document_title: Mr Benn

question_text: where did the children's character mr benn live

question_tokens: where did the children 's character mr benn live

text: Mr Benn

text: The books[edit]

text: Several of Mr Benn's adventures are available to buy in book-form: four were published originally, and further books in the 1990s were based on the television series. The original four books were: Mr Benn - Red Knight, Big Game Benn, 123456789 Benn, and Big Top Benn. There were six original books planned, but the fifth and sixth were never published. The fifth was called Mr Benn Rides Again, the story of which was used to make the television episode The Cowboy. The sixth, never completed, was Superbenn, in which the superhero Mr Benn sets out on an environmental adventure.

text: There is one book for which no corresponding television episode has (yet[update]) been made. 123456789 Benn was published in 1970 (ISBN 0-234-77361-8) and tells the story of Mr Benn as a convict (hence the number) inspiring his jail-mates to brighten up their cells. This was after the BBC – who screened the television series – felt that the story was too mature for a children's series.

text: A new story was published in 2001, the first Mr Benn story that David McKee had written in thirty years, and is called Mr Benn - Gladiator (ISBN 1-84270-024-3). McKee has indicated that he may write more Mr Benn stories in the future.[1]

text: 2001 also saw the publication of Mr Benn's Little Book of Life (ISBN 0-09-943649-3) by Tess Read, which explores the lessons of Mr Benn's adventures.

text: The only character who appears several times, apart from Mr Benn and the shopkeeper, is Smasher Lagru. Smasher first appears as an inmate in 123456789 Benn, and then after his release in Big-Top Benn and the new Mr Benn, Gladiator.

text: A 'Mr Benn Annual' (ISBN 0-85096-029-0) was published by Polystyle Publications Ltd in 1972. It was written by Jan Falconer and illustrated by David McKee. This contained a number of illustrated text stories, three strip-cartoon style adventures and a few puzzle pages. Mr Benn visits: China for a kite festival, a fairytale Arabia, Venice and Holland. He also becomes a barrow boy in a pearly suit and meets Mr Grubbly and his animal friends in the African jungle.

text: Tate Publishing republished all of the original books in 2010.

text: The television series[edit]

text:
Mr Benn

Genre
Family

Created by
David McKee

Written by
David McKee

Directed by
Pat Kirby

Narrated by
Ray Brooks

Theme music composer
Duncan Lamont (under the pseudonym "Don Warren")

Country of origin
United Kingdom

Original language(s)
English

No. of episodes
14

Production

Producer(s)
David McKee

Running time
15 minutes

Production company(s)
Zephyr Films

Release

Original release
7 January 1971 – 31 March 1972

text: McKee wrote and animated (with Ian Lawless) thirteen Mr Benn episodes for the BBC in the early 1970s. These episodes were repeated twice a year for 21 years.[2] The episodes were narrated by Ray Brooks. The music is credited as composed by Don Warren, which was a pseudonym for Duncan Lamont.[3]

text: Although Smasher Lagru features in The Gladiator, he does not appear in The Clown as the book in which he made his debut, 123456789Benn, was not adapted for television – thus it would have been strange that he and Mr Benn already knew each other. The Hunter was also slightly altered; the book Big Game Benn features several hunters, but only one appears in the television episode.

text: McKee has not benefited financially to the extent he might have: "I signed a contract where I only got a one-off payment and no repeat fees, but I've done quite well from a number of other things and I'm still exhibiting paintings."[4] According to Mr Benn's Little Book of Life, very little of McKee's original artwork created for the television episodes exists today, as most of it was thrown into a rubbish skip in the 1970s.

text: After over thirty years, a brand new Mr Benn episode was screened for the first time on 1 January 2005, on the United Kingdom channel Noggin. The episode was based on McKee's 2001 book Mr Benn - Gladiator.

text: The series was voted the sixth most popular children's television programme in the 2001 Channel 4 poll 100 Greatest Kids' TV shows. It was also rated number 13 in the 50 Greatest Kids TV Shows which aired on Channel 5 on 8 November 2013.

text: Episode listing[edit]

text: The first six episodes of Mr. Benn were broadcast Thursday afternoons on BBC1 at 1:30pm from 25 February to 1 April 1971. When the final seven episodes aired Friday afternoons on BBC1 at 1:30pm from 21 January to 31 March 1972 the first six were shown again but in a different order.

text: Four of the episodes were billed with alternate titles in Radio Times.

text:
Original broadcast order
Second broadcast order
Title
Original broadcast date
Second broadcast date
Memento gained

1
1
"Red Knight"
25 February 1971 (1971-02-25)
7 January 1972
Box of matches decorated with a picture of a dragon

In this very first episode, Mr Benn has been invited to a fancy-dress party. He dislikes parties, but enjoys dressing up, so he looks round the shops for a costume to wear, but everywhere he finds only ordinary everyday clothes. Turning into a small lane on his way home, Mr Benn comes across a costume shop where he chooses an outfit of red knight's armour. Changing into the armour, Mr Benn passes through another door in the shop's changing room and finds himself in another world. He stumbles upon a dragon, and at first thinks it is someone else in fancy dress. He soon realises his mistake. He learns that the dragon used to be the King's pet, until an evil match-seller started a fire and made sure the dragon got the blame. Mr. Benn helps the dragon regain the King's favour. On returning to his own everyday world, Mr Benn decides he has had enough excitement and won't be going to the fancy-dress party after all. But he tells the shopkeeper that he will be coming back to the shop again soon to try another costume and have another adventure.

2
2
"Hunter"
"The Hunter"
4 March 1971 (1971-03-04)
14 January 1972
Photograph of a herd of elephants

Mr Benn is dressed as a hunter, in keeping with the pet shop and the garden centre he passed on his way to a shop. He doesn't behave like a hunter however. He is apprenticed to another hunter, who claims to be the greatest hunter in the world, and prevents him from killing any of the animals, by claiming they are not enough of a challenge for him. They finally stumble upon a herd of elephants. Mr. Benn gets them to jump up and down, throwing the hunter off balance. He convinces the hunter to sell his rifle, buy a camera and become a wildlife photographer instead.

3
10
"Clown"
11 March 1971 (1971-03-11)
10 March 1972
Clown's red nose

In this episode, on a normal day, Mr Benn who is a kind and gentle person, sees children juggling, bouncing balls and laughing. He strolls to the costume shop and sees a clown costume. Mr Benn dresses up in it and walks through the magic door. Shocked with the scenery, he finds himself in an isolated landscape but rides off in a clown car he finds. Driving in the car, Mr Benn laughs as it begins to act funny. In the distance, he sees circus folk stopped at a bridge; it had collapsed! The people were fussing over the broken bridge with individuals suggesting solutions - but none would work. Mr Benn suggests they work together and they agree. Spirits raised, they begin working on the bridge. Accomplished, Mr Benn crosses first with the circus folk following. Relieved, the circus folk make their way to the town, pitch up their tent and (although exhausted) begin to perform. Eventually, out of thin air, the magician (who looked familiar) appeared and made objects disappear, concluding with Mr Benn who arived back in the changing room. After that, Mr Benn returned the costume but the shopkeeper let him keep the red nose. Despite enjoying the adventure, Mr Benn returned home for a rest.

4
5
"Balloonist"
"Mr Benn Goes Ballooning"
18 March 1971 (1971-03-18)
4 February 1972
Medal

Mr Benn is watching the children playing with balloons and clouds drifting across the sky. As usual he walks to the costume shop where the magic door leads him to a crowd of people watching six colourful balloons ready to race. Most of them have extra means of propulsion (like propellers and oars) but two do not: one belonging to the villainous Baron Burtrum and the other to a man who asks Mr Benn to become his co-pilot. When the race begins it becomes apparent that Baron Burtrum has sabotaged all the other balloons, including Mr Benn's which he has tied to a drain pipe. Mr Benn pulls it free and the two balloons drift across the sky. Mr Benn has an idea to let out some of the gas, diverting it horizontally with the drain pipe to provide a form of jet propulsion. This causes the balloon to sink but they nevertheless overtake Baron Burtrum. The Baron cheats again by having a man on a horse tow his balloon, but the animal becomes frightened and runs in the wrong direction. Mr Benn's balloon wins and he receives a medal

5
8
"Wizard"
25 March 1971 (1971-03-25)
25 February 1972
Jar that once held magic dust

Mr Benn is asked by a Queen to change her husband's appearance, feeling he is not Kingly enough. However, the spells cast by Mr Benn do not turn out as expected, and Mr Benn eventually convinces the Queen that how the King looks is not important.

6
11
"Spaceman"
1 April 1971 (1971-04-01)
17 March 1972
Lump of rock that was once gold

Mr Benn and his fellow astronaut visit several weird and wonderful planets.

7
3
"Cook"
21 January 1972 (1972-01-21)
—
Wooden spoon

Little Princess Annabella refuses to eat. Mr. Benn realises she is lonely, and helps her find her appetite by inviting all the city's poor hungry children to the Palace for a feast.

8
4
"Caveman"
28 January 1972 (1972-01-28)
—
Stone hammer

A stone-age community live right next to a dusty and dangerous road, frequented by dinosaurs and other prehistoric animals, but want to live in the fresh green countryside. There's just one problem: there are no caves. Mr Benn has the answer; they can build stone huts.

9
6
"Zoo Keeper"
11 February 1972 (1972-02-11)
—
Parrot's feather

Mr Benn helps the animals in the zoo to improve their accommodation by making the townsfolk see that the cages are too small.

10
7
"Diver (Frogman)"
"The Frogman"
18 February 1972 (1972-02-18)
—
Seashell

Mr Benn helps King Neptune and his mermaid friend outwit the crews of two submarines, who are out to find and photograph the King's pet sea monster.

11
9
"Cowboy"
3 March 1972 (1972-03-03)
—
Sheriff's badge

The Indians have always beaten the cowboys in a weekly game of hide-and-seek. When Mr Benn joins in as the cowboy to hide, he helps the cowboys to win for the first time by exposing the very clever hiding place of the hidden Indian.

12
12
"Aladdin (Magic Carpet)"
"Mr Benn and the Magic Carpet"
24 March 1972 (1972-03-24)
—
Stopper from the genie's bottle

Mr Benn helps a boy outwit an evil man, with the aid of the magic carpet that came with his costume and a little magic courtesy of a genie in a bottle.

13
13
"Pirate"
31 March 1972 (1972-03-31)
—
Jolly Roger flag

Mr Benn helps the crew of a pirate ship, who are determined not to be pirates, turn their Captain into an honest man, and see that he gets a very different sort of treasure for his island: trees from a crew of gardeners whose ship the pirates pretend to capture, but actually rescue, during a storm.

text: The one-off special episode based on the final Mr. Benn book called "Gladiator" was broadcast on The Noggin Channel (a Nick Jr. channel of classic shows as part of the Nickelodeon franchise) in 2005.

text:
Episode number
Title
Original broadcast date
Memento gained

14
"Gladiator"
1 January 2005 (2005-01-01)
Smasher Lagru's whistle

Mr Benn is transported to Ancient Rome, where he meets his friend Smasher Lagru. But he has forgotten that prisoners are made to fight gladiators in the arena, and those who aren't beaten will end up facing the lions.

text: Film[edit]

text: In 1999, it was reported that a feature film was in development. The film was to star John Hannah as Mr. Benn and Ben Kingsley as the Shopkeeper. However, the film was cancelled in 2001 and, as of 2017, the project remains dormant.[5] In an interview with the BBC in May 2014, McKee stated that, on a film version: "I'd like to see that [the film] happen, because Mr Benn's a big boy and he can live his own life. I think he's right for being developed on the big screen".[6]

text: Character origin[edit]

text: Mr Benn lives in London at 52 Festive Road, which was inspired by Festing Road in Putney where David McKee used to live. McKee had the house "next door" at 54 Festing Road, where residents installed an engraved paving slab in his honour on 26 November 2009. ("I think it was because in the first book I drew myself looking out of the window, and I thought it would be quite nice to have him next door," said McKee.)[7]

text: McKee says he has always thought of Mr Benn as having the first name William.[8][6]

text: Merchandise[edit]

text: Many posters and T-shirts have been made with the image of the shopkeeper or Mr Benn, or bearing the phrase: "As if by magic, the Shopkeeper appeared." Toys made have included beanies of the shopkeeper and Mr Benn in his suit, and dressed as a spaceman and wizard.

text: DVD release[edit]

text: Credits[edit]

text:
Created, Written & Produced by: David McKee
Drawn by: David McKee, Ian Lawless
Narrated by: Ray Brooks
Music by: Don Warren (a pseudonym for Duncan Lamont, who is credited by name in episode 14)
Musicians (episodes 1-13): Ken Baldock, Harry Stoneham, Art Morgan, Pete Hughes, Kenny Wheeler, Terry Emery, Ray Swinfield
Musicians (episode 14): Alec Dankworth, Brian Dee, Duncan Lamont Jnr, Noel Langley, Rob Millet, Nick Moss, Andy Robinson
Sound: United Motion Pictures (London)
Filmed by: Zephyr Film Productions
Directed by: Pat Kirby
© King Rollo Films Ltd / Zephyr Film Productions


document_title: Protein production

question_text: protien export from the cell is an example of

root

text: Protein production

text: Protein production systems[edit]

text: Commonly used protein production systems include those derived from bacteria,[2] yeast,[3][4]baculovirus/insect,[5] mammalian cells,[6][7] and more recently filamentous fungi such as Myceliophthora thermophila.[8]

tag: p

text: Cell-based systems[edit]

text: The oldest and most widely used expression systems are cell-based and may be defined as the "combination of an expression vector, its cloned DNA, and the host for the vector that provide a context to allow foreign gene function in a host cell, that is, produce proteins at a high level".[9][10] Overexpression is an abnormally and excessively high level of gene expression which produces a pronounced gene-related phenotype.[11][12]

text: There are many ways to introduce foreign DNA to a cell for expression, and many different host cells may be used for expression — each expression system has distinct advantages and liabilities. Expression systems are normally referred to by the host and the DNA source or the delivery mechanism for the genetic material. For example, common hosts are bacteria (such as E.coli, B. subtilis), yeast (such as S.cerevisiae[4]) or eukaryotic cell lines. Common DNA sources and delivery mechanisms are viruses (such as baculovirus, retrovirus, adenovirus), plasmids, artificial chromosomes and bacteriophage (such as lambda). The best expression system depends on the gene involved, for example the Saccharomyces cerevisiae is often preferred for proteins that require significant posttranslational modification. Insect or mammal cell lines are used when human-like splicing of mRNA is required. Nonetheless, bacterial expression has the advantage of easily producing large amounts of protein, which is required for X-ray crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance experiments for structure determination.

text: Because bacteria are prokaryotes, they are not equipped with the full enzymatic machinery to accomplish the required post-translational modifications or molecular folding. Hence, multi-domain eukaryotic proteins expressed in bacteria often are non-functional. Also, many proteins become insoluble as inclusion bodies that are difficult to recover without harsh denaturants and subsequent cumbersome protein-refolding.

text: To address these concerns, expressions systems using multiple eukaryotic cells were developed for applications requiring the proteins be conformed as in, or closer to eukaryotic organisms: cells of plants (i.e. tobacco), of insects or mammalians (i.e. bovines) are transfected with genes and cultured in suspension and even as tissues or whole organisms, to produce fully folded proteins. Mammalian in vivo expression systems have however low yield and other limitations (time-consuming, toxicity to host cells,..). To combine the high yield/productivity and scalable protein features of bacteria and yeast, and advanced epigenetic features of plants, insects and mammalians systems, other protein production systems are developed using unicellular eukaryotes (i.e. non-pathogenic 'Leishmania' cells).

text: Bacterial systems[edit]

text: Escherichia coli[edit]

text: E. coli is one of the most widely used expression hosts, and DNA is normally introduced in a plasmid expression vector. The techniques for overexpression in E. coli are well developed and work by increasing the number of copies of the gene or increasing the binding strength of the promoter region so assisting transcription.

text: For example, a DNA sequence for a protein of interest could be cloned or subcloned into a high copy-number plasmid containing the lac promoter, which is then transformed into the bacterium E. coli. Addition of IPTG (a lactose analog) activates the lac promoter and causes the bacteria to express the protein of interest.

text: Corynebacterium[edit]

text: Non-pathogenic species of the gram-positive Corynebacterium are used for the commercial production of various amino acids. The C. glutamicum species is widely used for producing glutamate and lysine,[13] components of human food, animal feed and pharmaceutical products.

text: Expression of functionally active human epidermal growth factor has been done in C. glutamicum,[14] thus demonstrating a potential for industrial-scale production of human proteins. Expressed proteins can be targeted for secretion through either the general, secretory pathway (Sec) or the twin-arginine translocation pathway (Tat).[15]

text: Unlike gram-negative bacteria, the gram-positive Corynebacterium lack lipopolysaccharides that function as antigenic endotoxins in humans.

text: Pseudomonas fluorescens[edit]

text: The non-pathogenic and gram-negative bacteria, Pseudomonas fluorescens, is used for high level production of recombinant proteins; commonly for the development bio-therapeutics and vaccines. P. fluorescens is a metabolically versatile organism, allowing for high throughput screening and rapid development of complex proteins. P. fluorescens is most well known for its ability to rapid and successfully produce high titers of active, soluble protein.[16]

text: Eukaryotic systems[edit]

text: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia Pastoris[edit]

text: Expression systems in yeast typically use the common and well known S. cerevisiae, but also Bacillus sp. Systems using Pichia pastoris allow stable and lasting production of proteins closer to mammalian cells, at high yield, in chemically defined media of proteins.

text: Filamentous fungi[edit]

text: Filamentous fungi, especially Aspergillus and Trichoderma, but also more recently Myceliophthora thermophila C1[8] have been developed into expression platforms for screening and production of diverse industrial enzymes. The expression system C1 shows a low viscosity morphology in submerged culture, enabling the use of complex growth and production media.

text: Baculovirus-infected cells[edit]

text: Infected insect cells[17] (Sf9, Sf21, High Five strains) or mammalian cells[18] (HeLa, HEK 293) allow production of glycosylated or membrane proteins that cannot be expressed using yeast or prokaryotic cells (E. coli).[19] It is useful for production of proteins in high quantity. Genes are not expressed continuously because infected host cells eventually lyse and die during each infection cycle.[20]

text: Non-lytic insect cell expression[edit]

text: Non-lytic insect cell expression is an alternative to the lytic baculovirus expression system. In non-lytic expression, vectors are transiently or stably transfected into the chromosomal DNA of insect cells for subsequent gene expression.[21][22] This is followed by selection and screening of recombinant clones.[23] The non-lytic system has been used to give higher protein yield and quicker expression of recombinant genes compared to baculovirus-infected cell expression.[22] Cell lines used for this system include: Sf9, Sf21 from Spodoptera frugiperda cells, Hi-5 from Trichoplusia ni cells, and Schneider 2 cells and Schneider 3 cells from Drosophila melanogaster cells.[21][23] With this system, cells do not lyse and several cultivation modes can be used.[21] Additionally, protein production runs are reproducible.[21][22] This system gives a homogeneous product.[22] A drawback of this system is the requirement of an additional screening step for selecting viable clones.[23]

text: Leishmania[edit]

text: Protozoan Leishmania tarentolae (non-pathogenic strain) expression systems allow stable and lasting production of proteins at high yield, in chemically defined media. Produced proteins exhibit fully eukaryotic post-translational modifications, including glycosylation and disulfide bond formation.[citation needed]

text: Mammalian systems[edit]

text: The most common mammalian expression systems are Chinese Hamster ovary (CHO) and Human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells.[24][25][26]

text:
Chinese Hamster ovary[25]
Mouse myeloma lymphoblstoid[24]
Fully Human

Human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293)[25]
Human embryonic retinal cells (Crucell's Per.C6)[25]
Human amniocyte cells (Glycotope and CEVEC)

tag: ul

text: Cell-free systems[edit]

text: Cell-free production of proteins is performed in vitro using purified RNA polymerase, ribosomes, tRNA and ribonucleotides. These reagents may be produced by extraction from cells or from a cell-based expression system. Due to the low expression levels and high cost of cell-free systems, cell-based systems are more widely used.[27]


document_title: Rio Grande (film)

question_text: where was rio grande with john wayne filmed

text: Rio Grande (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Lt. Col. Kirby Yorke (John Wayne) is posted on the Texas frontier to defend settlers against attacks by marauding Apaches. Col. Yorke is under considerable stress between the Apaches using Mexico as a sanctuary from pursuit and by a serious shortage of troops of his command. The action of the movie is set in the summer of 1879 ("fifteen years after the Shenandoah").

text: Tension is added when Yorke's son (whom he hasn't seen in fifteen years), Trooper Jeff Yorke (Claude Jarman Jr.), is one of 18 recruits sent to the regiment. He had flunked out of West Point but immediately enlisted as a private in the Army. Not wanting to give any impression that he is showing favoritism towards his son, Col. Yorke ends up being harsher dealing with Jeff than the others. By his willingness to undergo any test and trial, Jeff is befriended by a pair of older recruits, Travis Tyree (Ben Johnson) (who is on the run from the law) and Daniel "Sandy" Boone (Harry Carey, Jr.), who take him under their wings.

text: With the arrival of Yorke's estranged wife, Kathleen (Maureen O'Hara), who has come to take the under-age Yorke home with her, further tension is added. During the war, Yorke had been forced by circumstances to burn Bridesdale, his wife's plantation home in the Shenandoah valley. Sgt. Quincannon (Victor McLaglen), who put the torch to Bridesdale, is still with Yorke and provides a constant reminder to Kathleen of the episode. In a showdown with his mother, Jeff refuses her attempt by reminding her that not only the commander's signature is required to discharge him, but his own as well, and he chooses to stay in the Army. The tension brought about in the struggle over their son's future (and possibly the attentions shown to her by Yorke's junior officers) rekindles the romance the couple once felt for each other.

text: Yorke is visited by his former Civil War commander, Philip Sheridan (J. Carrol Naish), now commanding general of his post. Sheridan has decided to order Yorke to cross the Rio Grande into Mexico in pursuit of the Apaches, an action with serious political implications since it violates the sovereignty of another nation.

text: If Yorke fails in his mission to destroy the Apache threat he faces the threat of court-martial. Sheridan, in a quiet act of acknowledgment of what he is asking Yorke to risk, promises that the members of the court will be men "who rode down the Shenandoah" with them during the Civil War. Yorke accepts the mission.

text: Yorke leads his men toward Mexico, only to learn that a wagonload of children from his fort, who were being taken to Ft. Bliss for safety, has been captured by the Apaches. After permitting three troopers—Tyree, Boone and Jeff—to infiltrate the church in the Mexican village where the Indians have taken the children, Yorke leads his cavalry in a full-scale attack, rescuing all of the children unharmed, though he himself is wounded. He is taken back to the fort by his victorious troops, where Kathleen meets him and holds his hand as he is carried on a travois into the post. After Yorke recovers, Tyree, Boone, Jeff and two others receive medals. At the ceremony, Tyree is given furlough to continue his run from the law, stealing Sheridan's horse for the purpose. As the troops pass in review (with the post band playing Dixie at the General's request to please Mrs. Yorke), the movie closes.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
John Wayne as Lt. Col. Kirby Yorke
Maureen O'Hara as Kathleen Yorke
Ben Johnson as Trooper Tyree
Claude Jarman, Jr. as Trooper Jeff Yorke
Harry Carey, Jr. as Trooper Daniel "Sandy" Boone
Chill Wills as Dr. Wilkins
J. Carrol Naish as Gen. Philip Sheridan
Victor McLaglen as Sgt. Maj. Quincannon
Grant Withers as Deputy Marshal
Sons of the Pioneers as the Regimental Singers
Peter Ortiz as Capt. St. Jacques
Steve Pendleton as Capt. Prescott
Karolyn Grimes as Margaret Mary
Albert Morin as Lieutenant
Stan Jones as Sergeant
Fred Kennedy as Trooper Heinze

text: Music[edit]

text: The film contains folk songs led by the Sons of the Pioneers, one of which is Ken Curtis (Ford's son-in-law and best known for his role as Festus Haggen on Gunsmoke).[6] Bob Nolan had previously serenaded Charles Starrett lead actor in Rio Grande directed by Sam Nelson in 1938.

text: Production[edit]

text: Ford wanted to make The Quiet Man first, but Republic Pictures studio president Herbert Yates insisted that Ford make Rio Grande beforehand, using the same combination of Wayne and Maureen O'Hara; Yates did not feel that the script of The Quiet Man was very good, and wanted Rio Grande to be released first to pay for The Quiet Man. To Yates's surprise The Quiet Man, on its eventual release in 1952, would become Republic's number one film in terms of box office receipts.[citation needed]

text: Maureen O'Hara stars with John Wayne in five movies: Rio Grande (1950), The Quiet Man (1952), The Wings of Eagles (1957), McLintock! (1963) and Big Jake (1971). The first three were directed by John Ford.

text: This was the film debut of Patrick Wayne.[7]

text: The film was shot in the Mohave Valley, Utah, though it is frequently mentioned incorrectly in film histories as having been made in Ford's favorite location for westerns, Monument Valley on the Colorado Plateau.

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2008: AFI's 10 Top 10:

Nominated Western Film[8]

text: Basis[edit]

text: Some aspects of the story, notably the regiment's crossing into Mexico, and undertaking a campaign there, loosely resemble the expedition conducted by the 4th Cavalry Regiment (United States) under Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie in 1873.[9]


document_title: Who shot J.R.?

question_text: who shot jr on the tv show dallas

question_tokens: who shot jr on the tv show dallas

text: Who shot J.R.?

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the final scene of the 1979–80 season, J. R. Ewing (Larry Hagman) hears a noise outside his office, walks out to the corridor to look, and is shot twice by an unseen assailant. The episode, titled "A House Divided", was broadcast on March 21, 1980,[2] and was written by Rena Down and directed by Leonard Katzman. Viewers had to wait all summer to learn whether J.R. would survive, and which of his many enemies was responsible.[3][4]

text: Ultimately, the person who pulled the trigger was revealed to be Kristin Shepard (Mary Crosby) in the "Who Done It?" episode which aired on November 21, 1980. Kristin was J.R.'s scheming sister-in-law and mistress, who shot him in a fit of anger. J.R. did not press charges, as Kristin claimed she was pregnant with his child as a result of their affair.[5]

text: Production[edit]

text: Production for the 1980–81 season began in June 1980, but Hagman—who had begun the show in a secondary role but now was the star—refused to film the show without a raise. He returned to work ten days later with a new contract that paid him $100,000 per episode and royalties from J.R. Ewing merchandise. Viewers had to wait an additional two months to find out the answer to the famous question, however, as a strike by the Writers Guild of America began in July that delayed the production of most new network shows by eight weeks. During the delay, CBS showed reruns of early Dallas episodes featuring J.R. Ewing, helping the show's many new fans better understand his character.[3]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: T-shirts printed with such references as "Who Shot J.R.?" and "I Shot J.R." became common over the summer, the latter eventually being seen in the first episode of Irish sitcom Father Ted. Several media outlets held "Who shot J.R.?" contests.[6]

text: During the 1980 United States presidential election, the Republicans distributed campaign buttons that claimed "A Democrat shot J.R.",[7] while Democratic incumbent Jimmy Carter joked that he would have no problem financing his campaign if he knew who shot J.R. When Hagman was offered £100,000 during vacation in the United Kingdom for the identity of the shooter, he admitted that neither he nor anyone in the cast knew the answer.[8] Queen Elizabeth, The Queen Mother, was among the millions worldwide intrigued by the mystery,[9] and the crowd at the Royal Ascot yelled "J.R.! J.R.!" when Hagman arrived.[10] Betting parlors worldwide took bets as to which one of the 10 or so principal characters had actually pulled the trigger.[8] Comedy pop group The Barron Knights recorded "We know who done it". Using the tune of Gary Numan's "Cars", the song ended with a repetition of "It was—" as if, frustratingly, the record's needle stuck just before the culprit was named.

text: Suspects[edit]

text: International oddsmakers created a set of odds for the possible culprits:

text:
Dusty Farlow (J.R.'s wife Sue Ellen's lover, who disappeared after a plane crash) was the 6 to 4 favorite.
Vaughn Leland (a banker J.R. swindled) at 4 to 1.
Kristin Shepard (J.R.'s sister-in-law and mistress) at 4 to 1.
Sue Ellen herself was a long shot at 25 to 1.
J.R.'s long-suffering mother, Miss Ellie at 25 to 1.[11]

text: Other suspects included J.R.'s brother, Bobby Ewing, and his longtime rival, Cliff Barnes. Scenes were shot with each of these characters committing the crime, so that not even the cast or crew would know which direction the writers had decided to go.

text: Legacy[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: "Who Done It?" was, at the time, the highest-rated television episode in U.S. history. It had a Nielsen rating of 53.3 and a 76% share, and it was estimated that 83 million people watched the episode,[12] more than the number of voters in that year's presidential election.[10] The previous record for a TV episode had been the 1967 finale for The Fugitive. "Who Done It?" now sits second on the list, beaten in 1983 by the final episode of M*A*S*H. In 2011, Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly named "A House Divided" number one of the seven most "Unforgettable Cliff-Hangers" of prime time dramatic television.[13] The episode was also very popular outside the United States; a session of the Turkish parliament was suspended to allow legislators a chance to get home in time to view the conclusion of the cliffhanger.[14]

text: The great success of this 1980 stunt helped popularize in the United States the practice of ending a television season with a cliffhanger.[15] The episode also inspired a novelty record by radio personality Gary Burbank which hit the Billboard Top 100 in 1980. In addition, the episode is credited with helping CNN, which began airing in June 1980, to get off the ground.[3]

text: The "Who shot J.R.?" storyline was spoofed in the February 21, 1981, episode of Saturday Night Live, which was guest-hosted by Dallas star Charlene Tilton. The episode, sometimes referred to as "Who Shot C.R.?", provided several cast members with various motivations to hate co-star Charles Rocket, who is shot in the episode. At the end of the episode, Rocket made the notorious ad-libbed comment "I'd like to know who the fuck did it", for which he was subsequently fired.[16]

text: It was spoofed in an episode of The Jeffersons ("As Florence Turns"), when Florence writes a soap opera based on caricatures of The Jeffersons characters.

text: "Who shot J.R.?" was later spoofed in a 1995 The Simpsons episode entitled "Who Shot Mr. Burns?" which similarly provided many characters with motivation to kill Mr. Burns, and similarly ended on a cliffhanger.

text: In Larry Hagman's final episode of the 2012 sequel, Dallas, which aired on March 4, 2013, J.R. was shot again, this time fatally. In the 2013 season 2 finale it was revealed that J.R. asked Steve "Bum" Jones to shoot him so his "masterpiece" could play out, framing Cliff Barnes for his murder. The main reason he had himself killed was because doctors told J.R. that he had only days to live; he was dying from cancer (as was actor Larry Hagman in real life). In his letter to Bobby he reveals all of this and that he wanted to die helping his family end the Ewing–Barnes feud once and for all. As J.R.'s son John Ross said "The only person that could take down J.R.—was J.R."

text: In the season 4 finale of Jane the Virgin, Jane "J.R." Ramos (Rosario Dawson) shot a mystery person before "#JRShotWho?" appeared on the screen.[17]


document_title: Lady Antebellum

question_text: where does the name lady antebellum come from

text: Lady Antebellum

text: History[edit]

text: 2006–2007: Formation and early career[edit]

text: Lady Antebellum was formed in 2006,[4] in Nashville, Tennessee, by Charles Kelley, Dave Haywood, and Hillary Scott. Scott is the daughter of country music singer Linda Davis, best known for her duet vocals on Reba McEntire's 1993 hit "Does He Love You",[5] and Charles Kelley is the brother of pop and country artist Josh Kelley.[6] Hillary Scott attended Donelson Christian Academy in Donelson, Tennessee. Kelley moved to Nashville in mid-2005 from Winston-Salem, North Carolina, where he had been working construction with his brother John. Trying to become a successful solo country artist, Kelley convinced his old middle-school classmate, Haywood, to move to Nashville from Georgia in 2006 so they could write music together. Shortly thereafter, Scott recognized Kelley from Myspace, and they started to talk at a Nashville music club. Kelley invited Scott to join him and Haywood in the new group, which assumed the name Lady Antebellum.[7]

text: On the BBC Radio 2 Drivetime Show August 9, 2010, the band explained to the host, Liza Tarbuck, that the name Antebellum comes from when the group were photographing "antebellum" homes. The antebellum architectural style describes the large plantation homes in the American South. The Latin word bellum means "war"; "antebellum" therefore means "before the war". In America specifically, the Antebellum era commonly refers to the period before the Civil War. While photographing the houses one of the group said that there's a great band name in there, and they adopted the Lady Antebellum name shortly after. The trio then began performing at local venues in Nashville before being signed in July 2007 to a recording contract with Capitol Records Nashville. In an interview with Sirius Satellite Radio, Scott said she was rejected from auditions for American Idol twice, not even making it past the first round.[5]

text: 2007–2009: Lady Antebellum[edit]

text: Shortly after the trio signed to the label, recording artist Jim Brickman chose Lady Antebellum to sing on his 2007 single "Never Alone," which reached No. 14 on the Billboard adult contemporary charts. In mid-2007, Lady Antebellum also wrote a song for the MTV reality television series The Hills.[8]

text: Their solo debut single "Love Don't Live Here" was released in September 2007, with a music video for the song following in December.[9][10] This song was the lead-off single to the band's self-titled debut album. Released on April 15, 2008, Lady Antebellum was produced by Paul Worley along with Victoria Shaw, a Nashville songwriter and former solo artist.[4] "Love Don't Live Here" reached No. 3 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts. The album itself was the first album by a new duo or group to debut at Number One on the Billboard Top Country Albums charts.[11]

text: A second single, "Lookin' for a Good Time", was released in June 2008 and peaked at No. 11 in December. In addition, Lady Antebellum was signed as an opening act on Martina McBride's Waking Up Laughing Tour in 2008.[12]

text: Lady Antebellum also contributed the song "I Was Here" to the AT&T Team USA Soundtrack, a song which peaked at No. 24 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 based on downloads. In December 2008, their rendition of "Baby, It's Cold Outside" peaked at No. 3 on the same chart. Their third official single, "I Run to You", was released in January 2009. It eventually became the trio's first Number One in July 2009. On October 7, 2009, their debut album was certified platinum by the RIAA for shipments of one million copies in the United States.

text: Haywood and Kelley co-wrote labelmate Luke Bryan's 2009 single "Do I", on which Scott also sings backing vocals.[13] This song is the first single from Bryan's second studio album "Doin' My Thing", which was released on October 6, 2009.

text: 2009–2011: Need You Now[edit]

text: In August 2009, the group released their fourth single, "Need You Now", the lead-off single and title track to their second studio album, which was also produced by Worley. It debuted at No. 50 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart and became their second Number One hit on the charts for the week of November 28, 2009. The song also reached No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 and topped the Hot Adult Contemporary chart, making it a crossover hit. A second single, "American Honey", was released to radio on January 11, 2010 and would become their third No. 1 hit. The third single from the album, "Our Kind of Love", was released on May 31, 2010 and went No. 1 in September 2010. The song was notable for being written in collaboration with a non-Nashville songwriter in busbee, who at that point had previously written for Katy Perry, Timbaland and Katharine McPhee.[14] Their fourth single from this album, "Hello World", was officially released on October 4, 2010.

text: The album was released on January 26, 2010 and debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 and Top Country Albums charts for the week of February 2, 2010, selling 480,922 copies.[15] Four weeks after the album's release, it was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.[16] On April 28, 2010, they performed on the results show of American Idol, performing "Need You Now". On September 20, 2010, they launched their first headlining tour, "Need You Now 2010" in Orlando, Florida. On October 28, 2010, they performed the National Anthem before Game 2 at the 2010 World Series. Lady Antebellum appeared on the 44th Annual Country Music Awards on November 10, 2010.[17]

text: 2011–2012: Own the Night and On This Winter's Night[edit]

text: The week of January 9, 2011, the group ventured into the studio to begin recording for their third studio album. In an interview with Entertainment Weekly, Charles Kelley said, "We actually just went ahead and decided we’re gonna take two, two and a half months straight in the studio to create this thing and not have all this distraction. Hopefully that will be a good thing".[18]

text: On May 2, 2011, the group released the first single from their upcoming album, titled "Just a Kiss". The group performed the single on stage on American Idol's result show on May 5, 2011. It was a commercial and critical success, debuting and peaking at number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100, making it their highest debut on the chart. It also topped the Billboard Hot Country Songs, making it their fifth number-one single on the chart. On June 7, 2011, they announced the title of third album; called Own the Night, it was released on September 13, 2011.[19] The album cover and track listing was released on July 18, 2011.[20] All together four singles were released from Own the Night. Follow up singles were "We Owned the Night", "Dancin' Away with My Heart" and "Wanted You More" which charted moderally in the Hot Country Songs.

text: Lady A released a "Lady Hazed" version of Jason Aldean's song "Dirt Road Anthem" entitled "Country Club Anthem" on their installment of Webisode Wednesdays on August 10, 2011.[21] On October 1, 2011, the group performed as the musical guests on Saturday Night Live.[22]

text: Lady Antebellum released their first Christmas album On This Winter's Night on October 22, 2012.[23]

text: 2013–2016: Golden, 747, and hiatus[edit]

text: On January 22, 2013, "Downtown," the first single from a new album, was released to country radio. It was made available on iTunes starting February 5, 2013, and reached number one on the Country Airplay chart in April 2013. The new album, Golden, was released on May 7, 2013.[24] The album's second single, "Goodbye Town", was released to country radio on May 13, 2013, and peaked at number 11 on the Country Airplay chart. The third single from the Golden era, "Compass", was released to the iTunes Store on October 1, 2013 and reached number one on the Country Airplay chart in March 2014. It is one of the new recordings featured on the deluxe edition re-issue of Golden, which was released on November 12, 2013. Unlike all of their previous releases, it was produced by Nathan Chapman.[25] They also sang backing vocals on Darius Rucker's 2013 single "Wagon Wheel".[26]

text: "Bartender" was released to country radio on May 12, 2014, as the lead single for the group's sixth studio album, and was made available to digital retailers on May 19.[27] In July 2014, the album's title was confirmed as 747, and the track listing was confirmed. Chapman produced this album as well.[28] "Bartender" became the group's ninth number 1 hit on the Country Airplay charts in 2014, with "Freestyle" as the second single. The third single "Long Stretch of Love was released on February 7, 2015, in the UK and on March 23, to country radio in the US.

text: They sang two songs, "I Did With You" and "Falling For You", for the 2014 film The Best of Me.

text: In October 2015, while appearing on Good Morning America, the group announced that they would be taking some down time once they finish with their Wheels Up Tour. During their break Kelley will be working on his solo career. Kelley stated that Lady Antebellum is his priority but wanted to try working alone out. On September 28, 2015, he released his debut solo single titled "The Driver" which features Dierks Bentley and Eric Paslay.[29] On October 12, 2015, Charles Kelley announced his tour dates for his solo tour. He is excited to get out of his comfort zone and having fans not know every word to all of his songs. He will be playing some Lady A songs, but his tour will showcase only his soon-to-be-released solo material.[30] Also during the break, Hillary Scott announced that she and her family (her mother, father and sister) would be working a gospel album titled Love Remains which was released on 29 July.

text: In 2016, Lady Antebellum were selected as one of 30 artists to perform on "Forever Country", a mash-up track of Take Me Home, Country Roads, On the Road Again and I Will Always Love You which celebrates 50 years of the CMA Awards.[31]

text: 2017–present: Heart Break[edit]

text: On January 19, 2017, they released "You Look Good" as the lead single off their upcoming seventh studio album Heart Break. It released on June 9, 2017, and is further promoted with the You Look Good World Tour, which began on May 26.[32]

text: Charity[edit]

text: Since January 2012, Lady Antebellum has been partnered with the charity myLIFEspeaks, to raise awareness of and provide facilities for disabled orphans in Haiti. At the start of the year 2013, the members of the group also created the organization called LadyAID, which was created in hopes of bringing awareness to children who suffer and cannot help themselves locally, nationally and around the world. The main focus of Lady Antebellum are the children in hospitals, mainly in the United States and Canada.[33][34]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Since Lady Antebellum won the Country Music Association Awards New Artist of the Year award in 2008, they have accumulated seven more awards, including their first Grammy in 2010 for Best Country Performance by Duo or Group with Vocals. At the 2009 CMA's, the group ended Rascal Flatts' six-year reign as Vocal Group of the Year. At the 2010 CMA's, the group became the first artist in CMA Award history to receive the Single of the Year honor for two consecutive years.[35]

text: At the 53rd Annual Grammy Awards, the trio won the Song of the Year.[36] They won Top Vocal Group at the 2012 ACM Awards April 1, 2012.[37]

text: In addition to being honored, Lady Antebellum has made efforts to recognize veterans who have returned from service and contributed to their communities. In 2013, Lady Antebellum recognized 8 deserving military families for their service by inviting them to up close and personal concerts, and acknowledging them from the stage. Deserving members like Randy Burchett, who was a Viet Nam veteran who went on to serve at the Easter Seals for 33 years, playing Santa for disabled children.[38]

text: Discography[edit]

text:
Lady Antebellum (2008)
Need You Now (2010)
Own the Night (2011)
On This Winter's Night (2012)
Golden (2013)
747 (2014)
Heart Break (2017)

text: Tours[edit]

text: Headlining tours

text:
Need You Now Tour (2010)
Own The Night Tour (2011–12)
Take Me Downtown Tour (2014)
Wheels Up Tour (2015)
You Look Good Tour (2017)[32]

text: Supporting act

text:
The Waking Up Laughing Tour with Martina McBride (2008)
CMT ON TOUR: Relentless with Jason Aldean (2008)
Sun City Carnival Tour with Kenny Chesney (2009)
Southern Voice Tour with Tim McGraw (2010)
Get Closer 2011 World Tour with Keith Urban (Australian leg) (2011)


document_title: Arctic Ocean

question_text: which state is bordered to the north by the artic ocean

text: Arctic Ocean

text: History[edit]

text: For much of European history, the north polar regions remained largely unexplored and their geography conjectural. Pytheas of Massilia recorded an account of a journey northward in 325 BC, to a land he called "Eschate Thule", where the Sun only set for three hours each day and the water was replaced by a congealed substance "on which one can neither walk nor sail". He was probably describing loose sea ice known today as "growlers" or "bergy bits"; his "Thule" was probably Norway, though the Faroe Islands or Shetland have also been suggested.[5]

text: Early cartographers were unsure whether to draw the region around the North Pole as land (as in Johannes Ruysch's map of 1507, or Gerardus Mercator's map of 1595) or water (as with Martin Waldseemüller's world map of 1507). The fervent desire of European merchants for a northern passage, the Northern Sea Route or the Northwest Passage, to "Cathay" (China) caused water to win out, and by 1723 mapmakers such as Johann Homann featured an extensive "Oceanus Septentrionalis" at the northern edge of their charts.

text: The few expeditions to penetrate much beyond the Arctic Circle in this era added only small islands, such as Novaya Zemlya (11th century) and Spitzbergen (1596), though since these were often surrounded by pack-ice, their northern limits were not so clear. The makers of navigational charts, more conservative than some of the more fanciful cartographers, tended to leave the region blank, with only fragments of known coastline sketched in.

text: This lack of knowledge of what lay north of the shifting barrier of ice gave rise to a number of conjectures. In England and other European nations, the myth of an "Open Polar Sea" was persistent. John Barrow, longtime Second Secretary of the British Admiralty, promoted exploration of the region from 1818 to 1845 in search of this.

text: In the United States in the 1850s and 1860s, the explorers Elisha Kane and Isaac Israel Hayes both claimed to have seen part of this elusive body of water. Even quite late in the century, the eminent authority Matthew Fontaine Maury included a description of the Open Polar Sea in his textbook The Physical Geography of the Sea (1883). Nevertheless, as all the explorers who travelled closer and closer to the pole reported, the polar ice cap is quite thick, and persists year-round.

text: Fridtjof Nansen was the first to make a nautical crossing of the Arctic Ocean, in 1896. The first surface crossing of the ocean was led by Wally Herbert in 1969, in a dog sled expedition from Alaska to Svalbard, with air support.[6] The first nautical transit of the north pole was made in 1958 by the submarine USS Nautilus, and the first surface nautical transit occurred in 1977 by the icebreaker NS Arktika.

text: Since 1937, Soviet and Russian manned drifting ice stations have extensively monitored the Arctic Ocean. Scientific settlements were established on the drift ice and carried thousands of kilometers by ice floes.[7]

text: In World War II, the European region of the Arctic Ocean was heavily contested: the Allied commitment to resupply the Soviet Union via its northern ports was opposed by German naval and air forces.

text: Geography[edit]

text: The Arctic Ocean occupies a roughly circular basin and covers an area of about 14,056,000 km2 (5,427,000 sq mi), almost the size of Antarctica.[8][9] The coastline is 45,390 km (28,200 mi) long.[8][10] It is surrounded by the land masses of Eurasia, North America, Greenland, and by several islands.

text: It is generally taken to include Baffin Bay, Barents Sea, Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea, East Siberian Sea, Greenland Sea, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, White Sea and other tributary bodies of water. It is connected to the Pacific Ocean by the Bering Strait and to the Atlantic Ocean through the Greenland Sea and Labrador Sea.[1]

text: Countries bordering the Arctic Ocean are: Russia, Norway, Iceland, Greenland, Canada and the United States.

text: Extent and major ports[edit]

text: There are several ports and harbors around the Arctic Ocean[11]

text: United States[edit]

text: In Alaska, the main ports are Barrow (71°17′44″N 156°45′59″W / 71.29556°N 156.76639°W / 71.29556; -156.76639 (Barrow)) and Prudhoe Bay (70°19′32″N 148°42′41″W / 70.32556°N 148.71139°W / 70.32556; -148.71139 (Prudhoe)).

text: Canada[edit]

text: In Canada, ships may anchor at Churchill (Port of Churchill) (58°46′28″N 094°11′37″W / 58.77444°N 94.19361°W / 58.77444; -94.19361 (Port of Churchill)) in Manitoba, Nanisivik (Nanisivik Naval Facility) (73°04′08″N 084°32′57″W / 73.06889°N 84.54917°W / 73.06889; -84.54917 (Nanisivik Naval Facility)) in Nunavut,[12] Tuktoyaktuk (69°26′34″N 133°01′52″W / 69.44278°N 133.03111°W / 69.44278; -133.03111 (Tuktoyaktuk)) or Inuvik (68°21′42″N 133°43′50″W / 68.36167°N 133.73056°W / 68.36167; -133.73056 (Inuvik)) in the Northwest Territories.

text: Greenland[edit]

text: In Greenland, the main port is at Nuuk (Nuuk Port and Harbour) (64°10′15″N 051°43′15″W / 64.17083°N 51.72083°W / 64.17083; -51.72083 (Nuuk Port and Harbour)).

text: Norway[edit]

text: In Norway, Kirkenes (69°43′37″N 030°02′44″E / 69.72694°N 30.04556°E / 69.72694; 30.04556 (Kirkenes)) and Vardø (70°22′14″N 031°06′27″E / 70.37056°N 31.10750°E / 70.37056; 31.10750 (Vardø)) are ports on the mainland. Also, there is Longyearbyen (78°13′12″N 15°39′00″E / 78.22000°N 15.65000°E / 78.22000; 15.65000 (Longyearbyen)) on Svalbard, a Norwegian archipelago, next to Fram Strait.

text: Russia[edit]

text: In Russia, major ports sorted by the different sea areas are:

text:
Murmansk (68°58′N 033°05′E / 68.967°N 33.083°E / 68.967; 33.083 (Murmansk)) in the Barents Sea
Arkhangelsk (64°32′N 040°32′E / 64.533°N 40.533°E / 64.533; 40.533 (Arkhangelsk)) in the White Sea
Labytnangi (66°39′26″N 066°25′06″E / 66.65722°N 66.41833°E / 66.65722; 66.41833 (Labytnangi)) Salekhard (66°32′N 066°36′E / 66.533°N 66.600°E / 66.533; 66.600 (Salekhard)), Dudinka (69°24′N 086°11′E / 69.400°N 86.183°E / 69.400; 86.183 (Dudinka)), Igarka (67°28′N 86°35′E / 67.467°N 86.583°E / 67.467; 86.583 (Igarka)) and Dikson (73°30′N 080°31′E / 73.500°N 80.517°E / 73.500; 80.517 (Dikson)) in the Kara Sea
Tiksi (71°38′N 128°52′E / 71.633°N 128.867°E / 71.633; 128.867 (Tiksi)) in the Laptev Sea
Pevek (69°42′N 170°17′E / 69.700°N 170.283°E / 69.700; 170.283 (Pevek)) in the East Siberian Sea

text: Arctic shelves[edit]

text: The ocean's Arctic shelf comprises a number of continental shelves, including the Canadian Arctic shelf, underlying the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, and the Russian continental shelf, which is sometimes simply called the "Arctic Shelf" because it is greater in extent. The Russian continental shelf consists of three separate, smaller shelves, the Barents Shelf, Chukchi Sea Shelf and Siberian Shelf. Of these three, the Siberian Shelf is the largest such shelf in the world. The Siberian Shelf holds large oil and gas reserves, and the Chukchi shelf forms the border between Russian and the United States as stated in the USSR–USA Maritime Boundary Agreement. The whole area is subject to international territorial claims.

text: Underwater features[edit]

text: An underwater ridge, the Lomonosov Ridge, divides the deep sea North Polar Basin into two oceanic basins: the Eurasian Basin, which is between 4,000 and 4,500 m (13,100 and 14,800 ft) deep, and the Amerasian Basin (sometimes called the North American, or Hyperborean Basin), which is about 4,000 m (13,000 ft) deep. The bathymetry of the ocean bottom is marked by fault block ridges, abyssal plains, ocean deeps, and basins. The average depth of the Arctic Ocean is 1,038 m (3,406 ft).[13] The deepest point is Litke Deep in the Eurasian Basin, at 5,450 m (17,880 ft).

text: The two major basins are further subdivided by ridges into the Canada Basin (between Alaska/Canada and the Alpha Ridge), Makarov Basin (between the Alpha and Lomonosov Ridges), Amundsen Basin (between Lomonosov and Gakkel ridges), and Nansen Basin (between the Gakkel Ridge and the continental shelf that includes the Franz Josef Land).

text: Oceanography[edit]

text: Water flow[edit]

text: In large parts of the Arctic Ocean, the top layer (about 50 m (160 ft)) is of lower salinity and lower temperature than the rest. It remains relatively stable, because the salinity effect on density is bigger than the temperature effect. It is fed by the freshwater input of the big Siberian and Canadian streams (Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Mackenzie), the water of which quasi floats on the saltier, denser, deeper ocean water. Between this lower salinity layer and the bulk of the ocean lies the so-called halocline, in which both salinity and temperature are rising with increasing depth.

text: Because of its relative isolation from other oceans, the Arctic Ocean has a uniquely complex system of water flow. It is classified as a mediterranean sea, which as “a part of the world ocean which has only limited communication with the major ocean basins (these being the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans) and where the circulation is dominated by thermohaline forcing”.[14] The Arctic Ocean has a total volume of 18.07×106 km3, equal to about 1.3% of the World Ocean. Mean surface circulation is predominately cyclonic on the Eurasian side and anticyclonic in the Canadian Basin.[15]

text: Water enters from both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and can be divided into three unique water masses. The deepest water mass is called Arctic Bottom Water and begins around 900 metres (3,000 feet) depth.[14] It is composed of the densest water in the World Ocean and has two main sources: Arctic shelf water and Greenland Sea Deep Water. Water in the shelf region that begins as inflow from the Pacific passes through the narrow Bering Strait at an average rate of 0.8 Sverdrups and reaches the Chukchi Sea.[16] During the winter, cold Alaskan winds blow over the Chukchi Sea, freezing the surface water and pushing this newly formed ice out to the Pacific. The speed of the ice drift is roughly 1–4 cm/s.[15] This process leaves dense, salty waters in the sea that sink over the continental shelf into the western Arctic Ocean and create a halocline.[17]

text: This water is met by Greenland Sea Deep Water, which forms during the passage of winter storms. As temperatures cool dramatically in the winter, ice forms and intense vertical convection allows the water to become dense enough to sink below the warm saline water below.[14] Arctic Bottom Water is critically important because of its outflow, which contributes to the formation of Atlantic Deep Water. The overturning of this water plays a key role in global circulation and the moderation of climate.

text: In the depth range of 150–900 metres (490–2,950 feet) is a water mass referred to as Atlantic Water. Inflow from the North Atlantic Current enters through the Fram Strait, cooling and sinking to form the deepest layer of the halocline, where it circles the Arctic Basin counter-clockwise. This is the highest volumetric inflow to the Arctic Ocean, equalling about 10 times that of the Pacific inflow, and it creates the Arctic Ocean Boundary Current.[16] It flows slowly, at about 0.02 m/s.[14] Atlantic Water has the same salinity as Arctic Bottom Water but is much warmer (up to 3 °C). In fact, this water mass is actually warmer than the surface water, and remains submerged only due to the role of salinity in density.[14] When water reaches the basin it is pushed by strong winds into a large circular current called the Beaufort Gyre. Water in the Beaufort Gyre is far less saline than that of the Chukchi Sea due to inflow from large Canadian and Siberian rivers.[17]

text: The final defined water mass in the Arctic Ocean is called Arctic Surface Water and is found from 150–200 metres (490–660 feet). The most important feature of this water mass is a section referred to as the sub-surface layer. It is a product of Atlantic water that enters through canyons and is subjected to intense mixing on the Siberian Shelf.[14] As it is entrained, it cools and acts a heat shield for the surface layer. This insulation keeps the warm Atlantic Water from melting the surface ice. Additionally, this water forms the swiftest currents of the Arctic, with speed of around 0.3-0.6 m/s.[14] Complementing the water from the canyons, some Pacific water that does not sink to the shelf region after passing through the Bering Strait also contributes to this water mass.

text: Waters originating in the Pacific and Atlantic both exit through the Fram Strait between Greenland and Svalbard Island, which is about 2,700 metres (8,900 feet) deep and 350 kilometres (220 miles) wide. This outflow is about 9 Sv.[16] The width of the Fram Strait is what allows for both inflow and outflow on the Atlantic side of the Arctic Ocean. Because of this, it is influenced by the Coriolis force, which concentrates outflow to the East Greenland Current on the western side and inflow to the Norwegian Current on the eastern side.[14] Pacific water also exits along the west coast of Greenland and the Hudson Strait (1-2 Sv), providing nutrients to the Canadian Archipelago.[16]

text: As noted, the process of ice formation and movement is a key driver in Arctic Ocean circulation and the formation of water masses. With this dependence, the Arctic Ocean experiences variations due to seasonal changes in sea ice cover. Sea ice movement is the result of wind forcing, which is related to a number of meteorological conditions that the Arctic experiences throughout the year. For example, the Beaufort High—an extension of the Siberian High system—is a pressure system that drives the anticyclonic motion of the Beaufort Gyre.[15] During the summer, this area of high pressure is pushed out closer to its Siberian and Canadian sides. In addition, there is a sea level pressure (SLP) ridge over Greenland that drives strong northerly winds through the Fram Strait, facilitating ice export. In the summer, the SLP contrast is smaller, producing weaker winds. A final example of seasonal pressure system movement is the low pressure system that exists over the Nordic and Barents Seas. It is an extension of the Icelandic Low, which creates cyclonic ocean circulation in this area. The low shifts to center over the North Pole in the summer. These variations in the Arctic all contribute to ice drift reaching its weakest point during the summer months. There is also evidence that the drift is associated with the phase of the Arctic Oscillation and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation.[15]

text: Sea ice[edit]

text: Much of the Arctic Ocean is covered by sea ice that varies in extent and thickness seasonally. The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km2 (6,023,200 sq mi) at a rate of 3% per decade. The seasonal variations are about 7,000,000 km2 (2,702,700 sq mi) with the maximum in April and minimum in September. The sea ice is affected by wind and ocean currents, which can move and rotate very large areas of ice. Zones of compression also arise, where the ice piles up to form pack ice.[19][20][21]

text: Icebergs occasionally break away from northern Ellesmere Island, and icebergs are formed from glaciers in western Greenland and extreme northeastern Canada. These icebergs pose a hazard to ships, of which the Titanic is one of the most famous. Permafrost is found on most islands. The ocean is virtually icelocked from October to June, and the superstructure of ships are subject to icing from October to May.[11] Before the advent of modern icebreakers, ships sailing the Arctic Ocean risked being trapped or crushed by sea ice (although the Baychimo drifted through the Arctic Ocean untended for decades despite these hazards).

text: Climate[edit]

text: Under the influence of the Quaternary glaciation, the Arctic Ocean is contained in a polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges. Winters are characterized by the polar night, extreme cold, frequent low-level temperature inversions, and stable weather conditions.[22] Cyclones are only common on the Atlantic side.[23] Summers are characterized by continuous daylight (midnight sun), and temperatures can rise above the melting point (0 °C (32 °F). Cyclones are more frequent in summer and may bring rain or snow.[23] It is cloudy year-round, with mean cloud cover ranging from 60% in winter to over 80% in summer.[24]

text: The temperature of the surface of the Arctic Ocean is fairly constant, near the freezing point of seawater. Because the Arctic Ocean consists of saltwater, the temperature must reach −1.8 °C (28.8 °F) before freezing occurs.

text: The density of sea water, in contrast to fresh water, increases as it nears the freezing point and thus it tends to sink. It is generally necessary that the upper 100–150 m (330–490 ft) of ocean water cools to the freezing point for sea ice to form.[25] In the winter the relatively warm ocean water exerts a moderating influence, even when covered by ice. This is one reason why the Arctic does not experience the extreme temperatures seen on the Antarctic continent.

text: There is considerable seasonal variation in how much pack ice of the Arctic ice pack covers the Arctic Ocean. Much of the Arctic ice pack is also covered in snow for about 10 months of the year. The maximum snow cover is in March or April — about 20 to 50 cm (7.9 to 19.7 in) over the frozen ocean.

text: The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past. As recently as 55 million years ago, during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, the region reached an average annual temperature of 10–20 °C (50–68 °F).[26] The surface waters of the northernmost[27] Arctic Ocean warmed, seasonally at least, enough to support tropical lifeforms[28] requiring surface temperatures of over 22 °C (72 °F).[29]

text: Animal and plant life[edit]

text: Endangered marine species in the Arctic Ocean include walruses and whales. The area has a fragile ecosystem which is slow to change and slow to recover from disruptions or damage.[11] Lion's mane jellyfish are abundant in the waters of the Arctic, and the banded gunnel is the only species of gunnel that lives in the ocean.

text: The Arctic Ocean has relatively little plant life except for phytoplankton.[30] Phytoplankton are a crucial part of the ocean and there are massive amounts of them in the Arctic, where they feed on nutrients from rivers and the currents of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.[31] During summer, the sun is out day and night, thus enabling the phytoplankton to photosynthesize for long periods of time and reproduce quickly. However, the reverse is true in winter when they struggle to get enough light to survive.[31]

text: Natural resources[edit]

text: Petroleum and natural gas fields, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, sand and gravel aggregates, fish, seals and whales can all be found in abundance in the region.[11][21]

text: The political dead zone near the center of the sea is also the focus of a mounting dispute between the United States, Russia, Canada, Norway, and Denmark.[32] It is significant for the global energy market because it may hold 25% or more of the world's undiscovered oil and gas resources.[33]

text: Environmental concerns[edit]

text: Arctic ice melting[edit]

text: The Arctic ice pack is thinning, and in many years there is also a seasonal hole in the ozone layer.[34] Reduction of the area of Arctic sea ice reduces the planet's average albedo, possibly resulting in global warming in a positive feedback mechanism.[21][35] Research shows that the Arctic may become ice free for the first time in human history within a few years or by 2040.[36][37] Estimates vary for when the last time the Arctic was ice free: 65 million years ago when fossils indicate that plants existed there to as few as 5,500 years ago; ice and ocean cores going back 8000 years to the last warm period or 125,000 during the last intraglacial period.[38]

text: Warming temperatures in the Arctic may cause large amounts of fresh meltwater to enter the north Atlantic, possibly disrupting global ocean current patterns. Potentially severe changes in the Earth's climate might then ensue.[35]

text: As the extent of sea ice diminishes and sea level rises, the effect of storms such as the Great Arctic Cyclone of 2012 on open water increases, as does possible salt-water damage to vegetation on shore at locations such as the Mackenzie's river delta as stronger storm surges become more likely.[39]

text: Clathrate breakdown[edit]

text: Sea ice, and the cold conditions it sustains, serves to stabilize methane deposits on and near the shoreline,[40] preventing the clathrate breaking down and outgassing methane into the atmosphere, causing further warming. Melting of this ice may release large quantities of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas into the atmosphere, causing further warming in a strong positive feedback cycle and; marine genus and species to become extinct.[40][41]

text: Other concerns[edit]

text: Other environmental concerns relate to the radioactive contamination of the Arctic Ocean from, for example, Russian radioactive waste dump sites in the Kara Sea[42] and Cold War nuclear test sites such as Novaya Zemlya.[43] In addition, Shell planned to drill exploratory wells in the Chukchi and Beaufort seas during the summer of 2012, which environmental groups filed a lawsuit about in an attempt to protect native communities, endangered wildlife, and the Arctic Ocean in the event of a major oil spill.[44]

text: On July 16, 2015, five nations (United States of America, Russia, Canada, Norway, Denmark/Greenland) signed a declaration committing to keep their fishing vessels out of a 1.1 million square mile zone in the central Arctic Ocean near the North Pole. The agreement calls for those nations to refrain from fishing there until there is better scientific knowledge about the marine resources and until a regulatory system is in place to protect those resources.[45][46]


document_title: Michael Learned

question_text: why did the mom on the waltons leave

question_tokens: why did the mom on the waltons leave

text: Michael Learned

text: Early life[edit]

text: Learned was born in Washington, DC, the daughter and oldest child of Elizabeth Duane "Betti" (née Hooper) and Bruce Learned, a diplomat.[3] Her maternal grandfather was an attaché for the United States Embassy in Rome.[4]

text: She lived on a Connecticut farm with her five sisters for the first 10 years of her life. Learned said that her parents never explained why she received a masculine first name, her father told her elusively "if I had been a boy, I would have been called Caleb, but I was a girl, so I was called Michael."[5]

text: When she was 11, Learned moved to Austria, where her father worked for the U.S. State Department. At this time, she attended Arts Educational School, Tring, now Tring Park School for the Performing Arts in Tring, Hertfordshire, England. During this time, she discovered the theater and decided to make acting her life's work.[6]

text: Career[edit]

text: Television[edit]

text: She was billed as "Miss Michael Learned" on The Waltons (which ran from 1972–1981) because she was relatively unknown at the time, and producers wished to avoid confusion among viewers about her gender. By the sixth season, as the show continued its success and after the departure of co-star Richard Thomas, producers' fear of confusion about her sex had been alleviated and the "Miss" was removed from Learned's billing. She was nominated for six Emmy Awards and won three for her role of Olivia Walton. After the end of the sixth season, she agreed to appear for one more season, on the condition that she wouldn't have to work the full nine months.[7]

text: Her character's abrupt disappearance was explained by Olivia developing tuberculosis and entering a sanatorium in Arizona. She made occasional guest appearances until the show's cancellation and later appeared in four of the six Waltons reunion movies made during the 1980s and 1990s. For her portrayal of Olivia Walton, Learned was nominated for four Golden Globe Awards. During her run as Olivia Walton, Learned and The Waltons co-star, Will Geer, appeared together in the 1974 made-for-TV movie, Hurricane.

text: Learned starred as Nurse Mary Benjamin in the hospital drama Nurse, which ran on CBS during the 1980–81 and 1981–82 seasons. Though the series was well received critically, it was not a ratings success and lasted only two seasons. Nevertheless, Learned was nominated for two Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress and won yet another Emmy for this role in 1982. She later had a starring roles in the unsuccessful 1988 drama Hothouse, and 1989 sitcom Living Dolls and reprised her Waltons role for a number of TV movies and reunions in the 1990s.

text: In 2005, Learned played Judge Helen Turner on the ABC soap operas All My Children and One Life to Live as part of the "baby switch" storyline on both shows. In The Secret World of Alex Mack's second season, she guest-starred as a ghost who regretted the decisions of her long-estranged granddaughter, revealed at the end to be the show's main villain, Danielle Atron (Louan Gideon).

text: She guest-starred in Scrubs as Mrs. Wilk in five episodes from the show's fifth season. She played Shirley Smith on ABC's General Hospital. In the fall of 2011, Learned played Katherine Chancellor on the CBS daytime soap opera, The Young and the Restless, filling in for Jeanne Cooper, who was on extended medical leave from the series.[8]

text: Theatre[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In the late 1960s, Learned and her then-husband (Peter Donat) appeared in various roles with the American Conservatory Theatre in San Francisco. She has appeared in many stage productions on Broadway, off Broadway, and elsewhere, including the 2006–2007 national touring production of On Golden Pond. In the fall of 2008, she starred in Innovation Theatre Works' production of Driving Miss Daisy, playing the title role of Daisy Werthen opposite Willis Burks II as Hoke and Dirk Blocker as Daisy's son Boolie.

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Learned has been married four times. Her first husband was Canadian-American actor Peter Donat, whom she married in 1956, when she was 17 years old. The marriage was dissolved in 1972. She had three children by the marriage; Caleb, Christopher, and Lucas Donat.[citation needed]

text: Her second marriage, to Glenn Chadwick, lasted from 1975–77, and ended in divorce. In 1979, she married actor/screenwriter William Parker. That marriage ended in divorce as well. Since 1988, she has been married to lawyer John Doherty; the couple reside in California.[citation needed]

text: In a 2002 article she wrote for Daily Word, a publication of the Unity Church, Learned states that at the time she was cast in The Waltons, she had "hit rock bottom". Then, at age 32, Learned realized she was an alcoholic. Taking herself to ex-husband Peter Donat's cabin on the California coast, she decided to "get sober" and that her time there was the beginning of a spiritual journey. Learned further stated in the article that she has been sober since 1977.[1]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1980
Touched by Love
Dr. Bell

1986
Power
Governor Andrea Stannard

1993
Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story
Vivian Emery

1997
Life During Wartime
N/A

2000
For the Love of May
Mary Lou
Short film

2005
Lethal Eviction
Elsa

2005
Loggerheads
Sheridan Bellamy

2007
The Killer
The Innkeeper
Short film

2009
An American Girl: Chrissa Stands Strong
Nana Louis Hanlon

2014
Unplugged
Grandma Katie
Short film

2014
The Parcel
Beverly
Short film

2014
After Life
Gloria

text: Television films[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1963
The Other Man
N/A

1974
Hurricane
Lee Jackson

1974
It Couldn't Happen to a Nicer Guy
Janet Walters

1978
Little Mo
Eleanor Tennant

1980
Nurse
Mary Benjamin

1980
A Christmas Without Snow
Zoe Jenson

1982
Mother's Day on Waltons Mountain
Olivia Walton

1984
The Parade
Rachel Kirby

1986
A Deadly Business
Ann

1986
Picnic
Rosemary Sidney

1987
Mercy of Murder?
Skipper

1988
Roots: The Gift
Amelia Parker

1990
Gunsmoke: The Last Apache
Mike Yardner

1991
Aftermath: A Test of Love
Irene

1991
Murder in New Hampshire: The Pamela Wojas Smart Story
Judy Smart

1991
Keeping Secrets
Marion Mahoney

1992
Mattie's Waltz
Mattie

1993
A Walton Thanksgiving Reunion
Olivia Walton

1995
A Walton Wedding
Olivia Walton

1997
A Walton Easter
Olivia Walton

1998
A Father for Brittany
Edna Humphreys

text: Television series[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1968
Wojeck
Nina Eden
2 episodes

1972–79
The Waltons
Olivia Walton
168 episodes
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series (1973–74, 1976)
Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama (1973–76)
Nominated—Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series (1975, 1978–79)

1973
Gunsmoke
Mike Yardner
Episode: "Matt's Love Story"

1973
Gunsmoke
May Lassiter
Episode: "A Game of Death... An Act of Love Part 2"

1973
Match Game 73
Herself
Episode: "1.6"

1973–74
Insight
Sister Janet
2 episodes

1974
Police Story
Linda Keitlinger
Episode: "Love, Mabel"

1981–82
Nurse
Nurse Mary Benjamin
25 episodes
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series
Nominated—Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series

1984
St. Elsewhere
Sister Millicent Domencia
2 episodes

1988
Hothouse
Dr. Marie Teller
7 episodes

1989
Murder, She Wrote
Maria Hudson
Episode: "Trevor Hudson's Legacy"

1989
Who's the Boss?
Trish Carlin
2 episodes

1989
Living Dolls
Trish Carlin
12 episodes

1990
Wiseguy
Rachel
2 episodes

1994
Reading Rainbow
Herself
Episode: "Appelemondo's Dream"

1995
The Secret World of Alex Mack
Ghost of Paradise Valley
Episode: "The Secret"

1998
Profiler
Helen Waters
3 episodes

1998
Promised Land
Dolly Carstens
Episode: "The Secret of Bluestem"

2000
Pensacola: Wings of Gold
Congresswoman Benedict
Episode: "Article 32"

2000
So Graham Norton
Herself
Episode: "3.8"

2003
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
Candace Lamery
Episode: "Privilege"

2005
All My Children
Judge Turner
Episode: "1.9044"

2005
One Life to Live
Hon. Judge Turner
2 episodes

2006
Scrubs
Mrs. Wilk
7 episodes

2009
Cold Case
Louise Patterson '09
Episode: "WASP"

2010
General Hospital
Shirley Smith
21 episodes

2011
Mr. Sunshine
Maggie
Episode: "The Best Man"

2011
The Young and the Restless
Katherine Chancellor
13 episodes