document_title: David

question_text: where does the story of king david start

text: David

text: Biblical account

text: Family

text: The first book of Samuel portrays David as the youngest of the eight sons of Jesse of Bethlehem. His mother is not named in any book of the Bible, but the Talmud identifies her as Nitzevet daughter of Adael.[2] When the story was retold in 1 Chronicles (4th century BCE) he was made the youngest of seven sons and given two sisters, Zeruiah and Abigail. The Book of Ruth (possibly also 4th century BCE) traces his ancestry back to Ruth the Moabite.

text: David is described as cementing his relations with various political and national groups through marriage.[3] He is described as having eight wives: Michal, the second daughter of King Saul; Ahinoam the Jezreelite; Abigail the Carmelite, previously wife of Nabal; Maachah, daughter of Talmai, king of Geshur; Haggith; Abital; Eglah; and Bathsheba.

text: The Book of Chronicles lists his sons with his various wives and concubines. In Hebron, David had six sons: Amnon, by Ahinoam; Daniel, by Abigail; Absalom, by Maachah; Adonijah, by Haggith; Shephatiah, by Abital; and Ithream, by Eglah.[4] By Bathsheba, his sons were Shammua, Shobab, Nathan and Solomon. David's sons born in Jerusalem of his other wives included Ibhar, Elishua, Eliphelet, Nogah, Nepheg, Japhia, Elishama and Eliada.[5] Jerimoth, who is not mentioned in any of the genealogies, is mentioned as another of his sons in 2 Chronicles 11:18. His daughter Tamar, by Maachah, is a key character in the incident of her rape by one of her half-brothers.

text: Narrative

text: God is angered when Saul, Israel's king, unlawfully offers a sacrifice[6] and later disobeys a divine instruction to not only kill all of the Amalekites, but to destroy also their confiscated property.[7] Consequently, he sends the prophet Samuel to anoint a shepherd, David, the youngest son of Jesse of Bethlehem, to be king instead.[8]

text: God sends an evil spirit to torment Saul. Saul's courtiers recommend that he send for David, a man skillful on the lyre, wise in speech, and brave in battle. So David enters Saul's service as one of the royal armour-bearers, and plays the lyre to soothe the king.[9]

text: War comes between Israel and the Philistines, and the giant Goliath challenges the Israelites to send out a champion to face him in single combat.[10] David, sent by his father to bring provisions to his brothers serving in Saul's army, declares that he can defeat Goliath.[11] Refusing the king's offer of the royal armour,[12] he kills Goliath with his sling.[13] Saul inquires the name of the young hero's father.[14]

text: Saul sets David over his army. All Israel loves David, but his popularity causes Saul to fear him ("What else can he wish but the kingdom?").[15] Saul plots his death, but Saul's son Jonathan, one of those who loves David, warns him of his father's schemes and David flees. He goes first to Nob, where he is fed by the priest Ahimelech and given Goliath's sword, and then to Gath, the Philistine city of Goliath, intending to seek refuge with King Achish there. Achish's servants or officials question his loyalty, and David sees that he is in danger there.[16] He goes next to the cave of Adullam, where his family join him.[17] From there he goes to seek refuge with the king of Moab, but the prophet Gad advises him to leave and he goes to the Forest of Hereth,[18] and then to Keilah, where he is involved in a further battle with the Philistines. Saul plans to besiege Keilah so that he can capture David, so David leaves the city in order to protect its inhabitants.[19] From there he takes refuge in the mountainous Wilderness of Ziph.[20]

text: Jonathan meets with David again and confirms his loyalty to David as the future king. The people of Ziph notify Saul that David is taking refuge in their territory, Saul seeks confirmation and plans to capture David in the Wilderness of Maon, but his attention is diverted by a renewed Philistine invasion and David is able to secure some respite at Ein Gedi.[21] Returning from battle with the Philistines, Saul heads to Ein Gedi in pursuit of David and enters the cave where, as it happens, David and his supporters are hiding, "to attend to his needs". David realises he has an opportunity to kill Saul, but this is not his intention: he secretly cuts off a corner of Saul's robe and when Saul has left the cave he comes out to pay homage to Saul as the king and to demonstrate, using the piece of robe, that he holds no malice towards Saul. The two are thus reconciled and Saul recognises David as his successor.[22]

text: Alternatively, or (in the opinion of some commentators) subsequently,[23] Saul and David were reconciled following a similar occurrence when David was able to infiltrate Saul's camp on the hill of Hachilah and remove his spear and a jug of water from his side while he and his guards lay asleep. In this account (1 Samuel 26), David is advised by Abishai that this is his opportunity to kill Saul, but David declines, saying he will not "stretch out [his] hand against the Lord’s anointed".[24] David shows, by removing Saul's spear, that he had chance to take Saul's life but did not do so. Saul confesses that he has been wrong to pursue David, blesses him and promises that he "will do great things and surely triumph".[25] David prays that his own protection will be like his protection of Saul. The New King James Version and the New International Version both identify this episode as a second reconciliation between Saul and David[26] (with no account of any intervening dispute) but theologian Albert Barnes says the incident "is of a nature unlikely to have occurred more than once". This, it seems, was their last interview; after this they saw each other no more.[27]

text: A different tradition is recalled in 1 Samuel 27:1–4, namely that Saul ceased to pursue David because David took refuge a second time with Achish, the Philistine king of Gath.[28] Robert Jamieson, in the Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary, suggests that Saul and David had "become irreconcilable" despite the reconciliations described in 1 Samuel 24 and 1 Samuel 26.[29] Achish permits David to reside in Ziklag, close to the border between Gath and Judea, from where he leads raids against the Geshurites, the Girzites and the Amalekites, but leads Achish to believe he is attacking the Israelites in Judah, the Jerahmeelites and the Kenites. Achish believes that David had become a loyal vassal, but he never wins the trust of the princes or lords of Gath and at their request Achish instructs David to remain behind to guard the camp when the Philistines march against Saul.[30] David returns to Ziklag.[31] Jonathan and Saul are killed in battle,[32] and David is anointed king over Judah.[33] In the north, Saul's son Ish-Bosheth is anointed king of Israel, and war ensues until Ish-Bosheth is murdered.[34]

text: With the death of Saul's son, the elders of Israel come to Hebron and David is anointed king over all of Israel.[35] He conquers Jerusalem, previously a Jebusite stronghold, and makes it his capital.[36] He brings the Ark of the Covenant to the city,[37] intending to build a temple for God, but the prophet Nathan forbids it, prophesying that the temple would be built by one of his sons.[38] Nathan also prophesies that God has made a covenant with the house of David stating, "your throne shall be established forever".[39] David wins additional victories over the Philistines, Moabites, Edomites, Amalekites, Ammonites and king Hadadezer of Aram-Zobah, after which they become tributaries.[40]

text: During a siege against the Ammonite capital of Rabbah, David remains in Jerusalem. He spies a woman, Bathsheba, bathing on a nearby rooftop and summons her; she becomes pregnant.[41][42][43] The text in the Bible does not explicitly state whether Bathsheba consented or not for sex.[44][45][46] David calls her husband, Uriah the Hittite, back from the battle to rest, hoping that he will go home to his wife and the child will be presumed to be his. Uriah does not visit his wife, however, so David conspires to have him killed in the heat of battle. David then marries the widowed Bathsheba.[47] In response, Nathan prophesies the punishment that will fall upon him, stating "the sword shall never depart from your house."[48] When David acknowledges that he has sinned,[49] Nathan advises him that his sin is forgiven and he will not die,[50] but the child will.[51]

text: In fulfillment of Nathan's words, David's son Absalom rebels.[52] Absalom's forces are routed at the battle of the Wood of Ephraim, and he is caught by his long hair in the branches of a tree where, contrary to David's order, he is killed by Joab, the commander of David's army.[53] David laments the death of his favourite son: "O my son Absalom, my son, my son Absalom! Would I had died instead of you, O Absalom, my son, my son!"[54] until Joab persuades him to recover from "the extravagance of his grief"[55] and to fulfil his duty to his people.[56] David returns to Gilgal and is escorted across the River Jordan and back to Jerusalem by the tribes of Judah and Benjamin.[57]

text: When David is old and bedridden, Adonijah, his eldest surviving son and natural heir, declares himself king.[58] Bathsheba and Nathan go to David and obtain his agreement to crown Bathsheba's son Solomon as king, according to David's earlier promise, and the revolt of Adonijah is put down.[59] David dies at the age of 70 after reigning for 40 years,[60] and on his deathbed counsels Solomon to walk in the ways of God and to take revenge on his enemies.[61]

text: Intertextuality in the Hebrew Bible

text: The Book of Samuel calls David a skillful harp (lyre) player[62] and "the sweet psalmist of Israel."[63] Yet, while almost half of the Psalms are headed "A Psalm of David" (also translated as "to David" or "for David") and tradition identifies several with specific events in David’s life (e.g., Psalms 3, 7, 18, 34, 51, 52, 54, 56, 57, 59, 60, 63 and 142),[64] the headings are late additions and no psalm can be attributed to David with certainty.[65]

text: Psalm 34 is attributed to David on the occasion of his escape from Abimelech (or King Achish) by pretending to be insane.[66] According to the parallel narrative in 1 Samuel 21, instead of killing the man who had exacted so many casualties from him, Abimelech allows David to depart, exclaiming, "Am I so short of madmen that you have to bring this fellow here to carry on like this in front of me? Must this man come into my house?"[67]

text: History and archeology

text: The Tel Dan Stele, an inscribed stone erected by a king of Damascus in the late 9th/early 8th centuries BCE to commemorate his victory over two enemy kings, contains the phrase ביתדוד, bytdwd, which most scholars translate as "House of David".[68] Other scholars, such as Anson Rainey have challenged this reading,[69][70] but it is likely that this is a reference to a dynasty of the Kingdom of Judah which traced its ancestry to a founder named David.[68] The Mesha Stele from Moab, dating from approximately the same period, may also contain the name David in two places, although this is less certain than the mention in the Tel Dan inscription.[71]

text: Apart from these, all that is known of David comes from the biblical literature. The Books of Samuel were substantially composed during the time of King Josiah at the end of the 7th century BCE, extended during the Babylonian exile (6th century BCE), and substantially complete by about 550 BCE, although further editing was done even after then—the silver quarter-shekel which Saul's servant offers to Samuel in 1 Samuel 9 "almost certainly fixes the date of the story in the Persian or Hellenistic period".[72] The authors and editors of Samuel drew on many earlier sources, including, for their history of David, the "history of David's rise" (1 Samuel 16:14–2 Samuel 5:10), and the "succession narrative" (2 Samuel 9–20 and 1 Kings 1–2).[73] The Book of Chronicles, which tells the story from a different point of view, was probably composed in the period 350–300 BCE, and uses Samuel as its source.[74]

text: The authors and editors of Samuel and Chronicles did not aim to record history, but to promote David's reign as inevitable and desirable, and for this reason there is little about David that is concrete and undisputed.[75] The archaeological evidence indicates that in the 10th century BCE, the time of David, Judah was sparsely inhabited and Jerusalem was no more than a small village; over the following century it slowly evolved from a highland chiefdom to a kingdom, but always overshadowed by the older and more powerful kingdom of Israel to the north.[76] The biblical evidence likewise indicates that David's Judah was something less than a full-fledged monarchy: it often calls him negid, for example, meaning "prince" or "chief", rather than melek, meaning "king"; the biblical David sets up none of the complex bureaucracy that a kingdom needs (even his army is made up of volunteers), and his followers are largely related to him and from his small home-area around Hebron.[77]

text: Beyond this, the full range of possible interpretations is available. The late John Bright, in his History of Israel (1981), takes Samuel at face value. Donald B. Redford, however, sees all reconstructions from biblical sources for the United Monarchy period as examples of "academic wishful thinking".[78] Thomas L. Thompson rejects the historicity of the biblical narrative: "The history of Palestine and of its peoples is very different from the Bible's narratives, whatever political claims to the contrary may be. An independent history of Judea during the Iron I and Iron II periods has little room for historicizing readings of the stories of I-II Samuel and I Kings."[79] Amihai Mazar however, concludes that based on recent archeological findings, like those in City of David, Khirbet Qeiyafa, Tel Dan, Tel Rehov, Khirbet en-Nahas and others "the deconstruction of United Monarchy and the devaluation of Judah as a state in 9th century is unacceptable interpretation of available historic data". According to Mazar, based on archeological evidences, the United Monarchy can be described as a "state in development".[80]

text: Some studies of David have been written: Baruch Halpern has pictured David as a lifelong vassal of Achish, the Philistine king of Gath;[81] Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman have identified as the oldest and most reliable section of Samuel those chapters which describe David as the charismatic leader of a band of outlaws who captures Jerusalem and makes it his capital.[82] Steven McKenzie, Associate Professor of the Hebrew Bible at Rhodes College and author of King David: A Biography, states the belief that David actually came from a wealthy family, was "ambitious and ruthless" and a tyrant who murdered his opponents, including his own sons.[65]

text: Critical Bible scholarship holds that the biblical account of David's rise to power is a political apology—an answer to contemporary charges against him, of his involvement in murders and regicide.[83]

text: Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman reject the idea that David ruled over a united monarchy, suggesting instead that he ruled only as a chieftain over the southern kingdom of Judah, much smaller than the northern kingdom of Israel at that time.[84] They posit that Israel and Judah were still polytheistic in the time of David and Solomon, and that much later seventh-century redactors sought to portray a past golden age of a united, monotheistic monarchy in order to serve contemporary needs.[85] They note a lack of archeological evidence for David's military campaigns and a relative underdevelopment of Jerusalem, the capital of Judah, compared to a more developed and urbanized Samaria, capital of Israel.[86][87][88]

text: Jacob L. Wright, Associate Professor of Hebrew Bible at Emory University, has written that the most popular legends about David, including his killing of Goliath, his affair with Bathsheba, and his ruling of a United Kingdom of Israel rather than just Judah, are the creation of those who lived generations after him, in particular those living in the late Persian or Hellenistic periods.[89]

text: History of interepretation in the Abrahamic religions

text: Rabbinic Judaism

text: David is an important figure in Rabbinic Judaism. Many legends have grown around the figure of David. According to one Rabbinic tradition, David was raised as the son of his father Jesse and spent his early years herding his father's sheep in the wilderness while his brothers were in school.

text: David's adultery with Bathsheba was only an opportunity to demonstrate the power of repentance, and the Talmud states that it was not adultery at all, quoting a Jewish practice of divorce on the eve of battle. Furthermore, according to Talmudic sources, the death of Uriah was not to be considered murder, on the basis that Uriah had committed a capital offense by refusing to obey a direct command from the King.[90] However, in tractate Sanhedrin, David expressed remorse over his transgressions and sought forgiveness. God ultimately forgave David and Bathsheba but would not remove their sins from Scripture.[91]

text: According to midrashim, Adam gave up 70 years of his life for the life of David.[92] Also, according to the Talmud Yerushalmi, David was born and died on the Jewish holiday of Shavuot (Feast of Weeks). His piety was said to be so great that his prayers could bring down things from Heaven.

text: Christianity

text:
King David the Prophet

King David in Prayer, by Pieter de Grebber (c. 1640)

Holy Monarch, Prophet, Reformer, Spiritual Poet and Musician, Vicegerent of God, Psalm-Receiver

Born
Bethlehem

Died
Jerusalem

Venerated in
Judaism
Christianity
Islam

Feast
December 29 – Roman Catholicism

Attributes
Psalms, Harp, Head of Goliath

text: The concept of the Messiah is important in Christianity. Originally an earthly king ruling by divine appointment ("the anointed one", as the title Messiah had it), the "son of David" became in the last two pre-Christian centuries the apocalyptic and heavenly one who would deliver Israel and usher in a new kingdom. This was the background to the concept of Messiahship in early Christianity, which interpreted the career of Jesus "by means of the titles and functions assigned to David in the mysticism of the Zion cult, in which he served as priest-king and in which he was the mediator between God and man".[93] The early Church believed that "the life of David [foreshadowed] the life of Christ; Bethlehem is the birthplace of both; the shepherd life of David points out Christ, the Good Shepherd; the five stones chosen to slay Goliath are typical of the five wounds; the betrayal by his trusted counsellor, Achitophel, and the passage over the Cedron remind us of Christ's Sacred Passion. Many of the Davidic Psalms, as we learn from the New Testament, are clearly typical of the future Messiah."[94] In the Middle Ages, "Charlemagne thought of himself, and was viewed by his court scholars, as a 'new David'. [This was] not in itself a new idea, but [one whose] content and significance were greatly enlarged by him".[95] The linking of David to earthly kingship was reflected in later Medieval cathedral windows all over Europe through the device of the Tree of Jesse, its branches demonstrating how divine kingship descended from Jesse, through his son David, to Jesus.

text: Western Rite churches (Lutheran, Roman Catholic) celebrate his feast day on 29 December, Eastern-rite on 19 December.[96] The Eastern Orthodox Church and Eastern Catholic Churches celebrate the feast day of the "Holy Righteous Prophet and King David" on the Sunday of the Holy Forefathers (two Sundays before the Great Feast of the Nativity of the Lord), when he is commemorated together with other ancestors of Jesus. He is also commemorated on the Sunday after the Nativity, together with Joseph and James, the Brother of the Lord.

text: Middle Ages

text: In European Christian culture of the Middle Ages, David was made a member of the Nine Worthies, a group of heroes encapsulating all the ideal qualities of chivalry. His life was thus proposed as a valuable subject for study by those aspiring to chivalric status. This aspect of David in the Nine Worthies was popularised firstly through literature, and was thereafter adopted as a frequent subject for painters and sculptors.

text: David was considered as a model ruler and a symbol of divinely-ordained monarchy throughout medieval Western Europe and Eastern Christendom. David was perceived as the biblical predecessor to Christian Roman and Byzantine emperors and the name "New David" was used as an honorific reference to these rulers.[98] The Georgian Bagratids and the Solomonic dynasty of Ethiopia claimed a direct biological descent from him.[99] Likewise, the Frankish Carolingian dynasty frequently connected themselves to David; Charlemagne himself occasionally used the name of David as his pseudonym.[98]

text: Islam

text: David (Arabic داود, Dāwūd) is a highly important figure in Islam as one of the major prophets sent by God to guide the Israelites. David is mentioned several times in the Quran, often with his son Solomon. The actual Arabic equivalent to the Hebrew Davīd is Dawūd. In the Qur'an: David killed Goliath (2:251), a giant soldier in the Philistine army. When David killed Goliath, God granted him kingship and wisdom and enforced it (38:20). David was made God's "vicegerent on earth" (38:26) and God further gave David sound judgment (21:78; 37:21–24, 26) as well as the Psalms, regarded as books of divine wisdom (4:163; 17:55). The birds and mountains united with David in uttering praise to God (21:79; 34:10; 38:18), while God made iron soft for David (34:10), God also instructed David in the art of fashioning chain-mail out of iron (21:80); an indication of the first use of Wrought iron, this knowledge gave David a major advantage over his bronze and cast iron-armed opponents, not to mention the cultural and economic impact. Together with Solomon, David gave judgment in a case of damage to the fields (21:78) and David judged the matter between two disputants in his prayer chamber (38:21–23). Since there is no mention in the Qur'an of the wrong David did to Uriah nor any reference to Bathsheba, Muslims reject this narrative.[100]

text: Muslim tradition and the hadith stress David's zeal in daily prayer as well as in fasting.[101] Qur'an commentators, historians and compilers of the numerous Stories of the Prophets elaborate upon David's concise Qur'anic narratives and specifically mention David's gift in singing his Psalms as well as his musical and vocal talents. His voice is described as having had a captivating power, weaving its influence not only over man but over all beasts and nature, who would unite with him to praise God.[102]

text: Art and literature

text: Literature

text: Literary works about David include:

text:
1681–82 Dryden's long poem Absalom and Achitophel is an allegory that uses the story of the rebellion of Absalom against King David as the basis for his satire of the contemporary political situation, including events such as the Monmouth Rebellion (1685), the Popish Plot (1678) and the Exclusion Crisis.
1893 Sir Arthur Conan Doyle may have used the story of David and Bathsheba as a foundation for the Sherlock Holmes story The Adventure of the Crooked Man. Holmes mentions "the small affair of Uriah and Bathsheba" at the end of the story.[103]
1928 Elmer Davis's novel Giant Killer retells and embellishes the biblical story of David, casting David as primarily a poet who managed always to find others to do the "dirty work" of heroism and kingship. In the novel, Elhanan in fact killed Goliath but David claimed the credit; and Joab, David's cousin and general, took it upon himself to make many of the difficult decisions of war and statecraft when David vacillated or wrote poetry instead.
1936 William Faulkner's Absalom, Absalom! refers to the story of Absalom, David's son; his rebellion against his father and his death at the hands of David's general, Joab. In addition it parallels Absalom's vengeance for the rape of his sister Tamar by his half-brother, Amnon.
1946 Gladys Schmitt's novel David the King was a richly embellished biography of David's entire life. The book took a risk, especially for its time, in portraying David's relationship with Jonathan as overtly homoerotic, but was ultimately panned by critics as a bland rendition of the title character.
1966 Juan Bosch, a Dominican political leader and writer, wrote David: Biography of a King, as a realistic portrayal of David's life and political career.
1970 Dan Jacobson's The Rape of Tamar is an imagined account, by one of David's courtiers Yonadab, of the rape of Tamar by Amnon.
1972 Stefan Heym wrote The King David Report in which the historian Ethan compiles upon King Solomon's orders "a true and authoritative report on the life of David, Son of Jesse"—the East German writer's wry depiction of a court historian writing an "authorized" history, many incidents clearly intended as satirical references to the writer's own time.
1974 In Thomas Burnett Swann's biblical fantasy novel How are the Mighty Fallen, David and Jonathan are explicitly stated to be lovers. Moreover, Jonathan is a member of a winged semi-human race (possibly nephilim), one of several such races coexisting with humanity but often persecuted by it.
1980 Malachi Martin's factional novel King of Kings: A Novel of the Life of David relates the life of David, Adonai's champion in his battle with the Philistine deity Dagon.
1984 Joseph Heller wrote a novel based on David called God Knows, published by Simon & Schuster. Told from the perspective of an aging David, the humanity—rather than the heroism—of various biblical characters is emphasized. The portrayal of David as a man of flaws such as greed, lust, selfishness, and his alienation from God, the falling apart of his family is a distinctly 20th-century interpretation of the events told in the Bible.
1993 Madeleine L'Engle's novel Certain Women explores family, the Christian faith, and the nature of God through the story of King David's family and an analogous modern family's saga.
1995 Allan Massie wrote King David, a novel about David's career that portrays the king's relationship to Jonathan as sexual.[104]
2015 Geraldine Brooks wrote a novel about King David, The Secret Chord , told from the point of view of the prophet Nathan.[105]

text: Paintings

text:
1599 Caravaggio David and Goliath
c. 1619 Caravaggio, David and Goliath

text: Sculptures

text:
1440? Donatello David
1501–04 Michelangelo, David

text: Film

text: David has been depicted several times in films; these are some of the best-known:

text:
1951 In David and Bathsheba, directed by Henry King, Gregory Peck played David.
1959 In Solomon and Sheba, directed by King Vidor, Finlay Currie played an aged King David.
1961 In A Story of David, directed by Bob McNaught, Jeff Chandler played David.
1985 In King David, directed by Bruce Beresford, Richard Gere played King David. This film was poorly received by critics and failed at the box office.
1996 In Dave and the Giant Pickle
2016 In Of Kings and Prophets

text: Music

text:
The traditional birthday song Las Mañanitas mentions King David as the original singer in its lyrics.
1738 George Frideric Handel's oratorio Saul features David as one of its main characters.[106]
1921 Arthur Honegger's oratorio Le Roi David with a libretto by René Morax, instantly became a staple of the choral repertoire.
1983 Bob Dylan refers to David in his song "Jokerman" ("Michelangelo indeed could've carved out your features").[107]
1984 Leonard Cohen's song "Hallelujah" has references to David ("there was a secret chord that David played and it pleased the Lord", "The baffled king composing Hallelujah") and Bathsheba ("you saw her bathing on the roof") in its opening verses.
1990 The song "One of the Broken" by Paddy McAloon, performed by Prefab Sprout on the album Jordan: The Comeback, has a reference to David ("I remember King David, with his harp and his beautiful, beautiful songs, I answered his prayers, and showed him a place where his music belongs").
1991 "Mad About You", a song on Sting's the album The Soul Cages, explores David's obsession with Bathsheba from David's perspective.[108]
2000 The song "Gimme a Stone" appears on the Little Feat album Chinese Work Songs chronicles the duel with Goliath and contains a lament to Absalom as a bridge.[109]

text: Musical theater

text: 1997 King David, sometimes described as a modern oratorio, with a book and lyrics by Tim Rice and music by Alan Menken.

text: Television

text:
1997 David, a TV-film with Nathaniel Parker as King David and Leonard Nimoy as the Prophet Samuel.[110]
1997 Max von Sydow portrayed an older King David in the TV-film Solomon, a sequel to David.[111]
2009 Christopher Egan played David on Kings, a re-imagining loosely based on the biblical story.[112]
2013 Langley Kirkwood portrayed King David in the miniseries The Bible.

text: Playing cards

text: For a considerable period, starting in the 15th century and continuing until the 19th, French playing card manufacturers assigned to each of the court cards names taken from history or mythology. In this context, the King of Spades was often known as "David".[113][114]

text: Image gallery

text:
Study of King David, by Julia Margaret Cameron. Depicts Sir Henry Taylor, 1866.

Miniature from the Paris Psalter: David in the robes of a Byzantine emperor.

Matteo Rosselli The triumphant David.

Rembrandt, c. 1650: Saul and David.

Arnold Zadikow, 1930: The Young David displayed in the entrance of Berlin's Jewish Museum from 1933 until its loss during the Second World War.

King David, stained glass windows from the Romanesque Augsburg Cathedral, late 11th century.


document_title: Skin Wars

question_text: who won the second season of skin wars

question_tokens: who won the second season of skin wars

root

text: Skin Wars

text: Production[edit]

text: On September 12, 2013, GSN ordered eight episodes of the series,[1][2] making it GSN's first television show devoted to body art.[2] On February 4, 2014, GSN announced Rebecca Romijn as host of Skin Wars, with RuPaul Charles, Craig Tracy and Robin Slonina serving as judges.[3]

tag: p

text: The series premiered on GSN August 6, 2014.[4] That same night, the network also began airing an online series entitled Skin Wars: The Naked Truth with Kandee Johnson airing immediately after Skin Wars on DOOR3, GSN's YouTube channel targeted toward 18- to 25-year-olds. The series features commentary from Johnson as well as highlights from that night's episode and a "Skinterview" with one of the contestants.[5]

text: On September 30, 2014, GSN announced plans to air a ten-episode second season of Skin Wars with Romijn and all three judges returning to reprise their respective roles.[6] The second season premiered June 10, 2015.[7]

text: A spinoff called Skin Wars: Fresh Paint hosted by RuPaul aired as a special on August 26, 2015. It featured six highly accomplished artists, each at the top of their game, as they leave their comfort zones to compete in body painting for the first time. The artists must conquer three difficult challenges as they are mentored by three top artists from the first season, Dutch Bihary, Lawrence "Gear" Duran and Season One champion, Natalie Fletcher. As the artists work closely with their body painting mentors they try to quickly master the craft and win the $10,000 prize and become champion. It premiered to 456,000 viewers.[8] Later, it became a series itself, premiering on June 15, 2016.[9]

text: On August 27, 2015, GSN renewed the series for a third season.[10]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: Contestants[edit]

text: The 10 body painters competing in the first season were:[11]

text:
Contestant
Outcome

Alan Anderson, 38
10th

Sean Avram, 39
9th

Angela Roberts, 22
8th

Mythica Von Griffyn, 43
7th

Felle Kelsaw, 41
6th

Lawrence "Gear" Duran, 35
5th

Nicole Hays, 29
4th

Dutch Bihary, 41
3rd

Shannon Holt, 38
Runner-Up

Natalie Fletcher, 28
Winner

tag: table

text: Contestant Progress[edit]

text:
Elimination Chart

Artists
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Natalie
SAFE
WIN
WIN
SAFE
LOW‡
F/O
LOW‡
WINNER

Shannon
WIN
SAFE
LOW‡
LOW‡
HIGH
WIN
HIGH
RUNNER-UP

Dutch
HIGH‡
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
LOW‡
SAFE
WIN
3RD PLACE‡

Nicole
SAFE
SAFE‡
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
OUT

Gear
SAFE
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
WIN
OUT‡

Felle
HIGH
SAFE
HIGH‡
WIN
OUT

Mythica
LOW
LOW
HIGH
OUT

Angela
SAFE
LOW
OUT

Sean
LOW
OUT

Alan
OUT

text: Season 2[edit]

text: Contestants[edit]

text: The 12 body painters competing in the second season were:[12]

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Place Finished

Marcio Karam
53
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
12th

Rudy Zanzibar Campos
30
Houston, Texas
11th

Rachel Deboer
40
Maui, Hawaii
10th

Fernello Nelson
30
Queens, New York
9th

Sammie Bartko
38
Heber City, Utah
8th

Dawn Marie Svanoe
44
Madison, Wisconsin
7th

Kyle Vest
25
Orlando, Florida
6th

Rio Sirah
33
Atlanta, Georgia
5th

Cheryl Ann Lipstreu
37
Winston-Salem, North Carolina
4th

Aryn Fox
27
Newport, Kentucky
3rd

Avi Ram
28
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
2nd

Lana Chromium
29
San Diego, California
1st

text: Contestant Progress[edit]

text:
Elimination Chart

Artists
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Lana
WIN
SAFE
HIGH
LOW
LOW
HIGH‡
WIN
HIGH
F/O
WINNER

Avi
SAFE
WIN
HIGH
HIGH‡
HIGH
WIN
LOW
WIN
WIN
RUNNER-UP‡

Aryn
SAFE
HIGH
SAFE
WIN
HIGH
HIGH
LOW‡
LOW
HIGH‡
3RD PLACE

Cheryl Ann
HIGH
HIGH‡
LOW
LOW
LOW
SAFE
LOW
LOW‡
OUT

Rio
SAFE
SAFE
WIN‡
LOW
HIGH‡
LOW
HIGH
OUT

Kyle
HIGH
SAFE
HIGH
SAFE
WIN
LOW
OUT

Dawn Marie
SAFE
LOW
LOW
HIGH
LOW
OUT

Sammie
SAFE
SAFE
LOW
SAFE
OUT

Fernello
LOW‡
SAFE
SAFE
OUT

Rachel
LOW
LOW
OUT

Rudy
SAFE
OUT

Marcio
OUT

text: Season 3[edit]

text: Contestants[edit]

text: The 12 body painters competing in the third season are:[13]

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Place Finished

Jermaze Wade
36
Decatur, Georgia
12th

Shelley Wapniak
33
Brooklyn, New York
11th

Kyera Dalesandro
22
Virginia Beach, Virginia
10th

Jessica "Jess" Watson Miller
24
Sydney, Australia
9th

Hans Haveron
36
Los Angeles, California
8th (Quit)

Joseph "Otto" Ott
38
Winneconne, Wisconsin
7th

Luis Martinez
21
Atlanta, Georgia
6th

Tiffany Beckler
26
Rock Hill, South Carolina
5th

Michael Mejia
25
Queens, New York
4th

Brittney Pelloquin
28
Broussard, Louisiana
3rd

Alison Kenyon
44
Grass Valley, California
Runner-Up

Rick Uribe
20
El Paso, Texas
Winner

text: Contestant Progress[edit]

text:
Elimination Chart

Artists
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Rick
SAFE
WIN
WIN
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
HIGH‡
LOW
WINNER

Alison
SAFE‡
SAFE
LOW
WIN
HIGH
SAFE
HIGH‡
HIGH
WIN
RUNNER-UP‡

Brittney
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
SAFE
HIGH
LOW
WIN
HIGH‡
3RD PLACE

Michael
HIGH
LOW
LOW
HIGH‡
WIN
LOW‡
WIN
LOW
OUT

Tiffany
WIN
SAFE
HIGH
SAFE
SAFE
WIN
SAFE
OUT

Luis
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE‡
LOW
LOW‡
OUT

Otto
SAFE
LOW
HIGH
SAFE
OUT

Hans
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
SAFE
QUIT

Jessica
SAFE
SAFE‡
SAFE
OUT

Kyera
LOW
SAFE
OUT

Shelley
SAFE
OUT

Jermaze
OUT

text:
In Episode 5, Hans quit the competition at panel after a fall out with the judges.
In Episode 7, Brittney and Rick were in the bottom two but neither was eliminated.

tag: ul

text: International broadcast[edit]

text: In Australia, the series premiered on LifeStyle You on May 26, 2015.[14] All three seasons are now available on Netflix.

text: In Canada, the series aired on GameTV in 2015.[15]

text: In the United Kingdom, the series premiered on truTV UK in 2015.[16]

text:
In Brazil, the show's first season has been broadcast on Multishow since February, 2016.
In South Africa it broadcasts on Sony Max.
In India,the show's first season has been broadcast on FYI_TV18 since 2016.


document_title: Aaron Hotchner

question_text: which episode of criminal minds does hotch get stabbed

text: Aaron Hotchner

text: Development[edit]

text: Gibson was cast as Hotchner having previously starred in the comedy series Dharma and Greg. Of the transition to Criminal Minds, he explained: "It's very nice to do a little bit of the darkness after a little bit of the lightness. Variety is the spice of life. I enjoy both and hopefully I will be able to do as big a variety as I possibly can."[2] Gibson's family lives in San Antonio, Texas, while he commutes to Los Angeles to film Criminal Minds on a weekly basis, something he feels gives him an insight into Hotch's divided priorities.[3] Discussing the effect working in the BAU has on the agents' personal lives, Gibson opined: "I think it can't help but take some toll. And the first casualty may not be the agents themselves, but their families, spouses and children."[4] Prior to Hotch and Haley's separation, in a 2007 interview Gibson stated that he hoped the two would make their relationship last, explaining: "Marriage can certainly survive lots of hardships. You think about in real life the marriages that survive. They certainly suffer... and I think it's going to be very interesting to see how they work it out because I know it's certainly taking its toll. Haley wanted the marriage to work out."[3] Discussing the conflict between Hotch's career and home life, Gibson detailed:

text: He knows his family is getting the short shift. He knows his job is costing him in time spent with his wife and son. I think he's sincere when he says he wants to be there for his family. But it's really, really hard doing what they do - being on call and dedicated to the job. To be able to pull both of those things off, I think that his ambitions have to come face to face with a certain reality that's in contradiction with what he thought was possible. It'll be very interesting to see how it all shakes out, because I think his realistic appraisal of all the balls he thought he was capable of keeping in the air at the same time - something's gotta give... I'm not sure he's reconciled what's gotta give. His job is very important.

text: Gibson characterized Hotch as having "moments of levity", but continued: "Unfortunately, he has a very, very, probably-dusty-it's-so-dry sense of humor. It's pretty dark. It's pretty bone dry. We all need a little levity, but I wouldn't necessarily look for him to break into song and dance. I think Hotch feels there's a lot at stake all the time."[3] Prior to the departure of Mandy Patinkin's Jason Gideon from the series, Gibson described Gideon and Hotch as "an old married couple", deeming them father figures to the rest of the BAU and professional peers to one another.[3] Of Hotch's relationship with the rest of the BAU team, Gibson commented:

text: I think they all know he is dedicated to doing the job. I think he understands how to negotiate both his responsibilities to the team and his own responsibilities to the job and put aside some of the things that might be sources of conflict within the time. When you spend that much time with people you're going to have conflict, and he's aware of that... There's also a kind of detachment that has to be there for you to do this job acceptably, but at the same time there's a very engaged quality to the work where you have to dedicate yourself to the idea that you're putting yourself in these criminals' shoes, because that's how they're effective at doing it.[3]

text: Before Gibson was cast in the role, the character was originally envisioned as a "blonde haired, blue-eyed Mormon".[5]

text: Storylines[edit]

text: This section  possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: This section includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this section by introducing more precise citations. (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Backstory[edit]

text: Hotch first met his future wife Haley Brooks in high school. They married soon thereafter, and were initially happy together. Before joining the FBI, Hotch worked as a prosecutorE301 for the District Attorney's office.E319 He has a younger brother named Sean (Eric Johnson), a New York City-based chef.E116 His mother is an alumna of Mary Baldwin College in Staunton, VA.E11. Their father was a workaholic lawyer who survived cancer,E219 and suffered a heart attack at 47, dying while Sean was still a child.E116

text: Upon joining the FBI, Hotch was initially assigned to the Field Office in Seattle, Washington, before transferring to Quantico, Virginia.

text: In "Natural Born Killer", Hotchner spoke to a serial killer, Vincent Perotta (Patrick Kilpatrick), and discussed the physical abuse he suffered as a child at the hands of his father. Perotta claimed that everyone who is abused as a child becomes a serial killer, with Hotchner correcting him by saying that "some people grow up to become serial killers". When Perotta caught the correction, he asked what the use of "some" meant. Hotchner replied by saying "and some people grow up to catch them". From his explanation to Perotta earlier, it seems Hotchner and his mother were abused, but she did not do anything with the issue.

text: Criminal Minds[edit]

text: In general, Hotchner is depicted as a hard-working, (mostly) humorless, no-nonsense agent who rarely smiles or acts out in anger; his aloof demeanor and composure tend to be mistaken for a complete lack of emotion. He takes great care to avoid antagonizing witnesses, local law enforcement and suspects unless he believes provoking them will cause them to reveal information, occasionally chastising his team mates for needlessly flippant or hostile behavior. With few exceptions, he takes the ethics of his profession very seriously, as evidenced by his angry reaction to Elle Greenaway's killing of a suspect, which he (correctly) believed was cold-blooded murder. Though lacking evidence, he very clearly stated he would arrest her if he had such. He occasionally sympathizes with the subjects he pursues, although he universally condemns their behavior and never allows them to justify it.

text: Following the birth of his son Jack, Hotch's work with the BAU began disrupting his family life. Following a two-week suspension in 2007 (engineered by office rival Section Chief Erin Strauss after a case at a college campus in Flagstaff, Arizona that ended in disaster when both serial killer Nathan Tubbs and copycat killer Anna Begley died), he requested a transfer to a different division, which pleased Haley, until Derek Morgan (Shemar Moore) convinced him to help the team with a case in Milwaukee. He changed his mind about leaving the department, and when he returned home, he found that Haley had taken Jack and left him.E302 He was later served with divorce papers at work.E311 Hotch attempted to see Jack weekly, but was unable to spend time with him as often as he would like.E416

text: At the beginning of the show's fourth season, it was shown that the car exploding at the end of season three was Hotch's SUV. Both he and SSA Kate Joyner were caught in the bombing outside the New York City Federal Plaza. Kate eventually died from her injuries, and Hotch suffered shrapnel wounds and a punctured eardrum which resulted in hyperacusis, causing temporary hearing problems.E402 Later in the season, the team worked one of Hotch's old cases: the case of the Boston Reaper. Hotch revealed to Rossi that he had maintained an interest in the case over the ten years since he had investigated it. It was also shown that the Reaper, a power-hungry predator, had taken an interest in Hotch himself.

text: After being misled for a time, Hotch and the team finally identified the Reaper as George Foyet, the only one to have supposedly survived the Reaper by injuring himself. Hotch and the team arrested Foyet but he escaped from prison shortly afterward, going on the run. In the season four finale, "...And Back", Hotch was confronted in his apartment by the Reaper (identified by his trademark mask).E426 Foyet stabbed Hotch nine times and tortured him with a knife before delivering him to the hospital. Although Hotch survived, Foyet took Haley's and Jack's address from Hotch's apartment, requiring them to be placed in protective custody and unable to contact Hotch while Foyet was at large. Following the encounter with Foyet and subsequent loss of contact with Hotch's family, there was concern within the Bureau, and also on the part of Agent Morgan, that Agent Hotchner was suffering the effects of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, and Hotchner's actions were analyzed more closely.E502 In season 9, Hotch is hospitalized due to complications from the old stab wounds after collapsing in the team's conference room.

text:
When Chief Strauss began putting pressure on Hotchner to
justify all of his tactical decisions, E505 Hotch decided to step down as unit chief to avoid being reassigned to a different unit. He relinquished his position to Morgan, which he accepted on the condition that he would step down once Foyet had been captured. Shortly thereafter Foyet reappeared,E508 baiting Hotchner through correspondence with an old unsub (The Fox) who had been convicted and imprisoned after being captured in the Season 1 episode, "The Fox". With the help of the team, Hotchner proceeded to track Foyet,E509 who posed as a US Marshal in order to locate Haley and Jack. Having gained access to her Witsec-issued home, Foyet forced Haley to call Hotch on speaker phone. Hotch managed to issue a code to their son, Jack, which meant for him to go hide in his secret place. However, Hotch was unable to save Haley, whom Foyet murdered while she was still talking to him on the phone.

text: Upon arriving at the house, Hotch found Haley's body in the bedroom and noticed Foyet hiding behind the curtains. He repeatedly shot at his shadow outlined in the curtains only to discover Foyet was wearing a bullit-proof vest. A full-out hand-to-hand fight then ensued, with Foyet eventually lying on the floor with Hotch sitting on top of him. In shock, enraged and afraid for his son's life, Hotchner continued to pummel Foyet's head and face, literally beating him to death. Although dead, he continued pounding on Foyet until the rest of the team arrived; Morgan had to physically restrain Hotch to get him to stop. During the post-incident inquiry by Section Chief Strauss, the team demonstrated complete support of Agent Hotchner and his actions, despite Strauss's persistence in painting them as premeditated. Her position towards the events eventually changed upon speaking directly with Agent Hotchner who, when asked what he believed would have happened if Foyet had lived, responded: "I don't have to think; I know that he would have tried to kill my son, too." Chief Strauss concluded that Hotchner's actions were entirely justifiable.

text:
After his ex-wife's murder, Hotch took time off to grieve and spend time with his son. He spoke at Haley's funeral.E510 It was clear that Jack was missing his mother, and was comforted by sleeping in his dad's bed. Hotch was offered early retirement from the BAU in order to be with his son. However, after Haley's sister, Jessica, offered to stay with Jack when Hotch had to go away, Hotch agreed and decided to return to the BAU.
Since then, Hotch has attempted to build a better relationship with his son by being his pillar of support. Many of Jack's actions make it clear that he holds his father in high regard. For example, in one scene,E510 Jack is shown playing with two figures at the dinner table. He explains to his father that one figure is Hotch, while the other is a "bad guy". When Jack's Aunt Jessica, who is making pancakes for dinner, asks Jack who is going to win, he replies: "Daddy. No one beats Daddy."

text: In another episode,E606 he refuses to dress up as Spider-Man for Halloween because "he's not a real super hero". Instead Jack puts on a suit that is slightly too large for him, and when Hotch asks him what hero he's supposed to be, he says, "I'm you, Daddy." Later on, Hotch is asked to coach Jack's soccer team when the team's performance lacks and he decides to do it with a little help from Rossi, whom he takes on as his assistant. At the end of the episode, Hotch and Rossi are shown coaching Jack's team and making them win. Despite his many responsibilities, after JJ's departure from the team, Hotch has chosen to take on part of JJ's role as media liaison, a move that he shares with Penelope Garcia. Former Media Communications Officer Jennifer "JJ" Jareau has moved on to become an official full-time profiler.

text: Hotchner requested to run the psych review on his team following Prentiss' "death". This request was granted by Strauss, and saw the different reactions from his team. Strauss questioned why he had not submitted a psych report for himself, he made an excuse. Hotch is also very protective of Spencer Reid, which is shown in small ways throughout the episodes. In the pilot episode "Extreme Aggressor", Hotch explains that they introduce him as Dr. Spencer Reid instead of Special Agent Spencer Reid so that people will respect him despite his youth. He has mostly taken over the fatherly role with Spencer after Gideon's departure. In the season seven premiere, it was revealed that Hotch was assigned to temporary duty with an investigative task force in Pakistan during the period between seasons. Once Hotch gets back, he tells JJ it's time for the team to learn that Prentiss is alive.

text: Although JJ isn't sure it's a good idea, Hotch tells her Prentiss is already on her way. He quickly tells the team what happened with Prentiss on the operating table. Rossi, Morgan, Reid, and Garcia are all shocked. Later, in "Proof", Hotch witnesses Reid's hostile behavior towards JJ and tells him to take his anger out on him and not JJ. Reid only replies that it wasn't to Hotch whom he spent ten weeks crying over Prentiss, it was JJ, and she never said a word. In addition to being a BAU Special Agent and also the BAU Unit Chief, Hotch has been promoted to Section Chief because Erin Strauss, the former Section Chief, resigned in the episode "Self-Fulfilling Prophecy" because she had been drinking on the job. This was despite the fact that his involvement in the above mentioned, bungled Arizona case led to his being told that he was not likely to be considered for a promotion.

text: Later, Hotch makes a connection with a female runner while training for a triathlon. Hotch is hesitant and Rossi feels that is because Hotch doesn't think enough time has passed since Haley was murdered two years ago. While on the plane, the group - including Garcia - debate the issue of Hotch's dating. After their recent case, Hotch admits to Rossi that he will go on a bike ride with the woman. At the end of the episode, the woman, Beth, makes it clear that she's interested in him romantically, which leaves Hotch smiling. During the beginning of the episode "Closing Time", it is revealed that Hotch and Beth have continued training as well as having lunches together. Hotch then asks her out on a date, which she says yes to. At the end of the episode Hotch shows up a day early with roses, and he and Beth have their first kiss. Later, after running the triathlon, Hotch finally introduces his son to Beth.


document_title: Kendall Jenner

question_text: where did kendall and kylie host an award show

text: Kendall Jenner

text: Early life

text: Jenner was born in Los Angeles, California, to retired Olympic decathlete champion Caitlyn Jenner and television personality Kris Jenner.[a] Jenner's middle name was a tribute to her mother's best friend Nicole Brown Simpson, who died just before Jenner was conceived.[11]

text: Jenner was raised in a stepfamily with one younger sister, Kylie, and eight half-siblings.[12] Jenner is half sister to Burt and Casey Lynn Jenner[12] through Caitlyn and first wife Christie Crownover. Through Caitlyn and second wife Linda Thompson, Jenner is half sister to indie pop singer Brandon and The Hills actor Sam "Brody" Jenner.[12] Jenner is maternal half sister to reality television celebrities Kourtney, Kim, Khloé, and Rob Kardashian[13] through mother Kris Jenner.

text: Jenner was raised with her sister and maternal half-siblings in Calabasas, an upscale suburb west of Los Angeles. Jenner attended Sierra Canyon School before switching to homeschooling in order to pursue modeling.[14] She graduated in 2014.[15]

text: Modeling

text: 2009–2013: Early work

text: Jenner began modeling at age 14 when Wilhelmina Models signed her on July 12, 2009.[16] Cinematographer Nick Saglimbeni directed the photoshoot for Jenner's Wilhelmina portfolio.[17][18] Jenner's first modeling job was the Rocker Babes with a Twist campaign for Forever 21 in December 2009 and January 2010.[19][20] Jenner featured in a Teen Vogue Snapshot on April 19, 2010.[21] In September 2011, Jenner walked for Sherri Hill during Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week.[22][23] By the end of 2012, Jenner had covers on American Cheerleader,[24][25] Teen Prom,[26] Looks, Raine,[27] GenLux,[28] Lovecat,[29] and Flavour Magazine.[30] and booked campaigns for White Sands Australia,[31] Leah Madden,[32] and Agua Bendita.[33]

text: In November 2012, Jenner teamed with Victoria's Secret photographer Russell James for editorial work and joint projects. Over the course of 2013 and 2014, their work together surfaced in Kurv,[34] Miss Vogue Australia,[35] and Harper's Bazaar Arabia.[36] Jenner featured in James' Nomad Two Worlds: Australia book launches in Sydney[37] and Los Angeles.[38] Jenner's editorial work with James and Adam Franzino[39] signaled a change of direction to high fashion, and Jenner signed with The Society Management on November 21, 2013.[40][41]

text: Jenner walked her first Society Management bookings for Marc Jacobs,[42][43] Giles Deacon,[44] Givenchy,[45] Chanel,[46][47][48] Donna Karan,[49] Diane von Fürstenberg,[50] Tommy Hilfiger,[51] Fendi, Ports 1961, Bottega Veneta, Pucci, Dolce & Gabbana;[52] Sonia Rykiel,[53] and Balmain.[54] Jenner participated in two Chanel public relations events in 2014: one, a feminist rally-themed Chanel event with Gisele Bundchen and Cara Delevingne;[55] and two, the company's Metiers D'Art in Salzburg.[56] Jenner shot covers and editorials for Interview[57] LOVE,[58] and Teen Vogue.[59] Jenner was cast in campaigns for Givenchy[60] and a December-themed LOVE advent calendar promotion with Doug Inglish.[61] In November 2014, Jenner became an official Estée Lauder representative.[62] Jenner was hailed as "the 'It Girl' of the season" by LOVE editor Katie Grand.[58]

text: In 2015, Jenner walked for Chanel,[63][64] [65] Alexander Wang,[66] Diane von Fürstenberg,[67][68] Donna Karan,[69] Vera Wang,[70] Michael Kors,[71][72] Marc Jacobs,[73][74] Oscar de la Renta,[75] Giles Deacon,[76] Fendi,[77] N°21,[78] H&M,[79] Balmain,[80][81] the annual Dosso Dossi Fashion Show in Antalya, Turkey,[82][83][84] Givenchy,[85] Elie Saab,[86] and Ports 1961.[87] Jenner took part in publicity campaigns for Balmain x H&M[88] and walked in the 2015 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show.[89] Jenner shot covers and editorials with Marie Claire Indonesia,[90] Harper's Bazaar,[91] GQ,[92] Vogue China,[93][94] LOVE,[95] and Vogue issues in Japan, France[96] and America.[97][98] Jenner featured in campaigns for Marc Jacobs,[99] Karl Lagerfeld,[100][101] Fendi,[102] Balmain,[103][104] Estée Lauder,[105][106] a political campaign for Rock The Vote/Independent Journal Review voter registration,[107] and a second LOVE advent calendar.[108][109] Jenner signed contracts with Calvin Klein Jeans in March[110] and Penshoppe in May.[111]

text: In 2016, Jenner and Cara Delevingne were recreated as wax figures for Madame Tussauds' London Fashion Week Experience event.[112] Jenner walked for Chanel,[113][114] Diane Von Fürstenberg,[115] Vera Wang, Michael Kors,[116] Marc Jacobs,[117][118] Fendi,[119] Versace,[120] Bottega Veneta,[121] Balmain,[122] Dior,[123] Elie Saab,[124] and Miu Miu.[125] Jenner shot covers and editorials in Vogue Brazil,[126] W Korea,[127] LOVE,[128] Vanity Fair,[129] V,[130][131][132] Self Service Magazine,[133] and Harper's Bazaar.[134] Vogue's editors devoted a special edition editorial supplement to Jenner in April..[when?][135][136] Jenner had campaign features for Mango,[137] CPS Chaps,[138] Calvin Klein,[139][140] Rock The Vote/Independent Journal Review,[141] and Denimlab.[142] Jenner announced her signing to Chilean retail chain París[143][144] in April.[when?]

text: Jenner's 2017 campaign for La Perla caused some controversy due to her having to cancel a previously scheduled appearance as a Victoria's Secret model due to her new affiliation with La Perla.[145]

text: Other ventures

text: Business ventures

text: Jenner created two signature nail lacquers for the 2011 Nicole by OPI Kardashian Kolors nail polish line,[146] for which the Jenner sisters eventually earned a combined US$100,000 in endorsement profit.[147] On March 16, 2012, the Jenner sisters were named Creative Directors of the Gillette Venus Gets Ready with Kendall & Kylie Jenner webisode series,[148] which was originally aired on Gillette's Facebook page. In July 2013, the Jenner sisters formed a partnership with Pascal Mouawad's Glamhouse[149][150] to create the Metal Haven by Kendall & Kylie jewelry collection. In February 2014, the Jenner sisters launched a shoe and handbag line under Steve Madden's Madden Girl line for Nordstrom.[151][152]

text: The Jenner sisters previewed The Kendall & Kylie Collection with PacSun on November 15, 2012;[153] the collection launched in February 2013. On February 3, 2015, the Jenner sisters confirmed Kendall + Kylie collaboration with Topshop,[154] which they unveiled in November 2015 at the Chadstone Shopping Centre in Melbourne, Australia.[155] The collection launched in New York on February 8, 2016.[156][157] On April 27, 2016, the Jenner sisters previewed a summer swimwear collection.[158][159]

text: Beginning 2015, Jenner featured in a series of commercial ads for various products[160] including Jenner's signature Pure Color Envy Matte Sculpting Lipstick. Jenner has also promoted various other non-signature products from the product line throughout the year. In February 2016, Jenner and beauty blogger Irene Kim became guest editors for the Estée Edit,[161] accompanied by a signature Eyeshadow Palette.[162]

text: In September 2015, each of the Jenner and Kardashian sisters released paid subscription mobile app websites in collaboration with Whalerock Industries.[163][164] Jenner's website was nominated for an International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences 2016 Webby Award in April of that year.[165] The Jenner sisters partnered with Glu Mobile to develop an app spinoff of Kim Kardashian: Hollywood;[166] the Kendall and Kylie app launched February 17, 2016.[167]

text: In 2016, Jenner began a career as a photographer, her first published work was photographing and styling Kaia Gerber, daughter of iconic supermodel Cindy Crawford, for the sixteenth anniversary issue of LOVE.[168]

text: On February 10, 2016, lawyers representing Jenner Inc. filed a $10 million lawsuit against esthetic medical company Cutera at the United States District Court for the Central District of California. Jenner's legal team objected to the company using her brand without authorization. Cutera had featured Jenner in ad campaigns for its Laser Genesis acne treatment.[169] In May 2016, Jenner's attorneys dropped the charges.[170]

text: In June 2017, Kendall and her sister, Kylie, launched a line of "vintage" T-shirts on their website for their lifestyle brand, Kendall + Kylie. The shirts retailed at $125 and featured logos or images of famous musicians or bands (Tupac Shakur, The Doors, Metallica, Pink Floyd, and The Notorious B.I.G.) with bright images or logos associated with the Jenners superimposed over them.[171] The shirts were met with criticism from the public, as well as several cease and desist letters from the estates of the musicians and artists that were featured without permission. The photographer whose portrait of Tupac Shakur was used has since sued the Jenner sisters for copyright infringement.[172] The sisters pulled the shirts from their website and issued a joint apology, "to anyone that has been upset and/or offended, especially to the families of the artists."

text: Acting and reality television

text: Jenner began her reality television career in 2007 as a supporting actor in her stepfamily's E! program Keeping Up with the Kardashians and its subsequent related spinoffs Kourtney and Khloé Take Miami, Kourtney and Kim Take New York, and Khloé & Lamar. In 2010, Jenner was cast in boy band One Call's Blacklight video along with Ashley Benson and Kevin McHale.[173] In 2012, Jenner appeared as AJ on the I Ka Wa Mamua episode of Hawaii Five-0.[174] Jenner did voiceover for the character Strawberry in The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange episode Shakesparagus Speare, which aired on January 20, 2014. In August 2014, Jenner appeared in singer PartyNextDoor's video Recognize with sister Kylie Jenner and rapper Drake.[175]

text: Jenner will make a cameo appearance in Ocean's 8 set for release on June 8, 2018.[176][177]

text: Writing

text: Seventeen magazine featured Kendall and Kylie Jenner as Style Stars of 2011[178] and selected them as "Style Ambassadors" for the magazine.[179] In 2014, the Jenner sisters co-authored novel Rebels: City of Indra with ghostwriter Maya Sloan.[180] On May 24, 2016, the Regan Arts division of Phaidon Press announced that the Jenner sisters, Elizabeth Killmond-Roman, and Katherine Killmond created Time Of The Twins as a sequel to Rebels: City Of Indra.[181] to be released November 15, 2016.

text: Public image

text: Jenner was named as one of People magazine's 50 most beautiful people in the world on April 9, 2014.[182] Time magazine named the Jenner sisters as two of the 30 Most Influential Teens, once in 2014[183] and again in 2015.[184] On December 16, 2014, Google named Jenner as the second most Googled model in the world.[185] Jenner debuted at No. 2 on FHM's annual 100 Sexiest Women in the World list at the end of April 2015.[186] Tumblr named Jenner as its most reblogged model for 2015.[187] In November 2017, Forbes listed Jenner as the No.1 highest-paid model in the world. It was also the first time in 15 years that Gisele Bundchen did not claim the accolade.[188]

text: Impact of viral promotion upon fashion e-commerce

text: Jenner's rapid career ascent[189] led Dazed magazine's editors to rank her top creative to watch out for in 2015 on their annual Dazed 100 list,[190] Jenner collaborated with the editors on a Mean Girls-inspired "Burn Book" parody, which responded to her online bullies[191] and industry detractors.[192] The video was later shortlisted on September 22, 2015 for the International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences' annual Lovie Awards in the Internet Viral Video category;[193]

text: The rapid ascension of the Instagirls has accelerated a decade-long reassessment of the interaction between fashion and mass consumption.[194] Jenner's adeptness at connecting with Millennials online has given her access to a large demographic market, with the ability to segment her fanbase and find ideal clients. Designer Sally LaPorte claimed Jenner's approval of her line helped the designer key into the particulars of her ideal buyers.[195] Former Calvin Klein Women's Creative Director Francisco Costa praised Jenner's social cachet: "Her social media reach is just incredible […] As a house, you become part of the culture by embracing someone like her."[196] Jenner's ongoing participation in Calvin Klein promotions have proven to be profitable, as parent company the Phillips-Van Heusen Corporation announced a 13% increase in Net Sales over the previous year's 1st quarter on May 26, 2016, with the financials also indicating a 10.5% increase in Revenue As Reported over the previous year's quarter, and a 20.1% increase in Constant Currency Earnings before Interest and Taxes over the previous year's quarter.[197] According to CEO Emanuel Chirico, increased earnings reflect restructuring of the company's global creative strategy for Calvin Klein and its associated #MyCalvins ad campaigns.[198]

text: Other brands have adapted in unique ways to the impact of high-profile influencers on their promotional efforts. Dear Frances footwear brand creative Jane Frances engineered an open-door branding strategy in such a way that her brand is able to successfully do promotional work either with or without influencer input.[199][200] European ice cream company Magnum moved aggressively into online branding initiatives by featuring Suki Waterhouse[201] and Jenner[202] as company spokesmodels.

text: In the midst of these changes, tech entrepreneur Frank Spadafora designed his company's D'Marie app as a fashion industry-specific Q Score alternative in order to effectly measure the monetary imprint fashion influencers and brand ambassadors are able to attain. The app's deployment worked to Jenner's advantage; she ranked as D'Marie's #1 fashion influencer across all categories as of February 19, 2016,[203] with the ability to earn between US$125,000 and US$300,000 for a single update to her social media platforms.[204][205]

text: 2017 Pepsi advertisement

text: Jenner was at the center of public scrutiny in April 2017 after starring in a commercial for Pepsi called "Live for Now". The commercial cast her in a role in which she used the beverage to make peace between police officers and protesters.[206][207][208] This ad was criticized for borrowing imagery from the Black Lives Matter movement and trivializing the protests against police brutality, particularly as it affects African Americans.[207] Pepsi pulled the ad within a day, and apologized to Jenner for "putting [her] in this position." She was reportedly "devastated" by the ad, although she "had the right to approve the ad before it was released". According to the same source, Jenner's contract with Pepsi prohibited her from commenting on the fallout.[209]

text: Personal life

text: In May 2014, Jenner purchased a two-bedroom, 2.5-bath condominium in Los Angeles for US$1.4 million.[210] Jenner acquired a US$100,000 Chevrolet Corvette as a 20th birthday present in November 2015.[211] Jenner prefers not to comment to the media regarding her love life.[212] Jenner has said on her blog that she has a shy personality[213] and wrote on her app, "I 100 percent identify as Christian."[214] In October 2017, Jenner purchased a house in Mulholland Estates, a gated community in Los Angeles.[215]

text: Charity

text: Jenner set up an eBay account where she auctions old clothing to raise money for the Children's Hospital Los Angeles. The Kardashian and Jenner sisters used eBay in this way to raise money for their charities in 2013.[216] Jenner joined her family in a charity yard sale on November 10, 2013.[217] Proceeds from the sale were donation-matched and sent to Share Our Strength: No Kid Hungry and the Greater Los Angeles Fisher House Foundation. Jenner and Kim Kardashian attended a Christmas Eve visit with the kids at Children's Hospital Los Angeles on Tuesday December 24, 2013.[218] Jenner joined Khloe Kardashian, Lil Twist, and The Game at PINZ bowling alley in Studio City, California for a charity bowling game on January 19, 2014. The event was held to raise money for The Robin Hood Foundation, a nonprofit for which The Game pledged to raise $1 million USD in donations.[219] The Jenner sisters participated in singer Chris Brown's two Kick'n It For Charity Celebrity Kickball games in Glendale, California on July 19, 2014[220] and on August 16, 2014.[221] Jenner, Ansel Elgort, Gigi Hadid, and Jenner's agent Ashleah Gonzales encountered unhoused model/actor John Economou in Venice Beach during a fashion shoot on January 31, 2015, a meeting which led to Economou being signed to a Two Management contract by company president Luc Brinker.[222] On February 14, 2015, Jenner appeared at Marc Jacobs' Bookmarc store in New York City for the launch of LOVE issue 13. Jenner posed in a limited-edition T-shirt sale to raise proceeds for Designers Against AIDS.[223] On November 3, 2017, Jenner celebrated her 22nd birthday by raising funds for Charity:Water! the proceeds from which will provide clean drinking water for those in need.

text: Filmography

text:
Year
Title
Notes
Ref.

2007–present
Keeping Up with the Kardashians
Series regular (157 episodes)

2008
E! True Hollywood Story
Documentary

2009
Kourtney and Khloé Take Miami
TV series

2011
Kourtney and Kim Take New York
2 episodes

Khloé & Lamar
Episode: "Unbreakable"

2012
America's Next Top Model Cycle 18
Episode: "Kris Jenner"

2014
Ridiculousness
Episode: "Kendall and Kylie Jenner"

Much Music Video Awards
Co-host (with Kylie Jenner)

2015
2015 Billboard Music Awards
Co-host (with Kylie Jenner)

Taylor Swift: The 1989 World Tour Concert film
Filmed at Hyde Park, London
[224]

I Am Cait
Documentary

Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2015
Fashion show
[89]

2016
2016 MTV Movie Awards
Co-host (with Gigi Hadid)
[225]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes
Ref.

2012
Hawaii Five-0
AJ
Episode: "I Ka Wa Mamua" (3.6)

2014
The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange
Strawberry
Episode: "Shakesparagus Speare" (2.23)

2018
Ocean's 8

text:
Year
Title
Artist
Role
Ref.

2010
"Blacklight"
One Call
Love interest
[173]

2014
"Recognize"
PartyNextDoor
(featuring Drake)
Driver
[175]

2016
"#WHERESTHELOVE"
The Black Eyed Peas
(featuring The World)
Herself
[226]

2017
"Enchanté (Carine)"
Fergie
(featuring Axl Jack)
Herself

text: Awards and nominations

text:
Year
Association
Category
Result
Ref.

2013
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Reality Star: Female (shared with female cast of KUWTK)
Won
[227]

2014
Young Hollywood Awards
You're So Fancy
Nominated
[228]

Style Icon
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Female Hottie
Nominated

Candie's Choice Style Icon
Nominated
[229]

Choice TV Reality Personality, Female (shared with female cast of KUWTK)
Nominated

2015
Models.com MDX Model Of The Year Awards
Breakout Star: Women (Readers' Choice)
Won
[230]

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Model
Won
[231]

InStyle Social Media Awards
Runway Rockstar
Nominated
[232]

Trendiest Teen Queen
Nominated

IADAS: The Lovie Awards
Internet Video: Viral Video
Won
[193]

Models.com MDX Model Of The Year Awards 2015
Social Media Star: Women (Industry Choice)
Nominated
[233]

Social Media Star: Women (Readers' Choice)
Won

Model Of The Year: Women (Readers' Choice)
Nominated

2016
IADAS: The Webby Awards
Celebrity Website
Nominated
[165]

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Model
Won
[234]

Choice Female Hottie
Won

British Fashion Awards
International Model
Nominated
[235]

2017
Teen Choice Awards
Choice Model
Won
[236]

Daily Front Row Fashion Media Awards
Fashion Icon Of The Decade
Won
[237]

text: Notes

text: Jump up ^ Kris is Kendall's biological mother. Caitlyn transitioned from male to female in 2015.[10]

tag: ol


document_title: White matter

question_text: where is white matter located in spinal cord

text: White matter

text: Structure[edit]

text: White matter[edit]

text: White matter is composed of bundles, which connect various gray matter areas (the locations of nerve cell bodies) of the brain to each other, and carry nerve impulses between neurons. Myelin acts as an insulator, which allows electrical signals to jump, rather than coursing through the axon, increasing the speed of transmission of all nerve signals.[3]

text: The total number of long range fibers within a cerebral hemisphere is 2% of the total number of cortico-cortical fibers (across cortical areas) and is roughly the same number as those that communicate between the two hemispheres in the brain's largest white tissue structure, the Corpus callosum.[4] Schüz and Braitenberg note "As a rough rule, the number of fibres of a certain range of lengths is inversely proportional to their length."[4]

text: White matter in nonelderly adults is 1.7–3.6% blood.[5]

text: Grey matter[edit]

text: The other main component of the brain is grey matter (actually pinkish tan due to blood capillaries), which is composed of neurons. The substantia nigra is a third colored component found in the brain that appears darker due to higher levels of melanin in dopaminergic neurons than its nearby areas. Note that white matter can sometimes appear darker than grey matter on a microscope slide because of the type of stain used. Cerebral- and spinal white matter do not contain dendrites, neural cell bodies, or shorter axons,[citation needed] which can only be found in grey matter.

text: Location[edit]

text: White matter forms the bulk of the deep parts of the brain and the superficial parts of the spinal cord. Aggregates of gray matter such as the basal ganglia (caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus, nucleus accumbens) and brainstem nuclei (red nucleus, cranial nerve nuclei) are spread within the cerebral white matter.

text: The cerebellum is structured in a similar manner as the cerebrum, with a superficial mantle of cerebellar cortex, deep cerebellar white matter (called the "arbor vitae") and aggregates of grey matter surrounded by deep cerebellar white matter (dentate nucleus, globose nucleus, emboliform nucleus, and fastigial nucleus). The fluid-filled cerebral ventricles (lateral ventricles, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle) are also located deep within the cerebral white matter.

text: Myelinated axon length[edit]

text: Men have more white matter than females both in volume and in length of myelinated axons. At the age of 20, the total length of myelinated fibers in males is 176,000 km while that of a female is 149,000 km.[6] There is a decline in total length with age of about 10% each decade such that a man at 80 years of age has 97,200 km and a female 82,000 km.[6] Most of this reduction is due to the loss of thinner fibers.[6]

text: Function[edit]

text: White matter is the tissue through which messages pass between different areas of gray matter within the central nervous system. The white matter is white because of the fatty substance (myelin) that surrounds the nerve fibers (axons). This myelin is found in almost all long nerve fibers, and acts as an electrical insulation. This is important because it allows the messages to pass quickly from place to place.

text: Unlike gray matter, which peaks in development in a person's twenties, the white matter continues to develop, and peaks in middle age.[7]

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common diseases which affect white matter. In MS lesions, the myelin shield around the axons has been destroyed by inflammation.

text: Alcohol use disorders are associated with decrease in white matter volume.[8] Animal studies suggest that alcohol may cause loss of white matter by damaging oligodendrocytes, the glial cell responsible for maintaining myelin.[9]

text: Changes in white matter known as amyloid plaques are associated with Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. White matter injuries ("axonal shearing") may be reversible, while gray matter regeneration is less likely. Other changes that commonly occur with age include the development of leukoaraiosis, which is a rarefaction of the white matter that can be caused by a variety of conditions, including loss of myelin, axonal loss, and a breakdown of the blood–brain barrier.[citation needed]

text: Imaging[edit]

text: The study of white matter has been advanced with the neuroimaging technique called diffusion tensor imaging where magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scanners are used. As of 2007, more than 700 publications have been published on the subject.[10]

text: A 2009 paper by Jan Scholz and colleagues[11] used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to demonstrate changes in white matter volume as a result of learning a new motor task (e.g. juggling). The study is important as the first paper to correlate motor learning with white matter changes. Previously, many researchers had considered this type of learning to be exclusively mediated by dendrites, which are not present in white matter. The authors suggest that electrical activity in axons may regulate myelination in axons. Or, gross changes in the diameter or packing density of the axon might cause the change.[12] A more recent DTI study by Sampaio-Baptista and colleagues reported changes in white matter with motor learning along with increases in myelination.[13]


document_title: Census of India

question_text: when was the first census conducted in india

text: Census of India

text: The decennial Census of India has been conducted 15 times, As of 2011[update]. While it has been conducted every 10 years, beginning in 1872, the first complete census was taken in the year 1881.[1] Post 1949, it has been conducted by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India under the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. All the census since 1951 are conducted under 1948 Census of India Act.

text: Census of India prior to Independence[edit]

text:
Overview
1871 Census of india
1881 Census of India
1891 Census of India
1901 Census of India
1911 Census of India
1921 Census of India
1931 Census of India
1941 Census of India

text: Census of independent India[edit]

text:
1951 Census of India
1961 Census of India
1971 Census of India
1981 Census of India
1991 Census of India
2001 Census of India
2011 Census of India


document_title: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 20)

question_text: law and order svu season 20 episode 1 special guest

text: Production[edit]

text: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit was renewed for a twentieth season on May 9, 2018.[1] Production started on July 16, 2018.[2] On July 12, 2018, Executive Producer Julie Martin posted a photo of a script on Twitter, teasing that the first hour of the two-hour season premiere is  tentatively titled "Man Up".[3] Martin teased on August 14, 2018, that the fourth episode of the season (titled "Revenge") would be "a devious twist and turn edge-of-your-seater". The episode also featured Callie Thorne as Defense Attorney Nikki Stanies.[4] A deleted scene featuring Benson and Noah from the previous season will be re-shot and placed into an episode this season.[5] This season is also set to feature an introduction of the latest franchise installment Law & Order: Hate Crimes which will occur in the latter part of the season.[6]

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Mariska Hargitay as Lieutenant Olivia Benson
Kelli Giddish as Detective Amanda Rollins
Ice-T as Sergeant Odafin "Fin" Tutuola
Peter Scanavino as Detective Dominick "Sonny" Carisi, Jr.
Philip Winchester as ADA Peter Stone

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Ryan Buggle as Noah Porter-Benson
Vivian and Charlotte Cabell as Jesse Rollins
George Newbern as Dr. Al Pollack
Sandrine Holt as Psychologist Lisa Abernathy
Ami Brabson as Judge Karyn Blake
Lauren Noble as Carmen
Mark Tallman as Deputy Chief Gavin Riley
Yvonna Kopacz-Wright as Dr. Darby Wilder
Carl Weathers as State’s Attorney Mark Jefferies
Callie Thorne as Defense Attorney Nikki Staines
Tom Titone as Judge Joshua Goldfarb
Jolly Abraham as Dr. Patel

text: Guest stars[edit]

text: On July 13, 2018, Deadline announced that Scandal's George Newbern would be guest starring over the course of the season in a recurring role as Dr. Al Pollack. Pollack is described as a charming, handsome, and wealthy doctor who is set to be a future as well as past love interest to Detective Amanda Rollins (Kelli Giddish). Rollins mentions him cheating on her with a prostitute in the previous season.[7] Days later it was reported that Dylan Walsh would play John Conway, an abusive father who rapes his own son, in the season premiere. Walsh previously guest starred in the eighth season of SVU.[8] Mark Tallman portrays Gavin Riley, the new chief of detectives, in a recurring role.[9]

text: Carl Weathers reprised his role as his Chicago Justice character, State's Attorney Mark Jefferies, in the episode "Zero Tolerance".[10] On August 16, 2018, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Homeland actress Sandrine Holt would be cast in a recurring role this season, as Dr. Lisa Abernathy, a clinical psychologist that consults on cases for the district attorney's office. Holt previously guest starred in the seventeenth season.[11] On September 27, 2018, Entertainment Weekly reported that Sebastian Roché would guest star as Arlo Beck, the charismatic leader of a female empowerment group, in the episode "Accredo", which aired October 18, 2018. Roché previously made two guest appearances on the flagship series, Law & Order.[12] Sasha Alexander is set to guest star as Anne Mill in the November 1st episode "Caretaker."[13]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)4351"Man Up"Alex ChappleMichael Chernuchin & Julie MartinSeptember 27, 2018 (2018-09-27)20015.09[14]
The Special Victims Unit are called in after a fifteen year old boy is sexually assaulted. Despite having evidence, he is too scared to name his attacker and therefore refuses to name who attacked him, making things complicated for the detectives. When it is discovered, the detectives do their best to protect the teenager from being abused again. Meanwhile, Rollins talks things out with her ex boyfriend who cheated on her with an escort and also confides in Benson that she is pregnant for a second time, who worries that she is not as strong or fast as she used to be.
4362"Man Down"Alex ChappleMichael Chernuchin & Julie MartinSeptember 27, 2018 (2018-09-27)20045.09[14]
The case involving a teenager who was sexually assaulted continues and Stone takes the rapist to court. However, an unexpected verdict comes back in, shocking everyone involved. The victim ends up making a tragic decision which results in several people dead and injured and the Special Victims Unit must charge the victim. An upset Stone along with the rest of the squad decide to try their best to charge the boy's rapist as well in order to get justice for all the victims who were killed or injured in the attack. Meanwhile, Rollins starts having doubts about her pregnancy.
4373"Zero Tolerance"Michael PressmanRichard Sweren & Céline C. RobinsonOctober 4, 2018 (2018-10-04)20024.21[15]
A nine year old girl is taken from her mother at the US Mexico border and ends up in a child sex trafficking ring in New York, which quickly comes to the attention of the Special Victims Unit. Benson and Stone try and fight their hardest to try and reunite the girl with her family with the court system but meet many obstacles. Eventually, Stone decides to ask for help from an old friend. Meanwhile, Rollins decides to give her rocky relationship with Pollack another chance.
4384"Revenge"Martha MitchellMichael Chernuchin & Lawrence KaplowOctober 11, 2018 (2018-10-11)20034.44[16]
The Special Victims Unit are called in after a seemingly random young couple is brutally assaulted by a masked pizza delivery man in their apartment. The detectives soon realise they are dealing with a serial rapist when another couple is assaulted. Eventually, the detectives discover a complicated and twisted revenge plot from one of the victims and the rapists past and dig into the victims past to reveal what could of caused someone to attack her and several others.
4395"Accredo"Jean de SegonzacJulie Martin & Brianna YellenOctober 18, 2018 (2018-10-18)20053.95[17]
The Special Victims Unit are called in after a woman who is part of a women empowerment group is found brutally sexually assaulted and murdered. The prime suspect quickly becomes her ex husband due to her violent past with him, but eventually the detectives are led to the empowerment groups charismatic male leader, who may not be as charming as he seems to be. Meanwhile, Rollins tries to keep her pregnancy under wraps to avoid desk duty and Tutuola and Carisi start wondering who the baby’s father is.

Episode inspired by the NXIVM case.

4406"Exile"Stephanie MarquardtMichael Chernuchin & Allison IntrieriOctober 25, 2018 (2018-10-25)20064.22[18]
The Special Victims Unit are called in to investigate the sexual assault of a young homeless woman. The squad soon realise that the woman has a dual personality which makes things complicated. However, when she goes missing, the squad becomes challenged to not only uncover her whereabouts but also her real identity. The detectives later discover that someone from her past may be responsible and that the assault may have happened a long time ago. However, the squad meet a dead end in their investigation and Benson makes a generous decision to help the victim recover from her ordeal.
4417"Caretaker"[19]TBATBANovember 1, 2018 (2018-11-01)2007TBD
4428"Hell's Kitchen"[20]TBATBANovember 8, 2018 (2018-11-08)2008TBD
4439"Mea Culpa"[21]TBATBANovember 15, 2018 (2018-11-15)2009TBD

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating/share(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"Man Up"

September 27, 2018
1.1/4
5.09[14]
1.1
3.33
2.1
8.42[22]

2

"Man Down"

September 27, 2018
1.1/4
5.09[14]
1.1
3.33
2.1
8.42[22]

3

"Zero Tolerance"

October 4, 2018
1.0/4
4.21[15]
1.0
3.14
2.0
7.36[23]

4

"Revenge"

October 11, 2018
0.9/4
4.44[16]
1.0
3.13
1.9
7.58[24]

5

"Accredo"

October 18, 2018
1.0/5
3.95[17]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

6

"Exile"

October 25, 2018
0.9/4
4.22[18]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

7

"Caretaker"

November 1, 2018
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

8

"Hell’s Kitchen"

November 8, 2018
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

9

"Mea Culpa"

November 15, 2018
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD