document_title: United States Senate elections, 2018

question_text: names of republican senators up for reelection in 2018

question_tokens: names of republican senators up for reelection in 2018

text: United States Senate elections, 2018

text: Partisan composition[edit]

text: Among the 33 Senators up for election in 2018 are 33 Class I Senators up for regular election. These consist of 23 Democrats, 2 independents who caucus with the Senate Democrats, and 8 Republicans. If a Senate vacancy occurs between 2016 and 2018, there may be special elections before or during the 2018 election, depending on state law. The Alabama special election had been scheduled for 2018 but was moved to 2017.

text:
Parties

Total

Democratic
Republican
Independent

Last election (2016)
46
52
2
100

Before this election
46
52
2
100

Not up
23
44
0
67

Class 2 (2014→2020)
11
22
0
33

Class 3 (2016→2022)
12
22
0
34

Up
23
8
2
33

Class 1 (2012→2018)
23
8
2
33

Special: Class 2 & 3
0
0
0
0

Incumbent retiring
0
1
0
0

Incumbent running
23
7
2
32

Intent undeclared
0
0
0
1

text: Change in composition[edit]

text: Before the elections[edit]

text:
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
D10

D20
D19
D18
D17
D16
D15
D14
D13
D12
D11

D21
D22
D23
D24
Running
D25
Running
D26
Running
D27
Running
D28
Running
D29
Running
D30
Running

D40
Running
D39
Running
D38
Running
D37
Running
D36
Running
D35
Running
D34
Running
D33
Running
D32
Running
D31
Running

D41
Running
D42
Running
D43
Running
D44
Running
D45
Running
D46
Running
I1
Running
I2
Running
R52
Retiring
R51
Running

Majority →

R41
R42
R43
R44
R45
Running
R46
Running
R47
Running
R48
Running
R49
Running
R50
Running

R40
R39
R38
R37
R36
R35
R34
R33
R32
R31

R21
R22
R23
R24
R25
R26
R27
R28
R29
R30

R20
R19
R18
R17
R16
R15
R14
R13
R12
R11

R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
R9
R10

text: After the elections[edit]

text:
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
D10

D20
D19
D18
D17
D16
D15
D14
D13
D12
D11

D21
D22
D23
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

Majority →

R41
R42
R43
R44
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

R40
R39
R38
R37
R36
R35
R34
R33
R32
R31

R21
R22
R23
R24
R25
R26
R27
R28
R29
R30

R20
R19
R18
R17
R16
R15
R14
R13
R12
R11

R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
R9
R10

text:
Key:

D#
Democratic

R#
Republican

I#
Independent, caucusing with Democrats[2][3]

text: Most recent election predictions[edit]

text: Democrats are expected to target the Republican-held Senate seats in Nevada and Arizona.[4] Democrats could also target seats in Texas[5] and Utah.[6] Republicans are expected to target Democratic-held seats in Indiana, Missouri, Montana, North Dakota, and West Virginia, all of which voted for Mitt Romney in the 2012 election and Donald Trump in the 2016 election,[7] as well as seats in Florida, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Michigan, all of which voted for Donald Trump in the 2016 election.[8] Republicans could also target seats in Virginia, Maine, and New Jersey.[4] Other races may also become competitive.

text:
State
PVI[9]
Incumbent
2012
result
Cook
Aug 17,
2017[10]
Roth.
September 15,
2017[11]
Sabato
August 24,
2017[12]

Arizona
105 !R+5
Flake, JeffJeff Flake (R)
049 !49% R
102 !Lean R
101 !Tilt R
100 !Tossup

California
088 !D+12
Feinstein, DianneDianne Feinstein (D)
037 !63% D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D

Connecticut
094 !D+6
Murphy, ChrisChris Murphy (D)
045 !55% D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D

Delaware
094 !D+6
Carper, TomTom Carper (D)
034 !66% D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D

Florida
102 !R+2
Nelson, BillBill Nelson (D)
045 !55% D
098 !Lean D
099 !Tilt D
098 !Lean D

Hawaii
082 !D+18
Hirono, MazieMazie Hirono (D)
047 !63% D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D

Indiana
109 !R+9
Donnelly, JoeJoe Donnelly (D)
050 !50% D
100 !Tossup
100 !Tossup
100 !Tossup

Maine
097 !D+3
King, AngusAngus King (I)
047 !53% I
098 !Lean D/I
096 !Safe D/I
097 !Likely D/I

Maryland
088 !D+12
Cardin, BenBen Cardin (D)
045 !55% D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D

Massachusetts
088 !D+12
Warren, ElizabethElizabeth Warren (D)
046 !54% D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D

Michigan
099 !D+1
Stabenow, DebbieDebbie Stabenow (D)
041 !59% D
097 !Likely D
096 !Safe D
097 !Likely D

Minnesota
099 !D+1
Klobuchar, AmyAmy Klobuchar (D)
035 !65% D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D

Mississippi
109 !R+9
Wicker, RogerRoger Wicker (R)
057 !57% R
104 !Safe R
104 !Safe R
104 !Safe R

Missouri
109 !R+9
McCaskill, ClaireClaire McCaskill (D)
045 !55% D
100 !Tossup
100 !Tossup
100 !Tossup

Montana
111 !R+11
Tester, JonJon Tester (D)
051 !49% D
097 !Likely D
099 !Tilt D
098 !Lean D

Nebraska
114 !R+14
Fischer, DebDeb Fischer (R)
056 !56% R
104 !Safe R
104 !Safe R
104 !Safe R

Nevada
099 !D+1
Heller, DeanDean Heller (R)
046 !46% R
100 !Tossup
100 !Tossup
100 !Tossup

New Jersey
093 !D+7
Menendez, BobBob Menendez (D)
041 !59% D
097 !Likely D
096 !Safe D
097 !Likely D

New Mexico
097 !D+3
Heinrich, MartinMartin Heinrich (D)
049 !51% D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D

New York
089 !D+12
Gillibrand, KirstenKirsten Gillibrand (D)
028 !72% D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D

North Dakota
116 !R+17
Heitkamp, HeidiHeidi Heitkamp (D)
050 !50% D
098 !Lean D
100 !Tossup
098 !Lean D

Ohio
103 !R+3
Brown, SherrodSherrod Brown (D)
049 !51% D
098 !Lean D
098 !Lean D
098 !Lean D

Pennsylvania
100 !EVEN
Casey Jr., BobBob Casey Jr. (D)
046 !54% D
097 !Likely D
098 !Lean D
097 !Likely D

Rhode Island
090 !D+10
Whitehouse, SheldonSheldon Whitehouse (D)
036 !64% D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D

Tennessee
114 !R+14
Corker, BobBob Corker (R)
065 !65% R
104 !Safe R
104 !Safe R
104 !Safe R

Texas
108 !R+8
Cruz, TedTed Cruz (R)
057 !57% R
104 !Safe R
104 !Safe R
103 !Likely R

Utah
120 !R+20
Hatch, OrrinOrrin Hatch (R)
065 !65% R
104 !Safe R
104 !Safe R
104 !Safe R

Vermont
085 !D+15
Sanders, BernieBernie Sanders (I)
029 !71% I
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D/I

Virginia
099 !D+1
Kaine, TimTim Kaine (D)
047 !53% D
097 !Likely D
097 !Likely D
097 !Likely D

Washington
093 !D+7
Cantwell, MariaMaria Cantwell (D)
049 !61% D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D
096 !Safe D

West Virginia
120 !R+19
Manchin, JoeJoe Manchin (D)
049 !61% D
100 !Tossup
100 !Tossup
098 !Lean D

Wisconsin
100 !EVEN
Baldwin, TammyTammy Baldwin (D)
049 !51% D
097 !Likely D
099 !Tilt D
098 !Lean D

Wyoming
125 !R+25
Barrasso, JohnJohn Barrasso (R)
076 !76% R
104 !Safe R
104 !Safe R
104 !Safe R

text: Race summaries[edit]

text: In these general elections, the winners will be elected for the term beginning January 2019.

text: All of the elections involved the Class 1 seats; ordered by state.

text:
State
(linked to
summaries below)
Incumbent
Intent / Results
Candidates
(listed alphabetically)

Senator
Party
Electoral history

Arizona
Flake, JeffJeff Flake
Republican
2012
Incumbent running
Deedra Abboud (Democratic)[13]
Jeff Flake (Republican)[14]
Doug Marks (Libertarian)[15]
Jim Moss (Democratic)[16]
Chris Russell (Democratic)[17]
Richard Sherzan (Democratic)[18]
Nicolas Tutora (Republican)[19]
Kelli Ward (Republican)[20]

California
Feinstein, DianneDianne Feinstein
Democratic
1992 (special)
1994
2000
2006
2012
Incumbent running
Donald R. Adams (Independent)[21]
Topher Brennan (Democratic)[22]
Jerry Leon Carroll (Independent)[23]
Michael Eisen (Independent)[24]
Dianne Feinstein (Democratic)[25]
Tim Gildersleeve (Independent)[26]
Eugene Patterson Harris (Democratic)[27]
David Hildebrand (Democratic)[28]
Charles Junior Hodge (Independent)[29]
Timothy Charles Kalemkarian (Republican)[30]
Caren Lancona (Republican)[31]
Richard Thomas Mead (Independent)[32]
John Melendez (Democratic)[33]
Douglas Howard Pierce (Democratic)[34]
Joseph Sandberg[35]
Stephen James Schrader (Republican)[36]
Steve Stokes (Democratic)[37]

Connecticut
Murphy, ChrisChris Murphy
Democratic
2012
Incumbent running
Ann-Marie Adams (Democratic)[38]
Matthew Corey (Republican)[39]
Chris Murphy (Democratic)[40]
Dominic Rapini (Republican)[41]

Delaware
Carper, TomTom Carper
Democratic
2000
2006
2012
Incumbent running
Tom Carper (Democratic)[42]
Chuck Boyce (Republican)[43]

Florida
Nelson, BillBill Nelson
Democratic
2000
2006
2012
Incumbent running
Joe Allen (Independent)[44]
Lateresa Ann Jones (Republican)[45]
Edward Janowski (Independent)[44]
Tamika Lyles (Democratic)[46]
Bill Nelson (Democratic)[47]
Marcia Roberta Thorne (Republican)[48]
Joe Wendt (Libertarian)[44]

Hawaii
Hirono, MazieMazie Hirono
Democratic
2012
Incumbent running
Mazie Hirono (Democratic)[49]

Indiana
Donnelly, JoeJoe Donnelly
Democratic
2012
Incumbent running
Mike Braun (Republican)[50]
Joe Donnelly (Democratic)[51]
Terry Henderson (Republican)[52]
Mark Hurt (Republican)[53]
Luke Messer (Republican)[54]
Todd Rokita (Republican)[55]
Kiel Richard Stone (Republican)[56]
Andrew Takami (Republican)[57]
Andrew U. D. Straw (Disability Party)[58]

Maine
King, AngusAngus King
Independent
2012
Incumbent running
Angus King (Independent)[59]
Eric Brakey (Republican)[60]

Maryland
Cardin, BenBen Cardin
Democratic
2006
2012
Incumbent running
Ben Cardin (Democratic)[61]
Sam Faddis (Republican)[62]
Richard "Rikki" Vaughn (Democratic)[63]
Debbie "Rica" Wilson (Democratic}[63]

Massachusetts
Warren, ElizabethElizabeth Warren
Democratic
2012
Incumbent running
Elizabeth Warren (Democratic)[64]
Shiva Ayyadurai (Republican)[65]
Geoff Diehl (Republican)[66]
Mary Lindstrom (Republican)[67]
Darius Mitchell (Republican)[68]
Allen Waters (Republican)[69]
Heidi Wellman (Republican)[70]
James Devine (Independent)[71]
Joshua Ford (Independent)[72]

Michigan
Stabenow, DebbieDebbie Stabenow
Democratic
2000
2006
2012
Incumbent running
John James (Republican)[73]
Robert P. Young Jr. (Republican)[74]
Craig Allen Smith (Democratic)[75]
Debbie Stabenow (Democratic)[76]
Marcia Squier (independent)[77]

Minnesota
Klobuchar, AmyAmy Klobuchar
Democratic
2006
2012
Incumbent running
Amy Klobuchar (Democratic)[78]
Jim Newberger (Republican)[79]

Mississippi
Wicker, RogerRoger Wicker
Republican
2007 (appointed)
2008 (special)
2012
Incumbent running
Jensen Bohren (Democratic)[80]
Roger Wicker (Republican)[81]

Missouri
McCaskill, ClaireClaire McCaskill
Democratic
2006
2012
Incumbent running
Angelica Earl (Democratic)[82]
Claire McCaskill (Democratic)[83]
Tony Monetti (Republican)[84]
Austin Petersen (Republican)[85]

Montana
Tester, JonJon Tester
Democratic
2006
2012
Incumbent running
Troy Downing (Republican)[86]
Ron Murray (Republican)[87]
Albert Olszewski (Republican)[88]
Matthew Rosendale (Republican)[89]
Jon Tester (Democratic)[90]

Nebraska
Fischer, DebDeb Fischer
Republican
2012
Incumbent running
Deb Fischer (Republican)[91]
Larry Marvin (Democratic)[92]
Jane Raybould (Democratic)[93]

Nevada
Heller, DeanDean Heller
Republican
2011 (appointed)
2012
Incumbent running
Jay Craddock (Democratic) [94]
Dean Heller (Republican)[95]
Bobby Mahendra (Democratic)[96]
Jacky Rosen (Democratic)[97]
Jesse Sbaih (Democratic)[98]
Danny Tarkanian (Republican)[99]

New Jersey
Menendez, BobBob Menendez
Democratic
2006 (appointed)
2006
2012
Incumbent running
Lisa McCormick (Democratic)[100]
Bob Menendez (Democratic)[101]
Sean A. Thom (Democratic)[102]

New Mexico
Heinrich, MartinMartin Heinrich
Democratic
2012
Incumbent running
Martin Heinrich (Democratic)[103]
Mick Rich (Republican)[104]

New York
Gillibrand, KirstenKirsten Gillibrand
Democratic
2009 (appointed)
2010 (special)
2012
Incumbent running
Kirsten Gillibrand (Democratic)[105]
Rafael Arden Jones Sr. (Republican)[106]
David A. Webber (Republican)[107]

North Dakota
Heitkamp, HeidiHeidi Heitkamp
Democratic
2012
Incumbent running
Tom Campbell (Republican)[108]
Heidi Heitkamp (Democratic)[109]
Dustin Peyer (Democratic)[110]

Ohio
Brown, SherrodSherrod Brown
Democratic
2006
2012
Incumbent running
Melissa Ackison (Republican)[111]
Sherrod Brown (Democratic)[112]
Don Elijah Eckhart (Republican)[113]
Michael Gibbons (Republican)[114]
Josh Mandel (Republican)[115]

Pennsylvania
Casey Jr., BobBob Casey Jr.
Democratic
2006
2012
Incumbent running
Paul Addis (Republican)[116]
Cynthia Ayers (Republican)[117]
Lou Barletta (Republican)[118]
Jeff Bartos (Republican)[119]
Bob Casey Jr. (Democratic)[120]
Jim Christiana (Republican)[121]
Paul DeLong (Republican)[122]
Dale Kerns (Libertarian)[123]
Bobby Lawrence (Republican)[124]
Rick Saccone (Republican)[125]
Andrew Shecktor (Republican)[126]

Rhode Island
Whitehouse, SheldonSheldon Whitehouse
Democratic
2006
2012
Incumbent running
Robert Flanders (Republican)[127]
Robert Nardolillo (Republican)[128]
Sheldon Whitehouse (Democratic)[129]

Tennessee
Corker, BobBob Corker
Republican
2006
2012
Incumbent retiring
Bill Bailey (Democratic)[130]
Larry Crim (Republican)[131]
James Mackler (Democratic)[132]

Texas
Cruz, TedTed Cruz
Republican
2012
Incumbent running
Ted Cruz (Republican)[133]
Stefano de Stefano (Republican)[134]
Aaron Gwaltney (Independent)[135]
Irasema Hernandez (Democratic)[136]
Dan McQueen (Republican)[137]
Beto O'Rourke (Democratic)[138]
Dustin Ray Webb (Democratic)[139]

Utah
Hatch, OrrinOrrin Hatch
Republican
1976
1982
1988
1994
2000
2006
2012
Incumbent running
Orrin Hatch (Republican)[140]
Danny Drew (Democratic)[141]
Mitchell Kent Vice (Democratic)[142]
Jenny Wilson (Democratic) [143]
Craig Bowden (Libertarian)[144]

Vermont
Sanders, BernieBernie Sanders
Independent
2006
2012
Incumbent running
Bernie Sanders (Independent)[145]
Jon Svitavsky (Democratic)[146]
Folasade Adeluola (Democratic)[146]

Virginia
Kaine, TimTim Kaine
Democratic
2012
Incumbent running
Tim Kaine (Democratic)[147]
Corey Stewart (Republican)[148]
Ron Wallace (Republican)[149][150]

Washington
Cantwell, MariaMaria Cantwell
Democratic
2000
2006
2012
Incumbent running
Maria Cantwell (Democratic)[151]
Jennifer "GiGi" Ferguson (Democratic)[152]
Clay Johnson (Independent)[153]

West Virginia
Manchin, JoeJoe Manchin
Democratic
2010 (special)
2012
Incumbent running
Bo Copley (Republican)[154]
Scott Ernst (Republican)[155][156]
Evan Jenkins (Republican)[157]
Joe Manchin (Democratic)[158]
Patrick Morrisey (Republican)[159]
Paula Jean Swearengin (Democratic)[160]

Wisconsin
Baldwin, TammyTammy Baldwin
Democratic
2012
Incumbent running
Tammy Baldwin (Democratic)[161]
Kevin Nicholson (Republican)[162]
John Schiess (Republican)[163]
Leah Vukmir (Republican)[164]
Mary Jo Walters (Democratic)[165]

Wyoming
Barrasso, JohnJohn Barrasso
Republican
2007 (appointed)
2008 (special)
2012
Incumbent running
John Barrasso (Republican)[166]

State
Senator
Party
Electoral
history
Intent / Results
Candidates

Incumbent

text: Complete list of races[edit]

text: Thirty-three seats are up for election in 2018:

text:
Twenty-two Democrats are running for re-election.
One Democrat may seek re-election.
Two independents are running for re-election.
Seven Republicans are running for re-election.
One Republican may seek re-election.

tag: ul

text: Arizona[edit]

text: One-term Republican Senator Jeff Flake was elected with 49% of the vote in 2012. He will be 55 years old in 2018. He is running.[14]

text: Former state senator Kelli Ward[20] and pharmacist Nicolas Tutora[19][167] are challenging Flake in the Republican primary.

text: Deedra Abboud,[13] Jim Moss,[16] Chris Russell,[17] and Richard Sherzan[18] are running for the Democratic nomination.

text: California[edit]

text: Four-term Democratic Senator Dianne Feinstein won a special election in 1992 and was elected to full terms in 1994, 2000, 2006, and 2012. She will be 85 years old in 2018. She is running for re-election.[25]

text: Democrats challenging Dianne Feinstein include Topher Brennan,[22] Eugene Patterson Harris,[27] David Hildebrand,[168][28] John "Stuttering John" Melendez,[33] Douglas Howard Pierce,[34], Joseph Sandberg,[35] and 2016 candidate Steve Stokes.[37]

text: Republican candidates include Timothy Charles Kalemkarian,[169] Caren Lancona,[170] and Stephen James Schrader.[171]

text: Independent candidates include biologist Michael Eisen,[24] Donald R. Adams,[21] Jerry Leon Carroll,[23] Tim Gildersleeve,[26] Charles Junior Hodge,[29] and Richard Thomas Mead.[32]

text: Connecticut[edit]

text: One-term Democratic Senator Chris Murphy was elected with 55% of the vote in 2012. He will be 45 years old in 2018. He is running for reelection.[40] He is being challenged for the Democratic nomination by Ann-Marie Adams.[38]

text: Businessmen Matthew Corey[39] and Dominic Rapini[41] are seeking the Republican nomination.

text: Delaware[edit]

text: Three-term Democratic Senator Tom Carper won re-election with 66% of the vote in 2012. He will be 71 years old in 2018. He announced he was running for re-election during an interview on MSNBC on July 24, 2017.[42]

text: Businessman Chuck Boyce is running for the Republican nomination.[43]

text: Florida[edit]

text: Three-term Democratic Senator Bill Nelson was re-elected with 55% of the vote in 2012. Nelson will be 76 years old in 2018. He has strongly hinted he will seek re-election to a fourth term in office.[172][47] He is being challenged for the Democratic nomination by Tamika Lyles.[46]

text: Latersa Ann Jones[45] and Marcia Roberta Thorne[48] are running for the Republican nomination. Florida Governor Rick Scott is seen as potential Republican candidate to challenge Nelson. Scott will be 65 years old in 2018. First elected in 2010 and re-elected in 2014, Scott's term as Governor of Florida is set to end by January 2019, due to term limits.[173]

text: Joe Wendt is seeking the Libertarian Party nomination, while Joe Allen and Edward Janowski are running as independents.[44]

text: Hawaii[edit]

text: One-term Democratic Senator Mazie Hirono was elected with 63% of the vote in 2012. She will be 71 years old in 2018.

text: Indiana[edit]

text: One-term Democratic Senator Joe Donnelly was elected with 50.04% of the vote in 2012. He will be 63 years old in 2018. He is running.[51]

text: Congressmen Luke Messer[54] and Todd Rokita,[55] State Representative Mike Braun,[50] attorney Mark Hurt,[53][174][175] director of Purdue Polytechnic Institute Andrew Takami,[57] Kiel Richard Stone,[56] and Terry Henderson[52] are running for the Republican nomination.

text: Disability Party candidate Andrew U. D. Straw has registered his campaign officially with the Secretary of the U.S. Senate.[176] Straw has run for U.S. House twice on disability platforms, once in Indiana's Second District and once in Illinois' Eighth District.[177]

text: Maine[edit]

text: One-term Independent Senator Angus King was elected in a three-way race with 53% of the vote in 2012. King has caucused with the Democratic Party since taking office in 2013, but he has left open the possibility of caucusing with the Republican Party in the future.[178] This Senate election is scheduled to be the first in Maine to be conducted with ranked choice voting, as opposed to a simple plurality, after voters passed a citizen referendum approving the change in 2016.[179] An advisory opinion by the Maine Supreme Judicial Court holding that ranked choice voting would be unconstitutional only affects state office elections, but some legislators seek to repeal the measure in full.[180][181]

text: King has indicated he will seek reelection.[182] [59] He will be 74 years old in 2018.

text: State Senator Eric Brakey is running for the Republican nomination.[60]

text: Maryland[edit]

text: Two-term Democratic Senator Ben Cardin was re-elected with 56% of the vote in 2012. He will be 75 years old in 2018. He is running.[183] He is being challenged in the Democratic primary by Richard "Rikki" Vaughn and Debbie "Rica" Wilson.[63]

text: Sam Faddis is seeking the Republican nomination.[62]

text: Massachusetts[edit]

text: One-term Democratic Senator Elizabeth Warren was elected with 54% of the vote in 2012. She will be 69 years old in 2018. She is running.[64]

text: State Representative Geoff Diehl,[66] Shiva Ayyadurai,[65] former Romney aide Mary Lindstrom,[67] Darius Mitchell,[68] Allen Waters,[69] and Heidi Wellman[70] are running for the Republican nomination.

text: John Devine[71] and Joshua Ford[72] are running as independents.

text: Michigan[edit]

text: Three-term Democratic Senator Debbie Stabenow was re-elected with 59% of the vote in 2012. She will be 68 years old in 2018. She is running.[76] She is being challenged in the Democratic primary by Craig Allen Smith.[75]

text: On the Republican side, businessman John James[184] and retired Michigan Supreme Court chief justice Robert P. Young Jr. are running.[185]

text: Independent candidate Marcia Squier is also running.[186]

text: Minnesota[edit]

text: Two-term Democratic Senator Amy Klobuchar was re-elected with 65% of the vote in 2012. She will be 58 years old in 2018. She is running.[78]

text: State Representative Jim Newberger[79] is running for the Republican nomination.

text: Mississippi[edit]

text: One-term Republican Senator Roger Wicker won re-election with 57% of the vote in 2012. He was appointed in 2007 and won a special election in 2008 to serve the remainder of Trent Lott's term. He will be 67 years old in 2018. He is running.[81]

text: Jensen Bohren[80] is seeking the Democratic nomination.

text: Missouri[edit]

text: Two-term Democratic Senator Claire McCaskill was re-elected with 55% of the vote in 2012. She will be 65 years old in 2018. She is running.[83] She is being challenged in the Democratic primary by Angelica Earl.[82]

text: Libertarian presidential candidate in 2016 Austin Petersen[85] and assistant dean of aviation at University of Central Missouri Tony Monetti[84] are running for the Republican nomination.

text: Montana[edit]

text: Two-term Democratic Senator Jon Tester was re-elected with 49% of the vote in 2012. He will be 62 years old in 2018. He is running.[90]

text: State Auditor Matthew Rosendale,[89][187] State Senator Albert Olszewski,[88] Troy Downing,[86] and Ron Murray[87] are running for the Republican nomination. State Secretary of State Corey Stapleton is also a potential Republican candidate.[188] Ryan Zinke resigned from the House of Representatives to become United States Secretary of the Interior. He could step down from that position to run for the Senate seat.

text: Nebraska[edit]

text: One-term Republican Senator Deb Fischer was elected with 56% of the vote in 2012. She will be 67 years old in 2018. She is running.[91]

text: Larry Marvin, who was a candidate in 2008, 2012, and 2014,[92] and Lincoln Councilwoman Jane Raybould[93] are running for the Democratic nomination.

text: Nevada[edit]

text: One-term Republican Senator Dean Heller was elected with 46% of the vote in 2012. He had been appointed to the seat in 2011. He will be 58 years old in 2018. Heller considered running for governor, but has since chosen to seek reelection.[189][190][95] Danny Tarkanian is challenging Heller in the Republican primary.[99]

text: Representative Jacky Rosen,[97] Jay Craddock,[94] Sujeet "Bobby" Narendra Mahendra,[96] [2] and Jesse Sbaih[98] are running for the Democratic nomination.

text: New Jersey[edit]

text: Two-term Democratic Senator Bob Menendez was re-elected with 59% of the vote in 2012. Menendez was originally appointed to the seat in January 2006. He will be 64 years old in 2018. He is running.[101]

text: Democrat Sean A. Thom is running.[102]

text: New Mexico[edit]

text: One-term Democratic Senator Martin Heinrich was elected with 51% of the vote in 2012. He will be 47 years old in 2018. He is running.[103]

text: Mick Rich is seeking the Republican nomination.[104]

text: New York[edit]

text: One-term Democratic Senator Kirsten Gillibrand was elected with 72% of the vote in 2012. She had previously been appointed to the seat in 2009, and won a special election to remain in office in 2010. She will be 51 years old in 2018. She is running.[105]

text: Former United States Ambassador to Japan Caroline Kennedy, daughter of former President John F. Kennedy[191] is reportedly considering running as a Democrat, 9 years after declining to replace Hillary Clinton's vacant seat after becoming U.S. Secretary of State.

text: Rafael Arden Jones Sr.[106] and David A. Webber[107] are running for the Republican nomination.

text: North Dakota[edit]

text: One-term Democratic Senator Heidi Heitkamp was elected with 50% of the vote in 2012. She will be 63 years old in 2018. She is running.[109]

text: Dustin Peyer is running for the Democratic nomination.[110]

text: State Senator Tom Campbell[108] is running for the Republican nomination.

text: Ohio[edit]

text: Two-term Democratic Senator Sherrod Brown was re-elected with 51% of the vote in 2012. He will be 65 years old in 2018. He is running.[112]

text: Ohio State Treasurer Josh Mandel[115], investment banker Michael Gibbons[114], businesswoman Melissa Ackison[111] and Don Elijah Eckhart[113] are running for the Republican nomination.

text: Pennsylvania[edit]

text: Two-term Democratic Senator Bob Casey Jr. was re-elected with 54% of the vote in 2012. He will be 58 years old in 2018. He is running.[120]

text: Republican candidates include U.S. Representative Lou Barletta,[118] Pennsylvania House of Representatives members Rick Saccone[125] and Jim Christiana,[121] Berwick councilman Andrew Shecktor,[126] Paul Addis,[116] Cynthia Ayers,[117] Jeff Bartos,[119] Paul DeLong,[122] and Robert "Bobby" Lawrence.[124]

text: In addition, Libertarian candidate Dale Kerns has announced his candidacy for this seat.

text: Rhode Island[edit]

text: Two-term Democratic Senator Sheldon Whitehouse was reelected with 64% of the vote in 2012. He will be 63 years old in 2018. He is running.[129]

text: State Representative Robert Nardolillo[128] and former Rhode Island Supreme Court Associate Justice Robert Flanders[127] are running for the Republican nomination.

text: Tennessee[edit]

text: Two-term Republican Senator Bob Corker was re-elected with 65% of the vote in 2012. He will be 66 years old in 2018. Senator Corker has filed his Statement of Candidacy with the Secretary of the U.S. Senate to run for reelection,[192] but on September 26, 2017, Senator Corker announced his intent to retire.[193]

text: Larry Crim, a perennial candidate who ran as a Democrat in 2012 and 2014, is running for the Republican nomination.[131]

text: Bill Bailey[130] and James Mackler[132] are seeking the Democratic nomination.

text: Texas[edit]

text: One-term Republican Senator Ted Cruz was elected with 57% of the vote in 2012. He will be 48 years old in 2018. He is running.[133][194]

text: Houston energy attorney Stefano de Stefano[134] and former mayor of Corpus Christi Dan McQueen[137] are also seeking the Republican nomination.

text: U.S. Representative Beto O'Rourke is seeking the Democratic nomination.[195] Other Democrats who are running include Irasema Ramirez Hernandez[136] and Dustin Ray Webb.[139]

text: Aaron Gwaltney is running as an independent.[135][196]

text: Utah[edit]

text: Seven-term Republican Senator Orrin Hatch was re-elected with 65% of the vote in 2012. Hatch is the President pro tempore of the United States Senate, as well as the second most-senior Senator. He will be 84 years old in 2018. Before the 2012 election, Hatch said that he would retire at the end of his seventh term if he was re-elected.[197] However he has since "left the door ajar", but denied that he had changed his mind until March 9, 2017, when he announced his re-election campaign.[140][198]

text: Professor James Singer was running for the Democratic nomination, but he dropped out and endorsed Salt Lake County Councilwoman Jenny Wilson, who made her Senate bid official on July 17, 2017. [199][200][143] Danny Drew[141] and Mitchell Kent Vice[142] are also running for the Democratic nomination.

text: Craig Bowden is running for the Libertarians.[144]

text: Vermont[edit]

text: Two-term Independent Senator Bernie Sanders was re-elected with 71% of the vote in 2012. Sanders, one of two independent members of Congress, has caucused with the Democratic Party since taking office in 2007. In November 2015, Sanders announced his plans to run as a Democrat rather than an Independent in all future elections. He will be 77 years old in 2018.[201] On July 28, 2016, Sanders announced he would return to the Senate as an Independent and two days later in an interview on Real Time with Bill Maher that he would run for re-election.[145]

text: In 2016, activist and journalist Al Giordano stated his intention to challenge Sanders for the Democratic nomination to protest Sanders's 2016 presidential campaign, which Giordano claims has divided the Democratic Party.[202][203][204] In 2017, however, Giordano announced he would not run for the seat. [205]

text: Virginia[edit]

text: One-term Democratic Senator Tim Kaine was elected with 53% of the vote in 2012. He will be 60 years old in 2018. He is running.[206][147]

text: Prince William County Supervisor Corey Stewart[148] and Ron Wallace are seeking the Republican nomination.[149][150]

text: Washington[edit]

text: Three-term Democratic Senator Maria Cantwell was re-elected with 61% of the vote in 2012. She will be 60 years old in 2018. She is running.[151]

text: Jennifer "GiGi" Ferguson is running.[152]

text: West Virginia[edit]

text: One-term Democratic Senator Joe Manchin was elected with 61% of the vote in 2012. He originally won the seat in a 2010 special election. He will be 71 years old in 2018. Manchin is running for re-election. Environmental activist Paula Jean Swearengin is also running for the Democratic nomination.[158][207]

text: Representative Evan Jenkins,[157] West Virginia Attorney General Patrick Morrisey,[159] coal miner Bo Copley,[154] and Scott Ernst[155][208] are running for the Republican nomination.

text: Wisconsin[edit]

text: One-term Democratic Senator Tammy Baldwin was elected with 51% of the vote in 2012. She will be 56 years old in 2018. She is running.[161] Mary Jo Walters, a Democratic candidate for Lieutenant Governor in the 2014 primary,[209] and later that year a write-in candidate for Governor[210] is also seeking the Democratic nomination.[165]

text: Businessman and member of Wisconsin Board of Veterans Affairs Kevin Nicholson[162] and John Schiess[163] are running for the Republican nomination.

text: Wyoming[edit]

text: One-term Republican Senator John Barrasso was elected with 76% of the vote in 2012. Barrasso was appointed to the seat in 2007, and won a special election in 2008. He will be 66 years old in 2018. He is running.[166]


document_title: Helena (A Midsummer Night's Dream)

question_text: who loves helena in a midsummer night's dream

question_tokens: who loves helena in a midsummer night 's dream

root

text: Helena (A Midsummer Night's Dream)

text:
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tag: table

text:
Helena
A Midsummer Night's Dream character
Washington Allston's 1818 painting Hermia and Helena.Created by
William ShakespeareDate(s)
Shakespearean times

text: Helena is a fictional character and one of the four young lovers – Demetrius, Lysander, Hermia and Helena – featured in William Shakespeare's play A Midsummer Night's Dream.

tag: p

text: She is the daughter of Nedar, and a friend of Hermia (with whom she often compares herself). Prior to the play's beginning, she is betrothed to the nobleman Demetrius but is jilted when his affections turn to Hermia. Despite this, Helena's abiding love for Demetrius remains consistent throughout the play. Hermia and her suitor, Lysander, confide in Helena that they plan to elope. In the hopes that she will gain back some of his respect, Helena tells Demetrius of Hermia and Lysander's plans and, the next night, they follow the escaping lovers into the forest.

text: Though Demetrius is deliberately cruel towards her, Helena remains intent in her devotion. Her ardor catches the attention of Oberon, who commands that Puck enchant Demetrius so that he will fall back in love with Helena. When Puck mistakenly enchants a sleeping Lysander instead, Lysander wakes and falls instantly in love with Helena. He pursues a shocked and hurt Helena, deserting a sleeping Hermia. Oberon, trying to correct Puck's error, then puts the potion on Demetrius. Confused by the two men's change in behaviour, Helena concludes that the other three lovers have banded together to ridicule her. Helena is left confused and hurt by how cruel and unkind her closest friend and her two suitors have become.  In the scene's climax, she and Hermia nearly come to blows while the two men set out to kill one another to prove who is more worthy of Helena's affections.

text: Oberon commands Puck to correct the enchantment placed on Lysander. Separated by Oberon's command and Puck's magic, and with dawn approaching, the lovers each go sleep again. Puck crushes another herb into Lysander's eyes, negating the effect of the first one. When the lovers are discovered in the morning by a hunting Theseus, Hippolyta, and Egeus, all is put to rights. Demetrius claims that a metaphorical 'sickness' made him love Hermia, but in health, his love has returned to Helena. The lovers are married in a joint ceremony with Theseus and Hippolyta (offstage) and together watch the play put on by the Mechanicals in honor of the marriages.

text: While not the only protagonist of A Midsummer Night's Dream, Helena is one of its most talkative characters.[1] Her dialogue provides key insight for the audience into humanist beliefs on the nature of love and the process of falling in love. It is her honest, unrequited love that convinces Oberon to meddle with the lovers, and her pain in being "tricked" by her friends (she thinks) that convinces Oberon to restore everyone.

text: Helena is never criticised for her unrequited love for Demetrius; her constancy is seen by other characters as a great virtue, compared to his fickle nature. She also demonstrates great platonic love and sisterly devotion to Hermia. Within the cast of the lovers, her role is comparable to Lysander's. Both are more outwardly romantic and thoughtful than their partners, and both speak those lines most pertinent to the play's themes of romantic maturity and the source of lasting love. While Lysander says, 'the course of true love ne'er did run smooth', Helena's speech in Act I includes the well-known quote: "Love looks not with the eyes, but with the mind; And therefore is wing'd Cupid painted blind."

text: Her name is reminiscent of Helen of Troy, a reference made by Theseus towards the play's end, and her character is similar to another of Shakespeare's Helenas in All's Well That Ends Well.

text:
Helena's character was portrayed in movies by famous actresses like Jean Muir in Max Reinhardt's and William Dieterle's 1935 version, by Vanessa Redgrave in Peter Hall's 1959 TV movie, by Diana Rigg in Hall's second adaptation in 1968, by Claude Jade in Jean-Christophe Averty's famous 1969 French adaptation and by Calista Flockhart in the 1999 film directed by Michael Hoffman.
[2]


document_title: List of Seattle Mariners seasons

question_text: when is the last time the mariners made the playoffs

text: List of Seattle Mariners seasons

text: Table Key[edit]

text:
ALDS

American League Division Series

ALCS

American League Championship Series

MVP

Most Valuable Player Award

CYA

Cy Young Award

ROY

Rookie of the Year Award

MOY

Manager of the Year Award

CB POY

Comeback Player of the Year Award

WS MVP

World Series Most Valuable Player Award

text: Regular season results[edit]

text:
World Series champions †
AL champions *
Division champions ^
Wild card berth (1995–present) ¤

text:
MLB
season
Team
season
Level
League
Division
Finish
Wins
Losses
Win%
GB
Post-season
Awards

1977
1977
MLB
AL
West
6th
64
98
.395
38
—
—

1978
1978
MLB
AL
West
7th
56
104
.350
35
—
—

1979
1979
MLB
AL
West
6th
67
95
.414
21
—
—

1980
1980[a]
MLB
AL
West
7th
59
103
.364
38
—
—

1981[b]
1981[a]
MLB
AL
West
6th
44
65
.404
20
—
—

1982
1982
MLB
AL
West
4th
76
86
.469
17
—
—

1983
1983
MLB
AL
West
7th
60
102
.370
39
—
—

1984
1984
MLB
AL
West
5th
74
88
.457
10
—
Alvin Davis (ROY)[3]

1985
1985
MLB
AL
West
6th
74
88
.457
17
—
—

1986
1986
MLB
AL
West
7th
67
95
.414
25
—
—

1987
1987
MLB
AL
West
4th
78
84
.481
7
—
—

1988
1988
MLB
AL
West
7th
68
93
.422
35
—
—

1989
1989
MLB
AL
West
6th
73
89
.451
26
—
—

1990
1990
MLB
AL
West
5th
77
85
.475
26
—
—

1991
1991
MLB
AL
West
5th
83
79
.512
12
—
—

1992
1992
MLB
AL
West
7th
64
98
.395
32
—
—

1993
1993
MLB
AL
West
4th
82
80
.506
12
—
—

1994
1994
MLB
AL
West
3rd
49
63
.438
2
Playoffs cancelled[c]
—

1995
1995
MLB
AL
West ^
1st
79
66
.545
—
Won ALDS (Yankees) 3–2
Lost ALCS (Indians) 4–2[4]
Randy Johnson (CYA)[3]
Lou Piniella (MOY)[3]

1996
1996
MLB
AL
West
2nd
85
76
.528
4½
—
—

1997
1997
MLB
AL
West ^
1st
90
72
.556
—
Lost ALDS (Orioles) 3–1[5]
Ken Griffey, Jr. (MVP)[3]

1998
1998
MLB
AL
West
3rd
76
85
.472
11½
—
—

1999
1999
MLB
AL
West
3rd
79
83
.488
16
—
—

2000
2000
MLB
AL
West
2nd ¤
91
71
.562
½
Won ALDS (White Sox) 3–0
Lost ALCS (Yankees) 4–2[6]
Kazuhiro Sasaki (ROY)[3]

2001
2001
MLB
AL
West ^
1st
116[d]
46
.716
—
Won ALDS (Indians) 3–2
Lost ALCS (Yankees) 4–1[7]
Ichiro Suzuki (MVP, ROY)[3]
Lou Piniella (MOY)[3]

2002
2002
MLB
AL
West
3rd
93
69
.574
10
—
—

2003
2003
MLB
AL
West
2nd
93
69
.574
3
—
—

2004
2004
MLB
AL
West
4th
63
99
.389
29
—
—

2005
2005
MLB
AL
West
4th
69
93
.426
26
—
—

2006
2006
MLB
AL
West
4th
78
84
.481
15
—
—

2007
2007
MLB
AL
West
2nd
88
74
.543
6
—
—

2008
2008
MLB
AL
West
4th
61
101
.377
39
—
—

2009
2009
MLB
AL
West
3rd
85
77
.525
12
—
—

2010
2010
MLB
AL
West
4th
61
101
.377
29
—
Félix Hernández (CYA)[8]

2011
2011
MLB
AL
West
4th
67
95
.414
29
—
—

2012
2012
MLB
AL
West
4th
75
87
.463
19
—
—

2013
2013
MLB
AL
West
4th
71
91
.438
25
—
—

2014
2014
MLB
AL
West
3rd
87
75
.537
11
—
Chris Young (CB POY)

2015
2015
MLB
AL
West
4th
76
86
.469
12
—
—

2016
2016
MLB
AL
West
2nd
86
76
.531
9
—
—

2017
2017
MLB
AL
West
3rd
78
84
.481
23
—
—

Totals
Wins
Losses
Win%

2822
3209
.468
All-time regular season record (1977–2014)

15
19
.441
All-time postseason record

2837
3228
.468
All-time regular and postseason record

text: Record by decade[edit]

text: The following table describes the Mariners' MLB win–loss record by decade.

text:
Decade
Wins
Losses
Pct

1970s
187
297
.386

1980s
673
893
.430

1990s
764
787
.493

2000s
837
783
.517

2010s
523
611
.461

All-time
2984
3371
.470

text: These statistics are from Baseball-Reference.com's Seattle Mariners History & Encyclopedia,[9] and are current as of October 18, 2016.


document_title: From Russia with Love (film)

question_text: who plays spectre in from russia with love

text: From Russia with Love (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Seeking to exact revenge on James Bond (007) for killing its agent Dr. No and destroying the organisation's assets in the Caribbean, SPECTRE begins training agents to kill Bond. Their star pupil is Donald "Red" Grant, a SPECTRE assassin who proves his mettle by killing a Bond impostor in one minute and fifty-two seconds on a training course with a garrote wire concealed in his wristwatch.

text: Meanwhile, the organisation's Chief Planner, a Czech chess grandmaster named Kronsteen (Number 5), devises a plan to play British and Soviet intelligence against each other to procure a Lektor cryptographic device from the Soviets. SPECTRE's Chief Executive, Number 1, puts Rosa Klebb (Number 3), a former Colonel of SMERSH (the counter-intelligence branch of Soviet Intelligence) who has defected to SPECTRE in the West, in charge of the mission as Chief of Operations. Klebb chooses Grant to protect Bond until he acquires the Lektor – then to eliminate 007 and steal the cipher machine for SPECTRE. As part of the scheme, Klebb recruits the beautiful Tatiana Romanova, a cipher clerk at the Soviet consulate in Istanbul, who believes the ex-Colonel to still be working for SMERSH.

text: In London, M informs Bond that Romanova has contacted their "Station 'T'" in Turkey, claiming to have fallen in love with Bond from his file photo. She offers to defect to the West, and will bring a top secret Lektor with her to sweeten the deal – but only on the condition that Bond handle her case, personally. Prior to his departure, Bond is supplied by Q with an attaché case containing a concealed throwing knife, gold sovereigns, a special tear gas booby trap connected to the lock mechanism and ammunition for an Armalite AR-7 folding sniper rifle with an infrared night scope.

text: After travelling to Istanbul, Bond heads into the city to meet with station head Ali Kerim Bey, tailed by Bulgarian secret agents working for the Russians. They are in turn tailed by Grant, who kills one of them after Bond is taken back to his hotel, stealing their car and dumping it outside the Soviet Consulate in order to provoke hostilities between British and Soviet Intelligence. In response, the Soviets bomb Kerim's office with a limpet mine – but Kerim is away from his desk for a tryst with his mistress. He and Bond then investigate the attack by spying on a Soviet consulate meeting through a periscope installed in the underground aqueducts beneath Istanbul. Thus, they learn that the Soviet agent Krilenku is responsible for the bombing. Kerim Bey declares it unwise to stay in the city under such circumstances and takes Bond to a rural gypsy settlement. However, Krilenku learns of this and promptly attacks a Gypsy feast (where Bond and Kerim are honoured guests) with a band of hired Bulgarian fighters. Much to Bond's confusion, he is saved from an enemy fighter during the attack by a distant sniper shot from Grant. The following night, Bond and Kerim Bey track Krilenku down to his hideout, where Kerim Bey kills him with Bond's rifle.

text: Upon returning to his hotel suite that night, Bond finds Romanova waiting for him in his bed and has sex with her; neither are aware that SPECTRE is filming them. The next day, Romanova heads off for a pre-arranged rendezvous at Hagia Sophia to drop off the floor plans for the consulate, with Grant ensuring Bond receives the plans by killing the other Bulgarian tail who attempts to intercept the drop. Using the plans, Bond and Kerim Bey successfully steal the Lektor and, together with Romanova, escape with the device onto the Orient Express. On the train, Kerim Bey quickly notices a Soviet security officer named Benz tailing them, prompting him and Bond to subdue him. When Bond leaves Benz and Kerim Bey alone together, Grant kills them and makes it appear as though they killed each other, preventing Bond from leaving the train with Romanova to rendezvous with one of Kerim's men.

text: At the railway station in Belgrade, Bond passes on word of Kerim Bey's death to one of his sons, and asks for an agent from Station Y to meet him at Zagreb. However, when the train arrives at the station, Grant intercepts Nash, sent from Station Y, killing the agent before posing as him. After drugging Romanova at dinner, Grant overpowers Bond before taunting him about SPECTRE's involvement in the theft. After disclosing that Romanova was unaware of what was truly going on, believing she was working for Russia, Grant reveals to Bond his plans to leave behind the film SPECTRE took of him and Romanova at the hotel, along with a forged blackmail letter, to make it appear that their deaths were the result of a murder-suicide, to scandalise the British intelligence community. Bond quickly convinces him to accept a bribe of gold sovereigns in exchange for a final cigarette, tricking Grant into setting off the booby trap in his attaché case. This distracts Grant enough for Bond to attack him in brutal hand-to-hand combat. In the ensuing fight, Bond narrowly gains the upper hand, stabbing Grant with the case's concealed knife before strangling him with his own garrotte. Bond then drags the comatose Romanova from the train (which has been stopped by a SPECTRE accomplice), where he hijacks Grant's getaway truck and flees the scene with Romanova.

text: Upon hearing the news of Grant's death, Number 1 calls Klebb and Kronsteen onto the carpet to explain what went wrong and remind them that SPECTRE does not tolerate failure. Kronsteen is executed by the henchman Morzeny, with a kick from the poison-tipped switchblade in his shoe. Klebb, however, is given one last chance to make good on the mission and acquire the Lektor (which has already been promised to the Russians in a sell-back scheme).

text: The next morning, Bond's stolen truck is intercepted along its escape route by a SPECTRE helicopter, but 007 destroys the attacking aircraft by shooting its co-pilot with his sniper rifle, causing the man to drop a live hand grenade in the cockpit. Thus, Bond and Romanova make it to Grant's escape boat on the Dalmatian coast and steal that, too, only to be pursued by Morzeny, who leads a squadron of SPECTRE powerboats. Bond, however, escapes by dumping his own powerboat's fuel drums overboard and detonating them with a Very flare to engulf all the chase boats in a sea of flames.

text: Eventually, he and Romanova reach a hotel in Venice, where they believe themselves to be safe. Klebb, however, disguised as a maid, makes one final attempt on Bond and the Lektor. In a climactic fight with Bond, she tries to kick him with a poisoned switchblade shoe, but Romanova shoots her with her own dropped gun. With the mission accomplished, Bond and Romanova leave Venice on a romantic boat ride, in which course Bond throws Grant's blackmail film into the canal.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Sean Connery as James Bond: Secret Intelligence Service Agent 007.
Daniela Bianchi as Tatiana Romanova (voiced by Barbara Jefford):[1] Soviet Consulate clerk and Bond's love interest. Fleming based Romanova on Christine Granville.[2]
Pedro Armendáriz as Ali Kerim Bey: Head of MI6 Station T in Istanbul.
Lotte Lenya as Rosa Klebb: A former SMERSH colonel, now "Number 3" for SPECTRE.
Robert Shaw as Donald "Red" Grant: Cunning SPECTRE assassin and one of the principal Bond enemies.
Bernard Lee as M: Chief of British Intelligence.
Walter Gotell as Morzeny: SPECTRE thug who trains personnel on SPECTRE Island.
Vladek Sheybal as Kronsteen: Czechoslovakia chess grandmaster and "Number 5" for SPECTRE.
"?" (anonymous credit for Anthony Dawson (body) and Eric Pohlmann (voice)) as "Number 1" (Ernst Stavro Blofeld): Chief of SPECTRE and Bond's nemesis.
Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny: M's secretary.
Desmond Llewelyn as Major Boothroyd: Head of MI6 Q Branch, referred to as the "Equipment Officer"
Eunice Gayson as Sylvia Trench: Bond's semi-regular girlfriend.
Francis de Wolff as Vavra: Chief of a Gypsy tribe used for dirty work by Kerim Bey.
George Pastell as the Orient Express train conductor.
Fred Haggerty as Krilencu: A Bulgarian assassin who works as a killer for the Soviets in the Balkans.
Aliza Gur and Martine Beswick as Vida and Zora, respectively: Two jealous Gypsy girls who are disputing the same man.
Nadja Regin as Kerim Bey's lonely girlfriend.

text: Production[edit]

text: Following the financial success of Dr. No, United Artists greenlit a second James Bond film. The studio doubled the budget offered to Eon Productions with $2 million, and also approved a bonus for Sean Connery, who would receive $100,000 along with his $54,000 salary.[3] As President John F. Kennedy had named Fleming's novel From Russia with Love among his ten favourite books of all time in Life magazine,[4] producers Broccoli and Saltzman chose this as the follow-up to Bond's cinematic debut in Dr. No. From Russia with Love was the last film President Kennedy saw at the White House on 20 November 1963 before going to Dallas.[5] Most of the crew from the first film returned, with major exceptions being production designer Ken Adam, who went to work on Dr. Strangelove and was replaced by Dr. No's art director Syd Cain; title designer Maurice Binder was replaced by Robert Brownjohn, and stunt coordinator Bob Simmons was unavailable and was replaced by Peter Perkins[4] though Simmons performed stunts in the film.[6] John Barry replaced Monty Norman as composer of the soundtrack.

text: The film introduced several conventions which would become essential elements of the series: a pre-title sequence, the Blofeld character (referred in the film only as "Number 1"), a secret-weapon gadget for Bond, a helicopter sequence (repeated in every subsequent Bond film except The Man with the Golden Gun), a postscript action scene after the main climax, a theme song with lyrics, and the line "James Bond will return/be back" in the credits.[7]

text: Writing[edit]

text: Ian Fleming's novel was a Cold War thriller but the producers replaced the Soviet undercover agency SMERSH with the crime syndicate SPECTRE so as to avoid controversial political overtones.[4] The SPECTRE training grounds were inspired by the film Spartacus.[8] The original screenwriter was Len Deighton, who accompanied Harry Saltzman, Syd Cain, and Terence Young to Istanbul[9] but he was replaced because of a lack of progress.[10] Thus, two of Dr. No's writers, Johanna Harwood and Richard Maibaum, returned for the second film in the series[4] Some sources state Harwood with being credited for "adaptation" mostly for her suggestions which were carried over into Maibaum's script.[10] Harwood stated in an interview in a Cinema Retro that she had been a screenwriter of several of Harry Saltzman's projects, and her screenplay for From Russia with Love had followed Fleming's novel closely, but she left the series due to what she called Terence Young's constant rewriting of her screenplay with ideas that were not in the original Fleming work.[11] Maibaum kept on making rewrites as filming progressed. Red Grant was added to the Istanbul scenes just prior to the film crew's trip to Turkey—a change that brought more focus to the SPECTRE plot, as Grant started saving Bond's life there (a late change during shooting involved Grant killing the bespectacled spy at Hagia Sophia instead of Bond, who ends up just finding the man dead).[4] For the last quarter of the movie, Maibaum added two chase scenes, with a helicopter and speedboats, and changed the location of Bond and Klebb's battle from Paris to Venice.[12]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Although uncredited, the actor who played Number 1 was Anthony Dawson, who had played Professor Dent in the previous Bond film, Dr. No and appeared in several of Terence Young's films. In the end credits, Blofeld is credited with a question mark. Blofeld's lines were redubbed by Viennese actor Eric Pohlmann in the final cut.[4] Peter Burton was unavailable to return as Major Boothroyd, so Desmond Llewelyn, a Welsh actor who was a fan of the Bond comic strip published in the Daily Express, accepted the part. However, screen credit for Llewelyn was omitted at the opening of the film and is reserved for the exit credits, where he is credited simply as "Boothroyd". Llewelyn's character is not referred to by this name in dialogue, but M does introduce him as being from Q Branch. Llewelyn remained as the character, better known as Q, in all but one of the series' films until his death in 1999.[13][14]

text: Several actresses were considered for the role of Tatiana, including Italians Sylva Koscina and Virna Lisi, Danish actress Annette Vadim, and English-born Tania Mallet.[15] 1960 Miss Universe runner-up Daniela Bianchi was ultimately cast, supposedly Sean Connery's choice. Bianchi started taking English classes for the role, but the producers ultimately chose to have her lines redubbed by British stage actress Barbara Jefford in the final cut.[16] The scene in which Bond finds Tatiana in his hotel bed was used for Bianchi's screen test, with Dawson standing in, this time, as Bond.[4] The scene later became the traditional screen test scene for prospective James Bond actors and Bond Girls.[17][18]

text: Greek actress Katina Paxinou was originally considered for the role of Rosa Klebb, but was unavailable. Terence Young cast Austrian singer Lotte Lenya after hearing one of her musical recordings. Young wanted Kronsteen's portrayer to be "an actor with a remarkable face", so the minor character would be well remembered by audiences. This led to the casting of Vladek Sheybal, whom Young also considered convincing as an intellectual.[8] Several women were tested for the roles of Vida and Zora, the two fighting Gypsy girls, and after Aliza Gur and Martine Beswick were cast, they spent six weeks practising their fight choreography with stunt work arranger Peter Perkins.[19] Beswick was mis-credited as 'Martin Beswick' in the films opening titles, but this small error was fixed for the 2001 DVD release[20].

text: Mexican actor Pedro Armendáriz was recommended to Young by director John Ford to play Kerim Bey. After experiencing increasing discomfort on location in Istanbul, Armendáriz was diagnosed with inoperable cancer. Filming in Istanbul was terminated, the production moved to Britain, and Armendáriz's scenes were brought forward so that he could complete his scenes without delay. Though visibly in pain, he continued working as long as possible. When he could no longer work, he returned home and took his own life.[4] Remaining shots after Armendáriz left London had a stunt double and Terence Young himself as stand-ins.[1]

text: Englishman Joe Robinson was a strong contender for the role of Red Grant but it was given to Robert Shaw.[21]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Most of the film was set in Istanbul, Turkey. Locations included the Basilica Cistern, Hagia Sophia and the Sirkeci railway station which also was used for the Belgrade and Zagreb railway stations. The MI6 office in London, SPECTRE Island, the Venice hotel and the interior scenes of the Orient Express were filmed at Pinewood Studios with some footage of the train. In the film, the train journey was set in Eastern Europe. The journey and the truck ride were shot in Argyll, Scotland and Switzerland. The end scenes for the film were shot in Venice.[4] However, to qualify for the British film funding of the time, at least 70 percent of the film had to have been filmed in Great Britain or the Commonwealth.[22] The Gypsy camp was also to be filmed in an actual camp in Topkapi, but was actually shot in a replica of it in Pinewood.[16] The scene with rats (after the theft of the Lektor) was shot in Spain, as Britain did not allow filming with wild rats, and an attempt filming white rats painted in cocoa in Turkey did not work.[23] Principal photography began on 1 April 1963,[4] and wrapped on 23 August.[24] Ian Fleming spent a week in the Istanbul shoot, supervising production and touring the city with the producers.[25][26]

text: Director Terence Young's eye for realism was evident throughout production. For the opening chess match, Kronsteen wins the game with a re-enactment of Boris Spassky's victory over David Bronstein in 1960.[27] Production Designer Syd Cain built up the "chess pawn" motif in his $150,000 set for the brief sequence.[16] Cain also later added a promotion to another movie Eon was producing, making Kirilenko's death happen inside a billboard for Call Me Bwana.[26] A noteworthy gadget featured was the attaché case (briefcase) issued by Q Branch. It had a tear gas bomb that detonated if the case was improperly opened, a folding AR-7 sniper rifle with twenty rounds of ammunition, a throwing knife, and 50 gold sovereigns. A boxer at Cambridge, Young choreographed the fight between Grant and Bond along with stunt co-ordinator Peter Perkins. The scene took three weeks to film and was violent enough to worry some on the production. Yet Robert Shaw and Connery did most of the stunts themselves.[1][4]

text: After the unexpected loss of Armendáriz, production proceeded, experiencing complications from uncredited rewrites by Berkely Mather during filming. Editor Peter Hunt set about editing the film while key elements were still to be filmed, helping to restructure the opening scenes. Hunt and Young conceived of moving the Red Grant training sequence to the beginning of the film (prior to the main title), a signature feature that has been an enduring hallmark of every Bond film since. The briefing with Blofeld was rewritten, and back projection was used to re-film Lotte Lenya's lines.[4]

text: Behind schedule and over-budget, the production crew struggled to complete production in time for the already-announced premiere date that October. On 6 July 1963, while scouting locations in Argyll, Scotland for that day's filming of the climactic boat chase, Terence Young's helicopter crashed into the water with art director Michael White and a cameraman aboard. The craft sank into 40–50 feet (12–15 m) of water, but all escaped with minor injuries. Despite the calamity, Young was behind the camera for the full day's work. A few days later, Bianchi's driver fell asleep during the commute to a 6 am shoot and crashed the car. The actress's face was bruised and Bianchi's scenes had to be delayed for two weeks while the facial contusions healed.[4]

text: The helicopter and boat chase scenes were not in the original novel but were added to create an action climax. The former was inspired by the crop-dusting scene in Hitchcock's North by Northwest and the latter by a previous Young/Broccoli/Maibaum collaboration, The Red Beret.[28] These two scenes would initially be shot in Istanbul but were moved to Scotland. The speed-boats could not run fast enough due to the many waves in the sea,[29] and a rented boat filled with cameras ended up sinking in the Bosphorus.[16] A helicopter was also hard to obtain, and the special effects crew were nearly arrested trying to get one at a local air base.[29][30] The helicopter chase was filmed with a radio controlled miniature helicopter.[16] The sounds of the boat chase were replaced in post-production since the boats were not loud enough,[31] and the explosion, shot in Pinewood, got out of control, burning Walter Gotell's eyelids[29] and seriously injuring three stuntmen.[28]

text: Photographer David Hurn was commissioned by the producers of the James Bond films to shoot a series of stills with Sean Connery and the actresses of the film. When the theatrical property Walther PPK pistol did not arrive, Hurn volunteered the use of his own Walther LP-53 air pistol.[32] Though the photographs of the "James Bond is Back" posters of the US release airbrushed out the long barrel of the pistol, film poster artist Renato Fratini used the long-barrelled pistol for his drawings of Connery on the British posters.[33]

text: For the opening credits, Maurice Binder had disagreements with the producers and did not want to return.[34] Designer Robert Brownjohn stepped into his place, and projected the credits on female dancers, inspired by constructivist artist László Moholy-Nagy projecting light onto clouds in the 1920s.[35] Brownjohn's work started the tradition of scantily clad women in the Bond films' title sequences.[36]

text: Music[edit]

text: From Russia with Love is the first Bond film in the series with John Barry as the primary soundtrack composer.[37] The theme song was composed by Lionel Bart of Oliver! fame and sung by Matt Monro,[38] although the title credit music is a lively instrumental version of the tune beginning with Barry's brief James Bond is Back then segueing into Monty Norman's "James Bond Theme". Monro's vocal version is later played during the film (as source music on a radio) and properly over the film's end titles.[38] Barry travelled with the crew to Turkey to try getting influences of the local music, but ended up using almost nothing, just local instruments such as finger cymbals to give an exotic feeling, since he thought the Turkish music had a comedic tone that did not fit in the "dramatic feeling" of the James Bond movies.[39]

text: "Recalling his visit to Istanbul, John Barry said, "It was like no place I'd ever been in my life. [The Trip] was supposedly to seep up the music, so Noel Rogers and I used to go 'round to these nightclubs and listen to all this stuff. We had the strangest week, and really came away with nothing, except a lot of ridiculous stories. We went back, talked to Lionel, and then he wrote 'From Russia with Love.'''[40]

text: In this film, Barry introduced the percussive theme "007"—action music that came to be considered the "secondary James Bond theme". He composed it to have a lighter, enthusiastic and more adventurous theme to relax the audience.[39] The arrangement appears twice on the soundtrack album; the second version, entitled "007 Takes the Lektor", is the one used during the gunfight at the Gypsy camp and also during Bond's theft of the Lektor decoding machine.[4][41] The completed film features a holdover from the Monty Norman-supervised Dr. No music; the post-rocket-launch music from Dr. No is played in From Russia with Love during the helicopter and speedboat attacks.[41]

text: Release and reception[edit]

text: From Russia with Love premiered on 10 October 1963 at the Odeon Leicester Square in London.[42] Ian Fleming, Sean Connery and Walter Gotell attended the premiere. The following year, it was released in 16 countries worldwide, with the United States premiere on 8 April 1964, at New York's Astor Theatre.[43] Upon its first release, From Russia with Love doubled Dr. No's gross by earning $12.5 million ($99 million in 2017 dollars[44]) at the worldwide box office.[45] After reissue it grossed $78 million,[46] of which $24 million was from North America.[47] It was the most popular movie at the British box office in 1963.[48]

text: The film's cinematographer Ted Moore won the BAFTA award and the British Society of Cinematographers award for Best Cinematography.[49] At the 1965 Laurel Awards, Lotte Lenya stood third for Best Female Supporting Performance, and the film secured second place in the Action-Drama category. The film was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song for "From Russia with Love".[50]

text: Contemporary reviews[edit]

text: In comparing the film to its predecessor, Dr. No, Richard Roud, writing in The Guardian, said that From Russia with Love "didn't seem quite so lively, quite so fresh, or quite so rhythmically fast-moving."[51] He went on to say that "... the film is highly immoral in every imaginable way; it is neither uplifting, instructive nor life-enhancing. Neither is it great film-making. But it sure is fun."[51] Writing in The Observer, Penelope Gilliatt noted that "The way the credits are done has the same self-mocking flamboyance as everything else in the picture."[52] Gilliatt went on to say that the film manages "to keep up its own cracking pace, nearly all the way. The set-pieces are a stunning box of tricks".[52] The critic for The Times wrote of Bond that he is "the secret ideal of the congenital square, conventional in every particular ... except in morality, where he has the courage—and the physical equipment—to do without thinking what most of us feel we might be doing ..."[53] The critic thought that overall, "the nonsense is all very amiable and tongue-in-cheek and will no doubt make a fortune for its devisers".[53]

text: Bosley Crowther of The New York Times said: "Don't miss it! This is to say, don't miss it if you can still get the least bit of fun out of lurid adventure fiction and pseudo-realistic fantasy. For this mad melodramatization of a desperate adventure of Bond with sinister characters in Istanbul and on the Orient Express is fictional exaggeration on a grand scale and in a dashing style, thoroughly illogical and improbable, but with tongue blithely wedged in cheek."[54]

text: Time magazine called the film "fast, smart, shrewdly directed and capably performed"[55] and commented extensively on the film's humour, saying "Director Young is a master of the form he ridicules, and in almost every episode he hands the audience shocks as well as yocks. But the yocks are more memorable. They result from slight but sly infractions of the thriller formula. A Russian agent, for instance, does not simply escape through a window; no, he escapes through a window in a brick wall painted with a colossal poster portrait of Anita Ekberg, and as he crawls out of the window, he seems to be crawling out of Anita's mouth. Or again, Bond does not simply train a telescope on the Russian consulate and hope he can read somebody's lips; no, he makes his way laboriously into a gallery beneath the joint, runs a submarine periscope up through the walls, and there, at close range, inspects two important Soviet secrets: the heroine's legs."[55]

text: Reflective reviews[edit]

text: From Russia with Love received generally positive reviews from critics; Rotten Tomatoes sampled 49 reviewers and judged 96% of the reviews to be positive with a rating of 8/10. Its summary states: " The second James Bond film, From Russia with Love is a razor-sharp, briskly-paced Cold War thriller that features several electrifying action scenes."[56] Many online sites also commonly state From Russia with Love as the best Bond film of all time.[57]

text: In his 1986 book, Danny Peary described From Russia with Love as "an excellent, surprisingly tough and gritty James Bond film" which is "refreshingly free of the gimmickry that would characterise the later Bond films, and Connery and Bianchi play real people. We worry about them and hope their relationship will work out ... Shaw and Lotte Lenya are splendid villains. Both have exciting, well-choreographed fights with Connery. Actors play it straight, with excellent results."[58]

text: Film critic James Berardinelli cited this as his favourite Bond film, writing "Only From Russia with Love avoids slipping into the comic book realm of Goldfinger and its successors while giving us a sampling of the familiar Bond formula (action, gadgets, women, cars, etc.). From Russia with Love is effectively paced and plotted, features a gallery of detestable rogues (including the ultimate Bond villain, Blofeld), and offers countless thrills".[59]

text: In June 2001 Neil Smith of BBC Films called it "a film that only gets better with age".[60] In 2004, Total Film magazine named it the ninth-greatest British film of all time, making it the only James Bond film to appear on the list.[61] In 2006, Jay Antani of Filmcritic praised the film's "impressive staging of action scenes",[62] while IGN listed it as second-best Bond film ever, behind only Goldfinger.[63] That same year, Entertainment Weekly put the film at ninth among Bond films, criticising the slow pace.[64] When the "James Bond Ultimate Collector's Set" was released in November 2007 by MGM, Norman Wilner of MSN chose From Russia with Love as the best Bond film.[65] Conversely, in his book about the Bond phenomenon, The Man With the Golden Touch, British author Sinclair McKay states "I know it is heresy to say so, and that some enthusiasts regard From Russia With Love as the Holy Grail of Bond, but let's be searingly honest – some of it is crashingly dull."[66] In 2014 Time Out polled several film critics, directors, actors and stunt actors to list their top action films;[67] From Russia With Love was listed at 69.[68]

text: The British Film Institute's screenonline guide called the film "one of the series' high points" and said it "had advantages not enjoyed by many later Bond films, notably an intelligent script that retained the substance of Ian Fleming's novel while toning down the overt Cold War politics (the Cuban Missile Crisis had only occurred the previous year)."[69] In 2008, Michael G. Wilson, the current co-producer of the series, stated "We always start out trying to make another From Russia with Love and end up with another Thunderball."[70] Sean Connery,[1] Michael G. Wilson, Barbara Broccoli, Timothy Dalton and Daniel Craig also consider this their favourite Bond film.[71] Albert Broccoli listed it with Goldfinger and The Spy Who Loved Me as one of his top three favourites,[72] explaining that he felt "it was with this film that the Bond style and formula were perfected".[73]

text: Video game adaptation[edit]

text: In 2005, the From Russia with Love video game was developed by Electronic Arts and released on 1 November 2005 in North America. It follows the storyline of the book and film, albeit adding in new scenes, making it more action-oriented. One of the most significant changes to the story is the replacement of the organisation SPECTRE to OCTOPUS because the name SPECTRE constituted a long-running legal dispute over the film rights to Thunderball between United Artists/MGM and writer Kevin McClory. Most of the cast from the film returned in likeness. Connery not only allowed his 1960s likeness as Bond to be used, but the actor, in his 70s, also recorded the character's dialogue, marking a return to the role 22 years after he last played Bond in Never Say Never Again. Featuring a third-person multiplayer deathmatch mode, the game depicts several elements of later Bond films such as the Aston Martin DB5 from Goldfinger (1964) and the rocketbelt from Thunderball (1965).[74][75]

text: The game was penned by Bruce Feirstein who previously worked on the film scripts for GoldenEye, Tomorrow Never Dies, The World Is Not Enough, and the 2004 video game, Everything or Nothing. Its soundtrack was composed by Christopher Lennertz and Vic Flick.[76]


document_title: List of Major League Baseball batting champions

question_text: who had the highest batting average in the al in 2011

text: Key[edit]

text:
Winner
Player with the highest batting average (AVG) in the league

AVG
The winner's batting average

Runner-up
Player with the second-highest batting average in the league

2nd AVG
The second-highest batting average

League
Denoted only for players outside of the modern major leagues

†
Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

text: National League[edit]

text:
Year
Winner
AVG
Team(s)
Runner-up
2nd AVG
Ref

1876
Barnes, RossRoss Barnes
.429
Chicago White Stockings
Hall, GeorgeGeorge Hall
.366
[28]

1877
White, DeaconDeacon White†
.387
Boston Red Caps
Cassidy, JohnJohn Cassidy
.378
[29]

1878
Hines, PaulPaul Hines
.358
Providence Grays
Dalrymple, AbnerAbner Dalrymple
.354
[30]

1879
Hines, PaulPaul Hines
.357
Providence Grays
O'Rourke, JimJim O'Rourke†
.348
[31]

1880
Gore, GeorgeGeorge Gore
.360
Chicago White Stockings
Anson, CapCap Anson†
.337
[32]

1881
Anson, CapCap Anson†
.399
Chicago White Stockings
Powell, MartinMartin Powell
.338
[33]

1882
Brouthers, DanDan Brouthers†
.368
Buffalo Bisons
Anson, CapCap Anson†
.362
[34]

1883
Brouthers, DanDan Brouthers†
.374
Buffalo Bisons
Connor, RogerRoger Connor†
.357
[35]

1884
Kelly, KingKing Kelly†
.354
Chicago White Stockings
O'Rourke, JimJim O'Rourke†
.347
[36]

1885
Connor, RogerRoger Connor†
.371
New York Giants
Brouthers, DanDan Brouthers†
.359
[37]

1886
Kelly, KingKing Kelly†
.388
Chicago White Stockings
Anson, CapCap Anson†
.371
[38]

1887
Thompson, SamSam Thompson†
.372
Detroit Wolverines
Anson, CapCap Anson†
.347
[39]

1888
Anson, CapCap Anson†
.344
Chicago White Stockings
Ryan, JimmyJimmy Ryan
.332
[40]

1889
Brouthers, DanDan Brouthers†
.373
Boston Beaneaters
Glasscock, JackJack Glasscock
.352
[41]

1890
Glasscock, JackJack Glasscock
.336
New York Giants
Hamilton, BillyBilly Hamilton†
.325
[42]

1891
Hamilton, BillyBilly Hamilton†
.340
Philadelphia Phillies
Holliday, BugBug Holliday
.319
[43]

1892
Brouthers, DanDan Brouthers†
.335
Brooklyn Grooms
Hamilton, BillyBilly Hamilton†
.330
[44]

1893
Hamilton, BillyBilly Hamilton†
.380
Philadelphia Phillies
Thompson, SamSam Thompson†
.370
[45]

1894
Duffy, HughHugh Duffy†
.440
Boston Beaneaters
Turner, TuckTuck Turner†
.418
[46]

1895
Burkett, JesseJesse Burkett†
.405
Cleveland Spiders
Delahanty, EdEd Delahanty†
.404
[47]

1896
Burkett, JesseJesse Burkett†
.410
Cleveland Spiders
Jennings, HughieHughie Jennings†
.401
[48]

1897
Keeler, WillieWillie Keeler†
.424
Baltimore Orioles
Clarke, FredFred Clarke†
.390
[49]

1898
Keeler, WillieWillie Keeler†
.385
Baltimore Orioles
Hamilton, BillyBilly Hamilton†
.369
[50]

1899
Delahanty, EdEd Delahanty†
.410
Philadelphia Phillies
Burkett, JesseJesse Burkett†
.396
[51]

1900
Wagner, HonusHonus Wagner†
.381
Pittsburgh Pirates
Flick, ElmerElmer Flick†
.367
[52]

1901
Burkett, JesseJesse Burkett†
.376
St. Louis Cardinals
Delahanty, EdEd Delahanty†
.354
[53]

1902
Beaumont, GingerGinger Beaumont
.357
Pittsburgh Pirates
Crawford, SamSam Crawford†
.333
[54]

1903
Wagner, HonusHonus Wagner†
.355
Pittsburgh Pirates
Clarke, FredFred Clarke†
.351
[55]

1904
Wagner, HonusHonus Wagner†
.349
Pittsburgh Pirates
Donlin, MikeMike Donlin
.329
[56]

1905
Seymour, CyCy Seymour
.377
Cincinnati Reds
Wagner, HonusHonus Wagner†
.363
[57]

1906
Wagner, HonusHonus Wagner†
.339
Pittsburgh Pirates
Steinfeldt, HarryHarry Steinfeldt
.327
[58]

1907
Wagner, HonusHonus Wagner†
.350
Pittsburgh Pirates
Magee, SherrySherry Magee
.328
[59]

1908
Wagner, HonusHonus Wagner†
.354
Pittsburgh Pirates
Donlin, MikeMike Donlin
.334
[60]

1909
Wagner, HonusHonus Wagner†
.339
Pittsburgh Pirates
Mitchell, MikeMike Mitchell
.310
[61]

1910
Magee, SherrySherry Magee
.331
Philadelphia Phillies
Campbell, VinVin Campbell
.326
[62]

1911
Wagner, HonusHonus Wagner†
.334
Pittsburgh Pirates
Miller, DocDoc Miller
.333
[63]

1912
Zimmerman, HeinieHeinie Zimmerman
.372
Chicago Cubs
Meyers, ChiefChief Meyers
.358
[64]

1913
Daubert, JakeJake Daubert
.350
Brooklyn Superbas
Cravath, GavvyGavvy Cravath
.341
[65]

1914
Daubert, JakeJake Daubert
.329
Brooklyn Robins
Becker, BealsBeals Becker
.325
[66]

1915
Doyle, LarryLarry Doyle
.320
New York Giants
Luderus, FredFred Luderus
.315
[67]

1916
Chase, HalHal Chase
.339
Cincinnati Reds
Daubert, JakeJake Daubert
.316
[68]

1917
Roush, EddEdd Roush†
.341
Cincinnati Reds
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
.327
[69]

1918
Wheat, ZackZack Wheat†
.335
Brooklyn Robins
Roush, EddEdd Roush†
.333
[70]

1919
Roush, EddEdd Roush†
.321
Cincinnati Reds
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
.318
[71]

1920
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
.370
St. Louis Cardinals
Youngs, RossRoss Youngs†
.351
[72]

1921
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
.397
St. Louis Cardinals
Roush, EddEdd Roush†
.352
[73]

1922
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
.401
St. Louis Cardinals
Grimes, RayRay Grimes
.354
[74]

1923
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
.384
St. Louis Cardinals
Bottomley, JimJim Bottomley†
.371
[75]

1924
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
.424
St. Louis Cardinals
Wheat, ZackZack Wheat†
.375
[76]

1925
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
.403
St. Louis Cardinals
Bottomley, JimJim Bottomley†
.367
[77]

1926
Hargrave, BubblesBubbles Hargrave
.353
Cincinnati Reds
Christensen, CuckooCuckoo Christensen
.350
[78]

1927
Waner, PaulPaul Waner†
.380
Pittsburgh Pirates
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
.361
[79]

1928
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
.387
Boston Braves
Waner, PaulPaul Waner†
.370
[80]

1929
O'Doul, LeftyLefty O'Doul
.398
Philadelphia Phillies
Herman, BabeBabe Herman
.381
[81]

1930
Terry, BillBill Terry†
.401
New York Giants
Herman, BabeBabe Herman
.393
[82]

1931
Hafey, ChickChick Hafey†
.349
St. Louis Cardinals
Terry, BillBill Terry†
.349
[83]

1932
O'Doul, LeftyLefty O'Doul
.368
Brooklyn Dodgers
Terry, BillBill Terry†
.350
[84]

1933
Klein, ChuckChuck Klein†
.368
Philadelphia Phillies
Davis, SpudSpud Davis
.349
[85]

1934
Waner, PaulPaul Waner†
.362
Pittsburgh Pirates
Terry, BillBill Terry†
.354
[86]

1935
Vaughan, ArkyArky Vaughan†
.385
Pittsburgh Pirates
Medwick, JoeJoe Medwick†
.353
[87]

1936
Waner, PaulPaul Waner†
.373
Pittsburgh Pirates
Phelps, BabeBabe Phelps
.367
[88]

1937
Medwick, JoeJoe Medwick†
.374
St. Louis Cardinals
Mize, JohnnyJohnny Mize†
.364
[89]

1938
Lombardi, ErnieErnie Lombardi†
.342
Cincinnati Reds
Mize, JohnnyJohnny Mize†
.337
[90]

1939
Mize, JohnnyJohnny Mize†
.349
St. Louis Cardinals
McCormick, FrankFrank McCormick
.332
[91]

1940
Garms, DebsDebs Garms
.355
Pittsburgh Pirates
Lombardi, ErnieErnie Lombardi†
.319
[92]

1941
Reiser, PetePete Reiser
.343
Brooklyn Dodgers
Cooney, JohnnyJohnny Cooney
.319
[93]

1942
Lombardi, ErnieErnie Lombardi†
.330
Boston Braves
Slaughter, EnosEnos Slaughter†
.318
[94]

1943
Musial, StanStan Musial†
.357
St. Louis Cardinals
Herman, BillyBilly Herman†
.330
[95]

1944
Walker, DixieDixie Walker
.357
Brooklyn Dodgers
Musial, StanStan Musial†
.347
[96]

1945
Cavarretta, PhilPhil Cavarretta
.355
Chicago Cubs
Holmes, TommyTommy Holmes
.352
[97]

1946
Musial, StanStan Musial†
.365
St. Louis Cardinals
Hopp, JohnnyJohnny Hopp
.333
[98]

1947
Walker, HarryHarry Walker
.363
St. Louis Cardinals
Philadelphia Phillies
Elliott, BobBob Elliott
.317
[99]

1948
Musial, StanStan Musial†
.376
St. Louis Cardinals
Ashburn, RichieRichie Ashburn†
.333
[100]

1949
Robinson, JackieJackie Robinson†
.342
Brooklyn Dodgers
Musial, StanStan Musial†
.338
[101]

1950
Musial, StanStan Musial†
.346
St. Louis Cardinals
Robinson, JackieJackie Robinson†
.328
[102]

1951
Musial, StanStan Musial†
.355
St. Louis Cardinals
Ashburn, RichieRichie Ashburn†
.344
[103]

1952
Musial, StanStan Musial†
.336
St. Louis Cardinals
Baumholtz, FrankFrank Baumholtz
.325
[104]

1953
Furillo, CarlCarl Furillo
.344
Brooklyn Dodgers
Schoendienst, RedRed Schoendienst†
.342
[105]

1954
Mays, WillieWillie Mays†
.345
New York Giants
Mueller, DonDon Mueller
.342
[106]

1955
Ashburn, RichieRichie Ashburn†
.338
Philadelphia Phillies
Mays, WillieWillie Mays†
.319
[107]

1956
Aaron, HankHank Aaron†
.328
Milwaukee Braves
Virdon, BillBill Virdon
.319
[108]

1957
Musial, StanStan Musial†
.351
St. Louis Cardinals
Mays, WillieWillie Mays†
.333
[109]

1958
Ashburn, RichieRichie Ashburn†
.350
Philadelphia Phillies
Mays, WillieWillie Mays†
.347
[110]

1959
Aaron, HankHank Aaron†
.355
Milwaukee Braves
Cunningham, JoeJoe Cunningham
.345
[111]

1960
Groat, DickDick Groat
.325
Pittsburgh Pirates
Larker, NormNorm Larker
.323
[112]

1961
Clemente, RobertoRoberto Clemente†
.351
Pittsburgh Pirates
Pinson, VadaVada Pinson
.343
[113]

1962
Davis, TommyTommy Davis
.346
Los Angeles Dodgers
Robinson, FrankFrank Robinson†
.342
[114]

1963
Davis, TommyTommy Davis
.326
Los Angeles Dodgers
Clemente, RobertoRoberto Clemente†
.320
[115]

1964
Clemente, RobertoRoberto Clemente†
.339
Pittsburgh Pirates
Carty, RicoRico Carty
.330
[116]

1965
Clemente, RobertoRoberto Clemente†
.329
Pittsburgh Pirates
Aaron, HankHank Aaron†
.318
[117]

1966
Alou, MattyMatty Alou
.342
Pittsburgh Pirates
Alou, FelipeFelipe Alou
.327
[118]

1967
Clemente, RobertoRoberto Clemente†
.357
Pittsburgh Pirates
González, TonyTony González
.339
[119]

1968
Rose, PetePete Rose
.335
Cincinnati Reds
Alou, MattyMatty Alou
.332
[120]

1969
Rose, PetePete Rose
.348
Cincinnati Reds
Clemente, RobertoRoberto Clemente†
.345
[121]

1970
Carty, RicoRico Carty
.366
Atlanta Braves
Torre, JoeJoe Torre†
.325
[122]

1971
Torre, JoeJoe Torre†
.363
St. Louis Cardinals
Garr, RalphRalph Garr
.343
[123]

1972
Williams, BillyBilly Williams†
.333
Chicago Cubs
Garr, RalphRalph Garr
.325
[124]

1973
Rose, PetePete Rose
.338
Cincinnati Reds
Cedeño, CésarCésar Cedeño
.320
[125]

1974
Garr, RalphRalph Garr
.353
Atlanta Braves
Oliver, AlAl Oliver
.321
[126]

1975
Madlock, BillBill Madlock
.354
Chicago Cubs
Simmons, TedTed Simmons
.332
[127]

1976
Madlock, BillBill Madlock
.339
Chicago Cubs
Griffey, Sr., KenKen Griffey, Sr.
.336
[128]

1977
Parker, DaveDave Parker
.338
Pittsburgh Pirates
Stennett, RennieRennie Stennett
.336
[129]

1978
Parker, DaveDave Parker
.334
Pittsburgh Pirates
Garvey, SteveSteve Garvey
.316
[130]

1979
Hernandez, KeithKeith Hernandez
.344
St. Louis Cardinals
Rose, PetePete Rose
.331
[131]

1980
Buckner, BillBill Buckner
.324
Chicago Cubs
Hernandez, KeithKeith Hernandez
.321
[132]

1981
Madlock, BillBill Madlock
.341
Pittsburgh Pirates
Rose, PetePete Rose
.325
[133]

1982
Oliver, AlAl Oliver
.331
Montreal Expos
Madlock, BillBill Madlock
.319
[134]

1983
Madlock, BillBill Madlock
.323
Pittsburgh Pirates
Smith, LonnieLonnie Smith
.321
[135]

1984
Gwynn, TonyTony Gwynn†
.351
San Diego Padres
Lacy, LeeLee Lacy
.321
[136]

1985
McGee, WillieWillie McGee
.353
St. Louis Cardinals
Guerrero, PedroPedro Guerrero
.320
[137]

1986
Raines, TimTim Raines†
.334
Montreal Expos
Sax, SteveSteve Sax
.332
[138]

1987
Gwynn, TonyTony Gwynn†
.370
San Diego Padres
Guerrero, PedroPedro Guerrero
.338
[139]

1988
Gwynn, TonyTony Gwynn†
.313
San Diego Padres
Palmeiro, RafaelRafael Palmeiro
.307
[140]

1989
Gwynn, TonyTony Gwynn†
.336
San Diego Padres
Clark, WillWill Clark
.333
[141]

1990
McGee, WillieWillie McGee
.335
St. Louis Cardinals
Murray, EddieEddie Murray†
.330
[142]

1991
Pendleton, TerryTerry Pendleton
.319
Atlanta Braves
Morris, HalHal Morris
.318
[143]

1992
Sheffield, GaryGary Sheffield
.330
San Diego Padres
Van Slyke, AndyAndy Van Slyke
.324
[144]

1993
Galarraga, AndrésAndrés Galarraga
.370
Colorado Rockies
Gwynn, TonyTony Gwynn†
.358
[145]

1994
Gwynn, TonyTony Gwynn†
.394
San Diego Padres
Bagwell, JeffJeff Bagwell†
.368
[146]

1995
Gwynn, TonyTony Gwynn†
.368
San Diego Padres
Piazza, MikeMike Piazza†
.346
[147]

1996
Gwynn, TonyTony Gwynn†
.353
San Diego Padres
Burks, EllisEllis Burks
.344
[5]

1997
Gwynn, TonyTony Gwynn†
.372
San Diego Padres
Walker, LarryLarry Walker
.366
[148]

1998
Walker, LarryLarry Walker
.363
Colorado Rockies
Olerud, JohnJohn Olerud
.354
[149]

1999
Walker, LarryLarry Walker
.379
Colorado Rockies
Gonzalez, LuisLuis Gonzalez
.336
[150]

2000
Helton, ToddTodd Helton
.372
Colorado Rockies
Alou, MoisésMoisés Alou
.355
[151]

2001
Walker, LarryLarry Walker
.350
Colorado Rockies
Helton, ToddTodd Helton
.336
[152]

2002
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
.370
San Francisco Giants
Walker, LarryLarry Walker
.338
[153]

2003
Pujols, AlbertAlbert Pujols
.359
St. Louis Cardinals
Helton, ToddTodd Helton
.358
[25]

2004
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
.362
San Francisco Giants
Helton, ToddTodd Helton
.347
[154]

2005
Lee, DerrekDerrek Lee
.335
Chicago Cubs
Pujols, AlbertAlbert Pujols
.330
[155]

2006
Sanchez, FreddyFreddy Sanchez
.344
Pittsburgh Pirates
Cabrera, MiguelMiguel Cabrera
.339
[156]

2007
Holliday, MattMatt Holliday
.340
Colorado Rockies
Jones, ChipperChipper Jones
.337
[157]

2008
Jones, ChipperChipper Jones
.364
Atlanta Braves
Pujols, AlbertAlbert Pujols
.357
[158]

2009
Ramírez, HanleyHanley Ramírez
.342
Florida Marlins
Sandoval, PabloPablo Sandoval
.330
[159]

2010
González, CarlosCarlos González
.336
Colorado Rockies
Votto, JoeyJoey Votto
.324
[160]

2011
Reyes, JoséJosé Reyes
.337
New York Mets
Braun, RyanRyan Braun
.332
[161]

2012
Posey, BusterBuster Posey
.336
San Francisco Giants
McCutchen, AndrewAndrew McCutchen
.327
[162]

2013
Cuddyer, MichaelMichael Cuddyer
.331
Colorado Rockies
Johnson, ChrisChris Johnson
.321
[163]

2014
Morneau, JustinJustin Morneau
.319
Colorado Rockies
Harrison, JoshJosh Harrison
.315
[164]

2015
Gordon, DeeDee Gordon
.333
Miami Marlins
Harper, BryceBryce Harper
.330
[165]

2016
LeMahieu, DJDJ LeMahieu
.348
Colorado Rockies
Murphy, DanielDaniel Murphy
.347
[166]

2017
Blackmon, CharlieCharlie Blackmon
.330
Colorado Rockies
Turner, JustinJustin Turner
.321
[167]

text: American League[edit]

text:
Year
Winner
AVG
Team(s)
Runner-up
2nd AVG
Ref

1901
Lajoie, NapNap Lajoie†
.426
Philadelphia Athletics
Donlin, MikeMike Donlin
.340
[168]

1902
Disputed[1902b]
—

1903
Lajoie, NapNap Lajoie†
.344
Cleveland Naps
Crawford, SamSam Crawford†
.335
[169]

1904
Lajoie, NapNap Lajoie†
.376
Cleveland Naps
Keeler, WillieWillie Keeler†
.343
[170]

1905
Flick, ElmerElmer Flick†
.308
Cleveland Naps
Keeler, WillieWillie Keeler†
.302
[171]

1906
Stone, GeorgeGeorge Stone
.358
St. Louis Browns
Lajoie, NapNap Lajoie†
.355
[172]

1907
Cobb, TyTy Cobb†
.350
Detroit Tigers
Crawford, SamSam Crawford†
.323
[173]

1908
Cobb, TyTy Cobb†
.324
Detroit Tigers
Crawford, SamSam Crawford†
.311
[174]

1909
Cobb, TyTy Cobb†
.377
Detroit Tigers
Collins, EddieEddie Collins†
.347
[175]

1910
Cobb, TyTy Cobb†
—

1911
Cobb, TyTy Cobb†
.420
Detroit Tigers
Jackson, Shoeless JoeShoeless Joe Jackson
.408
[176]

1912
Cobb, TyTy Cobb†
.409
Detroit Tigers
Jackson, Shoeless JoeShoeless Joe Jackson
.395
[177]

1913
Cobb, TyTy Cobb†
.390
Detroit Tigers
Jackson, Shoeless JoeShoeless Joe Jackson
.373
[178]

1914
Cobb, TyTy Cobb†
.368
Detroit Tigers
Collins, EddieEddie Collins†
.344
[179]

1915
Cobb, TyTy Cobb†
.369
Detroit Tigers
Collins, EddieEddie Collins†
.332
[180]

1916
Speaker, TrisTris Speaker†
.386
Cleveland Indians
Cobb, TyTy Cobb†
.371
[181]

1917
Cobb, TyTy Cobb†
.383
Detroit Tigers
Sisler, GeorgeGeorge Sisler†
.353
[182]

1918
Cobb, TyTy Cobb†
.382
Detroit Tigers
Burns, GeorgeGeorge Burns
.352
[183]

1919
Cobb, TyTy Cobb†
.384
Detroit Tigers
Veach, BobbyBobby Veach
.355
[184]

1920
Sisler, GeorgeGeorge Sisler†
.407
St. Louis Browns
Speaker, TrisTris Speaker†
.388
[185]

1921
Heilmann, HarryHarry Heilmann†
.394
Detroit Tigers
Cobb, TyTy Cobb†
.389
[186]

1922
Sisler, GeorgeGeorge Sisler†
.420
St. Louis Browns
Cobb, TyTy Cobb†
.401
[187]

1923
Heilmann, HarryHarry Heilmann†
.403
Detroit Tigers
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
.393
[188]

1924
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
.378
New York Yankees
Jamieson, CharlieCharlie Jamieson
.359
[189]

1925
Heilmann, HarryHarry Heilmann†
.393
Detroit Tigers
Speaker, TrisTris Speaker†
.389
[190]

1926
Manush, HeinieHeinie Manush†
.378
Detroit Tigers
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
.372
[191]

1927
Heilmann, HarryHarry Heilmann†
.398
Detroit Tigers
Simmons, AlAl Simmons†
.392
[192]

1928
Goslin, GooseGoose Goslin†
.379
Washington Senators
Manush, HeinieHeinie Manush†
.378
[193]

1929
Fonseca, LewLew Fonseca
.369
Cleveland Indians
Simmons, AlAl Simmons†
.365
[194]

1930
Simmons, AlAl Simmons†
.381
Philadelphia Athletics
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig†
.379
[195]

1931
Simmons, AlAl Simmons†
.390
Philadelphia Athletics
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
.373
[196]

1932
Alexander, DaleDale Alexander
.367
Detroit Tigers
Boston Red Sox
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx†
.364
[197]

1933
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx†
.356
Philadelphia Athletics
Manush, HeinieHeinie Manush†
.336
[198]

1934
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig†
.363
New York Yankees
Gehringer, CharlieCharlie Gehringer†
.356
[199]

1935
Myer, BuddyBuddy Myer
.349
Washington Senators
Vosmik, JoeJoe Vosmik
.348
[200]

1936
Appling, LukeLuke Appling†
.388
Chicago White Sox
Averill, EarlEarl Averill†
.378
[201]

1937
Gehringer, CharlieCharlie Gehringer†
.371
Detroit Tigers
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig†
.351
[202]

1938
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx†
.349
Boston Red Sox
Heath, JeffJeff Heath
.343
[203]

1939
DiMaggio, JoeJoe DiMaggio†
.381
New York Yankees
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx†
.360
[204]

1940
DiMaggio, JoeJoe DiMaggio†
.352
New York Yankees
Appling, LukeLuke Appling†
.348
[205]

1941
Williams, TedTed Williams†
.406
Boston Red Sox
Travis, CecilCecil Travis
.359
[206]

1942
Williams, TedTed Williams†
.356
Boston Red Sox
Pesky, JohnnyJohnny Pesky
.331
[207]

1943
Appling, LukeLuke Appling†
.328
Chicago White Sox
Wakefield, DickDick Wakefield
.316
[208]

1944
Boudreau, LouLou Boudreau†
.327
Cleveland Indians
Doerr, BobbyBobby Doerr†
.325
[209]

1945
Stirnweiss, SnuffySnuffy Stirnweiss
.309
New York Yankees
Cuccinello, TonyTony Cuccinello
.308
[24]

1946
Vernon, MickeyMickey Vernon
.353
Washington Senators
Williams, TedTed Williams†
.342
[210]

1947
Williams, TedTed Williams†
.343
Boston Red Sox
McCosky, BarneyBarney McCosky
.328
[211]

1948
Williams, TedTed Williams†
.369
Boston Red Sox
Boudreau, LouLou Boudreau†
.355
[212]

1949
Kell, GeorgeGeorge Kell†
.343
Detroit Tigers
Williams, TedTed Williams†
.343
[213]

1950
Goodman, BillyBilly Goodman
.354
Boston Red Sox
Kell, GeorgeGeorge Kell†
.340
[214]

1951
Fain, FerrisFerris Fain
.344
Philadelphia Athletics
Miñoso, MinnieMinnie Miñoso
.326
[215]

1952
Fain, FerrisFerris Fain
.327
Philadelphia Athletics
Mitchell, DaleDale Mitchell
.323
[216]

1953
Vernon, MickeyMickey Vernon
.337
Washington Senators
Rosen, AlAl Rosen
.336
[217]

1954
Ávila, BobbyBobby Ávila
.341
Cleveland Indians
Williams, TedTed Williams†
.345[1954]
[218]

1955
Kaline, AlAl Kaline†
.340
Detroit Tigers
Power, VicVic Power
.319
[219]

1956
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle†
.353
New York Yankees
Williams, TedTed Williams†
.345
[220]

1957
Williams, TedTed Williams†
.388
Boston Red Sox
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle†
.365
[221]

1958
Williams, TedTed Williams†
.328
Boston Red Sox
Runnels, PetePete Runnels
.322
[222]

1959
Kuenn, HarveyHarvey Kuenn
.353
Detroit Tigers
Kaline, AlAl Kaline†
.327
[223]

1960
Runnels, PetePete Runnels
.320
Boston Red Sox
Smith, AlAl Smith
.315
[224]

1961
Cash, NormNorm Cash
.361
Detroit Tigers
Kaline, AlAl Kaline†
.324
[225]

1962
Runnels, PetePete Runnels
.326
Boston Red Sox
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle†
.321
[226]

1963
Yastrzemski, CarlCarl Yastrzemski†
.321
Boston Red Sox
Kaline, AlAl Kaline†
.312
[227]

1964
Oliva, TonyTony Oliva
.323
Minnesota Twins
Robinson, BrooksBrooks Robinson†
.317
[228]

1965
Oliva, TonyTony Oliva
.321
Minnesota Twins
Yastrzemski, CarlCarl Yastrzemski†
.312
[229]

1966
Robinson, FrankFrank Robinson†
.316
Baltimore Orioles
Oliva, TonyTony Oliva
.307
[230]

1967
Yastrzemski, CarlCarl Yastrzemski†
.326
Boston Red Sox
Robinson, FrankFrank Robinson†
.311
[231]

1968
Yastrzemski, CarlCarl Yastrzemski†
.301
Boston Red Sox
Cater, DannyDanny Cater
.290
[232]

1969
Carew, RodRod Carew†
.332
Minnesota Twins
Smith, ReggieReggie Smith
.309
[233]

1970
Johnson, AlexAlex Johnson
.329
California Angels
Yastrzemski, CarlCarl Yastrzemski†
.329
[234]

1971
Oliva, TonyTony Oliva
.337
Minnesota Twins
Murcer, BobbyBobby Murcer
.331
[235]

1972
Carew, RodRod Carew†
.318
Minnesota Twins
Piniella, LouLou Piniella
.312
[236]

1973
Carew, RodRod Carew†
.350
Minnesota Twins
Scott, GeorgeGeorge Scott
.306
[237]

1974
Carew, RodRod Carew†
.364
Minnesota Twins
Orta, JorgeJorge Orta
.316
[238]

1975
Carew, RodRod Carew†
.359
Minnesota Twins
Lynn, FredFred Lynn
.331
[239]

1976
Brett, GeorgeGeorge Brett†
.333
Kansas City Royals
McRae, HalHal McRae
.332
[240]

1977
Carew, RodRod Carew†
.388
Minnesota Twins
Bostock, LymanLyman Bostock
.336
[241]

1978
Carew, RodRod Carew†
.333
Minnesota Twins
Oliver, AlAl Oliver
.324
[242]

1979
Lynn, FredFred Lynn
.333
Boston Red Sox
Brett, GeorgeGeorge Brett†
.329
[243]

1980
Brett, GeorgeGeorge Brett†
.390
Kansas City Royals
Cooper, CecilCecil Cooper
.352
[244]

1981
Lansford, CarneyCarney Lansford
.336
Boston Red Sox
Paciorek, TomTom Paciorek
.326
[245]

1982
Wilson, WillieWillie Wilson
.332
Kansas City Royals
Yount, RobinRobin Yount†
.331
[246]

1983
Boggs, WadeWade Boggs†
.361
Boston Red Sox
Carew, RodRod Carew†
.339
[247]

1984
Mattingly, DonDon Mattingly
.343
New York Yankees
Winfield, DaveDave Winfield†
.340
[248]

1985
Boggs, WadeWade Boggs†
.368
Boston Red Sox
Brett, GeorgeGeorge Brett†
.335
[249]

1986
Boggs, WadeWade Boggs†
.357
Boston Red Sox
Mattingly, DonDon Mattingly
.352
[250]

1987
Boggs, WadeWade Boggs†
.363
Boston Red Sox
Molitor, PaulPaul Molitor†
.353
[251]

1988
Boggs, WadeWade Boggs†
.366
Boston Red Sox
Puckett, KirbyKirby Puckett†
.356
[252]

1989
Puckett, KirbyKirby Puckett†
.339
Minnesota Twins
Lansford, CarneyCarney Lansford
.336
[253]

1990
Brett, GeorgeGeorge Brett†
.329
Kansas City Royals
Henderson, RickeyRickey Henderson†
.325
[254]

1991
Franco, JulioJulio Franco
.341
Texas Rangers
Boggs, WadeWade Boggs†
.332
[255]

1992
Martínez, EdgarEdgar Martínez
.343
Seattle Mariners
Puckett, KirbyKirby Puckett†
.329
[256]

1993
Olerud, JohnJohn Olerud
.363
Toronto Blue Jays
Molitor, PaulPaul Molitor†
.332
[257]

1994
O'Neill, PaulPaul O'Neill
.359
New York Yankees
Belle, AlbertAlbert Belle
.357
[258]

1995
Martínez, EdgarEdgar Martínez
.356
Seattle Mariners
Knoblauch, ChuckChuck Knoblauch
.333
[259]

1996
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
.358
Seattle Mariners
Thomas, FrankFrank Thomas†
.349
[260]

1997
Thomas, FrankFrank Thomas†
.347
Chicago White Sox
Martínez, EdgarEdgar Martínez
.330
[261]

1998
Williams, BernieBernie Williams
.339
New York Yankees
Vaughn, MoMo Vaughn
.337
[262]

1999
Garciaparra, NomarNomar Garciaparra
.357
Boston Red Sox
Jeter, DerekDerek Jeter
.349
[263]

2000
Garciaparra, NomarNomar Garciaparra
.372
Boston Red Sox
Erstad, DarinDarin Erstad
.355
[264]

2001
Suzuki, IchiroIchiro Suzuki
.350
Seattle Mariners
Giambi, JasonJason Giambi
.342
[265]

2002
Ramirez, MannyManny Ramirez
.349
Boston Red Sox
Sweeney, MikeMike Sweeney
.340
[266]

2003
Mueller, BillBill Mueller
.326
Boston Red Sox
Ramirez, MannyManny Ramirez
.325
[267]

2004
Suzuki, IchiroIchiro Suzuki
.372
Seattle Mariners
Mora, MelvinMelvin Mora
.340
[268]

2005
Young, MichaelMichael Young
.331
Texas Rangers
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
.321
[269]

2006
Mauer, JoeJoe Mauer
.347
Minnesota Twins
Jeter, DerekDerek Jeter
.344
[270]

2007
Ordóñez, MagglioMagglio Ordóñez
.363
Detroit Tigers
Suzuki, IchiroIchiro Suzuki
.351
[271]

2008
Mauer, JoeJoe Mauer
.328
Minnesota Twins
Pedroia, DustinDustin Pedroia
.326
[272]

2009
Mauer, JoeJoe Mauer
.365
Minnesota Twins
Suzuki, IchiroIchiro Suzuki
.352
[273]

2010
Hamilton, JoshJosh Hamilton
.359
Texas Rangers
Cabrera, MiguelMiguel Cabrera
.328
[274]

2011
Cabrera, MiguelMiguel Cabrera
.344
Detroit Tigers
Young, MichaelMichael Young
.338
[275]

2012
Cabrera, MiguelMiguel Cabrera
.330
Detroit Tigers
Trout, MikeMike Trout
.326
[276]

2013
Cabrera, MiguelMiguel Cabrera
.348
Detroit Tigers
Mauer, JoeJoe Mauer
.324
[277]

2014
Altuve, JoséJosé Altuve
.341
Houston Astros
Martinez, VictorVictor Martinez
.335
[278]

2015
Cabrera, MiguelMiguel Cabrera
.338
Detroit Tigers
Bogaerts, XanderXander Bogaerts
.320
[279]

2016
Altuve, JoséJosé Altuve
.338
Houston Astros
Betts, MookieMookie Betts
.318
[280]

2017
Altuve, JoséJosé Altuve
.346
Houston Astros
García, AvisailAvisail García
.330
[281]

text: Other major leagues[edit]

text:
Year
Winner
AVG
Team
League
Runner-up
2nd AVG
Ref

1882
Browning, PetePete Browning
.378
Louisville Eclipse
American Association
Carpenter, HickHick Carpenter
.342
[282]

1883
Swartwood, EdEd Swartwood
.357
Pittsburgh Alleghenys
American Association
Browning, PetePete Browning
.338
[283]

1884
Orr, DaveDave Orr
.354
New York Metropolitans
American Association
Reilly, JohnJohn Reilly†
.339
[284]

1884
Dunlap, FredFred Dunlap
.412
St. Louis Maroons
Union Association
Shafer, OratorOrator Shafer
.360
[285]

1885
Browning, PetePete Browning
.362
Louisville Colonels
American Association
Orr, DaveDave Orr
.342
[286]

1886
Hecker, GuyGuy Hecker
.341
Louisville Colonels
American Association
Browning, PetePete Browning
.340
[287]

1887
O'Neill, TipTip O'Neill
.435
St. Louis Browns
American Association
Browning, PetePete Browning
.402
[288]

1888
O'Neill, TipTip O'Neill
.335
St. Louis Browns
American Association
Reilly, JohnJohn Reilly
.321
[289]

1889
Tucker, TommyTommy Tucker
.372
Baltimore Orioles
American Association
O'Neill, TipTip O'Neill
.335
[290]

1890
Wolf, ChickenChicken Wolf
.363
Louisville Colonels
American Association
Lyons, DennyDenny Lyons
.354
[291]

1890
Browning, PetePete Browning
.373
Cleveland Infants
Players' League
Orr, DaveDave Orr
.371
[292]

1891
Brouthers, DanDan Brouthers†
.350
Boston Reds
American Association
Duffy, HughHugh Duffy†
.326
[293]

1914
Kauff, BennyBenny Kauff
.370
Indianapolis Hoosiers
Federal League
Evans, SteveSteve Evans
.348
[294]

1915
Kauff, BennyBenny Kauff
.342
Brooklyn Tip-Tops
Federal League
Fischer, WilliamWilliam Fischer
.329
[295]

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
L Recognized "major leagues" include the current American and National Leagues and several defunct leagues – the American Association, the Federal League, the Players' League, and the Union Association.[296]
1902a 1902b Sources differ as to whether Nap Lajoie or Ed Delahanty won the American League batting title in 1902 and differ slightly over Lajoie's precise statistics that season. The Hall of Fame credits Lajoie with 129 hits in 352 at bats (.368)[297] while MLB and Baseball-Reference.com show 133 hits in 352 at bats (.378).[298][299] According to Baseball-Reference a player qualified for a batting title prior to 1920 by appearing in 60% of his team's games—82 games in the 136 game schedule in 1902—and Lajoie appeared in 87 team games.[298][300][301] As such, Baseball-Reference credits Lajoie with the 1902 title, with Delahanty's .376 batting average placing second.[302] MLB's historical statistics leaderboards, however, use the modern standard of 3.1 plate appearances per team game (422 in that season) which Lajoie fell 37 short of.[298] Thus, MLB credits Delahanty with the 1902 title with his .376 average.[303] Similarly the Hall of Fame lists the 1902 title on Delahanty's plaque and not Lajoie's.[297][304]
1910a 1910b Before the 1910 season, Hugh Chalmers of Chalmers Automobile announced he would present a Chalmers Model 30 automobile to the player with the highest batting average at the end of the season. The 1910 race for best average in the American League was between Nap Lajoie of the Cleveland Indians and the Detroit Tigers' widely disliked[305][306][307] Cobb. On the last day of the season, Lajoie overtook Cobb's batting average with seven bunt hits in a doubleheader against the St. Louis Browns. Browns' manager Jack O'Connor supposedly told his third baseman Red Corriden to play back down the line all day, which allowed Lajoie easy bunt hits.[308] Cobb complained about the move, though American League President Ban Johnson said that a recalculation showed that Cobb had won the race anyway and Chalmers ultimately awarded cars to both players.[305][308]
1954 Rules in 1954 required 2.6 at bats per team game, 400 for a 154-game schedule (the rule was changed in 1957 to the current requirement of 3.1 plate appearances per team game), to qualify for the title and hitless at bats could be added to reach this total.[300] Ted Williams posted a .345 average in 1954 over only 386 at bats, and the required hitless at bats drop him below Avila's league-leading .341 average.[218]