document_title: South African wine

question_text: this winelands area is known as the birthplace of south africa’s wine industry

question_tokens: this winelands area is known as the birthplace of south africa 's wine industry

text: South African wine

text: History[edit]

text: The roots of the South African wine industry can be traced to the explorations of the Dutch East India Company, which established a supply station in what is now Cape Town. A Dutch surgeon, Jan van Riebeeck, was assigned the task of managing the station and planting vineyards to produce wines and grapes. This was intended to ward off scurvy amongst sailors during their voyages along the spice route to India and the East. The first harvest was made on 2 February 1659 (as noted in Van Riebeeck's log) seven years after the landing in 1652.[2][3] The man succeeding Van Riebeeck as governor of the Cape of Good Hope, Simon van der Stel, sought to improve the quality of viticulture in the region. In 1685, he purchased a large 750 hectares (1,900 acres) estate just outside Cape Town, establishing the Constantia wine estate. After Van der Stel's death, the estate fell into disrepair, but was revived in 1778 when it was purchased by Hendrik Cloete.[4]

text: Many growers gave up on winemaking, and instead chose to plant orchards and alfalfa fields to feed the growing ostrich feather industry. The growers that did replant with grapevines chose high-yielding grape varieties such as Cinsaut. By the early 1900s, more than 80 million vines had been replanted, creating a wine lake. Some producers would pour unsaleable wine into local rivers and streams. The imbalance between supply and demand that caused depressed prices prompted the South African government to fund the formation of the Koöperatieve Wijnbouwers Vereniging van Zuid-Afrika Bpkt (KWV) in 1918. Started as a co-operative, the KWV soon grew in power and prominence eventually setting policies and prices for the entire South African wine industry. To deal with the wine glut, the KWV restricted yields and set minimum prices that encouraged the production of brandy and fortified wines.[4]

text: For much of the 20th century, the South African wine industry received minimal international attention. Its isolation was exacerbated by the boycotts of South African products in protest against the country's system of Apartheid. It was not until the late 1980s and 1990s when Apartheid was ended, and the world's export market opened up, that South African wines began to experience a renaissance. Many producers in South Africa quickly adopted new viticultural and winemaking technologies. The presence of flying winemakers from abroad brought international influences and focus on well-known varieties such as Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay. The reorganization of the powerful KWV co-operative into a private business sparked further innovation and improvement in quality. Vineyard owners and wineries who had previously relied on the price-fixing structure that bought their excess grapes for distillation were forced to become more competitive by shifting their focus to the production of quality wine. In 1990, less than 30% of all the grapes harvested were used for wine production meant for the consumer market with the remaining 70% being discarded, distilled into brandy, or sold as table grapes and juice. By 2003, the numbers had been reversed with more than 70% of the grapes harvested that year reaching the consumer market as wine.[4]

text: Climate and geography[edit]

text: South Africa is located at the tip of the African continent with most wine regions located near the coastal influences of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. These regions have a mostly Mediterranean climate that is marked by intense sunlight and dry heat. Winters tend to be cold and wet with potential snowfall at higher elevations. The threat of springtime frost is rare with most wine regions seeing a warm growing season between November and April. The majority of annual precipitation occurs in the winter months and ranges from 250 millimetres (9.84 in) in the semi-desert-like region of Klein Karoo to 1,500 millimetres (59.06 in) near the Worcester Mountains.[4] Regions closer to the coast, or in the rain shadow of inland mountain chains like the Drakenstein, Hottentots Holland and Langeberg, will have more rain than areas further inland. In many South African wine regions irrigation is essential to viticulture. The Benguela current from Antarctica brings cool air off the south Atlantic coast that allows the mean temperatures of the area to be lower than regions of comparable latitude.[5] A strong wind current, known as the Cape Doctor, brings gale force winds to the wine regions in the Cape which have the positive benefit of limiting the risk of various mildew and fungal grape disease as well as tempering humidity, but can also damage grapevines that are not protected.[4]

text: During the harvest months of February and March, the average daily temperatures in many South African wine regions is 23 °C (73 °F) with spikes up to 40 °C (104 °F) not uncommon in the warm inland river valleys around the Breede, Olifants and Orange Rivers. On the Winkler scale, the majority of South African wine regions would be classified as Region III locations with heat summation and degree days similar to the California wine region of Oakville in Napa Valley. Warmer regions such as Klein Karoo and Douglas fall into Region IV (similar to Tuscany) and Region V (similar to Perth in Western Australia) respectively. New plantings are the focus in cooler climate sites in the Elgin and Walker Bay regions which are characterised as Region II with temperatures closer to the Burgundy and Piedmont.[4]

text: The wine regions of South Africa are spread out over the Western and Northern Cape regions, covering 500 kilometres (310 mi) west to east and 680 kilometres (420 mi) north-south. Within this wide expanse is a vast range of macroclimate and vineyard soil types influenced by the unique geography of the area which includes several inland mountain chains and valleys. Within the Stellenbosch region alone, there are more than 50 unique soil types. In general, the soils of South Africa tend to retain moisture and drain well, having a significant proportion of clay (often at least 25% of the composition) with low pH levels around 4. The pH levels of the soils are often adjusted with lime and calcium treatment. Other soil types found in South Africa include granite and sandstone in Constantia, shale in Elgin and arenaceous shale in Walker Bay.[4] Near the river valleys, the soils are particularly lime rich with a high proportion of sand and shale.[6]

text: Wine of Origin[edit]

text: Drafted in 1973, the "Wine of Origin" (WO) programme legislates how wine regions of South Africa are defined and can appear on wine labels. While some aspects of the WO are taken from the French Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC) system, the WO is concerned primarily with accuracy in labelling and does not place any additional regulations on wine regions such as permitted varieties, trellising methods, irrigation and crop yields. Wine regions under the WO system fall under one of four categories – the largest and most generic are geographical units (such as the Western Cape region) which include the smaller, but still largely defined regions (such as Overberg), followed by districts (like Walker Bay) and then finally wards (such as Elgin). The Eastern Cape province is South Africa's most recent wine region. While geographical units, regions and districts are largely defined by political boundaries – wards are the level of origin designation that is most defined by unique terroir characteristics.[4]

text: Wine regions[edit]

text: As of 2003, South Africa was 17th in terms of area planted with vines, with the country owning 1.5% of the world's grape vineyards with 110,000 hectares (270,000 acres). Yearly production among South Africa's wine regions is usually around 10 million hL (264 million US gallons) which regularly puts the country among the top ten wine producing countries in the world. The majority of wine production in South Africa takes place in the Cape, particularly the south-west corner near the coastal region. The historical heart of South African wine has been the area near the Cape Peninsula and modern-day Cape Town. This area is still of prominence in the industry being home to the major wine regions of Constantia, Stellenbosch and Paarl. Today, wine is grown throughout the Western Cape and in parts of the Northern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape regions. The river regions along the Breede Valley, Olifants and Orange Rivers are among the warmest areas and are often the location of bulk wine production and distillation. The cooler climate regions east of Cape Town along the Indian Ocean coast, such as Walker Bay and Elgin, have seen vast expansion and development in recent years as producers experiment with cool climate varietals and wine styles.[4]

text: Below are some notable Wine of Origins districts.[4]

text: Constantia[edit]

text: The Constantia Valley is located south of Cape Town on the Cape Peninsula that juts out into the Atlantic Ocean. Because of its location, the region receives oceanic influences on each side that create a cooling effect contributing to a long, slow ripening period in the summer where average daily temperatures fall between 18–19 °C (64–66 °F). Winters are often moderate and mild but wet with annual precipitation usually over 1,000 millimetres (39.37 in). The soil of the region is composed primarily of Table Mountain sandstone with high concentrations of loam and granite.[4] The area grows a wide range of grapes with Sauvignon blanc being particularly noted.[5]  The area is now home to 11 wine farms (Andrews, 2017). It is the oldest wine-growing region in the country, with the farm Groot Constantia being the oldest wine estate.[7]:77

text: Stellenbosch[edit]

text: The Stellenbosch district is the second oldest wine region in South Africa, after Constantia, and is responsible for around 14% of the country's annual wine production. First planted in 1679, Stellenbosch is located 45 kilometres (28 mi) east of Cape Town. The region is surrounded by the Helderberg, Simonsberg and Stellenbosch Mountains and receives some climatic influences from nearby False Bay. The bay tempers the climate and keeps average temperatures during the summer growing season to around 20 °C (68 °F), just slightly warmer than Bordeaux. Vineyard soil types range from decomposed granite on the hillside near the mountains to sandy, alluvial loam in the valleys near the rivers.[4]

text: The seven wards of Stellenbosch-Banghoek, Bottelary, Devon Valley, Jonkershoek Valley, Papegaaiberg, Polkadraai Hills and Simonsberg-Stellenbosch – are well known for their red wine production that demonstrate terroir distinction – particularly Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinotage and Shiraz.[4] Simonsberg was the first wine ward to gain individual distinction. White wine production centers on Chardonnay and Sauvignon blanc which are often blended together. The western reaches of Stellenbosch, such as Bottelary and near Elsenburg also include a sizeable portion of Chenin blanc plantings in areas rich in light, sandy soils.[5]

text: Paarl[edit]

text: For most of the 20th century, Paarl was for all practical purposes the heart of the South African wine industry. It was the home of the KWV as well as the annual Nederburg Wine Auction where the reputation of a vintage or an estate could be established. Gradually, the focus shifted southwards to Stellenbosch where Stellenbosch University gained a more prominent role in the South African wine industry with its viticulture and winemaking programmes. The transfer of power from the KWV to a private business further shifted the focus away from Paarl. However, the terroir driven wines of its wards, the Franschhoek Valley and Wellington, have revitalized interest in the area in recent years.[5]

text: The fortified wine produced in Paarl and nearby Tulbagh can be designated with the unique WO of Boberg relating to its proximity to the Berg River.[6]

text: Franschhoek Valley[edit]

text: The Franschhoek Valley was founded by Huguenot settlers who brought with them from their native France their traditions and winemaking expertise. The ward includes some higher elevation vineyard sites which can produce full flavoured white wines with noticeable acidity levels.[5]

text: Franschhoek will soon be South Africa's first wine region to form a classification system (Appellation Grand Prestige) for its wines, with Semillon, Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon being identified as the area's most tried-and-trusted grapes over a number of decades.

text: Breede River Valley[edit]

text: The Breede River Valley, located east of the Drakenstein Mountains, is a warm climate region that can be very dry and arid in some places.[6] The river itself provides easy access to irrigation which makes bulk wine production of high yield varieties commonplace. The Robertson district is located closest to the river along alluvial soils and the occasional calcium-rich outcrop of land. The average annual precipitation is generally below 400 millimetres (15.75 in), making irrigation essential. Temperatures during the summer growing season are normally around 22 °C (72 °F). The Bonnievale ward is the most notable sub-region of Robertson, noted for its Chardonnay and Shiraz wines.[4]

text: The Worcester district is responsible for more wine than any other wine region in the country with one fifth to one-quarter of the entire South African yearly wine production coming from this area.[5] Located just beyond Du Toit's Peak in the Breede River Valley, Worcester includes a broad fertile plain that relies on irrigation due to its dry, arid climate. The area's large and numerous co-operatives produce sizeable amounts of fortified wine as well as Muscadel and Hanepoot based dessert wines. In recent years, the Slanghoek ward and the Breedekloof district have been successful growing botrytised and dry Sauvignon blanc wines. The Worcester district is home to nearly half of all the Semillon, and a third of Ruby Cabernet, planted in South Africa with sizeable plantings of Colombard and Chenin blanc.[4]

text: Overberg[edit]

text: The cool climate Overberg region has been the site of the most recent interest and development in the South African wine industry, particularly with increased plantings of Chardonnay and Pinot noir. The entire area received very little attention until the late 20th century and was not even classified in 1973 within the original Wine of Origins programme.[5] The maritime climate of Walker Bay and the cool, higher elevation vineyards of Elgin located east of Cape Town, have had success producing these varietals as well as Sauvignon blanc.[4]

text: Other notable regions[edit]

text: The Klein Karoo region (meaning Little Karoo) has a semi-desert climate and was known mostly for sheep and ostrich farming. The region stretches from Montagu in the west to the village of De Rust in the east. In Calitzdorp warm temperatures are moderated by sea breezes that start in the late afternoon, and cool nighttime temperatures.[6] Wine production in the area is largely centred on fortified "port-style" wine and Muscadels.[4]

text: The Atlantic influenced West Coast region includes the winemaking areas of Durbanville, Olifants River, Piketberg and Swartland. While this region was known historically for its large, bulk wine production, in recent years, producers have focused on premium wine production such as plantings of Sauvignon blanc in the Groenekloof area near Darling and Pinotage in unirrigated farmland of the Swartland.[5] In the Olifants River region, Chenin blanc and Colombard are popular. The area is also home to South Africa's biggest single co-operative winery – the Vredendal Co-operative.[4]

text: The Northern Cape wine regions located along the Orange River include the hottest wine producing areas in South Africa. Wine production here was slow to take root, delayed to the 1960s when better irrigation and temperature control fermentation technology became available. Today, the area is responsible for nearly 12% of all the wine produced in South Africa – mostly by large co-operatives for bulk wine production.[4] The Hartswater region, located 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of Kimberley, is South Africa's northernmost wine region.[6]

text: KwaZulu-Natal was designated as a Geographical Unit in 2005 and is one of South Africa's most recent wine regions. The first wine estate in this region was The Stables Wine Estate, and the region's first Wine of Origin wine was released by Tiny and Judy van Niekerk in July 2006. The Stables Wine Estate went bankrupt in 2012.[8] Current cultivars doing well in the growing wine region of KwaZulu-Natal are: Sauvignon Blanc, Pinotage, Pinot Noir and Chardonnay. With mild summer temperatures, the region boasts South Africa's coolest vineyards.

text: The Eastern Cape followed soon after through the pioneering efforts of Ronnie and Janet Vehorn. In 2009, Harrison Hope Wine Estate was registered as the first wine estate in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. The estate made history again with its 2009 Merlot becoming the first certified estate wine ever produced in the Eastern Cape region.[citation needed] Situated in the Amatola Mountains, this area enjoys high temperatures in summer with little to no humidity. Unfortunately, late frost, hail, summer rainfall, and duiker make for some of the harshest conditions for wine grapes. Grapes grown in this region include: Chardonnay, Merlot, Petit Verdot, Pinotage, Sauvingnon Blanc and Shiraz.[citation needed]

text: Other notable wards[edit]

text: The Ruiterbosch ward, located southwest of the Klein Karoo around Mossel Bay, has a generally cool climate influenced primarily by the Indian Ocean. The area is planted largely with Riesling, Sauvignon blanc and Pinot noir.[4] The Cederberg located east of the southern reaches of the Olifants rivers includes some of the highest elevated vineyards in South Africa, planted at altitudes more than 1,000 metres (3,300 ft).[6]

text: Viticulture[edit]

text: Historically vineyards in South Africa were planted with untrellised bush vines planted 1.2 metres (3 ft 11 in) apart at a density of 7,000 vines per hectare (2,800 vines per acre). Following the phylloxera devastation, the focus of viticulture in South Africa was more on quantity rather than quality. Vineyards were planted with high yield varieties, widely spaced to facilitate the use of mechanical harvesting. In the late 20th century, more producers began to focus on quality wine production and adopted modern viticultural practices. Vines were planted to an average density of 3,300 per hectare (1,300 per acre) and pruned to keep yields down to 49–56 hl/ha  (2.8–3.2 tons/acre). The most common form of trellising found in South Africa is the vertical hedge row system that uses a split cordon supported on a wire kept around 750 millimetres (2.46 ft) off the ground. The grapevine leaves are trained upright on separate wires that allow plenty of sunshine to reach the grapes, but provide enough coverage to keep them from being sunburned. The vines are usually pruned to allow four to five spurs each with two to three buds (potential grape clusters) per cordon.[4] Heat is also a concern come harvest time with some wineries harvesting only at night in the cooler temperatures under floodlights.[6]

text: The lack of precipitation in many wine regions make irrigation a necessity. Sprinkler and drip irrigation systems are used to provide anywhere from 200–700 millimetres (7.9–27.6 in) of extra water a year. Modern winemakers are developing new techniques and an understanding of the role that water stress plays in the development of quality wine grape production. Producers who do not irrigate will sometimes use the phrase "dryland" or "dry farmed" on their wine labels as a marketing angle. Besides irrigation, an important concern for vineyard owners is the threat of vineyard pests such as mealy bugs[4] and baboons.[9] To combat these hazards, some vineyard owners will utilise Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programmes such as the importation of ladybugs, a natural predator of mealy bugs.[4]

text: While ocean winds keep some fungus and mildew threats at bay, downy mildew and powdery mildew (known regionally as "white rust") can pose an occasional threat during the wet winter season. Near harvest time, botrytis can also appear, being a hazard or a welcome visitor depending on whether or not botrytised wine production is the goal. Another threat is diseased and virus-infected rootstock.[5] After the phylloxera devastation, vineyards in South Africa were replanted with American rootstock (nowadays most commonly 99 Richter, 110 Richter and 101-14 Mgt). Some of these imported rootstocks were infected with various virus such as corky bark, fanleaf and leafroll, which soon spread to other vineyards. These virus-infected vines have a shortened lifespan and difficulties with photosynthesis, which can lead to poor ripening of phenolic compounds in the grape and low-quality wine. Since the 1980s, efforts have been undertaken by the South African wine industry to quarantine and promote healthy virus-free vineyards. Additionally, work has been undertaken in clonal research to identify which grape varieties grow best in which climate and wine region.[4]

text: Vine Improvement Programme[edit]

text: Following the end of Apartheid and the opening of export markets, the South African wine industry had a substantial learning curve to overcome in order to be competitive on the world's wine market. The Vine Improvement Programme (VIP) was established to bring modern viticultural understanding to the industry. The first phase launched in the late 20th century focused on virus-free and yield controlling rootstock as well as clonal research. The second phase, which is ongoing, focuses on matching up various combinations of grape varieties, clones and rootstock to specific terroir that can produce quality wine. Over the last 20+ years, the work of the VIP has brought the South African wine industry to the forefront of viticultural advances.[6]

text: Winemaking and wines[edit]

text: The winemaking traditions of South Africa often represent a hybridisation of Old World wine making and the new. Since the end of Apartheid, many producers have been working on producing more "international" styles of wine that can succeed on the world market. Flying winemakers from France, Spain and California have brought new techniques and styles to South Africa. In the 1980s, the use of oak barrels for fermentation and ageing became popular. The use of chaptalization is illegal in South Africa as the country's warm climate makes attaining sufficient sugar and alcohol levels for wine production non-problematic. Winemakers more often have problems with low acidity levels which require supplementation with additional acids like tartaric acid.[4]

text: Today the focus of the South African wine industry is on increasing the quality of wine production – particularly with the more exportable and fashionable red grape varieties. Traditionally, South African red wines had a reputation for being coarse in texture with rustic flavors. The Afrikaans word dikvoet used to describe these wines meant literally "thick foot". In the vineyards, growers focused on yield control for better ripeness, while winemakers used modern techniques to create softer, fleshier wines.[5] Temperature control fermentation as well as controlled malolactic fermentation were more widely used as well as less dependency on filtration as a means of stabilisation.[4]

text: Cape port-style wine[edit]

text: The South African wine industry has a long history of fortified wine production producing wines known colloquially as "Cape port" (though the term "Port" is protected by the European Union and refers only to the wines from the Douro region of Portugal). These wines are made from a variety of grapes, such as Shiraz and Pinotage, as well as Portuguese varieties like Tinta Barroca, Touriga Nacional, Souzão and Fernão Pires. The minimum alcohol level for these wines must be 16.5–22%. The many styles of "Cape port" closely parallel their Portuguese counterparts and include:[6]

text:
Cape White port – Can be made from any white grape varieties (such as Chenin blanc, Colombard or Fernão Pires) except for Muscats. Required to be aged in wood barrels for at least six months.
Cape Ruby port – Usually a blend of several fruity, full-bodied wines that have been aged for at least six months in wood for each wine and at least a year total for the entire blend.
Cape Tawny port – A blend that has been aged in wood long enough to acquire a tawny color with a smooth, slightly nutty flavor. Blending Ruby and White ports to create Tawny port is prohibited.
Cape Late Bottled Vintage (LBV) port – A wine composed of grapes harvested in a single vintage that is aged at least two years in oak and three to six years total before being bottled. South Africa wine laws require that the term "Late Bottled Vintage" or "LBV" appear on the wine label along with the vintage and bottling year.
Cape Vintage port – A wine composed of grapes harvested in a single vintage, aged in wood and released with the words "Vintage Port" and the vintage year on the label.
Cape Vintage Reserve port – A wine produced in a vintage year recognized by the South African wine industry or trade publications as being of exceptional quality. The wine must be aged for at least one year in oak and sold exclusively in glass wine bottles. The words "Vintage Reserve Port" and vintage date must appear on the wine label.

text: Other fortified and dessert wines[edit]

text: In addition to port-style wine, South African winemakers also produce "sherry-style" wines produced in a solera system and a unique vin de liqueur  made from Muscat known as Jerepigo (or Jerepiko). With Jerepigo, the brandy is added to the must prior to fermentation, which leaves the wine with a residual sugar (RS) level of at least 160 grams per litre. South Africa's long history of late harvest dessert wines include the modern-day Edel Laat-oes wines infected with noble rot (known locally as Edelkeur) and containing at least 50 grams of residual sugar per litre. Wine labelled simply as Laat-oes is from grapes harvested late, but not infected with botrytis. These wines must have an alcohol content of at least 10% and residual sugar levels between 10–30 grams per litre. Wines above 30 grams RS may be called Spesiale Laat-oes or "special late harvest" which may imply that some grapes infected with botrytis were used.[6]

text: Sparkling wines[edit]

text: Sparkling wines in South Africa are produced with both the Charmat and the traditional "Champagne Method". The first champagne-method wines produced in South Africa came from the Simonsig estate (in Stellenbosch) in 1971. To distinguish South African sparkling wines (and to comply with European Union regulations protecting the term "Champagne" and champenois), wines made in this traditional bottled fermented method are labelled as Methode Cap Classique (or MCC). These wines have been traditionally made using Sauvignon blanc and Chenin blanc, but in recent years have seen more of the traditional "Champagne grapes" of Chardonnay, Pinot Noir and Pinot Meunier being used. Red sparkling wine made from Pinotage can also be found.[6]

text: Labeling laws[edit]

text: South African labeling law focuses largely on geographical origins, falling under the purview of the Wine of Origin legislation. Single vineyard designated wine can be produced, provided the vineyard is registered with the government and all grapes used in the production of the wine were grown in that vineyard. While the term "estate" no longer qualifies as a designation of geographic origins, wineries can still label "estate wines" provided all the grapes were grown, and the wine was vinified and bottled on the same property. The South African Wine & Spirit Board operates a voluntary programme that allows South African wines to be "certified" for quality and accuracy in labeling. Under this certification process, vintage dated wine must be composed of at least 85% grapes that were harvested that vintage year. Varietal wines must also be composed of at least 85% of the listed varietal. Blends, such as a Cabernet Sauvignon and Pinotage blend, can have both varietals listed on the label provided the two wines were vinified separately. A wine that has been "co-fermented", with both grapes crushed and vinified together such as a Shiraz-Viognier, cannot list both varietals. As of 2006, about 35% of Cape wineries participated in this voluntary programme.[4]

text: Grape varieties[edit]

text:
Grape

Vineyards[10]

Chenin Blanc

18.2%

Cabernet Sauvignon

11.3%

Colombard

12.0%

Shiraz

10.5%

Sauvignon Blanc

9.4%

Chardonnay

8.0%

Pinotage

7.5%

Merlot

6.0%

text: Grape varieties in South Africa are known as cultivar, with many common international varieties developing local synonyms that still have a strong tradition of use.[4] These include: Chenin blanc (Steen), Riesling (until recently known locally as Weisser Riesling),[11] Crouchen (known as Cape Riesling), Palomino (the grape of the Spanish wine Sherry known locally as "White French"), Trebbiano (Ugni Blanc), Sémillon (Groendruif) and Muscat of Alexandria (Hanepoot).[12] However, wines that are often exported overseas will usually have the more internationally recognised name appear on the wine label. In 2015, SAWIS (South African Wine Information and Systems) reported that the country had 100,146 hectares of vineyards, with about 55% planted with white varieties.[10] Chenin blanc has long been the most widely planted variety, still accounting for over 18% of all grape area planted in South Africa as of 2015, though it is slowly decreasing in overall share of vineyard area. In the 1980s and 1990s, interest in international varieties saw increase in plantings of Chardonnay and Sauvignon blanc. Other white grape varieties with significant plantings include Colombard (also spelled locally as Colombar), Cape Riesling, Gewürztraminer, Hanepoot, Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains, Riesling and Sémillon. Both red and white mutants of Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains as well as Chenel and Weldra, two Chenin blanc-Ugni blanc crossings, are used for brandy distillation and fortified wine production.[4]

text: From the 1990s, plantings of red grape varieties rose steadily. In the late 1990s, less than 18% of all the grapes grown in South Africa were red. By 2009 that number had risen to 44%. For most of the 20th century, the high yielding Cinsaut was the most widely planted red grape variety, but the shift in focus to quality wine production has seen plantings of the grape steadily decline to where it represented just 2% of all South Africa vineyards in 2009.[11] In its place, Cabernet Sauvignon, Shiraz and Pinotage have risen to prominence with Cabernet Sauvignon being the most widely grown red grape variety covering 12% of all plantings in 2009. Other red grape varieties found in South Africa include: Carignan, Gamay (often made in the style of Beaujolais wine with carbonic maceration), Grenache, Petit Verdot, Cabernet Franc, Pontac, Ruby Cabernet, Tinta Barroca and Zinfandel.[4]

text: There is a wide range of lesser known groups that are used to feed the country's still robust distilled spirits and fortified wine industry. These grapes usually produce bland, neutral wine that lends itself well to blending and distillation but is rarely seen as varietal bottlings. These include: Belies, False Pedro, Kanaän, Raisin blanc, Sultana and Servan.[4]

text: Pinotage[edit]

text: Pinotage, a crossing of Pinot noir and Cinsaut, has seen its plantings rise and fall due to the current fashion of the South African wine industry. Today, it is the second most widely planted red grape variety in South Africa.[5] While there are supporters who want to make the grape South Africa's signature variety, critics of the grape note that hardly any other wine region in the world has planted this variety due to its flaws.[6] In the early 1990s, as Apartheid ended and the world's wine market was opening up, winemakers in South Africa ignored Pinotage in favour of more internationally recognised varieties like Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon. Towards the end of the 20th century, the grape's fortunes began to turn, and by 1997 it commanded higher prices than any other South African grape. It is a required component (30–70%) in "Cape blends". Here it is made into the full range of styles, from easy-drinking quaffing wine and rosé to barrel-aged wine intended for cellaring. It is also made into a fortified "port-style", and even a red sparkling wine. The grape can be very dependent on the style of winemaking, with well made examples having the potential to produce deep coloured, fruity wines that can be accessible early as well as age.[13] However, critics of the variety believe that the variety's flaws – green vegetal flavours and tannins, and susceptibility to developing banana and nail polish acetate aromas – are present in far more examples of Pinotage that reach the consumer market.[6] Pinotage reached its zenith in 2001, covering 7.3% of the total vineyard area,[14] but this has since decreased to 6%.[11]

text: Important organisations[edit]

text: The South African wine industry has been led by many powerful organisations in both the private sector and through governmental agencies. Unlike other New World wine regions, the South African wine industry is largely influenced by several large co-operatives.[5] The Koöperatieve Wijnbouwers Vereniging van Zuid-Afrika Bpkt (KWV) was a co-operative first created through the funding and encouragement of the South African government as a force to stabilise and grow the South African wine industry. As the KWV is now a privately owned winemaking co-operative, some of its regulatory responsibilities have fallen to other organisations such as the South African Wine & Spirit Board. The Wine & Spirit Board runs the voluntary certification programme that allows South African wines to be "certified" for quality and accuracy in labelling. In addition to being subject to various labelling guidelines, wines are blind tasted by a panel of experts for quality, and are put through an analytic test for faults. Like the vintage and varietal labelling guidelines, these tests are voluntary, but wines that are not submitted for testing are liable for random testing for health requirements.[4]

text: The Wine & Spirits board also operates the South African Wine Industry Trust (SAWIT) and provides funding for the marketing and development of SAWIT. Established in 1999 by a joint agreement between the South African government and the KWV, which put forth 369 million rand ($46 million US$), SAWIS works to promote the export market for South African wines abroad, and the development of new technologies and education. Additionally, SAWIS works with the Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) programme to promote the black community's involvement in the South African wine industry – including ownership opportunities for vineyards and wineries.[4]

text: South African wine competitions[edit]

text: Wine competitions are held to assess whether a wine is of good quality and whether it is true to its character. In 2014, more than 20 wine competitions were held in South Africa, many of them concentrating on specific styles or varietals. The only South African wine competition acknowledged as a truly international wine concours is the annual Michelangelo International Wine & Spirits Awards, founded in 1997. The first Michelangelo Liqueur Awards were held in 2014 as part of the wine awards. Only accredited wine judges, wine makers and sommeliers from Europe, USA, Australia and Asia are invited to judge the approximately 1700 South African wines and spirits entered by producers in the Michelangelo International Wine & Spirits Awards (www.michelangeloawards.com). Another South African wine competition, the national Veritas award, was started in 1990. The Top 100 South African Wine Competition is a newer example of a local wine competition.[15]


document_title: Survey of India

question_text: which organisation created the topographical maps of india

root

text: Survey of India

text: History[edit]

text: The history of the Survey of India dates back to the 18th Century. "First modern scientific survey of India" was undertaken by W. Mather in 1793–96 on instructions of Superintendent of Salem and Baramahal, Col. Alexander Read. The present Dharmapuri district, Krishnagiri district and North Arcot in western Tamil Nadu were then called Baramahal.[5]

tag: p

text: Great Trigonometrical Survey (1802–1852) was started by British surveyor Col. William Lambton on 10 April 1802 from St. Thomas Mount in Chennai to foothills of Himalayas. 36 inch huge half ton weight Theodolite was used, which took 57 days to measure the 12-km base line. This 5-decade project was completed under Survey General Lt. George Everest in the year 1852. Surveyor Radhanath Sikdar measured Mount Everest in 1852, with a height of 29,002 feet. Modern measurements indicate the height is 29,037 feet. This is regarded as the beginning of systematic topographical mapping in India and the founding of one of the oldest survey and mapping agencies in the world.

text: Organization[edit]

text:
The Survey of India, headquartered at Dehra Dun, has 18 Geo Spatial divisions ranging from the prediction of tides to aerial survey. It has 23 Geo-spatial Data Centers spread across India, each catering to the respective administrative area.Surveyors are the back bone of Survey of India.
Appointments to Group 'A' Civil Stream posts in the Junior Time Scale (Dy Supdtg Surveyor) in Survey of India are made on the basis of competitive Indian Engineering Services examination conducted by the Union Public Service Commission and also through permanent secondment of Army Officers Defence Stream by the Union Public Service Commission.
The important posts/ grades in Survey of India are in the following order of seniority: Draftsman, Plane Tabler, Survey Assistant, Surveyor, Officer Surveyor, Deputy Superintending Surveyor, Superintending Surveyor, Superintending Surveyor (Non-Functional Second Grade)/Deputy Director, Director/Deputy Surveyor General, Additional Surveyor General, Surveyor General.

text: Responsibilities[edit]

text: Advisor to Govt: Survey of India acts as adviser to the Government of India on all cartography of India related matters, such as geodesy, photogrammetry, mapping and map reproduction.

tag: ul

text: Geo names: Survey of India is responsible for the naming convention and spellings of names of geographical features of India.

text: Certification and publication: Scrutiny and certification of external boundaries of India and Coastline on maps published by the other agencies including private publishers. Publication of tide tables (one year in advance) and maps of India.

text: Surveys: geodetic datum, geodetic control network, topographical control, geophysical surveys, cadastral surveying, geologic maps, aeronautical charts within India, such as for forests, army cantonments, large scale cities, guide maps, developmental or conservation projects, etc.

text: National borders: Demarcation of the borders and external boundaries of India as well as advice on the demarcation of inter-state boundaries.

text: Oceanic tidal prediction: Undertake prediction of tides at 44 ports including 14 foreign ports.

text: Research and development: In the area of photogrammetry, cartography, geodesy, topographical surveys and indigenisation of technology.

text: Training: Training for the central and state government departments as well as from foreign countries.

text: Maps[edit]

text: Survey of India publishes maps and the unrestricted category maps can be obtained at very affordable prices from its several Geo-spatial data centers. Restricted category maps require due approval from government authorities. Many other rules govern the sale and use of Survey of India maps.  Only an Indian citizen may purchase topographic maps and these may not be exported from India for any reason.[citation needed]


document_title: 2018 Asia Cup Final

question_text: who won man of the match in asia cup 2018

text: 2018 Asia Cup Final

text: Background[edit]

text: The 2018 Asia Cup started on 15 September 2018 and was hosted by United Arab Emirates across 2 venues. Five full member national teams and an associate team from the qualifier were split into two groups of three.[4] The top two teams from each of the groups progressed to the Super Four section of the tournament.[4] From there, the top two teams of the Super Four section played each other in the final.[4] Initially, the team that finishes second in Group A were scheduled to play their first Super Four game in Abu Dhabi. However, BCCI later announced that India would be based in Dubai, irrespective of their standing in Super Four.[5]

text: Road to the final[edit]

text:
India

Titles

 Bangladesh

Opponent

Result

Group Stage

Opponent

Result

 Hong Kong

Won

Match 1

 Sri Lanka

Won

 Pakistan

Won

Match 2

 Afghanistan

Lost

Group A table

Teamvte

P

W

L

T

NR

Pts

NRR

 India

2
2
0
0
0
4
+1.474

 Pakistan

2
1
1
0
0
2
+0.284

 Hong Kong

2
0
2
0
0
0
–1.748

Final standings

Group B table

Teamvte

P

W

L

T

NR

Pts

NRR

 Afghanistan

2
2
0
0
0
4
+2.270

 Bangladesh

2
1
1
0
0
2
+0.010

 Sri Lanka

2
0
2
0
0
0
–2.280

Opponent

Result

Super Four

Opponent

Result

 Bangladesh

Won

Match 1

 India

Lost

 Pakistan

Won

Match 2

 Afghanistan

Won

 Afghanistan

Tied

Match 3

 Pakistan

Won

Super Four Table

tag: table

text:
Teamvte

P

W

L

T

NR

Pts

NRR

 India

3
2
0
1
0
5
+0.863

 Bangladesh

3
2
1
0
0
4
–0.156

 Pakistan

3
1
2
0
0
2
–0.599

 Afghanistan

3
0
2
1
0
1
–0.044

text: India[edit]

text:
In the second match of group A, India beat Hong Kong by 26 runs,[6] with Khaleel Ahmed making his debut for India in the match. Shikhar Dhawan's 14th ODI century carried India to 285 for 7, with Hong Kong's bowlers negating a powerful start to allow only 48 runs in the last 10 overs. They carried that momentum with them when they came out to bat, with openers Nizakat Khan and Anshuman Rath putting on a 174-run partnership,[7] the highest for Hong Kong in ODIs.
On 19 September 2018, India faced rivals Pakistan and followed the close match against Hong Kong to with a much improved bowling performance and registered their most comfortable chase against Pakistan, winning with 126 balls remaining.[8] Pakistan had shown a lack of experience of batting through 50-over innings by attempting big shots every time they were tied down.[citation needed] India had won two ODIs on consecutive days and headed to the Super Four stage as leaders of the group.[9][10] In the first match of Super Four, India beat Bangladesh by 7 wickets,[11] with Rohit Sharma's unbeaten 83 from 104 balls the major contribution in India successfully chasing the total of 173.[12] In the next match India faced Pakistan again and openers Rohit Sharma and Shikhar Dhawan starred with the bat as India defeated their rivals Pakistan by nine-wickets and qualified for the final.[13][14] Sharma, the Indian skipper, scored his 19th ODI century,[15] while Dhawan scored his 15th and their partnership of 210 was India's highest while batting second against Pakistan and in their highest for the first wicket in Asia Cup history.[14] In the process, Sharma scored his 7,000th run in ODI cricket.[16] On 25 September 2018, India faced Afghanistan in their final game of the Super Four stage. Left needing seven runs off the final over, with one wicket in hand, India scored six runs off first four balls to level the scores, but with the fifth, Rashid Khan got the better of Ravindra Jadeja to bowl India out for 252, leaving the match tied.[17][18][19] This was the first tie in the history of the Asia Cup and the first tied ODI featuring Afghanistan.[20]

text: Bangladesh[edit]

text: On 15 September 2018, Bangladesh produced an all-round performance to defeat Sri Lanka by 137 runs in the first match in the group B of the Asia Cup,[21] recording their biggest win in the history of Asia Cup.[22] In the next match they were bowled out for just 119 runs to suffer 136 run defeat to Afghanistan,[23] but  still qualified to the Super Four stage. They faced India in the Super Four on September 21, when they only made 173 runs and lost  by 7 wickets.[24][11] On 23 September, Bangladesh beat Afghanistan by 3 runs in their second Super Four match and kept their chances of qualifying for the finals in their own hands.[25] Chasing 250 to win, Afghanistan needed 8 runs off the last over, but Mustafizur Rahman restricted them to just 4 to help his team win.[26][27] On 25 September, Bangladesh beat Pakistan by 37 runs to confirm their berth in the Asia Cup 2018 final against India.[28][29] This was Bangladesh's first win against Pakistan at the Asia Cup.[28][30]

text: Venue[edit]

text: The match was played at Dubai International Cricket Stadium in UAE.

text: Match[edit]

text: Bangladesh innings[edit]

text: Mehedi Hasan opened the innings with Liton Das, the first time he had done so in ODIs.[31] Their opening stand of 120 was Bangladesh's highest since 31 December 2016, when Imrul Kayes and Tamim Iqbal put on 102 runs against New Zealand.[32] With the fifth ball of the 21st over, Kedar Jadhav took the wicket of Mehedi for 32, followed by that of Mushfiqur Rahim six overs later,[33] either side of Chahal trapping Kayes LBW in the 24th over. Das brought up his maiden ODI century in the 29th over, having faced 87 balls.[34] In the 33rd over, Kuldeep Yadav took his first wicket in the match to dismiss Mahmudullah,[33] later also dismissing Das and Mashrafe Mortaza, both stumped by MS Dhoni.[33] Soumya Sarkar provided some resistance in the end to drag Bangladesh beyond the 200-run mark as they managed to make 222 all out with nine balls left.[35] Yadav finished the innings with figures of 3/45 and Jadhav 2/41 to help India regain control. Das was the top-scorer with 121 off 117 balls.[36][37]

text: Indian innings[edit]

text: The Indian team did not start well, losing the wickets of Shikhar Dhawan and Ambati Rayudu in the first eight overs.[38] Rohit Sharma, with a score of 48, and Dinesh Karthik, with 37, steadied the run chase for India in the middle overs.[33][35] After the departure of Rohit, Karthik built a 54-run partnership with MS Dhoni, before the Bangladesh bowlers dismissed them both to put India back under pressure.[39] Ravindra Jadeja and Bhuvneshwar Kumar then put together a 45-run partnership for the seventh wicket to take India close to their target.[40] Kedar Jadhav, who had retired hurt after suffering a hamstring injury, returned in the penultimate over and took India across the line on the final ball of the match[41].

text: Match officials and result[edit]

text:
On-field umpires: Marais Erasmus (South Africa) and Ruchira Palliyaguruge (Sri Lanka)
Third umpire: Rod Tucker (Australia)
Reserve umpire: Ahsan Raza (Pakistan)
Match referee: David Boon (Australia)
Toss: India won the toss and elected to field.
Man of the match: Liton Das (Bangladesh)
Result: India won by 3 wickets

text: Scorecard[edit]

text:
Bangladesh batting[33]

Player

Status

Runs

Balls

4s

6s

Strike rate

Liton Das

st Dhoni b Yadav

121

117

12

2

103.41

Mehedi Hasan

c Rayudu b Jadhav

32

59

3

0

54.23

Imrul Kayes

lbw b Chahal

2

12

0

0

16.66

Mushfiqur Rahim

c Bumrah b Jadhav

5

9

1

0

55.55

Mohammad Mithun

run out (Jadeja/ Yadav)

2

4

0

0

50.00

Mahmudullah

c Bumrah b Yadav

4

16

0

0

25.00

Soumya Sarkar

run out (Rayudu)

33

45

1

1

73.33

Mashrafe Mortaza

st Dhoni b Yadav

7

9

0

1

77.77

Nazmul Islam

run out (sub Pandey)

7

13

0

0

53.84

Mustafizur Rahman

not out

2

5

0

0

40.00

Rubel Hossain

b Bumrah

0

2

0

0

0.00

Total

48.3 overs

222

291

17

4

4.58(run rate)

text: Fall of wickets: 1-120 (Mehedi, 20.5 overs), 2-128 (Kayes, 23.5 overs), 3-137 (Rahim, 26.5 overs), 4-139 (Mithun, 28 overs), 5-151 (Mahmudullah, 32.2 overs), 6-188 (Das, 41 overs), 7-196 (Mortaza, 42.5 overs), 8-213 (Nazmul, 46.4 overs), 9-222 (Sarkar 48.1 overs), 10-222 (Rubel 48.3 overs)

text:
India bowling[33]

Bowler

Overs

Maidens

Runs

Wickets

Econ

Bhuvneshwar Kumar

7

0

33

0

4.71

Jasprit Bumrah

8.3

0

39

1

4.58

Yuzvendra Chahal

8

1

31

1

3.87

Kuldeep Yadav

10

0

45

3

4.50

Ravindra Jadeja

6

0

31

0

5.16

Kedar Jadhav

9

0

41

2

4.55

text:
India batting[33]

Player

Status

Runs

Balls

4s

6s

Strike rate

Rohit Sharma

c Nazmul b Rubel

48

55

3

3

87.27

Shikhar Dhawan

c Sarkar b Nazmul

15

14

3

0

107.14

Ambati Rayudu

c Rahim b Mortaza

2

7

0

0

28.57

Dinesh Karthik

lbw b Mahmudullah

37

61

1

1

60.65

MS Dhoni

c Rahim b Mustafizur

36

67

3

0

53.73

Kedar Jadhav

not out

23

27

1

1

88.88

Ravindra Jadeja

c Rahim b Rubel

23

33

1

0

69.69

Bhuvneshwar Kumar

c Rahim b Mustafizur

21

31

1

1

67.74

Kuldeep Yadav

not out

5

5

0

0

100.00

Jasprit Bumrah

Did not bat

Yuzvendra Chahal

Did not bat

Total

50 overs

223

300

13

6

4.46 (Run Rate)

text: Fall of wickets: 1-35 (Dhawan, 4.4 overs), 2-46 (Rayudu, 7.3 overs), 3-83 (Sharma, 16.4 overs), 4-137 (Karthik, 30.4 overs), 5-160 (Dhoni, 36.1 overs), 6-212 (Jadeja, 47.2 overs), 7-214 (Kumar, 48.1 overs)

text:
Bangladesh bowling[33]

Bowler

Overs

Maidens

Runs

Wickets

Econ

Mehedi Hasan

4

0

27

0

6.75

Mustafizur Rahman

10

0

38

2

3.80

Nazmul Islam

10

0

56

1

5.60

Mashrafe Mortaza

10

0

35

1

3.50

Rubel Hossain

10

2

26

2

2.60

Mahmudullah

6

0

33

1

5.50


document_title: Batman: Bad Blood

question_text: who was at the end of batman bad blood

question_tokens: who was at the end of batman bad blood

text: Batman: Bad Blood

text: Plot[edit]

text: Batwoman intercepts a group of criminals in Gotham City that includes Electrocutioner, Tusk, Firefly, Killer Moth, and others. When a fight ensues, Batman arrives. They are confronted by the apparent leader of the criminals, a man called the Heretic, who detonates explosives planted within the facility. Batman flings Batwoman to safety and apparently perishes in the explosion.

text: Weeks later, a concerned Alfred Pennyworth sends a distress signal to Nightwing. Meanwhile, Damian Wayne watches a news report of Batman's disappearance and sets out to return to Gotham. Batwoman's civilian alter-ego, Katherine Kane, meets with her father Jacob, explaining she feels responsible for Batman's apparent death. In the past, Katherine was traumatized by an incident in which her sister Elizabeth and mother Gabrielle were abducted, held for ransom, and eventually killed by their captors, while she was the sole survivor. After her time in the military, she became a promiscuous drunkard who was saved by Batman from street thugs, which motivated her to never need to be saved again, resulting in her becoming Batwoman.

text: Batman apparently resurfaces and is quickly noticed by Robin and Katherine. Both of them intercept Batman and quickly deduce that it is Nightwing wearing an old version of the Batsuit. They begin their own investigations into the Heretic, unconvinced that Bruce is truly dead. The Heretic and his henchmen attack Wayne Enterprises, forcing Lucius Fox to open the way into the vault by threatening his son Luke. Though Nightwing and Damian arrive, they are unable to prevent the Heretic from escaping with Wayne technology, and Lucius is injured. Before they leave, the Heretic kills Electrocutioner when the latter is about to kill Robin.

text: The Heretic returns to his headquarters, where it is revealed that he is working for Talia al Ghul. They have Bruce captured and the Mad Hatter is causing him to hallucinate. The Heretic then breaks into the Batcave and kidnaps Damian. He explains that he is a clone of Damian, created by a genetics program run by Ra's al Ghul and the League of Assassins. They used Damian's DNA to genetically engineer a perfect soldier with accelerated growth and development, but he was the only subject of the program to survive. Due to his feeling of not being a real person, he wishes to have Damian's memories and personality implanted within his own brain, but Talia arrives and kills the Heretic. Nightwing and Batwoman then arrive, having located Damian through a tracker in his costume. They are quickly joined by Luke, clad in an advanced combat exosuit and styling himself as Batwing. The three rescue Bruce and Damian, but Talia and her henchmen escape.

text: Weeks pass and Bruce seems to have recovered, though he remains adamant that Katherine and Luke not be involved. After Katherine is forced to fight her father after he suddenly attacks her, Dick learns from this that Bruce is still under the effects of the Mad Hatter's mind control, though Damian is unconvinced. Luke realizes that the League of Assassins are planning to brainwash a number of world leaders at a tech summit held by Bruce. As the brainwashing takes place, Nightwing, Robin, Batwoman, Alfred, and Batwing arrive and fight Talia and her henchmen. During the fight, the Mad Hatter is killed, interrupting the mind control. Bruce, still brainwashed, defeats Nightwing. Talia then orders him to kill Nightwing and Damian, but Bruce, through Grayson's pleas, resists the brainwashing. Incensed, Talia escapes in a vessel, only for Onyx, a subordinate of the Heretic, to confront and attack her in revenge for the Heretic's death. The vessel subsequently crashes and explodes, implying their deaths. Bruce is later seen comforting Damian over Talia's supposed death. Alfred remarks to Grayson that despite Talia's madness, she was still Damian's mother.

text: As the Bat-Signal shines in Gotham City, Batwoman, Nightwing, and Batwing meet Batman and Robin on top of the police station to respond to a crime committed by the Penguin. On a nearby building, Batgirl observes the group and prepares to join the pursuit.

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
Jason O'Mara – Bruce Wayne / Batman[2]
Yvonne Strahovski – Kate Kane / Batwoman[2]
Stuart Allan – Damian Wayne / Robin[2]
Sean Maher – Dick Grayson / Nightwing / Batman II[2]
Morena Baccarin – Talia al Ghul[2]
Steven Blum – Black Mask, Firefly
Gaius Charles – Luke Fox / Batwing[2]
John DiMaggio – Blockbuster,[3] Tusk
Robin Atkin Downes – Jervis Tetch / Mad Hatter, Electrocutioner
James Garrett – Alfred Pennyworth[2]
Ernie Hudson – Lucius Fox[2]
Christine Lakin – Reporter
Vanessa Marshall – Renee Montoya
Richard McGonagle – President
Matthew Mercer – Hellhound, Chuckie Sol
Geoff Pierson – Colonel Jacob Kane
Jason Spisak – Noah Kuttler / Calculator, Killer Moth, Male Reporter
Bruce Thomas – Commissioner James Gordon
Kari Wahlgren – Kori, Ms. Bannister
Travis Willingham – Heretic[4]

text: Reception[edit]

text: It earned $4,242,458 from domestic home video sales.[5]


document_title: Freaks and Geeks (soundtrack)

question_text: who sings the theme song for freaks and geeks

text: Freaks and Geeks (soundtrack)

text: Complete series soundtrack list[edit]

text: The following is a complete list of the songs featured in Freaks and Geeks as they appear in the DVD booklet. Listed along with the titles of each song are the artist who performs the versions that appear in the series as well as the original album the track appeared on and that albums original year of release.

text: The opening credits of each episode are accompanied by the song "Bad Reputation", performed by Joan Jett from her 1980 Bad Reputation album.

text: 101: Pilot episode[edit]

text:
Song title
Artist
Album
Year

"Runnin' with the Devil"
Van Halen
Van Halen
1978

"I'm Alright"
Kenny Loggins
Kenny Loggins Alive
1980

"Renegade"
Styx
Pieces of Eight
1978

"Come Sail Away"
Styx
The Grand Illusion
1977

text: 102: Beers and Weirs[edit]

text:
Song title
Artist
Album
Year

"Hush"
Deep Purple
Shades of Deep Purple
1968

"Jesus Is Just Alright"
Sarah Hagan and Jason Segel The Byrds and The Doobie Brothers
Ballad of Easy Rider Toulouse Street
19691972

"Rock and Roll, Hoochie Koo"
Rick Derringer
All American Boy
1973

"No One to Depend On"
Santana
3
1971

"Ain't Talkin' 'Bout Love"
Van Halen
Van Halen
1978

"Maybe"
Janis Joplin
I Got Dem Ol' Kozmic Blues Again Mama!
1969

"Do You Love Me"
KISS
Destroyer
1976

text: 103: Tricks and Treats[edit]

text:
Song title
Artist
Album
Year

"The Monster Mash"
Becky Ann Baker and John Francis Daley Originally by Bobby "Boris" Pickett
The Original Monster Mash
 1962

"Gonna Raise Hell"
Cheap Trick
Dream Police
1979

"Roller"
April Wine
First Glance
1978

"Free-for-All"
Ted Nugent
Free-For-All
1977

text: 104: Kim Kelly is My Friend[edit]

text:
Song title
Artist
Album
Year

"Jamie's Cryin'"
Van Halen
Van Halen
1978

"Ice Cream Man"
Van Halen
Van Halen
1978

"King Tut"
Steve Martin
A Wild and Crazy Guy
1978

"Reminiscing"
The Little River Band
Sleeper Catcher
1978

text: 105: Tests and Breasts[edit]

text:
Song title
Artist
Album
Year

"Takin' Care of Business"
Bachman–Turner Overdrive
Bachman–Turner Overdrive II
1973

"Superfly"
Curtis Mayfield
Super Fly
1972

"Love's Theme"
Love Unlimited Orchestra
Rhapsody in White
1974

"Little Dreamer"
Van Halen
Van Halen
1978

"Debris"
The Faces
A Nod Is as Good as a Wink...To a Blind Horse
1971

text: 106: I'm With the Band[edit]

text:
Song title
Artist
Album
Year

"The Spirit of Radio"
Rush
Permanent Waves
1980

"Sunshine of Your Love"
Seth Rogen and Creation  Originally by Cream
Disraeli Gears
1967

"Crossroads"
Jason Segel and Dimension  (Originally by Cream based on Robert Johnson's Cross Road Blues)
Wheels of Fire
1968

"White Room"
Cream
Wheels of Fire
1968

"One Step Beyond"
Madness
One Step Beyond...
1979

text: 107: Carded and Discarded[edit]

text:
Song title
Artist
Album
Year

"C'était Toi (You Were the One)"
Billy Joel
Glass Houses
1980

"Rosalinda's Eyes"
Billy Joel
52nd Street
1978

"Don't Ask Me Why"
Billy Joel
Glass Houses
1980

"Stomp!"
The Brothers Johnson
Light Up the Night
1980

"I'm Eighteen"
Dave (Gruber) Allen and Feedback  Originally by Alice Cooper
 Love It to Death
 1971

"We're an American Band"
Dave (Gruber) Allen and Feedback  Originally by Grand Funk Railroad
We're an American Band
1973

text: 108: Girlfriends and Boyfriends[edit]

text:
Song title
Artist
Album
Year

"Whipping Post"
The Allman Brothers Band
The Allman Brothers Band
1969

"Lovin', Touchin', Squeezin'"
Journey
Evolution
1979

"Nights in White Satin"
The Moody Blues
Days of Future Passed
1967

"Lady"
Styx
Styx II
1973

text: 109: We've Got Spirit[edit]

text:
Song title
Artist
Album
Year

"Dust in the Wind"
Kansas
Point of Know Return
1977

"How Funky Is Your Chicken?"
McKinley High Cheerleaders

"Keep Yourself Alive"
Queen
Queen
1973

"Everybody Wants Some!!"
Van Halen
Women and Children First
1980

"Stranglehold"
Ted Nugent
Ted Nugent
1975

"Do Ya Wanna Touch Me (Oh Yeah)"
Joan Jett
Bad Reputation
1979

"Hava Nagila"
Samm Levine

"The Song Is Over"
The Who
Who's Next
1971

text: 110: The Diary[edit]

text:
Song title
Artist
Album
Year

"Journey to the Center of the Mind"
The Amboy Dukes
Journey to the Center of the Mind
1968

"No Language in Our Lungs"
XTC
Black Sea
1980

"Theme from Diff'rent Strokes"
Al Burton and Gloria Loring

1978

"Theme from What's Happening!!"
Henry Mancini

1976

"Overture"
Bill Conti
Rocky II soundtrack
1979

text: 111: Looks and Books[edit]

text:
Song title
Artist
Album
Year

"I'm the Man"
Joe Jackson
I'm the Man
1979

"Look Sharp!"
Joe Jackson
Look Sharp!
1979

"Slip Kid"
The Who
The Who by Numbers
1975

"Stomp!"
Brothers Johnson
Light Up the Night
1980

"Flamethrower"
The J. Geils Band
Freeze Frame
1981

"Take the Long Way Home"
Supertramp
Breakfast in America
1979

text: 112: The Garage Door[edit]

text:
Song title
Artist
Album
Year

"25 or 6 to 4"
McKinley High Marching Band  Originally by Chicago
 Chicago
 1970

"When the Saints Go Marching In"
McKinley High Marching Band

"Go, Fight, Win"
McKinley High Marching Band

"Beautiful Loser"
Bob Seger
Beautiful Loser
1975

"Good Times Roll"
The Cars
The Cars
1978

"Karn Evil 9"
Emerson, Lake & Palmer
Brain Salad Surgery
1973

"The Devil Went Down to Georgia"
The Charlie Daniels Band
Million Mile Reflections
1979

"Amie"
Pure Prairie League
Bustin' Out
1972

"Free Bird"
Lynyrd Skynyrd
Pronounced Leh-Nerd Skin-Nerd
1973

"Classical Gas"
Mason Williams
The Mason Williams Phonograph Record
1968

text: 113: Chokin' and Tokin'[edit]

text:
Song title
Artist
Album
Year

"Charlie's Angels Theme"

"Smokin'"
Boston
Boston
1976

"Fat Bottomed Girls"
Queen
Jazz
1978

"Hi-De-Ho"
Blood, Sweat & Tears
Blood, Sweat & Tears 3
1970

"Aqualung"
Jethro Tull
Aqualung
1971

"Little Green Bag"
George Baker Selection
Little Green Bag
1970

"Baby, Don't Get Hooked on Me"
Mac Davis
Baby, Don't Get Hooked on Me
1972

text: 114: Dead Dogs and Gym Teachers[edit]

text:
Song title
Artist
Album
Year

"I'm Free"
The Who
Tommy
1969

"I'm One"
The Who
Quadrophenia
1973

"Boris the Spider"
The Who
A Quick One
1966

"Love, Reign o'er Me"
The Who
Quadrophenia
1973

"Squeeze Box"
The Who
The Who by Numbers
1975

"Going Mobile"
The Who
Who's Next
1971

"Drowned"
The Who
Quadrophenia
1973

"Michael Row the Boat Ashore"
Jason Segel, James Franco, and Seth Rogen

"Lady L"
written and performed by Jason Segel

"Summer Breeze"
Seals & Crofts
Summer Breeze
1972

text: 115: Noshing and Moshing[edit]

text:
Song title
Artist
Album
Year

"Spacefunk"
written and recorded by Paul Feig

"Rise Above"
Black Flag
Damaged
1981

"Your Phone's Off the Hook, But You're Not"
X
Los Angeles
1980

"You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You"
Dean Martin
This Time I'm Swingin'!
1960

"Lime Green"
Diesel Boy
Cock Rock
1996

"Happy Street"
Diesel Boy
Cock Rock
1996

"Punk Rock 101" (no relation to Bowling for Soup's song "Punk Rock 101")
Diesel Boy
Cock Rock
1996

text: 116: Smooching and Mooching[edit]

text:
Song title
Artist
Album
Year

"Tom Sawyer"
Rush
Moving Pictures
1981

"The Monster"
Gene Krupa and Buddy Rich
Krupa and Rich
1956

"Katmandu"
Bob Seger
Beautiful Loser
1975

"You'll Accomp'ny Me"
Bob Seger
Against the Wind
1980

"Poor Poor Pitiful Me"
Warren Zevon
Warren Zevon
1976

text: 117: The Little Things[edit]

text:
Song title
Artist
Album
Year

"When the Saints Go Marching In"
McKinley High Marching Band

"If My Friends Could See Me Now"
Linda Clifford
If My Friends Could See Me Now
1978

"Hail to the Chief"
McKinley High Marching Band

"Fashion"
David Bowie
Scary Monsters (And Super Creeps)
1980

"The Road"
Jackson Browne
Running on Empty
1977

text: 118: Discos and Dragons[edit]

text:
Song title
Artist
Album
Year

"Hot Number"
Foxy
Hot Numbers
1979

"Box of Rain"
Grateful Dead
American Beauty
1970

"Ripple"
Grateful Dead
American Beauty
1970

"I Don't Want to Be a Freak"
Dynasty
Your Piece of the Rock
1979

"I Will Survive"
Gloria Gaynor
Love Tracks
1978

"The Groove Line"
Heatwave
Central Heating
1977

"Spacefunk"
Paul Feig

text: Notes and statistics[edit]

text:
Over 120 songs are featured in the series.
The artist to be featured in the most episodes (5) is Van Halen.
The artist with the most songs in the series (9) is The Who.
The album to have the most songs in the series (5) is Van Halen's 1978 self-titled debut.
The oldest song to appear on the series (1955) is "The Monster" by Gene Krupa and Buddy Rich.
Other than instrumentals such as "Spacefunk" and score, and songs sung by characters such as "Lady L," the only songs to appear in the series that were not written or recorded until after 1981 are "Lime Green", "Happy Street" and "Punk Rock 101" by Diesel Boy (recorded in 1996).
The only songs to be featured in more than one episode are "Stomp!" by Brothers Johnson, "When the Saints Go Marching In" by the McKinley High Marching Band and "Spacefunk" by Paul Feig (all of which were used twice).
The producers had hoped to use "Only Love Can Break Your Heart" by Neil Young for the final scene of the "Noshing and Moshing" episode, but ended up substituting Dean Martin's "You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You" when they were unable to get the licensing rights to the Young song.

text: CD soundtrack release[edit]

text:
Freaks and Geeks
Soundtrack albumReleased
September 14, 2004Genre
SoundtrackLength
64:29Label
Shout! FactoryProducer
Judd Apatow, Andrew Jay Cohen, Paul Feig

text: A CD soundtrack for the series was released in 2004 from Shout! Factory. The CD soundtrack release contained nine songs featured in the series, eleven original Freaks and Geeks score tracks by Michael Andrews, three alternate cast recordings of songs performed on the show ("Lady L" being a fan favorite), an extra performance by "Feedback" and a bonus track by The Leaving Trains. The accompanying booklet features 15 pages of liner notes written by David Wild and Jake Kasdan as well as written track by track commentary by the Freaks and Geeks character, guidance counsellor Jeffery Theodore Rosso.

text: Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic link

text:
"Bad Reputation" - Joan Jett & The Blackhearts
"Geek Hallway" - Michael Andrews
"Poor, Poor Pitiful Me" - Warren Zevon
"Lindsay's Theme" - Michael Andrews
"Gettin' High" - Michael Andrews
"Look Sharp!" - Joe Jackson
"Clem's Theme" - Michael Andrews
"No Language in Our Lungs" - XTC
"Lindsay Disturbed Theme" - Michael Andrews
"Bill Gets Funky (A.K.A. Spacefunk)" - Paul Feig
"USA Rock" - Michael Andrews
"The Spirit of Radio" - Rush
"Daniel's Theme" - Michael Andrews
"I'm One" - The Who
"Porno Music" - Michael Andrews
"Neal's Lament" - Michael Andrews
"The Groove Line" - Heatwave
"Ken's Ode To Joy" - Michael Andrews
"Come Sail Away" - Styx
"End Title Theme" - Michael Andrews
"Lady L" - Jason Segel
"I'm Eighteen" - Dave (Gruber) Allen
"Jesus Is Just Alright" - Jason Segel/Sarah Hagan
"Up on Cripple Creek" - Dave (Gruber) Allen and Feedback
"Dumb As A Crayon" - The Leaving Trains

tag: ol