question_text: when does silver find out adrianna switched her pills

text: Silver (90210)

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: Silver, who is going simply by her last name, is introduced during the pilot and quickly becomes good friends with Annie Wilson, and develops a romantic interest in Annie's adopted brother Dixon Wilson, which quickly blossoms into a relationship. Before the first season, Silver warns Annie not to trust Naomi Clark, informing her that they were once best friends. Silver tells Annie that during their friendship, Silver confided in Naomi about her father's affair, but that Naomi caused it to become public knowledge; this resulted in Silver's mother relapsing. During the series, Silver celebrates her half-birthday because her mother always seems to mess up her real birthday. In "By Accident", Dixon dumps Silver after taking advice from his mother, but later in 'Help Me, Rhonda' they get back together after Silver finally admits that she is in love with him. On Valentine's Day, Dixon and Silver lose their virginity to one another. It has been clear from the start of the season that Silver has a slightly manic personality, but in "Life's a Drag", she becomes more unbalanced. She visits Dixon at the Peach Pit, where they end up having sex. Silver secretly tapes it and then shows the tape to an entire theater, causing Dixon to break up with her. She ends up breaking into Ryan Matthews' house, claiming that he destroyed her relationship with Dixon, and threatening him with a bottle of wine unless he fixes everything. Silver then attempts to run away to Kansas, stating repeatedly that going there would help her solve her problems with Dixon. At the station, a stranger notices her erratic behavior, and after she falls asleep, borrows her phone and calls someone to come get her. Dixon and his mother and father find her on the train tracks. Dixon remembers his birth mother, who had bipolar disorder, displayed the same symptoms, and realizes that Silver suffers from it also. Dixon calms Silver down and they take her to the hospital. Soon, Silver finds it unbearable to go back to West Beverly High due to the gossip surrounding her recent behavior, and decides to move to St. Claire's School. She initially tries to make a fresh start, but another girl recognizes her and wants her to be honest with the other students, going so far as doing a hunger strike until Silver sends the video to everyone. Silver then reprimands her because she's now considered a slut by everyone else. After Dixon gets a large number of students to vote for her as a write-in, Silver is awarded the West Bev "prom queen" at that year's prom, but admits that she's not prom material, which creates distance between her and Dixon. Later at Naomi's after party, whilst swimming, Dixon and Ethan end up confronting one another, which leads to Ethan Ward admitting that he likes her. Silver later runs into Ethan and asks him about his statement, she tells him that they are just friends, to which Ethan responds by kissing her and telling her that he doesn't think that they're just friends and that he doesn't want them to be just friends.[2]

text: Season 2[edit]

text: In season 2, Silver is seen having a good time on vacation with Adrianna and Naomi at a resort. She receives a text from Ethan, who now lives in Montana. Silver and Naomi decide to play tennis so Naomi can meet a guy named Teddy. The three finally meet when Naomi "accidentally" hits Teddy with her tennis ball. Teddy tries to flirt with both Silver and Naomi, to which Silver responds uninterestedly, intriguing Feddy. Adrianna catches up with Naomi and Silver and it results that Teddy is Teddy Montgomery, Adrianna's ex-boyfriend. Silver then takes a walk across the beach with Dixon and they share a kiss. However, Silver unknowingly drops her cellphone which is later found by Teddy. Teddy returns the cellphone to Silver but not before reading the text messages from Ethan. Teddy later shares the message from Ethan with Dixon. The text states that Ethan doesn't regret the kiss that he shared with Silver. This causes Dixon to break up with Silver because he's hurt, having found out that she kissed Ethan and texted him behind his back.[3] Later this season, Silver finds out that her mother, Jackie, has cancer and she moves back home to help care for her. Silver begins to feel the growing pressure of her studies, private life, and taking care of her mother. Teddy later tries to talk to her and comfort her about her mom since he had the same experience himself. The two grow closer and become good friends. Just as Silver and her mother are finally catching up with each other, Jackie suffers a cardiac arrest and ends up being confined to the hospital. Silver tries talking to her sister, Kelly, to try and persuade her to forgive their dying mother but to no avail. In the next episode, however, Silver finally convinces Kelly to talk to their mother and the three finally reconcile. Sadly, Jackie dies just afterwards, and Silver becomes depressed after her mom's funeral. Teddy sends her flowers as a condolence gift because he didn't attend the funeral. Silver later approaches Teddy on the rooftop and sees him playing Tennis alone, she asks him if he's okay and he responds by saying that he has been a coward. He apologizes for not being there for her, to which Silver responds by hugging him and reassuring him that this is not true. The two share a kiss but snap out of it, agreeing to treat it as nothing but a careless move. After the kiss, Teddy seems to take his interest in Silver to a new level; He tries to get her to go with him to the Winter Wonderland Dance but is turned down. In a second attempt to win her over, Teddy makes a video of himself saying that he quits his playboy days and only wants to date Silver; the video is broadcast to the whole school. Teddy again asks Silver to go out with him, but is turned down. However, Teddy eventually gets her to dance with him as friends, but suddenly surprises her with a kiss. Silver is shocked by this sudden advance and goes back to Naomi. Naomi gives Silver advice and tells her to take a chance with Teddy as he seems to be really into her. Silver listens to her friend and decides to give it a try, but later sees Teddy with another girl, not knowing it's his sister, Silver thinks Teddy has returned to his playboy ways. Dixon later approaches Silver and she asks him about the girl, since Dixon was with Teddy earlier that night. Dixon deliberately lies, leaving Silver to believe that Teddy still behaves like a playboy. Silver feels vulnerable and allows Dixon to kiss her, but this is witnessed by Teddy. After a short vacation, Dixon approaches Silver and asks if she will get back together with him. However, Silver rejects him gently and tells him that she just doesn't feel that way about him anymore but that she wants him to stay in her life as friends. Dixon agrees and they hangout together, as they have lunch Teddy's sister approaches them and tells Silver that she made the wrong decision by not giving Teddy a chance. By approaching Silver, Teddy's sister subsequently reveals that Dixon knew all along who she was. This causes a strain in Silver and Dixon's friendship. Finally, After much persuasion and misunderstandings, Teddy and Silver finally get together as a couple. Unfortunately, Teddy's father goes to see Silver and bribes her to break up with him because he feels Teddy's tennis career is suffering due to their relationship. Silver refuses to take the bribe, but  starts thinking about what his father said. After thinking it through thoroughly, Silver decides that it is in Teddy's best interests for them to break up. In the season finale, Silver tells him she is sorry and that she loves him, resulting in their reconciliation.[4]

text: Season 3[edit]

text: In season 3, Teddy and Silver break up due to his drinking habits, this hits Silver particularly hard because of her late mother's history of alcoholism. After their break up, Silver begins to focus on the West Beverly Blaze, which starts Mr. Cannon's interest in Silver.[5] Silver is almost drugged by Cannon when she stops by his house to watch a documentary, but she leaves after noticing that Naomi had said exactly the same phrase that was said by Cannon in the video.[6] Due to her work in the Blaze, Silver develops a close bond with Navid Shirazi and helps him with his problems regarding his father. Silver even goes undercover as a porn star in order to help Navid investigate. As she gets to know Navid, she realizes what a great guy he is and slowly starts to develop more romantic feelings for him, this is particularly encouraged by his recent relationship problems with Adrianna. Silver and Navid almost kiss and they begin to accept that there is something more between them. In 'The Best L'eid Plans', it becomes apparent that Silver's feelings for Navid have grown stronger, when they spend the night in her room talking about his father. When Navid and his current girlfriend, Adrianna, have an argument, Silver seems relieved to hear it and hesitates but agrees when Adrianna asks her for help to fix Adrianna's and Navid's relationship by helping her plan something special. As Silver takes Navid away from the party, he confesses that he has feelings for her, but the moment is interrupted by Adrianna and Silver is left disappointed. In the episode Holiday Madness, when Navid confronts her in school, before he has a chance to explain what he feels and how he has no feelings for Adrianna anymore, she stops him from saying too much and tells him that it is because they have been spending too much time together and so they should keep their distance. Everything seems to be going well until Silver attends the sleepover at Adrianna's new house but only Silver and Navid are able to attend. The tension becomes apparent when Silver, Navid and Adrianna are to spend one night together. As Adrianna sleeps, Silver and Navid are unable to and so they run into each other in the hallway. There, Navid brings up the feelings he has for Silver again and he asks her if what he feels is all in his head. Silver says 'yes' but does not look him the eyes, making it obvious that she does not believe that. As Navid steps closer to her and asks her if she doesn't feel anything for him, the moment is interrupted by Adrianna, again. Later on at Adrianna's Christmas party, Silver finds Navid alone and as he apologizes for ruining their friendship for feelings that he "thinks" he has for her, Silver finally admits that she does have feelings for him and he kisses her.[7] Silver gets a text message from Naomi and decided to rescue her at her own apartment. Mr Cannon then holds Silver and Naomi hostage, but they eventually tie him to the chair. Naomi slaps Mr. Cannon and nearly kills him with his knife that he threatened to kill her with. But Naomi breaks down with Silver. They call the police and Mr. Cannon is arrested. Later on, Adrianna finds out about Silver and Navid. When Adrianna pretends to think it was one of Navid's ex-girlfriends, she tells Silver she is going to send a nude picture of her to the entire school. Silver stops her and comes clean that she is the one Navid was cheating with and that they are in a relationship. Adrianna then tells her she knows, and she texts a nude picture of Silver to the entire school. Silver and Adrianna go back and forth playing mean pranks before they appear to reconcile, but Adrianna switches Silver's medication for bipolar disorder. She then begins to behave strangely: she dyes her hair in red, she calls Christopher several times, the man who she had an interview with for NYU in the afternoon, etc. After receiving some distressing news about NYU, Silver has an emotional breakdown, causing Navid and Dixon to stage an intervention to make her go to a mental hospital. While Silver is in the hospital, Adrianna takes the opportunity to get close to Navid by getting him drunk and telling him that they kissed. When Navid continues to reject her, Adrianna tells Silver that Navid kissed her, effectively breaking them up. Fortunately, Silver finally discovers the truth during Ivy's bachelorette party when her medication falls out of Adrianna's purse. Adrianna is rejected by the group and Navid and Silver reconcile.

text: Season 4[edit]

text: In the season four opener, Silver is still mad with Adrianna and takes it out on Navid and his sister, Leila. Whilst at Naomi's party, Adrianna shows up with Leila and tries to apologize to Silver, but she told her that she would never forgive her. Silver revealed she was almost going to kill herself, due to Adrianna messing with her medication. Later, Silver finds Teddy at the party and gives him advice on how to tell his family that he is gay.

text: In "Rush Hour", when Navid's sister was missing, Silver told Navid to stay calm, that eventually she will come back. She used to do this when she lived with her alcoholic mother, Jackie. Silver got mad when Navid talks to Adrianna for help but she ends up asking her for help too after Leila called revealing that she has been kidnapped and they need to pay $50,000 if they wanted her back. At the end Leila is found and the kidnapped story was fake by her and a tattoo guy she met. In Let the Games Begin, Silver wanted to gain experience for her film career and decided to shoot a commercial for Liam's bar, which resulted in a big hit when a lot of people showed to attend the bar opening. In Party Politics, Silver has the opportunity to create campaign videos for political candidate Marissa Harris-Young, who is running for public office against Teddy's uncle Charles. Navid confides in Silver about his uncle blackmailing him and refuses to let her help him out. Later on that night, she tells him she needs some space and stays with Naomi.

text: Silver asks Annie to babysit Lelia so she can have time alone with Navid. Silver has the opportunity to create campaign videos for political candidate Marissa Harris-Young, who is running for public office against Teddy's uncle Charles. Navid confides in Silver about his uncle blackmailing him and refuses to let her help him out. During her work with Marissa, Navid sends her a text asking her to be at Leila´s birthday party, Marissa starts noticing Silver is distracted and tries to help her. When Naomi makes a fundraising event for Raj, Silver helps by being the host and Navid shows up again telling her that he is done with his uncle and Silver supports him until Navid leaves without telling her. She starts feeling that she cannot trust him again. While working on the Marissa campaign she talks to a woman who appears in one of Marissa video where she help people and the woman tells her that she is an actress and was paid to say that.

text: A few weeks later, Naomi invites everyone to Vegas but Silver has some troubles due to her job with Marissa. She later sees Navid kissing another woman. Silver films Teddy's wedding with her camera, and the next day when they were leaving Marissa calls Silver asking her about some videos she needs but Silver sends her Teddy's wedding by mistake along with the work videos. Silver later finds out that the video has been leaked and Teddy immediately blames Shane. Silver realizes she accidentally sent the video to Marrissa and that Marrissa is the one who leaked the video to gain votes.

text: In "Smoked Turkey" Silver is with Naomi and Annie, they are buying a drink because of the hot weather. Silver says she has no interest in getting back together with Navid. Silver meets a man name Greg Davis when he asks her for a flier for a food drive at college. Greg is a teacher at CU. At Naomi's house, Silver is in the kitchen with Annie, she hears the ringtone Annie had previously set for Patrick. Silver asks Annie "Is that Patrick's ringtone?" Annie denies this. Annie tells Silver to stop worrying about her because she and Patrick are no longer together. Silver then leaves to go to the food drive. At Student union, Greg approaches Silver again, they talk to each other about the food drive. Silver asks Greg if he would like to go with her friend Annie on date at Naomi's house. Greg accepts Silver's kind invitation. At Naomi's house, Silver introduces Annie and Greg, hoping to set them up, when Annie becomes reluctant. Silver apologizes and hopes she is not overstepping but she want Annie to have a nice man in her life because she deserves it. Annie says thanks but Greg is clearly here for Silver. Ivy assumes Greg is Silver's date. When the police evacuate the house due to the brush fire accidentally started by Naomi. Silver kisses Greg when he says he will be going home and that he will call her for a next date.

text: In "Project Runaway" Silver is at Naomi's house with Ivy and Annie, they are watching a movie when Naomi comes in to say to Silver that Teddy will forgive her. When Silver arrives Liam's Bar, she hear guys say something to pick on Teddy about gay. She comes to Teddy and tells him that she is very sorry about this. Teddy tells her that he will get a job in London which surprises Silver. When Navid got the window stuck, he asks Silver to close the window because she lived there before. When Silver arrives there, she attempts close the window but it still stuck and Navid tries to help. It closes abruptly which causes Siver to fall onto the bed with Navid. gets angry at Navid and tells him that she is moving on and dating someone else. At the fashion show, Silver is there with Shane, showing her support to Naomi, and she spots a friend named Ronnie. When Navid sees Silver with Ronnie, he thinks Silver is dating him but later finds out Ronnie is gay. Silver sees Navid talk with Ronnie then she then proceeds to yell at Navid for not moving on. Teddy apologises to Silver for avoiding her and giving her the silent treatment with a flower. Silver picks Teddy up so he may leave Washington D.C to be with Shane. Silver and Teddy say goodbye to each other and when Teddy is leaving, Silver stands there and waves them farewell.

text: In "O Holly Night", Silver learns that Greg has a wife, but is currently divorcing her. Late on in the episode, Silver goes to visit Navid in Hospital after he got beat up. Just as she's about to go in, she overhears Navid confessing his feelings for Kat. Silver leaves right away, and ends up in the arms of her Greg. However, Silver didn't stay around long enough to hear Navid say he cares about Silver more than Kat. In Should Old Acquaintance Be Forgot?, Greg introduces Silver to his daughter Maisey as they start to get serious.But, Silver is shocked when she finds out Maisey is Adrianna's biological daughter. In "Mama Can You Hear Me?", Greg is offered a teaching gig at Columbia University and wants Silver to move with him. Navid confides in Adrianna that he and Silver will never be together, and Adrianna encourages him to at least try to save their friendship. Over at Silver and Greg's, Navid overhears Greg on the phone about his daughter and he realizes that he adopted Adrianna's baby. He encourages Silver to tell Adrianna, but she refuses. In "Trust, Truth and Traffic", Adrianna is not happy with Silver, Greg, and Maisy's relationship so she kidnaps Maisey from the daycare center. Silver and Navid team up together to try to find her. They later find her in a park with Maisey. Greg comes along and tells Silver that she had no right to introduce Maisey to her birth mother and breaks up with her on the spot. In "No Good Deed", Navid decides to attend Princeton University and everyone has a party for him. Silver finally realizes that she loves Navid but does not tell him.

text: In "Babes In Toyland", Silver gets accepted into New York University and hopes she will be close to Navid in nearby Princeton, but she later has second thoughts. In Blood Is Thicker Than Mud, Silver, working as a production assistant on the set of Liam's latest movie, confides in him about her fears of having an inherited cancer gene. In The Heart Will Go On, Liam finds himself accompanying Silver to a clinic at the hospital to support her during a test to detect if she has the breast cancer gene, while Vanessa becomes increasingly jealous over the time Liam is spending with Silver and his refusal to explain why. In Blue Ivy, Silver and Liam have sex after she knows her test results are positive for the cancer gene. In Bride and Prejudice, Silver wakes up in Liam’s bed from when she ran into his arms after her breast cancer gene diagnosis. Liam admits his feelings for Silver, but she wants to forget the whole night happened. Then, in a string of odd interactions, Silver all of a sudden decides she wants to rekindle things with Navid and seems to go out of her way to express her feelings to Navid right in front of Liam. It’s clear that she has feelings for Liam. But in the end, Navid is committed to staying with Silver while Liam won’t let Silver get away that easily— he kisses her, again. In Tis Pity, Silver is still determined to make a relationship with Navid work out. Navid is now Silver’s doting boyfriend and support system again, so he goes with Silver to her first mammogram after learning she has the breast cancer gene. At this appointment, Silver realizes she may be pregnant. Since Navid knows this possible baby could not be his, he wisely names himself “most likely to raise a stranger’s baby” considering his track record with Ade back in high school and now this situation. Navid also lets the possibility slip to Liam, since they are bros and Navid has no clue Liam is the potential baby-daddy. Of course the confusion and emotions spiral out of control very quickly at Liam’s movie premiere. With cameras flashing, the boys come to blows when Navid puts two and two together. Even though Silver learns she is not in fact pregnant, the cat is out of the bag. In A Tale of Two Parties, Silver goes to her doctor for an appointment, and the doctor tells her she has a lot of choices. One of them is deciding to have her ovaries removed after she has kids, raising the risk for her to have ovarian cancer. Later on, Silver thinks about wanting to have a baby. While at the Max's brides bachelorette party, Silver asks Adrianna what it was like being pregnant. Ade tells her it was the most amazing experience of her life. Silver tells her about the missing feeling she had after she found out her pregnancy was a false alarm. Silver decides she wants a baby and asks Liam & Navid if either of them wants to raise one with her. In the season finale, Forever Hold Your Peace, Silver has vehemently decided that she wants to get pregnant sooner rather than later to ensure that she can have a child before preventative cancer treatments. She wants a friend who she can always count on to be in her life and be the father of her child. She picks her best friend Teddy.

text: Season 5[edit]

text: In the fifth season opener, Silver tells Teddy that she doesn’t want to have a baby with a stranger, and isn’t ready to commit to Navid or Liam either. Teddy tells her he isn’t ready to be a parent. He understands how important it is to her, but he needs to think about it. Later on, Teddy tells Liam and Navid how Silver wants to have a baby with him. Both of them are outraged to hear this. Silver tells all three of them that she isn’t able to make a decision about either of them, as she isn’t sure what to do. At the end of the episode, Teddy finally makes his decision about having a baby with Silver, accepting her offer making Silver overjoyed. In The Sea Change, Silver and Teddy visit the sperm bank so Teddy can donate his sperm. Silver tells him she’ll do her part when she’s ovulating. Teddy mentions that he has to go back to D.C. tomorrow. They also talk about Navid & Liam, and if either of them would ever get back with Silver. Later on, Silver goes to see Liam that night and asks him if he wants to go to Naomi’s reception together, and he tells her he’s going with Vanessa. Later, Silver mentions to Teddy that she’s ovulating that day but she has to wait until next month because of the reception. At the reception, Navid introduces his two porn star dates to Silver. The dates are part of his mission to change his “nice guy” image. Silver heads down to the cellar to drink her feelings and Teddy comes down to join her. While they’re down there, Silver almost kisses Teddy. It reminds them that they never talked about Teddy’s feelings for her when he was “straight”. Thinking that Teddy never really loved her, Silver leaves. Later, Silver asks him if he ever loved her or if it was a lie. Teddy tells her he was never lying to her, he was lying to himself, and he still loves her.

text: In It's All Fun and Games, Annie, Naomi and Adrianna throw a baby shower for Silver. Silver arrives and reveals to her friends that she is worried about having a baby at her age. She basically isn’t sure if she is responsible enough to be a mother yet. Adrianna suggests that Silver and she should have “crazy Silver fun” for the next 24 hours, and after that maybe the thought of having a kid wouldn’t be so scary. Just then a male stripper, who Naomi has invited for the party comes in and begins doing his stuff. Silver and Adrianna have a fun day together. Silver though, isn’t apparently having too much fun, as being irresponsible isn’t making her feel ready to be a mother. Adrianna then suggests that they do something which will help Silver face her fears, and Silver reluctantly agrees. Silver swings on a trapeze, in order to overcome her fears, and apparently seems to have enjoyed every moment of it. “I kicked fear’s ass” Silver tells Adrianna with absolute joy. Later on, Silver tells Adrianna that she has made an appointment at the fertility clinic, for the morning. Adrianna tells Silver all she had to do was overcome her fear and trapeze seems to have totally worked. Silver admits she is still scared, but it would be scarier for her to not live her life, she feels. At the end, she is seen getting a naked photo shoot with which she could immortalize her pre-baby, pre-surgery body.

text: In "902-100", Silver and Teddy have a dispute over the baby.  Silver wants to completely erase Teddy out of the picture, but rightfully believes that's unfair.  A couple episodes later, when Teddy refuses to sign a form forfeiting all his parental rights, Silver goes to Teddy's uncle who threatens to have the embryos frozen or destroyed.  Furious with Silver, Teddy again refuses to sign over his parental rights but Silver forges his signature.  Teddy then brings in Shane's sister, Michaela (Lyndon Smith) from Washington, D. C.  She agrees to become Silver's surrogate.  When Dixon discovers Michaela has an incredible singing voice he wants to sign her to his record label.  But Silver doesn't think that's a good idea as she feels Michaela should not be doing anything strenuous.  Meanwhile, Silver attempts to reconcile her friendship with Adrianna.  As they do, Annie and Naomi's half-brother Mark (Charlie Weber) arrives in LA and Silver and Ade make a pact to not let a guy come in between them.  But then Silver finally confesses to Ade that she slept with Mark.  Adrianna at first pretends she's okay with it but when Silver leaves, she shows her anger.  She accuses Silver of not having changed since high school and tells her she doesn't want to be her friend anymore.

text: Michaela wants to go on tour but because she's pregnant with Silver's baby, Silver says no.  Michaela feels Silver is becoming too bossy, demanding and overbearing.  Feeling bad for Michaela, Adrianna leaks a demo she recorded.  Shortly afterwards, Michaela goes missing.  Silver immediately blames Dixon who denies leaking the demo.  Eventually, they discover Adrianna did it.  Dixon accuses Adrianna of stealing Michaela's song like she stole Javier's songs.  An infuriated Silver then accuses Adrianna of being "the same conniving, manipulative, backstabbing bitch she was in high school".  Afterwards, Silver goes to find Michaela on her own.  Dixon calls Teddy, which Silver is against because they had been fighting for the last few months.  Eventually, they find Michaela at a bar having a drink.  Michaela is distraught and crying.  She tells Silver that she suffered a miscarriage.  She also tells Silver that Adrianna didn't steal her song, she wrote it.  Because she's so devastated, Michaela decides to go back to Washington and asks Dixon to let Adrianna take her place at a Spencer Blaine Tribute concert, to which Ade agrees.  But after finishing the song, the stage collapses and catches on fire leaving Ade trapped under the rubble.  When Silver arrives on the scene, she begins to regret calling Ade a "hateful bitch", fearing that could've been the last thing she ever said to her.  But then Adrianna (still trapped under the rubble) calls Silver and expresses her condolences to her having heard about Michaela's miscarriage.  After that, Silver gets a call from her doctor who tells her she has cancer.  She breaks down and cries in front of Dixon and tells him.  Dixon gives Silver a pep talk telling her to fight until she can't fight anymore and then her friends will be there to carry her up.

text: Development[edit]

text: The character of Silver was introduced in the second season of Beverly Hills, 90210 as the newborn daughter of Mel Silver and Jackie Taylor, and the half-sister of Kelly Taylor and David Silver. She is re-introduced as a 15-year-old in the spin-off. She displayed some classic bipolar symptoms, including erratic, reckless behavior, racing speech, grandiose ideas, hypersexuality, lack of sleep, euphoria and confusion. As often happens during manic phases, Silver ended up making destructive decision, which ended with her at the train station, rambling and bewildered, running toward a speeding train.[8] It was confirmed in the following episode as she was diagnosed with the disorder.[9] Silver's bipolar disorder was revisited after Adrianna tampers with her medication when implementing her plot for revenge.[10]

text: Appearance and style[edit]

text: In Season 1, Silver is shown to have long black hair and dazzling blue eyes. She has a chilled, laid-back personality and seems to show disdain towards proms and school dances. She seemed to have her own sense of style, as she is usually seen wearing clothes probably would not be worn by a typical Beverly Hills girl. In Season 2, her hair was cut short and her sense of fashion has become more girly due to Naomi and Adrianna's influence but still remains her original style. Also, her interest in school dances seemed to have grown since she was seen going to the Snowflake Dance in "Winter Wonderland and the Pass the Torch Dance in "Confessions." In Season 3, Silver's hair was styled like a tomboy's cut and dyed chocolate brown. For a short time in Season 3, while she was having another episode with her bipolar disorder, she dyed her hair an intense orange color in order to give it more "pizazz."[11] Eventually, she recolored it brown after returning from the psych ward.[12] In Season 4, Silver's hair had grown into a style such as her former one in Season 2 but with blonde highlights. By the fifth season, her hair resembles her former self in Season 1, with her hair now below her shoulders.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Reception towards Silver as a character was mainly mixed, with critics praising her uniqueness. As for Stroup, she received positive reviews for her performance, especially for her performance throughout season 1 with Silver dealing with her illness, which was critically lauded.

text: Award recognition[edit]

text: In 2010, Stroup won a Young Hollywood Award in the category of "Sparkling Performance" for her portrayal of Silver.[13] In 2012, Stroup was nominated for two PRISM Award's for Silver's Mental Health storyline and Female Performance in a Drama Series Multi-Episode Storyline.[14]


document_title: Junior officer

question_text: what is a junior officer in the navy

question_tokens: what is a junior officer in the navy

root

text: Junior officer

text:
hideCommon military ranks in English

Navies
Armies
Air forces

Commissioned officers

Admiral ofthe fleet
Field marshal orGeneral of the Army
Marshal ofthe air force

Admiral
General
Air chief marshal

Vice admiral
Lieutenant general
Air marshal

Rear admiral
Major general
Air vice-marshal

Commodore
Brigadier orbrigadier general
Air commodore

Captain
Colonel
Group captain

Commander
Lieutenant colonel
Wing commander

Lieutenantcommander
Major orCommandant
Squadron leader

Lieutenant
Captain
Flight lieutenant

Lieutenantjunior grade or sub-lieutenant
Lieutenant orfirst lieutenant
Flying officer

Ensign or midshipman
Second lieutenant
Pilot officer

Officer cadet
Officer cadet
Flight cadet

Enlisted grades

Warrant officer orchief petty officer
Warrant officer orsergeant major
Warrant officer

Petty officer
Sergeant
Sergeant

Leading seaman
Corporal orbombardier
Corporal

Seaman
Private orgunner ortrooper
Aircraftman orairman

Talk·View

tag: table

text: Junior officer, company officer or company grade officer refers to  the lowest operational commissioned officer category of ranks in a military or paramilitary organization, ranking above non-commissioned officers and below senior officers.

tag: p

text: The terms company officer or company-grade officer are used more in the Army, Air Force, or Marine Corps as the ranks of captain, lieutenant grades and other subaltern ranks originated from the officers in command of a company or equivalent (cavalry squadron/troop and artillery battery).[1][2][3][4]

text: In many armed forces, a junior officer is specifically a commissioned officer holding rank equivalent to a naval lieutenant, an army captain or a flight lieutenant or below.

text: In the United States Armed Forces, the term junior officer is used by the Navy and the Coast Guard for officers in the ranks of ensign (O-1), lieutenant, junior grade (O-2), lieutenant (O-3), and lieutenant commander (O-4).

text: The U.S. commissioned officer corps is divided into ten pay grades (O-1 through O-10). Officers in pay grades O-1 through O-3 are considered company grade officers. In the Army, Marine Corps and Air Force, these pay grades correspond to the ranks of second lieutenant (O-1), first lieutenant (O-2), and captain (O-3), and in the Navy, these pay grades correspond to ensign (O-1), lieutenant (junior grade) (O-2), and lieutenant (O-3). Officers in pay grades O-4 through O-6 are considered field grade officers, with the exception of the Navy, as an O-4 is still considered a junior officer. In the Army, Marine Corps, and Air Force, these pay grades correspond to the ranks of major (O-4), lieutenant colonel (O-5), and colonel (O-6), and in the Navy, lieutenant commander, commander, and captain. The highest four pay grades are reserved for general officers in the Army, Marine Corps and Air Force and flag officers in the Navy. The ranks associated with each pay grade are as follows: in the Army, Marine Corps and Air Force, brigadier general (O-7), major general (O-8), lieutenant general (O-9) and general (O-10); in the Navy, rear admiral (lower half), rear admiral, vice admiral and admiral.


document_title: The Green Mile (film)

question_text: who played old paul in the green mile

question_tokens: who played old paul in the green mile

text: The Green Mile (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In a Louisiana assisted-living home in 1999, Paul Edgecomb begins to cry while watching the film Top Hat. His companion Elaine becomes concerned, and Paul explains to her that the film reminded him of the events of 1935, which took place when he was a prison officer, in charge of death row, what they refer to as the "Green Mile".

text: In 1935, Paul supervises officers Brutus Howell, Dean Stanton, Harry Terwilliger, and Percy Wetmore at Cold Mountain Penitentiary. Paul is suffering from a severe bladder infection and receives John Coffey, a physically imposing but mentally challenged black man, into his custody. John had been sentenced to death after being convicted of raping and murdering two white girls. One of the other inmates is a Native-American named Arlen Bitterbuck, who is charged with murder and is the first to be executed. Percy demonstrates a severe sadistic streak, but, as the nephew of Louisiana's First Lady, he is beyond reproach. He is particularly abusive with inmate Eduard Delacroix; he breaks Del's fingers with his baton, steps on a pet mouse named Mr. Jingles, which Del had adopted, repeatedly calls him by a gay slur, and ultimately sabotages his execution by failing to soak the sponge used to conduct electricity to Del's head; Del dies screaming in pain.

text: John begins to demonstrate supernatural powers; he cures Paul's bladder infection, resurrects Mr. Jingles, and heals Melinda Moores, wife of the prison's chief warden, of a brain tumor. This last affliction he releases into Percy, who under its influence shoots another prisoner, mass murderer William Wharton, dead. Wharton had from the moment of his arrival been a troublemaker; he assaulted the guards as he was being escorted into the block, made mischief on two occasions later which caused Paul to order him restrained in the block's padded cell, groped Percy, racially insulted John, and revealed psychically to John that he is, in fact, responsible for the crime for which John was condemned. John then reveals the story psychically to Paul, and, when doing so, he also releases his supernatural energy into Paul. Meanwhile, Percy is committed to the insane asylum.

text: Although distraught over the notion of being executed while innocent, John tells Paul that he does, in fact, wish to die, as he views the world as a cruel place. Mentioning that he had never seen a movie before, John watches Top Hat with the other guards as a last request. John is executed that night but refuses the customary hood, as he is afraid of the dark. Paul concludes his story by telling Elaine that John's was the last execution that he and Brutus supervised; following Coffey's execution, they both took jobs in the juvenile system.

text: Elaine realizes that, since he had a grown son in 1935, Paul must be much older than he looks. Paul reveals that he is, in fact, 108 years of age. Not only is he still alive, so is Del's mouse, Mr. Jingles. Paul then muses that if John's power could make a mouse live for as long as Mr. Jingles has, how much longer does he himself have left?

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tom Hanks as Paul Edgecomb

Dabbs Greer as old Paul Edgecomb

David Morse as Brutus "Brutal" Howell
Bonnie Hunt as Jan Edgecomb
Michael Clarke Duncan as John Coffey
James Cromwell as Hal Moores
Michael Jeter as Eduard "Del" Delacroix
Doug Hutchison as Percy Wetmore
Sam Rockwell as William "Wild Bill" Wharton
Jeffrey DeMunn as Harry Terwilliger
Barry Pepper as Dean Stanton
Patricia Clarkson as Melinda Moores
Brent Briscoe as Bill Dodge
Harry Dean Stanton as Toot-Toot
Gary Sinise as Burt Hammersmith
Graham Greene as Arlen Bitterbuck
William Sadler as Klaus Detterick
Bill McKinney as Jack Van Hay
Jon Polito as "D" Block Prison Guard
Eve Brent as Elaine Connelly
Paula Malcomson as Marjorie Detterick

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Darabont adapted the novel into a screenplay in under eight weeks.[3]

text: The film was shot at Warner Hollywood Studios, West Hollywood, California, and on location in Shelbyville, Tennessee and Blowing Rock, North Carolina.[4]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Hanks and Darabont met at an Academy Award luncheon in 1994. Stephen King stated he envisioned Hanks in the role and was happy when Darabont mentioned his name.[3]

text: Morse had not heard about the script until he was offered the role. He stated he was in tears by the end of it.[3] Darabont wanted Cromwell from the start, and after he read the script, Cromwell was moved and agreed.[3]

text: Duncan credited his casting to Bruce Willis, with whom he had worked on the film Armageddon one year earlier. According to Duncan, Willis introduced him to Darabont after hearing of the open call for John Coffey.[5]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The official film soundtrack, Music from the Motion Picture The Green Mile, was released on December 19, 1999 by Warner Bros. It contains 37 tracks, primarily instrumental tracks from the film score by Thomas Newman. It also contains four vocal tracks: "Cheek to Cheek" by Fred Astaire, "I Can't Give You Anything but Love, Baby" by Billie Holiday, "Did You Ever See a Dream Walking?" by Gene Austin, and "Charmaine" by Guy Lombardo and His Royal Canadians.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 80%, based on 132 reviews. The critical consensus states "Though The Green Mile is long, critics say it's an absorbing, emotionally powerful experience."[6] The film also has a score of 61 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 36 critics indicating "generally favorable reviews'.[7]

text: Roger Ebert gave the film 3 and a half stars out of 4, writing "The film is a shade over three hours long. I appreciated the extra time, which allows us to feel the passage of prison months and years."[8] Forbes commentator Dawn Mendez referred to the character of John Coffey as a "'magic Negro' figure"—a term describing a stereotypical fictional black person depicted in a fictional work as a "saintly, nonthreatening" person whose purpose in life is to solve a problem for or otherwise further the happiness of a white person.[9]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: 1999 Academy Awards[10][11]

text:
Nominated – Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role – Michael Clarke Duncan
Nominated – Best Picture – David Valdes, Frank Darabont
Nominated – Best Sound Mixing – Robert J. Litt, Elliot Tyson, Michael Herbick, Willie D. Burton
Nominated – Best Adapted Screenplay – Frank Darabont

text: 2000 Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films

text:
Won – Best Supporting Actor – Michael Clarke Duncan
Won – Best Supporting Actress – Patricia Clarkson
Won – Best Action/Adventure/Thriller Film
Nominated – Best Director – Frank Darabont
Nominated – Best Music – Thomas Newman

text: 2000 Broadcast Music Incorporated Film & TV Awards

text: Won – Film Music Award – Thomas Newman

text: 2000 Black Reel Awards

text: Won – Theatrical – Best Supporting Actor – Michael Clarke Duncan

text: 2000 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards

text:
Won – Favorite Actor – Drama – Tom Hanks
Nominated – Favorite Supporting Actor – Drama – Michael Clarke Duncan
Nominated – Favorite Supporting Actress – Drama – Bonnie Hunt

text: 2000 Bram Stoker Awards

text: Nominated – Best Screenplay – Frank Darabont

text: 2000 Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards

text:
Won – Best Screenplay, Adaptation – Frank Darabont
Won – Best Supporting Actor – Michael Clarke Duncan
Nominated – Best Film

text: 2000 Chicago Film Critics Association Awards

text:
Nominated – Best Supporting Actor – Michael Clarke Duncan
Nominated – Most Promising Actor – Michael Clarke Duncan

text: 2000 Directors Guild of America

text: Nominated – Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures – Frank Darabont

text: 2000 Golden Globe Awards

text: Nominated – Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture – Michael Clarke Duncan

text: 2000 NAACP Image Awards

text: Nominated – Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture – Michael Clarke Duncan

text: 2000 MTV Movie Awards

text: Nominated – Best Breakthrough Male Performance – Michael Clarke Duncan

text: 2000 Motion Picture Sound Editors (Golden Reel Awards)

text:
Nominated – Best Sound Editing – Dialogue and ADR – Mark A. Mangini, Julia Evershade
Nominated – Best Sound Editing – Effects and Foley – Mark A. Mangini, Aaron Glascock, Howell Gibbens, David E. Stone, Solange S. Schwalbe

text: 2000 People's Choice Awards

text:
Won – Favorite All-Around Motion Picture
Won – Favorite Dramatic Motion Picture

text: 2001 Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (Nebula Award)

text: Nominated – Best Script – Frank Darabont

text: 2000 Screen Actors Guild Awards

text:
Nominated – Outstanding Performance by a Cast
Nominated – Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role – Michael Clarke Duncan

text: Others[edit]

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text: 2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated[12]


document_title: Coward of the County

question_text: who played tommy in coward of the county

text: Coward of the County

text: The song's story[edit]

text: The song tells the story of a young man named Tommy, who earns a notorious reputation as the "coward of the county" (and is nicknamed "Yellow", a slang term for a cowardly person) since he never stood up for himself one single time to prove the county wrong.

text: Tommy's non-confrontational attitude was influenced, at age 10, by his final visit with his imprisoned father, shortly before he dies there (accompanied by the singer, portraying Tommy's uncle). In his final words to Tommy, his father tells him that to "turn the other cheek" isn't altogether a sign of weakness, and implores him to promise "not to do the things I've done; walk away from trouble if you can" (implying that not "turning the other cheek" was what may have landed Tommy's father in prison).

text: Despite his cowardly reputation, Tommy falls in love with Becky, a local girl who loves Tommy for who he is without having to prove to her that he was a man. One day, while Tommy was working, the three Gatlin brothers came to Becky's house, attacked and "took turns at Becky." Tommy returns home and finds Becky crying and her dress torn. Reaching above the fireplace and taking down his daddy's picture, he faces the dilemma of choosing between upholding his father's plea of "walking away from trouble", or achieving justice for Becky.

text: Tommy chooses to visit the bar where the Gatlin boys are. Amid laughter upon Tommy's entrance, and after "one of them got up and met him halfway 'cross the floor," Tommy turns around, and the Gatlins assume he once again is going to walk away like a coward ("they said, hey look old yellow's leaving"). However he actually turned to lock the door behind him ("you coulda heard a pin drop when Tommy stopped and locked the door") and trap the Gatlin boys inside with him. Fueled by "twenty years of crawlin'" that "was bottled up inside him," Tommy engages in a relentless barroom brawl that leaves all three Gatlin boys unconscious on the barroom floor.

text: Tommy then reflects on his dead father's plea, addressing him respectfully that while he did his best to avoid trouble, he hopes he understands that "sometimes you gotta fight when you're a man."

text: Controversy regarding "The Gatlin Boys" lyric[edit]

text: It has been claimed that mention of the "Gatlin boys ... there was three of them" in the song was a reference to The Gatlin Brothers. However, in The Billboard Book of Number One Country Singles, Rogers stated that he did not realize the connection, and that had he done so, he would have asked for the name to have been changed. Larry Gatlin also gave the song a positive review ("It's a good song").[2] Writer Billy Edd Wheeler denied that the lyric was a reference to the Gatlin Brothers.[3]

text: Larry Gatlin said in an interview on the Adam Carolla Show that Roger Bowling had a personal grudge against him although he didn't know why. He told Carolla that when Bowling won song of the year for "Lucille", he (Gatlin) walked over to congratulate Bowling for winning. Gatlin told Carolla: "He said 'fuck you Gatlin.' I said 'what?' He said 'fuck you.' I said 'Let me tell you something, hoss. If we weren't in the Grand Ole' Opry House dressed up in tuxedos, I would just open a boot shop in your ass.'" Gatlin said it was a year or two later that his family name showed up in "Coward of the County."[4]the song Gatlin to retaliate for this incident.

text: Chart performance[edit]

text:
Chart (1979–1980)
Peak
position

Australia (ARIA)[5]
6

Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[6]
9

Canada Adult Contemporary Tracks (RPM)
1

Canada Country Tracks (RPM)
1

Canada Top Singles (RPM)
1

Ireland (IRMA)
1

Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[7]
8

New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[8]
3

Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[9]
8

Spain (AFYVE)[10]
19

UK Singles Chart[11] (The Official Charts Company)
1

US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[12]
1

U. S. Cash Box Top 100 Singles
1

US Billboard Hot 100[13]
3

US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[14]
5

text: Cover versions[edit]

text: Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song with several lyric changes for their 1981 album Urban Chipmunk.

text: Jamaican dancehall musician Sister Nancy performed a version on her 1982 album "One, Two" as "Coward of the Country [sic]." Her version also includes elements of the songs "Banana Boat Song" and "In the Ghetto."[15]

text: Film adaptation[edit]

text: The song inspired a 1981 television movie of the same name, directed by Dick Lowry, who also directed all but the last of The Gambler television movie saga pentalogy. Set in small-town Georgia during the onset of America's involvement in World War II, the film's plot stayed true to the song's lyrics and starred Rogers as Tommy's uncle, Reverend Matthew Spencer (the singer of the song), Fredric Lehne as the troubled Tommy Spencer, Largo Woodruff as Tommy's girlfriend Becky, and William Schreiner as James Joseph "Jimmy Joe" Gatlin (one of Tommy's nemeses and a rival for Becky; Jimmy Joe publicly states that Becky is 'his girl' despite the fact that Becky never has felt the same way towards him and has repeatedly told him so. That rejection (to which he is in total denial), along with the fact that Becky and Tommy started dating and became engaged while he and his brother Luke were away at basic training, would serve as motive for Jimmy Joe and his brothers to assault Becky three days before she and Tommy would be getting married.). The movie added several characters not mentioned in the song, including Car-Wash (Noble Willingham), a friend of the Spencer family; Violet (Ana Alicia), a local girl who also loved Tommy; and Lem Gatlin (Joe Dorsey), the equally-nemesis father of the Gatlin boys (brothers Jimmy Joe, Paul, and Luke).

text: The film ends with Tommy joining the military and being shipped off to war, right after his and Becky's wedding ceremony (performed by Matthew), and with all three Gatlin brothers going to prison for gang-raping Becky.


document_title: U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state

question_text: when did they change drinking age to 21

question_tokens: when did they change drinking age to 21

text: The alcohol laws of the United States regarding minimum age for purchase have changed over time. The history is given in the table below. Unless otherwise noted, if different alcohol categories have different minimum purchase ages, the age listed below is set at the lowest age given (e.g. if the purchase age is 18 for beer and 21 for wine or spirits, as was the case in several states, the age in the table will read as "18", not "21"). In addition, the purchase age is not necessarily the same as the minimum age for consumption of alcoholic beverages, although they have often been the same.

text: As one can see in the table below, there has been much volatility in the states' drinking ages since the repeal of Prohibition in 1933. Shortly after the ratification of the 21st amendment in December, most states set their purchase ages at 21 since that was the Voting age at the time. Most of these limits remained constant until the early 1970s. From 1969 to 1976, some 30 states lowered their purchase ages, generally to 18. This was primarily because the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 in 1971 with the 26th amendment. A lot of states started to lower their minimum drinking age in response, most of this occurring in 1972 or 1973.[1][2][3] Twelve states kept their purchase ages at 21 since repeal of Prohibition and never changed them.

text: From 1976 to 1983, several states voluntarily raised their purchase ages to 19 (or, less commonly, 20 or 21), in part to combat drunk driving fatalities.[citation needed] In 1984, Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act, which required states to raise their ages for purchase and public possession to 21 by October 1986 or lose 10% of their federal highway funds. By mid-1988, all 50 states and the District of Columbia had raised their purchase ages to 21 (but not Puerto Rico, Guam, or the Virgin Islands, see Additional Notes below). South Dakota and Wyoming were the final two states to comply with the age 21 mandate. The current drinking age of 21 remains a point of contention among many Americans, because of it being higher than the age of majority (18 in most states) and higher than the drinking ages of most other countries. The National Minimum Drinking Age Act is also seen as a congressional sidestep of the tenth amendment. Although debates have not been highly publicized, a few states have proposed legislation to lower their drinking age,[4] while Guam has raised its drinking age to 21 in July 2010.[5]

text:
State
Pre-Prohibition
(prior to 1919)
Post-Prohibition
(after 1933)
1970s / 26th Amendment
(adopted in 1971)
1980s /
Drinking Age Act of 1984
21st century

Alabama
Pre 1881:
None
1881:
21 (none with consent of parent)[6]
21
1970:
Lowered to 19[7]
1986:
Raised to 21[8]
21 (no one underage is allowed consumption Section 28-1)

Alaska
 ?
21[7]
1970:
Lowered to 19[9]
1984:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause (if born before January 1, 1965)[10][11]
21

Arizona
 ?
21[11]
1972:
Lowered to 19[12][13]
1985:
Raised to 21[8]
21

Arkansas
Pre 1925:
None[7]
1925:
21[7]
21
21[14]
21 [8]
21

California
Pre 1891:
Regulated by municipality/county (common age was 16)[15][16][17]
1891:
18 (statewide)[18]
1933:
21[7]
21
21 [8]
21 (except small amounts for religious ceremonies)

Colorado
None[11]
1945:
18: for beer
21: for wine and liquor[7]
18 [19]
Raised to 21 in 1987 [8]
21

Connecticut
 ?
21 [11]
1972:
Lowered to 18[20]
1982:
Raised to 19
1983:
Raised to 20
1985:
Raised to 21[21]
21 (exemptions: (1) a person over age eighteen who is an employee or permit holder under section 30-90a and who possesses alcoholic liquor in the course of such person’s employment or business, (2) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor on the order of a practicing physician, or (3) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor while accompanied by a parent, guardian or spouse of the minor, who has attained the age of twenty-one. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to burden a person’s exercise of religion under section 3 of article first of the Constitution of the state in violation of subsection (a) of section 52-571b.[22]

Delaware
 ?
21 [11]
1972:
Lowered to 20[13]
1984:
Raised to 21[8]
21

District of Columbia
 ?
18: for beer and wine[11]
21: for liquor[23][24]
18: for beer and wine[13][24]
21: for liquor
1986:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause.[25][26]
21

Florida
 ?
18[7]
1972:
19 [27]
1985:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause [27]
21 [28]

Georgia
 ?
21 [11]
1972:
Lowered to 18[12]
1984:
Raised to 19[14]
1985:
Raised to 20[14]
1986:
Raised to 21[14]
21

Hawaii
 ?
21[7]
1972:
Lowered to 18[13]
1986:
Raised to 21[8]
21

Idaho
 ?
20: for beer[29][30]
21: for wine and liquor[11][31]
1972:
Lowered to 19 (all)[13][32]
1987:
Raised to 21 in 1987 (Apr 11) with grandfather clause[8][33]
21

Illinois
1872:
Age of majority
(none with written consent of parent)[34]
pre 1961: Age of majority 1961: Raised to 21 [35]
1973:
Lowered to 19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[36]
1980:
Raised to 21[37]
21

Indiana
 ?
Post-1934:
21[7]
21[14]
21[8]
21

Iowa
 ?
21[7]
1972:
Lowered to 19 in 1972 (Jul 1)
1973:
Lowered to 18 in 1973 (Jul 1)
1978:
Raised to 19 in 1978 (Jul 1)[38]
1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Jul 1) with grandfather clause.[14][38]
21

Kansas
 ?
1949:
18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV
21: for liquor[7]
18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV[14]
21: for beer and wine with 4% ABV or more[14]
21: for liquor[14][19]
1985:
Raised to 21[8]
21 (However, anyone under 21 may consume cereal malt beverages with parental supervision on their own property)

Kentucky
 ?
1938:
21[7]
21[14]
21[8]
21

Louisiana
 ?
As of 1948:
18[13]
18[19]
1987:
Raised to 21 de jure in 1987,[8]
but de facto age was still 18 until 1995 due to a sale loophole.
1995:
De facto age raised to 21 in 1995 when loophole was closed.[39]
1996:
In 1996, briefly lowered by Louisiana Supreme Court to 18 until it reversed its decision, raising to 21 three months later.[40]
Other exceptions still remain.[41]
21

Maine
 ?
21[7]
1969:
Lowered to 20
1972:
Lowered to 18[12]
1977:
Raised to 20[8][42]
1985:
Raised to 21[8]
21

Maryland
 ?
21[7]
1974:
Lowered to 18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[43][44]
1982:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause [8][45]
21 (however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present)

Massachusetts
 ?
21 [11]
1973:
Lowered to 18
1979:
Raised to 20 in 1979 (Apr 16)[46][47][48]
Raised to 21 in 1985 [8]
21

Michigan
 ?
21[7]
1972:
Lowered to 18 in 1972 (Jan 1)[49]
1978:
Raised to 19 in 1978 (Dec 3)[50][51]
1978:
Raised to 21 in 1978 (Dec 21), 18 days later.[8]
First state to raise age to 21 since it was lowered
21

Minnesota
 ?
21 [11]
1973:
Lowered to 18
1976:
Raised to 19[52]
First state to raise age after lowering.
1986:
Raised to 21[53]
21

Mississippi
 ?
1966:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[7]
(alcohol not legalized until 1966)
18[19]
Raised to 21 in 1986 [8]
21

Missouri
 ?
1945:
21[7]
21
21 [8]
21

Montana
 ?
21 [11]
1971:
Lowered to 19[54]
1973:
Lowered to 18[55][56]
1979:
Raised to 19
1987:
Raised to 21[8][57]
21

Nebraska
 ?
21[58]
1969:
Lowered to 20
1972:
Lowered to 19[58]
1980:
Raised to 20[14]
1985:
Raised to 21[14]
21

Nevada
 ?
1933:
21[7]
21
21[8]
21

New Hampshire
 ?
21[11]
1973:
Lowered to 18[59]
1979:
Raised to 20
1985:
Raised to 21[8][21]
21

New Jersey
Before 1880:
None
Post-1880:
18 (penalties only against businesses)[60][61][62]
21[citation needed]
1973:
Lowered to 18 [12]
1980:
Raised to 19
1983:
Raised to 21[8][63]
21

New Mexico
 ?
1934:
21[7]
21[14]
21[8]
21

New York
21
18[64]
18
1982:
Raised to 19 in 1982 (Dec)
1985:
Raised to 21 in 1985 (Dec)[21][65][66]
21

North Carolina
 ?
18[11]
18: for beer and wine[19]
21: for liquor
1983:
19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor
1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)[8][26]
21

North Dakota
 ?
1936:
21[7]
21[14]
21 [67]
21

Ohio
 ?
1935:
18: for 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[68]
18: for 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor
1982 (Aug. 19 to Oct. 1):
19: for 3.2% ABW beer[14]
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[14]
1982 (From Oct. 1):
19: beer
21: wine and liquor[69]
1988:
21[14]
21 (However, anyone can drink with parents or legal-age spouse)

Oklahoma
 ?
Men:
21
Women:
18: 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[70]
1976:
Lowered to 18 (for 3.2% ABW beer) for both sexes in 1976 (Dec) [71]
Last state to lower the drinking age.
1983:
Raised to 21[11][72]
21

Oregon
 ?
1933:
21[7]
21
21 [8]
21

Pennsylvania
 ?
1935:
21[7]
21
21 [8][51]
21

Rhode Island
 ?
21[11]
1970:
Lowered to 18[12][73]
1980:
Raised to 19
1981:
Raised to 20
1984:
Raised to 21[21]
21

South Carolina
21[74]
1935:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[7]
18: for beer and wine[19]
21: for liquor
1984:
19: for beer and wine[7]
21: for liquor
1986:
Raised to 21[8]
21

South Dakota
 ?
1934:
21 (all)
1939:
Lowered to 18: for 3.2% beer
Raised to 19: for 3.2% beer[75]
1972:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[13]
1984:
19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[8]
1988:
Raised to 21[57]
21

Tennessee
Pre 1881:
None
1881:
21[76]
21[7]
1964:
Lowered to 18[7]
1979:
Raised to 19
1984:
Raised to 21[8]
21

Texas
Pre 1909:
21
None (with written permission of parent or guardian)
Post 1909:
21[77][78]
21[7]
1973:
Lowered to 18[79]
1981:
Raised to 19[80]
1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)[8][26]
21

Utah
 ?
1935:
21[7]
21[14]
21 [8]
21

Vermont
 ?
21[7]
1971:
Lowered to 18[81][82]
1986:
Raised to 21[21][82]
21

Virginia
 ?
21[83]
1974:
Lowered to 18: for beer and wine
(21: for liquor remained)[83]
1981:
Raised to 19 for off-premises consumption
1983:
Raised to 19 (all beer)
1985:
Raised to 21[83]
21

Washington
"Age of majority"
since 1877 [84]
21[citation needed]
21
21 [8]
21

West Virginia
 ?
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[11]
1972:
Lowered to 18 (all)[85]
1983:
Raised to 19
(& 21 for non-residents)[8][42]
1986:
Raised to 21[8]
21

Wisconsin
1839–1866:
18: for wine and liquor
None: for beer
Post-1866:
21 (all)[86]
18: for beer
21: for wine and spirits
1957:
21: for residents of bordering states with age limit 21.[87]
1963:
Raised to 21 (off-premises beer sales, remained 18 for on-premises).[87]
1972:
Lowered to 18 (all) in 1972 (Mar)[87]
1977:
Border state restriction lifted.[87]
1984:
Raised to 19
1986:
Raised to 21 (September 1, 1986)[87]
21 (however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present)[citation needed]

Wyoming
 ?
21[7]
1973:
Lowered to 19[13]
1988:
Raised to 21 in 1988 (Jul 1)[88][89]
Last state to raise de jure drinking age to 21
21

American Samoa
 ?
 ?
 ?
21?
21 [90]

Northern Mariana Islands
–
–
 ?
21?
21 [91]

Puerto Rico
 ?
18
18
Kept at 18
despite 10% highway funding
penalty under Drinking Age Act.
18 [92]

Virgin Islands
 ?
 ?
 ?
18
18 [93]

Guam
 ?
21?
18
18
Raised to 21 in 2010 [5]

text: Additional notes[edit]

text:
Contrary to popular belief, since the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984, not all states specifically prohibit minors' and young adults' consumption of alcohol in private settings. That is because the federal law is concerned only with purchase and public possession, not private consumption, and contains several exceptions. As of January 1, 2007, 14 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright, 19 states do not specifically ban underage consumption outright, and 17 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws. Federal law explicitly provides for religious, medical, employment and private club possession exceptions; as of 2005, 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws.[41]
In the 1960s the age for buying or drinking beer and wine in the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.) was 18; the age for hard liquor was 21.[23][24] Residents from Virginia and Maryland would often drive to D.C. to obtain alcohol. In Louisiana, the 1987 law raising the age from 18 to 21 was deliberately written solely to comply with the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 to avoid losing highway funding, while still allowing 18- to 20-year-olds to drink as before. Not only did it still allow 18- to 20-year-olds to consume in private, it contained a major loophole allowing bars and stores to sell alcohol to 18- to 20-year-olds without penalty (despite purchase being technically illegal) which meant that the de facto age was still 18.[39] In other words, the drinking age was 21 only on paper. This loophole was closed in 1995, but in 1996 the Louisiana Supreme Court declared a drinking age of 21 unconstitutional.[39] That briefly lowered the de jure purchase age to 18, causing an uproar which prompted the Louisiana Supreme Court to reverse its decision, raising the age to 21 three months later.[40] Other exceptions still remain to this day, including drinking in a private residence,[41] and Louisiana still has some of the most liberal general alcohol laws of any state.
Some states were "dry" well before national Prohibition was enacted in 1919, in some cases since achieving statehood. Also, some states did not become fully "wet" until several years after the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 (e.g. Mississippi in 1966). Since 1966, all states and territories of the USA have been "wet", but dry counties and towns still exist in some states.


document_title: Dead or Alive 5

question_text: who hosted the 5th dead or alive tournament

text: Dead or Alive 5

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: The game has four main modes: Story (the main Story Mode and its bonus Missions), Fighting (offline modes, including Versus, Arcade, Time Attack and Survival), Online (Simple Match, Ranked Match and Lobby Match) and Extras. Training Mode has more features than the previous Dead or Alive games, including allowing for players to adjust the AI opponent's behavior. Online modes include an ability to organize and host tournaments for up to 16 players, Spectator Mode enabling users to chat with other players while watching fights, and Online Dojo, a training mode where one can practice with other players.[4] Extras include Spectator, where players can watch replay of their matches, or watch fights between two AI players, and also take photographs from a position and angle of their choosing with a fully controllable camera.[5]

text: Fighting system[edit]

text: The fighting gameplay is based on that of Dead or Alive 3,[citation needed] with several changes. Like in the other games in the series, fights in Dead or Alive 5 are based on an interruption triangle system in which strikes (normal attacks) beat throws, throws beat holds (strike interception attacks), and holds beat strikes, all of such counterattacks causing extra damage.[5] Tag team battles from the previous DOA games have been retained. The fights take place in interactive and now more highly-destructive arenas. The game's characters are rendered in much more realistic visual style than in the previous titles in the series,[6] including new details such as the fighters getting sweaty and their clothes getting dirty during the fights, costume-specific breast physics and semi-transparent clothing.[7]

text: A new feature called Power Blow (a triggered powerful attack that can be executed when a character's health is below 50%) enables the players to knock the opponent character away in a selected direction. Characters can be thrown into the series' signature Danger Zones or over a cliff in the multi-level stages; this initiates another new feature, which is a cinematic quick time event called Cliffhanger.[8] With Cliffhanger, if a character can grab onto the stage at the last moment before falling into a lower level, an action sequence is activated where the opponent character can make an effort to inflict even more damage if the attack succeeds.[5] The game's Critical System features Critical Stuns (after having been hit with specific moves, opponent characters get stunned and are unable to block, but can still perform holds), Critical Combos (striking a character in a Critical Stun state can prolong the amount of time they remain stunned, but the damage that can be inflicted this way is limited) and Critical Bursts (specific strikes over the damage limit of successful Critical Combos that leave the target character completely defenseless for a short while).[5]

text: Plot[edit]

text: Dead or Alive 5 is set two years after the events of Dead or Alive 4 and the destruction of the DOATEC corporation's TriTower headquarters. Helena Douglas has undertaken the task of rebuilding DOATEC but wants to use its technology for peaceful ends. Helena dissolved DOATEC's Biotechnology Division, stopped the Military Division's biological weapons projects Alpha, Epsilon and Omega, fired all members of Donovan's faction, and announced that she intends to hold the Dead or Alive Tournament 5 (DOA5), hosted by Zack, "to show the world the principles and philosophies upholding the new DOATEC."[9]

text: The game's Story Mode is told in the form of one long sequence, similar to the Chronicle Mode of Dead or Alive: Dimensions and presented in "hyperlink cinema style" for more character and stage interactions.[10] It is not told in chronological order and is instead divided into a series of interconnected chapters following various characters and showing the events from their respective perspectives. There are two main storylines, one telling the story of the fifth tournament, and the other one centered around the hunt for Alpha-152. Characters from the both storylines often interact with each other in minor ways.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Dead or Alive 5 features 19 recurring characters from the series as playable fighters, each with Japanese and English voice actors:[11]

text:
Kasumi (voiced by Houko Kuwashima and Lauren Landa),[12] a Japanese runaway female ninja and the series' main protagonist, currently looking to defeat her DOATEC-created weaponized clone, Alpha-152.
Ayane (voiced by Wakana Yamazaki and Brittney Harvey),[12] a Japanese kunoichi and Kasumi's half-sister who regards Kasumi as a traitor for breaking their shinobi code and continues to hunt her.
Hayate (voiced by Hikaru Midorikawa and Yuri Lowenthal),[12] the Japanese leader of the Mugen Tenshin clan and Kasumi's brother. He was once briefly known as Ein when he lost his memory after having been used as a guinea pig for Project Epsilon.
Ryu Hayabusa (voiced by Hideyuki Hori and Troy Baker),[12] a Japanese ninja and Hayate's friend who helped the Mugen Tenshin clan to put an end to DOATEC's conspiracy during the previous tournament; now, he feels evil rising again.
Helena Douglas (voiced by Yuka Koyama and Karen Strassman),[12] a French billionaire and the new head of DOATEC conglomerate, engaged in a vendetta against Donovan. Helena, a piguaquan fighter, is using her yacht Freedom Survivor as an executive office.
Zack (voiced by Bin Shimada and Keith Silverstein),[12] an eccentric American DJ, host of DOA tournament and self-taught Muay Thai fighter. Zack is travelling around the world to invite fighters for the tournament, also using this as an occasion to fight against them.
Bayman (voiced by Banjō Ginga and Matthew Mercer),[13] a Russian ex-Spetsnaz soldier and assassin and now a mercenary who is using combat sambo. In the game, Bayman is pursuing a mysterious attacker that has almost killed him, leaving him with a vicious scar.
Kokoro (voiced by Ayako Kawasumi and Heather Hogan),[12] a Japanese geisha-in-training and a master of Bajiquan. Kokoro's mother is Miyako who has never talked about her work.
Christie (voiced by Kotono Mitsuishi and Laura Bailey),[12] an English female assassin and a practitioner of shequan.
Jann Lee (voiced by Nobutoshi Canna and Kaiji Tang),[14] a Chinese practitioner of jeet kune do who is constantly seeking to test himself against the most powerful opponents.
Leifang (voiced by Yumi Tōma and Cassandra Morris),[15] a Chinese female prodigy of t'ai chi ch'uan, who has befriended Hitomi after their fierce fight in DOA4 and with whom she is travelling and sparring now. Her dream is to meet again and defeat Jann Lee, the man who once saved her life and who she is obsessed about ever since.
Hitomi (voiced by Yui Horie and Eden Riegel),[12] a German-Japanese female practitioner of karate and Leifang's friend. She has a crush on Ein, with whom she once had trained with.
Bass Armstrong (voiced by Kenta Miyake and Patrick Seitz),[12] an American former legendary professional wrestler who became a worker on oil platforms for DOATEC following his retirement from the ring.
Tina Armstrong (voiced by Yūko Nagashima and Kate Higgins),[12] an American rock star and a former professional wrestler just like her father, Bass.
Lisa Hamilton (voiced by Maaya Sakamoto),[12] also known as La Mariposa, is an American former DOATEC scientist and a lucha libre wrestler who is both a rival and close friend to Tina.
Brad Wong (voiced by Unshō Ishizuka and Grant George),[12] a Chinese zuiquan master and constant drunk who accompanies Eliot on his journey of training.
Eliot (voiced by Junko Minagawa and David Vincent),[16] a young British apprentice to Gen Fu and travelling companion of Brad Wong, practicing xingyiquan.
Gen Fu (voiced by Chikao Ohtsuka and Kirk Thornton),[12] Elliot's Chinese master and teacher.
Alpha-152 (voiced by Houko Kuwashima and Lauren Landa),[12] a clone of Kasumi and the final boss of the game.

text: DOA5 adds two new characters to the series:

text:
Rig (voiced by Hiroki Tōchi and Liam O'Brien),[12] a Canadian taekwondo master who is a boss at the same oil platform where Bass works and the two are rough friends.
Mila (voiced by Ryoko Shiraishi),[12] an ambitious Spanish female mixed martial artist who works as a part-time waitress at a diner in New York.

text: In addition, the game features three additional unlockable guest characters from the Virtua Fighter series (they also make cameo appearances in the game's Story Mode):

text:
Akira Yuki (voiced by Shin-ichiro Miki)[12]
Sarah Bryant (voiced by Lisle Wilkerson)[12]
Pai Chan (voiced by Minami Takayama)[12]

text: Story[edit]

text: Bayman's military patrol is ambushed and cut down by a hooded figure of superhuman speed which then dissolves into thin air. Seeking revenge, Bayman meets Helena aboard Freedom Survivor, as he is suspecting DOATEC's involvement, which Helena denies, suggesting it might be rather the work of Donovan's breakaway faction. She is also approached by Kasumi, who is looking for information regarding Alpha-152. Helena promises her help and arranges a meeting between Hayate and Kasumi, who insists that the pursuit of Alpha is only her fight, rejecting Hayate's offer to aid her. Kasumi then sets out to find more clues about Alpha's whereabouts, going round-the-world while being herself pursued by Ayane. She is also hunted by Bayman, who suspects Kasumi of being the attacker and desires to take her down himself. Helena tells Hayate that she will stop Project Alpha.

text: Meanwhile, at DOATEC's oil platform, Rig is paid a visit by Christie who claims to be a woman from his past coming to "test" him and who is still working for Donovan. Soon, the platform mysteriously comes under helicopter attack, but Rig and Bass succeed in putting down the fire. It is then revealed it was Helena who has destroyed the TriTower to get revenge on Donovan for the death of her parents during power struggles within the organization. Donovan, his face hidden behind a white porcelain mask, is seen plotting the final stage of his Project Alpha: Phase Four. Donovan orders Lisa, who is still working with him on her research, to bring Miyako, who too is part of their new organization MIST, to a secret laboratory located under the rig.

text: Various characters are shown entering the fifth DOA tournament, which takes place at the platform. Each does it for their own reasons, often to either see once more or to defeat some other character. Usually they join it after either being approached by Zack, who is shown finding, fighting and recruiting them around the world. After Tina decides to return to fighting, her father Bass enters it as well, adopting a ring name of Mr. Strong; eventually, they reunite as a team. While stalking Jann Lee, Leifang eventually confronts him before the tournament and there is sexual tension between them. Hitomi, who still hopes to see Ein (Hayate), advances to the quarterfinals, defeating Mila and then Eliot. During a break, Hitomi meets Hayate, who wishes her good luck. Jann Lee, who had won constructive matches against Leifang and Mr. Strong, defeats her, emerging as the winner from the tournament but not attending the championship award ceremony out of a personal grudge for Rig, whom he lost to in an earlier fight.

text: In Japan, Ryu Hayabusa is approached by Hayate and joins him and Ayane. Helena informs them that the Phase Four will see a mass production of Kasumi clones to sell them to top militaries in the world. Feeling that something is wrong with Kasumi, Hayate orders Ayane to follow her and discover her real intentions. Frustrated with her failure to track down Alpha, Kasumi returns to Helena, demanding to be told the truth, and Helena directs her to the platform. There, Hayate wins the right to follow her from Bayman. Kasumi discovers the lab, with Alpha-152 in it, and appears to destroy her clone. However, she is then attacked and mortally wounded by Hayate and Ayane, and dies in Ryu's arms. This Kasumi is revealed to be merely a clone herself, but Ryu regrets her death anyway. Ryu destroys attacking helicopters (of the kind that attacked the rig earlier), while Hayate is captured in the lab by Rig, who turns out to be working with Donovan. Ryu sends a falcon with a message for the true Kasumi, who has been sheltering with Murumasa all that time; she immediately joins them up at the platform. In the lab, they defeat Rig, who escapes after saying it was a plan to lure them there. Lisa, dismayed to find out that Project Epsilon has been reactivated, frees Hayate. Alpha-152 then appears, taking forms of not only Kasumi but also of Hayate and Ryu, but Hayate and Ayane, Ryu and ultimately Kasumi succeed in destroying her along with the lab.

text: In the epilogue, Kasumi peacefully parts her ways with Hayate and Ayane, as Ryu and Helena watch by, and promises to herself to bring down Donovan for good. In the post-end credits, a conversation between Rig and Donovan (the former revealed to be Donovan's son) is heard. With Rig's success in gathering samples from the fighters, Project Alpha can now move on to Phase Four.

text: Development[edit]

text: Rumours and announcement[edit]

text: By January 2010, rumors about the next Dead or Alive game being developed for the PlayStation 3 had already circulated.[17][18] GameSpot has listed the game as being exhibited by Koei Tecmo at their booth during the E3 2010.[19]

text:
We're revamping and redefining the fighting game; not just DoA5, but also the whole genre. We're calling it 'fighting entertainment.' It follows our style, but puts everything on a much grander scale...both the way the stages behave and how the characters are more fleshed out.[20]
Dead or Alive 5 producer Yosuke Hayashi

tag: div

text: Dead or Alive 5 was officially announced in September 2011 at the Tokyo Game Show in September 14, 2011, for a 2012 release.[21] The first trailer was released in December 2011.[22] Producer Yosuke Hayashi said that the teaser image revealed at the event represents the sensuality that the game is now seeking to portray in a more sophisticated tone.[23] At the time, the game was said to be only "15% complete".[24] Hayashi said that his team was committed to making the environment more involved in the fighting experience than ever before[23] and that they took "a lot of inspiration" from Naughty Dog's action-adventure game series Uncharted for a creation of the more interactive and destructible stages and the dramatic Cliffhanger events.[25]

text: Production[edit]

text: The game engine of DOA5 was built from scratch.[26] To better balance the fighting system, Team Ninja decided to re-examine each of the characters, creating new moves from scratch when needed and carefully refining others. According to Hayashi, the entire project's main concept was a decision to change direction and to focus on the characters' presence instead of on their beauty as in the previous games. They aimed to retain the characters' personalities and characteristics but to make them more lifelike and appealing for the players.[27] In October 2011, the series' official Facebook page announced a contest inviting fans to create and submit their own fighting moves, some of which would be used in DOA5 and their creators would have their names displayed in the game's credits.[28] Regarding an introduction of playable guest characters from the Virtua Fighter series, the characters' key animations were provided by Sega and Team Ninja created some more while working to implement them into the Dead or Alive gameplay system, which uses similar controls but features a different kind of matches.[27] Hayashi said Team Ninja stayed in "very close" communication with Sega AM2: "We got their guidance and feedback, we got them to check for everything we were doing with the characters."[29] Hasayshi also said that he aimed to develop a crossover game in a manner similar to Street Fighter X Tekken and that he chose Virtua Fighter because it was "the father of 3D gaming", and also the first 3D game that he played and the IP he personally respects most.[30]

text:
One of the things that I learned was the power of having a series behind you, and what it means to be part of a series. There are existing fans out there, and you have to think about the people who have supported the series for so long, and you want to make sure that the game that you make appeals to them first, and satisfies those fans first.[31]
Dead or Alive 5 director Yohei Shimbori

text: Early on, Hayashi said they attempted to move on from relying just on sex and violence:[32] "We’re trying to focus on the real women that surround us; the voice of a female, the mannerisms. We are being realistic about it. We want to show something that’s more high class, that adult males of our generation could look at a woman [character] and be impressed with her as a woman, not just as a pin-up,"[33] as opposed to the previous concept of just "make her breasts big and just make them jiggle."[30] Dead or Alive 5's overseas producer Peter Garza said the game's revised aesthetic direction: "Dead or Alive is known for its sexiness and high-kicking characters and certain aspects of the physics engine... Those are definitely going to be in Dead or Alive 5 - it's part of the series, it's part of its history and it's part of why people like it. But we're trying to take a bit more of a mature take on it."[27] After the release, the game's director Yohei Shimbori said they were originally "getting feedback from the overseas offices to tone down the sexuality -- to tone down the sexiness of the game, and of the characters." However, the team then changed their decision due to negative feedback from fans who were playing the alpha demo version who demanded bigger breasts. Shimbori said: "That was kind of surprising. There's definitely still room for having sexualized aspects," adding that he "really tries" to take fan feedback into account and to keep an open mind.[31][34] Hayashi himself made a 180 turn from his previous position. Asked "what would you say to those people who think that the bikini-clad babes in DOA5 are sexist," he said their goal was to create "the cutest chicks in videogames" and so they made a lot of effort to develop an advanced breast physics model that works differently with various types of clothing.[35] Their product received the ESRB rating of Mature 17+ (Partial Nudity, Sexual Themes, Violence).[36]

text: Promotion[edit]

text: In February 2012, Team Ninja hosted a series of press events in various locations across the world, showcasing the alpha demo of the game. Further screenshots have confirmed Hitomi and Ayane to be playable,[37] while Kasumi was featured in a promotional poster.[38] A trailer unveiled at the Game Developers Conference in March 2012 revealed that the game would include Virtua Fighter's Akira Yuki.[39] In May 2012, Koei Tecmo attended London MCM Expo, showcasing a playable demo version of the game. Dead or Alive 5 tournament was also held on the GameSpot stage.[40] In June, KT attended the E3 2012, where the live-streamed IPN (IGN Pro League) Dead or Alive 5 championship was held with a new beta demo version of the game.[41] A trailer for the event revealed another Virtua Fighter guest character, Sarah Bryant.[42] June saw the emergence of a new trailer confirming the addition of a brand new character to the series, Rig.[43] In July, KT's official YouTube channel MyKOEITV released a trailer showcasing tag team gameplay and showing a female fighter wearing a luchadora mask, later revealed to be La Mariposa.[44][45] The "Official Declaration" trailer released in August confirmed the return of Alpha-152.[46] In September, two weeks before the game's release, KT announced another brand new character to join the roster, a female vale tudo and kickboxing artist named Mila, while Virtua Fighter's Pai Chan was also revealed to make an appearance.[47] The game's launch trailer was released on September 19.[48]

text: Release[edit]

text: Dead or Alive 5 was first released in North America on September 25, 2012, followed by other parts of the world within a week. A day 1 patch addressed numerous issues with the game, including balance tweaks to most characters and some minor improvements to the online mode.[49]

text: On December 1, it was announced that an "expanding patch" is planned to be released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions in early 2013[50] and also that IPL is going to hold the official Dead or Alive 5 competition in 2013.[51] Team Ninja said the patch will aim to carefully rebalance the game: "Rather than kill personality to make everyone the same, we’ll strengthen the weak characters to make a fair fight."[52] The team also invited customers to send constructive criticism and suggestions about balancing to them via Twitter.[53]

text: Marketing and merchandise[edit]

text: A game demo of Dead or Alive 5 was released with Ninja Gaiden 3 in March 2012, featuring four playable characters. The Xbox 360 version of the demo allows the use of Hayabusa and Hitomi, while the PlayStation 3 version makes Hayate and Ayane playable.[54] The collector's edition of Ninja Gaiden 3 makes all four characters playable.[55]

text: Tecmo Koei collaborated with several retail outlets on pre-order bonuses available through several store chains throughout the world. Bonuses included in-game bunny-style swimsuits for Kasumi, Leifang and Hitomi from GameStop, the in-game "DOA Devils" black swimsuits for Christie, Tina and Ayane from Amazon, and a Kasumi-themed iPhone 4 case from ShopTo.[56] The Dead or Alive 5 Collectors Edition, available from various retailers in North America and Europe, includes a metal case, a hardcover art book, a soundtrack CD, a poster of the game's characters, and a "Premium Sexy Costume" for each of 12 female characters that gives one swimsuit per character.[57][58]

text: Stand-alone merchandise for the game include official guides by Koei[59] and Prima Games,[60] an arcade stick by Hori decorated with a graphic of Ayane and Kasumi (bundled with limited versions for both the PlayStation 3 and the Xbox 360),[59][61][62] and a clothing line by Tecmo Koei and Insert Coin (including a hoodie based on one of Hitomi's costumes in the game).[63] Other, later released merchandise included 3D mousepads featuring Ayane, Hitomi or Kasumi,[64] and dakimakura pillow cases featuring Ayane, Kasumi, Hitomi, Kokoro or Leifang.[65]

text: Downloadable content[edit]

text: The first downloadable content, Costume Packs Round 1, was released on October 2, providing new outfits for several of the characters and available for free. The first purchasable DLC, Costume Packs Round 2 (featuring costume sets "Kitty Pack", "What a Character" and "Special Set"), was released two weeks later, available either sold separately or through "Full Set" containing all three at a reduced price. It was followed by Costume Packs Round 3 (with costume sets "Gym Class", "Uniform" and "Special Set 2"), released at the end of October, and Costume Packs Round 4 (with costume sets "Angels", "Devils" and "DOATEC Divas", some of them previously made available as preorder bonuses for the disc version) and Player's Swimwear Pack (also with three sub-packs and previously included in the Collector's Edition), released in mid-November, all of them also with a price discount for choosing a "Full Set" version. Two more costume packs were announced to follow up later in 2012 (in late November and December).[66] More downloadable content, including "Hotties Swimwear" and "Zack Island stage" was released in February 2013, along with a major patch for the game.[67]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Pre-release[edit]

text: Prior to release, professional gamer Kayane declared Dead or Alive 5 the most beautiful fighting game she had ever seen.[68] In a positive preview, Electronic Gaming Monthly stated, "the resurgence and appreciation for [fighting games] has only happened recently with reboots or re-imaginings of cherished titles, and DOA5 is one of these reboots. More accurately, DOA5 is a rebirth."[69] X360 ranked Dead or Alive 5 as the third most sexy game coming over in 2012.[70]

text: Reviews[edit]

text: ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic(X360) 76/100[71](PS3) 74/100[72]Review scoresPublicationScoreCVG8.1/10[73]Destructoid8.5/10[74]Edge6/10[75]EGM9/10 (Sweden)[76]  7.5/10 (UK)[77]Eurogamer7/10[78]Famitsu36/40[79]G43.5/5[80]Game Informer6/10[81]GameSpot7.5/10[83]GamesRadar+[82]GamesTM7/10[85]GameTrailers7.9/10[84]IGN8.8/10[86]Joystiq[87]OXM (US)8/10[88]AwardPublicationAwardDestructoidBest Fighting Game of 2012

text: The full version of Dead or Alive 5 was met with a generally positive critical response.[89] Reviewers typically praised the game's graphics and animation, as well as the spectactularity of the fights and their deeper gameplay mechanics. However, several reviews criticized the story mode and aspects of its online features. Some of the reviewers also expressed disappointment with what they thought was Team Ninja's failure to innovate enough as compared to previous titles in the series and the other new games in the genre.

text: Famitsu was the first publication to review the game, giving it a very high[90] score of 36/40 (rated 9/10 by all four reviewers).[79] IGN's Vincent Ingenito described Dead or Alive 5 as a "formidable, enormously entertaining fighter" and the deepest game in the Dead or Alive series, praising the new gameplay mechanics, "gorgeous" and "stunning" visuals, "memorable and lovingly crafted" interactive stages, "insanely deep" practice mode as well as online features, and calling it "without any question, the best entry in the series."[86] According to GamesRadar's Giancarlo Saldana, Dead or Alive 5 features "better than ever" graphics and its improved fighting system "is another step in the right direction," and while "the game’s story mode leaves much to be desired," Dead or Alive 5's "new fighting mechanics and flashy stage effects turn battles into an entertaining, over-the-top experience."[82] Joystiq's Ludwig Kietzmann called Dead or Alive 5 a "success as an energetic revitalization of the series."[87] Kotaku's Mike Fahey wrote that "while Dead or Alive 5 is far from a complete overhaul of the series, it charges into the fighting game scene with all the spirit of a completely new game."[91] Ernest Lin of PlayStation Universe stated that the "stages are the most awe-inducing spectacles ever seen in a fighting game" and "despite its shortcomings, DOA5 is the best Dead or Alive period."[92]

text: GameSpot's Maxwell McGee applauded Dead or Alive 5 for its gameplay system, "impressive" graphics and "outstanding reality" in regards to characters and environments, and did not mind the plot — stating it to be "entertaining in its ridiculousness" — but criticized the game's practice mode and some online features, overall calling it "a dynamic fighter that can be enjoyed by players of all skill types."[83] Andy Hartup of Computer and Video Games called the training modes "absolutely superb", but criticized the game for its "bizarre" story mode and because it "[lacked] the complexity of Street Fighter," summarizing that although DOA5 "isn't perfect", it is "cracking fun, a fighter that's great to watch and feels even better to play."[73] Destructoid's Ian Bonds called it "a delicious surprise" that is "fun without being frustrating, the all-around fighter for everyone. Even the ones who won't admit to enjoying the T&A."[93]

text: However, Dan Ryckert of Game Informer was much more critical of the elements like the game's story and online play system, and especially the series' perceived lack of substantial progress in some areas such as character customization, stating that this "decent fighter" is years behind the competition and Team Ninja is "showing its age."[81] Edge described it as "mostly business as usual" with "tweaks to the formula and aesthetic, but nothing too sacrilegious or enticing."[75] G4TV's Sophie Prell called it merely a "refinement and re-balancing of Dead or Alive 4," adding that the game is "the most welcoming to newcomers" while "hardcore fans" of fighting games might need to keep their "expectations in check".[80] According to Matt Edwards of Eurogamer, "DOA5 doesn't tarnish the series' solid and sassy reputation — far from it — but it falls short of an evolutionary leap in terms of combat mechanics and a substantial expansion in terms of single-player."[78]

text: Like previous installments of the Dead or Alive franchise,[94] the game was criticized for objectifying women's bodies. A review in Metro pointed to the series as mostly known for its focus on the breasts of the female characters, alleging that "the majority of its characters are all impossibly well-endowed women, whose breasts wobble about their chest like a pair of blancmanges [...] portrayed as simpering, personality-free automatons."[95] An attempt during development of Dead or Alive 5 to "tone down the sexuality" due to outside criticism was reversed due to criticism from long-term fans and testers.[34]  In response to criticism of sexualization of female characters, creative director of the games development team pointed to the fact that the game's "actions, aesthetics and overall visual presentation is more than obviously set in a light-hearted, over-the-top, candy coated universe" and stated that "we also don't feel that we are demeaning women."[96]

text: Sales and awards[edit]

text: In May, Tecmo Koei announced that it aims to sell one million copies of the game.[97] First week sales in Japan were strong where the game sold more than 80,000 copies, mostly for the PS3.[98] On October 29, 2012, it was reported that the game sold 580,000 units worldwide during the first month after its release. According to Tecmo Koei, downloadable content sales and retail pre-orders have also been favorable.[99] Joystiq commented that the figure "compares reasonably to the 700,000 copies Dead or Alive 4 shipped worldwide in its first two months."[100] Its main rival game,[35] Tekken Tag Tournament 2, also released in September, has sold 840,000 units by November 2, 2012.[101] By June 2015, all versions of the game sold over 1.5 million copies worldwide, along with 3.5 million downloads of the free-to-play versions of Dead or Alive 5 Ultimate and Dead or Alive 5 Last Round.[102]

text: Dead or Alive 5 was given the title of "Best Fighting Game" of Gamescom 2012 by Destructoid[103] and was nominated for "People's Choice Award" by IGN.[104] At E3 2012 it was nominated for the "Best Fighting Game" by Game Critics Awards (losing to Injustice: Gods Among Us[105])[106] and G4TV.[107] It was also nominated at the 2012 Spike Video Game Awards in the category "Best Fighting Game" of the year[108] (losing to Persona 4 Arena[109]), and for Destructoid's title of best fighting game of 2012[110] (losing also to Persona 4 Arena[111]) as well as for GameSpot's "Fighting Game of the Year" (losing to Tekken Tag Tournament 2).[112] Dead or Alive 5 has been nominated for "Best Console" game in the IGN Australia's Black Beta Select Awards 2012[113] and Digital Spy chose it as one of the 20 nominees for an overall "Game of the Year" of 2012.[114] Russian magazine Igromania gave it a title of the fighting game of the year.[115] Polish web portal Interia.pl included the game's Ayane, Christie and Kasumi among the "sexiest game heroines" of 2012.[116]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Dead or Alive 5 Plus[edit]

text: Dead or Alive 5 Plus is an enhanced port of DOA5 for the PlayStation Vita released in March 2013.[117] The game adds more options for Training mode and a Touch Play mode. It was actually better received than the original DOA5, holding the averaged review scores of 83.40% at GameRankings[118] and 80/100 at Metacritic.[119]

text: Dead or Alive 5 Ultimate[edit]

text: Dead or Alive 5 Ultimate is an updated version of DOA5 released in September 2013 for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360,[120] available at retail and digitally. Ultimate includes new modes and some features from Dead or Alive 5 Plus, as well as several new stages and fighters (including Ninja Gaiden's Rachel and Momiji, and Virtua Fighter's Jacky Bryant, as well as the return of Dead or Alive 2 characters Leon and Hayate's amnesiac karateka identity, Ein), and all-new features such as two-on-two online multiplayer tag team battles, among many other changes. Three new female characters: Marie Rose, Phase-4 and Nyotengu, joined the game's roster in 2014.

text: A free digital version, titled Dead or Alive 5 Ultimate: Core Fighters, which features four playable characters and the online mode, with additional characters and story mode content available as purchasable downloadable content, was released for the PlayStation 3 via the PlayStation Store alongside the retail version.[121][122] An arcade version titled Dead or Alive 5 Ultimate: Arcade was developed in a co-operation with Sega (Ringedge 2 Hardware) for a release only in Japan later in 2013, which is also including the three new characters who was introduced in this version as DLC for console version.[123]

text: Dead or Alive 5 Last Round[edit]

text: Dead or Alive 5 Last Round for the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, Xbox One and Microsoft Windows (through Steam) was released in February 2015 for the consoles and the next month on Steam. It has a digital-only release for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 and a physical release for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, including a free-to-play version for the latter consoles. Among other changes, the original Dead or Alive boss Raidou returns as a cyborg, along with a new female character named Honoka.