document_title: Texas Southern University

question_text: where is texas southern university in houston tx

text: Texas Southern University

text: History[edit]

text: On March 7, 1927, the Houston Independent School District board resolved to establish junior colleges for each race, as the state was racially segregated in all public facilities. The resolution created Houston Junior College, which later became the University of Houston, and Houston Colored Junior College, which first held classes at Jack Yates High School during the evenings. The school's name was later changed to Houston College for Negroes.

text: In February 1946, Heman Marion Sweatt, an African American man, applied to the University of Texas School of Law. He was denied admission because of race, and subsequently filed suit in Sweatt v. Painter (1950). The state had no law school for African Americans. Instead of granting Sweatt a writ of mandamus to attend the University of Texas, the trial court granted a continuance for six months to allow the state time to create a law school for blacks.

text: As a result, the Fiftieth Texas Legislature passed Texas Senate Bill 140 on March 3, 1947, authorizing and funding the creation of Texas State University for Negroes as the first state university to be located in Houston.[9] The school was established to serve African Americans in Texas and offer them fields of study comparable to those available to white Texans. The state took over the Houston Independent School District (HISD)-run Houston College for Negroes as a basis for the new university. Houston College moved to the present site (adjacent to the University of Houston), which was donated by Hugh Roy Cullen. It had one permanent building and an existing faculty and students. The new university was charged with teaching "pharmacy, dentistry, arts and sciences, journalism, education, literature, law, medicine and other professional courses." The legislature stipulated that "these courses shall be equivalent to those offered at other institutions of this type supported by the State of Texas."

text: Given the differences in facilities and intangibles, such as the distance of the new school from Austin, the University of Texas School of Law, and other law students, the United States Supreme Court ruled the new facility did not satisfy "separate but equal" provisions. It ruled that African Americans must also be admitted to the University of Texas Law School at Austin. See Sweatt v. Painter (1950).[10]

text: In March 1960, Texas Southern University students organized Houston's first sit-in at the Weingarten's lunch counter located at 4110 Almeda. The success of their efforts inspired more sit-ins throughout the city, which, within months, led to the desegregation of many of Houston's public establishments.[11] Today, a historical marker commissioned by the Texas Historical Commission stands on the property of the first sit-in to commemorate the courageous acts of those TSU students. That property is now a U.S. Post Office. TSU journalism professor Serbino Sandifer-Walker worked for nearly two years with the Texas Historical Commission, the original students who led the march, and many other stakeholders, to have the historic marker designated on March 4, 2010, the fiftieth anniversary of that sit-in.[12]

text: Campus[edit]

text: The university today has more than 45 buildings on a 150-acre (0.61 km2) urban gated campus centrally located in Houston. The campus is three miles southeast of Downtown Houston and six miles east of Uptown Houston. TSU is recognized as a Tree Campus USA school for its commitment to preserving and increasing campus trees.[13]

text: The school's first structure was the Thornton B. Fairchild Building, built 1947–1948 and housing administration and classroom space. Temporary buildings served as faculty housing during that time.[7] The Mack H. Hannah hall, designed by Lamar Q. Cato and opened in 1950, was the second building. In the late 1950s many more buildings opened, including classroom, dormitory, and student union facilities.[14]

text: University Museum[edit]

text: Completed in 2000, the 11,000-square-foot (1,000 m2) exhibition space displays a variety of historical and contemporary art. The museum is the permanent home of the Web of Life, a twenty-six-foot mural masterpiece by world-renowned artist Dr. John T. Biggers,[15] founding chairman of the TSU art department.[16]

text: Leonard H.O. Spearman Technology[edit]

text: In 2014, TSU unveiled a $31 million, 108,000-square-foot, four-story structure named after the school's fifth president. In addition to having 35 state-of-the-art labs, the facility is home to a new Tier 1 University Transportation Center, the Center for Transportation Training and Research, and the new National Science Foundation Center for Research on Complex Networks. The departments of Engineering, Transportation Studies, Computer Science, Industrial Technology, Physics, and Aviation Science and Technology academic programs are housed in the building.[17] TSU is the only four-year state supported university in Texas to offer a Pilot Ground School course and the first HBCU to implement a Maritime Transportation degree program.[18][19]

text: Jesse H. Jones School of Business[edit]

text: Jesse H. Jones (JHJ) School of Business is located in a three-story, 76,000-square-foot building completed in 1998 and accommodates approximately 1,600 students in undergraduate and graduate studies. The Jesse H. Jones School of Business is accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB)[20] and been named one of the "Best Business Schools" by the Princeton Review.[21] JHJ School of Business is consistently one of the highest ranked business schools from a public HBCU in the U.S. News & World Report rankings.[22]

text: The Jesse H. Jones School of Business offers bachelor's degree majors in Accounting, Finance, Management, Management Information Systems, and Marketing with master's degree majors in Masters of Business Administration (MBA), Masters in Management Information Systems, and Executive Masters of Business Administration (eMBA). Its eMBA program was ranked 5th in the United States by Business MBA.[23]

text: College of Education[edit]

text: The College of Education building consists of the Department of Counseling, the Department of Curriculum and Instruction, the Department of Educational Administration & Foundations, and the Department of Health and Kinesiology. The college has an enrollment of approximately 1,000 in undergraduate and graduate studies.[24] In 2014, the National Council on Teacher Quality ranked TSU's College of Education 56th in the nation for best secondary education programs and gave the college a "top-ranked" distinction.[25]

text: Barbara Jordan–Mickey Leland School of Public Affairs[edit]

text: An extensive set of curricular offerings is provided through the Barbara Jordan - Mickey Leland School Of Public Affairs, which offers courses in Administration of Justice (AJ), Political Science (POLS), Public Affairs (PA), Military Science (MSCI), and Urban Planning & Environmental Policy (UPEP) on the undergraduate, graduate, or doctoral level. The school sits in a 82,000-square-foot facility completed in 2008. Sociologist Robert D. Bullard currently is Dean of the school.[26]

text: TSU Science Center[edit]

text: The TSU Science Center building is home to several scholastic programs, such as the Houston Louis Stokes Alliance Minority Program (H-LSAMP) and the Thomas Freeman Honors College. It also houses several research programs, such as the NASA University Research Center for Bio-Nanotechnology and Environmental Research (NASA URC C-BER), Maritime Transportation Studies and Research, as well as the STEM research program.TSU’s NASA University Research Center (C-BER) addresses human health concerns related to manned exploration of space. Programs such as TSU’s NASA University Research Center (C-BER) and participation in The Louis Stokes Alliance for Minority Preparation Program (LSAMP) support undergraduate, graduate and faculty development while helping to increase the number of US citizens receiving degrees in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) fields.[27] The science center also houses the only doctoral degree program in environmental toxicology in Southeast Texas.[28]

text: Spurgeon N. Gray Hall (COPHS)[edit]

text: The College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences (COPHS) is housed in the Spurgeon N. Gray Hall. COPHS has approximately 800 students. The 2016 pharmacy graduates had a 90% first-attempt pass rate on the NAPLEX which was above the national average (85%), third highest in Texas, and highest among HBCUs.[29] COPHS has the distinction of being one of the nation’s leading producers of minority health professionals. For the past half‑century, the College has produced nearly one‑third of the Black pharmacists practicing nationwide. TSU has also been a leading producer of Black medical technologists and respiratory therapists.[30] TSU is one of only two public HBCUs in the nation with an accredited and comprehensive pharmacy program.[31] COPHS is the first and only in Houston to offer a Masters of Science in Health Care Administration degree.[32]

text: Thurgood Marshall School of Law[edit]

text: The Thurgood Marshall School of Law (TMSL) is one of only four public law schools in Texas and ranks as one of the most diverse law schools in the nation by U.S. News & World Report.[33] TMSL is accredited by the American Bar Association (ABA) and a member-school of The Association of American Law Schools (AALS).[34] Enrollment is at approximately 600 students.

text: Sterling Student Life Center[edit]

text: The Ernest S. Sterling Student Life Center (SSLC) is the nucleus of campus life at TSU. It provides cultural, social, recreational, educational and religious programs and services for students, faculty, staff, alumni and guests, as it creates constructive leisure and educational activities. The Student Center is home to the TSU Bookstore, TSU Cheerleaders, Bowling Alley, Game Room, Student Government Association (SGA), University Program Council (UPC), Herald Newspaper, Tiger Yearbook, Cafeteria, Office of Campus Organizations, Student Activities, Administrative Offices and Office of Events.[35]

text: Granville M. Sawyer Auditorium[edit]

text: Renovated in 2014,[36] the Sawyer Auditorium is Texas Southern University’s historical landmark. Sawyer Auditorium features split-level seating for up to 1,800 guests for hosting university-sponsored events. It also has an adjacent drama playhouse.[37]

text: Newman Hall[edit]

text: Constructed in 1969, Newman Hall houses the Texas Southern University campus ministry, blending three activity areas. The worship, library and social functions all revolve around a central, sky-lit interior. Flexibility of interior use is achieved with moveable furniture and rolling barn doors.

text: Tiger Walk[edit]

text: The Tiger Walk is the maroon and gray paved central street on campus where most of TSU outdoor social activities are held and a popular destination for students to relax or socialize.

text: Residential life[edit]

text: The school has traditional and apartment-style residence halls on campus.[38]

text:
Lanier East Hall, traditional style residence hall for men only
Lanier West Hall, traditional style residence hall for women only
Tierwester Oaks, apartment-style residence hall for both genders
The Urban Academic Village (UAV), apartment-style residence hall for both genders
University Towers, traditional style residence hall for both genders

text: Athletic facilities[edit]

text:
BBVA Compass Stadium – The $95 million 22,000-seat stadium in nearby East Downtown is the new permanent home of Tiger Football as of fall 2012.
Health and Physical Education Arena (H&PE Arena) – An 8,100-seat multi-purpose arena (largest arena in the SWAC). Built in 1989, it is home to the annual graduation ceremonies, Tiger basketball, Lady Tiger basketball and volleyball.
Alexander Durley Stadium – The 5,500 seat stadium is the home of TSU soccer games and the annual TSU Relays.
TSU Recreation and Wellness Center – A state-of-the-art multi-purpose athletic facility that features three full courts, an indoor track, swimming pool, weight room, exercise studios, lounge areas (equipped with satellite TVs), study area, and a health conscious food court.[39]

text: Transportation[edit]

text: Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County (METRO) operates public transportation services, including buses and the METRORail tram service, which serve the university. The METRORail Purple Line station serving the university is Robertson Stadium/UH/TSU station.

text: Academics[edit]

text:
University rankings

National

Forbes[40]
649

Washington Monthly[41]
201

text: Texas Southern University offers over 100 bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees. The Thomas F. Freeman Honors College is a selective non-degree granting college established to uniquely cultivate the most high-achieving undergraduate students of all majors in their academic and leadership endeavors. The university is classified by the Carnegie Foundation as a "Doctoral university with moderate research activity"[42] and currently comprises 11 schools and colleges along with several scholastic and research programs.

text:
The Thomas F. Freeman Honors College[43] (formerly the Frederick Douglass Honors Program)
The Barbara Jordan-Mickey Leland School of Public Affairs:[44] Mickey Leland Center, Barbara Jordan Institute, Emergency Management Program[45]
The College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences: RCMI Institute for Biomedical and Health Disparities Research, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Center for Human Performance and Material Science, Center of Excellence in Health Disparities Research: Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke
The Thurgood Marshall School of Law: Earl Carl Institute for Legal and Social Justice, Center for Legal Pedagogy, Institute for International and Immigration Law (IIIL), Center for Government
The College of Education: TSU Charter Laboratory School
The College of Science, Engineering, and Technology: National Transportation Security Center of Excellence for Petro-Chemical Transportation (NTSCOE-P), Center for Transportation Training and Research (CTTR), TSU NASA University Research Center for Bionanotechnology and Environmental Research (TSU NASA C-BER), Innovative Transportation Research Institute (ITRI), Houston National Summer Transportation Institute (HNSTI), Research Center in Minority Institution (RCMI) Computational Core: Advanced Computational Simulation Center, Research Center in Minority Institution (RCMI) Computational Core: Data Analysis and Visualization Center, NASA C-BER Fellows Program, NASA C-BER Scholars Program, Houston Louis Stokes Alliance for Minority Participation (H-LSAMP) Program, Science & Engineering Summer Program, Science Technology and Enhancement Program (STEP), Maritime Transportation Management and Security Program, Beyond Traffic Innovation Center
The Jesse H. Jones School of Business (AACSB accredited): Economic Development Center, Gerald B. Smith Center for Entrepreneurship and Executive Development, JPMorgan Chase Center for Financial Education, Kase Lawal Center for Global Trade
The Graduate School
The School of Communication: The Center for the Radio, Television and Print Media Professional Studies
The College of Liberal Arts and Behavioral Sciences (COLAB): The Thomas F. Freeman Center for Forensic Excellence, The Confucius Institute (education partnership with China)
The College of Continuing Education

text: Admissions[edit]

text: Texas Southern University annually receives over 10,000 undergraduate applications and offer admissions to approximately 50% of applicants.[46]

text: Libraries[edit]

text: Texas Southern University's main library is the Robert J. Terry (RJT) Library. The Brown Foundation re-invested in TSU with a two-year $1.2 million commitment to the Robert J. Terry Library to improve its Urban Learning Center. The Urban Learning Center is an integral part of a new era of initiatives at Texas Southern and will provide critical support to the currently planned Academic Village.[citation needed] The new improvements will enhance the ability of the RJT Library to address the literary and academic needs of TSU students.[citation needed] The RJT library is home to an African Art Gallery, The Heartman Collection, and many types of valuable archives.[47]

text: In 2017, the university moved forward with plans to construct a brand new library. The new state-of-the-art library will be 137,000 square feet and six stories tall.[48]

text: The Thurgood Marshall School of Law building also houses an extensive library.

text: Demographics[edit]

text: As of 2015, the student body is 76% African American, 9% Hispanic, 7% International, 3% White, and 5% other. Approximately 86% of the student body is from Texas; the top three counties of origin for in-state students are Harris County, Fort Bend County, and Dallas County. The top three state origins for out-of-state students are California, Louisiana, and Georgia, and the top three country origins of international students are Saudi Arabia, Nigeria, and China. The student body is 42% male and 58% female. The student-to-faculty ratio is 19 to 1.[49][50]

text: Student activities[edit]

text:
TSU alma mater[51]

The air is filled as our voices ring
From earth to the heav’ns above.
With voices raised; we’re singing praise,
To the school we dearly love.
Hail, Hail, Hail! to Texas South-ern
Hail, to our dear Maroon and Gray
Undivided we will stand
By the greatest in the land,
T-S-U, T-S-U, we love you.
All roads lead to Texas South-ern,
Paved with light for one and all.
T-S-U’s a shining star
And we’re proud of what you are,
T-S-U, T-S-U, we love you.
Hail, Hail, Hail! To Texas South-ern
Hail to our Chiefs in reverence we sing.
In our hearts you’ll always stay
As you lead us on our way,
T-S-U, T-S-U, we love you.

Words and music by C. A. Tolbert

text: Traditions[edit]

text: There are several traditions established on the campus of Texas Southern University. Some of the most well-known ones are electing a Mister and Miss TSU and Royal Court, Labor Day Classic festivities, Tiger Day/Tigre Dia, TSU founding day celebration, Springfest week, the TSU Shuffle (line dance), and homecoming week.

text: Debate team[edit]

text: Texas Southern University's debate team has won hundreds of national and international debate competitions since its inception. The debate team was founded by professor emeritus and coach Thomas Freeman in 1949. Freeman has led the team for over 60 years and is credited for training notable leaders such as former U.S. Congresswoman Barbara Jordan and civil rights activist Martin Luther King, Jr. while serving as a visiting professor at Morehouse College.[52][53]

text: Ocean of Soul[edit]

text: Texas Southern's marching band the Ocean of Soul has won numerous awards and performed at Super Bowls,[54] The Stellar Awards,[55] various parades, NBA and Houston Texans games. The 200-plus-member band alumni include Grammy award-winning jazz saxophonist Kirk Whalum. The Ocean of Soul is complemented by The Motion of The Ocean, a female dance team that has been featured on America's Best Dance Crew.

text: Athletics[edit]

text: Texas Southern sports teams participate in NCAA Division I (Championship Subdivision for football) in the Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC). Texas Southern is part of the Western Division in SWAC divisional sports.

text: Men's varsity sports include baseball, basketball, football, golf, and track and field. Women's varsity sports include basketball, bowling, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, track and field, and volleyball.[56]

text: Texas Southern's most well-known rivals are Prairie View A&M, Southern, Grambling State, and Jackson State.[citation needed]

text: Tiger and Lady Tiger basketball[edit]

text: Tiger football[edit]

text: Texas Southern Lady Tigers golf team made history this year when they were the first ever to win the (SWAC) championships for the ladies golf team.

text: KTSU 90.9 FM[edit]

text: In addition to serving as a training unit for TSU students, the station was established to serve the university at the program level as well as the community by presenting various types of TSU athletics, educational, cultural and social programs to a primarily listening area within a 10-mile (16 km) radius of the university. A 1973 survey indicated that radio was generally the preferred source of information of African-Americans, particularly those with less than a high school education. By the late 1970s, the station had secured an ample audience and programming increased in scope. At the same time, the station increased its power range from 10 watts to 18,500 watts. According to the Arbitron Rating Service (ARS), KTSU has an audience of 244,700 listeners and is number one overall of Houston and Galveston stations for its Sunday format and its Friday format of Golden Oldies.[57]

text: Notable TSU alumni[edit]

text:
Name
Class year
Notability
References

Michael Strahan
1993
Former NFL defensive end for the New York Giants, Super Bowl Champion, Pro Football Hall of Fame and Black College Football Hall of Fame inductee. Currently a football analyst on Fox NFL Sunday, actor, author, entrepreneur, and co-host of Good Morning America.
[58]

Yolanda Adams
1983
American Grammy, Dove award-winning Gospel music singer, radio show host, author, actress, judge on BET's Sunday Best and former elementary-school teacher. She has sold over 8 million albums since 1991 according to Soundscan
[59]

Kenneth M. Hoyt
1969 and 1972
Nominated by President Ronald Reagan to a seat on the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas. He was the second African-American to serve as federal judge in Texas. He took senior status in 2013.

Ernie Holmes
1971
Former NFL defensive tackle for the Pittsburgh Steelers, original member of the famed Steel Curtain defensive line, two-time Super Bowl Champion

Belvin Perry
1977
Chief judge in the Florida's Ninth Judicial Circuit, presiding judge for the high-profile Casey Anthony murder trial.

Jennifer Holiday

Tony, American Grammy Award-winning entertainer and well-known cast member of Dreamgirls

Hon. Barbara Charline Jordan
1956
Congresswoman in the United States House of Representatives from Texas from 1973 to 1979
[60]

Mickey Leland
1970
Anti-poverty activist and later a congressman from the Texas 18th District and chair of the Congressional Black Caucus
.[61]

Tray Walker
2015
Former Baltimore Ravens cornerback

Roberto R. Alonzo
1984
Texas State Representative from District 104 (Dallas)
[62]

Barbara Mallory Caraway
1978
Former Member of the Texas House of Representatives from District 110 (Dallas)

James Douglas
1966 and 1970
Elected ninth president of Texas Southern University (1995 - 1999)
[63]

Ruth McClendon

African-American Democrat member of the Texas House of Representatives from San Antonio since 1996; former member of the San Antonio City Council and Mayor Pro Tem from 1993 to 1996; former juvenile probation officer
[64]

Gilbert Pena
1996
2015 Hispanic Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives from District 144 in Pasadena; graduated in Political Science at the age of forty-seven
[65]

Morris Overstreet
1975
First African-American to be elected to statewide office in Texas. He served on the state's highest appellate court from 1990 to 1998

Leslie D. King
1973
Mississippi Supreme Court Justice

Kirk Whalum

Grammy Award-winning jazz saxophonist

Kase Lukman Lawal
1976
Chairman and CEO of CAMAC International Corporation and chairman of Allied Energy Corporation in Houston, Texas, Chairman/Chief Executive Officer, CAMAC HOLDINGS;[1] vice chairman, Port of Houston Authority Commission

Rodney Ellis
1975
Harris County Commissioner Precinct 1 (2017-present); Former member of the Texas Senate, District 13 1990-2016 and the Houston City Council District D (1983-1990) (Houston)

Sylvia Garcia
1978
Member of the Texas Senate, District 6 (Houston)

Harry E. Johnson

Current President of the Washington, D.C. Martin Luther King, Jr. National Memorial Project Foundation, Inc
[66]

Jarvis Johnson

Member of the Texas House of Representatives, District 139 (Houston) since January 2017; Former member of the Houston City Council from the B District 2005-11

Tony Wyllie
1993
Senior Vice President for the Washington Redskins. He has previously worked as an Assistant Director of Public Relations for the St. Louis Rams, the Director of Public Relations for the Tennessee Titans, and Vice President of Communications for the Houston Texans

Ron Reynolds

Member of the Texas House of Representatives from District 27 since 2011; lawyer in Missouri City
[67]

Senfronia Thompson

Member of the Texas House of Representatives from the 141st district (Houston)

Lloyd C. A. Wells

Sports photographer and civil rights activist on the behalf of black athletes

Robert Taylor

Winner of gold medal in 4x100 m relay at the 1972 Summer Olympics

Greg Briggs
1991
Former NFL defensive back

Ken Burrough
1970
Former NFL wide receiver

Joseph Anderson
2011
Current NFL wide receiver

Brett Maxie
1985
Former NFL defensive back and current NFL assistant coach

Lloyd Mumphord
1969
Former NFL defensive back

Warren Wells
1969
Former NFL wide receiver

Julius Adams
1971
Former NFL defensive lineman
ju

Arthur Cox

Former NFL tight end

Donald Narcisse

Former Canadian Football League wide receiver. Canadian Football Hall of Fame inductee, 2010

Markus Howell

Former CFL wide receiver and current CFL Assistant Coach

Cortez Hankton
2002
Former NFL wide receiver and current assistant football coach at Dartmouth College
[68]

Oliver Celestin
2002
Former NFL defensive back
[69]

Warren Bone

Former NFL player
[70]

Wilton Felder

Saxophonist and bass player (a founding member of The Crusaders)
[71]

Conrad Murray

Belvin Perry
1977
Chief Judge of the Ninth Judicial Circuit in Orlando, Florida and was involved in the Casey Anthony trial.
[72]

Ronald C. Green
1996
Current City Controller of Houston and a former member of the Houston City Council
[73]

Jim Hines
1968
2 Gold medals at 1968 Olympics, First sprinter to officially break the 10-second barrier in the 100 meters, and former NFL player
[74]

Allen Lyday
1970
Former NFL defensive back

text: Notable faculty[edit]

text:
Name
Department
Notability
Reference

Matthew Knowles
Communications
Beyoncé Knowles-Carter and Solange Knowles father, founder of Music World Entertainment, former manager for the members of Destiny's Child and Solange, and adjunct instructor in the School of Communication and Jesse H. Jones School of Business.
[75]

Robert D. Bullard
Sociology
Well-noted scholar of environmental justice


document_title: Michael Jordan

question_text: when did michael jordan join the chicago bulls

question_tokens: when did michael jordan join the chicago bulls

root

text: Michael Jordan

text: Early years

text: Jordan was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Deloris (née Peoples), who worked in banking, and James R. Jordan Sr., an equipment supervisor. His family moved to Wilmington, North Carolina, when he was a toddler.[8]

tag: p

text: Jordan is the fourth of five children. He has two older brothers, Larry Jordan and James R. Jordan, Jr., one older sister, Deloris, and one younger sister, Roslyn. Jordan's brother James retired in 2006 as the Command Sergeant Major of the 35th Signal Brigade of the XVIII Airborne Corps in the U.S. Army.[9]

text: High school career

text: Jordan attended Emsley A. Laney High School in Wilmington, where he highlighted his athletic career by playing basketball, baseball, and football. He tried out for the varsity basketball team during his sophomore year, but at 5'11" (1.80 m), he was deemed too short to play at that level. His taller friend, Harvest Leroy Smith, was the only sophomore to make the team.[10][11]

text: Motivated to prove his worth, Jordan became the star of Laney's junior varsity squad, and tallied several 40-point games.[10] The following summer, he grew four inches (10 cm)[11][4] and trained rigorously. Upon earning a spot on the varsity roster, Jordan averaged about 20 points per game over his final two seasons of high school play.[12][13] As a senior, he was selected to the McDonald's All-American Team[14] after averaging a triple-double: 29.2 points, 11.6 rebounds, and 10.1 assists.[15]

text: Jordan was recruited by numerous college basketball programs, including Duke, North Carolina, South Carolina, Syracuse, and Virginia.[16] In 1981, Jordan accepted a basketball scholarship to North Carolina, where he majored in cultural geography.[17]

text: College career

text: As a freshman in coach Dean Smith's team-oriented system, he was named ACC Freshman of the Year after he averaged 13.4 points per game (ppg) on 53.4% shooting (field goal percentage).[18] He made the game-winning jump shot in the 1982 NCAA Championship game against Georgetown, which was led by future NBA rival Patrick Ewing.[4] Jordan later described this shot as the major turning point in his basketball career.[19] During his three seasons at North Carolina, he averaged 17.7 ppg on 54.0% shooting, and added 5.0 rebounds per game (rpg).[12] He was selected by consensus to the NCAA All-American First Team in both his sophomore (1983) and junior (1984) seasons. After winning the Naismith and the Wooden College Player of the Year awards in 1984, Jordan left North Carolina one year before his scheduled graduation to enter the 1984 NBA draft. The Chicago Bulls selected Jordan with the third overall pick, after Hakeem Olajuwon (Houston Rockets) and Sam Bowie (Portland Trail Blazers). One of the primary reasons why Jordan was not drafted sooner was because the first two teams were in need of a center.[20] However, Trail Blazers general manager Stu Inman contended that it was not a matter of drafting a center, but more a matter of taking Sam Bowie over Jordan, in part because Portland already had Clyde Drexler, who was a guard with similar skills to Jordan.[21] ESPN, citing Bowie's injury-laden college career, named the Blazers' choice of Bowie as the worst draft pick in North American professional sports history.[22] Jordan returned to North Carolina to complete his degree in 1986.[23]

text: Professional career

text: Early NBA years (1984–1987)

text: During his rookie season in the NBA, Jordan averaged 28.2 ppg on 51.5% shooting.[18] He quickly became a fan favorite even in opposing arenas,[24][25][26] and appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated with the heading "A Star Is Born" just over a month into his professional career.[27][28] Jordan was also voted in as an All-Star starter by the fans in his rookie season.[4] Controversy arose before the All-Star game when word surfaced that several veteran players—led by Isiah Thomas—were upset by the amount of attention Jordan was receiving.[4] This led to a so-called "freeze-out" on Jordan, where players refused to pass the ball to him throughout the game.[4] The controversy left Jordan relatively unaffected when he returned to regular season play, and he would go on to be voted Rookie of the Year.[29] The Bulls finished the season 38–44[30] and lost to the Milwaukee Bucks in four games in the first round of the playoffs.[29]

text: Jordan's second season was cut short when he broke his foot in the third game of the year, causing him to miss 64 games.[4] Despite Jordan's injury and a 30–52 record (at the time it was fifth worst record of any team to qualify for the playoffs in NBA history),[30][31] the Bulls made the playoffs. Jordan recovered in time to participate in the playoffs and performed well upon his return. Against a 1985–86 Boston Celtics team that is often considered one of the greatest in NBA history,[32] Jordan set the still-unbroken record for points in a playoff game with 63 in Game 2.[33] The Celtics, however, managed to sweep the series.[29]

text: Jordan had completely recovered in time for the 1986–87 season, and he had one of the most prolific scoring seasons in NBA history. He joined Wilt Chamberlain as the only two players to score 3,000 points in a season, averaging a league high 37.1 points on 48.2% shooting.[18] In addition, Jordan demonstrated his defensive prowess, as he became the first player in NBA history to record 200 steals and 100 blocked shots in a season.[34] Despite Jordan's success, Magic Johnson won the league's Most Valuable Player Award. The Bulls reached 40 wins,[30] and advanced to the playoffs for the third consecutive year. However, they were again swept by the Celtics.[29]

text: Pistons roadblock (1987–1990)

text: Jordan again led the league in scoring during the 1987–88 season, averaging 35.0 ppg on 53.5% shooting[18] and won his first league MVP Award. He was also named the Defensive Player of the Year, as he had averaged 1.6 blocks and a league high 3.16 steals per game.[35] The Bulls finished 50–32,[30] and made it out of the first round of the playoffs for the first time in Jordan's career, as they defeated the Cleveland Cavaliers in five games.[36] However, the Bulls then lost in five games to the more experienced Detroit Pistons,[29] who were led by Isiah Thomas and a group of physical players known as the "Bad Boys".[37]

text: In the 1988–89 season, Jordan again led the league in scoring, averaging 32.5 ppg on 53.8% shooting from the field, along with 8 rpg and 8 assists per game (apg).[18] The Bulls finished with a 47–35 record,[30] and advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals, defeating the Cavaliers and New York Knicks along the way. The Cavaliers series included a career highlight for Jordan when he hit The Shot over Craig Ehlo at the buzzer in the fifth and final game of the series.[38] However, the Pistons again defeated the Bulls, this time in six games,[29] by utilizing their "Jordan Rules" method of guarding Jordan, which consisted of double and triple teaming him every time he touched the ball.[4]

text: The Bulls entered the 1989–90 season as a team on the rise, with their core group of Jordan and young improving players like Scottie Pippen and Horace Grant, and under the guidance of new coach Phil Jackson. Jordan averaged a league leading 33.6 ppg on 52.6% shooting, to go with 6.9 rpg and 6.3 apg[18] in leading the Bulls to a 55–27 record.[30] They again advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals after beating the Bucks and Philadelphia 76ers. However, despite pushing the series to seven games, the Bulls lost to the Pistons for the third consecutive season.[29]

text: First three-peat (1991–1993)

text: In the 1990–91 season, Jordan won his second MVP award after averaging 31.5 ppg on 53.9% shooting, 6.0 rpg, and 5.5 apg for the regular season.[18] The Bulls finished in first place in their division for the first time in 16 years and set a franchise record with 61 wins in the regular season.[30] With Scottie Pippen developing into an All-Star, the Bulls had elevated their play. The Bulls defeated the New York Knicks and the Philadelphia 76ers in the opening two rounds of the playoffs. They advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals where their rival, the Detroit Pistons, awaited them. However, this time the Bulls beat the Pistons in a four-game sweep.[39][40]

text: The Bulls advanced to the NBA Finals for the first time in franchise history to face the Los Angeles Lakers, who had Magic Johnson and James Worthy, two formidable opponents. The Bulls won the series four games to one, and compiled an outstanding 15–2 playoff record along the way.[39] Perhaps the best known moment of the series came in Game 2 when, attempting a dunk, Jordan avoided a potential Sam Perkins block by switching the ball from his right hand to his left in mid-air to lay the shot into the basket.[41] In his first Finals appearance, Jordan posted per game averages of 31.2 points on 56% shooting from the field, 11.4 assists, 6.6 rebounds, 2.8 steals, and 1.4 blocks.[42] Jordan won his first NBA Finals MVP award,[43] and he cried while holding the NBA Finals trophy.[44]

text: Jordan and the Bulls continued their dominance in the 1991–92 season, establishing a 67–15 record, topping their franchise record from 1990–91.[30] Jordan won his second consecutive MVP award with averages of 30.1 points, 6.4 rebounds and 6.1 assists per game on 52% shooting.[35] After winning a physical 7-game series over the New York Knicks in the second round of the playoffs and finishing off the Cleveland Cavaliers in the Conference Finals in 6 games, the Bulls met Clyde Drexler and the Portland Trail Blazers in the Finals. The media, hoping to recreate a Magic–Bird rivalry, highlighted the similarities between "Air" Jordan and Clyde "The Glide" during the pre-Finals hype.[45] In the first game, Jordan scored a Finals-record 35 points in the first half, including a record-setting six three-point field goals.[46] After the sixth three-pointer, he jogged down the court shrugging as he looked courtside. Marv Albert, who broadcast the game, later stated that it was as if Jordan was saying, "I can't believe I'm doing this."[47] The Bulls went on to win Game 1, and defeat the Blazers in six games. Jordan was named Finals MVP for the second year in a row[43] and finished the series averaging 35.8 ppg, 4.8 rpg, and 6.5 apg, while shooting 53% from the floor.[43]

text: In the 1992–93 season, despite a 32.6 ppg, 6.7 rpg, and 5.5 apg campaign,[35] Jordan's streak of consecutive MVP seasons ended as he lost the award to his friend Charles Barkley. Coincidentally, Jordan and the Bulls met Barkley and his Phoenix Suns in the 1993 NBA Finals. The Bulls won their third NBA championship on a game-winning shot by John Paxson and a last-second block by Horace Grant, but Jordan was once again Chicago's leader. He averaged a Finals-record 41.0 ppg during the six-game series,[48] and became the first player in NBA history to win three straight Finals MVP awards.[43] He scored more than 30 points in every game of the series, including 40 or more points in 4 consecutive games. With his third Finals triumph, Jordan capped off a seven-year run where he attained seven scoring titles and three championships, but there were signs that Jordan was tiring of his massive celebrity and all of the non-basketball hassles in his life.[49]

text: Gambling controversy

text: During the Bulls' playoff run in 1993, controversy arose when Jordan was seen gambling in Atlantic City, New Jersey, the night before a game against the New York Knicks.[50] In that same year, he admitted that he had to cover $57,000 in gambling losses,[51] and author Richard Esquinas wrote a book claiming he had won $1.25 million from Jordan on the golf course.[51] In 2005, Jordan talked to Ed Bradley of the CBS evening show 60 Minutes about his gambling and admitted that he made some reckless decisions. Jordan stated, "Yeah, I've gotten myself into situations where I would not walk away and I've pushed the envelope. Is that compulsive? Yeah, it depends on how you look at it. If you're willing to jeopardize your livelihood and your family, then yeah."[52] When Bradley asked him if his gambling ever got to the level where it jeopardized his livelihood or family, Jordan replied, "No."[52]

text: First retirement and stint in minor league baseball (1993–1994)

text:
Michael Jordan

Birmingham Barons – No. 45 & No. 35

Outfielder

Batted: Right
Threw: Right

Professional debut

Southern League: April 8, 1994, for the Birmingham Barons

Arizona Fall League: 1994, for the Scottsdale Scorpions

Last Southern League appearance

March 10, 1995, for the Birmingham Barons

Southern League statistics
(through 1994)

Batting average
.202

Home runs
3

Runs batted in
51

Arizona Fall League statistics

Batting average
.252

Teams

Birmingham Barons (1994–1995)
Scottsdale Scorpions (1994)

tag: table

text: On October 6, 1993, Jordan announced his retirement, citing a loss of desire to play the game. Jordan later stated that the death of his father three months earlier also shaped his decision.[53] Jordan's father was murdered on July 23, 1993, at a highway rest area in Lumberton, North Carolina, by two teenagers, Daniel Green and Larry Martin Demery, who carjacked the luxury vehicle. The assailants were traced from calls that they made on James Jordan's cell phone.[54][55] The two criminals were caught, convicted at trial, and sentenced to life in prison. Jordan was close to his father; as a child he had imitated his father's proclivity to stick out his tongue while absorbed in work. He later adopted it as his own signature, displaying it each time he drove to the basket.[4] In 1996, he founded a Chicago area Boys & Girls Club and dedicated it to his father.[56][57]

text: In his 1998 autobiography For the Love of the Game, Jordan wrote that he had been preparing for retirement as early as the summer of 1992.[58] The added exhaustion due to the Dream Team run in the 1992 Olympics solidified Jordan's feelings about the game and his ever-growing celebrity status. Jordan's announcement sent shock waves throughout the NBA and appeared on the front pages of newspapers around the world.[59]

text: Jordan then further surprised the sports world by signing a minor league baseball contract with the Chicago White Sox on February 7, 1994.[60] He reported to spring training in Sarasota, Florida, and was assigned to the team's minor league system on March 31, 1994.[61] Jordan has stated this decision was made to pursue the dream of his late father, who had always envisioned his son as a Major League Baseball player.[62] The White Sox were another team owned by Bulls owner Jerry Reinsdorf, who continued to honor Jordan's basketball contract during the years he played baseball.[63]

text: In 1994, Jordan played for the Birmingham Barons, a Double-A minor league affiliate of the Chicago White Sox, batting .202 with three home runs, 51 runs batted in, 30 stolen bases, 114 strikeouts, 51 base on balls, and 11 errors.[13] He also appeared for the Scottsdale Scorpions in the 1994 Arizona Fall League, batting .252 against the top prospects in baseball.[61] On November 1, 1994, his number 23 was retired by the Bulls in a ceremony that included the erection of a permanent sculpture known as The Spirit outside the new United Center.[64][65][66]

text: "I'm back": Return to the NBA (1995)

text: In the 1993–94 season, the Bulls, without Jordan, achieved a 55–27 record,[30] and lost to the New York Knicks in the second round of the playoffs. But the 1994–95 Bulls were a shell of the championship team of just two years earlier. Struggling at mid-season to ensure a spot in the playoffs, Chicago was 31–31 at one point in mid-March.[67] The team received help, however, when Jordan decided to return to the NBA for the Bulls.[68]

text: In March 1995, Jordan decided to quit baseball due to the ongoing Major League Baseball strike, as he wanted to avoid becoming a potential replacement player.[69] On March 18, 1995, Jordan announced his return to the NBA through a two-word press release: "I'm back."[4] The next day, Jordan took to the court with the Bulls to face the Indiana Pacers in Indianapolis, scoring 19 points.[70] The game had the highest Nielsen rating of a regular season NBA game since 1975.[71] Although he could have opted to wear his normal number in spite of the Bulls having retired it, Jordan instead wore number 45, as he had while playing baseball.[70]

text: Although he had not played an NBA game in a year and a half, Jordan played well upon his return, making a game-winning jump shot against Atlanta in his fourth game back. He then scored 55 points in the next game against the Knicks at Madison Square Garden on March 28, 1995.[29] Boosted by Jordan's comeback, the Bulls went 13–4 to make the playoffs and advanced to the Eastern Conference Semifinals against the Orlando Magic. At the end of Game 1, Orlando's Nick Anderson stripped Jordan from behind, leading to the game-winning basket for the Magic; he would later comment that Jordan "didn't look like the old Michael Jordan"[72] and that "No. 45 doesn't explode like No. 23 used to."[73]

text: Jordan responded by scoring 38 points in the next game, which Chicago won. Before the game, Jordan decided that he would resume wearing his former number, 23, immediately. The Bulls were fined $25,000 for failing to report the impromptu number change to the NBA.[73] Jordan was fined an additional $5,000 for opting to wear white shoes as the rest of the Bulls wore black.[74] He averaged 31 points per game in the series, but Orlando won the series in 6 games.[12]

text: Second three-peat (1995–1998)

text: Freshly motivated by the playoff defeat, Jordan trained aggressively for the 1995–96 season.[75] Strengthened by the addition of rebound specialist Dennis Rodman, the Bulls dominated the league, starting the season 41–3,[76] and eventually finishing with the then-best regular season record in NBA history (later surpassed by the 2015–16 Golden State Warriors): 72–10.[77] Jordan led the league in scoring with 30.4 ppg,[78] and won the league's regular season and All-Star Game MVP awards.[4]

text: In the playoffs, the Bulls lost only three games in four series (Miami Heat 3–0, New York Knicks 4–1, Orlando Magic 4–0). They defeated the Seattle SuperSonics 4–2 in the NBA Finals to win their fourth championship. Jordan was named Finals MVP for a record fourth time,[43] surpassing Magic Johnson's three Finals MVP awards. He also achieved only the second sweep of the MVP Awards in the All-Star Game, regular season and NBA Finals, Willis Reed having achieved the first, during the 1969–70 season.[29] Because this was Jordan's first championship since his father's murder, and it was won on Father's Day, Jordan reacted very emotionally upon winning the title, including a memorable scene of him crying on the locker room floor with the game ball.[4][44]

text: In the 1996–97 season, the Bulls started out 69–11, but missed out on a second consecutive 70-win season by losing their final two games to finish 69–13.[79] However, this year Jordan was beaten for the NBA MVP Award by Karl Malone. The Bulls again advanced to the Finals, where they faced Malone and the Utah Jazz. The series against the Jazz featured two of the more memorable clutch moments of Jordan's career. He won Game 1 for the Bulls with a buzzer-beating jump shot. In Game 5, with the series tied at 2, Jordan played despite being feverish and dehydrated from a stomach virus. In what is known as the "Flu Game", Jordan scored 38 points, including the game-deciding 3-pointer with 25 seconds remaining.[80] The Bulls won 90–88 and went on to win the series in six games.[79] For the fifth time in as many Finals appearances, Jordan received the Finals MVP award.[43] During the 1997 NBA All-Star Game, Jordan posted the first triple double in All-Star Game history in a victorious effort; however, he did not receive the MVP award.[81]

text: Jordan and the Bulls compiled a 62–20 record in the 1997–98 season.[30] Jordan led the league with 28.7 points per game,[35] securing his fifth regular-season MVP award, plus honors for All-NBA First Team, First Defensive Team and the All-Star Game MVP.[4] The Bulls won the Eastern Conference Championship for a third straight season, including surviving a seven-game series with the Indiana Pacers in the Eastern Conference Finals; it was the first time Jordan had played in a Game 7 since the 1992 Eastern Conference Semifinals with the Knicks.[82][83] After winning, they moved on for a rematch with the Jazz in the Finals.[84]

text: The Bulls returned to the Delta Center for Game 6 on June 14, 1998, leading the series 3–2. Jordan executed a series of plays, considered to be one of the greatest clutch performances in NBA Finals history.[85] With the Bulls trailing 86–83 with 41.9 seconds remaining in the fourth quarter, Phil Jackson called a timeout. When play resumed, Jordan received the inbound pass, drove to the basket, and hit a shot over several Jazz defenders, cutting the Utah lead to 86–85.[85] The Jazz brought the ball upcourt and passed the ball to forward Karl Malone, who was set up in the low post and was being guarded by Rodman. Malone jostled with Rodman and caught the pass, but Jordan cut behind him and took the ball out of his hands for a steal.[85] Jordan then dribbled down the court and paused, eyeing his defender, Jazz guard Bryon Russell. With 10 seconds remaining, Jordan started to dribble right, then crossed over to his left, possibly pushing off Russell,[86][87][88] although the officials did not call a foul. With 5.2 seconds left, Jordan gave Chicago an 87–86 lead with a game-winning jumper, the climactic shot of his Bulls career. Afterwards, John Stockton missed a game-winning three-pointer. Jordan and the Bulls won their sixth NBA championship and second three-peat. Once again, Jordan was voted the Finals MVP,[43] having led all scorers averaging 33.5 points per game, including 45 in the deciding Game 6.[89] Jordan's six Finals MVPs is a record; Shaquille O'Neal, Magic Johnson, LeBron James and Tim Duncan are tied for second place with three apiece.[43] The 1998 Finals holds the highest television rating of any Finals series in history. Game 6 also holds the highest television rating of any game in NBA history.[90][91]

text: Second retirement (1999–2001)

text: With Phil Jackson's contract expiring, the pending departures of Scottie Pippen and Dennis Rodman looming, and being in the latter stages of an owner-induced lockout of NBA players, Jordan retired for the second time on January 13, 1999.[92][93][94] On January 19, 2000, Jordan returned to the NBA not as a player, but as part owner and President of Basketball Operations for the Washington Wizards.[95] Jordan's responsibilities with the Wizards were comprehensive. He controlled all aspects of the Wizards' basketball operations, and had the final say in all personnel matters. Opinions of Jordan as a basketball executive were mixed.[96][97] He managed to purge the team of several highly paid, unpopular players (such as forward Juwan Howard and point guard Rod Strickland),[98][99] but used the first pick in the 2001 NBA draft to select high schooler Kwame Brown, who did not live up to expectations and was traded away after four seasons.[96][100]

text: Despite his January 1999 claim that he was "99.9% certain" that he would never play another NBA game,[44] in the summer of 2001 Jordan expressed interest in making another comeback,[101][102] this time with his new team. Inspired by the NHL comeback of his friend Mario Lemieux the previous winter,[103] Jordan spent much of the spring and summer of 2001 in training, holding several invitation-only camps for NBA players in Chicago.[104] In addition, Jordan hired his old Chicago Bulls head coach, Doug Collins, as Washington's coach for the upcoming season, a decision that many saw as foreshadowing another Jordan return.[101][102]

text: Washington Wizards comeback (2001–2003)

text: On September 25, 2001, Jordan announced his return to the NBA to play for the Washington Wizards, indicating his intention to donate his salary as a player to a relief effort for the victims of the September 11, 2001 attacks.[105][106] In an injury-plagued 2001–02 season, he led the team in scoring (22.9 ppg), assists (5.2 apg), and steals (1.42 spg).[4] However, torn cartilage in his right knee ended Jordan's season after only 60 games, the fewest he had played in a regular season since playing 17 games after returning from his first retirement during the 1994–95 season.[18] Jordan started 53 of his 60 games for the season, averaging 24.3 points, 5.4 assists, and 6.0 rebounds, and shooting 41.9% from the field in his 53 starts. His last seven appearances were in a reserve role, in which he averaged just over 20 minutes per game.[107]

text: Playing in his 14th and final NBA All-Star Game in 2003, Jordan passed Kareem Abdul-Jabbar as the all-time leading scorer in All-Star Game history (a record since broken by Kobe Bryant).[108] That year, Jordan was the only Washington player to play in all 82 games, starting in 67 of them. He averaged 20.0 points, 6.1 rebounds, 3.8 assists, and 1.5 steals per game.[4] He also shot 45% from the field, and 82% from the free throw line.[4] Even though he turned 40 during the season, he scored 20 or more points 42 times, 30 or more points nine times, and 40 or more points three times.[29] On February 21, 2003, Jordan became the first 40-year-old to tally 43 points in an NBA game.[109] During his stint with the Wizards, all of Jordan's home games at the MCI Center were sold out, and the Wizards were the second most-watched team in the NBA, averaging 20,172 fans a game at home and 19,311 on the road.[110] However, neither of Jordan's final two seasons resulted in a playoff appearance for the Wizards, and Jordan was often unsatisfied with the play of those around him.[111][112] At several points he openly criticized his teammates to the media, citing their lack of focus and intensity, notably that of the number one draft pick in the 2001 NBA draft, Kwame Brown.[111][112]

text: With the recognition that 2002–03 would be Jordan's final season, tributes were paid to him throughout the NBA. In his final game at his old home court, the United Center in Chicago, Jordan received a four-minute standing ovation.[113] The Miami Heat retired the number 23 jersey on April 11, 2003, even though Jordan never played for the team.[114] At the 2003 All-Star Game, Jordan was offered a starting spot from Tracy McGrady and Allen Iverson,[115] but refused both. In the end, he accepted the spot of Vince Carter, who decided to give it up under great public pressure.[116]

text: Jordan played in his final NBA game on April 16, 2003 in Philadelphia. After scoring only 13 points in the game, Jordan went to the bench with 4 minutes and 13 seconds remaining in the third quarter and with his team trailing the Philadelphia 76ers, 75–56. Just after the start of the fourth quarter, the First Union Center crowd began chanting "We want Mike!" After much encouragement from coach Doug Collins, Jordan finally rose from the bench and re-entered the game, replacing Larry Hughes with 2:35 remaining. At 1:45, Jordan was intentionally fouled by the 76ers' Eric Snow, and stepped to the line to make both free throws. After the second foul shot, the 76ers in-bounded the ball to rookie John Salmons, who in turn was intentionally fouled by Bobby Simmons one second later, stopping time so that Jordan could return to the bench. Jordan received a three-minute standing ovation from his teammates, his opponents, the officials and the crowd of 21,257 fans.[117]

text: Olympic career

text: Jordan played on two Olympic gold medal-winning American basketball teams. He won a gold medal as a college player in the 1984 Summer Olympics. The team was coached by Bob Knight and featured players such as Patrick Ewing, Sam Perkins, Chris Mullin, Steve Alford, and Wayman Tisdale. Jordan led the team in scoring, averaging 17.1 ppg for the tournament.[118]

text: In the 1992 Summer Olympics, he was a member of the star-studded squad that included Magic Johnson, Larry Bird, and David Robinson and was dubbed the "Dream Team". Jordan was the only player to start all 8 games in the Olympics. Playing limited minutes due to the frequent blowouts, Jordan averaged 14.9 ppg,[119] finishing second on the team in scoring.[120] Jordan and fellow Dream Team members Patrick Ewing and Chris Mullin are the only American men's basketball players to win Olympic gold medals as amateurs and professionals.[118][119]

text: Post-retirement

text: After his third retirement, Jordan assumed that he would be able to return to his front office position as Director of Basketball Operations with the Wizards.[121] However, his previous tenure in the Wizards' front office had produced the aforementioned mixed results and may have also influenced the trade of Richard "Rip" Hamilton for Jerry Stackhouse (although Jordan was not technically Director of Basketball Operations in 2002).[96] On May 7, 2003, Wizards owner Abe Pollin fired Jordan as Washington's President of Basketball Operations.[96] Jordan later stated that he felt betrayed, and that if he knew he would be fired upon retiring he never would have come back to play for the Wizards.[52]

text: Jordan kept busy over the next few years. He stayed in shape, played golf in celebrity charity tournaments, and spent time with his family in Chicago. He also promoted his Jordan Brand clothing line and rode motorcycles.[122] Since 2004, Jordan has owned Michael Jordan Motorsports, a professional closed-course motorcycle road racing team that competed with two Suzukis in the premier Superbike championship sanctioned by the American Motorcyclist Association (AMA) until the end of the 2013 season.[123][124] In 2006, Jordan and his wife Juanita pledged $5 million to Chicago's Hales Franciscan High School.[125] The Jordan Brand has made donations to Habitat for Humanity and a Louisiana branch of the Boys & Girls Clubs of America.[126]

text: Charlotte Bobcats/Hornets

text: On June 15, 2006, Jordan bought a minority stake in the Charlotte Bobcats, becoming the team's second-largest shareholder behind majority owner Robert L. Johnson. As part of the deal, Jordan took full control over the basketball side of the operation, with the title "Managing Member of Basketball Operations."[127] Despite Jordan's previous success as an endorser, he has made an effort not to be included in Charlotte's marketing campaigns.[128] A decade earlier, Jordan had made a bid to become part-owner of Charlotte's original NBA team, the Charlotte Hornets, but talks collapsed when owner George Shinn refused to give Jordan complete control of basketball operations.[129]

text: In February 2010, it was reported that Jordan was seeking majority ownership of the Bobcats.[130] As February wore on, it became apparent that Jordan and former Houston Rockets president George Postolos were the leading contenders for ownership of the team. On February 27, the Bobcats announced that Johnson had reached an agreement with Jordan and his group, MJ Basketball Holdings, to buy the team pending NBA approval.[131] On March 17, the NBA Board of Governors unanimously approved Jordan's purchase, making him the first former player to become the majority owner of an NBA team.[132] It also made him the league's only African-American majority owner of an NBA team.[133]

text: During the 2011 NBA lockout, The New York Times wrote that Jordan led a group of 10 to 14 hardline owners who wanted to cap the players' share of basketball-related income at 50 percent and as low as 47. Journalists observed that, during the labor dispute in 1998, Jordan had told Washington Wizards then-owner Abe Pollin, "If you can't make a profit, you should sell your team."[134] Jason Whitlock of FoxSports.com called Jordan a "sellout" wanting "current players to pay for his incompetence."[135] He cited Jordan's executive decisions to draft disappointing players Kwame Brown and Adam Morrison.[135]

text: During the 2011–12 NBA season that was shortened to 66 games by the lockout, the Bobcats posted a 7–59 record. Their .106 winning percentage was the worst in NBA history.[136] "I'm not real happy about the record book scenario last year. It's very, very frustrating", Jordan said later that year.[137]

text: Player profile

text: Jordan was a shooting guard who was also capable of playing as a small forward (the position he would primarily play during his second return to professional basketball with the Washington Wizards), and as a point guard.[12] Jordan was known throughout his career for being a strong clutch performer. With the Bulls, he decided 25 games with field goals or free throws in the last 30 seconds, including two NBA Finals games and five other playoff contests.[138] His competitiveness was visible in his prolific trash-talk[139] and well-known work ethic.[140][141] As the Bulls organization built the franchise around Jordan, management had to trade away players who were not "tough enough" to compete with him in practice. To help improve his defense, he spent extra hours studying film of opponents. On offense, he relied more upon instinct and improvisation at game time.[142] Noted as a durable player, Jordan did not miss four or more games while active for a full season from 1986–87 to 2001–02, when he injured his right knee.[12][143] He played all 82 games nine times. Jordan has frequently cited David Thompson, Walter Davis, and Jerry West as influences.[144][145] Confirmed at the start of his career, and possibly later on, Jordan had a special "Love of the Game Clause" written into his contract (unusual at the time) which allowed him to play basketball against anyone at any time, anywhere.[146]

text: Jordan had a versatile offensive game. He was capable of aggressively driving to the basket, as well as drawing fouls from his opponents at a high rate; his 8,772 free throw attempts are the ninth-highest total of all time.[147] As his career progressed, Jordan also developed the ability to post up his opponents and score with his trademark fadeaway jump shot, using his leaping ability to "fade away" from block attempts. According to Hubie Brown, this move alone made him nearly unstoppable.[148] Despite media criticism as a "selfish" player early in his career, Jordan's 5.3 assists per game[18] also indicate his willingness to defer to his teammates. After shooting under 30% from three-point range in his first five seasons in the NBA, including a career-low 13% in the 1987–88 season, Jordan improved to a career-high 50% in the 1994–95 season.[18] The three-point shot became more of a focus of his game from 1994–95 to 1996–97, when the NBA shortened its three-point line to 22 ft (6.7 m) (from 23 ft 9 in (7.24 m)).[149] His three-point field-goal percentages ranged from 35% to 43% in seasons in which he attempted at least 230 three-pointers between 1989–90 and 1996–97.[12] For a guard, Jordan was also a good rebounder (6.2 per game).[18]

text: In 1988, Jordan was honored with the NBA's Defensive Player of the Year Award and became the first NBA player to win both the Defensive Player of the Year and MVP awards in a career (since equaled by Hakeem Olajuwon, David Robinson, and Kevin Garnett; Olajuwon is the only player other than Jordan to win both during the same season). In addition, he set both seasonal and career records for blocked shots by a guard,[150] and combined this with his ball-thieving ability to become a standout defensive player. He ranks third in NBA history in total steals with 2,514, trailing John Stockton and Jason Kidd.[151] Jerry West often stated that he was more impressed with Jordan's defensive contributions than his offensive ones.[152] He was also known to have strong eyesight; broadcaster Al Michaels said that he was able to read baseball box scores on a 27-inch television clearly from about 50 feet away.[153]

text: NBA career statistics

text:
Legend

  GP
Games played
  GS
Games started
 MPG
Minutes per game

 FG%
Field goal percentage
 3P%
3-point field goal percentage
 FT%
Free throw percentage

 RPG
Rebounds per game
 APG
Assists per game
 SPG
Steals per game

 BPG
Blocks per game
 PPG
Points per game
 Bold
Career high

text:
†
Denotes seasons in which Jordan won an NBA championship

*
Led the league

NBA record

text: Regular season

text:
Year
Team
GP
GS
MPG
FG%
3P%
FT%
RPG
APG
SPG
BPG
PPG

1984–85
Chicago
82*
82*
38.3
.515
.173
.845
6.5
5.9
2.4
.8
28.2

1985–86
Chicago
18
7
25.1
.457
.167
.840
3.6
2.9
2.1
1.2
22.7

1986–87
Chicago
82*
82*
40.0
.482
.182
.857
5.2
4.6
2.9
1.5
37.1*

1987–88
Chicago
82
82*
40.4*
.535
.132
.841
5.5
5.9
3.2*
1.6
35.0*

1988–89
Chicago
81
81
40.2*
.538
.276
.850
8.0
8.0
2.9
.8
32.5*

1989–90
Chicago
82*
82*
39.0
.526
.376
.848
6.9
6.3
2.8*
.7
33.6*

1990–91†
Chicago
82*
82*
37.0
.539
.312
.851
6.0
5.5
2.7
1.0
31.5*

1991–92†
Chicago
80
80
38.8
.519
.270
.832
6.4
6.1
2.3
.9
30.1*

1992–93†
Chicago
78
78
39.3
.495
.352
.837
6.7
5.5
2.8*
.8
32.6*

1994–95
Chicago
17
17
39.3
.411
.500
.801
6.9
5.3
1.8
.8
26.9

1995–96†
Chicago
82
82
37.7
.495
.427
.834
6.6
4.3
2.2
.5
30.4*

1996–97†
Chicago
82
82*
37.9
.486
.374
.833
5.9
4.3
1.7
.5
29.6*

1997–98†
Chicago
82*
82*
38.8
.465
.238
.784
5.8
3.5
1.7
.5
28.7*

2001–02
Washington
60
53
34.9
.416
.189
.790
5.7
5.2
1.4
.4
22.9

2002–03
Washington
82
67
37.0
.445
.291
.821
6.1
3.8
1.5
.5
20.0

Career
1,072
1,039
38.3
.497
.327
.835
6.2
5.3
2.3
.8
30.1

All-Star
13
13
29.4
.472
.273
.750
4.7
4.2
2.8
.5
20.2

text: Playoffs

text:
Year
Team
GP
GS
MPG
FG%
3P%
FT%
RPG
APG
SPG
BPG
PPG

1985
Chicago
4
4
42.8
.436
.125
.828
5.8
8.5
2.8
1.0
29.3

1986
Chicago
3
3
45.0
.505
1.000
.872
6.3
5.7
2.3
1.3
43.7

1987
Chicago
3
3
42.7
.417
.400
.897
7.0
6.0
2.0
2.3
35.7

1988
Chicago
10
10
42.7
.531
.333
.869
7.1
4.7
2.4
1.1
36.3

1989
Chicago
17
17
42.2
.510
.286
.799
7.0
7.6
2.5
.8
34.8

1990
Chicago
16
16
42.1
.514
.320
.836
7.2
6.8
2.8
.9
36.7

1991†
Chicago
17
17
40.5
.524
.385
.845
6.4
8.4
2.4
1.4
31.1

1992†
Chicago
22
22
41.8
.499
.386
.857
6.2
5.8
2.0
.7
34.5

1993†
Chicago
19
19
41.2
.475
.389
.805
6.7
6.0
2.1
.9
35.1

1995
Chicago
10
10
42.0
.484
.367
.810
6.5
4.5
2.3
1.4
31.5

1996†
Chicago
18
18
40.7
.459
.403
.818
4.9
4.1
1.8
.3
30.7

1997†
Chicago
19
19
42.3
.456
.194
.831
7.9
4.8
1.6
.9
31.1

1998†
Chicago
21
21
41.5
.462
.302
.812
5.1
3.5
1.5
.6
32.4

Career
179
179
41.8
.487
.332
.828
6.4
5.7
2.1
.8
33.4

text: Legacy

text: Jordan's marked talent was clear from his rookie season.[24][26] In his first game in Madison Square Garden against the New York Knicks, Jordan received a prolonged standing ovation,[26] a rarity for an opposing player. After Jordan scored a playoff record 63 points against the Boston Celtics on April 20, 1986, Celtics star Larry Bird described him as "God disguised as Michael Jordan."[33]

text: Jordan led the NBA in scoring in 10 seasons (NBA record) and tied Wilt Chamberlain's record of seven consecutive scoring titles.[4] He was also a fixture on the NBA All-Defensive First Team, making the roster nine times (NBA record shared with Gary Payton, Kevin Garnett and Kobe Bryant).[154] Jordan also holds the top career regular season and playoff scoring averages of 30.1 and 33.4 points per game,[4] respectively. By 1998, the season of his Finals-winning shot against the Jazz, he was well known throughout the league as a clutch performer. In the regular season, Jordan was the Bulls' primary threat in the final seconds of a close game and in the playoffs, Jordan would always demand the ball at crunch time.[155] Jordan's total of 5,987 points in the playoffs is the second-highest in NBA history.[156] He retired with 32,292 points in regular season play,[157] placing him fourth on the NBA's all-time scoring list behind Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Karl Malone, and Kobe Bryant.[157]

text: With five regular-season MVPs (tied for second place with Bill Russell—only Kareem Abdul-Jabbar has won more, with six), six Finals MVPs (NBA record), and three All-Star MVPs, Jordan is the most decorated NBA player. Jordan finished among the top three in regular-season MVP voting a record 10 times, and was named one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History in 1996. He is one of only seven players in history to win an NCAA championship, an NBA championship, and an Olympic gold medal (doing so twice with the 1984 and 1992 U.S. men's basketball teams).[158] Since 1976, the year of the NBA's merger with the American Basketball Association,[159] Jordan and Pippen are the only two players to win six NBA Finals playing for one team.[160] In the All-Star Game fan ballot, Jordan received the most votes nine times, more than any other player.[161]

text:
"There's Michael Jordan and then there is the rest of us."

—Magic Johnson[4]

tag: div

text: Many of Jordan's contemporaries say that Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time.[152] In 1999, an ESPN survey of journalists, athletes and other sports figures ranked Jordan the greatest North American athlete of the 20th century, above such luminaries as Babe Ruth and Muhammad Ali.[162] Jordan placed second to Babe Ruth in the Associated Press's December 1999 list of 20th century athletes.[163] In addition, the Associated Press voted him as the greatest basketball player of the 20th century.[164] Jordan has also appeared on the front cover of Sports Illustrated a record 50 times.[165] In the September 1996 issue of Sport, which was the publication's 50th anniversary issue, Jordan was named the greatest athlete of the past 50 years.[166]

text: Jordan's athletic leaping ability, highlighted in his back-to-back slam dunk contest championships in 1987 and 1988, is credited by many with having influenced a generation of young players.[167][168] Several current NBA All-Stars have stated that they considered Jordan their role model while growing up, including LeBron James[169] and Dwyane Wade.[170] In addition, commentators have dubbed a number of next-generation players "the next Michael Jordan" upon their entry to the NBA, including Anfernee "Penny" Hardaway, Grant Hill, Allen Iverson, Kobe Bryant, LeBron James, Vince Carter, and Dwyane Wade.[171][172][173] Although Jordan was a well-rounded player, his "Air Jordan" image is also often credited with inadvertently decreasing the jump shooting skills, defense, and fundamentals of young players,[167] a fact Jordan himself has lamented.

text: I think it was the exposure of Michael Jordan; the marketing of Michael Jordan. Everything was marketed towards the things that people wanted to see, which was scoring and dunking. That Michael Jordan still played defense and an all-around game, but it was never really publicized.[167]

text: Although Jordan has done much to increase the status of the game, some of his impact on the game's popularity in America appears to be fleeting.[174] Television ratings in particular increased only during his time in the league,[174] and Finals ratings have not returned to the level reached during his last championship-winning season.[175]

text: In August 2009, the Basketball Hall of Fame in Springfield, Massachusetts, opened a Michael Jordan exhibit that contained items from his college and NBA careers, as well as from the 1992 "Dream Team". The exhibit also has a batting glove to signify Jordan's short career in minor league baseball.[176] After Jordan received word of his acceptance into the Hall of Fame, he selected Class of 1996 member David Thompson to present him.[177] As Jordan would later explain during his induction speech in September 2009, growing up in North Carolina, he was not a fan of the Tar Heels, and greatly admired Thompson, who played at rival North Carolina State. He was inducted into the Hall in September, with several former Bulls teammates in attendance, including Scottie Pippen, Dennis Rodman, Charles Oakley, Ron Harper, Steve Kerr, and Toni Kukoč.[178] Two of Jordan's former coaches, Dean Smith and Doug Collins, were also among those present. His emotional reaction during his speech—when he began to cry—was captured by Associated Press photographer Stephan Savoia and would later become widely shared on social media as the Crying Jordan Internet meme.[179][180] In 2016, President Barack Obama honored Jordan with a Presidential Medal of Freedom.[181]

text: Personal life

text: Jordan married Juanita Vanoy in September 1989, and they had two sons, Jeffrey Michael and Marcus James, and a daughter, Jasmine. Jordan and Vanoy filed for divorce on January 4, 2002, citing irreconcilable differences, but reconciled shortly thereafter. They again filed for divorce and were granted a final decree of dissolution of marriage on December 29, 2006, commenting that the decision was made "mutually and amicably".[182][183] It is reported that Juanita received a $168 million settlement (equivalent to $200 million in 2016), making it the largest celebrity divorce settlement on public record at the time.[184][185]

text: In 1991, Jordan purchased a lot in Highland Park, Illinois, to build a 56,000 square foot mansion, which was completed four years later. Jordan listed his Highland Park mansion for sale in 2012.[186] Both of his sons attended Loyola Academy, a private Roman Catholic high school located in Wilmette, Illinois.[187] Jeffrey graduated as a member of the 2007 graduating class and played his first collegiate basketball game on November 11, 2007, for the University of Illinois. After two seasons, Jeffrey left the Illinois basketball team in 2009. He later rejoined the team for a third season,[188][189] then received a release to transfer to the University of Central Florida, where Marcus was attending.[190][191] Marcus transferred to Whitney Young High School after his sophomore year at Loyola Academy and graduated in 2009. He began attending UCF in the fall of 2009,[192] and played three seasons of basketball for the school.[193]

text: On July 21, 2006, a judge in Cook County, Illinois, determined that Jordan did not owe his alleged former lover Karla Knafel $5 million in a breach of contract claim.[194] Jordan had allegedly paid Knafel $250,000 to keep their relationship a secret.[195][196][197] Knafel claimed Jordan promised her $5 million for remaining silent and agreeing not to file a paternity suit after Knafel learned she was pregnant in 1991. A DNA test showed Jordan was not the father of the child.[194]

text: He proposed to his longtime girlfriend, Cuban-American model Yvette Prieto, on Christmas 2011,[198] and they were married on April 27, 2013, at Bethesda-by-the-Sea Episcopal Church.[199][200] It was announced on November 30, 2013, that the two were expecting their first child together.[201][202] On February 11, 2014, Prieto gave birth to identical twin daughters named Victoria and Ysabel.[203]

text: Media figure and business interests

text: Jordan is one of the most marketed sports figures in history. He has been a major spokesman for such brands as Nike, Coca-Cola, Chevrolet, Gatorade, McDonald's, Ball Park Franks, Rayovac, Wheaties, Hanes, and MCI.[204] Jordan has had a long relationship with Gatorade, appearing in over 20 commercials for the company since 1991, including the "Be Like Mike" commercials in which a song was sung by children wishing to be like Jordan.[204][205]

text: Nike created a signature shoe for him, called the Air Jordan. One of Jordan's more popular commercials for the shoe involved Spike Lee playing the part of Mars Blackmon. In the commercials Lee, as Blackmon, attempted to find the source of Jordan's abilities and became convinced that "it's gotta be the shoes".[204] The hype and demand for the shoes even brought on a spate of "shoe-jackings" where people were robbed of their sneakers at gunpoint. Subsequently, Nike spun off the Jordan line into its own division named the "Jordan Brand". The company features an impressive list of athletes and celebrities as endorsers.[206][207] The brand has also sponsored college sports programs such as those of North Carolina, Cal, Georgetown, and Marquette.[208]

text: Jordan also has been associated with the Looney Tunes cartoon characters. A Nike commercial shown during 1992's Super Bowl XXVI featured Jordan and Bugs Bunny playing basketball.[209] The Super Bowl commercial inspired the 1996 live action/animated film Space Jam, which starred Jordan and Bugs in a fictional story set during the former's first retirement from basketball.[210] They have subsequently appeared together in several commercials for MCI.[210] Jordan also made an appearance in the music video of Michael Jackson's "Jam" (1992).[211]

text: Jordan's yearly income from the endorsements is estimated to be over forty million dollars.[212][213] In addition, when Jordan's power at the ticket gates was at its highest point, the Bulls regularly sold out both their home and road games.[214] Due to this, Jordan set records in player salary by signing annual contracts worth in excess of US $30 million per season.[215] An academic study found that Jordan's first NBA comeback resulted in an increase in the market capitalization of his client firms of more than $1 billion.[216]

text: Most of Jordan's endorsement deals, including his first deal with Nike, were engineered by his agent, David Falk.[217] Jordan has described Falk as "the best at what he does" and that "marketing-wise, he's great. He's the one who came up with the concept of 'Air Jordan.'"[218]

text: In June 2010, Jordan was ranked by Forbes magazine as the 20th-most powerful celebrity in the world with $55 million earned between June 2009 and June 2010. According to the Forbes article, Jordan Brand generates $1 billion in sales for Nike.[219] In June 2014, Jordan was named the first NBA player to become a billionaire, after he increased his stake in the Charlotte Hornets from 80% to 89.5%.[220][221] On January 20, 2015, Jordan was honored with the Charlotte Business Journal's Business Person of the Year for 2014.[222] In 2017, he became a part owner of the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball.[223] As of April 2017, his current net worth is estimated at $1.31 billion by Forbes.[224] Jordan is the third-richest African-American as of 2017, behind Oprah Winfrey and Robert F. Smith.[225]

text: Awards and honors

text: College awards and honors

text:
Two-time Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

class of 2009 – individual
class of 2010 – as a member of the "Dream Team"

NCAA national championship – University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill: 1981–82
ACC Freshman of the Year – 1981–82
Two-time Consensus NCAA All-American First Team – 1982–83, 1983–84
ACC Men's Basketball Player of the Year – 1983–84
USBWA College Player of the Year – 1983–84
Naismith College Player of the Year – 1983–84
Adolph Rupp Trophy – 1983–84
John R. Wooden Award – 1983–84
Number 23 retired by the North Carolina Tar Heels

tag: ul

text: NBA awards and honors

text:
Six-time NBA champion
Six-time NBA Finals MVP
Five-time NBA MVP
10-time NBA scoring leader (1987–1993, 1996–1998)
14-time NBA All-Star
Three-time NBA All-Star Game MVP
11-time All-NBA
Nine-time NBA All-Defensive First Team
Two-time NBA Slam Dunk Contest champion – 1987, 1988
NBA Rookie of the Year – 1984–85
IBM Award winner – 1985
NBA Defensive Player of the Year – 1987–88
Named one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History in 1996
Number 23 retired by the Chicago Bulls
Number 23 retired by the Miami Heat

text: Other awards and honors

text:
U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame – class of 2009 (as a member of the "Dream Team")
FIBA Hall of Fame – class of 2015[226]
Two-time Olympic Gold Medal winner – 1984, 1992
"Triple Crown of Basketball" winner[158]
Three-time AP Athlete of the Year – 1991, 1992, 1993[227]
Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year – 1991
Section of Madison Street in Chicago renamed Michael Jordan Drive – 1994[228]
Ranked No.1 by SLAM Magazine's Top 50 Players of All-Time[229]
Ranked No.1 by ESPN SportsCentury's Top North American Athletes of the 20th century[162]
North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame
1997 Marca Leyenda winner
Seven-time ESPY Award winner (in various categories)
Statue in front of the United Center
2016 Presidential Medal of Freedom[181]


document_title: List of Nigerian states' nicknames

question_text: state of hospitality is to which state in nigeria

text: List of Nigerian states' nicknames

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The following table presents a listing of Nigerian states' nicknames.

text:
State

Nickname

Abia State

God's Own State

Adamawa State

Highest Peak of The Nation

Akwa Ibom State

Land of Promise

Anambra State

Light of the Nation

Bauchi State

Pearl of Tourism

Bayelsa State

Glory of all Lands

Benue State

Food Basket of the Nation

Borno State

Home of Peace

Cross River State

The People's Paradise

Delta State

The Finger of God

Ebonyi State

Salt of the Nation

Edo State

Heartbeat of The Nation

Ekiti State

Land of Honour and Integrity

Enugu State

Coal City State

Gombe State

Jewel of the Savannah

Imo State

Eastern Heartland (formerly Land of Hope)

Jigawa State

The New World

Kaduna State

Centre of Learning (formerly Liberal State)

Kano State

Centre of Commerce

Katsina State

Home of Hospitality

Kebbi State

Land of Equity

Kogi State

The Confluence State

Kwara State

State of Harmony

Lagos State

Centre of Excellence

Nasarawa State

Home of Solid Minerals

Niger State

The Power State

Ogun State

Gateway State

Ondo State

Sunshine State

Osun State

Land of Virtue (formerly State of the Living Spring)

Oyo State

Pace Setter State

Plateau State

Home of Peace and Tourism

Rivers State

Treasure Base of the Nation

Sokoto State

Seat of the Caliphate

Taraba State

Nature's Gift to the Nation

Yobe State

Pride of the Sahel

Zamfara State

Farming is Our Pride

Federal Capital Territory

Centre of Unity


document_title: List of governors of Jammu and Kashmir

question_text: who is the governer of jammu and kashmir

text: List of governors of Jammu and Kashmir

text: Governors of Jammu and Kashmir[edit]

text:
#

Name

Took Office

Left Office

1

Karan Singh

30 Mar 1965

15 May 1967

2

Bhagwan Sahay

15 May 1967

3 Jul 1973

3

Lakshmi Kant Jha

3 Jul 1973

22 Feb 1981

4

Braj Kumar Nehru

22 Feb 1981

26 Apr 1984

5

Jagmohan

26 Apr 1984

Jul 1989

6

K. V. Krishna Rao

Jul 1989

19 Jan 1990

7

Jagmohan

19 Jan 1990

26 May 1990

8

Girish Chandra Saxena

26 May 1990

12 Mar 1993

9

K. V. Krishna Rao

12 Mar 1993

2 May 1998

10

Girish Chandra Saxena

2 May 1998

4 Jun 2003

11

S.K. Sinha

4 Jun 2003

25 Jun 2008

12

Narinder Nath Vohra

25 Jun 2008

23 August 2018

13

Satya Pal Malik

23 August 2018[1]

Incumbent


document_title: Synthetic element

question_text: which is the first artificial produced element in the periodic table

text: Synthetic element

text: Properties[edit]

text: Synthetic elements are radioactive and decay rapidly into lighter elements—possessing half-lives so short, relative to the age of Earth (which formed approximately 4.6 billion years ago), that any atoms of these elements that may have existed when the Earth formed have long since decayed. Atoms of synthetic elements only occur on Earth as the product of atomic bombs or experiments that involve nuclear reactors or particle accelerators, via nuclear fusion or neutron absorption.

text: Atomic mass for natural elements is based on weighted average abundance of natural isotopes that occur in Earth's crust and atmosphere. For synthetic elements, the isotope depends on the means of synthesis, so the concept of natural isotope abundance has no meaning. Therefore, for synthetic elements the total nucleon count (protons plus neutrons) of the most stable isotope, i.e. the isotope with the longest half-life—is listed in brackets as the atomic mass.

text: History[edit]

text: The first element discovered through synthesis was technetium—its discovery being definitely confirmed in 1936. This discovery filled a gap in the periodic table, and the fact that no stable isotopes of technetium exist explains its natural absence on Earth (and the gap). With the longest-lived isotope of technetium, Tc-98, having a 4.2-million-year half-life, no technetium remains from the formation of the Earth. Only minute traces of technetium occur naturally in the Earth's crust—as a spontaneous fission product of uranium-238 or by neutron capture in molybdenum ores—but technetium is present naturally in red giant stars.

text: The second element discovered through synthetis was curium, synthesized in 1944 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, and Albert Ghiorso by bombarding plutonium with alpha particles. However, Curium is present in nature in certain areas used for the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests. The discoveries of americium, berkelium, and californium followed soon.

text: The first synthetic elements discovered are Einsteinium and fermium. Which were discovered by a team of scientists led by Albert Ghiorso in 1952 while studying the radioactive debris from the detonation of the first hydrogen bomb. The isotopes discovered were einsteinium-253, with a half-life of 20.5 days, and fermium-255, with a half-life of about 20 hours.

text: The discoveries of mendelevium, nobelium, lawrencium followed. During the height of the Cold War, the Soviet Union and United States independently discovered rutherfordium and dubnium. The naming and credit for discovery of those elements remained unresolved for many years but eventually shared credit was recognized by IUPAC/IUPAP in 1992. In 1997, IUPAC decided to give dubnium its current name honoring the city of Dubna where the Russian team made their discoveries since American-chosen names had already been used for many existing synthetic elements, while the name rutherfordium (chosen by the American team) was accepted for element 104.

text: No element with an atomic number greater than 99 has any use outside of scientific research, as they have extremely short half-lives.

text: List of synthetic elements[edit]

text: The following elements do not occur naturally on Earth. All are transuranium elements and have atomic numbers of 99 and higher.

text:
Element name
Chemical
Symbol
Atomic
Number
First definite
synthesis

Einsteinium
Es
99
1952

Fermium
Fm
100
1952

Mendelevium
Md
101
1955

Nobelium
No
102
1966

Lawrencium
Lr
103
1971

Rutherfordium
Rf
104
1966 (USSR), 1969 (U.S.) *

Dubnium
Db
105
1968 (USSR), 1970 (U.S.) *

Seaborgium
Sg
106
1974

Bohrium
Bh
107
1981

Hassium
Hs
108
1984

Meitnerium
Mt
109
1982

Darmstadtium
Ds
110
1994

Roentgenium
Rg
111
1994

Copernicium
Cn
112
1996

Nihonium
Nh
113
2004

Flerovium
Fl
114
2004

Moscovium
Mc
115
2010

Livermorium
Lv
116
2004

Tennessine
Ts
117
2009

Oganesson
Og
118
2006

* Shared credit for discovery.

text: Other elements usually produced through synthesis[edit]

text: All elements with atomic numbers 1 through 98 are naturally occurring at least in trace quantities, but the following elements are often produced through synthesis. However, they were all discovered through synthesis before being found in nature.

text:
Element name
Chemical
Symbol
Atomic
Number
First definite
discovery

Technetium
Tc
43
1936

Promethium
Pm
61
1945

Polonium
Po
84
1898

Astatine
At
85
1940

Francium
Fr
87
1939

Actinium
Ac
89
1902

Protactinium
Pa
91
1913

Neptunium
Np
93
1940

Plutonium
Pu
94
1940

Americium
Am
95
1944

Curium
Cm
96
1944

Berkelium
Bk
97
1949

Californium
Cf
98
1950