document_title: Army Black Knights football

question_text: when was the last time army went to a bowl game

text: Army Black Knights football

text: History[edit]

text: Army's football program began on November 29, 1890, when Navy challenged the cadets to a game of the relatively new sport. Navy defeated Army at West Point that year, but Army avenged the loss in Annapolis the following year.[3] The academies still clash every December in what is traditionally the last regular-season Division I college-football game. The 2016 Army–Navy Game marked Army's first recent win after fourteen consecutive losses to Navy. From 1944 to 1950, the Cadets / Black Knights / the Corps had 57 wins, 3 losses and 4 ties. During this time span, Army won three national championships.[4]

text: Army's football team reached its pinnacle of success during the Second World War under coach Earl Blaik when Army won three consecutive national championships in 1944, 1945 and 1946, and produced three Heisman trophy winners: Doc Blanchard (1945), Glenn Davis (1946) and Pete Dawkins (1958).[5] Past NFL coaches Vince Lombardi[6] and Bill Parcells[7] were Army assistant coaches early in their careers.

text: The football team plays its home games at Michie Stadium, where the playing field is named after Earl Blaik. Cadets attendance is mandatory at football games and the Corps stands for the duration of the game. At all home games, one of the four regiments marches onto the field in formation before the team takes the field and leads the crowd in traditional Army cheers.[8]

text: For many years, Army teams were known as the "Cadets." In the 1940s, several papers called the football team "the Black Knights of the Hudson." From then on, "Cadets" and "Black Knights" were used interchangeably until 1999, when the team was officially nicknamed the Black Knights.

text: Between the 1998 and 2004 seasons, Army's football program was a member of Conference USA, but starting with the 2005 season Army reverted to its former independent status.[9] Army competes with Navy and Air Force for the Commander-in-Chief's Trophy.

text: Michie Stadium[edit]

text: Michie Stadium is the home stadium of the Army Black Knights in West Point, New York, which was opened in 1924. The stadium is named after the first Army football head coach, Dennis Michie. In 1999 the field was renamed Blaik Field at Michie Stadium in honor of Former Coach Earl Blaik.

text: Traditions[edit]

text:
Songs
Alma Mater is the Army's school song. Army's fight song is On, Brave Old Army Team. Army also plays other organized cheers; Army Rocket Yell, Black, Gold, and Gray, and USMA Cheer.[10]

text:
Mascot
Army's mascot is Army Mules. The Army Mules date back to 1899, being officially adopted by Army in 1936.[11]

text: Rivalries[edit]

text: Commander-in-Chief's Trophy[edit]

text: Air Force, Army, and Navy have played each other every year since 1972 for the Commander-in Chief's Trophy. Air Force leads the FBS service academies with 20 victories, Navy has 15 victories, Army has 7 victories, and the trophy has been shared 4 times.

text: Air Force[edit]

text: Air Force and Army meet annually and vie for the Commander-in-Chief's. Air Force leads Army 35–14–1 in overall meetings, and 32–12 in the Trophy series.

text: Navy[edit]

text: Army and Navy play each other annually in the Army–Navy game, which is also a part of the Commander-in-Chief's Trophy. This series is one of the oldest and traditional rivalries in the NCAA. They first met in 1890, and have played each other annually since 1930. The games are generally played at a neutral site. Navy leads the series 60–51–7.

text: Notre Dame[edit]

text: Notre Dame is a rivalry which some feel has fallen into obscurity. In much of the early 20th century, Army and Notre Dame were considered football powerhouses, and met 34 times between 1913 and 1947. Though the rivalry has slowed down, they last met in 2016. Notre Dame leads the series 38–8–4.[12] Many media members considered the 1946 contest to be the "Game of the Century".[13]

text: Rutgers[edit]

text: This rivalry stems from 1891 with Army and Rutgers being two of the only three programs (a third is Navy) to come out of the original, informal "Ivy League" that are still members of the NCAA Division I FBS). ("See" Before There Was An Ivy League "and" Ivy League#History of the athletic league.) Army is Rutgers' second oldest active rivalry. Rutgers and Army have met 40 times since 1891 and Rutgers leads the series 22–18.

text: Coaches[edit]

text: Current coaching staff[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: [when?]

text:
Name
Position
First Year Position
First Year Army
Alma Mater

Jeff Monken
Head Coach
2014
2014
Millikin

Jay Bateman
Defensive Coordinator
2014
2014
Randolph-Macon

Brent Davis
Offensive Coordinator/Offensive Line
2014
2014
Georgia

Todd Spencer
Offensive Line
2013
2013
Pacific Lutheran University

Josh Christian-Young
Cornerbacks
2017
2015
University of Central Missouri, Central Missouri State

Kevin Corless
Inside Linebackers
2014
2014
Northwest Missouri State

Daryl Dixon
Outside Linebackers
2016
2016
Florida

David Corley
Wide Receivers
2017
2017
College of William and Mary

John Loose
Safeties
2014
19921
Ithaca College

Sean Saturnio
Tight Ends/Special Teams Coordinator
2016
2014
Hawaii

Mike Viti
Fullbacks
2016
2016
Army

Mitch Ware
Quarterbacks
2014
2014
Southwest Missouri State

Tucker Waugh
Running Backs
2014
20072
DePauw

Chad Wilt
Defensive Line
2016
2016
Taylor

Brian Hess
Head Football Strength & Conditioning
2017
2016
Springfield College (Mass)

Aairon Savage
Defensive Quality Control
2017
2017
Auburn University

Conor Hughes
Assistant Football Strength & Conditioning
2017
2017
Springfield College (Massachusetts)

Danny Payne
Director of Scouting
2017
2017
Kennesaw State University

Justin Weaver
Director of On Campus Recruiting
2017
2017
Lehigh University

Jansen Petagna
Director of Player Personnel
2017
2016
LSU

Maurice Sims
Assistant Football Strength & Conditioning
2017
2017
University of Tennessee at Chattanooga

Alex Voulgaris
Director of Video Operations

Scott Swanson
Director of Strength & Conditioning
1999
1997
Wake Forest

Pat Tresey
Offensive Quality Control
2016
2016
Mount St. Joseph

Brett Moore
Director of High School Relations
2017
2017
Georgia Southern University

text:
John Loose was the linebackers coach at Army from 1992 to 1998
Tucker Waugh was the wide receivers coach at Army from 2000 to 2004.

text: Head coaching records[edit]

text:
Coach
Seasons
Games
Wins
Losses
Ties
Percentage

Hugh Mitchell (1918)
1
1
1
0
0
1.000

Geoffrey Keyes (1917)
1
8
7
1
0
.875

Ralph Sasse (1930–32)
3
32
25
5
2
.813

Joseph Beacham (1911)
1
8
6
1
1
.813

Dennis E. Nolan (1902)
1
8
6
1
1
.813

Charles Dudley Daly1 (1913–22)
8
74
58
13
3
.804

Henry L. Williams (1891)
1
7
5
1
1
.786

Biff Jones (1926–29)
4
40
30
8
2
.775

Earl Blaik (1941–58)
18
164
121
33
10
.768

Garrison H. Davidson (1933–37)
5
47
35
11
1
.755

John McEwan (1923–25)
3
26
18
5
3
.750

Henry Smither (1906–07)
2
10
7
2
1
.750

Leon Kromer (1901)
1
8
5
1
2
.750

Harry Nelly (1908–10)
3
22
15
5
2
.727

Edward Leonard King (1903)
1
9
6
2
1
.722

Harmon S. Graves (1894–95)
2
14
10
4
0
.714

Robert Boyers (1904–05)
2
18
11
6
1
.639

Herman Koehler (1897-1900)
4
33
19
11
3
.621

Dale Hall (1959–61)
3
29
16
11
2
.586

George P. Dyer (1896)
1
6
3
2
1
.583

Dennis Michie2 (1890–92)
1
6
3
2
1
.583

Jim Young (1983–90)
8
91
51
39
1
.566

Paul Dietzel (1962–65)
4
40
21
18
1
.538

Tom Cahill (1966–73)
8
81
40
39
2
.506

William H. Wood (1938–40)
3
28
12
13
1
.481

Jeff Monken (2014–present)
4
50
24
26
0
.480

Ernest Graves, Sr.3 (1906–12)
2
16
7
8
1
.469

Bob Sutton (1991–99)
9
100
44
55
1
.445

Laurie Bliss (1893)
1
9
4
5
0
.444

Homer Smith (1974–78)
5
55
21
33
1
.391

Ed Cavanaugh (1980–82)
3
33
10
21
2
.333

Rich Ellerson (2009–13)
5
61
20
41
0
.328

Bobby Ross (2004–06)
3
34
9
25
0
.265

Stan Brock (2007–08)
2
24
6
18
0
.250

Lou Saban (1979)
1
11
2
8
1
.227

Todd Berry (2000–03)
4
41
5
36
0
.122

John Mumford (2003)
1
6
0
6
0
.000

text:
Charles Dudley Daly coached did not coach the 1917–1918 seasons.
Dennis Michie coached 1 game in 1890, and then coached a full season in 1892.
Ernest Graves, Sr. coached the 1906 & 1912 seasons.

text: National championships[edit]

text: Army has won 3 national championships, two from the AP and one from Helms Athletic Foundation.

text:
Year
Coach
Selector
Record

1944
Earl Blaik
Associated Press
9–0

1945
Earl Blaik
Associated Press
9–0

1946
Earl Blaik
Helms Athletic Foundation
9–0–1

text: Bowl games[edit]

text: Army has played in seven bowl games. They have a record of 5–2.

text:
Season
Coach
Bowl
Date
Opponent
Result

1984
Jim Young
Cherry Bowl
December 22, 1984
Michigan State
W 10–6

1985
Jim Young
Peach Bowl
December 31, 1985
Illinois
W 31–29

1988
Jim Young
Sun Bowl
December 24, 1988
Alabama
L 28–29

1996
Bob Sutton
Independence Bowl
December 31, 1996
Auburn
L 29–32

2010
Rich Ellerson
Armed Forces Bowl
December 30, 2010
SMU
W 16–14

2016
Jeff Monken
Heart of Dallas Bowl
December 27, 2016
North Texas
W 38–31 OT

2017
Jeff Monken
Armed Forces Bowl
December 23, 2017
San Diego State
W 42–35

text: Season results[edit]

text:
Year
Coach
Overall
Conference
Standing
Bowl/playoffs
Coaches#
AP°

1890
Dennis Michie
0–1

1891
Henry L. Williams
4–1–1

1892
Dennis Michie
3–1–1

1893
Laurie Bliss
4–5

1894
Harmon S. Graves
3–2

1895
Harmon S. Graves
5–2

1896
George P. Dyer
3–2–1

1897
Herman Koehler
6–1–1

1898
Herman Koehler
3–2–1

1899
Herman Koehler
4–5

1900
Herman Koehler
7–3–1

1901
Leon Kromer
5–1–2

1902
Dennis E. Nolan
6–1–1

1903
Edward Leonard King
6–2–1

1904
Robert Boyers
7–2

1905
Robert Boyers
4–4–1

1906
Henry Smither
Ernest Graves
3–5–1

1907
Henry Smither
6–2–1

1908
Harry Nelly
6–1–2

1909
Harry Nelly
3–2

1910
Harry Nelly
6–2

1911
Joseph Beacham
6–1–1

1912
Ernest Graves
5–3

1913
Charles Daly
8–1

1914
Charles Daly
9–0

1915
Charles Daly
5–3–1

1916
Charles Daly
9–0

1917
Geoffrey Keyes
7–1

1918
Hugh Mitchell
1–0

1919
Charles Daly
6–3

1920
Charles Daly
7–2

1921
Charles Daly
6–4

1922
Charles Daly
8–0–2

1923
John McEwan
6–2–1

1924
John McEwan
5–1–2

1925
John McEwan
7–2

1926
Biff Jones
7–1–1

1927
Biff Jones
9–1

1928
Biff Jones
8–2

1929
Biff Jones
6–4–1

1930
Ralph Sasse
9–1–1

1931
Ralph Sasse
8–2–1

1932
Ralph Sasse
8–2

1933
Gar Davidson
9–1

1934
Gar Davidson
7–3

1935
Gar Davidson
6–2–1

1936
Gar Davidson
6–3

1937
Gar Davidson
7–2

1938
William Wood
8–2

1939
William Wood
3–4–2

1940
William Wood
1–7–1

1941
Earl Blaik
5–3–1

1942
Earl Blaik
6–3

1943
Earl Blaik
7–2–1

1944
Earl Blaik
9–0

1

1945
Earl Blaik
9–0

1

1946
Earl Blaik
9–0–1

2

1947
Earl Blaik
5–2–2

1948
Earl Blaik
8–0–1

2

1949
Earl Blaik
9–0

4

1950
Earl Blaik
8–1

4

1951
Earl Blaik
2–7

1952
Earl Blaik
4–4–1

1953
Earl Blaik
7–1–1

1954
Earl Blaik
7–2

1955
Earl Blaik
6–3

1956
Earl Blaik
5–3–1

1957
Earl Blaik
7–2

1958
Earl Blaik
8–0–1

1959
Dale Hall
4–4–1

1960
Dale Hall
6–3–1

1961
Dale Hall
6–4

1962
Paul Dietzel
6–4

1963
Paul Dietzel
7–3

1964
Paul Dietzel
4–6

1965
Paul Dietzel
4–5–1

1966
Tom Cahill
8–2

1967
Tom Cahill
8–2

1968
Tom Cahill
7–3

1969
Tom Cahill
4–5–1

1970
Tom Cahill
1–9–1

1971
Tom Cahill
6–4

1972
Tom Cahill
6–4

1973
Tom Cahill
0–10

1974
Homer Smith
3–8

1975
Homer Smith
2–9

1976
Homer Smith
5–6

1977
Homer Smith
7–4

1978
Homer Smith
4–6–1

1979
Lou Saban
2–8–1

1980
Ed Cavanaugh
3–7–1

1981
Ed Cavanugh
3–7–1

1982
Ed Cavanaugh
4–7

1983
Jim Young
2–9

1984
Jim Young
8–3–1

W vs. Michigan State (10–6) Cherry Bowl

1985
Jim Young
9–3

W vs. Illinois (31–29) Peach Bowl

1986
Jim Young
6–5

1987
Jim Young
5–6

1988
Jim Young
9–3

L vs. Alabama (28–29) Sun Bowl

1989
Jim Young
6–5

1990
Jim Young
6–5

1991
Bob Sutton
4–7

1992
Bob Sutton
5–6

1993
Bob Sutton
6–5

1994
Bob Sutton
4–7

1995
Bob Sutton
5–5–1

1996
Bob Sutton
10–2

L vs. Auburn (29–32) Independence Bowl

1997
Bob Sutton
4–7

1998
Bob Sutton
3–8
C-USA
T-5th

1999
Bob Sutton
3–8
C-USA
T-7th

2000
Todd Berry
1–10
C-USA
9th

2001
Todd Berry
3–8
C-USA
8th

2002
Todd Berry
1–11
C-USA
10th

2003
Todd Berry
John Mumford
0–13
C-USA
11th

2004
Bobby Ross
2–9
C-USA
T-10th

2005
Bobby Ross
4–7

2006
Bobby Ross
3–9

2007
Stan Brock
3–9

2008
Stan Brock
3–9

2009
Rich Ellerson
5–7

2010
Rich Ellerson
7–6

W vs. SMU (16–14) Armed Forces Bowl

2011
Rich Ellerson
3–9

2012
Rich Ellerson
2–10

2013
Rich Ellerson
3–9

2014
Jeff Monken
4–8

2015
Jeff Monken
2–10

2016
Jeff Monken
8–5

W vs. North Texas (38–31 (OT)) Heart of Dallas Bowl

2017
Jeff Monken
10–3

W vs. San Diego State (42–35) Armed Forces Bowl

Total:
670–502–51

      National championship         Conference title         Conference division title or championship game berth

†Indicates Bowl Coalition, Bowl Alliance, BCS, or CFP / New Years' Six bowl.
#Rankings from final Coaches Poll.

text: College Football Hall of Fame[edit]

text:
Bob Anderson
Doc Blanchard
Paul Bunker
Chris Cagle
Bill Carpenter
Charlie Daly
Glenn Davis
Pete Dawkins
Arnold Galiffa
Ed Garbisch
John Green
Don Holleder
Harvey Jablonsky
Doug Kenna
John McEwan
Frank Merritt
Robin Olds
Elmer Oliphant
Barney Poole
Bud Sprague
Joe Steffy
Alex Weyand
Harry Wilson
Bill Yeoman
Arnold Tucker

text: Other notable players[edit]

text: President of the United States and General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower and General of the Army Omar Bradley were on the 1912 Army football team. Eisenhower was injured and his football career was over by 1913, when the two future generals were juniors. Bradley, a star of the Army baseball team for four years, was on the field in 1913 when Notre Dame upset Army in an historic college football game in which the forward pass was used for the first time. Bradley played end opposite the legendary Knute Rockne, the Notre Dame end who later coached the Irish to national championships before dying in a plane crash near Bazaar, Kansas, on Easter Friday in 1931.

text: Award winners[edit]

text: Heisman Trophy

text: AFCA Coach of the Year

text: Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year

text: Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award

text: Maxwell Award

text: Outland Trophy

text: William V. Campbell Trophy

text: James E. Sullivan Award


document_title: Cultural safety

question_text: in which country did cultural safety first originated

root

text: Cultural safety

text: Origin[edit]

text: Cultural Safety has its origins in the field of nursing education.[2] The concept originated at a nursing leadership hui in 1989 after concerns were raised by Māori nursing students about the safety of Māori students in monocultural nursing schools and of Māori intellectual property when taught by tauiwi.

tag: p

text: Definition[edit]

text: Cultural safety is met through actions which recognise, respect, and nurture the unique cultural identity of a patient. Effective practice for a person from another culture is determined by that person or family. Culture includes, but is not restricted to, age or generation; gender; sexual orientation; occupation and socio-economic status; ethnic origin or migrant experience; religious or spiritual beliefs; and disability. Unsafe cultural practice comprises any action which diminishes, demeans or disempowers the cultural identity and wellbeing of an individual.[3]

text: Principle 1[edit]

text:
Cultural safety aims to improve the health status and wellbeing of New Zealanders and applies to all relationships through:
1) an emphasis on health gains and positive health and wellbeing outcomes;
2) acknowledging the beliefs and practices of those who differ from them. For example, this may be by: age or generation, gender, sexual orientation, occupation and socio-economic status, ethnic origin or migrant experience, religious or spiritual belief, disability [4]

text: Principle 2[edit]

text:
Cultural safety aims to enhance the delivery of health services through a culturally safe workforce by:
1) identifying the power relationship between the service provider and the people who use the service. The health care provider accepts and works alongside others after undergoing a careful process of institutional and personal analysis of power relationships;
2) empowering the users of the service. People should be able to express degrees of perceived risk or safety. For example, someone who feels unsafe may not be able to take full advantage of a service offered and may subsequently require more intrusive and serious intervention;
3) preparing health care providers to understand the diversity within their own cultural reality and the impact of that on any person who differs in any way from themselves;
4) applying social science concepts that underpin the practice of health care. Health care practice is more than carrying out tasks. It is about relating and responding effectively to people with diverse needs and strengths in a way that the people who use the service can define as safe[4]

text: Principle 3[edit]

text:
Cultural safety is broad in its application:
1) recognising inequalities within health care, education, employment and societal interactions that represent the microcosm of inequalities in health, education, employment and society that have prevailed within our nation;
2) addressing the cause and effect relationship of history, political, social, and employment status, housing, education, gender and personal experience upon people who use psychological services;
3) accepting the legitimacy of difference and diversity in human behaviour and social structure;
4) accepting that the attitudes and beliefs, policies and practices of psychological service providers can act as barriers to service access;
5) concerning quality improvement in service delivery and consumer rights.

text: Principle 4[edit]

text:
Cultural safety has a close focus on:
1) understanding the impact of the health care provided as a bearer of his/her own culture, history, attitudes and life experiences and the response other people make to these factors;
2) challenging health care providers to examine their practice carefully, recognising the power relationship in health care institutions is biased toward the provider of the service;
3) balancing the power relationships in the practices of health care so that every consumer receives an effective service;
4) preparing health care providers to resolve any tension between the culture of the health care institution, the culture on which health care theory and practice has traditionally been based, and the people using the services;
5) understanding that such power imbalances can be examined, negotiated and changed to provide equitable, effective, efficient and acceptable service delivery, which minimises risk to people who might otherwise be alienated from the service;
6) an understanding of self, the rights of others and legitimacy of difference should provide the psychologists with the skills to work with all people who are different from them.

text: Introduction into Nursing schools[edit]

text: Standards for the registration of nurses in all scopes of practice require the content of theory and practice related experience in nursing programmes to include cultural safety, the Treaty of Waitangi and Maori health.[5] Irihapete Ramsden said the woeful state of Maori health was a driving force for cultural safety's introduction into New Zealand's nursing schools. Maori had higher rates of asthma, heart disease, diabetes, obesity, cot death, ear infection leading to deafness and traffic accident injury involving alcohol and leading to death. Also, they had lower rates of immunisation, earned less and lived five to seven years less than non-Maori.[6]

text: Development[edit]

text: The concept developed in New Zealand[7] by nurses working with Māori that moves beyond the traditional concept of cultural sensitivity (being acceptable to difference) to analysing power imbalances, institutional discrimination, colonisation and relationships with colonisers. It develops the idea that to provide quality care for people from different ethnicities than the mainstream, health care providers must embraces the skill of self-reflection as a means to advancing a therapeutic encounter and provide care congruent with the knowledge that cultural values and norms of the patient are different from his/her own.

text: Strengths[edit]

text: According to  Brascoupé (2009) "the long-term value of the concept of cultural safety as a tool for cultural regeneration is hard to assess and depends on the integrity of the processes that underlie the concept of cultural safety". Most cultural safety research has been completed in New Zealand and Australia's health-care field, but the statistical evidence of the benefits of cultural safety is lacking, and other evidence is largely qualitative and anecdotal. [8]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Irihapeti Ramsden, the architect of cultural safety, stated that cultural safety training is too skewed toward Maori studies in many nursing courses and ignores the cultures of other minorities.[9]

text:
A number of controversies during the mid 1990s affected the concept of cultural safety in New Zealand. Critics claimed that nursing students were afraid to speak out about the excesses of cultural safety on their nursing degrees, presumably for concerns about failing their course after not meeting cultural safety requirements. Student nurse Anna Penn said she had been "bounced out" of her nursing course for being branded culturally unsafe by the polytechnic's kaumatua, the late Hohua Tutengaehe, after she questioned the denial of her right as a women to speak on a Marae.[10]  She also challenged a tutor's claim that pre-European Maori had printing presses which were thrown into the sea by white colonials.[11] Penn subsequently attended a nursing course in Queensland, Australia, and is now a registered nurse in New Zealand.[12] In addition, Ex Waikato Polytechnic nursing tutor Brian Stabb said he had been sacked for being "culturally unsafe".[13] Mr Stabb wrote that "I have
experienced it as a racial judgement which carries all the stigmas of the most rabid forms of racism. Further. it seems this label can be handed out willy nilly with little or no accounability. The rationale I have been offered is that, as tangata whenua, Maori have the
unassailable right to make such judgements and are accountable only to other tangata whenua".[14]

text: Additionally, former students and a former tutor on the Wanganui Polytechnic social work course have alleged intimidation and threats by tutors and students if they attempted to question the course's promotion of "radical" Maori views. They have claimed, among other things, that separate classes were held for Maori and "tauiwi" (foreigners); that Maori students who failed last year were accepted into the second year; that Maori students were allowed to start the course one week before pakeha students because, in the words of a tutor, they had been disadvantaged all their lives and needed that extra week; that students were made to wear signs saying "Pakaitore (Moutoa Gardens) is Maori land" during the course's selection process and risked exclusion if they refused; and that a tutor who had no teaching qualifications spent most of the class time sitting outside smoking and reading the newspaper.[13]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Critics have claimed that cultural safety is based on airy-fairy quasi-psychological subjects which has resulted in an abandonment of rigorous and theoretical task-based nursing.[15] Public opposition to cultural safety during the 1990s led to a Parliamentary Select Committee inquiry into its teaching, whilst a simultaneous review was carried out by the NZ Nursing Council.[10] After the review the NZ Nursing Council revised the guidelines for cultural safety in Nursing and Midwifery Education to placate public concern that cultural safety privileged Maori.

text: Cultural safety has been criticized for lacking a clear and comprehensive practice framework that is easily translated by, and responsive to, both culturally diverse health care providers and equally diverse health care recipients.[3]


document_title: Dear John (2010 film)

question_text: who dies at the end of dear john

question_tokens: who dies at the end of dear john

text: Dear John (2010 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: While serving in the United States Army Special Forces in 2003, Staff Sergeant John Tyree is lying on the ground in Afghanistan, after being shot multiple times with his comrades around him. In a voice-over, he recalls a childhood trip to the US Mint and compares himself to a coin in the United States Military before stating that the last thing he thought of before he blacked out was "you."

text: In 2001, John is on leave in Charleston, South Carolina. He meets Savannah Curtis, a college student building homes with a group of co-eds for Habitat for Humanity while on spring break, when he fetches her purse from the ocean. She invites him to a bonfire party where he meets her neighbor, Tim Wheddon, and his son, Alan. Over the course of two weeks, they go on several dates and fall in love. Savannah also meets John's father, who is obsessed with his coin collection.

text: Savannah mentions to John that his father -like Tim's son, Alan- may have a form of high-functioning autism known as Asperger's Syndrome. This upsets John, who storms off. Savannah's friend Randy, who also has a crush on her, makes a comment that provokes John to fight, and he accidentally punches Tim, breaking his nose. Savannah sees the commotion, and stops speaking to John. John later apologizes to Tim, who offers to give Savannah a message. She drives to John's house to spend one last day together.

text: John and Savannah continue their relationship through letters, and John visits her in her hometown to meet her family while on a future leave. As their time apart start as weeks and turn into months and years, Savannah begins to spend more time with Tim, and decides that she wants to work with autistic children; she plans to build a farm and horse stables where they can enjoy the outdoors and animals. John and Savannah makes plans to start a life together after John is discharged from the army in December 2001 - but September 11 happens, and John chooses to re-enlist. Over the next two years, the romance continues through their letters, and one turns out to be a literal "Dear John" letter, in which Savannah breaks up with John, saying that, while she still loves him, she has developed feelings for someone else - she does not reveal that the "other man" is Tim. In a fit of anger, John burns all of Savannah's letters.

text: John is later wounded and encouraged to return home, but he re-enlists for a second time. Four years pass, and John is informed that his father has had a stroke - instead of being deployed with the rest of his unit, John is being sent home to be with his dad. When John arrives at the hospital, he learns that his father is alive, but in grave condition. In addition to reading his father articles from coin collectors' newsletter (which Mr. Tyree has collected, along with his beloved coins, for decades), John writes a letter to his father, which he reads to him at the hospital; John's voice-over at the beginning of the film was from this letter, in which he told his father that the first thing to cross his mind after he was shot was coins, and the last thing to cross his mind before he lost consciousness was his dad. Soon afterward, his father dies.

text: After his father's funeral, John visits Savannah and learns that she has married Tim, abandoning her dream of a riding camp for autistic kids because of Tim's fight against lymphoma. They enjoy a quiet evening together, eating dinner and are tempted to pick up where they left off years earlier, but do not go through with their feelings, and John leaves. The next day, John goes with Savannah to visit Tim in the hospital, and Tim tells John that Savannah still loves John; she loves him (Tim), too, but not in the same way she loves John - and Tim can see that. John sells all of his father's coin collection (except the valuable mule coin that he found with his father years ago) in order to raise money to help with Tim's cancer treatment. John returns to the military, carrying the mule coin with him as a charm/talisman. He receives a letter from Savannah telling him that Tim died after two months of treatment. John, now a civilian, eventually returns home; while riding his bike in town one day, he sees Savannah at a coffee shop, and they hug.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Channing Tatum as John Tyree
Amanda Seyfried as Savannah Lynn Curtis
Henry Thomas as Tim Wheddon
Richard Jenkins as Mr. Tyree
Luke Benward as Alan

Braeden Reed as Young Alan

Scott Porter as Randy
D.J. Cotrona as Noodles
Cullen Moss as Rooster
Gavin McCulley as Starks

tag: ul

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Joshua Radin and Schuyler Fisk – "Paperweight"
The Swell Season – "The Moon"
311 – "Amber"
The Donkeys – "Excelsior Lady"
Wailing Souls – "Things & Time"
Amanda Seyfried and Marshall Altman – "Little House"
Fink – "This Is the Thing"
Rosi Golan - "Think of Me"
Rachael Yamagata and Dan Wilson – "You Take My Troubles Away"
Deborah Lurie – Dear John Theme
Snow Patrol ft. Martha Wainwright – "Set the Fire to the Third Bar" (Bonus Track)

tag: ol

text:
Ryan Adams – "Answering Bell"
Amanda Seyfried – "Little House" (Acoustic)
Ozomatli – "Saturday Night"
Brian Tichy – "Dead in Your Tracks"
Gaye Tolan Hatfield and Jeffrey S. Meegan – "Let Her Gift Be Me"
Brad Hatfield – "Ballroom Ballad"

text: Music[edit]

text: The score to Dear John was composed by Deborah Lurie, who recorded her score with the Hollywood Studio Symphony at the Warner Brothers Eastwood Scoring Stage.[2] A soundtrack album containing songs was released on February 2, 2010 from Relativity Media Group, and a score album was released digitally the same day.[citation needed]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Dear John has grossed $80,014,842 in North America and $34,962,262 in other territories for a worldwide total of $114,977,104.[1]

text: In its opening weekend, the film grossed $30,468,614, finishing first at the box office, knocking off Avatar after seven weekends in first place and making it the best debut for a film based on a Nicholas Sparks novel.[1][3]

text: The film was the second highest debut for a film opening Super Bowl weekend, just shy of Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert in 2008.[1][4]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film received mixed to negative reviews from critics, with some praising the casting, but many dismissing its characters and writing as generic.

text: Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score from film critics' reviews, reports a rating of 43% based on 34 reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, it holds a "rotten" 29% with an average score of 4.4/10.[5]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Work
Result

2010
MTV Movie Awards
Best Male Performance
Channing Tatum
Nominated

Best Female Performance
Amanda Seyfried
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Movie: Drama
Dear John
Nominated

Choice Movie Actor: Drama
Channing Tatum
Nominated

Choice Movie Actress: Drama
Amanda Seyfried
Nominated

Choice Movie: Chemistry
Amanda Seyfried and Channing Tatum
Nominated

2011
People's Choice Awards
Favorite Drama Movie
Dear John
Nominated

ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards
Top Box Office Films
Deborah Lurie
Won

CinEuphoria Awards
Top Ten of the Year – Audience Award
Lasse Hallström
Won

Top Ten of the Year – International Competition
Won

Best Actor – International Competition
Channing Tatum
Won

tag: table

text: Home media[edit]

text: Dear John was released on DVD and Blu-ray on May 25, 2010.

text: Film portal


document_title: Dirty Dancing

question_text: where was the water scene in dirty dancing filmed

text: Dirty Dancing

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the summer of 1963, 17-year-old Frances "Baby" Houseman (Jennifer Grey) is vacationing with her affluent family at Kellerman's,[5][6] a resort in the Catskill Mountains. Baby is the younger of two daughters, and plans to attend Mount Holyoke College to study economics in underdeveloped countries and then enter the Peace Corps. Her father, Jake (Jerry Orbach), is the doctor and friend of Max Kellerman (Jack Weston), the resort proprietor. Baby is befriended by Max's grandson Neil (Lonny Price). Baby develops a crush on the resort's dance instructor, Johnny Castle (Patrick Swayze). Johnny is the leader of the resort's working-class entertainment staff. Baby encounters Johnny's cousin Billy on a walk through the resort grounds, and helps him carry watermelons to the staff quarters. The staff hold secret after-hours parties in their quarters, and Baby is surprised by the "dirty dancing" they engage in.[7] Intrigued, Baby receives a brief, impromptu dance lesson from Johnny.

text: After Baby discovers that Johnny's dance partner, Penny Johnson (Cynthia Rhodes), is pregnant by Robbie Gould (Max Cantor), a womanizing waiter who is also dating and cheating on Baby's older sister, Lisa (Jane Brucker) and several other female guests, she borrows money from her father to pay for an illegal abortion for Penny. Jake agrees to give the money to Baby even though she says she can't tell him what it's for. Penny eventually accepts the money, but says there is another issue. Johnny and Penny perform a weekly dance at the Sheldrake, another nearby resort. Penny will miss her performance if she goes for the abortion, and they will forfeit their salary for the season. Billy suggests that Baby fill in for her. Johnny scoffs at this, which overcomes Baby's initial resistance. Billy and Penny insist that Johnny can teach anyone to dance. Johnny begins to teach Baby the mambo, and the two spend several awkward practice sessions together. Baby gradually begins to improve, and a romantic attraction grows between them.

text: Billy takes Penny to a traveling abortionist while Baby and Johnny perform at the Sheldrake Hotel. Their performance is mostly successful, although Baby is too nervous to accomplish the dance's climactic lift. Johnny and Baby return to Kellerman's and find Penny in agony. Billy explains that the "doctor" turned out to be a back-alley hack who caused severe damage to Penny. Baby brings her father to help Penny, but when Jake asks point blank, "Who's responsible for this girl?", Johnny replies "I am", claiming responsibility out of fear that Penny will be fired if it gets out that she slept with Robbie. Jake treats Penny, but is angry that Baby used his money to pay for the procedure, and forbids Baby to associate with Johnny or his friends. Baby goes to Johnny to apologize for her father's behavior. They dance, and afterwards have sex. Jake tells his family they'll be leaving early over breakfast. Marjorie says they are paid up til Sunday and Lisa protests, because she wants to sing at the end-of-season talent show. Jake gives in, and Baby continues to see Johnny despite her father's warning. She pulls Johnny off the footpath when her father is nearby, and Johnny is hurt that she won't stand up for him to her father. Robbie sees them during their argument and makes a derisive remark about "going slumming" with the staff. Johnny assaults him.

text: Due to his growing feelings for Baby, Johnny refused payment for sex with another Kellerman's guest, "bungalow bunny" Vivian Pressman. Vivian takes Robbie for sex in his cabin, which is accidentally interrupted by Lisa, who told Baby that she was intending to have sex with Robbie. When Vivian leaves the cabin the next morning, she discovers Baby leaving Johnny's cabin after. Later in the morning over breakfast, Max and Neil Kellerman reveal to the Housemans that Moe Pressman's wallet was stolen while he was playing a card game with other guests. Vivian accuses Johnny of the theft in a fit of her jealousy over Johnny's rejection. Johnny is unable to provide a verifiable alibi, in order to protect his relationship with Baby. To save Johnny from being fired, Baby confesses that Johnny did not commit the theft because she was with him in his cabin that night. Johnny is cleared of the theft after it is revealed that two elderly guests, Mr. and Mrs. Schumacher, stole Moe's wallet along with wallets of other guests. Max fires Johnny anyway for having a fraternizing affair with Baby. Baby and Johnny embrace and bid farewell to each other, saying they'll never regret their affair, despite her father's objections. Baby pointedly apologizes to Jake for lying about her relationship with Johnny, but not for the relationship itself.

text: Baby and her parents watch the end-of-season talent show. Jake bids farewell to Robbie, and gives him a recommendation letter for medical school. Robbie thanks Jake, willingly reveals that he got Penny pregnant and insults her and Baby, which leads Jake to yank the letter back. Staff and guests (including Lisa) of Kellerman's are singing the closing song together when the door opens and Johnny walks in. He's returned to do the last dance of the season. Johnny leads Baby onstage, interrupting the show which is already in progress. He makes a brief speech about how "Frances" has made him a better man. Baby and Johnny dance a more provocative version of their mambo duet, and the other "dirty dancers" join in. Baby runs to Johnny and executes the elusive lift move they'd practiced. The dirty dancers pull guests from their seats to join in the celebration. Jake apologizes to Johnny for thinking he got Penny pregnant, and reconciles with Baby. The film ends with the entire cast dancing joyously to "(I've Had) The Time of My Life".

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jennifer Grey as Frances "Baby" Houseman
Patrick Swayze as Johnny Castle
Cynthia Rhodes as Penny Johnson
Jerry Orbach as Dr. Jake Houseman
Kelly Bishop as Marjorie Houseman
Jane Brucker as Lisa Houseman
Jack Weston as Max Kellerman

Max Cantor as Robbie Gould
Lonny Price as Neil Kellerman
Charles Coles as Tito Suarez
Neal Jones as Billy Kostecki
Miranda Garrison as Vivian Pressman
Garry Goodrow as Moe Pressman
Wayne Knight as Stan

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
"Be My Baby" – The Ronettes
"Big Girls Don't Cry" – Frankie Valli and The Four Seasons
"Where Are You Tonight?" – Tom Johnston
"Do You Love Me" – The Contours
"Love Man" – Otis Redding
"Stay" – Maurice Williams and the Zodiacs
"Hungry Eyes" – Eric Carmen
"Overload" – Zappacosta
"Hey! Baby" – Bruce Channel
"De Todo Un Poco" – Melon
"Some Kind of Wonderful" – The Drifters
"These Arms Of Mine" – Otis Redding
"Cry to Me" – Solomon Burke
"Will You Love Me Tomorrow" – The Shirelles
"Love Is Strange" – Mickey & Sylvia
"You Don't Own Me" – The Blow Monkeys
"Yes" – Merry Clayton
"In the Still of the Night" – The Five Satins
"She's Like the Wind" – Patrick Swayze
"(I've Had) The Time of My Life" – Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes

text: Note: Actress Jane Brucker wrote the song "Hula Hana," which she performed in her role of Lisa in the show rehearsal scene.[10]

text: Production[edit]

text: Pre-production[edit]

text: Dirty Dancing is based in large part on screenwriter Eleanor Bergstein's own childhood: she is the younger daughter of a Jewish doctor from New York, spent summers with her family in the Catskills, participated in "Dirty Dancing" competitions, and was herself nicknamed "Baby" as a girl. In 1980, Bergstein wrote a screenplay for the Michael Douglas film, It's My Turn. However, the producers cut an erotic dancing scene from the script, much to her dismay. She then conceived a new story, focused almost exclusively on dancing. In 1984, she pitched the idea to MGM executive Eileen Miselle, who liked it and teamed Bergstein with producer Linda Gottlieb. They set the film in 1963, with the character of Baby based on Bergstein's own life, and the character of Johnny based on the stories of Michael Terrace, a dance instructor whom Bergstein met in the Catskills in 1985 while she was researching the story.[citation needed] She finished the script in November 1985, but management changes at MGM put the script into turnaround, or limbo.

text: Bergstein then shopped the script around to other studios but was repeatedly rejected, until she brought it to Vestron Pictures, the newly formed studio division of Stamford, Connecticut, based Vestron Inc., the leading independent home video distribution company.[citation needed] While honing their pitch to Vestron, Gottlieb and Bergstein chose Emile Ardolino as the film's director, who had won the 1983 Academy Award for the documentary, He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin'. Ardolino had never directed a feature film, but was extremely passionate about the project; he even sent a message from where he was sequestered on jury duty, insisting that he was the best choice as director. The team of Gottlieb, Bergstein, and Ardolino then presented their vision for the film to Vestron's president, Jon Peisinger, and the company's vice president for production, Mitchell Cannold. By the end of the meeting, Peisinger had greenlighted the project to become Vestron's first feature film production. The approved film was budgeted at the relatively low amount of $5 million, at a time when the average cost for a film was $12 million.[11]

text: For choreographer, Bergstein chose Kenny Ortega, who had been trained by Gene Kelly.[12] For a location, they did not find anything suitable in the Catskills (as many of the resorts had been shut down at that point), so they decided on a combination of two locations: Lake Lure, North Carolina and the Mountain Lake Hotel near Newport, Virginia, and with careful editing made it look like all shooting was done in the same area.[13]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Director Ardolino was adamant that they choose dancers who could also act, as he did not want to use the "stand-in" method that had been used with Flashdance (1983). For the female lead of Frances "Baby" Houseman, Bergstein chose the 26-year-old Jennifer Grey, daughter of the Oscar-winning actor and dancer Joel Grey (e.g., of the film Cabaret (1972), who, like her father, was a trained dancer. They then sought a male lead, initially considering 20-year-old Billy Zane, who had the visual look desired (originally the Johnny character was to be Italian and have a dark exotic look), but initial dancing tests when he was partnered with Grey did not meet expectations. The next choice was 34-year-old Patrick Swayze, who had been noticed for his roles in Grandview, U.S.A. (1984) and Red Dawn (1984). He was a seasoned dancer, with experience from the Joffrey Ballet. The producers were thrilled with him, but his agent was opposed to the idea. However, Swayze read the script, liked the multi-level character of Johnny, and took the part anyway, and Johnny was changed from being Italian to Irish. Grey was initially not happy about the choice, as she and Swayze had difficulty getting along on Red Dawn, but when they did their dancing screen test, the chemistry between them was obvious. Bergstein described it as "breathtaking".[14]

text: Other casting choices were Broadway actor Jerry Orbach as Dr. Jake Houseman, Baby's father; and Jane Brucker as Lisa Houseman, her older sister. Bergstein also attempted to cast her friend, sex therapist Dr. Ruth Westheimer, to play Mrs. Schumacher, and Joel Grey as her husband. However, Westheimer backed out when she learned the role involved being a thief. The role went instead to 79-year-old Paula Trueman, and Joel Grey was not cast. Another role went to Bergstein's friend, New York radio personality "Cousin Brucie". She initially wanted him to portray the social director but then later asked him to play the part of the magician. The role of the social director went to the then unknown Wayne Knight (of later Seinfeld and 3rd Rock from the Sun fame).[15] The part of Baby's mother was originally given to Lynne Lipton, who is briefly visible in the beginning, when the Houseman family first pulls into Kellerman's (she is in the front seat for a few seconds; her blonde hair is the only indication), but she became ill during the first week of shooting and was replaced by actress Kelly Bishop, who had already been cast to play Vivian Pressman, the highly sexed resort guest. Bishop moved into the role of Mrs. Houseman, and the film's assistant choreographer Miranda Garrison took on the role of Vivian.[16][17]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography for Dirty Dancing took place in Lake Lure, North Carolina, and Mountain Lake, Virginia. Scenes in Lake Lure were filmed at the old Boys Camp, which is now a private, residential community known as Firefly Cove. These scenes included the interior dancing scenes, Baby carrying the watermelon and practicing on the signature stairs, Johnny's cabin, the staff cabins, the golf scene where Baby asks her father for $250. Scenes filmed at Mountain Lake included the famous "water lift" scene, dining scenes, Kellerman's Hotel, the beach games, Penny crying in the kitchen, and the Houseman family's cabins.[citation needed]

text: The tight schedule allowed only two weeks for rehearsal and 44 days for filming, as it was already the tail end of summer. The cast stayed in the same hotel at Mountain Lake Lodge in Pembroke, Virginia and at the 1927 Lake Lure Inn & Spa in Lake Lure, N.C. Rehearsals quickly turned into disco parties involving nearly every cast member, even non-dancers such as Jack Weston.[citation needed]

text: The dancing and drinking went on almost non-stop and, immersed in the environment, the lead actors, Grey and Swayze, began identifying with their characters. Bergstein built upon this, encouraging the actors to improvise in their scenes. She also built the sexual tension by saying that no matter how intimate or "grinding" the dance steps, that none of the dancers were to have any other kind of physical contact with each other for the next six months.[14]

text: Filming started on September 5, 1986 but was plagued by the weather, which ranged from pouring rain to sweltering heat. The outside temperature rose to 105 °F (41 °C), and with all the additional camera and lighting equipment needed for filming, the temperature inside could be as high as 120 °F (49 °C). According to choreographer Kenny Ortega, on one day 10 people passed out within 25 minutes of shooting. The elderly Paula Trueman collapsed and was taken to the local emergency room to be treated for dehydration. Patrick Swayze also required a hospital visit; insisting on doing his own stunts, he repeatedly fell off the log during the "balancing" scene and injured his knee so badly he had to have fluid drained from the swelling.[14]

text: Delays in the shooting schedule pushed filming into the autumn, which required the set decorators to spray-paint the autumn leaves green. The uncooperative weather then took a different turn, plunging from oppressive heat to down near 40 °F (4 °C), causing frigid conditions for the famous swimming scene in October. The crew wore warm coats, gloves, and boots. Swayze and Grey stripped down to light summer clothing, to repeatedly dive into the cold water.[13] Despite her character's enjoyment, Grey later described the water as "horrifically" cold, and she might not have gone into the lake, except that she was "young and hungry".[16]

text: Relations between the two main stars varied throughout production. They had already had trouble getting along in their previous project, Red Dawn (1984), and worked things out enough to have an extremely positive screen test, but that initial cooperation soon faded, and they were soon "facing off" before every scene.[14] There was concern among the production staff that the animosity between the two stars would endanger the filming of the love scenes. To address this, producer Bergstein and director Ardolino forced the stars to re-watch their initial screen-tests—the ones with the "breathtaking" chemistry. This had the desired effect, and Swayze and Grey were able to return to the film with renewed energy and enthusiasm.[16]

text: Director Ardolino encouraged the actors to improvise and often kept the cameras rolling, even if actors went "off script". One example of this was the scene where Grey was to stand in front of Swayze with her back to him and put her arm up behind his head while he trailed his fingers down her arm (similar to the pose seen in the movie poster). Though it was written as a serious and tender moment, Grey was exhausted, found the move ticklish, and could not stop giggling each time Swayze tried it, no matter how many takes Ardolino asked for. Swayze was impatient to finish the scene and found Grey's behavior annoying. However, the producers decided the scene worked as it was and put it into the film, complete with Grey's giggling and Swayze's annoyed expression. It became one of the most famous scenes in the movie, turning out, as choreographer Kenny Ortega put it, "as one of the most delicate and honest moments in the film."[14]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: The shooting wrapped on October 27, 1986, both on-time and on-budget. No one on the team, however, liked the rough cut that was put together, and Vestron executives were convinced the film was going to be a flop. Thirty-nine percent of people who viewed the film did not realize abortion was the subplot. In May 1987, the film was screened for producer Aaron Russo. According to Vestron executive Mitchell Cannold, Russo's reaction at the end was to say simply, "Burn the negative, and collect the insurance."[14]

text: Further disputes arose over whether a corporate sponsor could be found to promote the film. Marketers of the Clearasil acne product liked the film, seeing it as a vehicle to reach a teen target audience. However, when they learned the film contained an abortion scene, they asked for that part of the plot to be cut. As Bergstein refused, the Clearasil promotion was dropped. Consequently, Vestron promoted the film themselves and set the premiere on August 16, 1987. The Vestron executives had planned to release the film in theaters for a weekend, and then send it to home video, since Vestron had been in the video distribution business before film production.[8] Considering how many people disliked the film at that point, producer Gottlieb's recollection of her feelings at the time was, "I would have only been grateful, if when it was released, people didn't yell at me."[14]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film received positive reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 72% based on reviews from 57 critics, with a rating average of 6.1 out of 10.[18]

text: For the film's opening, the August 16, 1987 edition of The New York Times published a major review, with a headline reading, "Dirty Dancing Rocks to an Innocent Beat." The Times reviewer called the film "a metaphor for America in the summer of 1963 – orderly, prosperous, bursting with good intentions, a sort of Yiddish-inflected Camelot."[19] Other reviews were more mixed: Gene Siskel gave the film a "marginal Thumbs Up" as he liked Jennifer Grey's acting and development of her character, while Roger Ebert gave it "Thumbs Down" due to its "idiot plot",[20] calling it a "tired and relentlessly predictable story of love between kids from different backgrounds."[21] TIME magazine was lukewarm, saying, "If the ending of Eleanor Bergstein's script is too neat and inspirational, the rough energy of the film's song and dance does carry one along, past the whispered doubts of better judgment."[22] In a retrospective review, Jezebel's Irin Carmon called the film "the greatest movie of all time" as "a great, brave movie for women" with "some subtle, retrospectively sharp-eyed critiques of class and gender."[23]

text: Abortion rights advocates have called the film the “gold standard” for cinematic portrayals of abortion,[24] which author Yannis Tzioumakis described as offering a "compassionate depiction of abortion in which the woman seeking an abortion was not demonized with the primary concerns being her health and preserving her capacity to bear children at a future time rather than the ethical dilemma that might or might not inform her decision, a portrayal that is not necessarily available in current films."[25]

text: The film drew adult audiences instead of the expected teens, with viewers rating the film highly.[16] Many filmgoers, after seeing the film once, went right back into the theater to watch it a second time.[16] Word-of-mouth promotion took the film to the number one position in the United States, and in 10 days it had broken the $10 million mark. By November, it was also achieving international fame. Within seven months of release, it had brought in $63 million domestically and boosted attendance in dance classes across America.[14] It was one of the highest-grossing films of 1987, earning $170 million worldwide.[26][27]

text: The film's popularity continued to grow after its initial release. It was the number one video rental of 1988[28] and became the first film to sell a million copies on video. When the film was re-released in 1997, ten years after its original release, Swayze received his own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame,[29] and videos were still selling at the rate of over 40,000 per month.[29] As of 2005[update], it was selling a million DVDs per year,[30] with over ten million copies sold as of 2007[update].[31]

text: A May 2007 survey by Britain's Sky Movies listed Dirty Dancing as number one on "Women's most-watched films", above the Star Wars trilogy, Grease, The Sound of Music, and Pretty Woman.[32] The film's popularity has also caused it to be called "the Star Wars for girls."[9][33][34] An April 2008 article in Britain's Daily Mail listed Dirty Dancing as number one on a list of "most romantic movie quotes ever", for Baby's line: "I'm scared of walking out of this room and never feeling the rest of my whole life the way I feel when I'm with you."[35]

text: The film's music has also had considerable impact. The closing song, "(I've Had) The Time of My Life", has been listed as the "third most popular song played at funerals" in the UK.[9]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Result
Ref

1988
60th Academy Awards
Academy Award for Best Original Song
Won
[36]

Golden Globe Awards
Best Original Song
Won
[37]

Best Motion Picture – Comedy/Musical
Nominated
[38]

Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture – Comedy/Musical
Nominated
[38]

Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture – Comedy/Musical
Nominated
[38]

Grammy Awards
Best Pop Performance by a Duo
Won
[39]

Best Song written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media
Nominated
[37]

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2002: AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – #93[40]
2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:

"(I've Had) The Time of My Life" – #86[41]
"Do You Love Me" – Nominated[42]

2005: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

Johnny Castle: "Nobody puts Baby in a corner." – #98[43]

2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated[44]

text: Music[edit]

text: Rehearsals for the dancing, and some filming, used music from Bergstein's personal collection of gramophone records. When it came time to select actual music for the film, Vestron chose Jimmy Ienner as music supervisor. Ienner, who had previously produced albums and songs for John Lennon and Three Dog Night, opted to stick with much of the music that had already been used during filming and obtained licenses for the songs from Bergstein's collection. He also enlisted Swayze to sing the new song "She's Like the Wind". Swayze had written the song a few years earlier with Stacy Widelitz, originally intending for it to be used in the film Grandview, U.S.A. (1984).[14]

text: John Morris composed the film's score. The lyrics for the Kellermans' song that closes the talent show were written specifically for the film[16] and were sung to the tune of "Annie Lisle", a commonly used theme for school alma maters.[45] Kenny Ortega and his assistant Miranda Garrison chose the song for the finale by going through an entire box of tapes, listening to each one. According to Ortega, literally the last tape they listened to had "The Time of My Life", which they saw as the obvious choice.[37] Ienner then insisted that Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes record it. The song won the 1988 Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group, an Academy Award for Best Original Song, and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song.[37][39]

text: The film's soundtrack started an oldies music revival,[46] and demand for the album caught RCA Records by surprise. According to Franke Previte, before a single had even been released, there were a million albums on back-order.[14] The Dirty Dancing album spent 18 weeks at number one on the Billboard 200 album sales charts and went platinum eleven times, selling more than 32 million copies worldwide.[47][48] It spawned a follow-up multi-platinum album in February 1988, entitled More Dirty Dancing.[49]

text: Songs from the album which appeared on the charts included:[37]

text:
"(I've Had) The Time of My Life", performed by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes, composed by Franke Previte, John deNicola, and Donald Markowitz – this song rose to #1 on the pop charts.[50]
"She's Like the Wind", performed by lead actor Patrick Swayze, composed by Lee and Stacy Widelitz; this song peaked at #3 in 1988.
"Hungry Eyes", performed by Eric Carmen, composed by Franke Previte and John deNicola; this song peaked at #4 in 1988.
"Yes", performed by Merry Clayton, composed by Neal Cavanaugh, Terry Fryer and Tom Graf; this song peaked #45 in 1988.

text: Additionally, the resurgence in popularity of the oldies contained in the movie led to a re-release of The Contours' single "Do You Love Me". "Do You Love Me" was featured in the movie but was omitted from the original soundtrack; it was included on More Dirty Dancing. Upon being re-released, "Do You Love Me" became a surprise hit all over again, this time peaking at #11 (it originally hit #3 back in 1962).[citation needed]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: As for the studio, despite the film's huge monetary success, Vestron followed it up with a series of flops and ran out of money. Vestron's parent company, Vestron Inc., went bankrupt in 1989,[14] and was bought out in January 1991 by LIVE Entertainment for $26 million. The rights to Dirty Dancing now rest with Lionsgate Entertainment,[30] which purchased Artisan Entertainment in 2003.

text: Orbach, already known as a successful Broadway actor, continued in different genres. He was the voice of the candelabrum "Lumiere" in the Disney animated film Beauty and the Beast (1991), before taking on his best known role, detective Lennie Briscoe in the TV crime drama Law & Order, which he played from 1992 until his death in 2004.[52]

text: Choreographer Ortega went on to choreograph and direct other major pictures such as Newsies (1992)[12] and starting in 2006, the High School Musical series.[53] He also became a director of film and television, including several episodes of Gilmore Girls, in which Dirty Dancing's Kelly Bishop had a starring role.[54]

text: Lake Lure celebrated its Dirty Dancing legacy in the 1980s with the Dirty Dancing Revue featuring the A-Lure Dancers, soul singer Maurice Williams (whose song "Stay" was featured in the film), and Billy Scott and the Party Prophets. Today, Lake Lure hosts the annual Dirty Dancing Festival.[55]

text: Kellerman's Hotel is the Mountain Lake Hotel, and it now offers "Dirty Dancing Weekends".[56]

text: Various images and lines from the film have worked their way into popular culture. Johnny Castle's line, "Nobody puts Baby in a corner", has been used in song lyrics, as the title of the "Nobody Puts Baby in a Corner" episode of the TV series Veronica Mars, and as the title of a Fall Out Boy song. "Nobody puts Baby in a corner" was also quoted in Supernatural: when Dean says the line concerning his beloved Impala and his brother Sam retorts that the line is from a Swayze movie; Dean responds: "Swayze always gets a pass". The line was parodied in the webcomic Looking for Group where Richard, one of the primary characters, uttered a variation involving his own name, and in Family Guy, where the scene is parodied by Baby's parents questioning Johnny due to her youth. In Sweden, feminist art group Sisters of Jam put the text "Nobody puts Baby in a corner" (in English) in white neon light at Umeå Bus Square (2008) and at Karlstad University (2012).[57]

text: Family Guy also parodies the scene where Baby first sees Johnny dancing with the staff. In the TV series How I Met Your Mother, Barney Stinson attempts to pass off the Dirty Dancing story as the story of his own loss of virginity because he is ashamed of his actual story; the original "Love is Strange" scene is shown with Barney replacing Johnny.

text: The French film Heartbreaker (2010) pays homage to the film, as a plot detail, with some clips from the film shown and a "recreation" by the two main characters of the "lift" scene.

text: In the first episode of the TV series New Girl, the female lead Jess watches the film repeatedly after her break up.

text: Since 2009, there has been a Dirty Dancing Festival in Lake Lure, North Carolina.[58]

text: Alternate versions[edit]

text: Stage version[edit]

text: The film was adapted for the stage in 2004 as a musical, Dirty Dancing: The Classic Story on Stage. Produced by Jacobsen Entertainment in Australia for $6.5 million, it was written by Eleanor Bergstein and had the same songs as the film, plus a few extra scenes. Musical direction was by Chong Lim (one of the composers for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney), and the initial production starred Kym Valentine as Baby and Sydney Dance Company's Josef Brown as Johnny. Although reviews were mixed,[34] the production was a commercial success, selling over 200,000 tickets during its six-month run.[27] It has also had sellout runs in Germany and in London's West End, where it opened at the Aldwych Theatre on October 23, 2006 with the highest pre-sell in London history, earning £6 million ($US12 million).[8][9][34] As of March 2011[update], over 1 million people have seen the musical in London, selling out 6 months in advance.[59] The original West End production closed in July 2011 after a five-year run, prior to a two-year national tour.[60] The show returned to the West End at the Piccadilly Theatre and ran from July 13, 2013 to February 22, 2014 before resuming its tour of the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland.[61]

text: A New York production was in the planning stage in 2006,[34] with the show first starting in other North American cities. It broke box office records in May 2007 for its first such venue, selling $2 million on the first day of ticket sales in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The production opened on November 15, 2007 at the Royal Alexandra Theatre, with an all-Canadian cast, except for Monica West (Baby Housman), Britta Lazenga (Penny), and Al Sapienza (Jake Housman). After Toronto, the musical opened in Chicago in previews on September 28, 2008 and officially on October 19, 2008, running through January 17, 2009,[62] followed by Boston (February 7 – March 15, 2009) and Los Angeles.[63][64][65]

text: An official American tour began in September 2014 at The National Theatre in Washington, DC with dates scheduled in 31 cities. Previews started August 26 and the official opening night was on September 2.[66]

text: Tours and TV show[edit]

text: Dirty Dancing has appeared in other forms than the stage version. In 1988, a music tour named Dirty Dancing: Live in Concert, featuring Bill Medley and Eric Carmen,[37] played 90 cities in three months.[14] Also in 1988, the CBS network launched a Dirty Dancing television series, however with none of the original cast or staff. The series was canceled after only a few episodes.

text: Prequel[edit]

text: In 2004, a prequel of the film was released, entitled Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights. It tells the story of a sheltered American teenager learning about life through dance, when her family relocates to Havana, Cuba just before the 1959 Cuban Revolution. Swayze was paid $5 million to appear in a cameo role as a dance teacher[67] —considerably more than the $200,000 he earned for the first film.[68]

text: 20th anniversary releases[edit]

text: For the 20th anniversary in 2007, the film was re-released in theatres with additional footage, while the original film version was re-released on DVD with deleted scenes, and included writer commentary.[69] At the same time, Codemasters released Dirty Dancing: The Video Game.[70] In the United Kingdom, the anniversary was marked by a reality TV show based on the film; titled Dirty Dancing: The Time of Your Life, the TV show was filmed at the Mountain Lake resort.

text: In the UK, to mark the 20th anniversary of the film, Channel Five broadcast a special documentary called Seriously Dirty Dancing. It was presented by Dawn Porter, an investigative journalist and a self-confessed Dirty Dancing addict. The documentary was very successful, being Channel Five's highest rated documentary of 2007. Porter visited the set of the film, met other Dirty Dancing fanatics, and learned the last dance, which she performed at the end of the documentary in front of family and friends.

text: Remake[edit]

text: In August 2011, Lionsgate announced their plan to remake the film. It was confirmed that the studio had hired the film's choreographer, Kenny Ortega, to direct. "We believe that the timing couldn't be better to modernize this story on the big screen, and we are proud to have Kenny Ortega at the helm," Joe Drake, president of Lionsgate's Motion Picture Group, explained about the project. A miniseries version of "Dirty Dancing" had been scheduled to be shot in Western North Carolina.[71] As of July 29, 2015, the miniseries has been put on hold.[72]

text: In December 2015, ABC ordered a three-hour musical remake of Dirty Dancing, starring Abigail Breslin, Colt Prattes, Debra Messing, Sarah Hyland, Nicole Scherzinger, Billy Dee Williams & Shane Harper.[73][74][75][76][77] It aired on May 24, 2017.[4] It received negative reviews from a majority of critics.[78]


document_title: Full House (season 5)

question_text: when are the twins born in full house

question_tokens: when are the twins born in full house

text: Full House (season 5)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In season five, Jesse and Rebecca become parents when Becky gives birth to twin boys, Nicky and Alex. Meanwhile, Jesse & The Rippers launch a new song which eventually becomes successful. Joey gets his own show The Legend of Ranger Joe which becomes a success. Danny finds love.

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
John Stamos as Jesse Katsopolis
Bob Saget as Danny Tanner
Dave Coulier as Joey Gladstone
Candace Cameron as D.J. Tanner
Jodie Sweetin as Stephanie Tanner
Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen as Michelle Tanner
Lori Loughlin as Rebecca "Becky" Donaldson
Andrea Barber as Kimmy Gibbler

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

95
1
"Double Trouble"
Joel Zwick
Jeff Franklin
September 17, 1991 (1991-09-17)
26.9[1]

Jesse comes home from his band's summer concert tour to find out that Becky is having twins. Meanwhile, Michelle is scared and lost on her first day of kindergarten, so she goes to the other side of the school and pays Stephanie a visit, but when she pays a visit, Michelle embarrasses Stephanie by agreeing with her that her teacher is a total babe making everyone laugh.

96
2
"Matchmaker Michelle"
Joel Zwick
Ellen Guylas
September 24, 1991 (1991-09-24)
27.7[1]

Michelle badly wants a mother, but her choice turns out to be her kindergarten teacher (June Lockhart), who is twice Danny's age. Meanwhile, D.J. and Kimmy trade places for one night for a school project, much to the Tanners' dismay.

97
3
"Take My Sister, Please"
Joel Zwick
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
October 1, 1991 (1991-10-01)
26.1[2]

After Stephanie went too far in invading D.J.'s privacy, she no longer wants to share a bedroom with her, and thanks to an untimely insult, neither does Michelle, so Stephanie moves into the upstairs bathroom. Meanwhile, Danny and Joey fall for Becky's childbirth instructor, and Jesse gets fed up over Becky's food cravings during her pregnancy.

98
4
"Oh Where, Oh Where Has My Little Girl Gone?"
Joel Zwick
Mark Fink
October 8, 1991 (1991-10-08)
25.4[2]

Danny starts to feel that D.J. is excluding him from her social life, so he starts snooping and discovers a secret of hers. Meanwhile, since Michelle and Stephanie are now sharing a bedroom, Stephanie wants Michelle to take down all of her "baby stuff". Joey and Jesse get locked in the basement.

99
5
"The King and I"
Joel Zwick
David Pollock & Elias Davis
October 15, 1991 (1991-10-15)
25.4[2]

Jesse skips a family picnic to work on writing a song, but ends up regretting it. A man who looks a lot like Elvis Presley becomes Jesse's conscience, counseling him on the importance of family and advising him to go to the picnic.

100
6
"The Legend of Ranger Joe"
Joel Zwick
Boyd Hale
October 22, 1991 (1991-10-22)
27.6[2]

Joey has a streak of good luck. His childhood idol Ranger Roy (Barney Martin), the host of a children's program, is retiring, and Joey is confident to audition. However, his luck goes bad after innocently angering Roy by hugging him (due to acute physical paranoia), but when the show becomes a disaster, Joe uses his antics to save the day. Becky and D.J. are curious why Jesse wants good names for the twins, and Stephanie tries to get rid of Michelle's tap shoes.
Note: Jesse's real name is revealed in this episode. His birth name was Hermes Katsopolis, but begged his mother to change it to Jesse after being teased in kindergarten.

101
7
"The Volunteer"
Joel Zwick
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
October 29, 1991 (1991-10-29)
26.9[2]

D.J. volunteers at a local nursing home, and befriends a man named Eddie (Whitman Mayo) with Alzheimer's Disease. Meanwhile, Jesse tries to prove to Becky he can support a Lamaze pad; Stephanie and Kimmy argue over which of their family dogs is smarter, and decide to hold a neighborhood dog show in the back yard to decide.

102
8
"Gotta Dance"
Joel Zwick
Stacey Hur
November 5, 1991 (1991-11-05)
27.3[3]

Stephanie decides to pursue dancing full-time, but she does not realize it is a major commitment that she may not be ready for. Rebecca has her baby shower, which Michelle accidentally spills the beans on after Jesse bribes her with an ice cream sundae.

103

104
9

10
"Happy Birthday, Babies"
Jeff Franklin

Joel Zwick
Jeff Franklin
November 12, 1991 (1991-11-12)
35.7[3]

As Michelle is waiting for her fifth birthday party (with a Flintstones theme) to start, the entire family looks back at all the good times from Michelle's life. Michelle gets upset however when she realizes her baby book will end.

Michelle's birthday party is interrupted by Becky going into labor, and Jesse having appendicitis. In the end, she gives birth to twin boys: Nicholas and Alexander (Nicky and Alex). Note: This is the first appearance of Nicholas (Nicky) and Alexander (Alex). This was the last episode of the series to be written by series creator Jeff Franklin.

105
11
"Nicky and/or Alexander"
Joel Zwick
Ellen Guylas
November 19, 1991 (1991-11-19)
30.0[3]

Back home from the hospital, Jesse can't tell his identical twin sons, Nicky and Alex, apart, so he enlists Stephanie and D.J.'s detective kit to help him identify who's who. Meanwhile, Danny likes his new, temporary co-host, Vicky Larson (Gail Edwards). Elsewhere, Michelle is upset when D.J. and Stephanie get to hold the twins but she can't.

106
12
"Bachelor of the Month"
Joel Zwick
Tom Burkhard
November 26, 1991 (1991-11-26)
27.9[3]

Danny is chosen as "Bay Area Bachelor of the Month", much to the disapproval of Michelle - and Vicky. Jesse and Becky deal with the stresses of twins.

107
13
"Easy Rider"
Joel Zwick
Story by: Martie Cook
Teleplay by: Jeff Schimmel
December 3, 1991 (1991-12-03)
30.6[4]

Joey teaches Michelle how to ride a bike without training wheels, and is unsuccessful in their first attempt, but convinces her to try again. Meanwhile, Danny begins to get intimate with Vicki and Jesse and Becky prepare for the twins' first car trip to the over-kissing Aunt Ida.

108
14
"Sisters in Crime"
Joel Zwick
Boyd Hale
December 17, 1991 (1991-12-17)
27.9[4]

While babysitting her sisters, D.J. decides to take them to the movies with her when her crush (Scott Weinger) drops by unexpectedly. However, Stephanie & Michelle use all the money for snacks, leaving not enough money to pay for them. D.J. convinces Kimmy, who works at the theater, to sneak them in, but they are caught by the manager. Will Kimmy lose her job and Danny find out?
Note: This marks Scott Weinger's first appearance on the show as Steve before he becomes a regular in season 6. In this episode, his character's last name is Peters (later Hale).

109
15
"Play It Again, Jesse"
Joel Zwick
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
January 7, 1992 (1992-01-07)
29.5[5]

With Becky going back to work, Jesse becomes "Mr. Mom", while also trying to pursue a record deal. Meanwhile, Danny deals with Vicki leaving, and Stephanie accidentally stains D.J's sweater, which she had told her not to wear.

110
16
"Crushed"
Joel Zwick
Diana "Jennie" Ayers & Susan Sebastian
January 14, 1992 (1992-01-14)
30.3[5]

Stephanie's favorite singer, Tommy Page, sings a special song at her tenth birthday party. This leads to Stephanie developing a major crush on him, and then having D.J. kissing him, causing friction between the sisters.When the issue hits its boiling point Danny must step in and get to the root of this issue.
Note: This is the only episode where multiple cameras reflect one event. One camera spots Stephanie in the kitchen running up the stairs, another camera shows Stephanie running into her bedroom from the stairs and a third camera shows Stephanie in her bedroom with crocodile tears flowing.

111
17
"Spellbound"
Joel Zwick
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
January 28, 1992 (1992-01-28)
28.2[5]

Stephanie is confident that she will win her school's spelling bee, only to get beaten by a rival classmate in the first round, who makes her lose all of her self-confidence. The word she lost on was "mnemonic". In the subplot, Michelle wants to learn how to read.

112
18
"Too Much Monkey Business"
Joel Zwick
David Pollock
February 11, 1992 (1992-02-11)
25.8[5]

Danny's younger sister, Wendy, stops by for a visit - with her pet monkey who likes Jesse and plays hide-and-seek with Joey. Meanwhile, Joey falls for Wendy and Danny is not very pleased, and Stephanie and Michelle get worried by a shipment for Wendy: a tiki head (which turns out to be nothing more than a bank).

113
19
"The Devil Made Me Do It"
Joel Zwick
Story by: Nicolas Wall & Jane Paris
Teleplay by: Elias Davis
February 18, 1992 (1992-02-18)
28.6[5]

Michelle's conscience gets the best of her after she mishandles Jesse's musical equipment. Angry at Jesse for being "Uncle Tattletale", she then runs away to her friend Teddy's house. Teddy's older sister is played by Tahj Mowry's real-life sisters Tia and Tamera Mowry. The subplot has D.J. trying to get Stephanie and Kimmy to become friends.
Note: The Olsen twins are both in this episode; Ashley as the bad Michelle and Mary-Kate as the good Michelle.

114
20
"Driving Miss D.J."
Joel Zwick
Mark Fink
February 25, 1992 (1992-02-25)
26.8[5]

D.J. gets her learner's permit, only to tense up from driving lessons with "uptight" Danny and "laid back" Uncle Jesse. Meanwhile, Michelle tries to get revenge on Stephanie after she nearly scares her to death, and succeeds with a little help from Joey.

115
21
"Yours, Mine, and Ours"
Bill Petty
Stacey Hur
March 3, 1992 (1992-03-03)
29.0[5]

Jesse and Rebecca imagine how each other's unique parenting techniques may affect the twins in the future. Meanwhile, Danny and Joey take the girls out to "family fun night" after the girls fight, which turns into Family Public Embarrassment Night (the family dressed up as pirates and walked the plank as the whole restaurant watched).

116
22
"The Trouble with Danny"
Joel Zwick
Ellen Guylas & David Pollock
March 17, 1992 (1992-03-17)
28.9[5]

The family becomes irritated when Danny becomes too obsessed over "Spring Cleaning Day", especially with Michelle on board. Meanwhile, Jesse doesn't believe Becky when she says the twins are crawling.

117
23
"Five's a Crowd"
Joel Zwick
Ellen Guylas
March 31, 1992 (1992-03-31)
27.3[5]

D.J. goes out on a date with a heavy-metal band member to the drive-in. This causes Danny, Jesse, and Joey to go "rescue" her. Meanwhile, Kimmy babysitting leads to some feeding and changing disasters.

118
24
"Girls Will Be Boys"
Joel Zwick
Tom Burkhard & Stacey Hur
April 28, 1992 (1992-04-28)
23.7[5]

Michelle decides that it is better to be a boy after her best friend, Teddy, is hassled for hanging out with girls. Meanwhile, Jesse becomes Ranger Joe's sidekick Lumberjack Jess, and D.J. threatens to get back at Stephanie for her constant prying.

119
25
"Captain Video" (Part 1)
Joel Zwick
Mark Fink & Boyd Hale
May 5, 1992 (1992-05-05)
24.9[5]

Jesse records "Forever" with The Beach Boys, and finally gets a record deal. D.J. tries to convince her dad to let her participate in a summer study program in Barcelona, Spain. Michelle tries to learn how to cook.

120
26
"Captain Video" (Part 2)
Joel Zwick
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
May 12, 1992 (1992-05-12)
21.4[5]

The record company ends up completely ruining Jesse's song, much to Jesse's resentment, and he leaves the recording session, only to be inspired by Michelle. Meanwhile, Kimmy tries to get to go to Spain (for which she must pass her final exam and the course) with D.J. and Michelle tries to get an ant farm.
Guest stars: Brian Robbins and Martha Quinn


document_title: Skull

question_text: what is the top of the skull called

question_tokens: what is the top of the skull called

text: Skull

text: Structure[edit]

text: The human skull is the bony structure that forms the head in the human skeleton. It supports the structures of the face and forms a cavity for the brain. Like the skulls of other vertebrates, it protects the brain from injury.

text: The skull consists of two parts, of different embryological origin—the neurocranium and the facial skeleton (also called the membraneous viscerocranium). The neurocranium (or braincase) forms the protective cranial cavity that surrounds and houses the brain and brainstem. The upper areas of the cranial bones form the calvaria (skullcap). The neurocranium includes the mandible.

text: The facial skeleton is formed by the bones supporting the face.

text: Bones[edit]

text: Except for the mandible, all of the bones of the skull are joined together by sutures—synarthrodial (immovable) joints formed by bony ossification, with Sharpey's fibres permitting some flexibility. Sometimes there can be extra bone pieces within the suture known as wormian bones or sutural bones.

text: The human skull is generally considered to consist of twenty-two bones—eight cranial bones and fourteen facial skeleton bones. In the neurocranium these are the occipital bone, two temporal bones, two parietal bones, the sphenoid, ethmoid and frontal bones.

text: The bones of the facial skeleton(14) are the vomer, two nasal conchae, two nasal bones, two maxilla, the mandible, two palatine bones, two zygomatic bones, and two lacrimal bones. Some sources count a paired bone as one, or the maxilla as having two bones (as its parts); some sources include the hyoid bone or the three ossicles of the middle ear but the overall general consensus of the number of bones in the human skull is the stated twenty-two.

text: Some of these bones—the occipital, parietal, frontal, in the neurocranium, and the nasal, lacrimal, and vomer, in the facial skeleton are flat bones.

text: Cavities and foramina[edit]

text: The skull also contains sinus cavities and numerous foramina. The sinuses are lined with respiratory epithelium. Their known functions are the lessening of the weight of the skull, the aiding of resonance to the voice and the warming and moistening of the air drawn through the nasal cavity.

text: The foramina are openings in the skull. The largest of these is the foramen magnum that allows the passage of the spinal cord as well as nerves and blood vessels.

text: Processes[edit]

text: The many processes of the skull include the mastoid process and the zygomatic process.

text: Development[edit]

text: The skull is a complex structure; its bones are formed both by intramembranous and endochondral ossification. The skull roof bones, comprising the bones of the facial skeleton and the sides and roof of the neurocranium, are dermal bones formed by intramembranous ossification, though the temporal bones are formed by endochondral ossification. The endocranium, the bones supporting the brain (the occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid) are largely formed by endochondral ossification. Thus frontal and parietal bones are purely membranous.[3] The geometry of the skull base and its fossae, the anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae changes rapidly. The anterior cranial fossa changes especially during the first trimester of pregnancy and skull defects can often develop during this time.[4]

text: At birth, the human skull is made up of 44 separate bony elements. During development, many of these bony elements gradually fuse together into solid bone (for example, the frontal bone). The bones of the roof of the skull are initially separated by regions of dense connective tissue called fontanelles. There are six fontanelles: one anterior (or frontal), one posterior (or occipital), two sphenoid (or anterolateral), and two mastoid (or posterolateral). At birth these regions are fibrous and moveable, necessary for birth and later growth. This growth can put a large amount of tension on the "obstetrical hinge", which is where the squamous and lateral parts of the occipital bone meet. A possible complication of this tension is rupture of the great cerebral vein. As growth and ossification progress, the connective tissue of the fontanelles is invaded and replaced by bone creating sutures. The five sutures are the two squamous sutures, one coronal, one lambdoid, and one sagittal suture. The posterior fontanelle usually closes by eight weeks, but the anterior fontanel can remain open up to eighteen months. The anterior fontanelle is located at the junction of the frontal and parietal bones; it is a "soft spot" on a baby's forehead. Careful observation will show that you can count a baby's heart rate by observing the pulse pulsing softly through the anterior fontanelle.

text: The skull in the neonate is large in proportion to other parts of the body. The facial skeleton is one seventh of the size of the calvaria. (In the adult it is half the size). The base of the skull is short and narrow, though the inner ear is almost adult size.[5]

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Craniosynostosis is a condition in which one or more of the fibrous sutures in an infant skull prematurely fuses,[6] and changes the growth pattern of the skull.[7] Because the skull cannot expand perpendicular to the fused suture, it grows more in the parallel direction.[7] Sometimes the resulting growth pattern provides the necessary space for the growing brain, but results in an abnormal head shape and abnormal facial features.[7] In cases in which the compensation does not effectively provide enough space for the growing brain, craniosynostosis results in increased intracranial pressure leading possibly to visual impairment, sleeping impairment, eating difficulties, or an impairment of mental development.[8]

text: A copper beaten skull is a phenomenon wherein intense intracranial pressure disfigures the internal surface of the skull.[9] The name comes from the fact that the inner skull has the appearance of having been beaten with a ball-peen hammer, such as is often used by coppersmiths. The condition is most common in children.

text: Injuries and treatment[edit]

text: Injuries to the brain can be life-threatening. Normally the skull protects the brain from damage through its hard unyieldingness; the skull is one of the least deformable structures found in nature with it needing the force of about 1 ton to reduce the diameter of the skull by 1 cm.[10] In some cases, however, of head injury, there can be raised intracranial pressure through mechanisms such as a subdural haematoma. In these cases the raised intracranial pressure can cause herniation of the brain out of the foramen magnum ("coning") because there is no space for the brain to expand; this can result in significant brain damage or death unless an urgent operation is performed to relieve the pressure. This is why patients with concussion must be watched extremely carefully.

text: Dating back to Neolithic times, a skull operation called trepanning was sometimes performed. This involved drilling a burr hole in the cranium. Examination of skulls from this period reveals that the patients sometimes survived for many years afterward. It seems likely that trepanning was also performed purely for ritualistic or religious reasons. Nowadays this procedure is still used but is normally called a craniectomy.

text: In March 2013, for the first time in the U.S., researchers replaced a large percentage of a patient's skull with a precision, 3D-printed polymer implant.[11] About 9 months later the first complete cranium replacement with a 3D-printed plastic insert was performed on a Dutch woman. She had been suffering from hyperostosis, which increased the thickness of her skull and compressed her brain.[12]

text: Transgender procedures[edit]

text: Surgical alteration of sexually dimorphic skull features may be carried out as a part of facial feminization surgery, a set of reconstructive surgical procedures that can alter male facial features to bring them closer in shape and size to typical female facial features.[13][14] These procedures can be an important part of the treatment of transgender people for gender dysphoria.[15][16]

text: Society and culture[edit]

text: Artificial cranial deformation is a largely historical practice of some cultures. Cords and wooden boards would be used to apply pressure to an infant's skull and alter its shape, sometimes quite significantly. This procedure would begin just after birth and would be carried on for several years.

text: Osteology[edit]

text: Like the face, the skull and teeth can also indicate a person's life history and origin. Forensic scientists and archaeologists use metric and nonmetric traits to estimate what the bearer of the skull looked like. When a significant amount of bones are found, such as at Spitalfields in the UK and Jōmon shell mounds in Japan, osteologists can use traits, such as the proportions of length, height and width, to know the relationships of the population of the study with other living or extinct populations.

text: The German physician Franz Joseph Gall in around 1800 formulated the theory of phrenology, which attempted to show that specific features of the skull are associated with certain personality traits or intellectual capabilities of its owner. His theory is now considered to be pseudoscientific.

text: Sexual dimorphism[edit]

text: In the mid-nineteenth century, anthropologists found it crucial to distinguish between male and female skulls. An anthropologist of the time, James McGrigor Allan, argued that the female brain was similar to that of an animal.[17] This allowed anthropologists to declare that women were in fact more emotional and less rational than men. McGrigor then concluded that women’s brains were more analogous to infants, thus deeming them inferior at the time.[18] To further these claims of female inferiority and silence the feminists of the time, other anthropologists joined in on the studies of the female skull. These cranial measurements are the basis of what is known as craniology. These cranial measurements were also used to draw a connection between women and black people.[18]

text: Research has shown that while in early life there is little difference between male and female skulls, in adulthood male skulls tend to be larger and more robust than female skulls, which are lighter and smaller, with a cranial capacity about 10 percent less than that of the male.[19] However, later studies show that women's skulls are slightly thicker and thus men may be more susceptible to head injury than women.[20][21]

text: Male skulls can have more prominent supraorbital ridges, a more prominent glabella, and more prominent temporal lines. Female skulls generally have rounder orbits, and narrower jaws. Male skulls on average have larger, broader palates, squarer orbits, larger mastoid processes, larger sinuses, and larger occipital condyles than those of females. Male mandibles typically have squarer chins and thicker, rougher muscle attachments than female mandibles.

text: Craniometry[edit]

text: The cephalic index is the ratio of the width of the head, multiplied by 100 and divided by its length (front to back). The index is also used to categorize animals, especially dogs and cats. The width is usually measured just below the parietal eminence, and the length from the glabella to the occipital point.

text: Humans may be:

text:
Dolichocephalic — long-headed
Mesaticephalic — medium-headed
Brachycephalic — short-headed

text: Other animals[edit]

text: Fish[edit]

text: The skull of fishes is formed from a series of only loosely connected bones. Lampreys and sharks only possess a cartilaginous endocranium, with both the upper and lower jaws being separate elements. Bony fishes have additional dermal bone, forming a more or less coherent skull roof in lungfish and holost fish. The lower jaw defines a chin.

text: The simpler structure is found in jawless fish, in which the cranium is normally represented by a trough-like basket of cartilaginous elements only partially enclosing the brain, and associated with the capsules for the inner ears and the single nostril. Distinctively, these fish have no jaws.[22]

text: Cartilaginous fish, such as sharks and rays, have also simple, and presumably primitive, skull structures. The cranium is a single structure forming a case around the brain, enclosing the lower surface and the sides, but always at least partially open at the top as a large fontanelle. The most anterior part of the cranium includes a forward plate of cartilage, the rostrum, and capsules to enclose the olfactory organs. Behind these are the orbits, and then an additional pair of capsules enclosing the structure of the inner ear. Finally, the skull tapers towards the rear, where the foramen magnum lies immediately above a single condyle, articulating with the first vertebra. There are, in addition, at various points throughout the cranium, smaller foramina for the cranial nerves. The jaws consist of separate hoops of cartilage, almost always distinct from the cranium proper.[22]

text: In ray-finned fishes, there has also been considerable modification from the primitive pattern. The roof of the skull is generally well formed, and although the exact relationship of its bones to those of tetrapods is unclear, they are usually given similar names for convenience. Other elements of the skull, however, may be reduced; there is little cheek region behind the enlarged orbits, and little, if any bone in between them. The upper jaw is often formed largely from the premaxilla, with the maxilla itself located further back, and an additional bone, the symplectic, linking the jaw to the rest of the cranium.[23]

text: Although the skulls of fossil lobe-finned fish resemble those of the early tetrapods, the same cannot be said of those of the living lungfishes. The skull roof is not fully formed, and consists of multiple, somewhat irregularly shaped bones with no direct relationship to those of tetrapods. The upper jaw is formed from the pterygoids and vomers alone, all of which bear teeth. Much of the skull is formed from cartilage, and its overall structure is reduced.[23]

text: Tetrapods[edit]

text: The skulls of the earliest tetrapods closely resembled those of their ancestors amongst the lobe-finned fishes. The skull roof is formed of a series of plate-like bones, including the maxilla, frontals, parietals, and lacrimals, among others. It is overlaying the endocranium, corresponding to the cartilaginous skull in sharks and rays. The various separate bones that compose the temporal bone of humans are also part of the skull roof series. A further plate composed of four pairs of bones forms the roof of the mouth; these include the vomer and palatine bones. The base of the cranium is formed from a ring of bones surrounding the foramen magnum and a median bone lying further forward; these are homologous with the occipital bone and parts of the sphenoid in mammals. Finally, the lower jaw is composed of multiple bones, only the most anterior of which (the dentary) is homologous with the mammalian mandible.[23]

text: In living tetrapods, a great many of the original bones have either disappeared or fused into one another in various arrangements.

text: Birds[edit]

text: Birds have a diapsid skull, as in reptiles, with a pre-lacrymal fossa (present in some reptiles). The skull has a single occipital condyle.[24] The skull consists of five major bones: the frontal (top of head), parietal (back of head), premaxillary and nasal (top beak), and the mandible (bottom beak). The skull of a normal bird usually weighs about 1% of the bird's total bodyweight. The eye occupies a considerable amount of the skull and is surrounded by a sclerotic eye-ring, a ring of tiny bones. This characteristic is also seen in reptiles.

text: Amphibians[edit]

text: Living amphibians typically have greatly reduced skulls, with many of the bones either absent or wholly or partly replaced by cartilage.[23] In mammals and birds, in particular, modifications of the skull occurred to allow for the expansion of the brain. The fusion between the various bones is especially notable in birds, in which the individual structures may be difficult to identify.

text: Structure[edit]

text: Fenestrae[edit]

text:
The fenestrae (from Latin, meaning windows) are openings in the skull.

Antorbital fenestra
Mandibular fenestra
Quadratojugal fenestra
Subsquamosal fenestra, an opening between two parts of the squamosal bone in some rodents
Temporal fenestra

text: The temporal fenestrae are anatomical features of the skulls of several types of amniotes, characterised by bilaterally symmetrical holes (fenestrae) in the temporal bone. Depending on the lineage of a given animal, two, one, or no pairs of temporal fenestrae may be present, above or below the postorbital and squamosal bones. The upper temporal fenestrae are also known as the supratemporal fenestrae, and the lower temporal fenestrae are also known as the infratemporal fenestrae. The presence and morphology of the temporal fenestra are critical for taxonomic classification of the synapsids, of which mammals are part.

text: Physiological speculation associates it with a rise in metabolic rates and an increase in jaw musculature. The earlier amniotes of the Carboniferous did not have temporal fenestrae but two more advanced lines did: the synapsids (mammal-like reptiles) and the diapsids (most reptiles and later birds). As time progressed, diapsids' and synapsids' temporal fenestrae became more modified and larger to make stronger bites and more jaw muscles. Dinosaurs, which are diapsids, have large advanced openings, and their descendants, the birds, have temporal fenestrae which have been modified. Mammals, which are synapsids, possess no fenestral openings in the skull, as the trait has been modified. They do, though, still have the temporal orbit (which resembles an opening) and the temporal muscles. It is a hole in the head and is situated to the rear of the orbit behind the eye.

text: Classification[edit]

text: There are four types of amniote skull, classified by the number and location of their temporal fenestrae. These are:

text:
Anapsida – no openings
Synapsida – one low opening (beneath the postorbital and squamosal bones)
Euryapsida – one high opening (above the postorbital and squamosal bones); euryapsids actually evolved from a diapsid configuration, losing their lower temporal fenestra.
Diapsida – two openings

text: Evolutionarily, they are related as follows:

text:
Amniota

Class Synapsida

Order Therapsida

Class Mammalia – mammals

(Unranked) Sauropsida – reptiles

Subclass Anapsida
(unranked) Eureptilia

Subclass Diapsida

(unranked) Euryapsida
Class Aves – birds

text: Bones[edit]

text: The jugal is a skull bone found in most reptiles, amphibians, and birds. In mammals, the jugal is often called the zygomatic bone or malar bone.

text: The prefrontal bone is a bone separating the lacrimal and frontal bones in many tetrapod skulls.

text: Terminology[edit]

text:
Chondrocranium, a primitive cartilagionous skeletal structure
Endocranium
Epicranium
Pericranium, a membrane that lines the outer surface of the cranium

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
An elephant skull in Serengeti National Park

A hippopotamus skull

Killer whale skull

German Shepherd

Poodle

Fox

Cat

Camel

text:
A vulture skull

Frontal view of Anatidae skull

Cranium and jaw of Anatidae

text:
King cobra skull

An ichthyosaur skull