)
Marzban of Central Asian Marches was called kanarang.

text: Medieval ranks[edit]

text: Medieval militaries did not have a unified rank structure; while the feudal lords were in some ways equivalent to modern officers, they didn't have a strict hierarchy—a king was conceived of as first among equals, not a monarch as later or ancient societies understood the concept, and all nobles were theoretically equals (hence "peers").[citation needed] A nobleman was obligated to bring a set number of troops when asked by his liege-lord, a king or merely a higher-ranked noble who had obtained his service by the gift of land. The troops' lord retained at least nominal control over them—many medieval military planning sessions involved negotiating each lord's role in the coming battle—and each lord was allowed to leave after a predetermined amount of time had passed.

text: High command in medieval armies[edit]

text: The command structure of armies was generally loose and varied considerably. Typically, the king and high-ranking lords would call out for all lords to gather their troops for a campaign. They would appoint a renowned noble to organize the assembling forces, the marshal. The term Field Marshal came from the marshal then leading the army on the march, and being in charge of organizing camps and logistics. Tactics for an upcoming battle were often decided by councils of war among the nobles leading the largest forces. Outside of campaigns, the High Constable had authority over the local constables, and commanders of the garrisons of major castles. The High Constable might have authority in the army due to his role of head of the regular cavalry.

text: Origins of modern ranks[edit]

text: As the Middle Ages came to an end, the rank structure of medieval armies became more formalized. The top officers were known as commissioned officers because their rank came from a royal commission. Army commissions were usually reserved for those of high stature—the aristocracy of mainland Europe and the aristocracy and gentry of Great Britain.

text: The basic unit of the medieval army was the company, a band of soldiers assigned (or raised) by a vassal lord on behalf of his lord (in later times the king himself). The vassal lord in command of the company was a commissioned officer with the rank of captain. Captain was derived from the Late Latin word capitaneus (meaning "head man" or chief).

text: The commissioned officer assisting the captain with command of the company was the lieutenant. Lieutenant was derived from the French language; the lieu meaning "place" as in a position; and tenant meaning "holding" as in "holding a position"; thus a "lieutenant" is somebody who holds a position in the absence of his superior. When he was not assisting the captain, the lieutenant commanded a unit called a platoon, particularly a more specialized platoon. The word is derived from the 17th-century French peloton, meaning a small ball or small detachment of men, which came from pelote, a ball.

text: The commissioned officer carrying the (infantry) company's flag was the ensign. The word ensign was derived from the Latin word insignia. In cavalry companies the equivalent rank was cornet. In English usage, these ranks were merged into the single rank of second lieutenant in the 19th Century.

text: Not all officers received a commission from the king. Certain specialists were granted a warrant, certifying their expertise as craftsmen. These warrant officers assisted the commissioned officers but ranked above the non-commissioned officers. They received their authority from superior officers rather than the king. The first NCOs were the armed servants (men-at-arms) of the aristocracy, assigned to command, organize and train the militia units raised for battle. After years of commanding a squad, an NCO could be promoted to sergeant, the highest NCO rank. While a sergeant might have commanded a squad upon promotion, he usually became a staff officer. While commissioned staff officers assisted their commander with personnel, intelligence, operations and logistics, the sergeant was a jack of all trades, concerning himself with all aspects of administration to maintain the enlisted men serving under his commander. Over time, sergeants were differentiated into many ranks as various levels of sergeants were used by the commanders of various levels of units.

text: A corporal commanded a squad. Squad derived from the Italian word for a "square" or "block" of soldiers. In fact, corporal was derived from the Italian caporal de squadra (head of the squad). Corporals were assisted by lancepesades. Lancepesades were veteran soldiers; lancepesade was derived from the Italian "lancia spezzata" meaning broken spear—the broken spear being a metaphor for combat experience, where such an occurrence was likely. The first lancepesades were simply experienced privates; who either assisted their corporal or performed the duties of a corporal themselves. It was this second function that made armies increasingly regard their lancepesades as a grade of corporal rather than a grade of private. As a result, the rank of lance corporal was derived from combining lancepesade and corporal.

text: As the Middle Ages came to an end, kings increasingly relied on professional soldiers to fill the bottom ranks of their armies instead of militiamen. Each of these professionals began their careers as a private. The private was a man who signed a private contract with the company commander, offering his services in return for pay. The money was raised through taxation; those yeomen (smallholding peasants) who did not fulfill their annual 40-day militia service paid a tax that funded professional soldiers recruited from the yeomanry. This money was handed to the company commanders from the royal treasury, the company commanders using the money to recruit the troops.

text: Origins of higher ranks[edit]

text: As armies grew larger, composed of multiple companies, one captain was granted general (overall) authority over the field armies by the king. (National armies were the armies of the kings. Field armies were armies raised by the king to enter the battle field in preparation for major battles.) In French history, lieutenant du roi was a title born by the officer sent with military powers to represent the king in certain provinces. A lieutenant du roi was sometimes known as a lieutenant général to distinguish him from lieutenants subordinate to mere captains. The sergeant acting as staff officer to the captain general was known as the sergeant major general. This was eventually shortened to major general, while captain general was shortened to simply general. This is the reason a major outranks a lieutenant, but a lieutenant general outranks a major general.

text: In modern times new recruits attending basic training, also referred to as boot camp by some branches, are instructed in the hierarchical structure of military rank. Many new enlisted civilians find it difficult to understand the structure of General staff ranks as stated before, it becomes somewhat complicated to understand when applying basic rationale.  In view of this, recruits are taught the statement "Be My Little General."  This is so that it makes it easier to learn which General outranks which.  The rationale behind the statement is as follow:  "Be"  Brigadier General (1 star), "My" Major General (2 star), "Little" Lieutenant General (3 star), "General" General (4 star).

text: As armies grew bigger, heraldry and unit identification remained primarily a matter of the regiment. Brigades headed by brigadier generals were the units invented as a tactical unit by the Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus II ("Gustav II Adolf," who was killed at the battle of Lützen 1632). It was introduced to overcome the normal army structure, consisting of regiments. The so-called "brigada" was a mixed unit, comprising infantry, cavalry and normally artillery too, designated for a special task. The size of such "brigada" was a reinforced company up to two regiments. The "brigada" was a 17th-century form of the modern "task force". In some armies "brigadier general" has been shortened to "brigadier".

text: Around the end of the 16th century, companies were grouped into regiments. The officers commissioned to lead these regiments were called colonels (column officers). They were first appointed in Spain by King Ferdinand II of Aragon where they were also known as coronellos (crown officers) since they were appointed by the Crown. Thus the English pronunciation of the word colonel.[citation needed]

text: The first colonels were captains granted command of their regiments by commission of the king. The lieutenants of the colonel were the lieutenant colonels. In the 17th century, the sergeant of the colonel was the sergeant major. These were field officers, third in command of their regiments (after their colonels and lieutenant colonels), with a role similar to the older, army-level sergeants major (although obviously on a smaller scale). The older position became known as sergeant major general to distinguish it. Over time, the sergeant was dropped from both titles since both ranks were used for commissioned officers. This gave rise to the modern ranks of major and major general.

text: The full title of sergeant major fell out of use until the latter part of the 18th century, when it began to be applied to the senior non-commissioned officer of an infantry battalion or cavalry regiment.

text: Regiments were later split into battalions with a lieutenant colonel as a commanding officer and a major as an executive officer.

text: Modern ranks[edit]

text:
Modern military services recognize three broad categories of personnel.
These are codified in the Geneva Conventions, which distinguish officers, non-commissioned officers, and enlisted men.

text: Apart from conscripted personnel one can distinguish:

text: Commissioned officers[edit]

text: Officers are distinguished from other military members (or an officer in training) by holding a commission; they are trained or training as leaders and hold command positions.

text: Officers are further generally separated into four levels:

text:
General, flag, or air officers
Field or senior officers
Company grade or junior officers
Subordinate officer (naval cadet or officer cadet in the Canadian Forces, for example)

text: General, flag, and air officers [edit]

text: Officers who typically command units or formations that are expected to operate independently for extended periods of time (i.e., brigades and larger, or flotillas or squadrons of ships), are referred to variously as general officers (in armies, marines, and some air forces), flag officers (in navies and coast guards), or air officers (in some Commonwealth air forces).

text: General-officer ranks typically include (from the most senior) general, lieutenant general, major general, and brigadier general, although there are many variations like division general or (air-, ground-) force general.

text: Flag-officer ranks, named after the traditional practice of showing the presence of such an officer with a flag on a ship and often land, typically include (from the most senior) admiral, vice admiral and rear admiral. In some navies, such as Canada's, the rank of commodore is a flag rank.

text: In the United Kingdom and most other Commonwealth air forces, air-officer ranks usually include air chief marshal, air marshal, air vice-marshal and air commodore. For some air forces, however, such as those of Canada, United States and many other air forces, general officer rank titles are used. In the case of the United States Air Force, that service was once part of the U.S. Army and evolved as a separate service in 1947, carrying over its extant officer rank structure. Brazil and Argentina use a system of general officer ranks based on the term brigadier.

text: In some forces, there may be one or more superior ranks to the common examples, above, that are given distinguishing titles, such as Field Marshal (most armies of the world, notably excluding the United States) or General of the Army (mainly the United States because "Marshal" is used as a peace officer's designation), Fleet Admiral (U.S. Navy), Marshal of the Royal Air Force, or other national air force. These ranks have often been discontinued, such as in Germany and Canada, or limited to wartime or honorific promotion, such as in the United Kingdom and the United States.

text: In various countries, particularly the United States, these may be referred to as "star ranks" for the number of stars worn on some rank insignia: typically one-star for brigadier general or equivalent with the addition of a star for each subsequent rank. In the United States, five stars has been the highest rank regularly attainable (excluding the Marines and Coast Guard, which have traditionally served as branches of the Navy in times of war and thus under the command of a Fleet Admiral). There also exists the specialty ranks of General of the Armies of the United States and Admiral of the Navy which at their inception were considered senior four star officers but came to be considered six-star rank after the creation of five star officers. To date only one other officer has held a six star rank in their lifetime, John J. Pershing while George Washington was posthumously promoted to the post in 1976. Additionally, Admiral George Dewey was promoted to Admiral of the Navy but died well before statute made it senior to an Admiral of the Fleet upon the latter's inception.

text: Some titles are not genuine ranks, but either functions assumed by generals or honorific titles. For instance, in the French Army général de corps d'armée is a function assumed by some généraux de division, and maréchal de France, which is a distinction denoting the most superior military office, but one that has often neutered the practical command powers of those on whom it is conferred. In the United States Navy, a commodore currently is a senior captain commanding a squadron, air group, or air wing that is too small for a rear admiral to command, although that name has historically been used as a rank. The title (not rank) of commodore can also indicate an officer who is senior to a ship's captain (since only the ship's commanding officer is addressed as captain while underway). Marine captains are sometimes referred to as major to distinguish themselves while shipboard, although this reference is not employed in the U.S. Navy or U.S. Marine Corps.

text: Field or senior officers[edit]

text: Field officers, also called "field-grade officers" or "senior officers", are officers who typically command units that can be expected to operate independently for short periods of time (i.e., infantry battalions, cavalry or artillery regiments, warships, air squadrons). Field officers also commonly fill staff positions of superior commands.

text: The term "field(-grade) officer" is primarily used by armies and marines; air forces, navies and coast guards generally prefer the term "senior officer." The two terms are not necessarily synonymous because the former is frequently used to describe any officer who holds a command position from a platoon to a theater.

text: Typical army and marine field officer ranks include colonel /ˈkɜːrnəl/, lieutenant colonel, major and, in the British army, captains holding an adjutant's appointment. In many Commonwealth countries the field rank of brigadier is used, although it fills the position held by brigadier general in other countries.

text: Naval and coast guard senior officer ranks include captain and commander. In some countries, the more senior rank of commodore is also included. In others lieutenant-commanders, as equivalents to army and marine majors, are considered senior officers.

text: Commonwealth air force senior officer ranks include group captain, wing commander, and squadron leader, where such ranks are still used.

text: Company grade or junior officers[edit]

text: The ranks of junior officers are the three or four lowest ranks of officers. Units under their command are generally not expected to operate independently for any significant length of time. Company grade officers also fill staff roles in some units. In some militaries, however, a captain may act as the permanent commanding officer of an independent company-sized army unit, for example a signal or field engineer squadron, or a field artillery battery.

text: Typical army company officer ranks include captain and various grades of lieutenant. Typical naval and coast guard junior officer ranks include grades of lieutenant commander, lieutenant, lieutenant junior grade, sub-lieutenant and ensign. Commonwealth (excluding Canada) air force junior officer ranks usually include flight lieutenant, flying officer, and pilot officer.

text: "The [U.S.] commissioned officer corps is divided into 10 pay grades (O-1 through O-10). Officers in pay grades O-1 through O-3 are considered company grade officers. In the Army, Marine Corps, and Air Force, these pay grades correspond to the ranks of second lieutenant (O-1), first lieutenant (O-2), and captain (O-3), and in the Navy, ensign, lieutenant junior grade, and lieutenant. Officers in the next three pay grades (O-4 through O-6) are considered field grade officers. In the Army, Marine Corps, and Air Force, these pay grades correspond to the ranks of major (O-4), lieutenant colonel (O-5), and colonel (O-6), and in the Navy, lieutenant commander, commander, and captain. The highest four pay grades are reserved for general officers in the Army, Marine Corps, and Air Force, and flag officers in the Navy. The ranks associated with each pay grade are as follows: in the Army, Marine Corps, and Air Force, brigadier general (O-7), major general (O-8), lieutenant general (O-9), and general (O-10); in the Navy, rear admiral-lower half, rear admiral-upper half, vice admiral, and admiral."[10][11]

text: Subordinate/student officer[edit]

text: Officers in training in the Canadian Armed Forces are either naval cadet for naval training or officer cadet for army or air force training.

text: In the US and several other western forces, officers in training are referred to as student officers, and carry the rank of cadet (army and air force) or midshipman (navy, and in some countries, marines). These officers may be serving at a military academy, or, as common in the United States, as members of a military training unit attached to a civilian college or university, such as an ROTC unit. This is due to a requirement that commissioned officers have at least a four-year collegiate undergraduate degree.

text: The British Army refers to its trainee officers as officer cadets, who rank as private soldiers at the start of their training, with no authority over other ranks (except when appointed to carry out a role as part of training). Officer cadets are addressed to as "Mister" or "Miss" until the completion of the early stages of their training at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst (at which point cadets "pass out" and formally gain their commissions), thereafter other ranks (non-officers) will address them as "Sir" or "Ma'am".

text: While cadet has always been a rank of limited authority and prestige (cadets and US Navy midshipmen have no authority over commissioned personnel, warrants, or officers, only subordinate cadets), midshipman has historically been a rank with limited leadership responsibility, particularly in the Royal Navy (where cadets are commissioned at the start of their training, unlike their Army counterparts). This tradition was continued by the US Navy after its original adoption of the rank, but now US Navy midshipmen are limited in the same manner as cadets in the other US services. Additionally, US Marine officers in training are also midshipmen, trained and educated alongside their naval counterparts, and wear distinctive insignia to indicate their branch of service.

text: Note: US Coast Guard Academy students are referred to as cadets, while those attending the military branch's officer candidate school are officer candidates.

text: In the US an alternative to spending four years as a cadet or midshipmen is for college graduates with a four-year degree to attend officer candidate school, an intensive twelve week training course designed to convert college graduates into military officers. Each service has at least one, and usually several, officer candidate school facilities. Students at these programs are called officer candidates.

text: Warrant officers[edit]

text: Warrant officers (as receiving authority by virtue of a warrant) are a hybrid rank treated slightly differently in each country or service. Warrant officers may either be effectively senior non-commissioned officers or an entirely separate grade between commissioned and non-commissioned officers, usually held by specialist personnel.

text: In the United States, warrant officers are appointed by warrant then commissioned by the President of the United States at the rank of chief warrant officer. Warrant officers range from WO1-CW5. A warrant officer is not a chief warrant officer until they reach W2.

text: Enlisted personnel[edit]

text: Enlisted personnel are personnel below commissioned rank and make up the vast majority of military personnel. They are known by different names in different countries, such as other ranks (ORs) in the United Kingdom and some Commonwealth countries, and non-commissioned members (NCMs) in Canada.

text: Non-commissioned officers[edit]

text: Non-commissioned officers (NCOs) are enlisted personnel, under the command of an officer, granted delegated authority to supervise other military members or assigned significant administrative responsibilities. They are responsible for the care and direct control of junior military members, often functioning in the smaller field units as executive officers.

text: Even the most senior NCO officially ranks beneath the most junior commissioned officer or warrant officer. However, most senior NCOs have more experience, possibly including combat, than junior officers. In many armies, because junior officers have a great amount of responsibility and authority but little operational experience, they are paired with senior NCO advisers. In some organizations, senior NCOs may have formal responsibility and informal respect beyond that of junior officers, but less than that of warrant officers. Many warrant officers come from the ranks of mid-career NCOs. In some countries warrant ranks replace senior enlisted ranks.

text: NCO ranks typically include a varying number of grades of sergeant and corporal (air force, army and marines), or chief petty officer and petty officer (navy and coast guard). In many navies the term rate is used to designate specialty, while rank denotes paygrade.

text: In some countries warrant officers come under the non-commissioned officer branch (senior non-commissioned officiers).

text: Other enlisted ranks[edit]

text: Personnel with no command authority usually bear titles such as private, airman/aircraftman, or seaman (starting with seaman recruit in the United States Navy and Coast Guard). In the United States Marine Corps individuals of all ranks regardless of command status may be referred to as "Marine". In the United States Air Force individuals of all ranks regardless of command status may be referred to as "airman". Shortly after the Sailor's Creed was formally instituted, Secretary of the Navy John Dalton directed that the word "Sailor" should be capitalized when referring to any uniformed member of the Navy. In some countries and services, personnel in different branches have different titles. These may have a variety of grades, such as private first class, but these usually only reflect variations in pay, not increased authority. These may or may not technically be ranks, depending on the country or service. Each rank gives the individual an indication of how long and how well they have served in combat and training.

text: Appointment[edit]

text: Appointment refers to the instrument by virtue of which the person exercises his or her authority. Officers are appointed by a royal commission in most monarchies or a presidential commission in many other countries. In the Commonwealth, warrant officers hold a royal or presidential warrant. In the United States, officers are appointed by the president, with the advice and consent of the United States Senate. Most officers are approved en bloc by voice vote, but flag officers are usually required to appear before the Armed Services Committee and answer questions to the satisfaction of its members, prior to a vote on their commission.

text: NCOs are appointed by an instrument of appointment, a written document, often a certificate, usually from the service head. Entry into service is often referred to as enlistment throughout the English-speaking world, even in countries where soldiers do not technically enlist.

text: Sometimes personnel serve in an appointment which is higher than their actual rank. For instance, commodore used to be an appointment of captain in the Royal Navy and lance corporal used to be an appointment of private in the British Army.

text: Types of rank[edit]

text: There are a number of different forms of rank; from highest to lowest degree, they are:

text:
Substantive or permanent: the fully paid and confirmed rank, with eligibility for the corresponding pension/benefits
Retired or retained: usually granted to those officers of the rank of lieutenant in the Navy, or captain in the Army, or above, and enlisted, who have reached the end of their service obligation and have not been dishonorably discharged or dismissed from the service. A retired rank is usually kept for life, if the officer so concerned wishes. In the Commonwealth of Nations, such an officer will also hold the style of Esquire, if they do not hold a higher title.
Veterans rank is different in each country. Members of the United States military maintain their highest rank after discharge or retirement. 10 U.S. Code § 772(e) states: A person not on active duty who served honorably in time of war in the Army, Navy, Air Force, or Marine Corps may bear the title and wear the uniform of the highest grade held by him during that war. After a war, regular serving members of the military holding war substantive or temporary rank often revert to their former, substantive rank and all others often end their service. However, the holder may be granted permission to permanently retain the rank they held when the conflict ended.
Temporary: usually granted for a specific task or mission. The holder holds the rank while occupying that position. Despite the name, temporary rank may be held for a considerable period of time, perhaps even years. In wartime, temporary ranks are often common. In the United Kingdom, the rank of brigadier was long considered a temporary rank; while its holder was addressed as "brigadier," he would retain the substantive rank of colonel or lieutenant-colonel if not selected for promotion to general officer rank. Sub-classes of temporary rank (from highest to lowest) include:
Brevet: an honorary promoted rank, without the full official authority or pay appropriate to the rank.
War substantive: a temporarily confirmed rank only held for the duration of that war, though war substantive rank may be treated as substantive when considering the holder's eligibility for subsequent promotions and appointments.
Acting is where the holder assumes the pay and allowances appropriate to the acting rank, but a higher commanding officer may revert the holder to previous rank held. This is normally for a short period of time while the permanent occupant of the office is absent. During wartime, acting ranks are frequently held on an emergency basis, while peacetime holders of acting ranks are often those who must hold their permanent rank for a sufficient period before being confirmed in their new higher rank.
Local or theater: a form of temporary rank restricted to a specific location instead of a specific duty.
Honorary: Often granted on retirement, or in certain special cases to honour a deserving civilian. Generally, honorary rank is treated as if it were substantive, but usually does not grant a corresponding wage or pension (increase).

text: Size of command[edit]

text: Rank and unit size[edit]

text: To get a sense of the practical meaning of these ranks—and thus to be able to compare them across the different armed services, different nations, and the variations of titles and insignia—an understanding of the relative levels and sizes of each command is helpful. The ranking and command system used by U.S. Marine ground forces or U.S. Army infantry units can serve as a template for this purpose. It should be remembered that different countries will often use their own systems that do not match the presentation here.

text: Under this system, starting from the bottom and working up, a corporal leads a fireteam consisting of three other individuals. A sergeant leads a squad consisting of three fireteams. As a result, a full squad numbers 13 individuals. Squads usually have numbered designations (e.g., 1st Squad).

text: Generally, in most armies and marine units, a lieutenant or equivalent rank leads a platoon, which can consist of three or four squads. For example, in U.S. Marine infantry units, rifle platoons usually consist of three rifle squads of 13 men each, with a Navy corpsman, the platoon leader, and a platoon sergeant (i.e., a staff sergeant who serves as second-in-command). An infantry platoon can number from 42 to 55 individuals, depending on the service. Platoons are usually numbered (e.g., 1st Platoon) or named after their primary function (e.g., service platoon).

text: A captain or equivalent rank commands a company, usually consisting of four platoons (three line platoons and one heavy weapons platoon). His headquarters can include a first sergeant and as many as seven others. As such, a company can comprise from roughly 175 to 225 individuals. Equivalent units also commanded by captains are batteries (for field artillery units) and detachments. In English speaking countries, a company (or troop in the cavalry, and battery in the artillery) is usually designated by a letter (e.g., "A Company"). In non-English speaking countries, they are usually numbered. In most Commonwealth armies a company is commanded by a major, assisted by a captain.

text: A lieutenant colonel or equivalent rank commands a battalion or a squadron, often consisting of four companies, plus the various members of his headquarters. A battalion is around 500–1,500 men and usually consists of between two and six companies.

text: A colonel or equivalent commands a regiment or group, often consisting of four battalions (for an Infantry unit) or five to six air groups (for a wing). Battalions and regiments are usually numbered, either as a separate battalion or as part of a regimental structure (e.g., 1-501st Infantry in the US Army).

text: In these latter, abstractions cease to be helpful and it becomes necessary to turn to an actual unit. The 1st Battalion of the 1st Marine Regiment of the 1st Marine Division of the I Marine Expeditionary Force consists of three infantry companies, one weapons company, and one headquarters and service company. Above that, the 1st Marine Regiment (also known as "First Marines") consists of four such battalions and one headquarters company. Marine Air Control Group 18 of 1st Marine Air Wing of the III Marine Expeditionary Force consists of four squadrons, one battery, and one detachment, a mix of different-sized units under a regimental equivalent-sized unit.

text: The next level has traditionally been a brigade, commanded by a brigadier general, and containing two or more regiments. But this structure is considered obsolete today. At the present time, in the U.S. Army, a brigade is roughly equal to or a little larger than a regiment, consisting of three to seven battalions. Strength typically ranges from 1,500 to 3,500 personnel. In the U.S. Marines, brigades are only formed for certain missions. In size and nature they are larger and more varied collections of battalions than is common for a regiment, fitting them for their traditional role as the smallest formation able to operate independently on a battlefield without external logistical tactical support. Brigades are usually numbered (e.g., 2nd Brigade).

text: The level above regiment and brigade is the division, commanded by a major general and consisting of from 10,000 to 20,000 persons. The 1st Marine Division, for example, is made up of four marine regiments (of the type described above), one assault amphibian battalion, one reconnaissance battalion, two light armored reconnaissance battalions, one combat engineer battalion, one tank battalion, and one headquarters battalion—totalling more than 19,000 marines. (Within the headquarters battalion are one headquarters company, one service company, one military police company, one communications company, and one truck company.) An equivalent elsewhere within the same marine expeditionary force (MEF) might be a MEF logistics group (MLG), which is not a regimental-sized unit (as the word "group" implies), but rather a large support unit consisting of several battalions of support personnel. Divisions are normally numbered, but can be named after a function or personage.

text: Considering such a variety of units, the command sizes for any given rank will vary widely. Not all units are as troop intensive as infantry forces need to be. Tank and artillery crews, for example, involve far fewer personnel. Numbers also differ for non-combat units such as quartermasters, cooks, and hospital staff. Beyond this, in any real situation, not all units will be at full strength and there will be various attachments and detachments of assorted specialists woven throughout the system.

text: The 1st Marine Division is part of the I Marine Expeditionary Force, which also includes the 3rd Marine Air Wing, 1st Marine Logistics Group, 1st Marine Expeditionary Brigade (as required), three marine expeditionary units (featuring helicopter groups), and a battalion-sized marine air ground task force. In the U.S. Marine Corps there are three marine expeditionary forces.

text: In the U.S. Army, the level above division is called a corps instead of an expeditionary force. It is commanded by a lieutenant general. In many armies, a corps numbers around 60,000, usually divided into three divisions. Corps (and similar organizations) are normally designated with Roman numerals and their nationality when operating in a combined (international) force—e.g., V (US) Corps, VIII (ROK) Corps, II MEF, I Canadian Corps.

text: During World War II, due to the large scale of combat, multiple corps were combined into armies commanded in theory by a general (four stars), but often by a lieutenant general (three stars), and comprising as many as 240,000 troops. Armies are numbered by spelled-out numerals or functional titles, using their nationality in "combined" forces (e.g., Eighth US Army, Third ROK Army, British Army of the Rhine). These were in their turn formed into army groups, these being the largest field organization handled by a single commander in modern warfare. Army groups included between 400,000 and 1,500,000 troops. Army groups received Arabic numeral designations and national designations when combined.

text: These examples illustrate a standard that holds true all over the world and throughout military history, namely that higher rank generally implies command of larger units in a nested system of ranks and commands. The specific size of a command for any given rank will, however, depend on the task the unit performs, the nature of weapons used, and the strategies of warfare.

text: Military ranks and insignia of various nations[edit]

text:
showCommon military ranks in English

Navies
Armies
Air forces

Commissioned officers

Admiral ofthe fleet
Field marshal orGeneral of the Army
Marshal ofthe air force

Admiral
General
Air chief marshal

Vice admiral
Lieutenant general
Air marshal

Rear admiral
Major general
Air vice-marshal

Commodore
Brigadier orbrigadier general
Air commodore

Captain
Colonel
Group captain

Commander
Lieutenant colonel
Wing commander

Lieutenantcommander
Major orCommandant
Squadron leader

Lieutenant
Captain
Flight lieutenant

Lieutenantjunior grade or sub-lieutenant
Lieutenant orfirst lieutenant
Flying officer

Ensign or midshipman
Second lieutenant
Pilot officer

Officer cadet
Officer cadet
Flight cadet

Enlisted grades

Warrant officer orchief petty officer
Warrant officer orsergeant major
Warrant officer

Petty officer
Sergeant
Sergeant

Leading seaman
Corporal orbombardier
Corporal

Seaman
Private orgunner ortrooper
Aircraftman orairman

Talk·View

text:
Algeria
Argentina
Bangladesh (Army, Navy, Air Force)
Belgium
Brazil
Canada
China (Ground Force, Navy, Air Force)
Colombia
Croatia
Finland
France (Army, Navy)
Germany
India (Army, Navy, Air Force)
Indonesia
Israel
Iran
Japan
Korea
Norway
Pakistan
Philippines
Philippines
Portugal
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Serbia
Singapore
Sweden
Switzerland
Thailand
Tunisia
Turkey
Ukraine
Egypt
United Kingdom (Army officers, enlisted; Navy and Marines officers, ratings; Air Force officers, enlisted)
Republic of China (Taiwan)
United States (Army officers, enlisted, Navy officers, enlisted, Air Force officers, enlisted, Marine Corps officers and enlisted, US Junior ROTC)


document_title: Stop and identify statutes

question_text: when do i have to show id in texas

question_tokens: when do i have to show id in texas

root

text: Stop and identify statutes

text: Police–citizen encounters[edit]

text: In the United States, interactions between police and citizens fall into three general categories: consensual ("contact" or "conversation"), detention (often called a Terry stop, after Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968)), or arrest. "Stop and identify" laws pertain to detentions.

tag: p

text: Different obligations apply to drivers of motor vehicles, who generally are required by state vehicle codes to present a driver’s license to police upon request.

text: Consensual[edit]

text: At any time, police may approach a person and ask questions. The objective may simply be a friendly conversation; however, the police also may suspect involvement in a crime, but lack "specific and articulable facts"[4] that would justify a detention or arrest, and hope to obtain these facts from the questioning. The person approached is not required to identify himself or answer any other questions, and may leave at any time.[5] Police are not usually required to tell a person that he is free to decline to answer questions and go about his business;[6] however, a person can usually determine whether the interaction is consensual by asking, "Am I free to go?"[7][8]

text: Reasonable Suspicion[edit]

text: A person is detained when circumstances are such that a reasonable person would believe he is not free to leave.[9]

text: Police may briefly detain a person if they have reasonable suspicion that the person has committed, is committing, or is about to commit a crime. Many state laws explicitly grant this authority. In Terry v. Ohio, the U.S. Supreme Court established that police may conduct a limited search for weapons (known as a "frisk") if they reasonably suspect that the person to be detained may be armed and dangerous.

text: Police may question a person detained in a Terry stop, but in general, the detainee is not required to answer.[10] However, many states have "stop and identify" laws that explicitly require a person detained under the conditions of Terry to identify himself to police, and in some cases, provide additional information.

text: Before Hiibel, it was unresolved whether a detainee could be arrested and prosecuted for refusing to disclose his name. Authority on this issue was split among the federal circuit courts of appeal,[11] and the U.S. Supreme Court twice expressly refused to address the question.[12] In Hiibel, the Court held, in a 5–4 decision, that a Nevada "stop and identify" law did not violate the United States Constitution. The Court opinion implied that a detainee was not required to produce written identification, but could satisfy the requirement merely by stating his name. Some "stop and identify" laws do not require that a detainee identify himself, but allow refusal to do so to be considered along with other factors in determining whether there is probable cause to arrest. In some states, providing a false name is an offense.[13]

text: As of February 2011, the Supreme Court has not addressed the validity of requirements that a detainee provide information other than his name, however some states such as Arizona have specifically codified that a detained person is not required to provide any information aside from their full name.

text: Arrest[edit]

text: A detention requires only that police have reasonable suspicion that a person is involved in criminal activity. However, to make an arrest, an officer must have probable cause to believe that the person has committed a crime. Some states require police to inform the person of the intent to make the arrest and the cause for the arrest.[14] But it is not always obvious when a detention becomes an arrest. After making an arrest, police may search a person, his or her belongings, and his or her immediate surroundings.

text: Whether an arrested person must identify himself may depend on the jurisdiction in which the arrest occurs. If a person is under arrest and police wish to question him, they are required to inform the person of his Fifth-Amendment right to remain silent by giving a Miranda warning. However, Miranda does not apply to biographical data necessary to complete booking.[15][16] It is not clear whether a "stop and identify" law could compel giving one’s name after being arrested, although some states have laws that specifically require an arrested person to give his name and other biographical information,[17] and some state courts[18][19] have held that refusal to give one’s name constitutes obstructing a public officer. As a practical matter, an arrested person who refused to give his name would have little chance of obtaining a prompt release.

text: Obligation to identify[edit]

text:
States with "stop and identify" laws

Alabama
Ala. Code §15-5-30

Arizona
Ari. Rev. Stat. Tit. 13, §2412 (enacted 2005) & Tit. 28, §1595

Arkansas
Ark. Code Ann. [1]§ 5-71-213 - Loitering

Colorado
Colo. Rev. Stat. §16-3-103(1)

Delaware
Del. Code Ann., Tit. 11, §§1902, 1321(6)

Florida
Fla. Stat. §901.151 (Stop and Frisk Law); §856.021(2) (loitering and prowling)

Georgia
Ga. Code Ann. §16-11-36(b) (loitering)

Illinois
Ill. Comp. Stat., ch. 725, §5/107-14

Indiana
Indiana Code §34-28-5-3.5

Kansas
Kan. Stat. Ann. §22-2402(1)

Louisiana
La. Code Crim. Proc. Ann., Art. 215.1(A); La. Rev. Stat. 14:108(B)(1)(c)

Missouri (Kansas City Only)
Mo. Rev. Stat. §84.710(2)

Montana
Mont. Code Ann. §46-5-401

Nebraska
Neb. Rev. Stat. §29-829

Nevada
Nev. Rev. Stat. §171.123

New Hampshire
N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. §594:2, §644:6

New Mexico
N.M. Stat. Ann. §30-22-3

New York
N.Y. Crim. Proc. Law §140.50

North Dakota
N.D. Cent. Code §29-29-21 (PDF)

Ohio
Ohio Rev. Code §2921.29 (enacted 2006)

Rhode Island
R.I. Gen. Laws §12-7-1

Utah
Utah Code Ann. §77-7-15

Vermont
Vt. Stat. Ann., Tit. 24, §1983

Wisconsin
Wis. Stat. §968.24

tag: table

text: States not listed do not have a requirement to show Identification to law enforcement officers. Some states listed have "Stop and ID" laws which may or may not require someone to identify themselves during an investigative detention.

text: While Wisconsin statutes allow law enforcement officers to "demand" ID, there is no statutory requirement to provide them ID nor is there a penalty for refusing to, hence Wisconsin is not a must ID state (Henes v. Morrissey).[citation needed] Annotations for Wisconsin §968.24, however, state "The principles of Terry permit a state to require a suspect to disclose his or her name in the course of a Terry stop and allow imposing criminal penalties for failing to do so", citing Hiibel as authority. Hiibel held that statutes requiring suspects to disclose their names during police investigations did not violate the Fourth Amendment if the statute first required reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal involvement. The Wisconsin Supreme Court held in Henes v. Morrissey that "A crime is made up of two parts: proscribed conduct and a prescribed penalty. "The former without the latter is no crime. ... In this case no statute penalizes a refusal to identify oneself to a law enforcement officer, and no penalty is set forth in the statute for refusing to identify oneself. This statute is part of Chapter 968 entitled "Commencement of Criminal Proceedings. By its very terms sec. 968.24 empowers a law enforcement officer to stop and question "in the vicinity where the person was stopped." The statute does not authorize a law enforcement officer to make an arrest." Additionally Henes v. Morrissey held that a detained person not providing their name isn't on its own a violation of 946.41 Resisting or obstructing officer as the act of not identifying ones self isn't a false statement with intent to mislead the officer in the performance of his or her duty.

text: Neither is Illinois, since the Illinois Second District Appellate Court Decision in People v. Fernandez, 2011 IL App (2d) 100473, which specifically states that section 107-14 is found in the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963, not the Criminal Code of 1961, and governs the conduct of police officers. The fact remains that there is no corresponding duty in the Criminal Code of 1961 for a suspect to identify himself or herself.[20]

text: By contrast, in Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, 542 U.S. 177, 181 (2004), a Nevada statute (Nev. Rev. Stat. § 171.123 (2003)) specifically required that a person subjected to a Terry stop “shall identify himself.” The Supreme Court held that the statute was constitutional.

text: As of February 2011, there is no U.S. federal law requiring that an individual identify himself during a Terry stop, but Hiibel held that states may enact such laws, provided the law requires the officer to have reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal involvement,[21] and 24 states have done so.[22] The opinion in Hiibel implied that persons detained by police in jurisdictions with constitutional[23] "stop and identify" laws listed are obligated to identify themselves,[24] and that persons detained in other jurisdictions are not.[25] The issue may not be that simple, however, for several reasons:

text:
The wording of "stop and identify" laws varies considerably from state to state.
Noncompliance with a "stop and identify" law that does not explicitly impose a penalty may constitute violation of another law, such as one to the effect of "resisting, obstructing, or delaying a peace officer".
State courts have made varying interpretations of both "stop and identify" and "obstructing" laws.

tag: ul

text: Variations in "stop and identify" laws[edit]

text:
Four states’ laws (Arizona, Indiana, Louisiana, and Nevada) explicitly impose an obligation to provide identifying information.
Fifteen states grant police authority to ask questions, with varying wording, but do not explicitly impose an obligation to respond:

text:
In Montana, police "may request" identifying information;
In Ohio, identifying information may be required "when requested"; an obligation exists only when the police suspect a person is committing, has committed, or is about to commit a criminal offense, is witness to a felony offense, or is witness to an attempt or conspiracy to commit a felony offense;
In 12 states (Alabama, Delaware, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, North Dakota, Rhode Island, Utah, Wisconsin), police "may demand" identifying information. Of note, though, in New Hampshire for example (RSA 594:2), statutory language authorizing a 'demand' for identity does not establish a legal requirement to provide documentation of identity (ID), or even a requirement to respond in the first place. Further, a law enforcement officer is authorized to make such 'demand' only of individuals for "whom he has reason to suspect is committing, has committed or is about to commit a crime."

text: Identifying information varies, but typically includes

text:
Name, address, and an explanation of the person’s actions;
In some cases it also includes the person’s intended destination, the person’s date of birth (Indiana and Ohio), or written identification if available (Colorado). Ohio does not require the person's intended destination. Ohio requires only name, address, or date of birth. Date of birth is NOT required if the age of the person is an element to the crime (such as underage drinking, curfew violation, etc...) that the person is reasonably suspected of.[26] Indiana requires either name, address, and date of birth, or driver's license, if on the person's possession, and only applies if the person was stopped for an infraction or ordinance violation.[27]
Arizona law, apparently written specifically to codify the holding in Hiibel, requires a person’s "true full name".
Nevada law, which requires a person to "identify himself or herself", apparently requires only that the person state his or her name.
Texas law requires a person to provide their name, residence address and date of birth if lawfully arrested and asked by police. (A detained person or witness of a crime is not required to provide any identifying information, however it is a crime for a detained person or witness to give a false name.)

text:
In four states (Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, and Rhode Island), failure to identify oneself is one factor to be considered in a decision to arrest. In all but Rhode Island, the consideration arises in the context of loitering or prowling.
Seven states (Arizona, Florida, Indiana, Louisiana, New Mexico, Ohio, and Vermont) explicitly impose a criminal penalty for noncompliance with the obligation to identify oneself.

text: As of February 2011, the validity of a law requiring that a person detained provide anything more than stating his or her name has not come before the U.S. Supreme Court.

text: Interaction with other laws[edit]

text: In states whose "stop and identify laws" do not directly impose penalties, a lawful arrest must be for violation of some other law, such as one to the effect of "resisting, obstructing, or delaying a peace officer". For example, the Nevada "stop and identify" law challenged in Hiibel did not impose a penalty on a person who refused to comply, but the Justice Court of Union Township, Nevada, determined that Hiibels refusal to identify himself[28] constituted a violation of Nevada "obstructing" law.[29] A similar conclusion regarding the interaction between Utah "stop and identify" and "obstructing" laws was reached in Oliver v. Woods (10th Cir. 2000).

text: Interpretation by courts[edit]

text: "Stop and identify" laws in different states that appear to be nearly identical may be different in effect because of interpretations by state courts. For example, California "stop and identify" law, Penal Code §647(e) had wording[30][31] similar to the Nevada law upheld in Hiibel, but a California appellate court, in People v. Solomon (1973), 33 Cal.App.3d 429 construed the law to require "credible and reliable" identification that carries a "reasonable assurance" of its authenticity. Using this construction, the U.S. Supreme Court held the law to be void for vagueness in Kolender v. Lawson, 461 U.S. 352 (1983).[32]

text: Some courts have recognized a distinction authorizing police to demand identifying information and specifically imposing an obligation of a suspect to respond.[33] Other courts have apparently interpreted demand to impose an obligation on the detainee to comply.[34][35]

text: Wording and interpretation by state courts of "obstructing" laws also varies; for example, New York "obstructing" law[36] apparently requires physical rather than simply verbal obstruction;[37][38] likewise, a violation of the Colorado "obstructing" law appears to require use or threat of use of physical force. However, the Colorado Supreme Court held in Dempsey v. People, No. 04SC362 (2005) (PDF) that refusing to provide identification was an element in the "totality of the circumstances" that could constitute obstructing an officer, even when actual physical interference was not employed.[39] Utah "obstructing" law does not require a physical act, but merely a failure to follow a "lawful order . . . necessary to effect the . . . detention";[40] a divided court in Oliver v. Woods concluded that failure to present identification constituted a violation of that law.[35]

text: It is not universally agreed that, absent a "stop and identify law", there is no obligation for a detainee to identify himself. For example, as the U.S. Supreme Court noted in Hiibel, California "stop and identify" statute was voided in Kolender v. Lawson. But in People v. Long,[41] decided four years after Kolender, a California appellate court found no constitutional impropriety in a police officer’s demand for written identification from a detainee. The issue before the Long court was a request for suppression of evidence uncovered in a search of the defendant’s wallet, so the issue of refusal to present identification was not directly addressed; however, the author of the Long opinion had apparently concluded in a 1980 case that failure to identify oneself did not provide a basis for arrest.[42] Nonetheless, some cite Long in maintaining that refusal to present written identification constitutes obstructing an officer.[43] Others disagree, and maintain that persons detained by police in California cannot be compelled to identify themselves.[44]

text: Some courts, e.g., State v. Flynn (Wis. 1979)[45] and People v. Loudermilk (Calif. 1987)[46] have held that police may perform a search for written identification if a suspect refuses to provide it; a later California decision, People v. Garcia (2006) strongly disagreed.[47]

text: Recommendations of legal-aid organizations[edit]

text: Some legal organizations, such as the National Lawyers Guild and the ACLU of Northern California, recommend to either remain silent or to identify oneself whether or not a jurisdiction has a "stop and identify" law:

text: In a more recent pamphlet, the ACLU of Northern California elaborated on this further, recommending that a person detained by police should:

text: Other countries[edit]

text: Many countries allow police to demand identification and arrest people who do not carry any. Normally these countries provide all residents with national identity cards, which have the identity information the police would want to know, including citizenship. Foreign visitors need to have their passport available to show at all times. In some cases national identity cards from certain other countries are accepted.

text: For example, in Portugal it is compulsory to carry the state ID card at all times. This card named Cartão de Cidadão - Citizen Card is an electronic card which includes biometric information, id number, social security number, fiscal information, place of birth, etc. Police can only ask for the ID card in public or a place open to public and only if there is a reasonable suspicion the person committed a crime. A certified copy of the ID card can be presented in such situations. If a citizen does not carry the ID card or its certified copy, the police will escort the person to the police department to remain detained until clear identification can be obtained.[50]


document_title: Deadly force

question_text: when are police allowed to use deadly force

text: Deadly force

text: United States law[edit]

text:
The United States Armed Forces defines deadly force as "force that a person uses causing, or that a person knows or should know would create a substantial risk of causing, death or serious bodily harm or injury".[2][1]
In the United States, the use of deadly force by sworn law enforcement officers is lawful  when the officer reasonably believes the subject poses a significant threat of serious bodily injury or death to themselves or others.  The use of deadly force by law enforcement is also lawful when used to prevent the escape of a fleeing felon when the officer believes escape would pose a significant threat of serious bodily injury or death to members of the public. Common law allowed officers to use any force necessary to effect a felony arrest but this was narrowed in the Tennessee v. Garner ruling in 1985 when the U.S. Supreme Court said that "deadly force...may not be used unless necessary to prevent the escape and the officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a significant threat of death or serious bodily harm to the officer or others." [1]

text: In the 1989 Graham v. Connor ruling, the Supreme Court expanded its definition to include "objective reasonableness" standard—not subjective as to what the officer's intent might have been—and it must be judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer at the scene—and its calculus must embody the fact that police officers are often forced to make split-second decisions about the amount of force necessary in a particular situation.[1]

text: Most law enforcement agencies establish a use of force continuum starting with simple presence through deadly force. With this model, officers attempt to control subjects and situations with the minimum force necessary. Agencies often have policies limiting the force used to be equal or one step higher on the continuum to the force they are opposing.

text: A civilian's use of deadly force is generally justified if he or she reasonably believe that he or she is or other innocent lives are in imminent danger of death or serious injury.[1]  Justification and affirmative defenses vary by state and may include certain property crimes, specific crimes against children or prevention of sexual assaults.

text: U.S. law requires an investigation whenever a person causes another person's death, but the mechanism for such investigations can vary by state. The investigation develops evidence regarding the use of deadly physical force for the particular state or jurisdiction. An investigation may performed by a local or state police agency and also a civilian agency, such as a county prosecutor or State Attorney General.[1] A report of the findings of such an investigation may be submitted for prosecution and made public.[3]

text: In relation to motor vehicles[edit]

text: In Scott v. Harris,  No. 05-1631 (April 30, 2007). , the (U.S. Supreme Court 2007) held that a police officer's attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car chase that threatened the lives of innocent bystanders did not violate the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious bodily injury or death. In the Harris case, Officer Scott applied his police car's push bumper to the rear of the suspect's vehicle, causing the suspect vehicle to lose control and crash, resulting in the fleeing suspect being paralyzed from the waist down.[1]

text:
Traditionally, intentional contact between vehicles has been characterized as unlawful deadly force, though some U.S. federal appellate cases have mitigated this precedent. In
Adams v. St. Lucie County Sheriff's Department, 998 F.2d 923 (11th Cir. 1993). ,
the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that although fatalities may result from intentional collisions between automobiles such fatalities are infrequent, and therefore unlawful deadly force should not be presumed to be the level of force applied in such incidents; the Adams case was subsequently called into question by
Harris v Coweta County, 406 F.3d 1307 (11th Cir. 2005). , which in turn was reversed by the U.S. Supreme Court in the Scott v. Harris case discussed above; the extent to which Adams can continue to be relied on is uncertain. In the Adams case, the officer rammed the suspect's vehicle.

text:
In
Donovan v. City of Milwaukee, 17 F.3d 944 (7th Cir. 1994). , the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals recognized this principle but added that collisions between automobiles and motorcycles frequently lead to the death of the motorcyclist, and therefore a presumption that unlawful deadly force was used in such intentional collisions is more appropriate. In the Donovan case, the suspect lost control of his motorcycle and became airborne, crashing into the officer's vehicle, which was parked as part of an intercepting roadblock.


document_title: List of Chelsea F.C. records and statistics

question_text: who has scored the most goals for chelsea

text: Honours and achievements[edit]

text: Chelsea's first ever silverware was obtained in the 1915–16 season, when the team won the inaugural London Combination, which was originally established as a regional league for London clubs after first-class competition had been suspended due to World War I. The first major trophy came in 1955, when Chelsea became the national champions.[2] In the 2009–10 season, Chelsea won their first and only double after winning both the Premier League and the FA Cup.[3] Upon winning the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League, Chelsea became the fourth club in history to have won the "European Treble" of European Cup/UEFA Champions League, European Cup Winners' Cup/UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, and UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League.[4] In the 2016–17 season, Chelsea broke the record for most Premier League wins during the season after winning 30 games.[5]

text: Chelsea's honours and achievements include the following:[6]

text: EFL and Premier League[edit]

text: First Division (until 1992) and Premier League

text: Second Division (until 1992)

text: League Cup

text: The FA[edit]

text: FA Cup

text: FA Community Shield (FA Charity Shield before 2002)

text: UEFA[edit]

text: UEFA Champions League (European Cup before 1992)

text: UEFA Europa League (UEFA Cup before 2009)

text: UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (European Cup Winners' Cup before 1994)

text: UEFA Super Cup (European Super Cup before 1995)

text: Other[edit]

text: Full Members' Cup

text: London Challenge Cup

text: Paisley Charity Cup

text: Glasgow Merchants Charity Cup

text: Middlesex Senior Charity Cup

text: Wartime[edit]

text: London Combination

text: National War Fund Cup

text: London Victory Cup

text: Football League War Cup – Southern Final

text: Football League War Cup – Overall Final

text: Pre-season[edit]

text: International Champions Cup[7]

text: Premier League Asia Trophy[8]

text: World Football Challenge[9]

text: World Series of Soccer[10]

text: Russian Railways Cup[11]

text: Stamford Bridge Trophy

text: Umbro International Tournament[12][13]

text: Wembley International Tournament[14]

text: Cross Channel Trophy[15]

text: Coca-Cola Super Cup[16]

text: Singha 80th Anniversary Cup[17]

text: International Friendly Trophy

text: BNI Cup[18]

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Individual records[edit]

text:
Most appearances in total – 795, Ron Harris (1961–1980)
Most League appearances – 655, Ron Harris (1961–1980)
Most FA Cup appearances – 64, Ron Harris (1961–1980)
Most League Cup appearances – 48, John Hollins (1963–1975 and 1983–1984) and Ron Harris (1961–1980)
Most appearances in UEFA competitions – 124, John Terry (1998–2015)
Most consecutive appearances – 167, John Hollins, 14 August 1971 – 25 September 1974
Most consecutive League appearances – 164, Frank Lampard, 13 October 2001 – 26 December 2005
Most appearances in a single season – 64, Juan Mata, Oscar and Fernando Torres, 2012–13
Most internationally capped player – Frank Lampard, 103 while at Chelsea (106 in total), England
First Chelsea player to play for England – George Hilsdon, 16 February 1907
First Chelsea player to play for England at the World Cup – Roy Bentley, 1950 World Cup, 25 June 1950
First foreign (non-UK) player – Nils Middelboe (Denmark), 15 November 1913
Youngest player – Ian Hamilton, 16 years 138 days, vs. Tottenham Hotspur, First Division, 18 March 1967
Oldest player – Mark Schwarzer, 41 years and 218 days, vs. Cardiff City, Premier League, 11 May 2014
First substitute – John Boyle, who replaced George Graham vs. Fulham, First Division, 28 August 1965[19]

text: All-time appearances[edit]

text: Competitive matches only.

text:
Name
Years
League
FA Cup
League Cup
Europe
Other1
Total

1
Ron Harris
1961–1980
655
64
48
27
1
795

2
Peter Bonetti
1959–1979
600
57
45
26
1
729

3
John Terry
1998–2017
492
58
37
124
6
717

4
Frank Lampard
2001–2014
429
58
34
117
10
648

5
John Hollins
1963–1975 & 1983–1984
465
51
48
27
1
592

6
Petr Čech
2004–2015
333
33
17
103
8
494

7
Dennis Wise
1990–2001
332
38
30
38
7
445

8
Steve Clarke
1987–1998
330
36
26
12
17
421

9
Kerry Dixon
1983–1992
335
20
41
0
24
420

10
Eddie McCreadie
1962–1974
331
41
22
16
0
410

text: 1 Other appearances include: Charity/Community Shield, Football League play-offs, Full Members Cup, UEFA Super Cup, and FIFA Club World Cup.

text: Goalscorers[edit]

text: Individual records[edit]

text:
Most goals in total aggregate – 211, Frank Lampard (2001–2014)
Most goals in a season – 43, Jimmy Greaves (First Division, 1960–61)
Most goals in one match – 6, George Hilsdon v. Worksop Town, FA Cup, First Round, 11 January 1908
Most goals in one final – 3, David Speedie v. Manchester City, Full Members Cup Final, 23 March 1986
Most League goals in total aggregate – 164, Bobby Tambling (1959–1970)
Most League goals in a season – 41, Jimmy Greaves, (First Division, 1960–61)
Most times top goalscorer – 8, Roy Bentley
Most League goals in one match:

5, George Hilsdon v. Glossop, Second Division, 1 September 1906
5, Jimmy Greaves v. Wolverhampton Wanderers, First Division, 30 August 1958
5, Jimmy Greaves v. Preston North End, First Division, 19 December 1959
5, Jimmy Greaves v. West Bromwich Albion, First Division, 3 December 1960
5, Bobby Tambling v. Aston Villa, First Division, 17 September 1966
5, Gordon Durie v. Walsall, Second Division, 4 February 1989

Most Premier League/First Division goals in total aggregate – 147, Frank Lampard (2001–2014)
Most Premier League goals in a season – 29, Didier Drogba, (2009–10)
Most Premier League goals in one match:

4, Gianluca Vialli v. Barnsley, Premier League, 24 August 1997
4, Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink v. Coventry City, Premier League, 21 October 2000
4, Frank Lampard v. Derby County, Premier League, 12 March 2008
4, Frank Lampard v. Aston Villa, Premier League, 27 March 2010

Most FA Cup goals in total aggregate – 26, Frank Lampard (2001–2014)
Most FA Cup goals in a season – 8, Peter Osgood, (1969–70)
Most FA Cup goals in one match: – 6, George Hilsdon v. Worksop Town, FA Cup, First Round, 11 January 1908
Most FA Cup Final goals in total aggregate: – 4, Didier Drogba (2004–2015)
Most League Cup goals in total aggregate – 25, Kerry Dixon (1983–92)
Most League Cup goals in a season – 8, Kerry Dixon, (1984–85)
Most League Cup goals in one match: – 4, Kerry Dixon v. Gillingham, League Cup, First Round, First Leg, 13 September 1983
Most League Cup Final goals in total aggregate – 4, Didier Drogba (2004–12, 2014–15)
Most Cup Final goals in total aggregate – 9, Didier Drogba (2004–12, 2014–15)
Most European goals in total aggregate – 36, Didier Drogba (2004–12, 2014–15)[20]
Most European goals in a season – 9, Fernando Torres (UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League, 2012–13)
Most European goals in one match: – 5, Peter Osgood v. Jeunesse Hautcharage, UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, First Round, Second Leg, 29 September 1971
Most hat-tricks – 13, Jimmy Greaves, (1957–1961)
Most international goals – Didier Drogba, 46 while at Chelsea (65 in total)
Oldest goalscorer – Dick Spence, 38 years 282 days v. Wolverhampton Wanderers, First Division, 26 April 1947
Youngest goalscorer – Ian Hamilton, 16 years 138 days v. Tottenham Hotspur, First Division, 18 March 1967
Fastest goalscorer – 12 seconds, Keith Weller v. Middlesbrough, Football League Cup, 7 October 1970

text: All-time top goalscorers[edit]

text: Competitive matches only.

text:
Name
Years
League
FA Cup
League Cup
Europe
Other1
Total

1
Frank Lampard
2001–2014
147
26
12
25
1
211

2
Bobby Tambling
1959–1970
164
25
10
3
0
202

3
Kerry Dixon
1983–1992
147
8
25
0
13
193

4
Didier Drogba
2004–2012 & 2014–2015
104
12
10
36
2
164

5
Roy Bentley
1948–1956
128
21
0
0
1
150

5
Peter Osgood
1964–1974 & 1978–1979
105
19
10
16
0
150

7
Jimmy Greaves
1957–1961
124
3
2
3
0
132

8
George Mills
1929–1943
118
7
0
0
0
125

9
George Hilsdon
1906–1912
99
9
0
0
0
108

10
Barry Bridges
1958–1966
80
9
3
1
0
93

text: 1 Includes the Charity/Community Shield, the Football League play-offs and the Full Members Cup.

text: Club records[edit]

text: Attendances[edit]

text:
Highest home attendance (estimate): 100,000, against Dynamo Moscow, 13 November 1945
Highest home attendance (official): 82,905, against Arsenal, First Division, 12 October 1935
Highest home attendance (Second Division): 67,000, against Manchester United, 13 April 1906
Highest home attendance (FA Cup): 77,952, against Swindon Town, 13 March 1911
Highest home attendance (League Cup): 43,330, against Tottenham Hotspur, 22 December 1971
Highest home attendance (Europe): 59,541, against Milan, 16 February 1966
Highest season home aggregate: 1,014,352 (1954–55 season)
Highest league home average: 48,302 (1954–55 season)
Highest attendance for any Chelsea match: 105,826, against Real Madrid, Michigan Stadium, United States, 30 July 2016
Highest away attendance: 98,436, against Barcelona, UEFA Champions League Round of 16 second leg, 7 March 2006
Lowest home attendance: 3,000, against Lincoln City, Second Division, 17 February 1906

text: Source: Chelsea F.C. official website[21]

text: Firsts[edit]

text:
First match – v. Stockport County, Second Division, 2 September 1905
First win – v. Liverpool, friendly match, 4 September 1905
First competitive goalscorer – John Robertson, v. Blackpool, Second Division, 9 September 1905
First FA Cup match – v. First Grenadier Guards, First Qualifying Round, 7 October 1905
First FA Cup match (proper) – v. Lincoln City, First Round, 12 January 1907
First League Cup match – v. Millwall, First Round, 10 October 1960
First European match – v. BK Frem, Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, 30 September 1958
First Cup Winners' Cup match – v. Aris, First Round, 16 September 1970
First UEFA Champions League match – v. Skonto Riga, Third Qualifying Round, 11 August 1999
First UEFA Champions League match (proper) – v. Milan, First Group Stage, 15 September 1999
First FA Cup winners at the new Wembley Stadium – v. Manchester United, 2007 FA Cup Final, 19 May 2007
First domestic double – v. Portsmouth, 2010 FA Cup Final, 15 May 2010 (also winning the 2009–10 Premier League)
100 League goals in a season – 2009–10 Premier League season
The first English team to qualify for the UEFA European Cup, winning the 1954–55 First Division (Chelsea were not allowed to participate by the Football Association)
The first London based team to win the UEFA Champions League – 2011–12 season
The first UEFA Champions League holders to get knocked out in the group stage the following year – 2012–13 season
The first English team to win all three major UEFA competitions[1]
The first UEFA Champions League holders to win the UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League the following year – 2012–13 season
The first team in history of the European competitions to be holders of the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Europa League at the same time (winning the 2013 UEFA Europa League Final on 15 May 2013, and still being holders of the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League until 25 May 2013)[1]

text: Results[edit]

text: Wins[edit]

text:
Record win – 13–0 v. Jeunesse Hautcharage, 1971–72 European Cup Winners' Cup, 29 September 1971[22][23]
Record League and Premier League win – 8–0 v. Wigan Athletic, Premier League, 9 May 2010 and 8–0 v. Aston Villa, Premier League, 23 December 2012
Record FA Cup win – 9–1 v. Worksop Town, Round 1, 11 January 1908
Record League Cup win – 7–0 v. Doncaster Rovers, Round 3, 16 November 1960
Record European win – 13–0 v. Jeunesse Hautcharage, 1971–72 European Cup Winners' Cup, 29 September 1971[22][23]
Record European win (away) – 0–8 v. Jeunesse Hautcharage, 1971–72 European Cup Winners' Cup, 15 September 1971[22][23]
Record Champions League win (home) – 6–0 v. Maribor on 21 October 2014 and v. Qarabağ on 12 September 2017[22]
Record Champions League win (away) – 0–5 v. Galatasaray on 20 October 1999 and v. Schalke 04 on 25 November 2014[22]
Most consecutive League wins: – 13, 1 October 2016 – 31 December 2016[24]
Longest sequence without a League win – 21, 3 November 1987 – 2 April 1988
Most League wins in a season – 30 in 38 matches, Premier League, 2016–17[25]
Fewest League wins in a season – 5 in 42 matches, First Division, 1978–79

text: Draws[edit]

text:
Highest scoring draw – 5–5 v. West Ham United, First Division, 17 December 1966
Most League draws in a season – 18 in 42 matches, First Division, 1922–23
Longest sequence of League draws – 6, 20 August 1969 – 13 September 1969

text: Losses[edit]

text:
Record defeat – 1–8 v. Wolverhampton Wanderers, First Division, 26 September 1953
Record League defeat – 1–8 v. Wolverhampton Wanderers, First Division, 26 September 1953
Record FA Cup defeat – 0–6 v. Sheffield Wednesday, Round 2 Replay, 5 February 1913
Record League Cup defeat – 2–6 v. Stoke City, Round 3 Replay, 22 October 1974
Record European defeat – 0–5 v. Barcelona, Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, semi-final replay, 25 May 1966
Record Champions League defeat – 1–5 (after extra time) v. Barcelona, quarter-final second leg, 18 April 2000[22]
Longest sequence of League defeats – 7, 1 November 1952 – 20 December 1952
Longest sequence of unbeaten matches:

23, 23 January 2007 – 28 April 2007
23, 4 April 2009 – 23 September 2009
23, 4 May 2014 – 6 December 2014

Longest sequence of unbeaten League matches – 40, 23 October 2004 – 29 October 2005
Longest sequence of unbeaten home matches in the Premier League – 86, 20 March 2004 – 26 October 2008
Most League defeats in a season – 27 in 42 matches, First Division, 1978–79
Fewest League defeats in a season – 1 in 38 matches, Premier League, 2004–05

text: Goals[edit]

text:
Most goals scored in one match – 13 v. Jeunesse Hautcharage, 1971–72 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, 29 September 1971
Most goals conceded in one match – 8 v. Wolverhampton Wanderers, First Division, 26 September 1953
Most League goals scored in one season – 103 in 38 matches,Premier League, 2009–10
Fewest League goals scored in one season – 31 in 42 matches, First Division, 1923–24
Most League goals conceded in one season – 100 in 42 matches, First Division, 1960–61
Fewest League goals conceded in one season – 15 in 38 matches, Premier League, 2004–05
Fewest League goals conceded at home in one season – 6 in 19 matches, Premier League, 2004–05
Fewest League goals conceded away in one season – 9 in 19 matches, Premier League, 2004–05
Most goal scorers in a single match in the league – 7 v. Aston Villa, Premier League, 23 December 2012

text: Points[edit]

text:
Most points earned in a season (3 for a win) – 99 in 46 matches, Second Division, 1988–89
Fewest points earned in a season (3 for a win) – 42 in 40 matches, First Division, 1987–88
Most points earned in a season (2 for a win) – 57 in 38 matches, Second Division, 1906–07
Fewest points earned in a season (2 for a win) – 20 in 42 matches, First Division, 1978–79

text: Clean sheets[edit]

text:
Most clean sheets in one season – 34 in 59 matches, (2004–05)
Fewest clean sheets in one season – 2 in 47 matches, (1960–61)
Most League clean sheets in one season – 25 in 38 matches, Premier League, 2004–05
Fewest League clean sheets in one season – 1 in 42 matches, First Division, 1960–61
Longest run without a clean sheet – 31 games, November 1960 – August 1961
Most consecutive league clean sheets during a season – 10, 18 December 2004 – 12 February 2005
Most clean sheets by an individual goalkeeper – 228, Petr Čech (2004–2015)[26][27]
Most clean sheets by an individual goalkeeper in one season – 28, Petr Čech, (2004–05)[27]
Most Premier League clean sheets by an individual goalkeeper in one season – 24, Petr Čech, (2004–05)[28]
Most consecutive clean sheets by an individual goalkeeper – 9, William Foulke, (1905–06)
Most clean sheets overall in the Premier League – 162, Petr Čech (2004–2015)[29]

text: Penalties[edit]

text:
Most penalties saved – 9, Reg Matthews
Most penalties scored by a single player – 49, Frank Lampard[30]

text: National/European records[edit]

text:
Fewest goals conceded in a League season – 15 in 38 matches, Premier League, 2004–05 (English top flight record)[31]
Fewest goals conceded away in a League season – 9 in 19 matches, Premier League, 2004–05 (English top flight record)[25]
Most consecutive clean sheets at the start of a season – 6, 14 August 2005 – 17 September 2005 (English top flight record)
Most goals in a Premier League season – 103, Premier League, 2009–10 (Premier League record)[25]
Most points in a Premier League season – 95, Premier League, 2004–05 (Premier League record)[25]
Most wins in a season (38 games) – 30, Premier League, 2016–17 (Premier League record)[25]
Most away wins in a season (19 games) – 15, Premier League, 2004–05 (Premier League record)[25]
Most clean sheets in a season – 25, Premier League, 2004–05 (Premier League record)[31]
Most consecutive wins in a single league season – 13, Premier League, 2016–17 (tied with Arsenal)[24]
Longest sequence of unbeaten home league matches – 86, 21 February 2004 – 26 October 2008 (English record)[25]
Highest aggregate scoreline in European competition – 21–0, v Jeunesse Hautcharage, 1971–72 European Cup Winners' Cup, 29 September 1971 (joint record)[23]
Most consecutive League away wins – 11, 5 April 2008 – 22 December 2008 (Premier League record)[32]
Most Premier League winners medals as captain – 5, John Terry (Premier League record)[33]

text: Transfers[edit]

text: Note that transfers fees amounts are very sensitive to inflation which is not considered there and exchange rates between British pound and Euro or other rates.

text: Highest transfer fees paid[edit]

text:
Name
From
Fee
Year

1
Álvaro Morata
Real Madrid
£58,000,000[34]
2017

2
Fernando Torres
Liverpool
£50,000,000[35]
2011

3
Tiemoué Bakayoko
Monaco
£40,000,000[36]
2017

4
Danny Drinkwater
Leicester City
£35,000,000[37]
2017

5
David Luiz
Paris Saint-Germain
£34,000,000[38]
2016

6
Michy Batshuayi
Marseille
£33,200,000[39]
2016

7
N'Golo Kanté
Leicester City
£32,000,000[40]
2016

Diego Costa
Atlético Madrid
£32,000,000[41]
2014

Eden Hazard
Lille
£32,000,000[42]
2012

10
Andriy Shevchenko
Milan
£30,800,000[43]
2006

text: Highest transfer fees received[edit]

text:
Name
To
Fee
Year

1
Oscar
Shanghai SIPG
£60,000,000[44]
2017

2
David Luiz
Paris Saint-Germain
£50,000,000[45]
2014

3
Diego Costa
Atlético Madrid
£48,500,000[46]
2018

4
Nemanja Matić
Manchester United
£40,000,000[47]
2017

5
Juan Mata
Manchester United
£37,100,000[48]
2014

6
Romelu Lukaku
Everton
£28,000,000[49]
2014

7
Ramires
Jiangsu Suning
£25,000,000[50]
2016

8
Arjen Robben
Real Madrid
£24,000,000[51]
2007

9
André Schürrle
VfL Wolfsburg
£22,000,000[52]
2015

10
Nathan Aké
Bournemouth
£20,000,000[53]
2017


document_title: Marla Adams

question_text: who plays dina mergeron on young and the restless

text: Marla Adams

text:
Marla Adams

Born
(1938-08-28) August 28, 1938 (age 79)
Ocean City, New Jersey, U.S.

Occupation
Actress

Years active
1961–present

text: Marla Adams (born August 28, 1938; Ocean City, New Jersey) is an American television actress, best known for her roles as Belle Clemens on The Secret Storm, from 1968 to 1974,[1] and as Dina Abbott Mergeron on The Young and the Restless. As Belle Clemens, she was the show's reigning villainess for the last years of its run, stopping at almost nothing to destroy the life of the show's leading heroine, Amy Ames. Like Vicky and Dorian later on One Life to Live, the two rivals were at one time related through marriage. As Dina Abbott on The Young and the Restless from 1983 to 1986, in 1991 and again in 1996, she caused major disruptions in the lives of her three children and ex-husband John Abbott and his wife Jill. She reprised her role as Dina for three episodes on The Young and the Restless in 2008 when Katharine Chancellor was presumed dead. In May 2017, Adams returned to The Young and the Restless.[2]

text: Right before joining The Young and the Restless, she stepped into the role of the scheming Myrna Clegg, on the defunct daytime drama Capitol after the departure of actress Carolyn Jones who had left for health reasons, prior to Marj Dusay, who remained until the end of the show's run. As Helen Mullin on Generations, she was involved in a storyline involving racism, although it was her character's husband, Charles, who was the racist even though he was revealed to have a black mistress. She was the third actress to play Beth Logan, Brooke (Katherine Kelly Lang), Donna (Carrie Mitchum, now Jennifer Gareis), and Katie's (Nancy Sloan, now Heather Tom) mother on The Bold and the Beautiful (1991). In 1999, she appeared on Days of Our Lives as snooty Dr. Claire McIntyre.

text: Adams appeared on Broadway in the 1958 production of "The Visit" at the Morosco Theatre with Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne.

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Years
Title
Role
Notes

1961
Splendor in the Grass
June

1968–1974
Secret Storm, TheThe Secret Storm
Belle Clemens Britton Kincaid[3]

1983
The Young and the Restless
Dina Abbott Mergeron[4]
Recurring role; 1983–1986, 1991, 1996, 2008, 2017–

1985
Gotcha!
Maria Moore[5]

1991
The Bold and the Beautiful
Beth Logan


document_title: Middle Island (Lake Erie)

question_text: what is the southern most part of canada

text: Middle Island (Lake Erie)

text: Middle Island is a small island, just 18.5 hectares (46 acres) in size.[1] It is the southernmost point of land in Canada, located at 41°41'N, 82°41"W (41.685,-82.684), or about 41.7 degrees north latitude. It lies in Lake Erie, just south of Pelee Island, and is part of Point Pelee National Park. It forms part of the province of Ontario. The southernmost part of the island lies some 150 metres (164 yards) from the U. S. maritime boundary. The distance to the northernmost point of land in Canada—Cape Columbia, Ellesmere Island—is 4,640 kilometres (2,883 miles).

text: The southernmost point of Middle Island is at a latitude of North 41°40'53", which is at a slightly lower latitude than the southernmost point in Michigan and slightly farther south than downtown Chicago. Twenty-seven U.S. states lie all or partly north of this point, as do European cities such as Rome and Barcelona. Thirteen states are entirely north of this latitude (Alaska, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine).[2] California, albeit only its northernmost edge, is one of the states that lies partially north of Middle Island, as the California/Oregon border is at the 42nd parallel north.

text: Background[edit]

text: There are no permanent settlements on Middle Island, as the entire island is a conservation area. The most common species are double-crested cormorants, though several others also nest there. The birds are so plentiful that in May 2008, Parks Canada attempted to cull the number of cormorants from more than 4000 nests to between 400 and 800.[3] It once was the site of a lighthouse, built in 1872 but which fell into disuse by 1918.

text: The 15-metre (49 ft) pyramidal square tower burned sometime afterward, but its stone foundation is visible. Located in Canadian waters, and hence indisputably under Canadian sovereignty, the island was privately owned for years by various U.S. owners. Subsequently, Middle Island was purchased in 1999 by the Nature Conservancy of Canada, and then donated to the Canadian national park system on September 6, 2000.

text: Archaeological evidence from a study done in 1982 suggests human occupation dating from 1000-1500 A.D., with one site containing remains that may date to 500 B.C. Others claim that the island has seen inhabitation for more than 10,000 years.[4] Despite early rumours of burial mounds, none were found.

text: The island is part of an archipelago across western Lake Erie, providing a natural migratory corridor for birds and other animals. It has also seen human migrations, mainly from the U.S. northward in the 19th century, including escaped slaves, prisoners of war and army deserters from the U.S. Civil War seeking asylum in mainland Ontario.

text: Throughout the later decades of the 19th century, parts of Middle Island were used for growing grapes to be used in the production of wine, as was being done on Pelee Island.[4]

text: During Prohibition, the island was a way station for alcohol en route to the United States on the south shore of Lake Erie. Gangster Joe Roscoe acquired part of the island and built a seven-bedroom "clubhouse" that became the centre of rum-running activity. The hotel offered electricity, fireplaces, and a large screened-in porch with views of the lake. The basement held a casino, carved out of solid bedrock.[5]

text: In the years after 1933, after the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution resulted in the repeal of the Volstead Act, the hotel drew as many as 200 visitors a day in peak season. Its kitchen became known for pheasant dinners.[5]

text: Likely prior to the 1950s,[5] there was an airstrip of about 275 metres (900 feet) in length. The runway began and ended in water, and is now choked with vegetation.[5]

text: There was at one time a stately mansion on the island, rumoured to be a brothel some time after Prohibition.[5] Only a remnant of the foundation remains.

text: When purchased in 1999 by the Nature Conservancy of Canada, the island had no physical improvements and had essentially become a nature preserve over the last ten years, hosting the occasional scientific visit, and curious boaters. Although part of Point Pelee National Park, Middle Island is not officially open to visitors.

text: Interest in preserving the island prompted a 1982 study by Parks Canada, which recommended naming it a national natural landmark. Its ecological, historical, and aesthetic value led Essex County to include it on its list of Environmentally Sensitive Areas and an Area of Natural and Scientific Interest. A conservation group, Carolinian Canada Coalition, named Middle Island one of 38 critical unprotected sites in its effort to preserve remnants of Ontario's southern forests.