document_title: List of solar eclipses visible from the United States

question_text: when was the last time a solar eclipse happened in the united states

text:
June 28, 1908

Annular
June 8, 1918

Total
November 22, 1919

Annular
September 10, 1923

Total

January 24, 1925

Total
June 29, 1927

Total
April 28, 1930

Hybrid
August 31, 1932

Total

April 19, 1939

Annular
April 7, 1940

Annular
February 4, 1943

Total
July 9, 1945

Total

May 9, 1948

Annular

text:
September 1, 1951

Annular
June 30, 1954

Total
October 2, 1959

Total
July 20, 1963

Total

March 7, 1970

Total
July 10, 1972

Total
February 26, 1979

Total
May 30, 1984

Annular

July 22, 1990

Total
July 11, 1991

Total
January 4, 1992

Annular
May 10, 1994

Annular

text:
May 20, 2012[1]

Annular
August 21, 2017[2]

Total
October 14, 2023[3]

Annular
April 8, 2024[4]

Total

March 30, 2033[5]

Total
June 21, 2039[6]

Annular
August 23, 2044[7]

Total
August 12, 2045[8]

Total

February 5, 2046[9]

Annular
June 11, 2048[10]

Annular

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Solar eclipses

Lists of eclipses

By century

Antiquity
20th BC
19th BC
18th BC
17th BC
16th BC
15th BC
14th BC
13th BC
12th BC
11th BC
10th BC
9th BC
8th BC
7th BC
6th BC
5th BC
4th BC
3rd BC
2nd BC
1st BC
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
21st
22nd
23rd
24th
25th
26th
27th
28th
29th
30th

Saros series

110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162

Visibility

Australia
China
Philippines
Russia
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States

Historical

Mursili's eclipse (1312 BC)
Assyrian eclipse (763 BC)
Eclipse of Thales (585 BC)

Total/hybrid eclipses

→ symbol denotes
next total/hybrid eclipse

1560 Aug 21
1598 Mar 7
1652 Apr 8
1654 Aug 12
1673 Aug 12
1699 Sep 23
1715 May 3
1724 May 22
1766 Feb 9
1778 Jun 24
1780 Oct 27
1806 Jun 16
1816 Nov 19
1824 Jun 26
1842 Jul 8
1851 Jul 28
1853 Nov 30
1857 Mar 25
1858 Sep 7
1860 Jul 18
1865 Apr 25
1867 Aug 29
1868 Aug 18
1869 Aug 7
1870 Dec 22
1871 Dec 12
1874 Apr 16
1875 Apr 6
1878 Jul 29
1882 May 17
1883 May 6
1885 Sep 8
1886 Aug 29
1887 Aug 19
1889 Jan 1
1889 Dec 22
1893 Apr 16
1896 Aug 9
1898 Jan 22
1900 May 28
1901 May 18
1903 Sep 21
1904 Sep 9
1905 Aug 30
1907 Jan 14
1908 Jan 3
1908 Dec 23
1909 Jun 17
1910 May 9
1911 Apr 28
1912 Apr 17
1912 Oct 10
1914 Aug 21
1916 Feb 3
1918 Jun 8
1919 May 29
1921 Oct 1
1922 Sep 21
1923 Sep 10
1925 Jan 24
1926 Jan 14
1927 Jun 29
1928 May 19
1929 May 9
1930 Apr 28
1930 Oct 21
1932 Aug 31
1934 Feb 14
1936 Jun 19
1937 Jun 8
1938 May 29
1939 Oct 12
1940 Oct 1
1941 Sep 21
1943 Feb 4
1944 Jan 25
1944 Jul 20
1945 Jul 9
1947 May 20
1948 Nov 1
1950 Sep 12
1952 Feb 25
1954 Jun 30
1955 Jun 20
1956 Jun 8
1957 Oct 23
1958 Oct 12
1959 Oct 2
1961 Feb 15
1962 Feb 5
1963 Jul 20
1965 May 30
1966 Nov 12
1967 Nov 2
1968 Sep 22
1970 Mar 7
1972 Jul 10
1973 Jun 30
1974 Jun 20
1976 Oct 23
1977 Oct 12
1979 Feb 26
1980 Feb 16
1981 Jul 31
1983 Jun 11
1984 Nov 22
1985 Nov 12
1986 Oct 3
1987 Mar 29
1988 Mar 18
1990 Jul 22
1991 Jul 11
1992 Jun 30
1994 Nov 3
1995 Oct 24
1997 Mar 9
1998 Feb 26
1999 Aug 11
2001 Jun 21
2002 Dec 4
2003 Nov 23
2005 Apr 8
2006 Mar 29
2008 Aug 1
2009 Jul 22
2010 Jul 11
2012 Nov 13
2013 Nov 3
2015 Mar 20
2016 Mar 9
2017 Aug 21
→ 2019 Jul 2
2020 Dec 14
2021 Dec 4
2023 Apr 20
2024 Apr 8
2026 Aug 12
2027 Aug 2
2028 Jul 22
2030 Nov 25
2031 Nov 14
2033 Mar 30
2034 Mar 20
2035 Sep 2
2037 Jul 13
2038 Dec 26
2039 Dec 15
2041 Apr 30
2042 Apr 20
2043 Apr 9
2044 Aug 23
2045 Aug 12
2046 Aug 2
2048 Dec 5
2049 Nov 25
2050 May 20
2052 Mar 30
2053 Sep 12
2055 Jul 24
2057 Jan 5
2057 Dec 26
2059 May 11
2060 Apr 30
2061 Apr 20
2063 Aug 24
2064 Aug 12
2066 Dec 17
2067 Dec 6
2068 May 31
2070 Apr 11
2071 Sep 23
2072 Sep 12
2073 Aug 3
2075 Jan 16
2076 Jan 6
2077 May 22
2078 May 11
2079 May 1
2081 Sep 3
2082 Aug 24
2084 Dec 27
2086 Jun 11
2088 Apr 21
2089 Oct 4
2090 Sep 23
2091 Aug 15
2093 Jan 27
2094 Jan 16
2095 Jun 2
2096 May 22
2097 May 11
2099 Sep 14
2100 Sep 4
2114 Jun 3
2132 Jun 13
2150 Jun 25
2168 Jul 5
2186 Jul 16

Annular eclipses

→ symbol denotes
next annular eclipse

1820 Sep 7
1854 May 26
1879 Jan 22
1889 Jun 28
1901 Nov 11
1903 Mar 29
1904 Mar 17
1905 Mar 6
1907 Jul 10
1908 Jun 28
1911 Oct 22
1914 Feb 25
1915 Feb 14
1915 Aug 10
1916 Jul 30
1917 Dec 14
1918 Dec 3
1919 Nov 22
1921 Apr 8
1922 Mar 28
1923 Mar 17
1925 Jul 20
1926 Jul 9
1927 Jan 3
1929 Nov 1
1932 Mar 7
1933 Feb 24
1933 Aug 21
1934 Aug 10
1935 Dec 25
1936 Dec 13
1937 Dec 2
1939 Apr 19
1940 Apr 7
1941 Mar 27
1943 Aug 1
1945 Jan 14
1947 Nov 12
1948 May 9
1950 Mar 18
1951 Mar 7
1951 Sep 1
1952 Aug 20
1954 Jan 5
1954 Dec 25
1955 Dec 14
1957 Apr 30
1958 Apr 19
1959 Apr 8
1961 Aug 11
1962 Jul 31
1963 Jan 25
1965 Nov 23
1966 May 20
1969 Mar 18
1969 Sep 11
1970 Aug 31
1972 Jan 16
1973 Jan 4
1973 Dec 24
1976 Apr 29
1977 Apr 18
1979 Aug 22
1980 Aug 10
1981 Feb 4
1983 Dec 4
1984 May 30
1987 Sep 23
1988 Sep 11
1990 Jan 26
1991 Jan 15
1992 Jan 4
1994 May 10
1995 Apr 29
1998 Aug 22
1999 Feb 16
2001 Dec 14
2002 Jun 10
2003 May 31
2005 Oct 3
2006 Sep 22
2008 Feb 7
2009 Jan 26
2010 Jan 15
2012 May 20
2013 May 10
2014 Apr 29
2016 Sep 1
2017 Feb 26
→ 2019 Dec 26
2020 Jun 21
2021 Jun 10
2023 Oct 14
2024 Oct 2
2026 Feb 17
2027 Feb 6
2028 Jan 26
2030 Jun 1
2031 May 21
2032 May 9
2034 Sep 12
2035 Mar 9
2038 Jan 5
2038 Jul 2
2039 Jun 21
2041 Oct 25
2042 Oct 14
2043 Oct 3
2044 Feb 28
2045 Feb 16
2046 Feb 5
2048 Jun 11
2049 May 31
2052 Sep 22
2053 Mar 20
2056 Jan 16
2056 Jul 12
2057 Jul 1
2059 Nov 5
2060 Oct 24
2061 Oct 13
2063 Feb 28
2064 Feb 17
2066 Jun 22
2067 Jun 11
2070 Oct 4
2071 Mar 31
2074 Jan 27
2074 Jul 24
2075 Jul 13
2077 Nov 15
2078 Nov 4
2079 Oct 24
2081 Mar 10
2082 Feb 27
2084 Jul 3
2085 Jun 22
2085 Dec 16
2088 Oct 14
2089 Apr 10
2092 Feb 7
2092 Aug 3
2093 Jul 23
2095 Nov 27
2096 Nov 15
2097 Nov 4
2099 Mar 21
2100 Mar 10

Partial eclipses

→ symbol denotes
next partial eclipse

1902 Apr 8
1902 May 7
1902 Oct 31
1906 Feb 23
1906 Jul 21
1906 Aug 20
1909 Dec 12
1910 Nov 2
1913 Apr 6
1913 Aug 31
1913 Sep 30
1916 Dec 24
1917 Jan 23
1917 Jun 19
1917 Jul 19
1920 May 18
1920 Nov 10
1924 Mar 5
1924 Jul 31
1924 Aug 30
1927 Dec 24
1928 Jun 17
1928 Nov 12
1931 Apr 18
1931 Sep 12
1931 Oct 11
1935 Jan 5
1935 Feb 3
1935 Jun 30
1935 Jul 30
1938 Nov 21
1942 Mar 16
1942 Aug 12
1942 Sep 10
1946 Jan 3
1946 May 30
1946 Jun 29
1946 Nov 23
1949 Apr 28
1949 Oct 21
1953 Feb 14
1953 Jul 11
1953 Aug 9
1956 Dec 2
1960 Mar 27
1960 Sep 20
1964 Jan 14
1964 Jun 10
1964 Jul 9
1964 Dec 4
1967 May 9
1968 Mar 28
1971 Feb 25
1971 Jul 22
1971 Aug 20
1974 Dec 13
1975 May 11
1975 Nov 3
1978 Apr 7
1978 Oct 2
1982 Jan 25
1982 Jun 21
1982 Jul 20
1982 Dec 15
1985 May 19
1986 Apr 9
1989 Mar 7
1989 Aug 31
1992 Dec 24
1993 May 21
1993 Nov 13
1996 Apr 17
1996 Oct 12
1997 Sep 2
2000 Feb 5
2000 Jul 1
2000 Jul 31
2000 Dec 25
2004 Apr 19
2004 Oct 14
2007 Mar 19
2011 Jan 4
2011 Jun 1
2011 Jul 1
2011 Nov 25
2014 Oct 23
2015 Sep 13
→ 2018 Feb 15
2018 Jul 13
2018 Aug 11
2019 Jan 6
2022 Apr 30
2022 Oct 25
2025 Mar 29
2025 Sep 21
2029 Jan 14
2029 Jun 12
2029 Jul 11
2032 Nov 3
2033 Sep 23
2036 Feb 27
2036 Jul 23
2036 Aug 21
2037 Jan 16
2040 May 11
2040 Nov 4
2047 Jan 26
2047 Jun 23
2047 Jul 22
2047 Dec 16
2050 Nov 14
2051 Apr 11
2051 Oct 4
2054 Mar 9
2054 Aug 3
2054 Sep 2
2055 Jan 27
2058 May 22
2058 Jun 21
2058 Nov 16
2062 Mar 11
2062 Sep 3
2065 Feb 5
2065 Jul 3
2065 Aug 2
2065 Dec 27
2068 Nov 24
2069 Apr 21
2069 May 20
2069 Oct 15
2072 Mar 19
2073 Feb 7
2076 Jun 1
2076 Jul 1
2076 Nov 26
2083 Feb 16
2083 Jul 15
2083 Aug 13
2084 Jan 7
2086 Dec 6
2087 May 2
2087 Jun 1
2087 Oct 26
2090 Mar 31
2091 Feb 18
2094 Jun 13
2094 Jul 12
2094 Dec 7
2098 Apr 1
2098 Sep 25
2098 Oct 24

Other bodies

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Neptune
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Saturn
Uranus

Related topics

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document_title: The Stranger (Van Allsburg book)

question_text: who is the stranger in the stranger by chris van allsburg

root

text: The Stranger (Van Allsburg book)

text:
The Stranger
CoverAuthor
Chris Van AllsburgIllustrator
Chris Van AllsburgCountry
United StatesGenre
Children's, Fantasy novelPublished
1986 (Houghton Mifflin)Media type
Print (softcover)Pages
12Preceded by
The Polar ExpressFollowed by
The Z Was Zapped

tag: table

text: The Stranger is a children's book written in 1986 by the American author Chris Van Allsburg. It tells a story of a stranger with no memory of who he is or where he's from. He recuperates in the home of a farmer and his family during the fall season.[1]

tag: p

text: Plot[edit]

text: One fall day, while Farmer Bailey is riding down the road in his truck, he hears a thump! At first, he thinks he had run over a deer, but when he gets out to see what he hit, he finds that he has accidentally run over a man. The man tries to leave, but loses his balance and falls down again. Farmer Bailey takes him to his house, where he and his wife, Mrs. Bailey, discovers that the stranger cannot talk.

text: The Baileys call a doctor to examine him. The doctor arrives and takes the stranger's temperature with her thermometer. As the doctor holds it up to his mouth, the stranger blows on it and the mercury inside freezes. The doctor thinks that the thermometer is broken. Although the stranger isn't seriously hurt, he can't remember who he is or where he's from. The doctor gives advice to the Baileys, telling them to give the stranger shelter until he regains his memory. They do and he fits in well with the family and even helps out on the farm. One night, the stranger comes out to have dinner with the Baileys. They are having soup, and the stranger notices steam rising from his bowl. He sees the little girl blowing on the soup to help it cool. He lightly blows on his own bowl, and the steam drifts away. When he blows, Mrs. Bailey feels a draft on her spine.

text: Mr. Bailey enjoys having the stranger as his guest, but he also notices how peculiar the weather has been. The stranger goes for a walk in the forest and notices some rabbits. They would usually stay away from humans, but they walk toward the stranger. It still feels like summer on Mr. Bailey's farm, and the summer warmth makes his pumpkins grow bigger than normal. The stranger notices the curiosities as well. He wonders why the trees on the Bailey farm are still green while all the other trees on the other farms are red and orange. One day, the stranger blows on a green leaf, and it turns to orange. This helps him regain his memory and he realizes it's time for him to leave the Baileys farm. On his last evening at the house, the stranger hugs Mr. and Mrs. Bailey and the little girl goodbye. They come outside to wave goodbye to the stranger, but he has disappeared. When the stranger leaves, fall comes to the Bailey's farm, and the trees are now all red and orange. Etched in frost on the farmhouse window is a message from the stranger that says, "See you next fall."

text: Trivia[edit]

text:
Fritz the dog appears on the page showing the stranger looking over the sheep. He is located at the bottom left corner.
The main character, 'The Stranger', is said by many to be Jack Frost.

tag: ul


document_title: List of rock types

question_text: which rock is a combination of igneous and metamorphic rock

text: List of rock types

text: Igneous[edit]

text:
Adakite – A class of intermediate to felsic volcanic rocks containing low amounts of yttrium and ytterbium
 Andesite – An intermediate volcanic rock
 Alkali feldspar granite – A granitoid in which at least 90% of the total feldspar is alkali feldspar
 Anorthosite – A mafic intrusive igneous rock composed predominantly of plagioclase
 Aplite – A fine-grained intrusive igneous rock type similar to granite
 Basalt – A magnesium- and iron-rich extrusive igneous rock
 A'a - basaltic lava with a crumpled appearance
 Pahoehoe - basaltic lava with a flowing, often ropy appearance
 Basaltic trachyandesite
 Mugearite – Oligoclase-bearing basalt, comprising olivine, apatite, and opaque oxides
 Shoshonite – A potassium-rich variety of basaltic trachyandesite
 Basanite – A silica-undersaturated basalt
 Blairmorite – Rare porphyritic volcanic rock
 Boninite – Utramafic extrusive rock high in both magnesium and silica
 Carbonatite – Igneous rock with more than 50% carbonate minerals
 Charnockite – A type of granite containing orthopyroxene
 Enderbite – An igneous rock of the charnockite series
 Dacite – Volcanic rock intermediate in composition between andesite and rhyolite
 Diabase, also known as dolerite – An intrusive mafic rock forming dykes or sills
 Diorite – Intermediate intrusive igneous rock composed principally of plagioclase feldspar
 Napoleonite, also known as corsite – A variety of diorite with orbicular structure
 Dunite – An ultramafic and ultrabasic rock from Earth's mantle and made of the mineral olivine.
 Essexite – a dark gray or black holocrystalline plutonic rock
 Foidolite – A rare coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock in which more than 60% of light-coloured minerals are feldspathoids
 Gabbro – A course garained mafic intrusive rock
 Granite – A common type of intrusive, felsic, igneous rock with granular structure
 Granodiorite – A phaneritic-textured intrusive igneous rock similar to granite
 Granophyre – A subvolcanic rock that contains quartz and alkali feldspar in characteristic angular intergrowths
 Harzburgite – An ultramafic and ultrabasic mantle rock. Found in ophiolites.
 Hornblendite – Plutonic rock consisting mainly of the amphibole hornblende
 Hyaloclastite – A volcaniclastic accumulation or breccia
 Icelandite – An iron rich, aluminium poor andesite
 Ignimbrite – A variety of hardened tuff
 Ijolite – An igneous rock consisting essentially of nepheline and augite
 Kimberlite – An igneous rock which sometimes contains diamonds
 Komatiite – An ultramafic mantle-derived volcanic rock
 Lamproite – Ultrapotassic mantle-derived volcanic or subvolcanic rock
 Lamprophyre - an ultramafic, ultrapotassic intrusive rock dominated by mafic phenocrysts in a feldspar groundmass
 Latite - a silica-undersaturated form of andesite
 Lherzolite - an ultramafic rock, essentially a peridotite
 Monzogranite - a silica-undersaturated granite with <5% normative quartz
 Monzonite – Igneous intrusive rock with low quartz and equal plagioclase and alkali feldspar - a plutonic rock with <5% normative quartz
 Nepheline syenite - a silica-undersaturated plutonic rock of nepheline and alkali feldspar
 Nephelinite - a silica-undersaturated plutonic rock with >90% nepheline
 Norite - a hypersthene-bearing gabbro
 Obsidian – Naturally occurring volcanic glass
 Pegmatite – Very coarse grained plutonic rock
 Peridotite – A coarse-grained ultramafic igneous rock
 Phonolite - a silica-undersaturated volcanic rock; essentially similar to nepheline syenite
 Phonotephrite - a volcanic rock with a composition between phonolite and tephrite
 Picrite - an olivine-bearing basalt
 Porphyry – Textural form of igneous rock with large grained crystals in a fine matrix
 Pumice – Light coloured highly vesicular volcanic glass
 Pyroxenite - a coarse grained plutonic rock composed of >90% pyroxene
 Quartz diorite - a diorite with >5% modal quartz
 Quartz monzonite - an intermediate plutonic rock, essentially a monzonite with 5-10% modal quartz
 Quartzolite - an intrusive rock composed mostly of quartz
 Rhyodacite - a felsic volcanic rock which is intermediate between a rhyolite and a dacite
 Rhyolite – An igneous, volcanic rock, of felsic (silica-rich) composition
 Comendite – A hard, peralkaline igneous rock, a type of light blue grey rhyolite
 Pantellerite – A peralkaline rhyolite type of volcanic rock
 Scoria – Dark vesicular volcanic rock
 Sovite - a coarse-grained carbonatite rock
 Syenite - a plutonic rock dominated by orthoclase feldspar; a type of granitoid
 Tachylyte - essentially a basaltic glass
 Tephriphonolite - a volcanic rock with a composition between phonotephrite and phonolite
 Tephrite - a silica-undersaturated volcanic rock
 Tonalite - a plagioclase-dominant granitoid
 Trachyandesite - an alkaline intermediate volcanic rock
 Benmoreite - sodic trachyandesite
 Trachybasalt - a volcanic rock with a composition between basalt and trachyte
 Hawaiite - a sodic type of trachybasalt, typically formed by ocean island (hot spot) volcanism
 Trachyte - a silica-undersaturated volcanic rock; essentially a feldspathoid-bearing rhyolite
 Troctolite - a plutonic ultramafic rock containing olivine, pyroxene and plagioclase
 Trondhjemite - a form of tonalite where plagioclase-group feldspar is oligoclase
 Tuff – Rock consolidated from volcanic ash
 Websterite - a type of pyroxenite, composed of clinoproxene and orthopyroxene
 Wehrlite - an ultramafic plutonic or cumulate rock, a type of peridotite, composed of olivine and clinopyroxene

text: Sedimentary[edit]

text:
Argillite – Sedimentary rock, mostly of indurated clay particles
 Arkose – A type of sandstone containing at least 25% feldspar
 Banded iron formation – Distinctive layered units of iron-rich sedimentary rock that are almost always of Precambrian age
 Breccia – Rock composed of broken fragments cemented by a matrix
 Calcarenite – A type of limestone that is composed predominantly of sand-size grains
 Chalk – A soft, white, porous sedimentary rock made of calcium carbonate
 Chert – A hard, fine-grained sedimentary rock composed of crystals of quartz (silica) that are very small
 Claystone - a sedimentary rock formed from clay
 Coal - a sedimentary rock formed from organic matter
 Conglomerate - a sedimentary rock composed of large rounded fragments of other rocks
 Coquina - a sedimentary carbonate rock formed by accumulation of abundant shell fossils and fragments
 Diamictite - a lithified sedimentary deposit with a wide range of grain sizes
 Diatomite - sedimentary rock formed from diatom fossils
 Dolomite or dolostone - a carbonate rock composed of the mineral dolomite +/- calcite
 Evaporite - chemical sedimentary rock formed by accumulation of minerals after evaporation; varieties include rock salt (halitite) and rock gypsum
 Flint – Cryptocrystalline form of the mineral quartz
 Geyserite - opaline silica deposit formed around hot springs and geysers
 Greywacke - a type of sandstone with quartz, feldspar and rock fragments within a clay matrix
 Gritstone - essentially a coarse sandstone formed from small pebbles
 Itacolumite - porous, yellow-orange  sandstone which is flexible if cut into thin strips
 Jaspillite - an iron-rich chemical sedimentary rock similar to chert or banded iron formation
 Laterite - residual sedimentary rock formed from a parent rock under tropical conditions
 Lignite - sedimentary rock composed of 60%- 70% organic material; otherwise known as brown coal
 Limestone – Sedimentary rocks made of calcium carbonate
 Marl – Lime-rich mud or mudstone which contains variable amounts of clays and silt
 Mudstone – Fine grained sedimentary rock whose original constituents were clays or muds
 Oil shale – Organic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rock containing kerogen
 Oolite – Sedimentary rock formed from ooids
 Sandstone – A clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized particles
 Shale – A fine-grained, clastic sedimentary rock
 Siltstone – Sedimentary rock which has a grain size in the silt range
 Sylvinite - sedimentary rock made of a mechanical mixture of the minerals sylvite and halite
 Tillite - lithified glacial till
 Travertine – A form of limestone deposited by mineral springs
 Tufa - porous limestone formed by the precipitation of carbonate minerals from ambient temperature water bodies
 Turbidite – The geologic deposit of a turbidity current
 Wackestone - matrix-supported carbonate sedimentary rock.

text: Metamorphic[edit]

text:
Anthracite – A hard, compact variety of coal that has a submetallic luster
 Amphibolite - a metamorphic rock composed primarily of amphibole
 Blueschist – A metavolcanic rock that forms by the metamorphism of basalt and rocks with similar composition
 Cataclasite - a rock formed by faulting
 Eclogite – A dense, mafic metamorphic rock
 Gneiss – A common high-grade metamorphic rock
 Granulite – A class of high-grade medium to coarse grained metamorphic rocks
 Greenschist - a mafic metamorphic rock dominated by green amphiboles
 Hornfels – A series of contact metamorphic rocks that have been baked and indurated by the heat of intrusive igneous masses
 Calcflinta - a type of hornfels found in the Scottish Highlands
 Litchfieldite - nepheline syenite gneiss
 Marble - a metamorphosed limestone
 Migmatite – A mixture of metamorphic rock and igneous rock
 Mylonite - a metamorphic rock formed by shearing
 Metapelite - a metamorphic rock with a protolith of clay-rich (siltstone) sedimentary rock
 Metapsammite - a metamorphic rock with a protolith of quartz-rich (sandstone) sedimentary rock
 Phyllite - a low grade metamorphic rock composed mostly of micaceous minerals
 Pseudotachylite - a glass formed by melting within a fault via friction
 Quartzite - a metamorphosed sandstone typically composed of >95% quartz
 Schist – Medium grade metamorphic rock with lamellar grain
 Serpentinite – Hydration and metamorphic transformation of igneous rock
 Skarn – Hard, coarse-grained, hydrothermally altered metamorphic rocks
 Slate – A fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous, weakly metamorphic rock - a low grade metamorphic rock formed from shale or silts
 Suevite - a rock formed by partial melting during a meteorite impact
 Talc carbonate - a metamorphosed ultramafic rock with talc as an essential constituent; similar to a serpentinite
 Soapstone - essentially a talc schist
 Whiteschist - a high pressure metamorphic rock containing talc and kyanite

text: Specific varieties of rocks[edit]

text: The following are terms for rocks that are not petrographically or genetically distinct but are defined according to various other criteria; most are specific classes of other rocks, or altered versions of existing rocks. Some archaic and vernacular terms for rocks are also included.

text:
Adamellite - a variety of quartz monzonite
 Appinite - a group of varieties of lamprophyre, mostly rich in hornblende
 Aphanite – Igneous rocks which are so fine-grained that their component mineral crystals are not detectable by the unaided eye
 Borolanite - a variety of nepheline syenite from Loch Borralan, Scotland
 Blue Granite – An igneous rock, specifically a variety of monzonite
 Epidosite – A hydrothermally altered epidote and quartz bearing rock
 Felsite – A very fine grained felsic volcanic rock that may or may not contain larger crystals
 Flint – Cryptocrystalline form of the mineral quartz
 Ganister – Hard, fine-grained quartzose sandstone, or orthoquartzite
 Gossan – Intensely oxidized, weathered or decomposed rock
 Hyaloclastite – A volcaniclastic accumulation or breccia
 Ijolite – An igneous rock consisting essentially of nepheline and augite
 Jadeitite – A metamorphic rock found in blueschist-grade metamorphic terranes
 Jasperoid - a hematite-silica metasomatite analogous to a skarn
 Kenyte - a variety of phonolite, first found on Mount Kenya
 Lapis lazuli - a rock composed of lazurite and other minerals
 Larvikite – An igneous rock, specifically a variety of monzonite
 Litchfieldite - a metamorphosed nepheline syenite occurrence near Litchfield, Maine
 Llanite - a hypabyssal rhyolite with microcline and blue quartz phenocrysts from the Llano Uplift in Texas
 Luxullianite – A rare type of granite - a tourmaline-bearing granite with a peculiar texture, occurring at Luxulyan, Cornwall, England
 Mangerite - a hypersthene-bearing monzonite
 Minette - a variety of lamprophyre
 Novaculite - a type of chert found in Oklahoma, Arkansas and Texas
 Pietersite - A breccia composed of both hawk's eye (blue) and tiger eye (brown) quartz
 Pyrolite - a chemical analogue considered to theoretically represent the earth's upper mantle
 Rapakivi granite - a granite containing crystals of orthoclase, which are mantled by oligoclase
 Rhomb porphyry - a type of latite with euhedral rhombic phenocrysts of feldspar
 Shonkinite - melitilic and kalsititic rocks
 Taconite - banded iron formation, primarily used in the United States of America
 Tachylite - basaltic volcanic glass
 Teschenite - a silica undersaturated, analcime bearing gabbro
 Theralite - a nepheline gabbro
 Unakite - an altered granite
 Variolite - devitrified glass
 Vogesite - a variety of lamprophyre
 Wad - rock rich in manganese oxide or manganese hydroxide


document_title: A Christmas Prince

question_text: where is the christmas prince on netflix filmed

text: A Christmas Prince

text: Plot[edit]

text: An aspiring young journalist, Amber Moore, is sent to the foreign nation of Aldovia to cover a press conference regarding the crown prince Richard, who is set to take the throne following his father's recent death. Richard is alleged to be an irresponsible playboy and is also rumored to be planning to abdicate. Though she hopes it will lead to a big break, the prince fails to appear for the press conference, frustrating the assembled journalists. However, Amber is soon mistaken for the new tutor of the young princess, Emily, and takes the opportunity to go undercover to investigate the rumors of abdication.

text: Emily, who has spina bifida, intentionally tries to prank Amber into quitting, but soon warms up to her after Amber treats her like a normal girl. Amber also meets Richard, whom she is embarrassed to realize that she insulted earlier after he, incognito, stole the cab she had hailed. Amber quickly becomes attracted to Richard upon learning that, contrary to rumors, he is actually a compassionate and responsible family man, though he is indeed reluctant to take the throne. During this time she also learns from Emily that Richard's cousin Simon is next in line for the throne after him, which he sorely wanted; she also encounters Richard's ex Sophia, who Richard suspects was only interested in him for his title as future king

text: Amber is eventually confronted by Emily, who reveals that she knows the truth about her identity. Amber prepares to leave, but Emily agrees to not reveal her secret so long as she exposes Richard for the real person he is and end the negative rumors about him.

text: After Amber follows Richard on horseback through the woods, her horse throws her off and she is nearly attacked by a wolf, only to be saved by Richard. While warming up at his father's old hunting cabin, he reveals to her that he told his father he was going to renounce the throne; they had a fight over the decision, and the king died soon after. After nearly sharing a kiss with him, Amber later goes on to investigate a mysterious poem written by the king and discovers that Richard was secretly adopted. Amber is reluctant to reveal the truth, as it would deeply hurt Richard, but decides to tell him during a walk; he kisses her instead, and she realizes she is in love with him. At the same time, a suspicious Sophia and Simon search Amber's room, discovering not only her true identity but the adoption certificate.

text: At the Christmas Eve Ball, Richard prepares to be crowned, only for Sophia to reveal the adoption and Amber's true identity. Simon asserts himself as next in line for the throne as Richard storms off and rebuffs a repentant Amber's apologies, and she tearfully leaves the palace. The queen reveals to Richard that she adopted him after being told she could not have children, and that she regretted not telling him sooner, but that they considered him their son. The two reconcile, and Richard promises to not let Simon win the throne so easily.

text: Simon marries Sophia, but learns he cannot be crowned until the queen is available to preside over the ceremony. Meanwhile, Amber suspects that she can prove Richard is the rightful king based on clues from the king's poem. She is allowed back into the palace and unearths a secret proclamation declaring Richard as the rightful heir in a Christmas ornament from his late father. The news arrives in time for Richard to be crowned instead.

text: Back home, Amber's piece is spiked for being a puff piece, and she quits, deciding to blog about the true Richard instead. Her blog becomes popular and eventually gains the attention of Richard himself. Amber spends New Year's Eve at her father's diner, where Richard surprises her and proposes to her, which she happily accepts.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Rose McIver as Amber Moore
Ben Lamb as Prince Richard
Tom Knight as Prime Minister Denzil
Sarah Douglas as Mrs. Averill
Daniel Fathers as Rudy Moore
Alice Krige as Queen Helena
Tahirah Sharif as Melissa
Richard Ashton as Mr. Little
Theo Devaney as Count Simon
Vaughn Joseph as Ron
Honor Kneafsey as Princess Emily
Amy Marston as Max Golding
Joel McVeagh as Andy
Emma Louise Saunders as Baroness Sophia
Paul Courtenay Hyu as Deputy Press Secretary Gill

text: Location[edit]

text: Principal photography took place at the Peleş Castle in Romania.

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was released on Netflix on November 17, 2017.[3]

text: Reception[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 83% based on 6 reviews, and an average rating of 6.5/10.[4]


document_title: To the nines

question_text: where did dressed to the nines come from

text: To the nines

text: "To the nines" is an English idiom meaning "to perfection" or "to the highest degree" or to dress "buoyantly and high class". In modern English usage, the phrase most commonly appears as "dressed to the nines" or "dressed up to the nines".[1][2]

text: Origin[edit]

text: The phrase is said to be Scots in origin.[2] The earliest written example of the phrase is from the 1719 Epistle to Ramsay by the Scottish poet William Hamilton:

text:
The bonny Lines therein thou sent me,
How to the nines they did content me.

text: Robert Burns' "Poem on Pastoral Poetry", published posthumously in 1800, also uses the phrase:

text:
Thou paints auld nature to the nines,
In thy sweet Caledonian lines.


document_title: First Continental Congress

question_text: who was asked to oversee the philadelphia convention

text: First Continental Congress

text: Convention

text: The Congress met from September 5 to October 26, 1774. Peyton Randolph presided over the proceedings; Henry Middleton took over as President of the Congress from October 22 to 26. Charles Thomson, leader of Philadelphia Committee of Correspondence, was selected to be Secretary of the Continental Congress.[1]

text: The delegates who attended were not of one mind concerning why they were there. Conservatives such as Joseph Galloway, John Dickinson, John Jay, and Edward Rutledge believed their task to be forging policies to pressure Parliament to rescind its unreasonable acts. Their ultimate goal was to develop a reasonable solution to the difficulties and bring about reconciliation between the Colonies and Great Britain. Others such as Patrick Henry, Roger Sherman, Samuel Adams, and John Adams believed their task to be developing a decisive statement of the rights and liberties of the Colonies. Their ultimate goal was to end what they felt to be the abuses of parliamentary authority, and to retain their rights which had been guaranteed under both Colonial charters and the English constitution.[2]

text: Roger Sherman denied the legislative authority of Parliament, and Patrick Henry believed that the Congress needed to develop a completely new system of government, independent from Great Britain, for the existing Colonial governments were already dissolved.[3] In contrast to these ideas, Joseph Galloway put forward a "Plan of Union" which suggested that an American legislative body be formed with some authority, whose consent would be required for imperial measures.[3][4]

text: Declaration and Resolves

text: In the end, the voices of compromise carried the day. Rather than calling for independence, the First Continental Congress passed and signed the Continental Association in its Declaration and Resolves, which called for a boycott of British goods to take effect in December 1774. It requested that local Committees of Safety enforce the boycott and regulate local prices for goods. These resolutions adopted by the Congress did not endorse any legal power of Parliament to regulate trade, but consented, nonetheless, to the operation of acts for that purpose. Furthermore, they did not repudiate control by the royal prerogative, which was explicitly acknowledged in the Petition to the King a few days later.

text: Accomplishments

text: The Congress had two primary accomplishments. The first was a compact among the Colonies to boycott British goods beginning on December 1, 1774.[5] The West Indies were threatened with a boycott unless the islands agreed to non-importation of British goods.[6] Imports from Britain dropped by 97 percent in 1775, compared with the previous year.[5] Committees of observation and inspection were to be formed in each Colony to ensure compliance with the boycott. All of the Colonial Houses of Assembly approved the proceedings of the Congress, with the exception of New York.[7]

text: If the Intolerable Acts were not repealed, the Colonies would also cease exports to Britain after September 10, 1775.[5] The boycott was successfully implemented, but its potential for altering British colonial policy was cut off by the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War.

text: The second accomplishment of the Congress was to provide for a Second Continental Congress to meet on May 10, 1775. In addition to the Colonies which had sent delegates to the First Continental Congress, the Congress resolved on October 21, 1774, to send letters of invitation to Quebec, Saint John's Island (now Prince Edward Island), Nova Scotia, Georgia, East Florida, and West Florida.[8] However, letters appear to have been sent only to Quebec (three letters in all). None of these other colonies sent delegates to the opening of the Second Congress, though a delegation from Georgia arrived the following July.[9]

text: List of delegates

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
#
Name
Colony
Notes

1
Folsom, NathanielNathaniel Folsom
New Hampshire

2
Sullivan, JohnJohn Sullivan
New Hampshire
3rd and 5th Governor of New Hampshire; general in the Continental Army

3
Adams, JohnJohn Adams
Massachusetts
Lawyer, first Vice-President of the United States and second President

4
Adams, SamuelSamuel Adams
Massachusetts
cousin of John Adams; sometimes called "Father of the American Revolution"

5
Cushing, ThomasThomas Cushing
Massachusetts

6
Paine, Robert TreatRobert Treat Paine
Massachusetts

7
Hopkins, StephenStephen Hopkins
Rhode Island
Authored pamphlet The Rights of the Colonies

8
Ward, SamuelSamuel Ward
Rhode Island

9
Deane, SilasSilas Deane
Connecticut

10
Dyer, EliphaletEliphalet Dyer
Connecticut

11
Sherman, RogerRoger Sherman
Connecticut
Created the Great Compromise and Three-Fifths Compromise at the Constitutional Convention; Congressman; a member of the Committee of Five who presented the Declaration of Independence

12
Duane, JamesJames Duane
New York
Appointed by the Committee of Fifty-one of the City and County of New York and authorized by the counties of Albany, Duchess, and Westchester

13
Jay, JohnJohn Jay
New York
Lawyer; First Chief Justice of the United States; co-author of The Federalist Papers; appointed by the Committee of Fifty-one of the City and County of New York and authorized by the counties of Albany, Duchess, and Westchester

14
Livingston, PhilipPhilip Livingston
New York
Appointed by the Committee of Fifty-one of the City and County of New York and authorized by the counties of Albany, Duchess, and Westchester

15
Low, IsaacIsaac Low
New York
Appointed by the Committee of Fifty-one of the City and County of New York and authorized by the counties of Albany, Duchess, and Westchester

16
Boerum, SimonSimon Boerum
New York

17
Haring, JohnJohn Haring
New York
Appointed by the General Meeting of all the Committees of the County of Orange

18
Wisner, HenryHenry Wisner
New York
Appointed by the General Meeting of all the Committees of the County of Orange

19
Floyd, WilliamWilliam Floyd
New York
For Suffolk County

20
Alsop, JohnJohn Alsop
New York
Appointed by the Committee of Fifty-one of the City and County of New York and authorized by the counties of Albany, Duchess, and Westchester

21
Crane, StephenStephen Crane
New Jersey

22
De Hart, JohnJohn De Hart
New Jersey

23
Kinsey, JamesJames Kinsey
New Jersey

24
Livingston, WilliamWilliam Livingston
New Jersey

25
Smith, RichardRichard Smith
New Jersey

26
Biddle, EdwardEdward Biddle
Pennsylvania

27
Dickinson, JohnJohn Dickinson
Pennsylvania
author of Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania

28
Galloway, JosephJoseph Galloway
Pennsylvania
Originator of the Galloway Plan of Union

29
Humphreys, CharlesCharles Humphreys
Pennsylvania

30
Mifflin, ThomasThomas Mifflin
Pennsylvania
Later served as the first governor of Pennsylvania; Quartermaster general of the U.S. Army

31
Morton, JohnJohn Morton
Pennsylvania

32
Rhoads, SamuelSamuel Rhoads
Pennsylvania

33
Ross, GeorgeGeorge Ross
Pennsylvania

34
McKean, ThomasThomas McKean
Delaware

35
Read, GeorgeGeorge Read
Delaware

36
Rodney, CaesarCaesar Rodney
Delaware

37
Chase, SamuelSamuel Chase
Maryland
Later served as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court

38
Goldsborough, RobertRobert Goldsborough
Maryland

39
Johnson, ThomasThomas Johnson
Maryland

40
Paca, WilliamWilliam Paca
Maryland

41
Tilghman, MatthewMatthew Tilghman
Maryland

42
Bland, RichardRichard Bland
Virginia

43
Harrison, BenjaminBenjamin Harrison
Virginia
Later served as the fifth governor of Virginia; father of President William Henry Harrison and great-grandfather of President Benjamin Harrison

44
Henry, PatrickPatrick Henry
Virginia
Creator of the Virginia Stamp Act Resolutions

45
Lee, Richard HenryRichard Henry Lee
Virginia

46
Pendleton, EdmundEdmund Pendleton
Virginia

47
Randolph, PeytonPeyton Randolph
Virginia
Served as President of this First Continental Congress

48
Washington, GeorgeGeorge Washington
Virginia
Future commander of the Continental Army; first President of the United States

49
Caswell, RichardRichard Caswell
North Carolina

50
Hewes, JosephJoseph Hewes
North Carolina
Secretary of Naval Affairs Committee in 1776

51
Hooper, WilliamWilliam Hooper
North Carolina

52
Gadsden, ChristopherChristopher Gadsden
South Carolina

53
Lynch Jr., ThomasThomas Lynch Jr.
South Carolina

54
Middleton, HenryHenry Middleton
South Carolina

55
Rutledge, EdwardEdward Rutledge
South Carolina

56
Rutledge, JohnJohn Rutledge
South Carolina
Second Chief Justice; Associate Justice; first Governor of South Carolina


document_title: List of claimed first novels in English

question_text: what is the first novel of english literature

text: List of claimed first novels in English

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The following works of literature have each been claimed as the first novel in English.

text:
Thomas Malory, Le Morte d'Arthur, (written c. 1470, published 1485)
William Baldwin, Beware the Cat, (written 1553, published 1570, 1584)[1]
John Lyly, Euphues: The Anatomy of Wit (1578) and Euphues and his England (1580) [2]
Philip Sidney, The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia (1581)
Margaret Cavendish, The Blazing World (1666)
John Bunyan, The Pilgrim's Progress (1678)[3]
Aphra Behn, Oroonoko (1688)[4]
Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe (1719)[5]
Daniel Defoe, Moll Flanders (1722)
Samuel Richardson, Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded (1740)[6]

text: The following are some other early long works of prose fiction in English:

text:
William Caxton's 1483 translation of Geoffroy de la Tour Landry, The Book of the Knight of the Tower (originally in French)
Thomas Nashe, The Unfortunate Traveller, or The Life of Jack Wilton (1594)
Jonathan Swift, A Tale of a Tub (1704)
Daniel Defoe, The Consolidator (1705)
Jonathan Swift, Gulliver's Travels (1726)

text: There are multiple candidates for first novel in English partly because of ignorance of earlier works, but largely because the term novel can be defined so as to exclude earlier candidates:

text:
Some critics require a novel to be wholly original and so exclude retellings like Le Morte d'Arthur.
Most critics distinguish between an anthology of stories with different protagonists, even if joined by common themes and milieus, and the novel (which forms a connected narrative), and so also exclude Le Morte d'Arthur.
Some critics distinguish between the romance (which has fantastic elements) and the novel (which is wholly realistic) and so yet again exclude Le Morte d'Arthur.
Some critics distinguish between the allegory (in which characters and events have political, religious or other meanings) and the novel (in which characters and events stand only for themselves) and so exclude The Pilgrim's Progress and A Tale of a Tub.
Some critics require a novel to have a certain length, and so exclude Oroonoko, defining it instead as a novella.
Some critics distinguish between the picaresque (which has a loosely connected sequence of episodes) and the novel (which has unity of structure) and so exclude The Unfortunate Traveller.

text: Due to the influence of Ian Watt's seminal study in literary sociology, The Rise of the Novel: Studies in Defoe, Richardson and Fielding (1957), Watt's candidate, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe (1719), gained wide acceptance.


document_title: Northern Ireland at the FIFA World Cup

question_text: when was the last time northern ireland were in the world cup

text: Northern Ireland at the FIFA World Cup

text: Record at the FIFA World Cup[edit]

text:
Year
Round
Position
GP
W
D*
L
GF
GA

 1930
Did not enter

 1934

 1938

 1950
Did not qualify

 1954

 1958
Quarter-finals
7th
5
2
1
2
6
10

 1962
Did not qualify

 1966

 1970

 1974

 1978

 1982
Second round
9th
5
1
3
1
5
7

 1986
Group stage
21st
3
0
1
2
2
6

 1990
Did not qualify

 1994

 1998

  2002

 2006

 2010

 2014

 2018

 2022
To be determined

   2026

Total
3/21
-
13
3
5
5
13
23

text: By Match[edit]

text:
World Cup

Round

Opponent

Score

Result

Venue

Scorers

1958
Group stage
 Czechoslovakia
1–0
W
Halmstad
W. Cush

 Argentina
1–3
L
Halmstad
P. McParland

 West Germany
2–2
D
Malmö
P. McParland (2)

 Czechoslovakia
2–1 (a.e.t.)
W
Malmö
P. McParland (2)

Quarter-finals
 France
0–4
L
Norrköping
&—

1982
Group stage
 Yugoslavia
0–0
D
Zaragoza
&—

 Honduras
1–1
D
Zaragoza
G. Armstrong

 Spain
1–0
W
Valencia
G. Armstrong

Second round
 Austria
2–2
D
Madrid
B. Hamilton (2)

 France
1–4
L
Madrid
G. Armstrong

1986
Group stage
 Algeria
1–1
D
Guadalajara
N. Whiteside

 Spain
1–2
L
Guadalajara
C. Clarke

 Brazil
0–3
L
Guadalajara
&—

text: Record by Opponent[edit]

text:
FIFA World Cup matches (by team)

Opponent

Wins

Draws

Losses

Total

Goals Scored

Goals Conceded

 Algeria
0
1
0
1
1
1

 Argentina
0
0
1
1
1
3

 Austria
0
1
0
1
2
2

 Brazil
0
0
1
1
0
3

 Czechoslovakia
2
0
0
2
3
1

 France
0
0
2
2
1
8

 Honduras
0
1
0
1
1
1

 Spain
1
0
1
2
2
2

 West Germany
0
1
0
1
2
2

 Yugoslavia
0
1
0
1
0
0

text: Northern Ireland at Sweden 1958[edit]

text:
showvteNorthern Ireland squad  –  1958 FIFA World Cup
1 Gregg
2 Cunningham
3 McMichael
4 Blanchflower (c)
5 Keith
6 Peacock
7 Bingham
8 Cush
9 Simpson
10 McIlroy
11 McParland
12 Uprichard
13 Casey
14 Scott
15 McCrory
16 Dougan
17 Coyle
18 Rea
19 Graham
20 Chapman
21 Hamill
22 Trainor
Coach: Doherty

text: First round[edit]

text: Group 1[edit]

text:
Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GAv

Pts

 West Germany

3
1
2
0
7
5
1.40
4

 Northern Ireland

3
1
1
1
4
5
0.80
3

 Czechoslovakia

3
1
1
1
8
4
2.00
3

 Argentina

3
1
0
2
5
10
0.50
2

text:
Northern Ireland

1 – 0

 Czechoslovakia

Cush  21'

Report

text:
Argentina

3 – 1

 Northern Ireland

Corbatta  37' (pen.)Menéndez  56'Avio  60'

Report

McParland  4'

text: Play-off[edit]

text:
Northern Ireland

2–1 (a.e.t.)

 Czechoslovakia

McParland  44', 97'

Report

Zikán  18'

text:
West Germany

2 – 2

 Northern Ireland

Rahn  20'Seeler  78'

Report

McParland  18', 60'

text: Quarter-final 1958 World Cup[edit]

text:
France

4 – 0

 Northern Ireland

Wisnieski  22'Fontaine  55', 63'Piantoni  68'

Report

text: Northern Ireland at 1982 World Cup[edit]

text: Squad[edit]

text: Head coach: Billy Bingham

text:
No.

Pos.

Player

Date of birth (age)

Caps

Club

1

1GK

Pat Jennings

 (1945-06-12)12 June 1945 (aged 37)

 Arsenal

2

2DF

Jimmy Nicholl

 (1956-02-28)28 February 1956 (aged 26)

 Toronto Blizzard

3

2DF

Mal Donaghy

 (1957-09-13)13 September 1957 (aged 24)

 Luton Town

4

3MF

David McCreery

 (1957-09-16)16 September 1957 (aged 24)

 Tulsa Roughnecks

5

2DF

Chris Nicholl

 (1946-10-12)12 October 1946 (aged 35)

 Southampton

6

2DF

John O'Neill

 (1958-03-11)11 March 1958 (aged 24)

 Leicester City

7

3MF

Noel Brotherston

 (1956-11-18)18 November 1956 (aged 25)

 Blackburn Rovers

8

3MF

Martin O'Neill (c)

 (1952-03-01)1 March 1952 (aged 30)

 Norwich City

9

4FW

Gerry Armstrong

 (1954-05-23)23 May 1954 (aged 28)

 Watford

10

3MF

Sammy McIlroy

 (1954-08-02)2 August 1954 (aged 27)

 Stoke City

11

4FW

Billy Hamilton

 (1957-05-09)9 May 1957 (aged 25)

 Burnley

12

2DF

John McClelland

 (1955-12-07)7 December 1955 (aged 26)

 Rangers

13

2DF

Sammy Nelson

 (1949-04-01)1 April 1949 (aged 33)

 Brighton

14

3MF

Tommy Cassidy

 (1950-11-18)18 November 1950 (aged 31)

 Burnley

15

3MF

Tommy Finney

 (1952-11-06)6 November 1952 (aged 29)

 Cambridge United

16

3MF

Norman Whiteside

 (1965-05-07)7 May 1965 (aged 17)

 Manchester United

17

1GK

Jim Platt

 (1952-01-26)26 January 1952 (aged 30)

 Middlesbrough

18

3MF

Johnny Jameson

 (1958-03-11)11 March 1958 (aged 24)

 Glentoran

19

4FW

Felix Healy

 (1955-09-27)27 September 1955 (aged 26)

 Coleraine

20

3MF

Jim Cleary

 (1956-05-27)27 May 1956 (aged 26)

 Glentoran

21

4FW

Bobby Campbell

 (1956-09-13)13 September 1956 (aged 25)

 Bradford City

22

1GK

George Dunlop

 (1956-01-16)16 January 1956 (aged 26)

 Linfield

text: Matches[edit]

text:
Yugoslavia

0–0

 Northern Ireland

Report

text:
Honduras

1–1

 Northern Ireland

Laing  60'

Report

Armstrong  10'

text:
Spain

0–1

 Northern Ireland

Report

Armstrong  47'

text:
Austria

2–2

 Northern Ireland

Pezzey  50'Hintermaier  68'

Report

Hamilton  27', 75'

text:
Northern Ireland

1–4

 France

Armstrong  75'

Report

Giresse  33', 80'Rocheteau  46', 68'

text: Northern Ireland at 1986 World Cup[edit]

text: Squad[edit]

text: Head coach: Billy Bingham

text:
No.

Pos.

Player

Date of birth (age)

Caps

Club

1

1GK

Pat Jennings

 (1945-06-12)12 June 1945 (aged 40)

 Tottenham Hotspur

2

2DF

Jimmy Nicholl

 (1956-12-28)28 December 1956 (aged 29)

 West Bromwich Albion

3

2DF

Mal Donaghy

 (1957-09-13)13 September 1957 (aged 28)

 Luton Town

4

2DF

John O'Neill

 (1958-03-11)11 March 1958 (aged 28)

 Leicester City

5

2DF

Alan McDonald

 (1963-10-12)12 October 1963 (aged 22)

 Queens Park Rangers

6

3MF

David McCreery

 (1957-09-16)16 September 1957 (aged 28)

 Newcastle United

7

3MF

Steve Penney

 (1964-01-16)16 January 1964 (aged 22)

 Brighton

8

3MF

Sammy McIlroy (c)

 (1954-08-02)2 August 1954 (aged 31)

 Manchester City

9

4FW

Jimmy Quinn

 (1959-11-18)18 November 1959 (aged 26)

 Blackburn Rovers

10

3MF

Norman Whiteside

 (1965-05-07)7 May 1965 (aged 21)

 Manchester United

11

4FW

Ian Stewart

 (1961-09-10)10 September 1961 (aged 24)

 Newcastle United

12

1GK

Jim Platt

 (1952-01-26)26 January 1952 (aged 34)

 Coleraine

13

1GK

Philip Hughes

 (1964-11-19)19 November 1964 (aged 21)

 Bury

14

4FW

Gerry Armstrong

 (1954-05-23)23 May 1954 (aged 32)

 Tottenham Hotspur

15

3MF

Nigel Worthington

 (1961-11-04)4 November 1961 (aged 24)

 Sheffield Wednesday

16

3MF

Paul Ramsey

 (1962-09-03)3 September 1962 (aged 23)

 Leicester City

17

4FW

Colin Clarke

 (1962-10-30)30 October 1962 (aged 23)

 Bournemouth

18

2DF

John McClelland

 (1955-12-07)7 December 1955 (aged 30)

 Watford

19

4FW

Billy Hamilton

 (1957-05-09)9 May 1957 (aged 29)

 Oxford United

20

2DF

Bernard McNally

 (1963-02-17)17 February 1963 (aged 23)

 Shrewsbury Town

21

3MF

David Campbell

 (1965-06-02)2 June 1965 (aged 20)

 Nottingham Forest

22

4FW

Mark Caughey

 (1960-08-31)31 August 1960 (aged 25)

 Linfield

text: Matches[edit]

text:
Algeria

1 – 1

 Northern Ireland

Zidane  59'

Report

Whiteside  6'

text:
Northern Ireland

1 – 2

 Spain

Clarke  46'

Report

Butragueño  1'Salinas  18'

text:
Northern Ireland

0 – 3

 Brazil

Report

Careca  15', 87'Josimar  42'

text: Record players[edit]

text: One of Northern Ireland's record World Cup players, Norman Whiteside, also holds the record for the youngest player ever to appear in the tournament. When he was fielded against Yugoslavia, he was only 17 years and 41 days old.

text:
No.

Name

Matches

World Cups

1

Billy Hamilton
8
1982 and 1986

David McCreery
8
1982 and 1986

Sammy McIlroy
8
1982 and 1986

Jimmy Nicholl
8
1982 and 1986

Norman Whiteside
8
1982 and 1986

6

Mal Donaghy
7
1982 and 1986

Pat Jennings
7
1982 and 1986

8
Gerry Armstrong
6
1982 and 1986

9
Eleven players
5

text: Top goalscorers[edit]

text:
No.

Name

Goals

World Cups

1
Peter McParland
5
1958

2
Gerry Armstrong
3
1982

3

Wilbur Cush
1
1958

Billy Hamilton
1
1982

Colin Clarke
1
1986

Norman Whiteside
1
1986


document_title: Golden Gate Bridge

question_text: distance from golden gate bridge to the water

text: Golden Gate Bridge

text: History

text: Ferry service

text: Before the bridge was built, the only practical short route between San Francisco and what is now Marin County was by boat across a section of San Francisco Bay. A ferry service began as early as 1820, with a regularly scheduled service beginning in the 1840s for the purpose of transporting water to San Francisco.[10]

text: The Sausalito Land and Ferry Company service, launched in 1867, eventually became the Golden Gate Ferry Company, a Southern Pacific Railroad subsidiary, the largest ferry operation in the world by the late 1920s.[10][11] Once for railroad passengers and customers only, Southern Pacific's automobile ferries became very profitable and important to the regional economy.[12] The ferry crossing between the Hyde Street Pier in San Francisco and Sausalito in Marin County took approximately 20 minutes and cost US$1.00 per vehicle, a price later reduced to compete with the new bridge.[13] The trip from the San Francisco Ferry Building took 27 minutes.

text: Many wanted to build a bridge to connect San Francisco to Marin County. San Francisco was the largest American city still served primarily by ferry boats. Because it did not have a permanent link with communities around the bay, the city's growth rate was below the national average.[14] Many experts said that a bridge could not be built across the 6,700 ft (2,042 m) strait, which had strong, swirling tides and currents, with water 372 ft (113 m) deep[15] at the center of the channel, and frequent strong winds. Experts said that ferocious winds and blinding fogs would prevent construction and operation.[14]

text: Conception

text: Although the idea of a bridge spanning the Golden Gate was not new, the proposal that eventually took hold was made in a 1916 San Francisco Bulletin article by former engineering student James Wilkins.[16] San Francisco's City Engineer estimated the cost at $100 million, which would have been $2.12 billion in 2009, and impractical for the time. He asked bridge engineers whether it could be built for less.[10] One who responded, Joseph Strauss, was an ambitious engineer and poet who had, for his graduate thesis, designed a 55-mile-long (89 km) railroad bridge across the Bering Strait.[17] At the time, Strauss had completed some 400 drawbridges—most of which were inland—and nothing on the scale of the new project.[3] Strauss's initial drawings[16] were for a massive cantilever on each side of the strait, connected by a central suspension segment, which Strauss promised could be built for $17 million.[10]

text: Local authorities agreed to proceed only on the assurance that Strauss would alter the design and accept input from several consulting project experts.[citation needed] A suspension-bridge design was considered the most practical, because of recent advances in metallurgy.[10]

text: Strauss spent more than a decade drumming up support in Northern California.[18] The bridge faced opposition, including litigation, from many sources. The Department of War was concerned that the bridge would interfere with ship traffic. The navy feared that a ship collision or sabotage to the bridge could block the entrance to one of its main harbors. Unions demanded guarantees that local workers would be favored for construction jobs. Southern Pacific Railroad, one of the most powerful business interests in California, opposed the bridge as competition to its ferry fleet and filed a lawsuit against the project, leading to a mass boycott of the ferry service.[10]

text: In May 1924, Colonel Herbert Deakyne held the second hearing on the Bridge on behalf of the Secretary of War in a request to use federal land for construction. Deakyne, on behalf of the Secretary of War, approved the transfer of land needed for the bridge structure and leading roads to the "Bridging the Golden Gate Association" and both San Francisco County and Marin County, pending further bridge plans by Strauss.[19] Another ally was the fledgling automobile industry, which supported the development of roads and bridges to increase demand for automobiles.[13]

text: The bridge's name was first used when the project was initially discussed in 1917 by M.M. O'Shaughnessy, city engineer of San Francisco, and Strauss. The name became official with the passage of the Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District Act by the state legislature in 1923, creating a special district to design, build and finance the bridge.[20] San Francisco and most of the counties along the North Coast of California joined the Golden Gate Bridge District, with the exception being Humboldt County, whose residents opposed the bridge's construction and the traffic it would generate.[21]

text: Design

text: Strauss was chief engineer in charge of overall design and construction of the bridge project.[14] However, because he had little understanding or experience with cable-suspension designs,[22] responsibility for much of the engineering and architecture fell on other experts. Strauss's initial design proposal (two double cantilever spans linked by a central suspension segment) was unacceptable from a visual standpoint. The final graceful suspension design was conceived and championed by Leon Moisseiff, the engineer of the Manhattan Bridge in New York City.[23]

text: Irving Morrow, a relatively unknown residential architect, designed the overall shape of the bridge towers, the lighting scheme, and Art Deco elements, such as the tower decorations, streetlights, railing, and walkways. The famous International Orange color was originally used as a sealant for the bridge.[24] The US Navy had wanted it to be painted with black and yellow stripes to ensure visibility by passing ships.[14]

text: Senior engineer Charles Alton Ellis, collaborating remotely with Moisseiff, was the principal engineer of the project.[25] Moisseiff produced the basic structural design, introducing his "deflection theory" by which a thin, flexible roadway would flex in the wind, greatly reducing stress by transmitting forces via suspension cables to the bridge towers.[25] Although the Golden Gate Bridge design has proved sound, a later Moisseiff design, the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge, collapsed in a strong windstorm soon after it was completed, because of an unexpected aeroelastic flutter.[26] Ellis was also tasked with designing a "bridge within a bridge" in the southern abutment, to avoid the need to demolish Fort Point, a pre–Civil War masonry fortification viewed, even then, as worthy of historic preservation. He penned a graceful steel arch spanning the fort and carrying the roadway to the bridge's southern anchorage.[27]

text: Ellis was a Greek scholar and mathematician who at one time was a University of Illinois professor of engineering despite having no engineering degree. He eventually earned a degree in civil engineering from the University of Illinois prior to designing the Golden Gate Bridge and spent the last twelve years of his career as a professor at Purdue University. He became an expert in structural design, writing the standard textbook of the time.[28] Ellis did much of the technical and theoretical work that built the bridge, but he received none of the credit in his lifetime. In November 1931, Strauss fired Ellis and replaced him with a former subordinate, Clifford Paine, ostensibly for wasting too much money sending telegrams back and forth to Moisseiff.[28] Ellis, obsessed with the project and unable to find work elsewhere during the Depression, continued working 70 hours per week on an unpaid basis, eventually turning in ten volumes of hand calculations.[28]

text: With an eye toward self-promotion and posterity, Strauss downplayed the contributions of his collaborators who, despite receiving little recognition or compensation,[22] are largely responsible for the final form of the bridge. He succeeded in having himself credited as the person most responsible for the design and vision of the bridge.[28] Only much later were the contributions of the others on the design team properly appreciated.[28] In May 2007, the Golden Gate Bridge District issued a formal report on 70 years of stewardship of the famous bridge and decided to give Ellis major credit for the design of the bridge.

text: Finance

text: The Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District, authorized by an act of the California Legislature, was incorporated in 1928 as the official entity to design, construct, and finance the Golden Gate Bridge.[14] However, after the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the District was unable to raise the construction funds, so it lobbied for a $30 million bond measure. The bonds were approved in November 1930,[17] by votes in the counties affected by the bridge.[29] The construction budget at the time of approval was $27 million. However, the District was unable to sell the bonds until 1932, when Amadeo Giannini, the founder of San Francisco–based Bank of America, agreed on behalf of his bank to buy the entire issue in order to help the local economy.[10]

text: Construction

text: Construction began on January 5, 1933.[10] The project cost more than $35 million,[30] ($493 million in 2016 dollars[31]) completing ahead of schedule and $1.3 million under budget.[32] The Golden Gate Bridge construction project was carried out by the McClintic-Marshall Construction Co., a subsidiary of Bethlehem Steel Corporation founded by Howard H. McClintic and Charles D. Marshall, both of Lehigh University.

text: Strauss remained head of the project, overseeing day-to-day construction and making some groundbreaking contributions. A graduate of the University of Cincinnati, he placed a brick from his alma mater's demolished McMicken Hall in the south anchorage before the concrete was poured. He innovated the use of movable safety netting beneath the construction site, which saved the lives of many otherwise-unprotected ironworkers. Of eleven men killed from falls during construction, ten were killed on February 17, 1937, when the bridge was near completion when the net failed under the stress of a scaffold that had fallen.[33] According to Travel Channel's Monumental Mysteries, the workers' platform that was attached to a rolling hanger on a track collapsed when the bolts that were connected to the track were too small and the amount of weight was too great to bear. The platform fell into the safety net, but was too heavy and the net gave way. Two out of the twelve workers survived the 200-foot (61 m) fall into the icy waters, including the 37-year-old foreman, Slim Lambert. Nineteen others who were saved by the net over the course of construction became members of their Half Way to Hell Club.[34]

text: The project was finished and opened May 27, 1937. The Bridge Round House diner was then included in the southeastern end of the Golden Gate Bridge, adjacent to the tourist plaza which was renovated in 2012.[35] The Bridge Round House, an Art Deco design by Alfred Finnila completed in 1938, has been popular throughout the years as a starting point for various commercial tours of the bridge and an unofficial gift shop.[36] The diner was renovated in 2012[35] and the gift shop was then removed as a new, official gift shop has been included in the adjacent plaza.[36]

text: During the bridge work, the Assistant Civil Engineer of California Alfred Finnila had overseen the entire iron work of the bridge as well as half of the bridge's road work.[37] With the death of Jack Balestreri in April 2012, all workers involved in the original construction are now deceased.

text: Opening festivities, 50th, and 75th anniversaries

text: The bridge-opening celebration began on May 27, 1937 and lasted for one week. The day before vehicle traffic was allowed, 200,000 people crossed either on foot or on roller skates.[10] On opening day, Mayor Angelo Rossi and other officials rode the ferry to Marin, then crossed the bridge in a motorcade past three ceremonial "barriers", the last a blockade of beauty queens who required Joseph Strauss to present the bridge to the Highway District before allowing him to pass. An official song, "There's a Silver Moon on the Golden Gate", was chosen to commemorate the event. Strauss wrote a poem that is now on the Golden Gate Bridge entitled "The Mighty Task is Done." The next day, President Roosevelt pushed a button in Washington, D.C. signaling the official start of vehicle traffic over the Bridge at noon. As the celebration got out of hand there was a small riot in the uptown Polk Gulch area. Weeks of civil and cultural activities called "the Fiesta" followed. A statue of Strauss was moved in 1955 to a site near the bridge.[16]

text: In May 1987, as part of the 50th anniversary celebration, the Golden Gate Bridge district again closed the bridge to automobile traffic and allowed pedestrians to cross the bridge. However, this celebration attracted 750,000 to 1,000,000 people, and ineffective crowd control meant the bridge became congested with roughly 300,000 people, causing the center span of the bridge to flatten out under the weight.[38] Although the bridge is designed to flex in that way under heavy loads, and was estimated not to have exceeded 40% of the yielding stress of the suspension cables,[39] bridge officials stated that uncontrolled pedestrian access was not being considered as part of the 75th anniversary on Sunday, May 27, 2012,[40][41][42] because of the additional law enforcement costs required "since 9/11".[43]

text:
A pedestrian poses at the old railing on opening day, 1937

Play media

Opening of the Golden Gate Bridge

Official invitation to the opening of the bridge. This copy was sent to the City of Seattle

text: Structural specifications

text: Until 1964, the Golden Gate Bridge had the longest suspension bridge main span in the world, at 4,200 feet (1,300 m). Since 1964 its main span length has been surpassed by ten bridges; it now has the second-longest main span in the United States, after the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge in New York City. The total length of the Golden Gate Bridge from abutment to abutment is 8,981 feet (2,737 m).[44]

text: The Golden Gate Bridge's clearance above high water averages 220 feet (67 m) while its towers, at 746 feet (227 m) above the water,[44] were the world's tallest on a suspension bridge until 1993 when it was surpassed by the Mezcala Bridge, in Mexico. The Golden Gate Bridge remains the tallest bridge in the United States.

text: The weight of the roadway is hung from 250 pairs of vertical suspender ropes, which are attached to two main cables. The main cables pass over the two main towers and are fixed in concrete at each end. Each cable is made of 27,572 strands of wire. The total length of galvanized steel wire used to fabricate both main cables is estimated to be 80,000 miles (130,000 km).[44]

text: The bridge has approximately 1,200,000 total rivets.[citation needed]

text: Aesthetics

text: The color of the bridge is officially an orange vermilion called international orange.[45] The color was selected by consulting architect Irving Morrow[46] because it complements the natural surroundings and enhances the bridge's visibility in fog. Aesthetics was the foremost reason why the first design of Joseph Strauss was rejected. Upon re-submission of his bridge construction plan, he added details, such as lighting, to outline the bridge's cables and towers.[47] In 1999, it was ranked fifth on the List of America's Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects.

text: The bridge was originally painted with red lead primer and a lead-based topcoat, which was touched up as required. In the mid-1960s, a program was started to improve corrosion protection by stripping the original paint and repainting the bridge with zinc silicate primer and vinyl topcoats.[48][45] Since 1990, acrylic topcoats have been used instead for air-quality reasons. The program was completed in 1995 and it is now maintained by 38 painters who touch up the paintwork where it becomes seriously corroded.[49]

text:
A view of the Golden Gate Bridge from the Marin Headlands on a foggy morning at sunrise

View of the northern tower of the bridge

text: Traffic

text: Most maps and signage mark the bridge as part of the concurrency between U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1. Although part of the National Highway System, the bridge is not officially part of California's Highway System.[50] For example, under the California Streets and Highways Code § 401, Route 101 ends at "the approach to the Golden Gate Bridge" and then resumes at "a point in Marin County opposite San Francisco". The Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District has jurisdiction over the segment of highway that crosses the bridge instead of the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans).

text: The movable median barrier between the lanes is moved several times daily to conform to traffic patterns. On weekday mornings, traffic flows mostly southbound into the city, so four of the six lanes run southbound. Conversely, on weekday afternoons, four lanes run northbound. During off-peak periods and weekends, traffic is split with three lanes in each direction.[51]

text: From 1968 to 2015, opposing traffic was separated by small, plastic pylons, and during that time, there were 16 fatalities resulting from 128 head-on collisions.[52] To improve safety, the speed limit on the Golden Gate Bridge was reduced from 50 to 45 mph (80 to 72 km/h) on October 1, 1983.[53] Although there had been discussion concerning the installation of a movable barrier since the 1980s, only in March 2005 did the Bridge Board of Directors commit to finding funding to complete the $2 million study required prior to the installation of a movable median barrier.[52] Installation of the resulting barrier was completed on January 11, 2015, following a closure of 45.5 hours to private vehicle traffic, the longest in the bridge's history. The new barrier system, including the zipper trucks, cost approximately $30.3 million to purchase and install.[52][54]

text: Usage and tourism

text: The bridge is popular with pedestrians and bicyclists, and was built with walkways on either side of the six vehicle traffic lanes. Initially, they were separated from the traffic lanes by only a metal curb, but railings between the walkways and the traffic lanes were added in 2003, primarily as a measure to prevent bicyclists from falling into the roadway.[55]

text: The main walkway is on the eastern side, and is open for use by both pedestrians and bicycles in the morning to mid-afternoon during weekdays (5 am to 3:30 pm), and to pedestrians only for the remaining daylight hours (until 6 pm, or 9 pm during DST). The eastern walkway is reserved for pedestrians on weekends (5 am to 6 pm, or 9 pm during DST), and is open exclusively to bicyclists in the evening and overnight, when it is closed to pedestrians. The western walkway is open only for bicyclists and only during the hours when they are not allowed on the eastern walkway.[56]

text: Bus service across the bridge is provided by two public transportation agencies: San Francisco Muni and Golden Gate Transit. Muni offers Saturday and Sunday service on the Marin Headlands Express bus line, and Golden Gate Transit runs numerous bus lines throughout the week.[57][58] The southern end of the bridge, near the toll plaza and parking lot, is also accessible daily from 5:30 a.m. to midnight by Muni line 28.[59] The Marin Airporter, a private company, also offers service across the bridge between Marin County and San Francisco International Airport.[60]

text: A visitor center and gift shop, dubbed the "Bridge Pavilion", is located on the San Francisco side of the bridge, adjacent to the southeast parking lot. It opened in 2012, in time for the bridge's 75th anniversary celebration. A cafe, outdoor exhibits, and restroom facilities are located nearby.[61] On the Marin side of the bridge, only accessible from the northbound lanes, is the H. Dana Bower Rest Area and Vista Point,[62] named after the first landscape architect for the California Division of Highways.[63]

text: Lands and waters under and around the bridge are homes to varieties of wildlife such as bobcats and sea lions.[64][65] Three species of cetaceans that had been absent in the area for many years show recent recoveries/(re)colonizations vicinity to the bridge, and researchers study them to strengthen protections, concerning actions by public and recommending to watch whales either from the bridge and nearby, or to use a local whale watching operator.[66][67][68]

text: Tolls

text: The last of the construction bonds were retired in 1971, with $35 million in principal and nearly $39 million in interest raised entirely from bridge tolls.[53]

text: In November 2006, the Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District recommended a corporate sponsorship program for the bridge to address its operating deficit, projected at $80 million over five years. The District promised that the proposal, which it called a "partnership program," would not include changing the name of the bridge or placing advertising on the bridge itself. In October 2007, the Board unanimously voted to discontinue the proposal and seek additional revenue through other means, most likely a toll increase.[69][70]

text: In an effort to save $19.2 million over the following 10 years, the Golden Gate District voted in January 2011 to eliminate all toll takers by 2012 and use only open road tolling.[71] Subsequently, this was delayed and toll taker elimination occurred in March 2013. The cost savings have been revised to $19 million over an eight-year period. In addition to the FasTrak electronic toll collection system, the Golden Gate District implemented the use of license plate tolling (branded as "Pay-by-Plate"), and also a one time payment system for drivers to pay before or after their trip on the bridge. Twenty-eight positions were eliminated as part of this plan.[72]

text: On April 7, 2014, the toll for users of FasTrak was increased from $5 to $6, while the toll for drivers using either the license plate tolling or the one time payment system was raised from $6 to $7. Bicycle, pedestrian, and northbound motor vehicle traffic remain toll free. For vehicles with more than two axles, the toll rate is $7 per axle for those using license plate tolling or the one time payment system, and $6 per axle for FasTrak users. During peak traffic hours, carpool vehicles carrying two or more people and motorcycles pay a discounted toll of $4; drivers must have Fastrak to take advantage of this carpool rate.[72] The Golden Gate Transportation District then planned to increase the tolls by 25 cents in July 2015, and then by another 25 cents each of the next three years.[73]

text:
Golden Gate Bridge toll increases (2014–18)[73][74]

Effective date
FasTrak
Toll-by-plate
Carpool
Multi-axle vehicle

April 7, 2014
$6.00
$7.00
$4.00
$7.00 per axle

July 1, 2015
$6.25
$7.25
$4.25
$7.25 per axle

July 1, 2016
$6.50
$7.50
$4.50
$7.50 per axle

July 1, 2017
$6.75
$7.75
$4.75
$7.75 per axle

July 1, 2018
$7.00
$8.00
$5.00
$8.00 per axle

text: Congestion pricing

text: In March 2008, the Golden Gate Bridge District board approved a resolution to start congestion pricing at the Golden Gate Bridge, charging higher tolls during the peak hours, but rising and falling depending on traffic levels. This decision allowed the Bay Area to meet the federal requirement to receive $158 million in federal transportation funds from USDOT Urban Partnership grant.[75] As a condition of the grant, the congestion toll was to be in place by September 2009.[76][77]

text: The first results of the study, called the Mobility, Access and Pricing Study (MAPS), showed that a congestion pricing program is feasible.[78] The different pricing scenarios considered were presented in public meetings in December 2008.[79]

text: In August 2008, transportation officials ended the congestion pricing program in favor of varying rates for metered parking along the route to the bridge including on Lombard Street and Van Ness Avenue.[80]

text: Issues

text: Suicides

text: The Golden Gate Bridge is the second-most used suicide site/suicide bridge in the world, after the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge.[81] The deck is about 245 feet (75 m) above the water.[82] After a fall of four seconds, jumpers hit the water at around 75 mph or about 120 km/h. Most of the jumpers die from impact trauma. About 5% of the jumpers survive the initial impact but generally drown or die of hypothermia in the cold water.[83][84]

text: After years of debate and over an estimated 1,500 deaths, suicide barriers began to be installed in April 2017. Construction will take approximately four years at a cost of over $200 million.[85]

text: Wind

text: Since its completion, the Golden Gate Bridge has been closed because of weather conditions only three times: on December 1, 1951, because of gusts of 69 mph (111 km/h); on December 23, 1982, because of winds of 70 mph (113 km/h); and on December 3, 1983, because of wind gusts of 75 mph (121 km/h).[48]

text: An anemometer, placed midway between the two towers on the west side of the bridge, has been used to measure wind speeds. Another anemometer was placed on one of the towers.

text: Seismic vulnerability and improvements

text: Modern knowledge of the effect of earthquakes on structures led to a program to retrofit the Golden Gate to better resist seismic events. The proximity of the bridge to the San Andreas Fault places it at risk for a significant earthquake. Once thought to have been able to withstand any magnitude of foreseeable earthquake, the bridge was actually vulnerable to complete structural failure (i.e., collapse) triggered by the failure of supports on the 320-foot (98 m) arch over Fort Point.[86] A $392 million program was initiated to improve the structure's ability to withstand such an event with only minimal (repairable) damage. One challenging undertaking is completing this program without disrupting traffic. A complex electro-hydraulic synchronous lift system was custom built for construction of temporary support towers and a series of intricate lifts, transferring the loads from the existing bridge onto the temporary supports. This was completed with engineers from Balfour Beatty and Enerpac, accomplishing this task without disrupting day-to-day San Francisco commuter traffic.[87][88] The retrofit was planned to be completed in 2012.[88][89]

text: The former elevated approach to the Golden Gate Bridge through the San Francisco Presidio, known as Doyle Drive, dated to 1933 and was named after Frank P. Doyle, President and son of the founder of the Exchange Bank in Santa Rosa, and the man who, more than any other person, made it possible to build the Golden Gate Bridge.[90] The highway carried about 91,000 vehicles each weekday between downtown San Francisco and the North Bay and points north.[91] The road was deemed "vulnerable to earthquake damage", had a problematic 4-lane design, and lacked shoulders, and a San Francisco County Transportation Authority study recommended that it be replaced. Construction on the $1 billion[92] replacement, temporarily known as the Presidio Parkway, began in December 2009.[93] The elevated Doyle Drive was demolished on the weekend of April 27–30, 2012, and traffic used a part of the partially completed Presidio Parkway, until it was switched onto the finished Presidio Parkway on the weekend of July 9–12, 2015. As of May 2012, an official at Caltrans said there is no plan to permanently rename the portion known as Doyle Drive.[94]

text: In popular culture

text: As a prominent American landmark, the Golden Gate Bridge has been used in numerous media which includes books, films and video games.


document_title: Grimm (season 2)

question_text: when does hank find out about nick in grimm

text: Grimm (season 2)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
David Giuntoli as Nick Burkhardt
Russell Hornsby as Hank Griffin
Bitsie Tulloch as Juliette Silverton
Silas Weir Mitchell as Monroe
Sasha Roiz as Captain Sean Renard
Reggie Lee as Sergeant Drew Wu
Bree Turner as Rosalee Calvert
Claire Coffee as Adalind Schade

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Robert Blanche as Franco
Christian Lagadec as Sebastien
Danny Bruno as Bud Wurstner
James Frain as Eric Renard
Mary McDonald-Lewis as Frau Pech
Sharon Sachs as Dr. Harper
Shohreh Aghdashloo as Stefania Vaduva Popescu
Michael Grant Terry as Ryan Smulson
Bertila Damas as Pilar
Reg E. Cathey as Baron Samedi
Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio as Kelly Burkhardt
Jessica Tuck as Catherine Schade
Lisa Vidal as Lauren Castro
Mike Dopud as Marnassier
Jim Crino as Leroy Estes
Robert Alan Barnett as Matthew

text: Production[edit]

text: On March 16, 2012, NBC announced that the series had been renewed for a second season with a 22-episode order.[1][2] Bree Turner, who plays Rosalee Calvert, joined the main cast from the beginning of season two.[3] Production began on May 30[4] for an August 13 premiere.[5] Claire Coffee, who plays Adalind Schade, was also upgraded to a series regular for season two, which began from episode 12.[6]

text: The first four episodes debuted on Monday nights at 10 pm before moving back to Friday nights at 9 pm starting September 28. The fall finale aired on November 16. New episodes returned on March 8, 2013. The show was moved to Tuesday nights beginning with episode 19.[7]

text: Russell Hornsby injured his Achilles tendon near the end of production of the second season. His character was written out as "on vacation" for two episodes (Volcanalis and Endangered) to give Hornsby time to undergo surgery.[8][9]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

23
1
"Bad Teeth"
Norberto Barba
Jim Kouf & David Greenwalt
August 13, 2012 (2012-08-13)
201
5.64[10]

Nick learns that his mother has come back, to save him; Juliette is still in her coma from the spell that Adalind put her under, while Monroe and Rosalee work against the clock to try to wake her up. Nick is on the case of a man found murdered in the harbor, and his mother believes that she can help. When the beast that killed that man attacks the FBI agents working the case, he lures Nick there so that he can kill him. When Nick arrives, the beast comes up behind him.

Opening quote: "The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere the ceremony of innocence is drowned."

24
2
"The Kiss"
Terrence O'Hara
Jim Kouf & David Greenwalt
August 20, 2012 (2012-08-20)
202
4.90[11]

Nick's mother kills the beast and Nick goes to the hospital to give the potion that will stop Juliette's memory loss. He then gets called to investigate the homicide he was just at and has to cover for his mother. Meanwhile, Catherine gets ingredients from Rosalee and makes a potion before calling Capt. Renard to come over. She gives him the potion and says that it will purify him, as only someone pure of heart can wake Juliette. After taking the potion, Capt. Renard kisses Juliette and wakes her up. Nick goes to the hospital to visit her, but the memory loss is already too advanced, and she does not recognize him.

Opening quote: "If a man of pure heart were to fall in love with her, that would bring her back to life."

25
3
"Bad Moon Rising"
David Solomon
Richard Hatem
August 27, 2012 (2012-08-27)
203
4.67[12]

An old friend of Hank's asks for help when his daughter turns up missing. The friend's in-laws have kidnapped the daughter for a mating ceremony. Juliette's memory loss seems only to affect solely her memories of Nick. Hank learns the truth of his best friend, and Nick's secret as a Grimm when cornered in a barn, but is alright in accepting this reality. Juliette is released from the hospital, but Nick remains saddened that she has no feelings for him and no memory of their relationship.

Opening quote: "Then she began to weep bitterly, and said, 'What can a poor girl like me do now?"

26
4
"Quill"
David Straiton
David Simkins
September 3, 2012 (2012-09-03)
204
4.62[13]

During the middle of an investigation of an accident site, Nick discovers a Wesen disease that is quickly spreading. After killing a Reinigen, Nick suspects there is something else going on because of the looks of the creature. After doing some research in the books in his trailer, Nick finds out the disease is the "yellow plague", it only effects Wesen and not regular humans. Monroe and Rosalee go on a date and comes to a turn when they come across an infected creature. Meanwhile, Captain Renard gets a tip about a dangerous fugitive that has arrived to Portland – he is looking for Nick.

Opening quote: "Death stood behind him, and said: 'Follow me, the hour of your departure from this world has come.'"

27
5
"The Good Shepherd"
Steven DePaul
Dan E. Fesman
September 28, 2012 (2012-09-28)
205
5.32[14]

When a Wesen church gets money stolen from an online bank account, Nick and Monroe investigate the members of the church for suspicious and unusual activity. Later, once again, another dangerous opponent targets Nick in search for the key.

Opening quote: "Dressed in the skin, the wolf strolled into the pasture with the Sheep. Soon a little Lamb was following him about and was quickly led away to slaughter."

28
6
"Over My Dead Body"
Rob Bailey
Spiro Skentzos
October 5, 2012 (2012-10-05)
206
5.29[15]

Angelina (Jaime Ray Newman) comes back to Portland with some bad news, she has been hired to kill Monroe. Angelina however does not want to kill him, but if she chooses to kill him she gets $25,000. If she does not kill him the people who hired her will kill her and she will not get the money. Nick asks Hank for help for Monroe's care. Meanwhile, Captain Renard gets an unexpected visitor (Alice Evans). Rosalee asks Monroe to run the shop while she is gone helping her aunt, Monroe says yes.

Opening quote: "Whilst he thus gazed before him, he saw a snake creep out of a corner of the vault and approach the dead body."

29
7
"The Bottle Imp"
Darnell Martin
Alan DiFiore
October 12, 2012 (2012-10-12)
207
5.01[16]

Hank and Nick's current investigation is on a seemingly-unstable man who is on the run with his daughter; Monroe realizes that filling in for Rosalee at her shop will be harder than he thought. Meanwhile with a conversation between Captain Renard and Adalind, Adalind is wondering who killed her mother. Captain Renard asks where she was, she responds that it was some place he would not find her, and Renard suggests she should come back to Portland to discuss the issues that have been occurring.

Opening quote: "Let me out, let me out,' the spirit cried. And the boy, thinking no evil, drew the cork out of the bottle."

30
8
"The Other Side"
Eric Laneuville
William Bigelow
October 19, 2012 (2012-10-19)
208
5.03[17]

Hank and Nick investigate a competition at a local high school that soon turns deadly after a murder of a boy. Meanwhile, Captain Renard faces a very unexpected and unwanted infatuation with Juliette; he goes to Rosalee's shop to try to find a cure so he will stop thinking about Juliette, and Monroe tells him (since Rosalee is gone helping her aunt) that his obsessive behavior will get worse as the days go on if he does not do something about it. Adalind Schade's current location is revealed.

Opening quote: "I thought of making myself a beautiful wooden marionette. It must be wonderful, one that can dance, fence and turn somersaults."

31
9
"La Llorona"
Holly Dale
Akela Cooper
October 26, 2012 (2012-10-26)
209
6.11[18]

A series of horrifying child attack and abductions at Halloween pairs Nick and Hank with Valentina Espinosa, a mysterious detective, and Juliette, who joins as the Spanish translator. The more Nick digs into the case, the more he realizes the pattern of the kidnapping matches those in the famed Hispanic horror story "La Llorona", a story Nick's ancestors investigated to no avail. Meanwhile, Monroe celebrates the holiday in fine style as he teaches the neighborhood bullies a lesson.

Opening quote: "On many a dark night people would see her walking along the riverbank and crying for her children."

32
10
"The Hour of Death"
Peter Werner
Sean Calder
November 2, 2012 (2012-11-02)
210
5.64[19]

When a brutal vigilante homicide is made public, it sends Portland’s Wesen community into a frenzy. As Nick investigates further, he discovers a pattern similar to that of a particularly brutal line of past Grimms. Is there another Grimm in town, or is Nick dealing with a sadistic copycat? Meanwhile, Captain Renard takes it upon himself to offer Juliette comfort in handling her ongoing dilemma with Nick.

Opening quote: "And branded upon the beast, the mark of his kin. For none shall live whom they have seen." (Source: The fictional in-universe work Albträume für Wesen Kinder, meaning Nightmares for Wesen Children in English.)

33
11
"To Protect and Serve Man"
Omar Madha
Dan E. Fesman
November 9, 2012 (2012-11-09)
211
5.21[20]

Hank starts reflecting on an arrest he made earlier in his career regarding a man who committed murder claiming "self-defense against monsters". With the man’s death sentence rapidly approaching and the knowledge he’s recently gathered from Nick, Hank begins to wonder if there was more truth to the man’s seemingly absurd story then he once thought. Back at the spice shop, Monroe finds himself involved in a situation he never saw coming.

Opening quote: "The beast was simply the Call of the Wild personified... which some natures hear to their own destruction."

34
12
"Season of the Hexenbiest"
Karen Gaviola
Story by: Jim Kouf
Teleplay by: Jim Kouf & David Greenwalt
November 16, 2012 (2012-11-16)
212
5.03[21]

Adalind returns to wreak havoc in everyone’s lives and avenge her mother’s brutal death. She has her eyes set on Nick and those closest to him – especially Hank and Juliette. Elsewhere, Captain Renard’s obsession continues to escalate. Meanwhile, a surprise visit at the spice shop gives Monroe more than he ever bargained for.

Opening quote: "Oh! There is a terrible witch in that house who spewed her poison over me and scratched me with her long fingernails."

35
13
"Face Off"
Terrence O'Hara
Jim Kouf & David Greenwalt
March 8, 2013 (2013-03-08)
213
4.90[22]

After Nick learns about Juliette and Captain Renard, he must deal with the consequences. Things get even more complicated when Nick is called to investigate his own crime. Meanwhile, the search for the key intensifies as Captain Renard tries to stop what’s going on with him and Juliette before it goes too far. Elsewhere, Wu responds to a bizarre shooting at Nick and Juliette’s house.

Opening quote: "The will to conquer is the first condition of victory."

36
14
"Natural Born Wesen"
Michael Watkins
Thomas Ian Griffith & Mary Page Keller
March 15, 2013 (2013-03-15)
214
4.91[23]

The Wesen code of honor comes into question when Nick, Hank and Monroe discover a series of bank robberies with Wesen using true natures as their disguises. Meanwhile, Juliette finds herself tormented by faint, slowly returning memories that cause her to question her mental state.

Opening quote: "So the animals debated how they might drive the robbers out, and at last settled on an idea."

37
15
"Mr. Sandman"
Norberto Barba
Alan DiFiore
March 22, 2013 (2013-03-22)
215
5.00[24]

As Nick and Hank investigate a case of sudden blindness leading to a woman's death, they come across a Wesen that feeds off its victim's tears. Rosalee continues to work with Juliette in order to fix her memory.

Opening quote: "Now we've got eyes — eyes — a beautiful pair of children's eyes," he whispered.

38
16
"Nameless"
Charles Haid
Akela Cooper
March 29, 2013 (2013-03-29)
216
4.86[25]

After helping fix the code for a new video game to get it in for a deadline, a gamer and I.T. genius seeks revenge from those who refused to give him credit for the game. He kills the coders' characters and then splits them in half. Meanwhile, Juliette asks Monroe and Rosalee to spend time with her so that she can tell them her visions when they come to her. Monroe accidentally reveals that one of the visions is of Nick in Aunt Marie's trailer, and Juliette demands they take her there, as she believes it will recover her memory.

Opening quote: "Then he seized his left foot with both hands in such a fury that he split in two."

39
17
"One Angry Fuchsbau"
Terrence O'Hara
Richard Hatem
April 5, 2013 (2013-04-05)
217
5.13[27]

During jury duty, Rosalee seeks Nick, Hank and Monroe's help to stop a defense attorney with peculiar powers of persuasion on cases that should be quickly resolved. Meanwhile, Monroe, with Nick's permission, takes Juliette to the trailer which causes a cavalcade of memories to rush back to her.

Opening quote: "He sang a sweet song in tones so full and soft that no human ear could resist them nor fathom their origin..." (Source: The quotation is inspired by, but not actually from "The Garden of Paradise".[26])

40
18
"Volcanalis"
David Grossman
Jim Kouf & David Greenwalt
April 26, 2013 (2013-04-26)
218
4.85[28]

When a geologist on Mount Hood is killed, Nick, Monroe, and Renard must team up with a new ally to stop a living volcano from destroying Portland. Meanwhile, Juliette finally regains control over her memories.

Opening quote: "The demon came home, and he declared that the air was not clear. 'I smell the flesh of man."

41
19
"Endangered"
David Straiton
Spiro Skentzos
April 30, 2013 (2013-04-30)
219
5.77[29]

Mysterious cow mutilations and reports of glowing creatures put Nick on a case that forces him to question the existence of aliens within the Wesen world. He also meets a strange UFO expert who seems to know more than he’s letting on. Meanwhile, Nick digs further into the key, and Juliette's romantic memories of Nick start coming back in a big way.

Opening quote: "They'll kill you, and I'll be here in the woods all alone and abandoned."

42
20
"Kiss of the Muse"
Tawnia McKiernan
Sean Calder
May 7, 2013 (2013-05-07)
220
5.67[30]

Nick discovers a muse-like Wesen with the ability to influence those she gets close to – some with positive results, others with terrifying ones. Nick must find a way to get close without losing himself in the process. Juliette arranges a dinner date with Nick wanting to apologize to him for her bad behavior, but it goes awry as the case intensifies. Meanwhile, Rosalee takes her first visit to Aunt Marie’s trailer.

Opening quote: "Tell me O'Muse, from whatsoever source you may know them."

43
21
"The Waking Dead"
Steven DePaul
Jim Kouf & David Greenwalt
May 14, 2013 (2013-05-14)
221
5.36[31]

Nick and Hank discover a new kind of strange when they investigate suspects being found dead – for the second time. In Europe, Adalind finds herself in the middle of a feud between Frau Pech and Stefania while working over the details of her pending transaction. Meanwhile, determined to remember every last detail to get things started once more, Juliette insists Monroe share with her Nick’s darkest secret – the world of Grimms and Wesen.

Opening quote: "Papa Ghede is a handsom fellow in his hat and coat of black. Papa Ghede is going to the palace! He'll eat and drink when he gets back!"

44
22
"Goodnight, Sweet Grimm"
Norberto Barba
Jim Kouf & David Greenwalt
May 21, 2013 (2013-05-21)
222
4.99[32]

Nick investigates a series of rage-fueled assaults; Nick learns Captain Sean Renard's half brother named Eric Renard is in town. Stefania and Frau Pech battle each other using their alliances with Adalind. During a confrontation with the Baron, Nick falls into a trap resulting in his own zombie-like coma.

Opening quote: "And flights of angels sing thee to thy rest."

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Air Date
Timeslot (ET)
Rating/Share
18–49
Viewers
(million)
DVR
18–49
DVR Viewers
(millions)
Total
18–49
Total Viewers
(millions)

23
1
Bad Teeth
August 13, 2012 (2012-08-13)
Monday
10:00 P.M.
2.0/5[10]
5.64[10]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

24
2
The Kiss
August 20, 2012 (2012-08-20)
1.7/5[11]
4.90[11]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

25
3
Bad Moon Rising
August 27, 2012 (2012-08-27)
1.6/4[12]
4.67[12]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

26
4
Quill
September 3, 2012 (2012-09-03)
1.5/4[13]
4.62[13]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

27
5
The Good Shepherd
September 28, 2012 (2012-09-28)
Friday
9:00 P.M.
1.6/4[14]
5.32[14]
1.3
2.92
2.9
8.24[33]

28
6
Over My Dead Body
October 5, 2012 (2012-10-05)
1.6/5[15]
5.29[15]
1.2
2.55
2.8
7.84[34]

29
7
The Bottle Imp
October 12, 2012 (2012-10-12)
1.6/5[16]
5.01[16]
1.2
2.67
2.8
7.69[35]

30
8
The Other Side
October 19, 2012 (2012-10-19)
1.5/5[17]
5.03[17]
1.3
2.75
2.8
7.79[36]

31
9
La Llorona
October 26, 2012 (2012-10-26)
2.0/6[18]
6.11[18]
1.2
2.84
3.2
8.93[37]

32
10
The Hour of Death
November 2, 2012 (2012-11-02)
1.8/5[19]
5.64[19]
1.1
2.48
2.9
8.17[38]

33
11
To Protect and Serve Man
November 9, 2012 (2012-11-09)
1.7/5[20]
5.21[20]
1.2
2.87
2.9
8.08[39]

34
12
Season of the Hexenbiest
November 16, 2012 (2012-11-16)
1.6/5[21]
5.03[21]
1.2
2.97
2.8
8.00[40]

35
13
Face Off
March 8, 2013 (2013-03-08)
1.5/5[22]
4.90[22]
1.2
2.80
2.7
7.71[41]

36
14
Natural Born Wesen
March 15, 2013 (2013-03-15)
1.4/5[23]
4.91[23]
1.1
2.53
2.5
7.44[42]

37
15
Mr. Sandman
March 22, 2013 (2013-03-22)
1.4/4[24]
5.00[24]
1.0
2.39
2.4
7.39[43]

38
16
Nameless
March 29, 2013 (2013-03-29)
1.4/4[25]
4.86[25]
1.1
2.71
2.5
7.53[44]

39
17
One Angry Fuchsbau
April 5, 2013 (2013-04-05)
1.5/5[27]
5.13[27]
1.2
2.78
2.7
7.91[45]

40
18
Volcanalis
April 26, 2013 (2013-04-26)
1.3/4[28]
4.85[28]
0.9
2.15
2.2
6.98[46]

41
19
Endangered
April 30, 2013 (2013-04-30)
Tuesday
10:00 P.M.
1.9/5[29]
5.77[29]
1.2
2.90
3.1
8.67[47]

42
20
Kiss of the Muse
May 7, 2013 (2013-05-07)
1.8/5[30]
5.68[30]
1.1
2.74
2.9
8.42[48]

43
21
The Waking Dead
May 14, 2013 (2013-05-14)
1.7/5[31]
5.36[31]
1.3
3.11
3.0
8.47[49]

44
22
Goodnight, Sweet Grimm
May 21, 2013 (2013-05-21)
1.7/5[32]
4.99[32]
1.0
2.79
2.7
7.79[50]

text: DVD release[edit]

text:
Grimm – The Complete Second Season

Set Details
Special Features

22 Episodes
5-Disc Set
English (Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround)
Audio Commentaries

Deleted Scenes
Gag Reel
Grimm: Myths, Monsters & Legends – Learn about the ever-expanding mythology of Grimm as producers and cast discuss the richness of the show's storylines, covering this season's terrifying Wesen, the Seven Royal Families, and the mysteries of Aunt Marie's trailer
Grimm: Creatures and Chaos – Watch as the creatures of Grimm morph and wreak havoc on anyone – or anything – in their path
"Bad Hair Day" Webisodes: A fellow Wesen visits Rosalee's spice shop looking for a hair-loss cure in this 4-part series
Monroe's Best Moments: Revisit the quips and quibbles that makes Monroe our favorite Wesen
(Blu-ray Only) Grimm Guide: An interactive book that provides insight into the various creatures featured in the show
(Blu-ray Only) Extended Episode – Featuring never-before-seen footage of the episode "Over My Dead Body"

Release Dates

Region 1
Region 2

September 17, 2013[51]
October 28, 2013[52]


document_title: Esquivel

question_text: where does the last name esquivel come from

text: Esquivel

text: Origin[edit]

text: The last name Esquivel (or Esquibel) has its origins in the village of Esquivel, located in the ayuntamiento of Mendoza, Álava, in Euskadi.[1]

text: Meaning[edit]

text: Usually surnames were originated in the Basque Country as name of houses, being families known by the name of the house they inhabited once. Esquivel was originally spelled Ezkibel and evolved from the Basque words Ezki, which means lime tree, and Gibel, which means behind. Therefore, Esquivel means the house behind the lime trees.[2]

text: People[edit]

text: Argentina[edit]

text:
Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Nobel Peace Prize recipient
George Esquivel, shoe designer and craftsman
Laura Natalia Esquivel, teen actress and singer

text: Costa Rica[edit]

text:
Aniceto Esquivel Sáenz, former President of Costa Rica
Ascensión Esquivel Ibarra, Nicaraguan-born former of Costa Rica
Juan Bautista Esquivel, soccer player

text: Mexico[edit]

text:
Carlos Esquivel, Mexican footballer
Juan García Esquivel, Mexican band leader, pianist and composer
Laura Esquivel, Mexican author

text: Spain[edit]

text:
Emilio Morote Esquivel, novelist
Juan de Esquivel, explorer, first governor of Jamaica
Juan Esquivel Barahona, composer
Miguel de Álava y Esquivel, General and statesman

text: Other[edit]

text:
Celso Esquivel, Paraguayan soccer player
Manuel Esquivel, former Belizean Prime Minister
Rafael Esquivel, former Venezuelan Football Federation directive.