document_title: List of Olympic medalists in ice hockey

question_text: who won the last olympic men's hockey

question_tokens: who won the last olympic men 's hockey

text: List of Olympic medalists in ice hockey

text: Men[edit]

text: Individuals who have been inducted to the Hockey Hall of Fame (including announced members awaiting induction) are indicated as follows:

text:
Bold type: Inducted as players.
Italics: Inducted in a non-playing role.

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1920 Antwerp
details
 Canada (CAN) (1)
Robert Benson
Walter Byron
Frank Fredrickson
Chris Fridfinnson
Magnus Goodman
Haldor Halderson
Konrad Johannesson
Allan Woodman
 United States (USA) (1)
Raymond Bonney
Anthony Conroy
Herbert Drury
Edward Fitzgerald
George Geran
Frank Goheen
Joseph McCormick
Lawrence McCormick
Frank Synott
Leon Tuck
Cyril Weidenborner
 Czechoslovakia (TCH) (1)
Karel Hartmann
Vilém Loos
Jan Palouš
Jan Peka
Karel Pešek
Josef Šroubek
Otakar Vindyš
Karel Wälzer
[Note 1]

1924 Chamonix
details
 Canada (CAN) (2)
Jack Cameron
Ernie Collett
Bert McCaffrey
Harold McMunn
Duncan Munro
Beattie Ramsay
Cyril Slater
Reginald Smith
Harry Watson
 United States (USA) (2)
Clarence Abel
Herbert Drury
Alphonse Lacroix
John Langley
John Lyons
Justin McCarthy
Willard Rice
Irving Small
Frank Synott
 Great Britain (GBR) (1)
William Anderson
Lorne Carr-Harris
Colin Carruthers
Eric Carruthers
Guy Clarkson
Ross Cuthbert
Geoffrey Holmes
Hamilton Jukes
Edward Pitblado
Blaine Sexton

1928 St. Moritz
details
 Canada (CAN) (3)
Charles Delahay
Frank Fisher
Louis Hudson
Norbert Mueller
Herbert Plaxton
Hugh Plaxton
Roger Plaxton
John Porter
Frank Sullivan
Joseph Sullivan
Ross Taylor
Dave Trottier
 Sweden (SWE) (1)
Carl Abrahamsson
Emil Bergman
Birger Holmqvist
Gustaf Johansson
Henry Johansson
Nils Johansson
Ernst Karlberg
Erik Larsson
Bertil Linde
Sigfrid Öberg
Wilhelm Petersén
Kurt Sucksdorff
 Switzerland (SUI) (1)
Giannin Andreossi
Mezzi Andreossi
Robert Breiter
Louis Dufour
Charles Fasel
Albert Geromini
Fritz Kraatz
Arnold Martignoni
Heini Meng
Anton Morosani
Luzius Rüedi
Richard Torriani

1932 Lake Placid
details
 Canada (CAN) (4)
William Cockburn
Clifford Crowley
Albert Duncanson
George Garbutt
Roy Henkel
Victor Lindquist
Norman Malloy
Walter Monson
Kenneth Moore
Romeo Rivers
Harold Simpson
Hugh Sutherland
Stanley Wagner
Alston Wise
 United States (USA) (3)
Osborne Anderson
Johnny Bent
John Chase
John Cookman
Douglas Everett
Franklin Farrel
Joseph Fitzgerald
Edwin Frazier
John Garrison
Gerard Hallock
Robert Livingston
Francis Nelson
Winthrop Palmer
Gordon Smith
 Germany (GER) (1)
Rudi Ball
Alfred Heinrich
Erich Herker
Gustav Jaenecke
Werner Korff
Walter Leinweber
Erich Römer
Martin Schröttle
Marquardt Slevogt
Georg Strobl

1936 Garmisch-
Partenkirchen
details
 Great Britain (GBR) (1)
Alexander Archer
James Borland
Edgar Brenchley
James Chappell
John Coward
Gordon Dailley
John Davey
Carl Erhardt
James Foster
John Kilpatrick
Archibald Stinchcombe
Robert Wyman
 Canada (CAN) (1)
Maxwell Deacon
Hugh Farquharson
Kenneth Farmer
James Haggarty
Walter Kitchen
Raymond Milton
Francis Moore
Herman Murray
Arthur Nash
David Neville
Alexander Sinclair
Ralph St. Germain
Bill Thomson
 United States (USA) (1)
John Garrison
August Kammer
Philip LaBatte
John Lax
Thomas Moone
Elbridge Ross
Paul Rowe
Francis Shaughnessy
Gordon Smith
Francis Spain
Frank Stubbs

1948 St. Moritz
details
 Canada (CAN) (5)
Murray Dowey
Bernard Dunster
Jean Gravelle
Patrick Guzzo
Walter Halder
Thomas Hibberd
Henri-André Laperriere
John Lecompte
George Mara
Albert Roméo Renaud
Reginald Schroeter
Irving Taylor
 Czechoslovakia (TCH) (1)
Vladimír Bouzek
Augustin Bubník
Jaroslav Drobný
Přemysl Hajný
Zdeněk Jarkovský
Vladimír Kobranov
Stanislav Konopásek
Bohumil Modrý
Miloslav Pokorný
Václav Roziňák
Miroslav Sláma
Karel Stibor
Vilibald Šťovík
Ladislav Troják
Josef Trousílek
Oldřich Zábrodský
Vladimír Zábrodský
 Switzerland (SUI) (2)
Hans Bänninger
Alfred Bieler
Heinrich Boller
Ferdinand Cattini
Hans Cattini
Hans Dürst
Walter Paul Dürst
Emil Handschin
Heini Lohrer
Werner Lohrer
Reto Perl
Gebhard Poltera
Ulrich Poltera
Beat Rüedi
Otto Schubiger
Richard Torriani
Hans-Martin Trepp

1952 Oslo
details
 Canada (CAN) (6)
George Abel
John Davies
Billy Dawe
Robert Dickson
Donald Gauf
William Gibson
Ralph Hansch
Robert Meyers
David Miller
Eric Paterson
Thomas Pollock
Allan Purvis
Gordon Robertson
Louis Secco
Francis Sullivan
Bob Watt
 United States (USA) (4)
Ruben Bjorkman
Len Ceglarski
Joseph Czarnota
Richard Desmond
Andre Gambucci
Clifford Harrison
Gerald Kilmartin
John Mulhern
John Noah
Arnold Oss
Robert Rompre
James Sedin
Alfred Van Allen
Donald Whiston
Ken Yackel
 Sweden (SWE) (1)
Göte Almqvist
Åke Andersson
Hans Andersson-Tvilling
Stig Andersson-Tvilling
Lars Björn
Göte Blomqvist
Thord Flodqvist
Erik Johansson
Gösta Johansson
Rune Johansson
Sven "Tumba" Johansson
Åke Lassas
Holger Nurmela
Hans Öberg
Lars Pettersson
Lars Svensson
Sven Thunman

1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo
details
 Soviet Union (URS) (1)
Yevgeny Babich
Vsevolod Bobrov
Alexei Guryshev
Nikolay Khlystov
Valentin Kuzin
Yuri Krylov
Alfred Kuchevsky
Grigory Mkrtychan
Viktor Nikiforov
Yuri Pantyukhov
Nikolaï Puchkov
Viktor Shuvalov
Genrikh Sidorenkov
Nikolai Sologubov
Ivan Tregubov
Dmitry Ukolov
Aleksandr Uvarov
 United States (USA) (5)
Wendell Anderson
Wellington Burtnett
Eugene Campbell
Gordon Christian
Bill Cleary
Richard Dougherty
Willard Ikola
John Matchefts
John Mayasich
Daniel McKinnon
Richard Meredith
Weldon Olson
John Petroske
Kenneth Purpur
Don Rigazio
Richard Rodenheiser
Ed Sampson
 Canada (CAN) (1)
Denis Brodeur
Charles Brooker
William Colvin
Alfred Horne
Art Hurst
Byrle Klinck
Paul Knox
Ken Laufman
Howard Lee
James Logan
Floyd Martin
Jack McKenzie
Donald Rope
George Scholes
Gerry Theberge
Robert White
Keith Woodall

1960 Squaw Valley
details
 United States (USA) (1)
Bill Christian
Roger Christian
Bill Cleary
Bob Cleary
Eugene Grazia
Paul Johnson
Jack Kirrane
John Mayasich
Jack McCartan
Robert McVey
Richard Meredith
Weldon Olson
Edwyn Owen
Rodney Paavola
Lawrence Palmer
Richard Rodenheiser
Tommy Williams
 Canada (CAN) (2)
Bob Attersley
Maurice Benoit
James Connelly
Jack Douglas
Fred Etcher
Robert Forhan
Don Head
Harold Hurley
Ken Laufman
Floyd Martin
Robert McKnight
Cliff Pennington
Donald Rope
Bobby Rousseau
George Samolenko
Harry Sinden
Darryl Sly
 Soviet Union (URS) (1)
Veniamin Alexandrov
Aleksandr Almetov
Yury Baulin
Mikhail Bychkov
Vladimir Grebennikov
Yevgeny Groshev
Nikolay Karpov
Alfred Kuchevsky
Konstantin Loktev
Stanislav Petukhov
Viktor Pryazhnikov
Nikolai Puchkov
Genrikh Sidorenkov
Nikolai Sologubov
Yury Tsitsinov
Viktor Yakushev
Yevgeny Yorkin

1964 Innsbruck
details
 Soviet Union (URS) (2)
Veniamin Alexandrov
Aleksandr Almetov
Vitaly Davydov
Anatoli Firsov
Eduard Ivanov
Viktor Konovalenko
Victor Kuzkin
Konstantin Loktev
Boris Mayorov
Yevgeni Mayorov
Stanislav Petukhov
Alexander Ragulin
Vyacheslav Starshinov
Leonid Volkov
Victor Yakushev
Boris Zaitzev
Oleg Zaytsev
 Sweden (SWE) (2)
Anders Andersson
Gert Blomé
Lennart Häggroth
Lennart Johansson
Nils Johansson
Sven "Tumba" Johansson
Lars-Eric Lundvall
Eilert Määttä
Hans Mild
Nils Nilsson
Bert-Ola Nordlander
Carl-Göran Öberg
Uno Öhrlund
Ronald Pettersson
Ulf Sterner
Roland Stoltz
Kjell Svensson
 Czechoslovakia (TCH) (2)
Vlastimil Bubník
Josef Černý
Jiří Dolana
Vladimír Dzurilla
Jozef Golonka
František Gregor
Jiří Holík
Jaroslav Jiřík
Jan Klapáč
Vladimír Nadrchal
Rudolf Potsch
Stanislav Prýl
Ladislav Šmíd
Stanislav Sventek
František Tikal
Miroslav Vlach
Jaroslav Walter

1968 Grenoble
details
 Soviet Union (URS) (3)
Veniamin Alexandrov
Viktor Blinov
Vitaly Davydov
Anatoli Firsov
Anatoly Ionov
Viktor Konovalenko
Victor Kuzkin
Boris Mayorov
Yevgeni Mishakov
Yuri Moiseev
Victor Polupanov
Alexander Ragulin
Igor Romishevsky
Vyacheslav Starshinov
Vladimir Vikulov
Oleg Zaytsev
Yevgeni Zimin
Victor Zinger
 Czechoslovakia (TCH) (2)
Josef Černý
Vladimír Dzurilla
Jozef Golonka
Jan Havel
Petr Hejma
Jiří Holík
Josef Horešovský
Jan Hrbatý
Jaroslav Jiřík
Jan Klapáč
Jiří Kochta
Oldřich Machač
Karel Masopust
Vladimír Nadrchal
Václav Nedomanský
František Pospíšil
František Ševčík
Jan Suchý
 Canada (CAN) (2)
Roger Bourbonnais
Ken Broderick
Ray Cadieux
Paul Conlin
Gary Dineen
Brian Glennie
Ted Hargreaves
Fran Huck
Marshall Johnston
Barry MacKenzie
Bill MacMillan
Steve Monteith
Morris Mott
Terry O'Malley
Danny O'Shea
Gerry Pinder
Herb Pinder
Wayne Stephenson

1972 Sapporo
details
 Soviet Union (URS) (4)
Yury Blinov
Vitaly Davydov
Anatoli Firsov
Valeri Kharlamov
Victor Kuzkin
Vladimir Lutchenko
Aleksandr Maltsev
Boris Mikhailov
Yevgeni Mishakov
Alexander Pashkov
Vladimir Petrov
Alexander Ragulin
Igor Romishevsky
Vladimir Shadrin
Vladislav Tretiak
Gennadiy Tsygankov
Valeri Vasiliev
Vladimir Vikulov
Alexander Yakushev
Yevgeni Zimin
 United States (USA) (6)
Kevin Ahearn
Larry Bader
Henry Boucha
Charles Brown
Keith Christiansen
Mike Curran
Robbie Ftorek
Mark Howe
Stuart Irving
Jim McElmury
Dick McGlynn
Bruce McIntosh
Tom Mellor
Ronald Naslund
Wally Olds
Tim Regan
Frank Sanders
Craig Sarner
Peter Sears
Timothy Sheehy
 Czechoslovakia (TCH) (3)
Vladimír Bednář
Josef Černý
Vladimír Dzurilla
Richard Farda
Ivan Hlinka
Jiří Holeček
Jaroslav Holík
Jiří Holík
Josef Horešovský
Jiří Kochta
Oldřich Machač
Vladimír Martinec
Václav Nedomanský
Eduard Novák
František Pospíšil
Bohuslav Šťastný
Rudolf Tajcnár
Karel Vohralík

1976 Innsbruck
details
 Soviet Union (URS) (5)
Boris Aleksandrov
Sergei Babinov
Aleksandr Gusev
Sergei Kapustin
Valeri Kharlamov
Vladimir Lutchenko
Yuri Lyapkin
Aleksandr Maltsev
Boris Mikhailov
Vladimir Petrov
Vladimir Shadrin
Victor Shalimov
Aleksandr Sidelnikov
Vladislav Tretiak
Gennadiy Tsygankov
Valeri Vasiliev
Alexander Yakushev
Viktor Zhluktov
 Czechoslovakia (TCH) (3)
Josef Augusta
Jiří Bubla
Milan Chalupa
Jiří Crha
Miroslav Dvořák
Bohuslav Ebermann
Ivan Hlinka
Jiří Holeček
Jiří Holík
Milan Kajkl
Oldřich Machač
Vladimír Martinec
Eduard Novák
Jiří Novák
Milan Nový
Jaroslav Pouzar
František Pospíšil
Bohuslav Šťastný
 West Germany (FRG) (2)
Klaus Auhuber
Ignaz Berndaner
Wolfgang Boos
Lorenz Funk
Martin Hinterstocker
Udo Kiessling
Walter Köberle
Ernst Köpf
Anton Kehle
Erich Kühnhackl
Stefan Metz
Franz Reindl
Rainer Philipp
Alois Schloder
Rudolf Thanner
Josef Völk
Ferenc Vozar
Erich Weishaupt

1980 Lake Placid
details
 United States (USA) (2)
Bill Baker
Neal Broten
Dave Christian
Steve Christoff
Jim Craig
Mike Eruzione
John Harrington
Steve Janaszak
Mark Johnson
Rob McClanahan
Ken Morrow
Jack O'Callahan
Mike Ramsey
Mark Pavelich
Buzz Schneider
Dave Silk
Bob Suter
Eric Strobel
Mark Wells
Phil Verchota
 Soviet Union (URS) (1)
Helmuts Balderis
Zinetula Bilyaletdinov
Viacheslav Fetisov
Aleksandr Golikov
Vladimir Golikov
Alexei Kasatonov
Valeri Kharlamov
Vladimir Krutov
Yuri Lebedev
Sergei Makarov
Aleksandr Maltsev
Boris Mikhailov
Vladimir Myshkin
Vasili Pervukhin
Vladimir Petrov
Aleksandr Skvortsov
Sergei Starikov
Vladislav Tretiak
Valeri Vasiliev
Viktor Zhluktov
 Sweden (SWE) (2)
Mats Åhlberg
Sture Andersson
Bo Berglund
Håkan Eriksson
Jan Eriksson
Thomas Eriksson
Leif Holmgren
Tomas Jonsson
Pelle Lindbergh
Bengt Lundholm
William Löfqvist
Per Lundqvist
Lars Molin
Mats Näslund
Lennart Norberg
Tommy Samuelsson
Dan Söderström
Mats Waltin
Ulf Weinstock

1984 Sarajevo
details
 Soviet Union (URS) (6)
Zinetula Bilyaletdinov
Sergei Shepelev
Nikolai Drozdetsky
Viacheslav Fetisov
Aleksandr Geramisov
Alexei Kasatonov
Andrei Khomutov
Vladimir Kovin
Aleksandr Kozhevnikov
Vladimir Krutov
Igor Larionov
Sergei Makarov
Vladimir Myshkin
Vasili Pervukhin
Aleksandr Skvortsov
Sergei Starikov
Igor Stelnov
Vladislav Tretiak
Viktor Tyumenev
Mikhail Vasiliev
 Czechoslovakia (TCH) (4)
Jaroslav Benák
Vladimír Caldr
Milan Chalupa
František Černík
Miloslav Hořava
Jiří Hrdina
Arnold Kadlec
Jaroslav Korbela
Jiří Králík
Vladimír Kýhos
Jiří Lála
Igor Liba
Vincent Lukáč
Dušan Pašek
Pavel Richter
Jaromír Šindel
Radoslav Svoboda
Eduard Uvíra
 Sweden (SWE) (3)
Thomas Åhlén
Pelle Eklund
Thom Eklund
Bo Ericson
Håkan Eriksson
Peter Gradin
Mats Hessel
Michael Hjälm
Göran Lindblom
Tommy Mörth
Håkan Nordin
Rolf Ridderwall
Jens Öhling
Thomas Rundqvist
Tomas Sandström
Håkan Södergren
Mats Thelin
Michael Thelvén
Mats Waltin
Göte Wälitalo

1988 Calgary
details
 Soviet Union (URS) (7)
Ilya Byakin
Vyacheslav Bykov
Aleksandr Chernykh
Viacheslav Fetisov
Alexei Gusarov
Valeri Kamensky
Alexei Kasatonov
Andrei Khomutov
Aleksandr Kozhevnikov
Igor Kravchuk
Vladimir Krutov
Igor Larionov
Andrei Lomakin
Sergei Makarov
Alexander Mogilny
Sergei Mylnikov
Vitali Samoilov
Anatoli Semenov
Sergei Starikov
Igor Stelnov
Sergei Svetlov
Sergei Yashin
 Finland (FIN) (1)
Timo Blomqvist
Kari Eloranta
Raimo Helminen
Iiro Järvi
Esa Keskinen
Erkki Laine
Kari Laitinen
Erkki Lehtonen
Jyrki Lumme
Reijo Mikkolainen
Jarmo Myllys
Teppo Numminen
Janne Ojanen
Arto Ruotanen
Reijo Ruotsalainen
Simo Saarinen
Kai Suikkanen
Timo Susi
Jukka Tammi
Jari Torkki
Pekka Tuomisto
Jukka Virtanen
 Sweden (SWE) (4)
Mikael Andersson
Peter Andersson
Peter Åslin
Bo Berglund
Jonas Bergqvist
Anders Bergman
Thom Eklund
Anders Eldebrink
Peter Eriksson
Thomas Eriksson
Michael Hjälm
Lars Ivarsson
Mikael Johansson
Lars Karlsson
Mats Kihlström
Peter Lindmark
Lars Molin
Jens Öhling
Lars-Gunnar Pettersson
Thomas Rundqvist
Tommy Samuelsson
Ulf Sandström
Håkan Södergren

1992 Albertville
details
 Unified Team (EUN) (1)
Sergei Bautin
Igor Boldin
Nikolai Borschevsky
Vyacheslav Butsayev
Vyacheslav Bykov
Evgeny Davydov
Darius Kasparaitis
Nikolai Khabibulin
Yuri Khmylev
Andrei Khomutov
Andrei Kovalenko
Alexei Kovalev
Igor Kravchuk
Vladimir Malakhov
Dmitri Mironov
Sergei Petrenko
Vitali Prokhorov
Mikhail Shtalenkov
Andrei Trefilov
Dmitri Yushkevich
Alexei Zhamnov
Alexei Zhitnik
Sergei Zubov
 Canada (CAN) (3)
Dave Archibald
Todd Brost
Sean Burke
Kevin Dahl
Curt Giles
Dave Hannan
Gord Hynes
Fabian Joseph
Joé Juneau
Trevor Kidd
Patrick Lebeau
Chris Lindberg
Eric Lindros
Kent Manderville
Adrien Plavsic
Dan Ratushny
Sam St. Laurent
Brad Schlegel
Wally Schreiber
Randy Smith
Dave Tippett
Brian Tutt
Jason Woolley
 Czechoslovakia (TCH) (4)
Patrik Augusta
Petr Bříza
Jaromír Dragan
Leo Gudas
Miloslav Hořava
Petr Hrbek
Otakar Janecký
Tomáš Jelínek
Drahomír Kadlec
Kamil Kašťák
Robert Lang
Igor Liba
Ladislav Lubina
František Procházka
Petr Rosol
Bedřich Ščerban
Jiří Šlégr
Richard Šmehlík
Róbert Švehla
Oldřich Svoboda
Radek Ťoupal
Peter Veselovský

1994 Lillehammer
details
 Sweden (SWE) (1)
Håkan Algotsson
Charles Berglund
Jonas Bergqvist
Andreas Dackell
Christian Due-Boje
Niklas Eriksson
Peter Forsberg
Roger Hansson
Roger Johansson
Jörgen Jönsson
Kenny Jönsson
Tomas Jonsson
Patrik Juhlin
Patric Kjellberg
Håkan Loob
Mats Näslund
Stefan Örnskog
Leif Rohlin
Daniel Rydmark
Tommy Salo
Fredrik Stillman
Magnus Svensson
 Canada (CAN) (4)
Mark Astley
Adrian Aucoin
David Harlock
Corey Hirsch
Todd Hlushko
Greg Johnson
Fabian Joseph
Paul Kariya
Chris Kontos
Manny Legacé
Ken Lovsin
Derek Mayer
Petr Nedvěd
Dwayne Norris
Greg Parks
Allain Roy
Jean-Yves Roy
Brian Savage
Brad Schlegel
Wally Schreiber
Chris Therien
Todd Warriner
Brad Werenka
 Finland (FIN) (1)
Mika Alatalo
Erik Hämäläinen
Raimo Helminen
Timo Jutila
Sami Kapanen
Esa Keskinen
Marko Kiprusoff
Saku Koivu
Pasi Kuivalainen
Janne Laukkanen
Tero Lehterä
Jere Lehtinen
Mikko Mäkelä
Jarmo Myllys
Mika Nieminen
Janne Ojanen
Marko Palo
Ville Peltonen
Pasi Sormunen
Mika Strömberg
Jukka Tammi
Petri Varis
Hannu Virta

1998 Nagano
details
 Czech Republic (CZE) (1)
Josef Beránek
Jan Čaloun
Roman Čechmánek
Jiří Dopita
Roman Hamrlík
Dominik Hašek
Milan Hejduk
Jaromír Jágr
František Kučera
Robert Lang
David Moravec
Pavel Patera
Libor Procházka
Martin Procházka
Robert Reichel
Martin Ručínský
Vladimír Růžička
Jiří Šlégr
Richard Šmehlík
Jaroslav Špaček
Martin Straka
Petr Svoboda
 Russia (RUS) (1)
Pavel Bure
Valeri Bure
Sergei Fedorov
Sergei Gonchar
Alexei Gusarov
Valeri Kamensky
Darius Kasparaitis
Andrei Kovalenko
Igor Kravchuk
Sergei Krivokrasov
Boris Mironov
Dmitri Mironov
Aleksey Morozov
Sergei Nemchinov
Oleg Shevtsov
Mikhail Shtalenkov
German Titov
Andrei Trefilov
Alexei Yashin
Dmitri Yushkevich
Valeri Zelepukin
Alexei Zhamnov
Alexei Zhitnik
 Finland (FIN) (2)
Aki-Petteri Berg
Tuomas Grönman
Raimo Helminen
Sami Kapanen
Saku Koivu
Jari Kurri
Janne Laukkanen
Jere Lehtinen
Juha Lind
Jyrki Lumme
Jarmo Myllys
Mika Nieminen
Janne Niinimaa
Teppo Numminen
Ville Peltonen
Kimmo Rintanen
Teemu Selänne
Ari Sulander
Jukka Tammi
Esa Tikkanen
Kimmo Timonen
Antti Törmänen
Juha Ylönen

2002 Salt Lake City
details
 Canada (CAN) (7)
Ed Belfour
Rob Blake
Eric Brewer
Martin Brodeur
Theoren Fleury
Adam Foote
Simon Gagné
Jarome Iginla
Curtis Joseph
Ed Jovanovski
Paul Kariya
Mario Lemieux
Eric Lindros
Al MacInnis
Scott Niedermayer
Joe Nieuwendyk
Owen Nolan
Michael Peca
Chris Pronger
Joe Sakic
Brendan Shanahan
Ryan Smyth
Steve Yzerman
 United States (USA) (7)
Tony Amonte
Tom Barrasso
Chris Chelios
Adam Deadmarsh
Chris Drury
Mike Dunham
Bill Guerin
Phil Housley
Brett Hull
John LeClair
Brian Leetch
Aaron Miller
Mike Modano
Tom Poti
Brian Rafalski
Mike Richter
Jeremy Roenick
Brian Rolston
Gary Suter
Keith Tkachuk
Doug Weight
Mike York
Scott Young
 Russia (RUS) (1)
Maxim Afinogenov
Ilya Bryzgalov
Pavel Bure
Valeri Bure
Pavel Datsyuk
Sergei Fedorov
Sergei Gonchar
Darius Kasparaitis
Nikolai Khabibulin
Ilya Kovalchuk
Alexei Kovalev
Igor Kravchuk
Oleg Kvasha
Igor Larionov
Vladimir Malakhov
Daniil Markov
Boris Mironov
Andrei Nikolishin
Yegor Podomatsky
Sergei Samsonov
Oleg Tverdovsky
Alexei Yashin
Alexei Zhamnov

2006 Turin
details
 Sweden (SWE) (2)
Daniel Alfredsson
Per-Johan Axelsson
Christian Bäckman
Peter Forsberg
Mika Hannula
Niclas Hävelid
Tomas Holmström
Jörgen Jönsson
Kenny Jönsson
Niklas Kronwall
Nicklas Lidström
Stefan Liv
Henrik Lundqvist
Fredrik Modin
Mattias Öhlund
Samuel Påhlsson
Mikael Samuelsson
Daniel Sedin
Henrik Sedin
Mats Sundin
Ronnie Sundin
Mikael Tellqvist
Daniel Tjärnqvist
Henrik Zetterberg
 Finland (FIN) (2)
Niklas Bäckström
Aki-Petteri Berg
Niklas Hagman
Jukka Hentunen
Jussi Jokinen
Olli Jokinen
Niko Kapanen
Mikko Koivu
Saku Koivu
Lasse Kukkonen
Antti Laaksonen
Jere Lehtinen
Toni Lydman
Antti-Jussi Niemi
Ville Nieminen
Antero Niittymäki
Fredrik Norrena
Petteri Nummelin
Teppo Numminen
Ville Peltonen
Jarkko Ruutu
Sami Salo
Teemu Selänne
Kimmo Timonen
 Czech Republic (CZE) (1)
Jan Bulis
Petr Čajánek
Patrik Eliáš
Martin Erat
Dominik Hašek
Milan Hejduk
Aleš Hemský
Milan Hnilička
Jaromír Jágr
František Kaberle
Tomáš Kaberle
Aleš Kotalík
Filip Kuba
Pavel Kubina
Robert Lang
Marek Malík
Rostislav Olesz
Václav Prospal
Martin Ručinský
Dušan Salfický
Jaroslav Špaček
Martin Straka
Tomáš Vokoun
David Výborný
Marek Židlický

2010 Vancouver
details
 Canada (CAN) (8)
Patrice Bergeron
Dan Boyle
Martin Brodeur
Sidney Crosby
Drew Doughty
Marc-André Fleury
Ryan Getzlaf
Dany Heatley
Jarome Iginla
Duncan Keith
Roberto Luongo
Patrick Marleau
Brenden Morrow
Rick Nash
Scott Niedermayer
Corey Perry
Chris Pronger
Mike Richards
Brent Seabrook
Eric Staal
Joe Thornton
Jonathan Toews
Shea Weber
 United States (USA) (8)
David Backes
Dustin Brown
Ryan Callahan
Chris Drury
Tim Gleason
Erik Johnson
Jack Johnson
Patrick Kane
Ryan Kesler
Phil Kessel
Jamie Langenbrunner
Ryan Malone
Ryan Miller
Brooks Orpik
Zach Parise
Joe Pavelski
Jonathan Quick
Brian Rafalski
Bobby Ryan
Paul Stastny
Ryan Suter
Tim Thomas
Ryan Whitney
 Finland (FIN) (3)
Niklas Bäckström
Valtteri Filppula
Niklas Hagman
Jarkko Immonen
Olli Jokinen
Niko Kapanen
Miikka Kiprusoff
Mikko Koivu
Saku Koivu
Lasse Kukkonen
Jere Lehtinen
Sami Lepistö
Toni Lydman
Antti Miettinen
Antero Niittymäki
Janne Niskala
Ville Peltonen
Joni Pitkänen
Jarkko Ruutu
Tuomo Ruutu
Sami Salo
Teemu Selänne
Kimmo Timonen

2014 Sochi
details
 Canada (CAN) (9)
Jamie Benn
Patrice Bergeron
Jay Bouwmeester
Jeff Carter
Sidney Crosby
Drew Doughty
Ryan Getzlaf
Matt Duchene
Dan Hamhuis
Duncan Keith
Chris Kunitz
Roberto Luongo
Patrick Marleau
Rick Nash
Corey Perry
Alex Pietrangelo
Carey Price
Mike Smith
Martin St. Louis
Patrick Sharp
P. K. Subban
John Tavares
Jonathan Toews
Marc-Édouard Vlasic
Shea Weber
 Sweden (SWE) (3)
Daniel Alfredsson
Nicklas Bäckström
Patrik Berglund
Alexander Edler
Oliver Ekman-Larsson
Jhonas Enroth
Jimmie Ericsson
Jonathan Ericsson
Loui Eriksson
Jonas Gustavsson
Carl Hagelin
Niklas Hjalmarsson
Marcus Johansson
Erik Karlsson
Niklas Kronwall
Marcus Krüger
Gabriel Landeskog
Henrik Lundqvist
Gustav Nyquist
Johnny Oduya
Daniel Sedin
Jakob Silfverberg
Alexander Steen
Henrik Tallinder
Henrik Zetterberg
 Finland (FIN) (4)
Juhamatti Aaltonen
Aleksander Barkov
Mikael Granlund
Juuso Hietanen
Jarkko Immonen
Jussi Jokinen
Olli Jokinen
Leo Komarov
Sami Lepistö
Petri Kontiola
Lauri Korpikoski
Lasse Kukkonen
Jori Lehterä
Kari Lehtonen
Olli Määttä
Antti Niemi
Antti Pihlström
Tuukka Rask
Tuomo Ruutu
Sakari Salminen
Sami Salo
Teemu Selänne
Kimmo Timonen
Ossi Väänänen
Sami Vatanen

2018 Pyeongchang
details
 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR) (1)
Sergei Andronov
Alexander Barabanov
Pavel Datsyuk
Vladislav Gavrikov
Mikhail Grigorenko
Nikita Gusev
Ilya Kablukov
Sergei Kalinin
Kirill Kaprizov
Bogdan Kiselevich
Vasily Koshechkin
Ilya Kovalchuk
Alexei Marchenko
Sergei Mozyakin
Nikita Nesterov
Nikolai Prokhorkin
Igor Shestyorkin
Vadim Shipachyov
Sergei Shirokov
Ilya Sorokin
Ivan Telegin
Vyacheslav Voynov
Yegor Yakovlev
Artyom Zub
Andrei Zubarev
 Germany (GER) (1)
Sinan Akdag
Danny aus den Birken
Daryl Boyle
Yasin Ehliz
Christian Ehrhoff
Dennis Endras
Gerrit Fauser
Marcel Goc
Patrick Hager
Frank Hördler
Dominik Kahun
Marcus Kink
Björn Krupp
Brooks Macek
Frank Mauer
Jonas Müller
Moritz Müller
Marcel Noebels
Timo Pielmeier
Leonhard Pföderl
Matthias Plachta
Patrick Reimer
Felix Schütz
Yannic Seidenberg
David Wolf
 Canada (CAN) (3)
Rene Bourque
Gilbert Brulé
Andrew Ebbett
Stefan Elliott
Chay Genoway
Cody Goloubef
Marc-André Gragnani
Quinton Howden
Chris Kelly
Rob Klinkhammer
Brandon Kozun
Maxim Lapierre
Chris Lee
Maxim Noreau
Eric O'Dell
Justin Peters
Kevin Poulin
Mason Raymond
Mat Robinson
Derek Roy
Ben Scrivens
Karl Stollery
Christian Thomas
Linden Vey
Wojtek Wolski

text: Medals:

text:
[show]Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1
 Canada (CAN)
9
4
3

2
 Soviet Union (URS)
7
1
1

3
 United States (USA)
2
8
1

4
 Sweden (SWE)
2
3
4

5
 Czech Republic (CZE)
1
4
4

6
 Great Britain (GBR)
1
1
1

7
 Unified Team (EUN)
1

 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
1

9
 Finland (FIN)

2
4

10
 Germany (GER)

1
2

11
 Russia (RUS)

1
1

12
 Switzerland (SUI)

2

text: Women[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1998 Nagano
details
 United States (USA) (1)
Chris Bailey
Laurie Baker
Alana Blahoski
Lisa Brown-Miller
Karyn Bye
Colleen Coyne
Sara Decosta
Tricia Dunn-Luoma
Cammi Granato
Katie King
Shelley Looney
Sue Merz
Allison Mleczko
Tara Mounsey
Vicki Movsessian
Jenny Potter
Angela Ruggiero
Sarah Tueting
Gretchen Ulion
Sandra Whyte
 Canada (CAN) (1)
Jennifer Botterill
Thérèse Brisson
Cassie Campbell
Judy Diduck
Nancy Drolet
Lori Dupuis
Danielle Goyette
Geraldine Heaney
Jayna Hefford
Becky Kellar
Kathy McCormack
Karen Nystrom
Lesley Reddon
Manon Rhéaume
Laura Schuler
Fiona Smith
France St-Louis
Vicky Sunohara
Hayley Wickenheiser
Stacy Wilson
 Finland (FIN) (1)
Sari Fisk
Kirsi Hänninen
Satu Huotari
Marianne Ihalainen
Johanna Ikonen
Sari Krooks
Emma Laaksonen
Sanna Lankosaari
Katja Lehto
Marika Lehtimäki
Riikka Nieminen
Marja-Helena Pälvilä
Tuula Puputti
Karoliina Rantamäki
Tiia Reima
Katja Riipi
Päivi Salo
Maria Selin
Liisa-Maria Sneck
Petra Vaarakallio

2002 Salt Lake City
details
 Canada (CAN) (1)
Dana Antal
Kelly Bechard
Jennifer Botterill
Thérèse Brisson
Cassie Campbell
Isabelle Chartrand
Lori Dupuis
Danielle Goyette
Geraldine Heaney
Jayna Hefford
Becky Kellar
Caroline Ouellette
Cherie Piper
Cheryl Pounder
Tammy Lee Shewchuk
Sami Jo Small
Colleen Sostorics
Kim St-Pierre
Vicky Sunohara
Hayley Wickenheiser
 United States (USA) (1)
Chris Bailey
Laurie Baker
Karyn Bye
Julie Chu
Natalie Darwitz
Sara Decosta
Tricia Dunn-Luoma
Cammi Granato
Courtney Kennedy
Andrea Kilbourne
Katie King
Shelley Looney
Sue Merz
Allison Mleczko
Tara Mounsey
Jenny Potter
Angela Ruggiero
Sarah Tueting
Lyndsay Wall
Krissy Wendell
 Sweden (SWE) (1)
Annica Åhlén
Lotta Almblad
Anna Andersson
Gunilla Andersson
Emelie Berggren
Kristina Bergstrand
Ann-Louise Edstrand
Joa Elfsberg
Erika Holst
Nanna Jansson
Maria Larsson
Ylva Lindberg
Ulrica Lindström
Kim Martin
Josefin Pettersson
Maria Rooth
Danijela Rundqvist
Evelina Samuelsson
Therese Sjölander
Anna Vikman

2006 Turin
details
 Canada (CAN) (2)
Meghan Agosta
Gillian Apps
Jennifer Botterill
Cassie Campbell
Gillian Ferrari
Danielle Goyette
Jayna Hefford
Becky Kellar
Gina Kingsbury
Charline Labonté
Carla MacLeod
Caroline Ouellette
Cherie Piper
Cheryl Pounder
Colleen Sostorics
Kim St-Pierre
Vicky Sunohara
Sarah Vaillancourt
Katie Weatherston
Hayley Wickenheiser
 Sweden (SWE) (1)
Cecilia Andersson
Gunilla Andersson
Jenni Asserholt
Ann-Louise Edstrand
Joa Elfsberg
Emma Eliasson
Erika Holst
Nanna Jansson
Ylva Lindberg
Jenny Lindqvist
Kristina Lundberg
Kim Martin
Frida Nevalainen
Emilie O'Konor
Maria Rooth
Danijela Rundqvist
Therese Sjölander
Katarina Timglas
Anna Vikman
Pernilla Winberg
 United States (USA) (1)
Caitlin Cahow
Julie Chu
Natalie Darwitz
Pam Dreyer
Tricia Dunn-Luoma
Molly Engstrom
Chanda Gunn
Jamie Hagerman
Kim Insalaco
Kathleen Kauth
Courtney Kennedy
Katie King
Kristin King
Sarah Parsons
Jenny Potter
Helen Resor
Angela Ruggiero
Kelly Stephens
Lyndsay Wall
Krissy Wendell

2010 Vancouver
details
 Canada (CAN) (3)
Meghan Agosta
Gillian Apps
Tessa Bonhomme
Jennifer Botterill
Jayna Hefford
Haley Irwin
Rebecca Johnston
Becky Kellar
Gina Kingsbury
Charline Labonté
Carla MacLeod
Meaghan Mikkelson
Caroline Ouellette
Cherie Piper
Marie-Philip Poulin
Kim St-Pierre
Colleen Sostorics
Shannon Szabados
Sarah Vaillancourt
Catherine Ward
Hayley Wickenheiser
 United States (USA) (2)
Kacey Bellamy
Caitlin Cahow
Lisa Chesson
Julie Chu
Natalie Darwitz
Meghan Duggan
Molly Engstrom
Hilary Knight
Jocelyne Lamoureux
Monique Lamoureux
Erika Lawler
Gisele Marvin
Brianne McLaughlin
Jenny Schmidgall-Potter
Angela Ruggiero
Molly Schaus
Kelli Stack
Karen Thatcher
Jessie Vetter
Kerry Weiland
Jinelle Zaugg-Siergiej
 Finland (FIN) (2)
Anne Helin
Jenni Hiirikoski
Venla Hovi
Michelle Karvinen
Mira Kuisma
Emma Laaksonen
Rosa Lindstedt
Terhi Mertanen
Heidi Pelttari
Mariia Posa
Annina Rajahuhta
Karoliina Rantamäki
Noora Räty
Mari Saarinen
Saija Sirviö
Nina Tikkinen
Minnamari Tuominen
Saara Tuominen
Linda Välimäki
Anna Vanhatalo
Marjo Voutilainen

2014 Sochi
details
 Canada (CAN) (4)
Meghan Agosta-Marciano
Gillian Apps
Mélodie Daoust
Laura Fortino
Jayna Hefford
Haley Irwin
Brianne Jenner
Rebecca Johnston
Charline Labonté
Geneviève Lacasse
Jocelyne Larocque
Meaghan Mikkelson-Reid
Caroline Ouellette
Marie-Philip Poulin
Lauriane Rougeau
Natalie Spooner
Shannon Szabados
Jenn Wakefield
Catherine Ward
Tara Watchorn
Hayley Wickenheiser
 United States (USA) (3)
Kacey Bellamy
Megan Bozek
Alexandra Carpenter
Julie Chu
Kendall Coyne
Brianna Decker
Meghan Duggan
Lyndsey Fry
Amanda Kessel
Hilary Knight
Jocelyne Lamoureux
Monique Lamoureux-Kolls
Gisele Marvin
Brianne McLaughlin
Michelle Picard
Josephine Pucci
Molly Schaus
Anne Schleper
Kelli Stack
Lee Stecklein
Jessie Vetter
 Switzerland (SUI) (1)
Janine Alder
Livia Altmann
Sophie Anthamatten
Laura Benz
Sara Benz
Nicole Bullo
Romy Eggimann
Sarah Forster
Angela Frautschi
Jessica Lutz
Julia Marty
Stefanie Marty
Alina Müller
Katrin Nabholz
Evelina Raselli
Florence Schelling
Lara Stalder
Phoebe Stanz
Anja Stiefel
Nina Waidacher

2018 Pyeongchang
details
 United States (USA) (2)
Cayla Barnes
Kacey Bellamy
Hannah Brandt
Dani Cameranesi
Kendall Coyne
Brianna Decker
Meghan Duggan
Kali Flanagan
Nicole Hensley
Megan Keller
Amanda Kessel
Hilary Knight
Jocelyne Lamoureux
Monique Lamoureux
Gigi Marvin
Sidney Morin
Kelly Pannek
Amanda Pelkey
Emily Pfalzer
Alex Rigsby
Maddie Rooney
Haley Skarupa
Lee Stecklein
 Canada (CAN) (2)
Meghan Agosta
Bailey Bram
Emily Clark
Mélodie Daoust
Ann-Renée Desbiens
Renata Fast
Laura Fortino
Brianne Jenner
Rebecca Johnston
Geneviève Lacasse
Brigette Lacquette
Meaghan Mikkelson
Marie-Philip Poulin
Lauriane Rougeau
Jillian Saulnier
Natalie Spooner
Laura Stacey
Shannon Szabados
Blayre Turnbull
Jenn Wakefield
 Finland (FIN) (3)
Sanni Hakala
Jenni Hiirikoski
Venla Hovi
Mira Jalosuo
Michelle Karvinen
Rosa Lindstedt
Petra Nieminen
Tanja Niskanen
Emma Nuutinen
Isa Rahunen
Annina Rajahuhta
Meeri Räisänen
Noora Räty
Saila Saari
Ronja Savolainen
Eveliina Suonpää
Sara Säkkinen
Susanna Tapani
Noora Tulus
Minnamari Tuominen
Ella Viitasuo
Riikka Välilä
Linda Välimäki

text: Medals:

text:
[show]Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1
 Canada (CAN)
4
2

2
 United States (USA)
2
3
1

3
 Sweden (SWE)

1
1

4
 Finland (FIN)

3

5
 Switzerland (SUI)

1

text: Athlete medal leaders[edit]

text:
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Wickenheiser, HayleyHayley Wickenheiser
 Canada (CAN)
1998–2014
4
1
0
5

Hefford, JaynaJayna Hefford
 Canada (CAN)
1998–2014
4
1
0
5

Ouellette, CarolineCaroline Ouellette
 Canada (CAN)
2002–2014
4
0
0
4

Tretiak, VladislavVladislav Tretiak
 Soviet Union (URS)
1972–1984
3
1
0
4

Botterill, JenniferJennifer Botterill
 Canada (CAN)
1998–2010
3
1
0
4

Kellar, BeckyBecky Kellar
 Canada (CAN)
1998–2010
3
1
0
4

Agosta, MeghanMeghan Agosta
 Canada (CAN)
2006–2018
3
1
0
4

Kravchuk, IgorIgor Kravchuk
 Soviet Union (URS)
 Unified Team (EUN)
 Russia (RUS)
1988
1992
1998–2002
2
1
1
4

Ruggiero, AngelaAngela Ruggiero
 United States (USA)
1998–2010
1
2
1
4

Potter, JennyJenny Potter
 United States (USA)
1998–2010
1
2
1
4

Chu, JulieJulie Chu
 United States (USA)
2002–2014
0
3
1
4

Holík, JiříJiří Holík
 Czechoslovakia (TCH)
1964–1976
0
2
2
4

Selänne, TeemuTeemu Selänne
 Finland (FIN)
1992, 1998–2014
0
1
3
4

Timonen, KimmoKimmo Timonen
 Finland (FIN)
1998–2014
0
1
3
4

Koivu, SakuSaku Koivu
 Finland (FIN)
1994–2010
0
1
3
4

Lehtinen, JereJere Lehtinen
 Finland (FIN)
1994–2010
0
1
3
4

Peltonen, VilleVille Peltonen
 Finland (FIN)
1994–2010
0
1
3
4

Firsov, AnatoliAnatoli Firsov
 Soviet Union (URS)
1964–1972
3
0
0
3

Kuzkin, VictorVictor Kuzkin
 Soviet Union (URS)
1964–1972
3
0
0
3

Ragulin, AlexanderAlexander Ragulin
 Soviet Union (URS)
1964–1972
3
0
0
3

Davydov, VitalyVitaly Davydov
 Soviet Union (URS)
1964–1972
3
0
0
3

Khomutov, AndreiAndrei Khomutov
 Soviet Union (URS)
 Unified Team (EUN)
1984–1988
1992
3
0
0
3

Piper, CherieCherie Piper
 Canada (CAN)
2002–2010
3
0
0
3

St-Pierre, KimKim St-Pierre
 Canada (CAN)
2002–2010
3
0
0
3

Sostorics, ColleenColleen Sostorics
 Canada (CAN)
2002–2010
3
0
0
3

Apps, GillianGillian Apps
 Canada (CAN)
2006–2014
3
0
0
3

Labonté, CharlineCharline Labonté
 Canada (CAN)
2006–2014
3
0
0
3


document_title: Cars 3

question_text: who does the voice for sterling in cars 3

root

text: Cars 3

text: Plot[edit]

text: Lightning McQueen, now a seven-time Piston Cup racing legend, and the other veterans of the Piston Cup, suddenly find themselves being displaced by the next-generation rookies such as Jackson Storm, outfitted with the latest technology to break speed records. Then, on the last race of the season, McQueen gets into a near-fatal rollover crash while trying to catch up to Storm, leaving him badly injured.

tag: p

text: 4 months later, McQueen returns to Radiator Springs and isolates himself from his friends, instead watching footage of his late mentor Doc Hudson, who was forced into retirement by a similar accident and fears that this will happen to him as well. McQueen's sponsors from Rust-eze, Rusty and Dusty, surprise him by asking him to continue to race, revealing they have sold the team to a new owner Sterling, who operates a state-of-the-art training center known as the Rust-eze Racing Center. There, McQueen meets Sterling and is assigned to train under Cruz Ramirez. Cruz's methodical approach to training wears on McQueen's impatience, and he attempts to use a high tech racing simulator - only to end up damaging it. Sterling decides McQueen is unfit to race and instead plans to use him for promotional materials only. McQueen contests this and instead makes a deal; if he should win the first race of the season, he will get to determine when he retires, otherwise he will retire on the spot. Sterling accepts the deal but assigns him to work one-on-one with Cruz.

text: McQueen tries to train on the nearby Fireball Beach in order to build up his speed, but he finds most of his time spent on teaching Cruz how to drive on various terrain. McQueen then attempts to race at a dirt track called Thunder Hollow, and inadvertently becomes part of a demolition derby that Cruz wins to her elation and McQueen's embarrassment. Distraught at the waste of training time, McQueen rages at Cruz and in the process, accidentally breaks her trophy. Upset, Cruz reveals that she had wanted to race professionally all her life, since she was inspired by McQueen, but never started a race because she felt intimidated by the other racers and simply lacked confidence. She resigns as McQueen's trainer and heads back to the training centre.

text: With no other options, McQueen calls up his friend Mater who suggests he talk to Doc's mentor Smokey in Doc's hometown of Thomasville. McQueen catches up to Cruz, apologies to her, and convinces her to join him. In Thomasville, McQueen meets up with Smokey, who recounts how, despite his forced retirement, Doc found a new happiness in training McQueen. After McQueen accepts that he will never be as fast as Storm, Smokey and his friends help McQueen learn new tricks to overcome his speed disadvantage with Cruz as his sparring partner. However during the last practice race, Cruz suddenly overtakes him and he suffers a flashback to his crash, shaking his confidence.

text: At the race in Florida, McQueen is coached by Smokey from the pits and manages to gradually push up through the ranks. Sterling, who still believes McQueen cannot win, orders Cruz back to the center to train a racer for the next race, despite her wanting to stay and watch the race. McQueen overhears this and remembers that Cruz had wanted to race because of him. He decides to formulate a plan; the next time he pits, he tells his crew to outfit Cruz in his racing number to try and finally beat Storm. Cruz is initially shaken by her confidence, but Smokey and McQueen help her to pull ahead. On the last lap Cruz catches up to Storm. Storm, feeling threatened, tries intimidate her - even to the point of ramming her against the wall, but she uses one of Doc's tricks to repel off it, take the lead, and win.

text: As Cruz celebrates her victory, Sterling offers her a role on his team, but she instead takes a counteroffer made by Tex Dinoco. Sterling reminds McQueen about his bet, but McQueen points out that his name is shared with Cruz's on the leaderboard as victors since both him and Cruz raced with the winning number and thus winning the deal. Sometime later McQueen and Cruz have returned to Radiator Springs decked out in Doc's old color and number, respectively. They learn that Tex has bought the Rust-eze team from Sterling, and McQueen decides to continue racing and train Cruz as well.

text: In the post-credits scene, Mater at his junkyard tries to answer an incoming call from his phone. Somehow he accidentally touches his reception antenna and his phone goes dead much to his dismay.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Owen Wilson as Lightning McQueen,[8] a legendary Piston Cup veteran who lives in Route 66's Radiator Springs; racer for Rust-eze; #95.
Cristela Alonzo as Cruz Ramirez,[8][9] Lightning McQueen's trainer and racing technician, who always longed to be a racer, but lacked confidence. She later becomes the racer for Dinoco; #51.
Chris Cooper as Smokey,[10] Doc's former mechanic and crew chief, who helps Lightning McQueen train for the Florida 500.
Nathan Fillion as Sterling,[11] a rich business car who runs the elite training facility Rust-eze Racing Center, who challenges McQueen's position as a racer.
Larry the Cable Guy as Mater, a jolly tow truck and Lightning McQueen's best friend.
Armie Hammer as Jackson Storm,[8][9] McQueen's new racing rival. The face of the newer generation of high-tech racers, he threatens to displace McQueen as the top racer, and McQueen's career; racer for IGNTR; #20.
Tom and Ray Magliozzi as Rusty and Dusty Rust-eze, respectively,[12] the owners of Rust-eze. Following Tom's death in 2014, unused archive recordings from the first film were used for Rusty's lines.
Tony Shalhoub as Luigi, a Fiat 500.
Bonnie Hunt as Sally Carrera, a Porsche 996, and Lightning McQueen's girlfriend.
Lea DeLaria as Miss Fritter,[11] an intimidating demolition derby-inspired monster school bus at the Thunder Hollow demolition derby.
Kerry Washington as Natalie Certain,[11] a statistical analyst.
Bob Costas as Bob Cutlass, a broadcaster at the race track.
Margo Martindale as Louise "Barnstormer" Nash,[13] a Piston Cup legend who is a 1950 Nash Ambassador.
Darrell Waltrip as Darrell Cartrip,[6] a broadcaster and former Piston Cup racer working aside with Bob.
Isiah Whitlock Jr. as River Scott,[13] one of the legendary Piston Cup racers who is a friend of Smokey, and a 1938 Dirt Track Racer.
Bob Peterson as Chick Hicks,[12] a former Piston Cup racer and ex-rival of Lightning McQueen, who now works as an RSN announcer and hosts his own TV show, Chick's Picks. He was previously voiced by Michael Keaton, in the first film.

Peterson also voices Dr. Damage, an ambulance monster truck and one of the competitors at Thunder Hollow; though the character is provided as an additional voice.

Guido Quaroni as Guido, a forklift who is Luigi's best friend and assistant.
John Ratzenberger as Mack,[12] a 1985 Mack Super-Liner who is Lightning's transport.
Kyle Petty as Cal Weathers, one of Lightning's racing friends, and a veteran racer for Dinoco.
Lewis Hamilton as Hamilton, a voice command assistant to Cruz Ramirez.[12] Hamilton previously voiced himself (as a WGP racer) in the second film.
Lloyd Sherr as Fillmore, a Volkswagen Bus. Fillmore was previously voiced by George Carlin who died in 2008.
Junior Johnson as Junior "Midnight" Moon,[13] a former Piston Cup racer who is a 1938 Ford Standard Coupe; #11.
Ray Evernham as Ray Reverham,[6] Jackson Storm's crew chief.
Paul Newman as Doc Hudson, Lightning McQueen’s late mentor. He appears in the film with unused archive recordings of Newman from the first film. After Newman's death in September 2008, the character was written in a flashback for his final film 11 years ago.
Cheech Marin as Ramone, a Chevrolet Impala Lowrider, and Flo's husband.
Humpy Wheeler as Tex Dinoco, the owner of Dinoco.
Katherine Helmond as Lizzie, a Ford Model T.
Paul Dooley as Sarge, a Willys Jeep.
Jenifer Lewis as Flo, a Motorama show car, and Ramone's wife.
Shannon Spake as Shannon Spokes,[6] an RSN reporter who is not afraid to ask questions to racers.
Madeleine McGraw as Maddy McGear, a young Axxelo Microlux who is Lightning's biggest fan.
Michael Wallis as Sheriff, a seasoned 1949 Mercury Eight police car.
Mike Joy as Mike Joyride, the host on Lightning's radio
Jeff Gordon as Jeff Gorvette,[6] a World Grand Prix competitor who now works as a Piston Cup announcer for races
Daniel Suárez as Danny Swervez, a next-gen racer working for Octain Gain; #19.[6]
Ryan Blaney as Ryan "Inside" Laney, a next-gen racer working for Blinkr; #21.[6]
Bubba Wallace as Bubba Wheelhouse, a next-gen racer working for Transberry Juice; #6.[6]
Chase Elliott as Chase Racelott, a next-gen racer working for Vitoline; #24.[6]
Richard Petty as Strip "The King" Weathers, who has retired and now acts as crew chief for his nephew Cal.[6]
Andra Day as Sweet Tea, a forklift who works and sings at Cotter Pin Bar & Grill

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Development on Cars 3 began in 2011 after the release of Cars 2,[14] and by March 2014 pre-production was underway.[15] In October 2014, Pixar's chief creative officer John Lasseter revealed at the Tokyo International Film Festival that the film would feature a tribute to Hayao Miyazaki's film The Castle of Cagliostro, in a form of an old Citroën 2CV.[16]

text: Prior to the film's release, John Lasseter, director of the previous Cars films, stated that the film had a "very emotional story", similar in tone to the first film.[17] Co-writer Kiel Murray, who also co-wrote the original Cars, said of the return to the series roots, "With these franchises you always want to know who it's about. The first movie was about McQueen, and the second movie was a sort of off-ramp to the Mater story. We wanted to get back to the McQueen story. When we looked at what would be next for him, we wondered what that would be like both as an athlete, and also for what he was dealing with in the rest of his life."[18]

text: On January 5, 2017, it was announced that Armie Hammer and Cristela Alonzo would voice Jackson Storm and Cruz Ramirez, respectively. Two months later, Nathan Fillion, Kerry Washington and Lea Delaria joined the cast.[9]

text: Soundtracks[edit]

text: There are two soundtracks released for the third film. The original motion picture soundtrack features rock/pop songs featured in the film, while the original score soundtrack features the score composed and conducted by Randy Newman.[19]

text:
Cars 3 Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Soundtrack album

Released
June 16, 2017

Genre
Western, Country, Pop

Length
28:40

Label
Walt Disney

tag: table

text:
No.
Title
Artist
Length

1.
"Run that Race"
Dan Auerbach
2:43

2.
"Kings Highway"
James Bay
3:07

3.
"Truckaroo"
Brad Paisley
2:36

4.
"Thunder Hollow Breakdown"
Brad Paisley
4:49

5.
"Glory Days"
Andra Day
4:07

6.
"Ride"
ZZ Ward featuring Gary Clark Jr.
4:03

7.
"Drive My Car"
Jorge Blanco
2:42

8.
"Freeway of Love"
Lea DeLaria
4:30

text:
Cars 3 Original Score

Soundtrack album by Randy Newman

Released
June 16, 2017 (2017-06-16)

Recorded
2016–2017

Genre
Country, classical

Length
50:15

Label
Walt Disney

Randy Newman chronology

Monsters University
(2013)
Cars 3 Original Score
(2017)
Toy Story 4
(2019)

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"Storm's Winning Streak"
1:23

2.
"When All Your Friends are Gone/ Crash"
3:44

3.
"Doc's Painful Demise"
1:25

4.
"Mater on the Horn"
0:29

5.
"Sistine Chapel on Wheels"
1:06

6.
"Temple of Rust-eze"
1:25

7.
"A Career on a Wall/ Electronic Suit"
3:21

8.
"Drip Pan"
1:12

9.
"McQueen's Wild Ride"
2:05

10.
"Biggest Brand in Racing"
3:12

11.
"Fireball Beach"
2:16

12.
"Pull Over, Now!/ Cruz's Racing Dreams"
2:00

13.
"1.2%"
1:21

14.
"If This Track Could Talk"
2:33

15.
"Letters About You"
2:02

16.
"Smokey Starts Training/ A Blaze of Glory"
5:56

17.
"Starting Dead Last"
1:42

18.
"Flashback/ Pit Stop"
3:32

19.
"Through the Pack"
3:42

20.
"Victory Lane"
3:51

21.
"The Fabulous Lightning McQueen"
2:11

text: Release[edit]

text: Cars 3 was released in theaters on June 16, 2017, in the United States, in 3D[20] and selected IMAX theaters,[21] accompanied by the Pixar short film Lou.[22] The film had a special screening for the NASCAR industry in Kannapolis, North Carolina on May 23, 2017.[23] The world premiere was held in Anaheim, California on June 10, 2017.[24]

text: Video game[edit]

text: A tie-in video game has been announced to accompany the film's release. It was developed by Avalanche Software, which was shut down by Disney in 2016, but was acquired and revived by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. It was released on Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Wii U, Xbox 360, and Xbox One on June 13, 2017, in North America,[25] in Europe and Australasia on July 14, 2017,[26] and in Japan on July 20, 2017. As Disney no longer develops and publishes video games after the release of Disney Infinity 3.0, Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment published the tie-in game.[27]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Cars 3 was released on Digital HD on October 24, 2017 and was released on DVD, Blu-ray, and 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray on November 7, 2017, by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment.[28]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Cars 3 grossed $152.9 million in the United States and Canada and $230.8 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $383.7 million, against a production budget of $175 million.[5]

text: In North America, Cars 3 was released alongside Rough Night, 47 Meters Down and All Eyez on Me, and was projected to gross $55–60 million from 4,256 theaters in its opening weekend.[29][30] It made $2.8 million from Thursday night previews and $19.5 million on its first day. It went on to open to $53.7 million, finishing first at the box office and dethroning two-time first-place finisher Wonder Woman. Cars 3 had the lowest opening of the series, but nevertheless was the 16th Pixar film to debut at number one.[31] In its second weekend, the film grossed $24.1 million, dropping to third place, behind Transformers: The Last Knight and Wonder Woman.[32] In its third weekend the film made $9.7 million ($14.1 million over the five-day 4th of July holiday weekend), dropping to 5th.[33]

text: Internationally, the film made $21.3 million from its opening in 23 markets, which was 9% more than Cars 2 and 29% more than Cars.[34] The film opened in China on August 25 and grossed $10.8 million over its debut weekend.[35] The biggest markets in terms of total earnings are China ($20.8 million), followed by France ($19.5 million), Japan ($16.1 million), Mexico ($15.6 million), and the UK ($15.2 million).[36]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 68% based on 190 reviews, with an average rating of 6.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Cars 3 has an unexpectedly poignant story to go with its dazzling animation, suggesting Pixar's most middle-of-the-road franchise may have a surprising amount of tread left."[37] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a score of 59 out of 100, based on reviews from 41 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[38] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[31]

text: In his review for Variety, Owen Gleiberman wrote, "Cars 3 is a friendly, rollicking movie made with warmth and dash, and to the extent that it taps our primal affection for this series, it more than gets the job done. Yet in many ways it’s the tasteful version of a straight-to-DVD (or streaming) sequel."[39] David Fear of Rolling Stone gave the film a positive review, saying: "There's an emotional resonance to this story about growing old, chasing glory days and the joy of passing the baton that leaves the other two films choking on its digitally rendered dust. The end goal this time out isn't just to sell a few more toys and Lightning McQueen lunchboxes. It's actually tapping into something deeper than a corporate bottom line."[40] Mike Ryan of Uproxx called the film 'The Rocky III Of The Cars Franchise,' and wrote "There’s a hint of sadness that seems to be present throughout Cars 3 that gives it a little more weight than the previous installments."[41]

text: Alonso Duralde of TheWrap gave the film a mixed review, saying: "As a spawner of merchandise, Cars 3 fires on all pistons but, as a movie, it's a harmless but never stimulating 109 minutes."[42] Vicky Roach gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, saying: "Returning to the iconic, backroads nostalgia of the original film, Cars 3 puts the flashy, unpopular middle film squarely in its rear vision mirror. The route that the filmmakers take might be familiar, but after gunning it, they take the corners like pros."[43]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

Teen Choice Awards
August 13, 2017
Choice Movie: Comedy
Walt Disney Pictures
Nominated
[44]

Choice Movie Actor: Comedy
Owen Wilson
Nominated

Detroit Film Critics Society
December 7, 2017
Best Animated Film
Cars 3
Nominated
[45]

St. Louis Film Critics Association
December 15, 2017
Best Animated Feature
Brian Fee
Nominated
[46]

IGN Awards
December 19, 2017
Best Animated Movie
Cars 3
Nominated
[47]

Central Ohio Film Critics Association
January 4, 2017
Best Animated Film
Nominated
[48]

Image Awards
January 15, 2018
Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance
Kerry Washington as Natalie Certain
Nominated
[49]

Satellite Awards
February 10, 2018
Best Animated or Mixed Media Feature
Cars 3
Pending
[50]

Art Directors Guild
January 27, 2018
Production Design in an Animated Feature
William Cone and Jay Shuster
Pending
[51]

Visual Effects Society Awards
February 13, 2018
Outstanding Visual Effects in an Animated Feature
Brian Fee, Kevin Reher, Michael Fong, Jon Reisch
Pending
[52]

Outstanding Created Environment in an Animated Feature
Marlena Fecho, Thidartana Annee Jonjai, Jose L. Ramos Serrano, Frank Tai for "Abandoned Racetrack"

Outstanding Effects Simulations in an Animated Feature
Greg Gladstone, Stephen Marshall, Leon JeongWook Park, Tim Speltz

Annie Award
February 3, 2018
Best Animated Feature
Kevin Reher
Pending
[53]

Animated Effects in an Animated Production
Amit Baadkar, Greg Gladstone, Stephen Marshall, Tim Speltz and Jon Reisch
Pending

Cinema Audio Society Awards
February 24th 2018
Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Motion Picture – Animated
Doc Kane, Tom Meyers, Michael Semanick, Nathan Nance, David Boucher and Blake Collins
Pending
[54]

text: Possible sequel[edit]

text: Regarding a possible Cars 4, Cars 3 producers Kevin Reher and Andrea Warren stated speaking to Cinema Blend that "If there's a good story to tell, I mean, our heads kinda break after having gotten this one done, like "oh my God" what could you do the further adventures of? But like any sequel, from Toy Story 4 to Incredibles 2, as long as there's a good story to tell it's worth investing, we do love these characters, we love them as much as the public does."[55] Regarding which character would be the main protagonist in the film, Reher and Warren stated that "if Cruz is a breakout character, kind of like Mater was", "she would be involved in a 4".[56] Owen Wilson stated at a Cars 3 press event that possible stories have been discussed for a Cars 4, though he would personally like for a fourth Cars film to delve into aspects of the thriller genre, akin to Cars 2.[57]


document_title: List of England national rugby union team results 2010–19

question_text: when did england last lose three in a row

text:
Date
Opposition
For
Against
Venue
Winner
Status

06/02/2010
Wales
30
17
Twickenham, London
England
Six Nations

14/02/2010
Italy
17
12
Stadio Flaminio, Rome
England
Six Nations

27/02/2010
Ireland
16
20
Twickenham, London
Ireland
Six Nations

13/03/2010
Scotland
15
15
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
draw
Six Nations

20/03/2010
France
10
12
Stade de France, Saint-Denis
France
Six Nations

12/06/2010
Australia
17
27
Subiaco Oval, Perth
Australia
First Test

19/06/2010
Australia
21
20
ANZ Stadium, Sydney
England
Second Test

06/11/2010
New Zealand
16
26
Twickenham, London
New Zealand
Test Match

13/11/2010
Australia
35
18
Twickenham, London
England
Test Match

20/11/2010
Samoa
26
13
Twickenham, London
England
Test Match

27/11/2010
South Africa
11
21
Twickenham, London
South Africa
Test Match

text: 45.45% winning rate for 2010.

text:
Date
Opposition
For
Against
Venue
Winner
Status

04/02/2011
Wales
26
19
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
England
Six Nations

12/02/2011
Italy
59
13
Twickenham, London
England
Six Nations

26/02/2011
France
17
9
Twickenham, London
England
Six Nations

13/03/2011
Scotland
22
16
Twickenham, London
England
Six Nations

19/03/2011
Ireland
8
24
Aviva Stadium, Dublin
Ireland
Six Nations

06/08/2011
Wales
23
19
Twickenham, London
England
Test Match

13/08/2011
Wales
9
19
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
Wales
Test Match

27/08/2011
Ireland
20
9
Aviva Stadium, Dublin
England
Test Match

10/09/2011
Argentina
13
9
Otago Stadium, Dunedin
England
2011 Rugby World Cup

18/09/2011
Georgia
41
10
Otago Stadium, Dunedin
England
2011 Rugby World Cup

24/09/2011
Romania
67
3
Otago Stadium, Dunedin
England
2011 Rugby World Cup

01/10/2011
Scotland
16
12
Eden Park, Auckland
England
2011 Rugby World Cup

08/10/2011
France
12
19
Eden Park, Auckland
France
2011 Rugby World Cup

text: 76.92% winning rate for 2011.

text:
Date
Opposition
For
Against
Venue
Winner
Status

04/02/2012
Scotland
13
6
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
England
Six Nations

11/02/2012
Italy
19
15
Stadio Olimpico, Rome
England
Six Nations

25/02/2012
Wales
12
19
Twickenham, London
Wales
Six Nations

11/03/2012
France
24
22
Stade de France, Saint-Denis
England
Six Nations

17/03/2012
Ireland
30
9
Twickenham, London
England
Six Nations

09/06/2012
South Africa
17
22
Kings Park Stadium, Durban
South Africa
2012 tour

16/06/2012
South Africa
27
36
Ellis Park Stadium, Johannesburg
South Africa
2012 tour

23/06/2012
South Africa
14
14
Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium, Port Elizabeth
draw
2012 tour

10/11/2012
Fiji
54
12
Twickenham, London
England
Test match

17/11/2012
Australia
14
20
Twickenham, London
Australia
Test match

24/11/2012
South Africa
15
16
Twickenham, London
South Africa
Test match

01/12/2012
New Zealand
38
21
Twickenham, London
England
Test match

text: 50% winning rate for 2012.

text:
Date
Opposition
For
Against
Venue
Winner
Status

02/02/2013
Scotland
38
18
Twickenham, London
England
Six Nations

10/02/2013
Ireland
12
6
Aviva Stadium, Dublin
England
Six Nations

23/02/2013
France
23
13
Twickenham, London
England
Six Nations

9/03/2013
Italy
18
11
Twickenham, London
England
Six Nations

16/03/2013
Wales
3
30
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
Wales
Six Nations

08/06/2013
Argentina
32
3
Estadio Padre Ernesto Martearena, Salta
England
First Test

15/06/2013
Argentina
51
26
Estadio José Amalfitani, Buenos Aires
England
Second Test

02/11/2013
Australia
20
13
Twickenham, London
England
Test match

09/11/2013
Argentina
31
12
Twickenham, London
England
Test match

16/11/2013
New Zealand
22
30
Twickenham, London
New Zealand
Test match

text: 80% winning rate for 2013.

text:
Date
Opposition
For
Against
Venue
Winner
Status

01/02/2014
France
24
26
Stade de France, Paris
France
Six Nations

8/02/2014
Scotland
20
0
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
England
Six Nations

22/02/2014
Ireland
13
10
Twickenham, London
England
Six Nations

09/03/2014
Wales
29
18
Twickenham, London
England
Six Nations

15/03/2014
Italy
52
11
Stadio Olimpico, Rome
England
Six Nations

07/06/2014
New Zealand
15
20
Eden Park, Auckland
New Zealand
First Test

14/06/2014
New Zealand
27
28
Forsyth Barr Stadium, Dunedin
New Zealand
Second Test

21/06/2014
New Zealand
13
36
Waikato Stadium, Hamilton
New Zealand
Third Test

08/11/2014
New Zealand
21
24
Twickenham, London
New Zealand
Test match

15/11/2014
South Africa
28
31
Twickenham, London
South Africa
Test match

22/11/2014
Samoa
28
9
Twickenham, London
England
Test match

29/11/2014
Australia
26
17
Twickenham, London
England
Test match

text: 50% winning rate for 2014.

text:
Date
Opposition
For
Against
Venue
Winner
Status

06/02/2015
Wales
21
16
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
England
Six Nations

14/02/2015
Italy
47
17
Twickenham, London
England
Six Nations

01/03/2015
Ireland
9
19
Aviva Stadium, Dublin
Ireland
Six Nations

14/03/2015
Scotland
25
13
Twickenham, London
England
Six Nations

21/03/2015
France
55
35
Twickenham, London
England
Six Nations

15/08/2015
France
19
14
Twickenham, London
England
Test Match

22/08/2015
France
20
25
Stade de France, Saint-Denis
France
Test Match

05/09/2015
Ireland
21
13
Twickenham, London
England
Test Match

18/09/2015
Fiji
35
11
Twickenham, London
England
2015 Rugby World Cup

26/09/2015
Wales
25
28
Twickenham, London
Wales
2015 Rugby World Cup

03/10/2015
Australia
13
33
Twickenham, London
Australia
2015 Rugby World Cup

10/10/2015
Uruguay
60
3
Etihad Stadium, Manchester
England
2015 Rugby World Cup

text: 66.67% winning rate for 2015.

text:
Date
Opposition
For
Against
Venue
Winner
Status

06/02/2016
Scotland
15
9
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
England
Six Nations

14/02/2016
Italy
40
9
Stadio Olimpico, Rome
England
Six Nations

27/02/2016
Ireland
21
10
Twickenham, London
England
Six Nations

12/03/2016
Wales
25
21
Twickenham, London
England
Six Nations

19/03/2016
France
31
21
Stade de France, Saint-Denis
England
Six Nations

29/05/2016
Wales
27
13
Twickenham, London
England
Old Mutual Wealth Cup

11/06/2016
Australia
39
28
Suncorp Stadium, Brisbane,
England
2016 England rugby union tour of Australia

18/06/2016
Australia
23
7
AAMI Park, Melbourne,
England
2016 England rugby union tour of Australia

25/06/2016
Australia
44
40
Sydney Football Stadium, Sydney
England
2016 England rugby union tour of Australia

12/11/2016
South Africa
37
21
Twickenham, London
England
Test match

19/11/2016
Fiji
58
15
Twickenham, London
England
Test match

26/11/2016
Argentina
27
14
Twickenham, London
England
Test match

03/12/2016
Australia
37
21
Twickenham, London
England
Test match

text: 100% winning rate for 2016.

text:
Date
Opposition
For
Against
Venue
Winner
Status

04/02/2017
France
19
16
Twickenham, London
England
Six Nations

11/02/2017
Wales
21
16
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
England
Six Nations

26/02/2017
Italy
36
15
Twickenham, London
England
Six Nations

11/03/2017
Scotland
61
21
Twickenham, London
England
Six Nations

18/03/2017
Ireland
9
13
Aviva Stadium, Dublin
Ireland
Six Nations

28/05/2017
Barbarians F.C.
28
14
Twickenham, London
England
Old Mutual Wealth Cup

10/06/2017
Argentina
38
34
Estadio San Juan del Bicentenario, San Juan
England
2017 England rugby union tour of Argentina

17/06/2017
Argentina
35
25
Estadio Brigadier General Estanislao López, Santa Fe
England
2017 England rugby union tour of Argentina

11/11/2017
Argentina
21
8
Twickenham, London
England
Test match

18/11/2017
Australia
30
6
Twickenham, London
England
Test match

25/11/2017
Samoa
48
14
Twickenham, London
England
Test match

text: Barbarians F.C. is classed as a capped match

text: 90.90% winning rate for 2017.

text:
Date
Opposition
For
Against
Venue
Winner
Status

04/02/2018
Italy
46
15
Stadio Olimpico, Rome
England
Six Nations

10/02/2018
Wales
12
6
Twickenham, London
England
Six Nations

24/02/2018
Scotland
13
25
Murrayfield Stadium, Edinburgh
Scotland
Six Nations

10/03/2018
France
16
22
Stade de France, Saint-Denis
France
Six Nations

17/03/2018
Ireland
15
24
Twickenham, London
Ireland
Six Nations

27/05/2018
Barbarians F.C.
45
63
Twickenham, London
Barbarians F.C.
Quilter Cup

09/06/2018
South Africa

Ellis Park Stadium, Johannesburg

2018 England rugby union tour of South Africa

16/06/2017
South Africa

Free State Stadium, Bloemfontein

2018 England rugby union tour of South Africa

23/06/2017
South Africa

Newlands Stadium, Cape Town

2018 England rugby union tour of South Africa

text: Year Box[edit]

text:
Preceded by
2000–2009
England Rugby Results
2010–2019
Succeeded by
2020–2029

text:
[hide]

v
t
e

England national rugby union team

Rugby Football Union

History

History
Tries

Players

All Players
Top Scorers
Killed in the World Wars

Home stadiums

Twickenham Stadium

Competitions and trophies

Rugby World Cup
Six Nations Championship
Triple Crown
Grand Slam
Calcutta Cup
Cook Cup
Hillary Shield
Old Mutual Wealth Cup
Millennium Trophy

Related teams

Sevens
England Saxons
RFU Championship XV
England Counties XV
U20s
U18s

Matches

World Cup finals

1991
2003
2007

By opponent

Argentina
Australia
Barbarians
France
Ireland
Italy
New Zealand
Samoa
Scotland
South Africa
Wales

Results

1871–79
1880–89
1890–99
1900–09
1910–14
1920–29
1930–39
1947–49
1950–59
1960–69
1970–79
1980–89
1990–99
2000–09
2010–19

See also

All Matches
Test Series
Scotland (1871)
England v President's Overseas XV

Tours

Australia

1963
1975
1988
1991
1997
1998
1999
2003
2004
2006
2010
2016

New Zealand

1963
1973
1985
1998
2003
2004
2008
2010
2014

South Africa

1972
1984
1994
1998
2000
2007
2012
2018

Argentina

1981
1990
1997
2002
2013
2017

Romania

1989

South Pacific

1973
1979
1988
1991

North America

1982
1993
2001

Asia

1971
1979

See also

Swing Low, Sweet Chariot

text: Lists of England national rugby union team results2009–10 in English rugby union2010–11 in English rugby union2011–12 in English rugby union2012–13 in English rugby union2013–14 in English rugby union2014–15 in English rugby union2015–16 in English rugby union2016–17 in English rugby union2017–18 in English rugby union2018–19 in English rugby union


document_title: Theotokos of Vladimir

question_text: when was the eastern orthodox church icon the virgin of vladimir made

text: Theotokos of Vladimir

text: History[edit]

text: As a work of art, the icon is dated to the earlier part of the 12th century, and a date shortly before its arrival in Rus about 1131, according to the chronicles, seems plausible.[5] Like other Byzantine works of high quality, it is thought to have been painted in Constantinople, and is regarded as the finest panel icon surviving from the Komnenian period, the few survivors from which vary considerably in quality. Only the faces and hands are original, with the clothes repainted after suffering damage when a metal cover or riza was placed over them,[6] and in a fire in 1195.[7] The work shows a humanity and tenderness new to Byzantine art in this period.[8] The reverse of the icon, which is much less well known, has a 15th-century image of the "Prepared Table": a Hetoimasia with the Instruments of the Passion and other symbols.[9]

text: About 1131 the Greek Patriarch of Constantinople sent the icon as a gift to Grand Duke Yury Dolgorukiy of Kyiv. The image was kept in a monastery (according to a recent legend, in the Mezhyhirskyi Monastery, first mentioned in the 14th century) until Dolgorukiy's son Andrey Bogolyubskiy brought it to his favourite city, Vladimir, in 1155.[10] Tradition tells that the horses transporting the icon stopped near Vladimir and refused to go further. People interpreted this as a sign that the Theotokos wanted her icon to stay in Vladimir. To house the icon, the great Assumption Cathedral was built there, followed by other churches dedicated to the Virgin throughout Ukraine. However the presence of the icon did not prevent the sack and burning of the city by the Mongols in 1238, when the icon was damaged by fire. It was first restored after this, and again before 1431 and in 1512.[11]

text: According to the traditional accounts the image was taken from Vladimir to the new capital, Moscow, in 1395 during Tamerlane's invasion. The spot where people and the ruling prince met the icon is commemorated by the Sretensky Monastery. Vasili I of Moscow spent a night crying over the icon, and Tamerlane's armies retreated the same day. The Muscovites refused to return the icon to Vladimir and placed it in the Cathedral of the Dormition of the Moscow Kremlin.[12] However David Miller suggests that the icon was in fact normally still in Vladimir, with some excursions to Moscow, until the 1520s, and that crediting the icon with saving Moscow in 1395 does not appear in sources until the late 15th century, and the full version of the story until accounts of 1512 and then the 1560s.[13] The Tretyakov website today says the icon came to Moscow in 1480.[14] Undoubtedly, by the 16th century, the Vladimirskaya was a thing of legend, and associated with the growth of Russian national consciousness based on the Muscovite state.[15] The intercession of the Theotokos through the image was credited also with saving Moscow from Tatar hordes in 1451 and 1480.[citation needed]

text: The icon of the Theotokos of Vladimir is sometimes described as expressing universal feelings of motherly love and anxiety for her child. Like some other icons it was believed to have been painted by St Luke from its living subjects. The venerated image was used in celebration of coronations of tsars, elections of patriarchs, and other important ceremonies of state.

text: A detail of the Virgin's left eye and nose in the icon is part of the logo of Icon Productions, founded by Mel Gibson.[citation needed]


document_title: Starch

question_text: where is starch found in a plant cell

question_tokens: where is starch found in a plant cell

text: Starch

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The word "starch" is from a Germanic root with the meanings "strong, stiff, strengthen, stiffen".[5] Modern German Stärke (starch) is related.

text: "Amylum" for starch is from the Greek ἄμυλον, "amylon" which means "not ground at a mill". The root amyl is used in biochemistry for several compounds related to starch.

text: History[edit]

text: Starch grains from the rhizomes of Typha (cattails, bullrushes) as flour have been identified from grinding stones in Europe dating back to 30,000 years ago.[6] Starch grains from sorghum were found on grind stones in caves in Ngalue, Mozambique dating up to 100,000 years ago.[7]

text: Pure extracted wheat starch paste was used in Ancient Egypt possibly to glue papyrus.[8] The extraction of starch is first described in the Natural History of Pliny the Elder around AD 77–79.[9] Romans used it also in cosmetic creams, to powder the hair and to thicken sauces. Persians and Indians used it to make dishes similar to gothumai wheat halva. Rice starch as surface treatment of paper has been used in paper production in China since 700 CE.[10]

text: In addition to starchy plants consumed directly, 66 million tonnes of starch were being produced per year worldwide by 2008. In the EU this was around 8.5 million tonnes, with around 40% being used for industrial applications and 60% for food uses,[11] most of the latter as glucose syrups.[12]

text: Energy store of plants[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Most green plants use starch as their energy store. An exception is the family Asteraceae (asters, daisies and sunflowers), where starch is replaced by the fructan inulin.

text: In photosynthesis, plants use light energy to produce glucose from carbon dioxide. The glucose is used to make cellulose fibers, the structural component of the plant, or is stored in the form of starch granules, in amyloplasts. Toward the end of the growing season, starch accumulates in twigs of trees near the buds. Fruit, seeds, rhizomes, and tubers store starch to prepare for the next growing season.

text: Glucose is soluble in water, hydrophilic, binds with water and then takes up much space and is osmotically active; glucose in the form of starch, on the other hand, is not soluble, therefore osmotically inactive and can be stored much more compactly.

text: Glucose molecules are bound in starch by the easily hydrolyzed alpha bonds. The same type of bond is found in the animal reserve polysaccharide glycogen. This is in contrast to many structural polysaccharides such as chitin, cellulose and peptidoglycan, which are bound by beta bonds and are much more resistant to hydrolysis.[13]

text: Biosynthesis[edit]

text: Plants produce starch by first converting glucose 1-phosphate to ADP-glucose using the enzyme glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase. This step requires energy in the form of ATP. The enzyme starch synthase then adds the ADP-glucose via a 1,4-alpha glycosidic bond to a growing chain of glucose residues, liberating ADP and creating amylose. Starch branching enzyme introduces 1,6-alpha glycosidic bonds between these chains, creating the branched amylopectin. The starch debranching enzyme isoamylase removes some of these branches. Several isoforms of these enzymes exist, leading to a highly complex synthesis process.[14]

text: Glycogen and amylopectin have similar structure, but the former has about one branch point per ten 1,4-alpha bonds, compared to about one branch point per thirty 1,4-alpha bonds in amylopectin.[15] Amylopectin is synthesized from ADP-glucose while mammals and fungi synthesize glycogen from UDP-glucose; for most cases, bacteria synthesize glycogen from ADP-glucose (analogous to starch).[16]

text: In addition to starch synthesis in plants, starch can be synthesized from non-food starch mediated by an enzyme cocktail.[17] In this cell-free biosystem, beta-1,4-glycosidic bond-linked cellulose is partially hydrolyzed to cellobiose. Cellobiose phosphorylase cleaves to glucose 1-phosphate and glucose; the other enzyme—potato alpha-glucan phosphorylase can add a glucose unit from glucose 1-phosphorylase to the non-reducing ends of starch. In it, phosphate is internally recycled. The other product, glucose, can be assimilated by a yeast. This cell-free bioprocessing does not need any costly chemical and energy input, can be conducted in aqueous solution, and does not have sugar losses.[18][19][20]

text: Degradation[edit]

text: Starch is synthesized in plant leaves during the day and stored as granules; it serves as an energy source at night. The insoluble, highly branched starch chains have to be phosphorylated in order to be accessible for degrading enzymes. The enzyme glucan, water dikinase (GWD) phosphorylates at the C-6 position of a glucose molecule, close to the chains 1,6-alpha branching bonds. A second enzyme, phosphoglucan, water dikinase (PWD) phosphorylates the glucose molecule at the C-3 position. A loss of these enzymes, for example a loss of the GWD, leads to a starch excess (sex) phenotype,[21] and because starch cannot be phosphorylated, it accumulates in the plastids.

text: After the phosphorylation, the first degrading enzyme, beta-amylase (BAM) can attack the glucose chain at its non-reducing end. Maltose is released as the main product of starch degradation. If the glucose chain consists of three or fewer molecules, BAM cannot release maltose. A second enzyme, disproportionating enzyme-1 (DPE1), combines two maltotriose molecules. From this chain, a glucose molecule is released. Now, BAM can release another maltose molecule from the remaining chain. This cycle repeats until starch is degraded completely. If BAM comes close to the phosphorylated branching point of the glucose chain, it can no longer release maltose. In order for the phosphorylated chain to be degraded, the enzyme isoamylase (ISA) is required.[22]

text: The products of starch degradation are predominantly maltose[23] and smaller amounts of glucose. These molecules are exported from the plastid to the cytosol, maltose via the maltose transporter, which if mutated (MEX1-mutant) results in maltose accumulation in the plastid.[24] Glucose is exported via the plastidic glucose translocator (pGlcT).[25] These two sugars act as a precursor for sucrose synthesis. Sucrose can then be used in the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway in the mitochondria, to generate ATP at night.[22]

text: Properties[edit]

text: Structure[edit]

text: While amylose was thought to be completely unbranched, it is now known that some of its molecules contain a few branch points.[26] Amylose is a much smaller molecule than amylopectin. About one quarter of the mass of starch granules in plants consist of amylose, although there are about 150 times more amylose than amylopectin molecules.

text: Starch molecules arrange themselves in the plant in semi-crystalline granules. Each plant species has a unique starch granular size: rice starch is relatively small (about 2 μm) while potato starches have larger granules (up to 100 μm).

text: Starch becomes soluble in water when heated. The granules swell and burst, the semi-crystalline structure is lost and the smaller amylose molecules start leaching out of the granule, forming a network that holds water and increasing the mixture's viscosity. This process is called starch gelatinization. During cooking, the starch becomes a paste and increases further in viscosity. During cooling or prolonged storage of the paste, the semi-crystalline structure partially recovers and the starch paste thickens, expelling water. This is mainly caused by retrogradation of the amylose. This process is responsible for the hardening of bread or staling, and for the water layer on top of a starch gel (syneresis).

text: Some cultivated plant varieties have pure amylopectin starch without amylose, known as waxy starches. The most used is waxy maize, others are glutinous rice and waxy potato starch. Waxy starches have less retrogradation, resulting in a more stable paste. High amylose starch, amylomaize, is cultivated for the use of its gel strength and for use as a resistant starch (a starch that resists digestion) in food products.

text: Synthetic amylose made from cellulose has a well-controlled degree of polymerization. Therefore, it can be used as a potential drug deliver carrier.[17]

text: Certain starches, when mixed with water, will produce a non-newtonian fluid sometimes nicknamed "oobleck".

text: Hydrolysis[edit]

text: The enzymes that break down or hydrolyze starch into the constituent sugars are known as amylases.

text: Alpha-amylases are found in plants and in animals. Human saliva is rich in amylase, and the pancreas also secretes the enzyme. Individuals from populations with a high-starch diet tend to have more amylase genes than those with low-starch diets;[27]

text: Beta-amylase cuts starch into maltose units. This process is important in the digestion of starch and is also used in brewing, where amylase from the skin of seed grains is responsible for converting starch to maltose (Malting, Mashing).[28][29]

text: Dextrinization[edit]

text: If starch is subjected to dry heat, it breaks down to form dextrins, also called "pyrodextrins" in this context. This break down process is known as dextrinization. (Pyro)dextrins are mainly yellow to brown in color and dextrinization is partially responsible for the browning of toasted bread.[30]

text: Chemical tests[edit]

text: A triiodide (I3−) solution formed by mixing iodine and iodide (usually from potassium iodide) is used to test for starch; a dark blue color indicates the presence of starch. The details of this reaction are not yet fully known, but it is thought that the iodine (I3− and I5− ions) fit inside the coils of amylose, the charge transfers between the iodine and the starch, and the energy level spacings in the resulting complex correspond to the absorption spectrum in the visible light region. The strength of the resulting blue color depends on the amount of amylose present. Waxy starches with little or no amylose present will color red. Benedict's test and Fehling's test is also done to indicate the presence of starch.

text: Starch indicator solution consisting of water, starch and iodide is often used in redox titrations: in the presence of an oxidizing agent the solution turns blue, in the presence of reducing agent the blue color disappears because triiodide (I3−) ions break up into three iodide ions, disassembling the starch-iodine complex. A 0.3% w/w solution is the standard concentration for a starch indicator. It is made by adding 3 grams of soluble starch to 1 liter of heated water; the solution is cooled before use (starch-iodine complex becomes unstable at temperatures above 35 °C).

text: Each species of plant has a unique type of starch granules in granular size, shape and crystallization pattern. Under the microscope, starch grains stained with iodine illuminated from behind with polarized light show a distinctive Maltese cross effect (also known as extinction cross and birefringence).

text: Food[edit]

text: Starch is the most common carbohydrate in the human diet and is contained in many staple foods. The major sources of starch intake worldwide are the cereals (rice, wheat, and maize) and the root vegetables (potatoes and cassava).[31] Many other starchy foods are grown, some only in specific climates, including acorns, arrowroot, arracacha, bananas, barley, breadfruit, buckwheat, canna, colacasia, katakuri, kudzu, malanga, millet, oats, oca, polynesian arrowroot, sago, sorghum, sweet potatoes, rye, taro, chestnuts, water chestnuts and yams, and many kinds of beans, such as favas, lentils, mung beans, peas, and chickpeas.

text: Widely used prepared foods containing starch are bread, pancakes, cereals, noodles, pasta, porridge and tortilla.

text: Digestive enzymes have problems digesting crystalline structures. Raw starch is digested poorly in the duodenum and small intestine, while bacterial degradation takes place mainly in the colon. When starch is cooked, the digestibility is increased.

text: Starch gelatinization during cake baking can be impaired by sugar competing for water, preventing gelatinization and improving texture.

text: Before the advent of processed foods, people consumed large amounts of uncooked and unprocessed starch-containing plants, which contained high amounts of resistant starch. Microbes within the large intestine fermented the starch, produced short-chain fatty acids, which are used as energy, and support the maintenance and growth of the microbes. More highly processed foods are more easily digested and release more glucose in the small intestine—less starch reaches the large intestine and more energy is absorbed by the body. It is thought that this shift in energy delivery (as a result of eating more processed foods) may be one of the contributing factors to the development of metabolic disorders of modern life, including obesity and diabetes.[32]

text: Starch industry[edit]

text: The starch industry extracts and refines starches from seeds, roots and tubers, by wet grinding, washing, sieving and drying. Today, the main commercial refined starches are cornstarch, tapioca, arrowroot,[33] and wheat, rice, and potato starches. To a lesser extent, sources of refined starch are sweet potato, sago and mung bean. To this day, starch is extracted from more than 50 types of plants.

text: Untreated starch requires heat to thicken or gelatinize. When a starch is pre-cooked, it can then be used to thicken instantly in cold water. This is referred to as a pregelatinized starch.

text: Starch sugars[edit]

text: Starch can be hydrolyzed into simpler carbohydrates by acids, various enzymes, or a combination of the two. The resulting fragments are known as dextrins. The extent of conversion is typically quantified by dextrose equivalent (DE), which is roughly the fraction of the glycosidic bonds in starch that have been broken.

text: These starch sugars are by far the most common starch based food ingredient and are used as sweeteners in many drinks and foods. They include:

text:
Maltodextrin, a lightly hydrolyzed (DE 10–20) starch product used as a bland-tasting filler and thickener.
Various glucose syrups (DE 30–70), also called corn syrups in the US, viscous solutions used as sweeteners and thickeners in many kinds of processed foods.
Dextrose (DE 100), commercial glucose, prepared by the complete hydrolysis of starch.
High fructose syrup, made by treating dextrose solutions with the enzyme glucose isomerase, until a substantial fraction of the glucose has been converted to fructose. In the United States sugar prices are two to three times higher than in the rest of the world;[34] high fructose corn syrup is significantly cheaper, and is the principal sweetener used in processed foods and beverages.[35] Fructose also has better microbiological stability. One kind of high fructose corn syrup, HFCS-55, is sweeter than sucrose because it is made with more fructose, while the sweetness of HFCS-42 is on par with sucrose.[36][37]
Sugar alcohols, such as maltitol, erythritol, sorbitol, mannitol and hydrogenated starch hydrolysate, are sweeteners made by reducing sugars.

text: Modified starches[edit]

text: A modified starch is a starch that has been chemically modified to allow the starch to function properly under conditions frequently encountered during processing or storage, such as high heat, high shear, low pH, freeze/thaw and cooling.

text: The modified food starches are E coded according to the International Numbering System for Food Additives (INS):[38]

text:
1400 Dextrin
1401 Acid-treated starch
1402 Alkaline-treated starch
1403 Bleached starch
1404 Oxidized starch
1405 Starches, enzyme-treated
1410 Monostarch phosphate
1412 Distarch phosphate
1413 Phosphated distarch phosphate
1414 Acetylated distarch phosphate
1420 Starch acetate
1422 Acetylated distarch adipate
1440 Hydroxypropyl starch
1442 Hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate
1443 Hydroxypropyl distarch glycerol
1450 Starch sodium octenyl succinate
1451 Acetylated oxidized starch

text: INS 1400, 1401, 1402, 1403 and 1405 are in the EU food ingredients without an E-number. Typical modified starches for technical applications are cationic starches, hydroxyethyl starch and carboxymethylated starches.

text: Use as food additive[edit]

text: As an additive for food processing, food starches are typically used as thickeners and stabilizers in foods such as puddings, custards, soups, sauces, gravies, pie fillings, and salad dressings, and to make noodles and pastas. Function as thickeners, extenders, emulsion stabilizers and are exceptional binders in processed meats.

text: Gummed sweets such as jelly beans and wine gums are not manufactured using a mold in the conventional sense. A tray is filled with native starch and leveled. A positive mold is then pressed into the starch leaving an impression of 1,000 or so jelly beans. The jelly mix is then poured into the impressions and put onto a stove to set. This method greatly reduces the number of molds that must be manufactured.

text: Use in pharmaceutical industry[edit]

text: In the pharmaceutical industry, starch is also used as an excipient, as tablet disintegrant, and as binder.

text: Resistant starch[edit]

text: Resistant starch is starch that escapes digestion in the small intestine of healthy individuals. High amylose starch from corn has a higher gelatinization temperature than other types of starch and retains its resistant starch content through baking, mild extrusion and other food processing techniques. It is used as an insoluble dietary fiber in processed foods such as bread, pasta, cookies, crackers, pretzels and other low moisture foods. It is also utilized as a dietary supplement for its health benefits. Published studies have shown that resistant starch helps to improve insulin sensitivity,[39] increases satiety[40] and improves markers of colonic function.[41] It has been suggested that resistant starch contributes to the health benefits of intact whole grains.[42]

text: Industrial applications[edit]

text: Papermaking[edit]

text: Papermaking is the largest non-food application for starches globally, consuming millions of metric tons annually.[11] In a typical sheet of copy paper for instance, the starch content may be as high as 8%. Both chemically modified and unmodified starches are used in papermaking. In the wet part of the papermaking process, generally called the "wet-end", the starches used are cationic and have a positive charge bound to the starch polymer. These starch derivatives associate with the anionic or negatively charged paper fibers / cellulose and inorganic fillers. Cationic starches together with other retention and internal sizing agents help to give the necessary strength properties to the paper web formed in the papermaking process (wet strength), and to provide strength to the final paper sheet (dry strength).

text: In the dry end of the papermaking process, the paper web is rewetted with a starch based solution. The process is called surface sizing. Starches used have been chemically, or enzymatically depolymerized at the paper mill or by the starch industry (oxidized starch). The size/starch solutions are applied to the paper web by means of various mechanical presses (size presses). Together with surface sizing agents the surface starches impart additional strength to the paper web and additionally provide water hold out or "size" for superior printing properties. Starch is also used in paper coatings as one of the binders for the coating formulations which include a mixture of pigments, binders and thickeners. Coated paper has improved smoothness, hardness, whiteness and gloss and thus improves printing characteristics.

text: Corrugated board adhesives[edit]

text: Corrugated board adhesives are the next largest application of non-food starches globally. Starch glues are mostly based on unmodified native starches, plus some additive such as borax and caustic soda. Part of the starch is gelatinized to carry the slurry of uncooked starches and prevent sedimentation. This opaque glue is called a SteinHall adhesive. The glue is applied on tips of the fluting. The fluted paper is pressed to paper called liner. This is then dried under high heat, which causes the rest of the uncooked starch in glue to swell/gelatinize. This gelatinizing makes the glue a fast and strong adhesive for corrugated board production.

text: Clothing starch[edit]

text: Clothing or laundry starch is a liquid prepared by mixing a vegetable starch in water (earlier preparations also had to be boiled), and is used in the laundering of clothes. Starch was widely used in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries to stiffen the wide collars and ruffs of fine linen which surrounded the necks of the well-to-do. During the 19th and early 20th century it was stylish to stiffen the collars and sleeves of men's shirts and the ruffles of women's petticoats by applying starch to them as the clean clothes were being ironed. Starch gave clothing smooth, crisp edges, and had an additional practical purpose: dirt and sweat from a person's neck and wrists would stick to the starch rather than to the fibers of the clothing. The dirt would wash away along with the starch; after laundering, the starch would be reapplied. Today, starch is sold in aerosol cans for home use.

text: Other[edit]

text: Another large non-food starch application is in the construction industry, where starch is used in the gypsum wall board manufacturing process. Chemically modified or unmodified starches are added to the stucco containing primarily gypsum. Top and bottom heavyweight sheets of paper are applied to the formulation, and the process is allowed to heat and cure to form the eventual rigid wall board. The starches act as a glue for the cured gypsum rock with the paper covering, and also provide rigidity to the board.

text: Starch is used in the manufacture of various adhesives or glues[43] for book-binding, wallpaper adhesives, paper sack production, tube winding, gummed paper, envelope adhesives, school glues and bottle labeling. Starch derivatives, such as yellow dextrins, can be modified by addition of some chemicals to form a hard glue for paper work; some of those forms use borax or soda ash, which are mixed with the starch solution at 50–70 °C (122–158 °F) to create a very good adhesive. Sodium silicate can be added to reinforce these formula.

text:
Textile chemicals from starch: warp sizing agents are used to reduce breaking of yarns during weaving. Starch is mainly used to size cotton based yarns. Modified starch is also used as textile printing thickener.
In oil exploration, starch is used to adjust the viscosity of drilling fluid, which is used to lubricate the drill head and suspend the grinding residue in petroleum extraction.
Starch is also used to make some packing peanuts, and some drop ceiling tiles.
In the printing industry, food grade starch[44] is used in the manufacture of anti-set-off spray powder used to separate printed sheets of paper to avoid wet ink being set off.
For body powder, powdered corn starch is used as a substitute for talcum powder, and similarly in other health and beauty products.
Starch is used to produce various bioplastics, synthetic polymers that are biodegradable. An example is polylactic acid based on glucose from starch.
Glucose from starch can be further fermented to biofuel corn ethanol using the so-called wet milling process. Today most bioethanol production plants use the dry milling process to ferment corn or other feedstock directly to ethanol.[45]
Hydrogen production could use glucose form starch as the raw material, using enzymes.[46]

text: Occupational safety and health[edit]

text: The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the legal limit (Permissible exposure limit) for starch exposure in the workplace as 15 mg/m3 total exposure and 5 mg/m3 respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a Recommended exposure limit (REL) of 10 mg/m3 total exposure and 5 mg/m3 respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday.[47]


document_title: Daylight saving time in Australia

question_text: when was daylight saving first introduced to australia

text: Daylight saving time in Australia

text: Debate over daylight saving time – trials, referenda and politics[edit]

text: Queensland[edit]

text: Queensland has had a particularly involved debate over daylight-saving time, with public opinion geographically divided. A referendum on daylight saving, was held on 22 February 1992, following a three-year trial (1989/90 - 1991/92), and was defeated with a 54.5% 'no' vote.[full citation needed] [4] The referendum result displayed a distinct trend - that public opinion on daylight saving in Queensland is geographically divided, with the ‘no’ vote strongest in the north and west regional districts, while the ‘yes’ vote was strongest in the state’s metropolitan south-east.[5]

text: Since the early 2000s, there have been a number of petitions submitted to Queensland Parliament, lobbying for the introduction of daylight-saving time or for another referendum to be held. A petition in 2006 was signed by 62,232 people.[6] In response to these petitions, then Queensland Premier Peter Beattie commissioned research to find out if daylight-saving time should be re-introduced into Queensland. Around this time, Premier Peter Beattie claimed that daylight-saving time in Queensland would increase the rate of skin cancer in the state, an unfounded claim for which there is no evidence according to the Queensland Cancer Fund.[full citation needed] [7]

text: In October 2007, the completed government-commissioned research was presented to a newly sworn-in Premier Anna Bligh, who ruled out holding a new referendum, despite the report indicating 59% of Queensland residents and 69% of South East Queenslanders to be in favour of adopting daylight-saving time.[8]

text: In December 2008, the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland (DS4SEQ) political Party was officially registered, advocating the implementation of a dual-time zone arrangement for Daylight Saving in South East Queensland while the remainder of the state maintains standard time. The party contested the March 2009 Queensland State election with 32 candidates and received around one percent of the statewide primary vote, equating to around 2.5% across the 32 electorates contested.[9]

text: In early 2010, the DS4SEQ political party approached independent Member, Peter Wellington, to introduce a private member's Bill for daylight saving.[10] As Wellington agreed with the principles of the DS4SEQ proposal, specifically the dual time zone arrangement, he drafted the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland Referendum Bill 2010 and tabled the Bill into Queensland Parliament on 14 April 2010.[11] Wellington has called for a referendum to be held at the next State election on the introduction of daylight saving into south-east Queensland under a dual-time zone arrangement.

text: In response to this Bill, Premier of Queensland, Anna Bligh, announced a community consultation process, which resulted in over 74,000 respondents participating, 64 percent of whom voted in favour of a trial and 63% were in favour of holding a referendum.[12] The decision announced by the Premier on 7 June 2010 was that her Government would not support the Bill, because regional Queenslanders were overwhelmingly opposed to daylight saving.[13] The Bill was defeated in Queensland Parliament on 15 June 2011.[14]

text: Western Australia[edit]

text: Western Australia also had a particularly involved debate over daylight-saving time, with the issue being put to a referendum four times, 1975, 1984, 1992 and 2009. All were defeated. Voters returned a "no" vote of 54.57% in 2009, the highest in all four referendums. Each referendum followed a trial period during which the state observed daylight saving time. The first three followed a one-year trial, while the 2006 Western Australian Daylight Saving Bill (No. 2) 2006 instituted a daylight-saving trial that began on 3 December 2006 and lasted for three years.[15] The referendum was defeated in 2009.

text: Special events[edit]

text: In 2000, all eastern jurisdictions that normally observe daylight-saving time — New South Wales, Victoria, the Australian Capital Territory and Tasmania — started daylight-saving time early, due to the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. These jurisdictions changed on 27 August 2000. South Australia did not change until the regular time, which that year was on 29 October.

text: In 2006, all states that followed daylight-saving time (the above listed states plus South Australia) delayed the return to their respective Standard Times by a week, due to the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne. Daylight-saving time ended on 2 April 2006.

text: History[edit]

text: Daylight saving was first used in Australia during World War I, and was applied in all states. It was used again during the Second World War. A drought in Tasmania in 1967 led to the reintroduction of daylight saving in that state during the summer, and this was repeated every summer since then. In 1971, New South Wales, Victoria,[16] Queensland, South Australia, and the Australian Capital Territory followed Tasmania by observing daylight saving. Western Australia and the Northern Territory did not. Queensland abandoned daylight saving time in 1972.[17]

text: Originally Tasmania alone commenced daylight saving on the first Sunday in October, while the other states began on the last Sunday in October and finished on the last Sunday in March, until 2008. From 2008/09 daylight saving has been extended another four weeks in NSW, Victoria, SA and the ACT, in addition to Tasmania, from the first Sunday in October to the first Sunday in April.

text: Queensland again trialled daylight saving, for three years between 1989 and 1992, with a referendum on daylight saving held on 22 February 1992, which was defeated with a 54.5% ‘no’ vote - with regional and rural areas strongly opposed, while those in the metropolitan South East Queensland were in favour.[18]

text: In December 2008, the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland (DS4SEQ) political party was officially registered, advocating the implementation of a dual-time zone arrangement for Daylight Saving in South East Queensland while the rest of the state maintains standard time.[19] The party contested the March 2009 Queensland State election with 32 candidates and received around one percent of the statewide primary vote, equating to around 2.5% across the 32 electorates contested.[20]

text: On 14 April 2010, and after being approached by the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland (DS4SEQ) political party, Queensland Independent member Peter Wellington, introduced the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland Referendum Bill 2010 into Queensland Parliament, calling for a referendum to be held at the next State election on the introduction of daylight saving into South East Queensland under a dual-time zone arrangement.[21] The Bill was defeated in Queensland Parliament on 15 June 2011.[22]

text: In Western Australia, four referendums in 1975, 1984, 1992 and 2009 have rejected DST.[23] In 2006, the Parliament of Western Australia approved a three-year daylight saving trial to be followed by a referendum to decide whether DST should be put in place permanently. However, public opposition mounted during the first year of the trial,[24] and the WA Nationals announced a public campaign to bring the referendum forward to 2007.[25] The trial continued until the referendum, held on 16 May 2009.[26] The result was another rejection of DST, by a larger margin compared to the three previous referendums. Although as previously the suburbs of the state capital, Perth, supported the proposal, it was by a much narrower margin than before with significant swings against it in several areas, most notably in the East Metropolitan region. As a result, the Premier of Western Australia has said that the DST issue should not be considered for at least another 20 years.[27]

text: Despite this, in September 2016 the Daylight Saving Party was established by Wilson Tucker to contest seats in the Legislative Council at the upcoming 2017 state election. Tucker argued that in the seven years since the last referendum there had been a generational shift in Western Australia and that the fifth referendum would be successful.[28] The party won 0.68% of the vote, or 9,209 votes statewide, but failed to win any seat in the Legislative Council.

text: The Northern Territory experimented with daylight saving in the early part of the 20th century. It was last used in 1944.

text: External Links[edit]

text: Table of historical start and end dates for daylight saving periods in Australia