document_title: Emily Owens, M.D.

question_text: who does emily end up with in emily owens md

text: Emily Owens, M.D.

text: Plot[edit]

text: The series followed the life of Emily Owens (Mamie Gummer) when she finally feels like she is a grown-up. She can finally put her high school days as the geeky girl with flop-sweats behind her. She's graduated from medical school, and she's beginning an internship at Denver Memorial Hospital, where, not-so-coincidentally, her med-school crush Will Collins (Justin Hartley) is also an intern.

text: She soon finds out the hard way that her high school nemesis, the gorgeous, popular and manipulative Cassandra Kopelson (Aja Naomi King) is also a new intern at Denver Memorial. Another fellow intern, Tyra Dupre (Kelly McCreary) warns Emily that the cliques at the hospital are all too familiar: the jocks have become orthopedic surgeons; the mean girls are in plastics; the rebels are in the ER; the stoners and slackers are anesthesiologists; nerds and geeks are neurologists, and Tyra has her own awkward place as the principal's kid – her father, Dr. Tim Dupre (Harry Lennix) is the Chief of Medicine. Tyra latches onto Emily as a new friend, and immediately begins confiding in her – the fact that Tyra is a lesbian, that she is interested in dating a certain nurse – nothing is too personal for Tyra to share with Emily.

text: She may have made one new friend, but it doesn't take long for Emily to realize that the long-standing rivalry she had with Cassandra back in high school is only going to grow. Now, both Emily and Cassandra are competing to impress the brilliant but stern and intolerant Dr. Gina Bandari (Necar Zadegan), a world-famous cardiothoracic surgeon who has been an inspiration and role model to both of them for years. While Emily and Cassandra vie for Dr. Bandari's approval, they're also competing for Will's attention. Will and Emily were friends in med school, although his handsome face and charming personality left Emily hoping for more. Will has made it clear, however, that he likes their relationship the way it is. Emily struggles to convince herself that being friends with Will is enough, but she has to admit it bothers her just to see Will and Cassandra talking together.

text: Meanwhile, Emily is also getting to know the slightly needy, but smart and handsome resident Dr. Micah Barnes (Michael Rady). Micah is faced with serious medical issues within his own family, and Emily's compassion proves an invaluable help. Impressed with Emily's medical skills, and warm bedside manner, Micah brings her in on a delicate surgery and talks her through the procedure, boosting her confidence and bringing them closer-both professionally and personally.

text: Even with the long hours, the heavy workload, and no shortage of personal drama filling her first days as an intern, Emily still feels like she's the new geeky kid all over again, and it's just as awkward as high school. At Denver Memorial, Emily is just beginning to learn that although she may be an insecure and socially awkward geek, she may also grow to be a great doctor, flop sweats and all.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main cast and characters[edit]

text:
Mamie Gummer as Emily Owens; the series' protagonist. A first-year surgical intern at Denver Memorial Hospital, who was ready to put her high school days behind her. However, Emily quickly discovered that the hospital was just like high school and that it might be hard to shake her insecure, geeky-girl ways, especially in the presence of her high school nemesis and med-school crush.
Justin Hartley as Will Collins; A handsome and charming first-year surgical intern at Denver Memorial Hospital, who was a former friend of Emily’s from medical school and who is oblivious that she has a crush on him.
Aja Naomi King as Cassandra Kopelson; the series' primary antagonist. The gorgeous and popular first-year surgical intern Cassandra Kopelson, who just happens to be Emily's high school nemesis. Charming and charismatic in public, but cold and manipulative in private, and somewhat of a sociopath, Cassandra is determined to take everything that Emily has and wants for herself as well as lie, cheat, steal, push and shove to further advance up the ranks of the hospital.
Kelly McCreary as Tyra Dupre; A first-year surgical intern, who quickly befriends Emily and also had the misfortune of being the daughter of the chief of surgery. Her father doesn't know that she's a lesbian.
Michael Rady as Micah Barnes; A smart and handsome resident, who was responsible for the interns and takes Emily under his wing.
Necar Zadegan as Gina Bandari; The tough-as-nails world-famous cardiothoracic surgeon, the doctor who both inspires and intimidates all the interns.

text: Recurring cast and characters[edit]

text:
J.R. Ramirez as Dr. A.J. Aquino
Harry Lennix as Tim Dupre
Mark Ghanimé as Dr. Jamie Albagetti
Michelle Harrison as Jessica
Catherine Barroll as Joyce Barnes
Christine Willes as E.R. Nurse
Brittany Ishibashi as Dr. Kelly Hamata
Christian Tessier as Leo

text: Development and production[edit]

text: In May 2012, The CW placed an order for the series under the original title First Cut.[4] The pilot was available on CWTV.com, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Hulu, iTunes, and on Mobile App, about three weeks before its premiere on The CW,[5] and on YouTube a week before the premiere.[6] The series was shot in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada[7], notably at Burnaby Central Secondary School and the University of British Columbia.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"Pilot"
Bharat Nalluri
Jennie Snyder Urman
October 16, 2012 (2012-10-16)
1.67[8]

Emily Owens, an extremely neurotic, insecure and klutzy intern fresh out of med school, believes that her life is pretty much on track – until she gets to the hospital of her dreams, only to find out that her high school arch-enemy is also there and is bent on continuing to make Emily's life miserable. On Emily's first day, she gets a teenage patient who thinks her fainting was caused by a crush on a boy. However, she turns out to have cardiac tamponade, forcing Emily to perform an intense medical procedure on her first day. Afterward, Emily confesses her romantic feelings to her longtime crush, Will, only to be shut down. Later she finds out that he is interested in Cassandra, her nemesis, who has an agenda to push and shove to climb up the hospital ranks. Emily befriends fellow intern Tyra, who is the daughter of the chief of surgery, as well as her surgical resident Dr. Micah Barnes, but gets on the no-nonsense Dr. Gina Bandari's bad side after she loses her pager.

2
"Emily and... the Alan Zolman Incident"
Bharat Nalluri
Jennie Snyder Urman
October 23, 2012 (2012-10-23)
1.11[9]

Emily tries to get everything back to normal with Will, since she confessed her love to him. Emily is put on the case of a man who needs a heart transplant but with his medical condition it isn't possible. Emily begins to notice that the nurses may be mad at her because they put her on a case of a woman who has OCD, and needs her to always clean. Tyra tries to help Emily with the nurses hating her, while Emily tries to get Tyra's mind off Jessica, the nurse who's having an affair with her father. Micah's mom starts to question the chemotherapy treatments; Emily tells Will that she's okay with him not liking her 'that way' and he says that he's afraid to ruin their friendship. Emily continues to fight for her heart patient's rights when her patient with OCD tells her of laws that could help her, only to discover that the patient could have a brain tumor. Also, Dr. Bandari gets even angrier at Emily when she finds out that Emily went over her head to get the MRI, and Micah tells Emily about his mom's pancreatic cancer.

3
"Emily and... the Outbreak"
David Warren
Joanna Johnson
October 30, 2012 (2012-10-30)
1.03[10]

Emily decides that in order to get over Will she needs to focus on his flaws. During rounds Dr. Bandari starts by quizzing the interns, and Emily loses to Cassandra, winning Cassandra an assist on a gallbladder operation. In the ER, Emily and Tyra get the case of a girl who fell on her head. Tyra confesses when she knew she liked women. After treating a girl for an STD, Dr. Bandari instructs Emily to go to the local high school to teach the kids on safe sex. When talking to their patient, Emily and Tyra find out how she might've gotten whatever problem she has. At the ER, Emily finds out that the girls she spoke to beat up the boy that gave them all an STD. In the beginning of the surgery, Cassandra can't get the courage to make the first cut and freezes, thus making her look bad and Dr. Bandari to take over the surgery. Emily and Tara's patient starts to cough up blood, and find out that she breathed in fungus, and the treatment could stop her from doing gymnastics. Will and Emily are threatened by the mother of the boy with the STD, until she finds out what he has, and apologizes.

4
"Emily and... the Predator"
Bharat Nalluri
John C. Kelley
November 13, 2012 (2012-11-13)
1.38[11]

Emily's latest patient is an Indian woman who needs a kidney transplant, and while her newlywed husband is a match, their marriage is arranged and she is unsure she wants to stay married to him and does not want him to make such a sacrifice under the circumstances. A surrogate mother, carrying her sister's twins, is not allowed to make her own decisions regarding the fate of her unborn babies. Emily makes her first cut in the operating room.

5
"Emily and... the Tell-Tale Heart"
Howard Deutch
David Babcock
November 20, 2012 (2012-11-20)
1.29[12]

Though she is told not to attempt to treat the addiction, Emily tries to help a drug addict who is brought into the ER and then admitted. Micha treats a young boy who needs a liver transplant and while his sister is a match, tests reveal that the boy's biological father is not the father who has raised him. When Tyra's former boyfriend shows up at the hospital, Tyra asks Emily to pretend the man is still her boyfriend so she does not have to come out to her father. Micah refuses to tell his mother the truth about her pancreatic cancer progress for fear she will stop fighting.

6
"Emily and... the Question of Faith"
Jamie Babbit
Paul Sciarrotta
November 27, 2012 (2012-11-27)
1.05[13]

Emily gives Dr. Bandari constructive criticism on her attending evaluation, but tries to get it back after finding out that Dr. Bandari reads them all herself. Meanwhile, Will asks Cassandra to make an effort to be friends with Emily, and they both watch while Will makes his first cut on the operating table. Will admits to the woman he operated on that he once wanted to date Emily. Dr. Bandari's first heart patient comes in for another procedure however he must remain awake due to an allergic reaction to the anesthesia. While being operated on, he dies for a few minutes and Dr. Bandari brings him back to life, but once awake the man starts to question his faith in God. A young couple bring their son in for stomach pains and find out that he is intersex and they have to decide if they want him to remain a boy or switch genders. Tyra finds out about her father's affair and that Emily knew about it. Tyra then tells Cassandra that Emily asked Will not to date her. Emily tells Cassandra that she had feelings for Will and that it is tough for her to see them together. Will meets Cassandra outside of the locker room and tries to kiss her but she says they should keep their relationship professional when inside the hospital. This is really out of respect for Emily, who is standing nearby watching. Elsewhere, Tyra finally tells her father that she is gay and makes amends with Emily by returning the evaluation of Dr. Bandari that she wrote.

7
"Emily and... the Good and the Bad"
Elizabeth Allen
Caitlin Parrish
December 4, 2012 (2012-12-04)
1.41[14]

It's Cassandra and Emily's birthdays, but Emily doesn't want anybody to know. Will then invites everybody to a party at Emily's apartment to celebrate. Manuel, a man who works in the flower shop at the hospital, collapses and they find out he has a mass on his lung indicating cancer. Since the surgery would be too expensive for him, Emily asks the Chief if they can perform the surgery pro bono. Meanwhile, Will and Emily are put on a heart patient case who is a convict and needs to be restrained at all times. Also, Tyra and the Chief make up and he decides to tell his wife about the affair he had. Kelly asks Micah if he has feelings for Emily, as she saw them together laughing with his mother. At the birthday party, Will finds out that Emily plays the cello and she plays "Cello Suite No.1 in G Major" for everybody.

8
"Emily and... the Car and the Cards"
Stuart Gillard
Mo Masi & Jennie Snyder Urman
January 1, 2013 (2013-01-01)
1.30[15]

When a female car accident victim is brought into the ER with a spike through her torso, Emily and everyone else immediately blames her boyfriend for causing the accident. She makes it through surgery, but the doctors find that she may be paralyzed. Later, they discover that the boyfriend has lupus, which could be to blame for the accident. The case brings up painful memories for Will. Meanwhile, Emily deals with a model with jaw cancer who refuses to undergo surgery. Also, Emily and Cassandra compete for Will's attention as they all prepare for the in-service exam.

9
"Emily and... the Love of Larping"
Arlene Sanford
Ben Zaretsky
January 8, 2013 (2013-01-08)
1.09[16]

A man gets admitted in a costume and claims to be King Paravel from the Elvish nation. The man later goes blind which leads Will to believe he is suffering from conversion disorder, a psychiatric problem. Emily refuses to jump to conclusion so quickly. Another patient is a woman diagnosed with cancer who later passes away due to an unexpected cardiac arrest. Her upset daughter sues Micah for medical malpractice. In an attempt to prove that she is not predictable, Emily agrees to let Tyra dress her up for a blind date arranged by Cassandra. Emily shows up to the date looking stunning which later causes Will to act jealous. Micah realizes his true feelings for Emily. Also, Dr. Bandari realizes she has been putting career before life and attempts to change it.

10
"Emily and... the Social Experiment"
Bharat Nalluri
John C. Kelley
January 15, 2013 (2013-01-15)
1.02[17]

Emily conducts an experiment to prove that Will is jealous and likes her. At first, she fails when flirting with a gay co-worker. After, Tyra gives her some tips on how to flirt, which Emily practices on the playboy doctor, who constantly follows her afterwards, asking for a date. Will saves her when he asks her what she is doing for the night by going over to her place to help her build a bookshelf. Unfortunately, he falls asleep while she goes out to buy beer.

11
"Emily and... the Teapot"
Anton Cropper
Joanna Johnson
January 22, 2013 (2013-01-22)
1.36[18]

Emily helps a gay male adrenaline junkie express his love for his male friend who's straight. Meanwhile, she, Cassandra and Will are the finalists chosen by Dr. Bandari to become her research assistant. Bandari interviews each, asking them the pros and cons they see in each other. Will angers Cassandra by saying she is too self-centered, and she adds something about Will that causes Bandari to eliminate him. He says Emily gets too personally involved with her patients, from which Dr. Bandari bases the decision to choose Emily as her assistant. Both Cassandra and Will angrily storm off at the decision, much to the disappointment of Emily and Tyra. Drs. Aquino and Bandari are later seen flirting. Emily tells Micah over a bottle of wine that she is over Will, and that she wishes to be chosen first. Just as Micah is about express his feelings for her, Tyra interrupts to tell Emily she has been rejected.

12
"Emily and... the Perfect Storm"
Larry Shaw
David Babcock
January 29, 2013 (2013-01-29)
1.33[19]

A winter storm causes a bus wreck and the ER becomes a triage site, which Emily oversees. She also must perform emergency surgery on a war-hero Marine who collapses. Meanwhile, although Tyra believes her father gives her no respect as a doctor, they perform an emergency C-section together. Also, Cassandra feels threatened over Will's and Emily's friendship and finally breaks up with him. After the chaos at the hospital, Micah kisses Emily outside a bar, before Will announces the breakup to her and Tyra, yet again, interrupts them.

13
"Emily and... the Leap"
Jann Turner
Paul Sciarrotta
February 5, 2013 (2013-02-05)
1.50[20]

Emily and Micah talk about the events of the previous night and they come to a conclusion. Meanwhile, Micah's sister comes to visit upon hearing that her mom has cancer and may soon die. Elsewhere, Will wrongly diagnoses a patient when he is distracted by Cassandra's cold behavior towards him since their breakup. At the end, Emily finally decides between Micah and Will. The series ends with Emily and Will having sex for the first time in her apartment.

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
#
Title
Original air date
Rating/Share (18–49)
Viewers (millions)

1
"Pilot"
October 16, 2012 (2012-10-16)
0.5/1
1.67[8]

2
"Emily and... the Alan Zolman Incident"
October 23, 2012 (2012-10-23)
0.3/1
1.11[9]

3
"Emily and... the Outbreak"
October 30, 2012 (2012-10-30)
0.3/1
1.03[10]

4
"Emily and... the Predator"
November 13, 2012 (2012-11-13)
0.4/1
1.38[11]

5
"Emily and... the Tell-Tale Heart"
November 20, 2012 (2012-11-20)
0.4/1
1.29[12]

6
"Emily and... the Question of Faith"
November 27, 2012 (2012-11-27)
0.3/1
1.05[13]

7
"Emily and... the Good and the Bad"
December 4, 2012 (2012-12-04)
0.4/1
1.41[14]

8
"Emily and... the Car and the Cards"
January 1, 2013 (2013-01-01)
0.4/1
1.30[15]

9
"Emily and... the Love of Larping"
January 8, 2013 (2013-01-08)
0.3/1
1.09[16]

10
"Emily and... the Social Experiment"
January 15, 2013 (2013-01-15)
0.3/1
1.02[17]

11
"Emily and... the Teapot"
January 22, 2013 (2013-01-22)
0.4/1
1.36[18]

12
"Emily and... the Perfect Storm"
January 29, 2013 (2013-01-29)
0.4/1
1.33[19]

13
"Emily and... the Leap"
February 5, 2013 (2013-02-05)
0.4/1
1.50[20]

text: Reception[edit]

text: E! Online described it as a mix between Grey's Anatomy and Mean Girls. On the review aggregator website Metacritic, the show scored 47/100.[21] Three years after the show was cancelled, the CW president Mark Pedowitz stated that the failure of the show helped the network realise what type of show their audience wanted, which enabled them to start ordering more shows that were like that. The realization would ultimately help improve overall ratings and critical reception for the network.[22]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: At the 34th Young Artist Awards the show won the award for "Best Performance in a TV Series – Guest Starring Young Actor Ten and Under" for Bruce Salomon.[23]

text: International broadcasts[edit]

text: The series was picked up in Canada by CTV Two and aired in simulcast.[24] Network Ten planned to air the series in Australia.[25] ETC aired the series in the Philippines.[26] In Hong Kong and the Netherlands, the series aired on TVB Pearl and Net5, respectively. In the United Kingdom, it will be shown weekly on Really from August 19, 2013 onwards. In Italy, it was shown daily on Rai 3 from August 11 to August 23, 2013. In France, TF6 broadcast the show on March 6, 2014[27] and M6 broadcast the show on March 24, 2014.[28]


document_title: Todd (given name)

question_text: where does the first name todd come from

root

text: Todd (given name)

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

tag: p

text:
Todd

Gender
Male

Origin

Word/name
English

Other names

Related names
Toddy

text: Todd is a given name. The name originates in Middle English where it means "fox" (possibly referring to a fox hunter).

text: It may refer to:

text: People[edit]

text:
Todd Beamer, a passenger on board United Airlines Flight 93
Todd Barry, American comedian
Todd Bridges, American actor
Todd Coffey, American baseball player
Todd Doxzon, American football player
Todd Evans, an American speed metal guitarist for "MOBILE DEATHCAMP"
Todd Frazier, American baseball player
Todd Gerhart, American football player
Todd Haberkorn, American actor, voice actor
Todd Helton, American baseball player
Todd Hollandsworth, American baseball player
Todd Howard, Game Director, Designer and Executive Producer at Bethesda Games Studios
Todd Ames Hunter, American politician
Todd Jones, American baseball player
Todd Jordan, American football player
Todd Kohlhepp, American serial killer
Todd Lowrie, Australian Rugby League player
Todd Newton, an American television personality best known for hosting game shows including Whammy! and Family Game Night
Todd Packer, a traveling sales representative portrayed by David Koechner on the American version of The Office
Todd Parr, an American author and illustrator of children's books.
Todd Riech, an American javelin thrower
Todd Rundgren, an American rock singer
Todd Strasser, writer
Todd Van Steensel, Australian baseball player
Todd Sucherman drummer for Styx
Todd Walker, American baseball player
Todd Smith, a popular nickname for rapper-songwriter LL Cool J

tag: ul

text: Fictional characters[edit]

text:
Dr. Todd "The Todd" Quinlan, a character on the NBC comedy series Scrubs
Todd, a Wraith character in Stargate Atlantis
Todd, a character in TV series Wayside
Tod, a character in Disney's Fox and the Hound
Todd Daring, a character from The Replacements
Todd, a character on Sherlock Hound
Todd James Rice, the alter ego of the DC Comics superhero Obsidian (comics)
Todd Dempsy, one of the main characters from the American television sitcom Outsourced
Todd Alquist, a character on the TV Series Breaking Bad
Todd Flanders, a character on The Simpsons
Todd Manning, a character from the daytime soap One Life to Live
Todd Landers, a character played by Kristian Schmid on Australian soap opera Neighbours
Todd Ianuzzi, a character on Beavis and Butt-head
Todd Grimshaw, a character played by Bruno Langley on UK soap opera Coronation Street

text: This page or section lists people that share the same given name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article.

text: Given names

text: Articles lacking sources from January 2013All articles lacking sourcesAll set index articles


document_title: Spanish colonization of the Americas

question_text: what is the name of the first colony established by spain in the new world

text: Spanish colonization of the Americas

text: Conquests[edit]

text: The Catholic Monarchs Isabella of Castile, Queen of Castile and her husband King Ferdinand, King of Aragon, pursued a policy of joint rule of their kingdoms and created a single Spanish monarchy. Even though Castile and Aragon were ruled jointly by their respective monarchs, they remained separate kingdoms. The Catholic Monarchs gave official approval for the plans of Genoese mariner Christopher Columbus for a voyage to reach India by sailing West. The funding came from the queen of Castile, so the profits from Spanish expedition flowed to Castile. In the extension of Spanish sovereignty to its overseas territories, authority for expeditions of discovery, conquest, and settlement resided in the monarchy.[1]

text: West Indies[edit]

text: Columbus made four voyages to the West Indies as the monarchs granted Columbus the governorship of the new territories, and financed more of his trans-Atlantic journeys. He founded La Navidad on the island later named Hispaniola (now divided into Haiti and the Dominican Republic), in what is the present-day Haiti on his first voyage. After its destruction by the indigenous Taino people, the town of Isabella was begun in 1493, on his second voyage. In 1496 his brother, Bartholomew, founded Santo Domingo. By 1500, despite a high death rate, there were between 300 and 1000 Spanish settled in the area. The local Taíno people continued to resist, refusing to plant crops and abandoning their Spanish-occupied villages. The first mainland explorations were followed by a phase of inland expeditions and conquest. In 1500 the city of Nueva Cádiz was founded on the island of Cubagua, Venezuela, followed by the founding of Santa Cruz by Alonso de Ojeda in present-day Guajira peninsula. Cumaná in Venezuela was the first permanent settlement founded by Europeans in the mainland Americas,[2] in 1501 by Franciscan friars, but due to successful attacks by the indigenous people, it had to be refounded several times, until Diego Hernández de Serpa's foundation in 1569. The Spanish founded San Sebastian de Uraba in 1509 but abandoned it within the year. There is indirect evidence that the first permanent Spanish mainland settlement established in the Americas was Santa María la Antigua del Darién.[3]

text: Mexico[edit]

text: The Spanish conquest of Mexico is generally understood to be the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire (1519–21) which was the base for later conquests of other regions. Later conquests were protracted campaigns with less spectacular results than the conquest of the Aztecs. The Spanish conquest of Yucatán, the Spanish conquest of Guatemala, the war of Mexico's west, and the Chichimeca War in northern Mexico expanded Spanish control over territory and indigenous populations.[4][5][6] But not until the Spanish conquest of Peru was the conquest of the Aztecs matched in scope by the victory over the Inca empire in 1532.

text: The Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire was led by Hernán Cortés. The victory over the Aztecs was relatively quick, from 1519 to 1521, and aided by his Tlaxcala and other allies from indigenous city-states or altepetl. These polities allied against the Aztec empire, to which they paid tribute following conquest or threat of conquest, leaving the city-states' political hierarchy and social structure in place.

text: The Spanish conquest of Yucatán was a much longer campaign, from 1551 to 1697, against the Maya peoples in the Yucatán Peninsula of present-day Mexico and northern Central America. Hernán Cortés' landing ashore at present day Veracruz and founding the Spanish city there on April 22, 1519 marked the beginning of 300 years of Spanish hegemony over the region. The assertion of royal control over the Kingdom of New Spain and the initial Spanish conquerors took over a decade, with importance of the region meriting the creation of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. Established by Charles V in 1535, the first viceroy was Don Antonio de Mendoza.

text: Spain colonized and exerted control of Alta California through the Spanish missions in California until the Mexican secularization act of 1833.

text: Peru[edit]

text: In 1532 at the Battle of Cajamarca a group of Spaniards under Francisco Pizarro and their indigenous Andean Indian auxiliaries native allies ambushed and captured the Emperor Atahualpa of the Inca Empire. It was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting to subdue the mightiest empire in the Americas. In the following years Spain extended its rule over the Empire of the Inca civilization.

text: The Spanish took advantage of a recent civil war between the factions of the two brothers Emperor Atahualpa and Huáscar, and the enmity of indigenous nations the Incas had subjugated, such as the Huancas, Chachapoyas, and Cañaris. In the following years the conquistadors and indigenous allies extended control over Greater Andes Region. The Viceroyalty of Perú was established in 1542. The last Inca stronghold was conquered by the Spanish in 1572.

text: Río de la Plata and Paraguay[edit]

text: European explorers arrived in Río de la Plata in 1516. Their first Spanish settlement in this zone was the Fort of Sancti Spiritu established in 1527 next to the Paraná River. Buenos Aires, a permanent colony, was established in 1536 and in 1537 Asunción was established in the area that is now Paraguay. Buenos Aires suffered attacks by the indigenous peoples that forced the settlers away, and in 1541 the site was abandoned. A second (and permanent) settlement was established in 1580 by Juan de Garay, who arrived by sailing down the Paraná River from Asunción (now the capital of Paraguay). He dubbed the settlement "Santísima Trinidad" and its port became "Puerto de Santa María de los Buenos Aires." The city came to be the head of the Governorate of the Río de la Plata and in 1776 elevated to be the capital of the new Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata.

text: New Granada[edit]

text: Between 1537 and 1543, six[citation needed] Spanish expeditions entered highland Colombia, conquered the Muisca Confederation, and set up the New Kingdom of Granada (Spanish: Nuevo Reino de Granada). Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada was the leading conquistador with his brother Hernán second in command.[7] It was governed by the president of the Audiencia of Bogotá, and comprised an area corresponding mainly to modern-day Colombia and parts of Venezuela. The conquistadors originally organized it as a captaincy general within the Viceroyalty of Peru. The crown established the audiencia in 1549. Ultimately, the kingdom became part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada first in 1717 and permanently in 1739. After several attempts to set up independent states in the 1810s, the kingdom and the viceroyalty ceased to exist altogether in 1819 with the establishment of Gran Colombia.[8]

text: Governing[edit]

text: Spain's administration of its colonies in the Americas was divided into the Viceroyalty of New Spain 1535 (capital, Mexico City), and the Viceroyalty of Peru 1542 (capital, Lima). In the 18th century the additional Viceroyalty of New Granada 1717 (capital, Bogotá), and Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata 1776 (capital, Buenos Aires) were established from portions of the Viceroyalty of Peru.

text: This evolved from the Council of the Indies and Viceroyalties into an Intendant system, raise more revenue and promote greater efficiency.

text: Dominions[edit]

text: North[edit]

text:
Viceroyalty of New Spain (1535–1821)

Las Californias
Nuevo Reino de León
Nuevo Santander
Nueva Vizcaya
Santa Fe de Nuevo México
Nueva Extremadura
Nueva Galicia

Captaincy General of the Philippines (administered by New Spain from 1565 to 1821, then after Mexican independence transferred to and directly administered by Madrid until 1898)
Captaincy General of Cuba (until 1898) – Included in this captaincy general until 1819 was Florida.
Captaincy General of Puerto Rico (until 1898)
Santo Domingo (last Spanish rule 1861–1865)
Captaincy General of Guatemala

text: South[edit]

text:
Viceroyalty of New Granada (1717–1819)
Captaincy General of Venezuela
Viceroyalty of Perú (1542–1824)
Captaincy General of Chile (1541–1818)
Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (1776–1814)

text: 19th century[edit]

text: During the Napoleonic Peninsular War in Europe between France and Spain, assemblies called juntas were established to rule in the name of Ferdinand VII of Spain. The Libertadores (Spanish and Portuguese for "Liberators") were the principal leaders of the Spanish American wars of independence. They were predominantly criollos (Americas-born people of European ancestry, mostly Spanish or Portuguese), bourgeois and influenced by liberalism and in some cases with military training in the mother country.

text: In 1809 the first declarations of independence from Spanish rule occurred in the Viceroyalty of New Granada. The first two were in present-day Bolivia at Sucre (May 25), and La Paz (July 16); and the third in present-day Ecuador at Quito (August 10). In 1810 Mexico declared independence, with the Mexican War of Independence following for over a decade. In 1821 Treaty of Córdoba established Mexican independence from Spain and concluded the War. The Plan of Iguala was part of the peace treaty to establish a constitutional foundation for an independent Mexico.

text: These began a movement for colonial independence that spread to Spain's other colonies in the Americas. The ideas from the French and the American Revolution influenced the efforts. All of the colonies, except Cuba and Puerto Rico, attained independence by the 1820s. The British Empire offered support, wanting to end the Spanish monopoly on trade with its colonies in the Americas.

text: In 1898, the United States achieved victory in the Spanish–American War with Spain, ending the Spanish colonial era. Spanish possession and rule of its remaining colonies in the Americas ended in that year with its sovereignty transferred to the United States. The United States took occupation of Cuba, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico continues to be a possession of the United States, now officially continues as a self-governing unincorporated territory.

text: Demographic impact[edit]

text: It has been estimated that over 1.86 million Spaniards emigrated to Latin America in the period between 1492 and 1824, with millions more continuing to immigrate following independence.[9]

text: In Hispaniola, the indigenous Taíno pre-contact population before the arrival of Columbus of several hundred thousand had declined to sixty thousand by 1509. Although population estimates vary, Dominican friar Bartolomé de las Casas, the "Defender of the Indians" estimated there were 6 million (6,000,000) Taíno and Arawak in the Caribbean at the time of Columbus's arrival in 1492.[citation needed]

text: The population of the Native Amerindian population in Mexico declined by an estimated 90% (reduced to 1–2.5 million people) by the early 17th century. In Peru the indigenous Amerindian pre-contact population of around 6.5 million declined to 1 million by the early 17th century.[citation needed] The overwhelming cause of the decline in both Mexico and Peru was infectious diseases, although the brutality of the Encomienda also played a significant part in the population decline.

text: Of the history of the indigenous population of California, Sherburne F. Cook (1896–1974) was the most painstakingly careful researcher. From decades of research he made estimates for the pre-contact population and the history of demographic decline during the Spanish and post-Spanish periods. According to Cook, the indigenous Californian population at first contact, in 1769, was about 310,000 and had dropped to 25,000 by 1910. The vast majority of the decline happened after the Spanish period, during the Mexican and US periods of Californian history (1821–1910), with the most dramatic collapse (200,000 to 25,000) occurring in the US period (1846–1910).[10][11][12]


document_title: Rumor Has It (film)

question_text: who is the father in rumor has it

question_tokens: who is the father in rumor has it

text: Rumor Has It (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1997, Sarah Huttinger, an obituary and wedding announcement writer for The New York Times, travels to Pasadena, California, for her sister Annie's wedding, accompanied by her fiancé Jeff Daly. At a pre-wedding party, Sarah learns from her grandmother Katharine that her late mother Jocelyn ran off to Cabo San Lucas to spend time with her prep school classmate Beau Burroughs the week before her wedding to Sarah's father Earl. Jeff points out Sarah's parents were married just short of nine months before her birth, leading her to wonder if Beau might really be her biological father. Sarah also discovers her grandmother might have been the inspiration for Mrs. Robinson, an infamous character in the novel The Graduate.

text: After the wedding, determined to find out more about Beau and her mother's past, Sarah decides to fly to San Francisco, where Beau, now a highly successful and very wealthy Silicon Valley Internet wizard, is addressing a seminar. She meets him; and he admits to the affair but assures Sarah he couldn't be her father because he suffered blunt testicular trauma while playing in a high school soccer game and, as a result, is sterile. The two go out for drinks, and the following morning Sarah wakes up in Beau's bed in his Half Moon Bay home.

text: Although guilt-stricken by her behavior, Sarah allows Beau to convince her to be his date at a charity ball, where she meets Beau's son Blake. Beau explains his wife wanted a biological child and was artificially inseminated to become pregnant. Mollified, Sarah kisses Beau and is caught by Jeff, who has returned to California to find her. Following an ensuing argument, Jeff leaves her. Dejected, Sarah returns to visit Katharine, who flies into a rage when she learns Beau has slept with her granddaughter. The two learn Annie suffered an anxiety attack while flying to her honeymoon and wants to talk to Sarah. Sarah tells her sister about the relationship three generations of Richelieu women have had with Beau. She reassures Annie she truly is in love with her husband, Scott, and in doing so realizes she's ready to marry Jeff.

text: It is also revealed that Earl was the one who accidentally caused Beau's testicular trauma. This makes Beau somewhat nervous to be around Earl, though Katherine is quite pleased by the revelation. Earl reveals to Sarah he always knew about Jocelyn and Beau's affair. Despite Beau being a fling for her, Jocelyn returned to Earl because she loved him and he was someone with whom she could build a life. On the night she returned, Sarah was conceived. This explained the date difference between her birthday and her parents' wedding.

text: Determined to win Jeff back, Sarah returns to New York City and tells her fiancé about her feelings. They reconcile on the condition, if they ever have a daughter, she would not be allowed anywhere near Beau. The film ends with Sarah and Jeff's wedding.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jennifer Aniston as Sarah Huttinger
Kevin Costner as Beau Burroughs
Shirley MacLaine as Katharine Richelieu
Mark Ruffalo as Jeff Daly
Richard Jenkins as Earl Huttinger
Mena Suvari as Annie Huttinger
Steve Sandvoss as Scott
Christopher McDonald as Roger McManus
Mike Vogel as Blake Burroughs
Jennifer Taylor as Jocelyn Richelieu Huttinger
Kathy Bates (uncredited) as Aunt Mitsy

text: Production[edit]

text: Screenwriter Ted Griffin was the original director, but problems arose soon after principal photography began on July 21, 2004. The production fell several days behind schedule in the first week, and on August 5, Griffin fired cinematographer Ed Lachman from the project. Griffin was let go by executive producer Steven Soderbergh the following day, and the production shut down in order to allow replacement Rob Reiner to make script, cast, and crew changes before resuming filming on August 18. Original cast members Charlie Hunnam, Lesley Ann Warren, Tony Bill, and Greta Scacchi were replaced by Reiner.[2]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Nellie McKay recorded six tracks for the film, all of which were released exclusively on iTunes and eventually other digital markets.

text:
"Black Sheep"
"BB Blues"
"Just One of Those Things" (Cole Porter)
"Pasadena Girl"
"Face of a Faith"
"Baby (You've Got What It Takes)"—with musician Taj Mahal (Otis/Stein/Benton)

tag: ol

text: The film's unreleased soundtrack also features several standards, including the theme from A Summer Place by Max Steiner, "Secret Love" by Sammy Fain and Paul Francis Webster, "Moonlight Serenade" by Glenn Miller and Mitchell Parish, "In the Mood" by Joe Garland, "I'm Beginning to See the Light" by Harry James, Duke Ellington, Johnny Hodges, and Don George, and "As Time Goes By" by Herman Hupfeld.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Rumor Has It... received mostly negative reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 20% rating based on reviews from 111 critics, with the consensus: "This riff on The Graduate has a solid cast, but is too lightweight to fully register."[3] Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score from 1 to 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, gave the film a score of 35 based on 29 critics, indicating "Generally unfavorable reviews".[4]

text: A. O. Scott of The New York Times said, "I suppose Rumor Has It could be worse, though at the moment I'm at a loss to say just how. Ms. MacLaine and Mr. Costner are seasoned professionals, giving lackluster laugh lines more juice than they deserve, and Jennifer Aniston is as plucky and engaging as ever ... [but her] efforts are wasted in a movie that can't even seem to sustain interest in itself."[5]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times observed, "The plot ... sounds like a gimmick. That's because it is a gimmick. But it's a good gimmick. And Rumor Has It works for good reasons, including sound construction and the presence of Kevin Costner ... a natural actor with enormous appeal ... This is not a great movie, but it's very watchable and has some good laughs. The casting of Aniston is crucial, because she's the heroine of this story, and ... has the presence to pull it off."[6]

text: Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle said, "The movie has that fatal triptych that is becoming Reiner's romantic-comedy signature: drippy sentiment, zany scenes that trivialize the characters and a horror of adventure ... needless to say, Rumor Has It fails as a successor to The Graduate. It fails artistically but also philosophically, in that it rebuts the spirit of the earlier film, while offering nothing attractive in its place."[7]

text: Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded it one out of four stars, calling it a "comic turd" and adding, "The creepy script, by T.M. Griffin, is directed by Rob Reiner in a sleepwalking daze that Costner emulates by rotely repeating his performance in The Upside of Anger and in the process squeezing all the juice."[8]

text: Brian Lowry of Variety said, "As muddled in most respects as its title, Rumor Has It... begins with an intriguing premise ... but it devolves into a bland romance spiced with too little comedy ... There's a germ of an idea here, but Reiner and Griffin race through the plot beats so rapidly that poor Sarah seldom has time to breathe, which also describes the movie ... [Aniston] never settles down enough to offer more than a shrill whine and pained expression."[9]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film opened at number 10 at the U.S. box office, on 2,815 screens on Christmas Day 2005, and earned $3,473,155 on that first day. It eventually grossed $43,000,262 domestically and $45,933,300 in international markets for a worldwide box office total of $88,933,562.[10]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on DVD on May 9, 2006. It has grossed $21 million in US DVD sales.[10]


document_title: The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film)

question_text: where does disney hunchback of notre dame take place

text: The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film)

text: Plot

text: In 1482 Paris, Clopin, a gypsy puppeteer, narrates the origin of the titular hunchback. A group of gypsies sneak illegally into Paris, but are ambushed by Judge Claude Frollo, the Minister of Justice of Paris, and his soldiers. A gypsy woman in the group attempts to flee with her deformed baby, but Frollo chases and kills her outside Notre Dame. He tries to kill the baby as well, but the cathedral's archdeacon intervenes and accuses Frollo of murdering an innocent woman. To atone for his sin, Frollo reluctantly agrees to raise the deformed child in Notre Dame as his son, naming him Quasimodo.

text: Twenty years later, Quasimodo develops into a kind yet isolated young man who has lived inside the cathedral his entire life. A trio of living stone gargoyles—Victor, Hugo, and Laverne—serve as Quasimodo's only company, and encourage him to attend the annually-held Festival of Fools. Despite Frollo's warnings that he would be shunned for his deformity, Quasimodo attends the festival and is celebrated for his awkward appearance, only to be humiliated by the crowd after Frollo's men start a riot. Frollo refuses to help Quasimodo, but Esmeralda, a kind gypsy, intervenes by freeing the hunchback, and uses a magic trick to evade arrest. Frollo confronts Quasimodo and sends him back inside the cathedral.

text: Esmeralda follows Quasimodo inside, only to be followed herself by Captain Phoebus of Frollo's guard. Phoebus refuses to arrest her for alleged witchcraft inside Notre Dame and instead has her confined to the cathedral. Esmeralda finds and befriends Quasimodo, who helps her escape Notre Dame out of gratitude for defending him. She entrusts Quasimodo a pendant containing a map to the gypsies' hideout, the Court of Miracles. Frollo soon develops lustful feelings for Esmeralda and, upon realizing them, begs the Virgin Mary to save him from her "spell" to avoid eternal damnation. When Frollo discovers that she escaped, he instigates a citywide manhunt for her which involves setting fire to countless houses in his way. Phoebus is appalled by Frollo's evil and defies him, and Frollo sentences him to death. While fleeing, Phoebus is struck by an arrow and falls into the River Seine, but Esmeralda rescues him and takes him to Notre Dame for refuge. The gargoyles encourage Quasimodo to confess his feelings for Esmeralda, but he is heartbroken to discover she and Phoebus have fallen in love.

text: Frollo returns to Notre Dame later that night and discovers that Quasimodo helped Esmeralda escape. He bluffs to Quasimodo saying that he knows about the Court of Miracles and that he intends to attack at dawn. Using the map Esmeralda gave him, Quasimodo and Phoebus find the court to warn the gypsies, only for Frollo to follow them and capture all the gypsies present. Frollo prepares to burn Esmeralda at the stake after she rejects his advances, but Quasimodo rescues her and brings her to the cathedral. Phoebus releases the gypsies and rallies the citizens of Paris against Frollo and his men, who try to break into the cathedral. Quasimodo and the gargoyles pour molten lead onto the streets to ensure no one enters, but Frollo successfully manages to get inside. He pursues Quasimodo and Esmeralda to the balcony where he and Quasimodo both fall over the edge. Frollo falls to his death in the molten lead, while Quasimodo is caught by Phoebus on a lower floor. Afterward, Quasimodo comes to accept that Phoebus and Esmeralda are in love, and he gives them his blessing. The two encourage him to leave the cathedral into the outside world, where the citizens hail him as a hero and accept him into society.

text: Voice cast

text:
Tom Hulce as Quasimodo – Notre Dame Cathedral's 20-year-old hunchbacked bell ringer who dreams of seeing life outside the bell tower. Despite the fact that Quasimodo is being constantly informed by his guardian Judge Claude Frollo that he is an ugly monster, Clopin's opening song asks listeners to judge for themselves "who is the monster, and who is the man" of the two. James Baxter served as the supervising animator for Quasimodo.
Demi Moore as Esmeralda (singing voice by Heidi Mollenhauer) – A beautiful, streetwise Gypsy dancing girl who befriends Quasimodo and shows him that his soul is truly beautiful, even if his exterior is not. Highly independent and strong-minded, she abhors Frollo's treatment of Paris's gypsies and other outcasts, and seeks justice for them throughout the film. She falls in love with (and later marries) Captain Phoebus. Tony Fucile served as the supervising animator for Esmeralda.
Tony Jay as Judge Claude Frollo – A ruthless, self-righteous and religiously pious judge who is Quasimodo's reluctant guardian. He has an intense hatred of the gypsy population and seeks to annihilate their entire race. In comparison to Victor Hugo's original novel, he also displays a sadistic and lustful obsession with Esmeralda. Frollo generally believes all he does is in God's will, despite frequent disagreements with the cathedral's Archdeacon.[3] Kathy Zielinski served as the supervising animator for Frollo.
Kevin Kline as Captain Phoebus – A soldier who is Frollo's Captain of the Guard. He does not approve of Frollo's methods and saves people whenever they are in danger, including his love interest Esmeralda, whom he later marries. Russ Edmonds served as the supervising animator for Phoebus and Achilles (his horse is voiced by Bob Bergen, who also voices baby Quasimodo).
Paul Kandel as Clopin – A puppeteer, storyteller, and mischievous leader of all the gypsies and thieves of Paris. Michael Surrey served as the supervising animator for Clopin.
Charles Kimbrough, Jason Alexander, and Mary Wickes as Victor, Hugo, and Laverne – Three comical gargoyle statues who are Quasimodo's best friends and guardians. This would be Wickes' final acting performance; she died a year before its release, at age 85. Jane Withers provided the remaining dialogue for Laverne in the film's sequel and related merchandise. David Pruiksma served as the supervising animator for Victor and Hugo, while Will Finn served as the supervising animator for Laverne.
David Ogden Stiers as the Archdeacon – A priest at Notre Dame and a kind man who helps many characters throughout the film, including Quasimodo and Esmeralda. Dave Burgess served as the supervising animator for the Archdeacon.
Frank Welker as Djali – Esmeralda's pet goat, and Hugo's love interest. Ron Husband served as the supervising animator for Djali.

text: Production

text: Development

text: The idea to adapt The Hunchback of Notre Dame came from development executive David Stainton in 1993, who was inspired to turn Victor Hugo's novel The Hunchback of Notre-Dame into an animated feature film after reading the Classics Illustrated comic book adaptation.[4] Stainton then proposed the idea to then-studio chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg. Following Beauty and the Beast, Gary Trousdale had taken the opportunity to take a break from directing, instead spending several months developing storyboards for The Lion King.[5] Following this, Trousdale and Kirk Wise subsequently attempted developing an animated feature based on the Greek myth of Orpheus titled A Song of the Sea, adapting it to make the central character a humpback whale and setting it in the open ocean.[6][7] The concept obstinately refused to pull together, but while they were working on the project they were summoned to meet with Katzenberg. "During that time," explained Trousdale, "while we working on it, we got a call from Jeffrey. He said, 'Guys, drop everything – you're working on Hunchback now.'"[8] According to Wise, they believed that it had "a great deal of potential...great memorable characters, a really terrific setting, the potential for fantastic visuals, and a lot of emotion."[9]

text: Production on The Hunchback of Notre Dame went underway in the summer of 1993.[10] In October 1993, directors Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise, art director David Goetz, Roy Conli, Ed Ghertner, Will Finn, Alan Menken, and Stephen Schwartz took a trip to Paris, France for ten days; three days were devoted to exploring Notre Dame including a private tour of rarely glimpsed sites as actual passageways, stairwells, towers, and a hidden room within which Hugo set his actions. Also included were visits to the Palace of Justice and an original location of the Court of Miracles.[11]

text: Writing

text:
"We knew it would be a challenge to stay true to the material while still giving it the requisite amount of fantasy and fun most people would expect from a Disney animated feature. We were not going to end it the way the book ended, with everybody dead."

Kirk Wise[12]

tag: div

text: Writer Tab Murphy was brought on board to write the screenplay, and it was decided early on that Quasimodo would be the center of the story, as he was in preceding live-action film adaptations. In the early drafts, Quasimodo served as a Cyrano between Phoebus and Esmeralda, but it was discarded to focus more on Quasimodo.[13] Meanwhile, a love story between Quasimodo and Esmeralda was also conceived, according to Murphy, but "we decided to make Phoebus more heroic and central to the story. Out of that decision grew the idea of some sort of a triangle between Quasimodo, Esmeralda and Phoebus."[14] Some of the novel's key characters were jettisoned entirely. The gargoyles of Notre Dame were added to the story by Trousdale and Wise. Their portrayal as comedic friends and confidantes of Quasimodo was inspired by a portion of the novel, which reads "The other statues, the ones of monsters and demons, felt no hatred for Quasimodo…The saints were his friends and blessed him the monsters were his friends, and protected him. Thus he would pour out his heart at length to them."[15][16]

text: One of the first changes made to accommodate Disney's request was to turn the villainous Claude Frollo into a judge rather than an archdeacon, thus avoiding religious sensibilities in the finished film.[17] "As we were exploring the characters, especially Frollo, we certainly found a lot of historical parallels to the type of mania he had: the Confederate South, Nazi Germany, take your pick," explained Wise. "Those things influenced our thinking."[14] Producer Don Hahn evaluated that one inspiration for Frollo was found in Ralph Fiennes's performance as Amon Goeth in Schindler's List, who murders Jews yet desires his Jewish maid.[12] For the opening sequence, Disney story veteran Burny Mattinson constructed an effective sequence that covered much exposition, although studio chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg felt something was missing. Following Stephen Schwartz's suggestion to musicalize the sequence, French animators Paul and Gaëtan Brizzi storyboarded the sequence to Menken and Schwartz's music resulting in "The Bells of Notre Dame".[18] Lyricist Stephen Schwartz also worked closely with the writing team even suggesting that the audience should be left wondering what the outcome of what Phoebus would do before he extinguishes the torch in water in retaliation against Frollo.[19] Another was, unsurprisingly, the film's conclusion. While Frollo's death was retained – and, indeed, made even more horrific – Quasimodo and Esmerelda were both spared their fates and given a happy ending. This revised ending was based in part on Victor Hugo's own libretto to a Hunchback opera, in which he had permitted Captain Phoebus to save Esmerelda from her execution.

text: Casting

text: In late 1993, pop singer Cyndi Lauper was the first actor attached to the film during its initial stages. Thinking she was cast as Esmeralda, Lauper was startled to learn she was to voice a gargoyle named Quinn, and was hired one week after one reading with the directors.[20] The development team would later come up with the names of Chaney, Laughton and Quinn – named after the actors who portrayed Quasimodo in preceding Hunchback film adaptations. However, Disney's legal department objected to the proposed names of the gargoyles, fearing that the estates of Lon Chaney, Charles Laughton, or Anthony Quinn (who was still alive at the time) would file a lawsuit over using their names so the names were dropped.[21] Trousdale and Wise then suggested naming the characters Lon, Charles, and Anthony – which would have resulted in the same legal concern – before naming the first two gargoyles after Victor Hugo, and the third gargoyle after Andrews Sisters singer Laverne Andrews.[21] Now cast as Laverne, Lauper was deemed too youthful for a friend to provide Quasimodo wise counsel while at the same time Sam McMurray – best known for his work on The Tracey Ullman Show – was hired for Hugo. Meanwhile, Charles Kimbrough was cast as Victor, who was initially unimpressed at an animated adaptation of Hunchback, but later became rather impressed at the level of research that went into the film and how the story ideas transitioned from the novel to the screen.[22] After several recording sessions and test screenings, Lauper and McMurray were called by the directors who regrettably released them from their roles.[23] Jason Alexander, having voiced Abis Mal in The Return of Jafar, was cast as Hugo fulfilling a lifelong desire to be in a Disney film. Laverne was then revisioned into a wiser, mature character with Mary Wickes cast in the role.[23] Following Wickes' death in October 1995,[24] Jane Withers was hired to voice her six remaining lines.[12][25]

text: Mandy Patinkin was approached for the title role, but his style of portraying Quasimodo collided with the producers' demands, and Patinkin stated "'I [was] just there at the audition [and I] said, 'I can't do this.'"[26] Tom Hulce was cast as Quasimodo following his first audition for the role, and according to the actor, he noticed during the audition that the Disney executives, producers, and directors "were staring at the floor. It looked like everyone was at a memorial service" until he noticed the floor was lined with storyboard sketches. According to Wise, the filmmakers "like to audition the voices with our eyes closed, so we see the character's face."[27] Quasimodo was originally portrayed as more monstrous, older and with more of a speech impediment during the early rehearsals, but Hulce commented that "we experimented, endlessly. At one point I was ready to call in and say 'Things just aren't happening.'".[28] Ultimately, the directors desired to portray Quasimodo with a younger voice different from the previous portrayals since "[Victor] Hugo described Quasimodo as 20".[8] Additionally, Hulce was permitted to do his own singing after performing a demo recording of "Out There".[29] Desiring a huskier voice different from the leading Disney heroines,[30] Demi Moore was cast as Esmeralda, and met with Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz on singing. After several singing demos, the actress said "You'd better get someone else,'" according to Schwartz. New York City cabaret singer Heidi Mollenhauer was selected to provide the singing voice.[31] For the role of Phoebus, co-director Kirk Wise explained that "As we're designing the characters, we form a short list of names...to help us find the personality of the character." Subsequently, the filmmakers modeled his portrayal on the personalities of Errol Flynn and John Wayne, and "One of the names on the top of the list all the time was Kevin Kline."[8] British actor Tony Jay, who declared his role as Frollo as his "bid for immortality",[32] was cast after the directors worked with him in Beauty and the Beast. After watching his portrayal as Uncle Ernie in the musical The Who's Tommy, Broadway actor Paul Kandel was selected to voice Clopin.[30]

text: Animation

text: Alongside Pocahontas (1995), storyboard work on The Hunchback of the Notre Dame was among the first to be produced for an animated film on the new Disney Feature Animation building adjacent to the main Disney lot in Burbank, which was dedicated in 1995.[9][33] However, as the Feature Animation building was occupied with The Lion King and Pocahontas at the time, more animators were hired from Canada and United Kingdom to join the production team for Hunchback,[34] and as the development phase furthered along, most of the entire animation team was moved out into a large warehouse facility on Airway in Glendale, California. As the Disney story artists, layout crew, and animators moved in their new quarters, they decided to name the building "Sanctuary."[35]

text: Since Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988), other animators hired by Disney Feature Animation were from Germany, France, Ireland, and additional ones from Canada were involved in providing animation duties at the recently opened satellite studio, Walt Disney Animation Paris,[18] of which about 20 percent of the film was done.[36] Meanwhile, while Walt Disney Feature Animation Florida was prepping their first in-house production then titled The Legend of Mulan, at least seven animators penned about four minutes of screentime, mostly involving Frollo and Quasimodo. Layout, cleanup, and special-effects artists provided additional support.[37]

text: To achieve large-scale crowd scenes, particularly for the Feast of Fools sequence and the film's climax, computer animation was used to create six types of characters – males and females either average in weight, fat, or thin – which were programmed and assigned 72 specific movements ranging from jumping and clapping.[38] Digital technology also provided a visual sweep that freed Quasimodo to scamper around the cathedral and soar around the plaza to rescue Esmeralda.[14]

text: Music

text: Having worked on Pocahontas for a year, Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz were offered multiple film projects to work on when they more or less chose to work on Hunchback being attracted to underlying themes of social outcast and Quasimodo's struggle to break free of the psychological dominance of Frollo, according to Schwartz.[39]

text: The film has many musical motifs that carry throughout the film, weaving their way in and out of various pieces of music, and having varying timbres depending on the action in the story at that point. The film's soundtrack includes a musical score written by Alan Menken and songs written by Menken and Stephen Schwartz. Songs include "The Bells of Notre Dame" for Clopin, Frollo and the Archdeacon, "Out There" for Quasimodo and Frollo, "Topsy Turvy" for Clopin, "God Help the Outcasts" for Esmeralda, "Heaven's Light" for Quasimodo, "Hellfire" for the Archdeacon and Frollo, "A Guy Like You" for the gargoyles and "The Court of Miracles" for Clopin and the gypsies.

text: Three songs written for the film were discarded for the storyboarding process. Trousdale and Wise were not certain what musical number could be placed for the third act, though Menken and Schwartz conceived two love songs, "In a Place of Miracles" and "As Long as There's a Moon", between Esmeralda and Phoebus in the film. However, Trousdale and Wise felt the song took too much focus off of Quasimodo,[40] and ultimately decided to have Clopin sing about sentencing Phoebus and Quasimodo to death for finding their gypsy hideout.[41] Menken and Schwartz had also written "Someday" originally for the film, but the directors suggested that a religious song be sung in the cathedral, and the song was instead featured in the end credits.[42] R&B group All-4-One recorded the song for the end credits of the North American English release,[43] and by the British R&B girl group Eternal in the British English version. Luis Miguel recorded the version for the Latin American Spanish version, which became a major hit.

text: Themes

text: The Hunchback of Notre Dame has many themes, including infanticide, lust, damnation, and sin.[44] One of the most important to the narrative is belief in a loving, forgiving God. It also implies, according to Mark Pinsky, a "condemnation of abortion, euthanasia, and racism, and [a] moral resistance to genocide".[45]

text: The Hunchback of Notre Dame was the first—and only—Disney animated feature to have a major focus on traditional religious faith; pre-Reformation Catholicism. In fact, the words "God", "Lord", and "Hell" are uttered more times in this film than in any other. The Gospel According to Disney explains that "it is the church...that interposes, or attempts to interpose itself between the villain and his evil intentions." The creative team and the studio executives did butt heads on various issues, especially those relating to the religious content in the story, "for their failure to defend the poor and the powerless" and concerns that the story was "too controversial".[45] Deconstructing Disney notes that the studio "approached the name of God with an almost Hebraic zeal (that it should never be stated) yet here it is invoked in a manner both pious and puritan." Many of the songs were adapted from genuine Latin prayers and chants, such as "Hellfire," which uses the Tridentine form of the Confiteor as a counterpoint melody. The association of the Church with a form of evil leadership by a man who is "[a religious leader] in almost all respects except the title" "implies a church that is ineffective if not full of vice", the same criticism Hugo gave in his novel. The Gospel According to Disney includes a quote that says "religion... appears as an impotent, irrelevant caricature [and] Disney refuses to admit a serious role for religion". At one point, the archdeacon says to Esmeralda, "You can't right all the wrongs of this world by yourself... perhaps there is someone in here who can," referring to God. This questions the power religious people actually have in making the world a moral and happy place.[45]

text: Frollo is a complex figure who is torn between "good and evil; chastity and lust." While the church represents "the spirit of a Christian God," this is juxtaposed by the cruel actions and snap judgements of Frollo, who claims to be doing God's work. The Gospel According to Disney explains that "while Frollo's stated goal is to purge the world of vice and sin, according to the opening song, he 'saw corruption everywhere except within.'" Because "killing the woman on the steps has put Frollo's soul in mortal danger," he has to take the child and look after him as penance. Even then, he absolves himself of agency in the murder by claiming "God works in mysterious ways," and ponders whether "the child may be of use to him one day." During the song "God Help the Outcasts," Esmeralda brings up the point that Jesus – the person in whose name religious people such as Frollo persecute and subjugate "children of God" – was in fact an outcast too.[45]

text: According to the film's production notes, Quasimodo is "symbolically viewed as being an angel in a devil's body." He is "trapped between heaven above [and] the gritty streets of urban Paris viewed as Hell." The version of the alphabet Quasimodo recites in a daily ritual reflects Frollo's view of the world – full of abominations and blasphemy. He is also constantly reminded he is deformed, ugly, a monster, and an outcast who would be hated if he ever left the confines of the church.[45]

text: The film also criticizes materialism. When Esmeralda sings "God Help The Outcasts," she "walks in the opposite direction of more prosperous worshipers who are praying for material and earthly rewards." One literary device included in the song is the use of contrast and irony; the rich citizens pray for wealth, fame and "for glory to shine on their names" while the destitute Esmeralda prays for the poor and downtrodden.[45]

text: Release

text: In 1994, the film was scheduled for a Christmas 1995 release,[46][47] though the film was reportedly delayed following the departure of Jeffrey Katzenberg from the Walt Disney Company.[48] By January 1995, it was later pushed back to a summer 1996 release.[49][50] The film premiered on June 19, 1996 at the New Orleans Superdome, where it was played on six enormous screens. The premiere was preceded by a parade through the French Quarter, beginning at Jackson Square and utilizing floats and cast members from Walt Disney World.[51] The film was widely released two days later.

text: Marketing

text: As part of the promotion of the film, Walt Disney Records shipped two million products, including sing-along home videos, soundtrack CD's, and the "My First Read Along" novelized version of the film, aimed at a toddler demographic. Upon release, The Hunchback of Notre Dame was accompanied by a marketing campaign at more than $40 million with commercial tie-ins with Burger King, Payless Shoes, Nestlé and Mattel.[52] By 1997, Disney earned approximately $500 million in profit with the spin-off products based from the film.[53][54]

text: Home media

text: The Hunchback of Notre Dame was first released on VHS, standard CLV Laserdisc, and special edition CAV Laserdisc on March 4, 1997 under the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection label. Sales and rentals of the VHS release would eventually accumulate to $200 million by summer 1998.[55][56] It was originally planned for a DVD release in December 2000 as part of the Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection, but instead, it was re-issued on March 19, 2002 as a Special Edition along with its direct-to-video sequel, The Hunchback of Notre Dame II.

text: Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released The Hunchback of Notre Dame on Blu-ray alongside its sequel in a Special Edition "2-Movie Collection" on March 12, 2013.[57]

text: Reception

text: Box office

text: In its opening weekend, the film opened in second place at the box office behind Eraser, grossing $21.3 million. In a new box office strategy, Disney also included ticket sales which were sold from Disney stores nationwide, which added about $1 million to the box-office numbers.[58] However, in comparison to Pocahontas, which had grossed $29 million the year previous, Buena Vista Pictures Distribution president Dick Cook defended the results claiming it was comparable to Beauty and the Beast (1991), which opened in half as many theaters, and grossed about $9 million.[58] In foreign markets, by December 1996, the film became the fifteenth film that year to gross over $100 million surpassing the domestic box office gross, and went on to accumulate $200 million.[59] The film would ultimately grossed just over $100 million domestically and over $325 million worldwide, making it the fifth highest-grossing film of 1996.[2]

text: Critical reception

text: Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a 73% positive rating based on 51 reviews with its consensus stating, "Disney's take on the Victor Hugo classic is dramatically uneven, but its strong visuals, dark themes, and message of tolerance make for a more-sophisticated-than-average children's film."[60] Chicago Sun-Times film critic Roger Ebert rewarded the film 4 stars, calling it "the best Disney animated feature since Beauty and the Beast – a whirling, uplifting, thrilling story with a heart touching message that emerges from the comedy and song".[61] In his written review for the Chicago Tribune, Gene Siskel awarded the film 3½ (out of a possible 4) stars describing the film as "a surprisingly emotional, simplified version of the Victor Hugo novel" with "effective songs and, yes, tasteful bits of humor".[62] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly graded the film an A in his review and labeled it: "the best of Disney's 'serious' animated features in the multiplex era, (...) an emotionally rounded fairy tale that balances darkness and sentimentality, pathos and triumph, with uncanny grace".[63]

text: Jason Alexander would note that while "Disney would have us believe this movie’s like the Ringling Bros., for children of all ages", in reality the final cut of the film would have murder, torching, emotional and physical humiliation, among other things. This dual push of the film - half toward the lighter side and half toward the darker side, led to a work that nobly yet unsuccessfully attempted to appeal to both toddlers and families, and sophisticated filmgoers and lovers of Victor Hugo's book.[64]

text: Richard Corliss of Time praised the film, giving a positive review and stating that "the result is a grand cartoon cathedral, teeming with gargoyles and treachery, hopeless love and tortured lust" and also said "Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz have written the largest, most imposing score yet for an animated film".[65] Charles Spencer of The Daily Telegraph gave it a positive review, saying "it is thrillingly dramatic, and for long stretches you forget you are watching a cartoon at all... A dazzling treat".[66] Variety also gave the film a positive review, stating that "there is much to admire in Hunchback, not least the risk of doing such a downer of a story at all" and also saying: "the new film should further secure Disney's dominance in animation, and connoisseurs of the genre, old and young, will have plenty to savor".[67]

text: Also addressing the film's darker themes, The Daily Mail called The Hunchback of Notre Dame "Disney's darkest picture, with a pervading atmosphere of racial tension, religious bigotry and mob hysteria" and "the best version yet of Hugo's novel, a cartoon masterpiece, and one of the great movie musicals".[68] Janet Maslin wrote in her The New York Times review, "In a film that bears conspicuous, eager resemblances to other recent Disney hits, the filmmakers' Herculean work is overshadowed by a Sisyphean problem. There's just no way to delight children with a feel-good version of this story."[69]

text: Upon opening in France in March 1997, reception from French critics towards Hunchback was reported to be "glowing, largely positive".[70] French critics and audiences found resonance in the film which recounted a real-life incident from August 1995 when French police raided a Parisian church and seized over 200 illegal immigrants seeking refuge from deportation under France's strict expulsion laws. "It is difficult not to think of the undocumented immigrants of St. Bernard when Frollo tries to sweep out the rabble," wrote one reviewer.[71]

text: Audience response

text: Some criticism was provided by fans of Victor Hugo's novel, who were disappointed with the changes Disney made to the material. Arnaud Later, a leading scholar on Hugo, accused Disney of simplifying, editing and censoring the novel in numerous aspects, including the personalities of the characters. In his review, he later wrote that the animators "don't have enough confidence in their own emotional feeling" and that the film "falls back on clichés."[72] Descendants of Victor Hugo bashed Disney in an open letter to the Libération newspaper for their ancestor getting no mention on the advertisement posters, and describing the film as a "vulgar commercialization by unscrupulous salesmen".[73][74][75]

text: Criticism additionally generated among viewers over whether the film is too scary or violent for young children, and whether the storyline, which involves issues of sexual obsession and religion, might be too adult.[76] However, some newspaper publications reported child audiences being unaffected by the mature content and praising the film.[76][77] Further accusations were made of the film having homosexual undertones, noticeably with the song "Out There", being the name of a gay pressure group and as a call to come out of the closet.[78][79]

text: In June 1996, the Southern Baptist Convention voted overwhelmingly to urge its sixteen million members to boycott Disney films, theme parks, and merchandise to protest behavior it believes "disparages Christian values."[80] The cause of the protests – unrelated to the film – stemmed from the company's domestic partnership policy and gay and lesbian theme days at Walt Disney World.[81] Disney officials would not comment on the motivation for the religious content displayed in the film beyond comments on the subject included in the film's press kit with Disney vice president John Dreyer commenting, "The film speaks for itself."[82] Nevertheless, there was praise from religious organizations for its portrayal of religion in the film. Louis P. Sheldon, a Presbyterian pastor and chairman of the Anaheim-based Traditional Values Coalition, affirmed two months before its premiere that "I am thrilled at what I hear about Hunchback, that Disney is seeking to honour Christianity and its role in Western civilization. I only pray that it will accomplish much good in the minds and hearts of its viewers."[83] Following protests in the United States, thousands of British parents banned their kids from seeing The Hunchback Of Notre Dame.[84] In reaction to the controversy, Walt Disney Feature Animation president Peter Schneider said, "The only controversy I've heard about the movie is certain people's opinion that, 'Well, it's OK for me, but it might disturb somebody else." Schneider also stated in his defense that the film was test-screened "all over the country, and I've heard nobody, parents or children, complain about any of the issues. I think, for example, the issue of disabilities is treated with great respect." and "Quasimodo is really the underdog who becomes the hero; I don't think there's anything better for anybody's psychological feelings than to become the hero of a movie. The only thing we've been asked to be careful about is the word hunchback, which we have to use in the title."[85]

text: Accolades

text:
Awards

Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result

Academy Awards
March 24, 1997
Best Music, Original Musical or Comedy Score
Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz
Nominated

Annie Awards
1997
Best Animated Feature
Walt Disney Pictures and Walt Disney Feature Animation
Nominated

Best Individual Achievement: Animation
Kathy Zielinski
Nominated

Best Individual Achievement: Animation
James Baxter
Nominated

Directing in an Animated Feature Production
Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise
Nominated

Music in an Animated Feature Production
Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz
Nominated

Producing in an Animated Feature Production
Don Hahn
Nominated

Production Design in an Animated Feature Production
David Goetz
Nominated

Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production
Brenda Chapman & Will Finn
Nominated

Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production
Tony Jay
Nominated

Demi Moore
Nominated

Tom Hulce
Nominated

Writing in an Animated Feature Production
Tab Murphy (story), Irene Mecchi, Bob Tzudiker, Noni White, and Jonathan Roberts
Nominated

Golden Globe Awards
January 19, 1997
Best Original Score – Motion Picture
Alan Menken
Nominated

ASCAP Award
1997
Top Box Office Films
Stephen Schwartz
Won

Saturn Awards
July 23, 1997
Best Fantasy Film

Nominated

BMI Film Music Award
1997

Alan Menken
Won

Artios Awards
1997
Best Casting for Animated Voiceover
Ruth Lambert
Won

Golden Screen Award
1997

Won

Golden Reel Awards
1997
Motion Picture Feature Films: Sound Editing

Won

Animated Motion Picture Feature Films: Music Editing

Won

Golden Raspberry Awards
March 23, 1997
Worst Written Film Grossing Over $100 Million
Tab Murphy (story), Irene Mecchi, Bob Tzudiker, Noni White, and Jonathan Roberts
Nominated

Satellite Awards
January 15, 1997
Best Motion Picture - Animated or Mixed Media
Don Hahn
Won

Young Artist Awards
1997
Best Family Feature – Animation or Special Effects

Nominated

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2006: AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals – Nominated[86]
2008: AFI's 10 Top 10:

Nominated Animation Film[87]

text: Adaptations

text: Stage musical

text: The film was adapted into a darker, more Gothic musical production, re-written and directed by James Lapine and produced by Walt Disney Theatrical, in Berlin, Germany. The musical Der Glöckner von Notre Dame (translated in English as The Bellringer of Notre Dame) was very successful and played from 1999 to 2002, before closing. A cast recording was also recorded in German. An English-language revival of the musical premiered in San Diego on October 28, 2014.[88]

text: Sequels and spin-offs

text: In June 1998, production on a sequel titled The Hunchback of Notre Dame Deux: The Secret of the Bells was announced, and slated for release in fall 1999.[89] However, the sequel was delayed from its planned fall release in order to accommodate the recording of "I'm Gonna Love You" by Jennifer Love Hewitt.[90] The sequel reunited its original voice cast, with Hewitt, Haley Joel Osment and Michael McKean voicing new characters.[90] In 2002, the direct-to-video sequel, The Hunchback of Notre Dame II, was released on VHS and DVD. The plot focuses once again on Quasimodo as he continues to ring the bells now with the help of Zephyr, Esmeralda and Phoebus's son. He also meets and falls in love with a new girl named Madellaine who has come to Paris with her evil circus master, Sarousch. Disney thought that it was appropriate to make the sequel more fun and child-friendly due to the dark and grim themes of the original film.

text: Quasimodo, Esmeralda, Victor, Hugo, Laverne and Frollo all made guest appearances on the Disney Channel TV series House of Mouse. Frollo could also be seen amongst a crowd of Disney Villains in Mickey's House of Villains.

text: Video games

text: In 1996, to tie in with the original theatrical release, The Hunchback of Notre Dame: Topsy Turvy Games was released by Disney Interactive for the PC and the Nintendo Game Boy, which is a collection of mini games based around the Festival of Fools that includes a variation of Balloon Fight.

text: A world based on the movie, "La Cité des Cloches" (The City of Bells), made its debut appearance in the Kingdom Hearts series in Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance. It was the first new Disney world confirmed for the game. All of the main characters except Clopin and the Archdeacon (although Quasimodo mentions him in the English version) appear, and Jason Alexander and Charles Kimbrough were the only actors to reprise their roles from the movie.

text: Other media

text: Disney has converted its adaptation of The Hunchback of Notre Dame into other media. For example, Disney Comic Hits #11, published by Marvel Comics, features two stories based upon the film. From 1997 to 2002 Disney-MGM Studios hosted a live-action stage show based on the film and Disneyland built a new theater-in-the-round and re-themed Big Thunder Ranch as Esmeralda's Cottage, Festival of Foods outdoor restaurant and Festival of Fools extravaganza, which is now multipurpose space accommodating private events and corporate picnics. Disney closed the Festival in 2016 to make room for the upcoming Star Wars Land expansion.


document_title: Breakin' 2: Electric Boogaloo

question_text: who appeared in breakin' 2 electric boogaloo

question_tokens: who appeared in breakin ' 2 electric boogaloo

text: Breakin' 2: Electric Boogaloo

text: Plot[edit]

text: Breakin' 2 features three characters from Breakin' – Kelly (Lucinda Dickey), David "Ozone" Barco (Adolfo Quinones), and Jason "Turbo" Ainley (Michael Chambers) – who struggle to stop the demolition of a community recreation center by a developer who wants to build a shopping mall. Viktor Manoel, Ice-T, and Martika (who was little known then) also appear as dancers.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Lucinda Dickey as Kelly / Special K
Adolfo "Shabba Doo" Quiñones as David "Ozone" Barco
Michael "Boogaloo Shrimp" Chambers as Jason "Turbo" Ainley
Susie Bono as Rhonda
Sabrina Garcia as Lucia
Ice-T as Rapper
Cooley Jackson as Featured Street Dancer TKO
John LaMotta as a Policeman
Steve "Sugarfoot" Notario as Strobe

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Though most critics rated the film poorly,[3][4] New York Press film critic Armond White considered it to be "superb"[5] and Roger Ebert gave the film a three-star rating.[6] Rotten Tomatoes currently gives it a rating of 20% based on 5 reviews.[7]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Like its predecessor, much of the film's soundtrack was provided by Ollie & Jerry, comprising the duo Ollie E. Brown and Jerry Knight. The title track, "Electric Boogaloo", reached number 45 on the R&B charts.[8]

text:
"Electric Boogaloo" – Ollie & Jerry
"Radiotron" – Firefox
"Din Daa Daa" – George Kranz
"When I.C.U." – Ollie & Jerry
"Gotta Have the Money" – Steve Donn
"Believe in the Beat" – Carol Lynn Townes
"Set it out" – Midway
"I Don't Wanna Come Down" – Mark Scott
"Stylin' Profilin'" – Firefox
"Oye Mamacita" – Rags & Riches

text: Home video releases[edit]

text: On April 15, 2003, MGM Home Entertainment released Breakin' 2: Electric Boogaloo as a bare-bones DVD. On April 21, 2015, Shout! Factory released the film, along with Breakin', as a double feature Blu-ray.

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The subtitle "Electric Boogaloo", originally a reference to a funk-oriented dance style of the same name, has entered the pop-culture lexicon as a snowclone pejorative nickname to denote an archetypical sequel.[9] The usual connotation is of either a ridiculous sequel title, or of the follow-up to an obscure or eclectic movie (or other work).[10][11] The band Five Iron Frenzy titled one of their albums Five Iron Frenzy 2: Electric Boogaloo.[12] An episode of the television show It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia was titled "Chardee MacDennis 2: Electric Boogaloo".[13] Other news articles and media have used the Electric Boogaloo subtitle, and it has also become an Internet meme.[12]

text: A documentary about the Cannon Group was released in 2014 called Electric Boogaloo: The Wild, Untold Story of Cannon Films of which Breakin' and Breakin' 2 were featured.[14]