document_title: Battle of Fort Sumter

question_text: who surrendered in the battle of fort sumter

text: Battle of Fort Sumter

text: Background

text: Secession

text: On December 20, 1860, shortly after Abraham Lincoln's victory in the presidential election of 1860, South Carolina adopted an ordinance declaring its secession from the United States of America and, by February 1861, six more Southern states had adopted similar ordinances of secession. On February 7, the seven states adopted a provisional constitution for the Confederate States of America and established their temporary capital at Montgomery, Alabama. A February peace conference met in Washington, D.C., but failed to resolve the crisis. The remaining eight states declined pleas to join the Confederacy.[5][6]

text: The seceding states seized numerous Federal properties within their boundaries, including buildings, arsenals, and fortifications. President James Buchanan protested but took no military action in response. Buchanan was concerned that an overt action could cause the remaining slave states to leave the Union, and while he acknowledged there was no constitutional authority for a state to secede, he could find no constitutional authority for him to act to prevent it.[7][8]

text: Forts of Charleston

text: Several forts had been constructed in Charleston's harbor, including Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie, which were not among the sites seized initially. Fort Moultrie on Sullivan Island was the oldest—it was the site of fortifications since 1776—and was the headquarters of the U.S. Army garrison. However, it had been designed as a gun platform for defending the harbor, and its defenses against land-based attacks were feeble; during the crisis, the Charleston newspapers commented that sand dunes had piled up against the walls in such a way that the wall could easily be scaled. When the garrison began clearing away the dunes, the papers objected.[9][10][11]

text: Major Robert Anderson of the 1st U.S. Artillery regiment had been appointed to command the Charleston garrison that fall because of rising tensions. A native of Kentucky, he was a protégé of Winfield Scott, the general in chief of the Army, and was thought more capable of handling a crisis than the garrison's previous commander, Col. John L. Gardner, who was nearing retirement. Anderson had served an earlier tour of duty at Fort Moultrie and his father had been a defender of the fort (then called Fort Sullivan) during the American Revolutionary War. Throughout the fall, South Carolina authorities considered both secession and the expropriation of federal property in the harbor to be inevitable. As tensions mounted, the environment around the fort increasingly resembled a siege, to the point that the South Carolina authorities placed picket ships to observe the movements of the troops and threatened to attack when forty rifles were transferred to one of the harbor forts from the U.S. arsenal in the city.[1][12][13][11]

text: In contrast to Moultrie, Fort Sumter dominated the entrance to Charleston Harbor and, though unfinished, was designed to be one of the strongest fortresses in the world. In the fall of 1860 work on the fort was nearly completed, but the fortress was thus far garrisoned by a single soldier, who functioned as a lighthouse keeper, and a small party of civilian construction workers. Under the cover of darkness on December 26, six days after South Carolina declared its secession, Anderson abandoned the indefensible Fort Moultrie, ordering its guns spiked and its gun carriages burned, and surreptitiously relocated his command by small boats to Sumter.[14][15]

text: President Buchanan and the Star of the West

text: South Carolina authorities considered Anderson's move to be a breach of faith. Governor Francis W. Pickens believed that President Buchanan had made implicit promises to him to keep Sumter unoccupied and suffered political embarrassment as a result of his trust in those promises. Buchanan, a former U.S. Secretary of State and diplomat, had used carefully crafted ambiguous language to Pickens, promising that he would not "immediately" occupy it.[16] From Major Anderson's standpoint, he was merely moving his existing garrison troops from one of the locations under his command to another. He had received instructions from the War Department on December 11, written by Major General Don Carlos Buell, Assistant Adjutant General of the Army, approved by Secretary of War John B. Floyd:[16][17]

text: ... you are to hold possession of the forts in this harbor, and if attacked you are to defend yourself to the last extremity. The smallness of your force will not permit you, perhaps, to occupy more than one of the three forts, but an attack on or attempt to take possession of any one of them will be regarded as an act of hostility, and you may then put your command into either of them which you may deem most proper to increase its power of resistance. You are also authorized to take similar steps whenever you have tangible evidence of a design to proceed to a hostile act.[18]

text: Governor Pickens therefore ordered that all remaining Federal positions except Fort Sumter were to be seized. State troops quickly occupied Fort Moultrie (capturing 56 guns), Fort Johnson on James Island, and the battery on Morris Island. On December 27, an assault force of 150 men seized the Union-occupied Castle Pinckney fortification, in the harbor close to downtown Charleston, capturing 24 guns and mortars without bloodshed. On December 30, the Federal arsenal in Charleston was captured, resulting in the acquisition of more than 22,000 weapons by the militia. The Confederates promptly made repairs at Fort Moultrie and dozens of new batteries and defense positions were constructed throughout the Charleston harbor area, including an unusual floating battery, and armed with weapons captured from the arsenal.[N 1]

text: President Buchanan was surprised and dismayed at Anderson's move to Sumter, unaware of the authorization Anderson had received. Nevertheless, he refused Pickens's demand to evacuate Charleston harbor. Since the garrison's supplies were limited, Buchanan authorized a relief expedition of supplies, small arms, and 200 soldiers. The original intent was to send the Navy sloop-of-war USS Brooklyn, but it was discovered that Confederates had sunk some derelict ships to block the shipping channel into Charleston and there was concern that Brooklyn had too deep a draft to negotiate the obstacles. Instead, it seemed prudent to send an unarmed civilian merchant ship, Star of the West, which might be perceived as less provocative to the Confederates. As Star of the West approached the harbor entrance on January 9, 1861, it was fired upon by a battery on Morris Island, which was staffed by cadets from The Citadel, among them William Stewart Simkins, who were the only trained artillerymen in the service of South Carolina at the time. Batteries from Fort Moultrie joined in and Star of the West was forced to withdraw. Major Anderson prepared his guns at Sumter when he heard the Confederate fire, but the secrecy of the operation had kept him unaware that a relief expedition was in progress and he chose not to start a general engagement.[22][23][24][1]

text: In a letter delivered January 31, 1861, Governor Pickens demanded of President Buchanan that he surrender Fort Sumter because, "I regard that possession is not consistent with the dignity or safety of the State of South Carolina."[25]

text: Preparations for war

text: Conditions at the fort were difficult during the winter of 1860–61. Rations were short and fuel for heat was limited. The garrison scrambled to complete the defenses as best they could. Fort Sumter was designed to mount 135 guns, operated by 650 officers and men, but construction had met with numerous delays for decades and budget cuts had left it only about 90 percent finished in early 1861. Anderson's garrison consisted of just 85 men, primarily made up of two small artillery companies: Company E, 1st U.S. Artillery, commanded by Capt. Abner Doubleday, and Company H, commanded by Capt. Truman Seymour. There were six other officers present: Surgeon Samuel W. Crawford, First Lt. Theodore Talbot of Company H, First Lt. Jefferson C. Davis of the 1st U.S. Artillery, and Second Lt. Norman J. Hall of Company H. Capt. John G. Foster and First Lt. George W. Snyder of the Corps of Engineers were responsible for construction of the Charleston forts, but they reported to their headquarters in Washington, not directly to Anderson. The remaining personnel were 68 noncommissioned officers and privates, eight musicians, and 43 noncombatant workmen.[1]

text: By April the Union troops had positioned 60 guns, but they had insufficient men to operate them all. The fort consisted of three levels of enclosed gun positions, or casemates. The second level of casemates was unoccupied. The majority of the guns were on the first level of casemates, on the upper level (the parapet or barbette positions), and on the center parade field. Unfortunately for the defenders, the original mission of the fort—harbor defense—meant that it was designed so that the guns were primarily aimed at the Atlantic, with little capability of protecting from artillery fire from the surrounding land or from infantry conducting an amphibious assault.[26][27][28]

text: In March, Brig. Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard took command of South Carolina forces in Charleston; on March 1, President Jefferson Davis had appointed him the first general officer in the armed forces of the new Confederacy,[29] specifically to take command of the siege. Beauregard made repeated demands that the Union force either surrender or withdraw and took steps to ensure that no supplies from the city were available to the defenders, whose food was running low. He also increased drills amongst the South Carolina militia, training them to operate the guns they manned. Major Anderson had been Beauregard's artillery instructor at West Point; the two had been especially close, and Beauregard had become Anderson's assistant after graduation. Both sides spent March drilling and improving their fortifications to the best of their abilities.[30]

text: Beauregard, a trained military engineer, built-up overwhelming strength to challenge Fort Sumter. Fort Moultrie had three 8-inch Columbiads, two 8-inch howitzers, five 32-pound smoothbores, and four 24-pounders. Outside of Moultrie were five 10-inch mortars, two 32-pounders, two 24-pounders, and a 9-inch Dahlgren smoothbore. The floating battery next to Fort Moultrie had two 42-pounders and two 32-pounders on a raft protected by iron shielding. Fort Johnson on James Island had one 24-pounder and four 10-inch mortars. At Cummings Point on Morris Island, the Confederates had emplaced seven 10-inch mortars, two 42-pounders, an English Blakely rifled cannon, and three 8-inch Columbiads, the latter in the so-called Iron Battery, protected by a wooden shield faced with iron bars. About 6,000 men were available to man the artillery and to assault the fort, if necessary, including the local militia, young boys and older men.[31]

text: Decisions for war

text: On March 4, 1861, Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated as president. He was almost immediately confronted with the surprise information that Major Anderson was reporting that only six weeks of rations remained at Fort Sumter. A crisis similar to the one at Fort Sumter had emerged at Pensacola, Florida, where Confederates threatened another U.S. fortification—Fort Pickens. Lincoln and his new cabinet struggled with the decisions of whether to reinforce the forts, and how. They were also concerned about whether to take actions that might start open hostilities and which side would be perceived as the aggressor as a result. Similar discussions and concerns were occurring in the Confederacy.[32][33]

text: After the formation of the Confederate States of America in early February, there was some debate among the secessionists whether the capture of the fort was rightly a matter for South Carolina or for the newly declared national government in Montgomery, Alabama. South Carolina governor Pickens was among the states' rights advocates who thought that all property in Charleston harbor had reverted to South Carolina upon that state's secession as an independent commonwealth. This debate ran alongside another discussion about how aggressively the installations—including Forts Sumter and Pickens—should be obtained. President Davis, like his counterpart in Washington, preferred that his side not be seen as the aggressor. Both sides believed that the first side to use force would lose precious political support in the border states, whose allegiance was undetermined; before Lincoln's inauguration on March 4, five states had voted against secession, including Virginia, and Lincoln openly offered to evacuate Fort Sumter if it would guarantee Virginia's loyalty.[N 2]

text: The South sent delegations to Washington, D.C., and offered to pay for the Federal properties and enter into a peace treaty with the United States. Lincoln rejected any negotiations with the Confederate agents because he did not consider the Confederacy a legitimate nation and making any treaty with it would be tantamount to recognition of it as a sovereign government. However, Secretary of State William H. Seward, who wished to give up Sumter for political reasons—as a gesture of good will—engaged in unauthorized and indirect negotiations that failed.[35]

text: On April 4, as the supply situation on Sumter became critical, President Lincoln ordered a relief expedition, to be commanded by former naval captain (and future Assistant Secretary of the Navy) Gustavus V. Fox, who had proposed a plan for nighttime landings of smaller vessels than the Star of the West. Fox's orders were to land at Sumter with supplies only, and if he was opposed by the Confederates, to respond with the U.S. Navy vessels following and to then land both supplies and men. This time, Maj. Anderson was informed of the impending expedition, although the arrival date was not revealed to him. On April 6, Lincoln notified Governor Pickens that "an attempt will be made to supply Fort Sumter with provisions only, and that if such attempt be not resisted, no effort to throw in men, arms, or ammunition will be made without further notice, [except] in case of an attack on the fort."[36][37][38][39][1]

text: Lincoln's notification had been made to the governor of South Carolina, not the new Confederate government, which Lincoln did not recognize. Pickens consulted with Beauregard, the local Confederate commander. Soon President Davis ordered Beauregard to repeat the demand for Sumter's surrender, and if it did not, to reduce the fort before the relief expedition arrived. The Confederate cabinet, meeting in Montgomery, endorsed Davis's order on April 9. Only Secretary of State Robert Toombs opposed this decision: he reportedly told Jefferson Davis the attack "will lose us every friend at the North. You will only strike a hornet's nest. ... Legions now quiet will swarm out and sting us to death. It is unnecessary. It puts us in the wrong. It is fatal."[40]

text: Beauregard dispatched aides—Col. James Chesnut, Col. James A. Chisholm, and Capt. Stephen D. Lee—to Fort Sumter on April 11 to issue the ultimatum. Anderson refused, although he reportedly commented, "I shall await the first shot, and if you do not batter us to pieces, we shall be starved out in a few days." The aides returned to Charleston and reported this comment to Beauregard. At 1 a.m. on April 12, the aides brought Anderson a message from Beauregard: "If you will state the time which you will evacuate Fort Sumter, and agree in the meantime that you will not use your guns against us unless ours shall be employed against Fort Sumter, we will abstain from opening fire upon you." After consulting with his senior officers, Maj. Anderson replied that he would evacuate Sumter by noon, April 15, unless he received new orders from his government or additional supplies. Col. Chesnut considered this reply to be too conditional and wrote a reply, which he handed to Anderson at 3:20 a.m.: "Sir: by authority of Brigadier General Beauregard, commanding the Provisional Forces of the Confederate States, we have the honor to notify you that he will open fire of his batteries on Fort Sumter in one hour from this time." Anderson escorted the officers back to their boat, shook hands with each one, and said "If we never meet in this world again, God grant that we may meet in the next."[41][42][43][44]

text: Bombardment

text: At 4:30 a.m. on April 12, 1861, Lt. Henry S. Farley, acting upon the command of Capt. George S. James,[45][46] fired a single 10-inch mortar round from Fort Johnson. (James had offered the first shot to Roger Pryor, a noted Virginia secessionist, who declined, saying, "I could not fire the first gun of the war.") The shell exploded over Fort Sumter as a signal to open the general bombardment from 43 guns and mortars at Fort Moultrie, Fort Johnson, the floating battery, and Cummings Point. Under orders from Beauregard, the guns fired in a counterclockwise sequence around the harbor, with 2 minutes between each shot; Beauregard wanted to conserve ammunition, which he calculated would last for only 48 hours. Edmund Ruffin, another noted Virginia secessionist, had traveled to Charleston to be present for the beginning of the war, and fired one of the first shots at Sumter after the signal round, a 64-pound shell from the Iron Battery at Cummings Point. The shelling of Fort Sumter from the batteries ringing the harbor awakened Charleston's residents (including diarist Mary Chesnut), who rushed out into the predawn darkness to watch the shells arc over the water and burst inside the fort.[47][N 3]

text: Major Anderson held his fire, awaiting daylight. His troops reported for a call at 6 a.m. and then had breakfast. At 7 a.m., Capt. Abner Doubleday fired a shot at the Ironclad Battery at Cummings Point. He missed. Given the available manpower, Anderson could not take advantage of all of his 60 guns. He deliberately avoided using guns that were situated in the fort where casualties were most likely. The fort's best cannons were mounted on the uppermost of its three tiers—the barbette tier—where his troops were most exposed to incoming fire from overhead. The fort had been designed to withstand a naval assault, and naval warships of the time did not mount guns capable of elevating to shoot over the walls of the fort. However, the land-based cannons manned by the Confederates were capable of high-arcing ballistic trajectories and could therefore fire at parts of the fort that would have been out of naval guns' reach. Fort Sumter's garrison could only safely fire the 21 working guns on the lowest level, which themselves, because of the limited elevation allowed by their embrasures, were largely incapable of delivering fire with trajectories high enough to seriously threaten Fort Moultrie. Moreover, although the Federals had moved as many of their supplies to Fort Sumter as they could manage, the fort was quite low on ammunition, and was nearly out at the end of the 34-hour bombardment. A more immediate problem was the scarcity of cloth gunpowder cartridges or bags; only 700 were available at the beginning of the battle and workmen sewed frantically to create more, in some cases using socks from Anderson's personal wardrobe. Because of the shortages, Anderson reduced his firing to only six guns: two aimed at Cummings Point, two at Fort Moultrie, and two at the Sullivan's Island batteries.[49][50]

text: Ships from Fox's relief expedition began to arrive on April 12. Although Fox himself arrived at 3 a.m. on his steamer Baltic, most of the rest of his fleet was delayed until 6 p.m., and one of the two warships, USS Powhatan, never did arrive. Unbeknownst to Fox, it had been ordered to the relief of Fort Pickens in Florida. As landing craft were sent toward the fort with supplies, the artillery fire deterred them and they pulled back. Fox decided to wait until after dark and for the arrival of his warships. The next day, heavy seas made it difficult to load the small boats with men and supplies and Fox was left with the hope that Anderson and his men could hold out until dark on April 13.[51]

text: Although Sumter was a masonry fort, there were wooden buildings inside for barracks and officer quarters. The Confederates targeted these with Heated shot (cannonballs heated red hot in a furnace), starting fires that could prove more dangerous to the men than explosive artillery shells. At 7 p.m. on April 12, a rain shower extinguished the flames and at the same time the Union gunners stopped firing for the night. They slept fitfully, concerned about a potential infantry assault against the fort. During the darkness, the Confederates reduced their fire to four shots each hour. The following morning, the full bombardment resumed and the Confederates continued firing hot shot against the wooden buildings. By noon most of the wooden buildings in the fort and the main gate were on fire. The flames moved toward the main ammunition magazine, where 300 barrels of gunpowder were stored. The Union soldiers frantically tried to move the barrels to safety, but two-thirds were left when Anderson judged it was too dangerous and ordered the magazine doors closed. He ordered the remaining barrels thrown into the sea, but the tide kept floating them back together into groups, some of which were ignited by incoming artillery rounds. He also ordered his crews to redouble their efforts at firing, but the Confederates did the same, firing the hot shots almost exclusively. Many of the Confederate soldiers admired the courage and determination of the Yankees. When the fort had to pause its firing, the Confederates often cheered and applauded after the firing resumed and they shouted epithets at some of the nearby Union ships for failing to come to the fort's aid.[52][53]

text: Surrender

text:
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Major Anderson's telegram announcing the surrender

text: The fort's central flagpole was knocked down at 1 p.m. on April 13, raising doubts among the Confederates about whether the fort was ready to surrender. Col. Louis Wigfall, a former U.S. senator, had been observing the battle and decided that this indicated the fort had had enough punishment. He commandeered a small boat and proceeded from Morris Island, waving a white handkerchief from his sword, dodging incoming rounds from Sullivan's Island. Meeting with Major Anderson, he said, "You have defended your flag nobly, Sir. You have done all that it is possible to do, and General Beauregard wants to stop this fight. On what terms, Major Anderson, will you evacuate this fort?" Anderson was encouraged that Wigfall had said "evacuate," not "surrender." He was low on ammunition, fires were burning out of control, and his men were hungry and exhausted. Satisfied that they had defended their post with honor, enduring over 3,000 Confederate rounds without losing a man, Anderson agreed to a truce at 2:00 p.m.[54][55]

text: Fort Sumter raised Wigfall's white handkerchief on its flagpole as Wigfall departed in his small boat back to Morris Island, where he was hailed as a hero. The handkerchief was spotted in Charleston and a delegation of officers representing Beauregard—Stephen D. Lee, Porcher Miles, a former mayor of Charleston, and Roger Pryor—sailed to Sumter, unaware of Wigfall's visit. Anderson was outraged when these officers disavowed Wigfall's authority, telling him that the former senator had not spoken with Beauregard for two days, and he threatened to resume firing. Meanwhile, General Beauregard himself had finally seen the handkerchief and sent a second set of officers, offering essentially the same terms that Wigfall had presented, so the agreement was reinstated.[54][56][57]

text: The Union garrison formally surrendered the fort to Confederate personnel at 2:30 p.m., April 13. No one from either side was killed during the bombardment. During the 100-gun salute to the U.S. flag—Anderson's one condition for withdrawal—a pile of cartridges blew up from a spark, mortally wounding privates Daniel Hough and Edward Galloway, and seriously wounding the other four members of the gun crew; these were the first military fatalities of the war. The salute was stopped at fifty shots. Hough was buried in the Fort Sumter parade ground within two hours after the explosion. Galloway and Private George Fielding were sent to the hospital in Charleston, where Galloway died a few days later; Fielding was released after six weeks.[58][59] The other wounded men and the remaining Union troops were placed aboard a Confederate steamer, the Isabel, where they spent the night and were transported the next morning to Fox's relief ship Baltic, resting outside the harbor bar.[60]

text: Anderson carried the Fort Sumter Flag with him North, where it became a widely known symbol of the battle, and rallying point for supporters of the Union.[61] This inspired Frederic Edwin Church to paint Our Banner in the Sky, described as a "symbolic landscape embodying the stars and stripes." A chromolithograph was then created and sold to benefit the families of Union soldiers.[62]

text: Aftermath

text: The bombardment of Fort Sumter was the first military action of the American Civil War. Following the surrender, Northerners rallied behind Lincoln's call for all states to send troops to recapture the forts and preserve the Union. With the scale of the rebellion apparently small so far, Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers for 90 days.[63] Some Northern states filled their quotas quickly. There were so many volunteers in Ohio that within 16 days they could have met the full call for 75,000 men by themselves.[64] Other governors from border states were undiplomatic in their responses. For example, Gov. Claiborne Jackson wrote, "Not one man will the state of Missouri furnish to carry on any such unholy crusade", and Gov. Beriah Magoffin wrote, "Kentucky will furnish no troops for the wicked purpose of subduing her sister Southern states."[65] The governors of other states still in the Union were equally unsupportive. The call for 75,000 troops triggered four additional slave states to declare their secession from the Union and join the Confederacy.[66] The ensuing war lasted four years, effectively ending in April 1865 with the surrender of General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia at Appomatox Courthouse.[67]

text: Charleston Harbor was completely in Confederate hands for almost the entire four-year duration of the war, leaving a hole in the Union naval blockade. Union forces conducted major operations in 1862 and 1863 to capture Charleston, first overland on James Island (the Battle of Secessionville, June 1862), then by naval assault against Fort Sumter (the First Battle of Charleston Harbor, April 1863), then by seizing the Confederate artillery positions on Morris Island (beginning with the Second Battle of Fort Wagner, July 1863, and followed by a siege until September). After pounding Sumter to rubble with artillery fire, a final amphibious operation attempted to occupy it (the Second Battle of Fort Sumter, September 1863), but was repulsed and no further attempts were made. The Confederates evacuated Fort Sumter and Charleston in February 1865 as Union Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman outflanked the city in the Carolinas Campaign. On April 14, 1865, four years to the day after lowering the Fort Sumter Flag in surrender, Robert Anderson (by then a major general, although ill and in retired status) returned to the ruined fort to raise the flag he had lowered in 1861.[68]

text: Two of the cannons used at Fort Sumter were later presented to Louisiana State University by General William Tecumseh Sherman, who was president of the university before the war began.[69]

text: Tributes

text: The U.S. Post Office Department released the Fort Sumter Centennial issue as the first in the series of five stamps marking the Civil War Centennial on April 12, 1961, at the Charleston post office.[70]

text: The stamp was designed by Charles R. Chickering. It illustrates a seacoast gun from Fort Sumter aimed by an officer in a typical uniform of the time. The background features palmetto leaves akin to bursting shells. The state tree of South Carolina, the palmettos suggest the geopolitical area opening Civil War hostilities.[71]

text: This stamp was produced by an engraving and printed by the rotary process in panes of fifty stamps each. The Postal Department authorized an initial printing of 120 million stamps.[71]

text: Footnotes


document_title: Skidamarink

question_text: skinny ma rink a dink a dink show

question_tokens: skinny ma rink a dink a dink show

root

text: Skidamarink

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
The song began appearing on many song collections for children's shows in the 1980s.[citation needed] One version appeared on the Australian show Bananas in Pyjamas.
Children can be heard singing the song in the background of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof[10]
It appeared in a 2015 advertisement for Bose music systems.[11]
"Skidamarink" appears in an advertisement for the Chevrolet Cruze in the United States.[12]
Otto Brandenburg's Danish Christmas song Søren Banjomus is based on "Skidamarink", with accompanying "danglified" versions of the gibberish.[citation needed]
The song is sung in the 2012 film Ruby Sparks.

tag: ul

text: Lyrics[edit]

text: ORIGINAL 1910 VERSION:

tag: p

text: 1. Down on a Boola Boola Isle,

text: Where the mermaids chant,

text: Reigns big chief Crocodile

text: Beneath an oyster plant.

text: He loved a sea-nymph selfishly,

text: Queen of the Gay White Wave.

text: Each night in his shell he'd go to sea

text: And in tuneful scales he'd rave:

text: CHORUS: Skiddy-mer-rink-a-dink-a-boomp, skiddy-mer-rink-a-doo,

text: Means I love you.

text: Means I'll be true

text: All the time he {sang/sings} this rhyme

text: Means I love you.

text: 2. But when the midnight moon was pale,

text: King Fish Kokomo

text: Came floating over with his tale

text: To say he loved her so;

text: But she was true to Crocodile,

text: Said "Koko-Nut, go 'way;

text: I know, in a very little while

text: You will hear my lover say:"

text: CHORUS

text: LATER 1980s VERSION:

text: Skidamarink a-dink, a-dink,

text: Skidamarink a-doo,

text: I love you. (2x)

text: I love you in the morning,

text: And in the afternoon;

text: I love you in the evening,

text: And underneath the moon.

text: Oh, skidamarink a-dink, a-dink,

text: Skidamarink a-doo,

text: I love you.

text: Another version goes like this:

text: Skinnymarink e-dink e-dink,

text: Skinnymarink e-do,

text: I love you. (x2)

text: I love you in the morning,

text: And I love you in the night,

text: I love you in the evening,

text: When the moon is shining bright

text: Oh, Skinnymarink e-dink e-dink,

text: Skinnymarink e-do,

text: I love you.


document_title: List of spaceflight records

question_text: who has spent the longest amount of time in space

text: List of spaceflight records

text: First independent sub-orbital and orbital human spaceflight by country[edit]

text:
Country
Mission
Crew
Spacecraft
Launch vehicle
Date
Type

 USSR[1]
Vostok 1[1]
Yuri Gagarin[1]
Vostok 3KA[1]
Vostok-K[1]
12 April 1961[1]
Orbital[1]

 USA[2]
Mercury-Redstone 3 (Freedom 7)[2]
Alan Shepard[2]
Mercury Spacecraft No.7[2]
Mercury-Redstone[2]
5 May 1961[2]
Sub-orbital[2]

 USA[3]
Mercury-Atlas 6 (Friendship 7)[3]
John Glenn[3]
Mercury Spacecraft No.13[3]
Atlas LV-3B
20 February 1962[3]
Orbital[3]

 China[4]
Shenzhou 5[4]
Yang Liwei[4]
Shenzhou spacecraft[4]
Long March 2F[4]
15 October 2003[4]
Orbital[4]

tag: table

text: Most spaceflights[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
7 spaceflights

Franklin Chang-Diaz – Costa Rica/USA*[5]
Jerry L. Ross – USA[5]

text:
6 spaceflights

John W. Young[6] – USA
Story Musgrave – USA
Curtis Brown – USA
James Wetherbee – USA
Michael Foale – United Kingdom/USA*
Sergei Krikalev – Russia[7]
Yuri Malenchenko – Russia

text: Note: While Young has made six spaceflights, he was launched into orbit seven times if his moon ascent on Apollo 16 is counted.

text: * Dual citizen.

text: Duration of spaceflight[edit]

text: Most time in space[edit]

text: Gennady Padalka, who has spent 879 days in space over 5 missions, became the man who spent the most time in space when he surpassed, on 28 June 2015, the record of Sergei Krikalev who spent 803 days, 9 hours and 39 minutes, or 2.2 years in space over the span of six spaceflights on Soyuz, the Space Shuttle, Mir, and the International Space Station. Currently, second is Yuri Malenchenko who spent 828 days in space on six spaceflights.[7][8][9][10]

text: Ten longest human space flights[edit]

text:
#
Time in space
Crew
Country
Launch date (Launch craft)
Landing date (Landing craft)
Space station or mission type

1
437.7 days[11][12]
Valery Polyakov[11]
 Russia
1994-01-09 (Soyuz TM-18)
1995-03-22 (Soyuz TM-20)
Mir[11]

2
379.6 days[12]
Sergei Avdeyev[12]
 Russia
1998-08-13 (Soyuz TM-28)
1999-08-28 (Soyuz TM-29)
Mir[12]

3
365.0 days[12]
Vladimir Titov[12]
Musa Manarov[12]
 Soviet Union
1987-12-21 (Soyuz TM-4)
1988-12-21 (Soyuz TM-6)
Mir[12]

4
340.4 days
Mikhail Kornienko
Scott Kelly
 Russia
 United States
2015-03-27 (Soyuz TMA-16M)
2016-03-01 (Soyuz TMA-18M)
International Space Station
ISS year long mission

5
326.5 days[13]
Yury Romanenko[13]
 Soviet Union
1987-02-05 (Soyuz TM-2)
1987-12-29 (Soyuz TM-3)
Mir[13]

6
311.8 days[14]
Sergei Krikalev[14]
 Soviet Union/ Russia
1991-05-18 (Soyuz TM-12)
1992-03-25 (Soyuz TM-13)
Mir[14]

7
289.2 days[15]
Peggy Whitson[15]
 United States
2016-11-17 (Soyuz MS-03)
2017-09-03 (Soyuz MS-04)
International Space Station[15]

8
240.9 days[16]
Valeri Polyakov[16]
 Soviet Union
1988-08-29 (Soyuz TM-6)
1989-04-7 (Soyuz TM-7)
Mir[16]

9
237.0 days[17]
Leonid Kizim[17]
Vladimir Solovyov[17]
Oleg Atkov[17]
 Soviet Union
1984-02-08 (Soyuz T-10)
1984-10-02 (Soyuz T-11)
Salyut 7[17]

10
215.4 days[18]
Mikhail Tyurin[18]
Michael López-Alegría[18]
 Russia
 United States
2006-09-18 (Soyuz TMA-9)
2007-04-21 (Soyuz TMA-9)
International Space Station[18]

text: Longest single flight by a woman[edit]

text: Peggy Whitson, NASA Astronaut, holds the record for the longest single spaceflight by a woman when she surpassed Italian astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti's 199 days, 16 hours during Expedition 52 in 2017. She returned to Earth in September 2017, having spent approximately 290 days in space.[19][20] Third is American astronaut Sunita Williams with 195 days[21][22] on the ISS where she was a member of Expedition 14/Expedition 15 (2006–2007).

text: Longest continuous occupation of space[edit]

text: An international partnership consisting of Russia, the United States, Canada, Japan and the member states of the European Space Agency have jointly maintained a continuous human presence in space since 31 October 2000 when Soyuz TM-31 was launched. Two days later it docked with the International Space Station.[5][23] Since then space has been continuously occupied for 7003618700000000000♠16 years, 343 days.[5]

text: Longest continuous occupation of a spacecraft[edit]

text: The International Space Station has been continuously occupied since 2 November 2000 (7003618500000000000♠16 years, 341 days).[5][23] It broke the record of 9 years 358 days of the Soviet/Russian Space Station Mir on 23 October 2010.[23]

text: Longest solo flight[edit]

text: Valery Bykovsky flew for 4 days and 23 hours solo in Vostok 5, 14–19 June 1963.[24] The flight set a space endurance record which was broken in 1965 by the (non-solo) Gemini 5 flight. The Apollo program included long solo spaceflight, and during the Apollo 16 mission, T.K. Mattingly orbited solo around the Moon for more than 3 days and 9 hours.

text: Longest time on lunar surface[edit]

text: Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt of the Apollo 17 mission stayed for 74 hours 59 minutes 40 seconds (over 3 days) on the lunar surface after they landed on 11 December 1972.[25] They performed three EVAs (extra-vehicular activity) totaling 22 hours 3 minutes, 57 seconds (as commanders were always the first one out of the LM and the last to get back in, Cernan's EVA time was slightly longer).[25]

text: Longest time in lunar orbit[edit]

text: Ronald Evans of Apollo 17 mission stayed in lunar orbit for 6 days and 4 hours (148 hours),[26] however for the solo portion of that flight around the Moon, T.K. Mattingly on Apollo 16 spent 1 hour 38 minutes longer than Evans' solo duration.

text: Animal records[edit]

text: First animals in space[edit]

text: Fruit flies launched by the United States in 1947 aboard a V-2 rocket to an altitude of 68 miles (108 km).[27] Also the first animals to safely return from space.[27]

text: First animal in orbit[edit]

text: Laika was a Soviet female canine launched on 3 November 1957 on Sputnik 2. The technology to deorbit had not yet been developed, so there was no expectation for survival. She died several hours into flight. Belka and Strelka were the first to successfully return to Earth from orbit on 19 August 1960.

text: Longest canine single flight[edit]

text: Veterok (Ветерок, "Light Wind") and Ugolyok (Уголёк, "Ember") were launched on 22 February 1966 on board Cosmos 110 and spent 22 days in orbit before landing on 16 March.

text: First animals beyond low–Earth orbit[edit]

text: An assortment of animals including a pair of Russian tortoises, as well as wine flies and mealworms launched with a number of other biological specimens including seeds and bacteria on a circumlunar mission aboard the Zond 5 spacecraft.[27] It was launched by a Proton-K rocket on 15 September 1968.[27] The capsule came within 2000 km of the moon and returned to Earth, the first spacecraft in history to return safely to Earth from the moon.[27]

text: Speed and altitude[edit]

text: Farthest humans from Earth[edit]

text: Apollo 13 crew; Jim Lovell, Fred Haise, Jack Swigert while passing over the far side of the moon at an altitude of 254 km (158 mi) from the lunar surface, were 400,171 km (248,655 mi) from Earth.[28] This record breaking distance was reached at 0:21 UTC on 15 April 1970.[28]

text: Highest altitude for manned non-lunar mission[edit]

text: Gemini 11 crew Charles Conrad, Jr and Richard F. Gordon, Jr. fired their Agena Target Vehicle rocket engine on 14 September 1966, at 40 hours 30 minutes after liftoff and achieved a record apogee altitude of 739.2 nautical miles (1,369.0 km).[29]

text: Fastest[edit]

text: The Apollo 10 crew; Thomas Stafford, John W. Young and Eugene Cernan achieved the highest speed relative to Earth ever attained by humans; 39,897 km/h (11.082 km/s, 24,791 mph, approximately 32 times the speed of sound and approximately 0.0037 percent of the speed of light).[5] The record was set 26 May 1969.[5]

text: Age records[edit]

text: Earliest-born to reach space (suborbital flight)[edit]

text: Joe Walker born 20 February 1921, on X-15 Flight 90 on 19 July 1963.

text: Earliest-born to go into space (orbital flight)[edit]

text:
Man – Georgy Beregovoy born 15 April 1921, on Soyuz 3 on 26 October 1968.
Woman – Valentina Tereshkova born 6 March 1937, on Vostok 6 on 16–19 June 1963.

text: Youngest (age during space flight)[edit]

text:
Man – Gherman Titov, aged 25 years, on Vostok 2 on 6 August 1961.[5]
Woman – Valentina Tereshkova, aged 26 years on Vostok 6 on 16–19 June 1963.

text: Oldest (age during space flight)[edit]

text:
Man – John Glenn at age 77, 29 October 1998 on STS-95.[5]
Woman – Peggy Whitson at age 56, 17 November 2016 on Soyuz MS-03. Turned 57 while in space.[30]

text: Spacewalks[edit]

text: Most spacewalks[edit]

text:
Man – Anatoly Solovyev, 16 spacewalks for total of 77 hours, 41 minutes (which is also the duration record).[5]
Woman – Peggy Whitson, 10 spacewalks for a total time of 60 hours, 21 minutes.[31][32][33]

text: Most spacewalks during a single mission[edit]

text:
7: Anatoly Solovyev, during the 24th Expedition on the Soviet/Russian space station Mir, in 1997–98.

Two were internal "spacewalks" inside a depressurized module.

6: Leonid Kizim and Vladimir Solovyov, the third crew on the Soviet space station Salyut 7.

text: Human spaceflight firsts[edit]

text:
First
Person(s)
Mission
Country
Date

Person to reach space
Person in orbit

Yuri Gagarin
Vostok 1[34]
 USSR
12 April 1961

Person to make suborbital flight
Person to (land) in a spacecraft after spaceflight
thus achieving the first complete human spaceflight by FAI definitions
Person to pilot a craft in space
Alan Shepard
Freedom 7
 USA
5 May 1961

Person in space for over 24 hours
Multiple orbits during a spaceflight
Gherman Titov
Vostok 2
 USSR
6 August 1961 –
7 August 1961

Person to land (splashdown)
in a spacecraft after orbital flight
John Glenn
Friendship 7
 USA
20 February 1962

Group flight
Adjacent orbits
Spacecraft-to-spacecraft communications
Andrian Nikolayev
Pavel Popovich
Vostok 3
Vostok 4
 USSR
12 August 1962 –
15 August 1962

Woman in space
Civilian in space
Valentina Tereshkova
Vostok 6
 USSR
16 June 1963 –
19 June 1963

Spaceflight (suborbital) by winged spacecraft
Joe Walker
X-15 Flight 90
 USA
19 July 1963

Person to enter space twice (suborbital flights above 100 km)
Joe Walker
X-15 Flights
90 and 91
 USA
22 August 1963

Three-person spaceflight, single spacecraft
Persons to land in a spacecraft on hard ground
Manned flight without pressurized spacesuits
Vladimir Komarov
Konstantin Feoktistov
Boris Yegorov
Voskhod 1[34]
 USSR
12 October 1964 –
13 October 1964

Spacewalk

Alexey Leonov
Voskhod 2[34]
 USSR
18 March 1965

Orbital maneuvers (change orbit)
Gus Grissom, John W. Young
Gemini 3[34]
 USA
23 March 1965

Person to fly two orbital spaceflights
Gordon Cooper
Faith 7
Gemini 5
 USA
15 May 1963 –
16 May 1963;
21 August 1965 –
29 August 1965

Persons to spend one week in space
Gordon Cooper
Pete Conrad
Gemini 5
 USA
21 August 1965 –
29 August 1965

Space rendezvous
(orbital maneuver and station-keeping)
Four people in space
Frank Borman, Jim Lovell
Walter Schirra, Thomas Stafford
Gemini 7
Gemini 6A[34]
 USA
15 December 1965 –
16 December 1965

Space docking

Neil Armstrong
David Scott
Gemini 8 and Agena[34]
 USA
16 March 1966

Multiple rendezvous
John W. Young
Michael Collins
Gemini 10 with Agena 10 and Agena 8
 USA
19 July 1966;
20 July 1966

Spaceflight fatality (during landing)
Vladimir Komarov
Soyuz 1
 USSR
23 April 1967 –
24 April 1967

Person to complete three spaceflights
Walter Schirra
Apollo 7
(previous flights Mercury-Atlas 8, Gemini 6A)
 USA
22 October 1968

Persons to leave Low Earth orbit (LEO)
Persons to escape Earth's influence
Persons to enter lunar orbit

Frank Borman
Jim Lovell
Bill Anders
Apollo 8
 USA
24 December 1968 –
25 December 1968

Space docking of two manned spacecraft
Dual spacewalk
Сrew transfer (Khrunov, Yeliseyev)
Vladimir Shatalov
Boris Volynov
Aleksei Yeliseyev
Yevgeny Khrunov
Soyuz 4
Soyuz 5
 USSR
16 January 1969

Solo flight around the Moon
John Young
Apollo 10
 USA
22 May 1969

Moon landing/
planetary surface EVA

Neil Armstrong
Buzz Aldrin
Apollo 11
 USA
20 July 1969

Time five people are in space
Georgi Shonin, Valeri Kubasov
Anatoly Filipchenko, Vladislav Volkov, Viktor Gorbatko
Soyuz 6
Soyuz 7
 USSR
12 October 1969 –
13 October 1969

Triple spaceflight
Seven-people in space
Shonin, Kubasov
Filipchenko, Volkov, Gorbatko
Vladimir Shatalov, Aleksei Yeliseyev
Soyuz 6
Soyuz 7
Soyuz 8
 USSR
13 October 1969 –
16 October 1969

Person to complete four spaceflights
James A. Lovell
Apollo 13
(previous flights Gemini 7, Gemini 12, Apollo 8)
 USA
17 April 1970

Person to fly two lunar flights
Person to complete two flights beyond low–Earth orbit
James A. Lovell
Apollo 13
(previous flight Apollo 8)
 USA
11 April 1970 –
17 April 1970

People to spend two weeks in space
Night launch
Andrian Nikolayev
Vitali Sevastyanov
Soyuz 9
 USSR
1 June 1970 –
19 June 1970

People to EVA out of
sight of their spacecraft
Alan Shepard
Edgar Mitchell
Apollo 14
 USA
6 February 1971

Docking with space station
Night landing
Vladimir Shatalov
Aleksei Yeliseyev
Nikolai Rukavishnikov
Soyuz 10
docked with Salyut 1 (soft dock)
 USSR
22 April 1971 –
24 April 1971

Manned space station

Georgi Dobrovolski
Viktor Patsayev
Vladislav Volkov
Soyuz 11
docked with Salyut 1
 USSR
7 June 1971 –
29 June 1971

In-space fatalities
Georgi Dobrovolski
Viktor Patsayev
Vladislav Volkov
Soyuz 11
 USSR
29 June 1971

People to travel in a wheeled vehicle on a planetary body other than Earth.
Dave Scott
Jim Irwin
Apollo 15
 USA
31 July 1971–
2 August 1971

EVA in outer space outside Low Earth orbit (trans-Earth trajectory)
Al Worden
Apollo 15
 USA
5 August 1971

Person twice in lunar orbit
(during separate lunar expeditions)
John W. Young
Apollo 16 (previous flight Apollo 10)
 USA
16 April 1972 –
27 April 1972

People in orbit for four weeks
Pete Conrad
Joseph Kerwin
Paul Weitz
Skylab 2
 USA
25 May 1973 –
22 June 1973

People in orbit for eight weeks
Alan Bean
Jack Lousma
Owen Garriott
Skylab 3
 USA
28 July 1973 –
25 September 1973

People in orbit for 12 weeks
Gerald Carr
William Pogue
Edward Gibson
Skylab 4
 USA
16 November 1973 –
8 February 1974

Spaceflight aborted during liftoff
(at 145 kilometers (90 mi) altitude)
Re-entry (emergency) with 20g acceleration
Vasily Lazarev, Oleg Makarov
Soyuz 18a
 USSR
5 April 1975

Crew to visit occupied space station
Vladimir Dzhanibekov, Oleg Makarov
Soyuz 27 visits Salyut 6 EO-1 crew
 USSR
10 January 1978 –
16 January 1978

People in orbit 19 weeks
(4 months)
Vladimir Kovalyonok, Aleksandr Ivanchenkov
Salyut 6 EO-2, Soyuz 29-Soyuz 31
 USSR
15 June 1978 –
2 November 1978

People in orbit 26 weeks
(6 months)
Leonid Popov, Valery Ryumin
Salyut 6 EO-4, Soyuz 35-Soyuz 37
 USSR
9 April 1980 –
11 October 1980

Spaceflight (orbital) by winged spacecraft
John W. Young
Robert L. Crippen
STS-1
 USA
12 April 1981

Person to fly four different types of spacecraft
John W. Young
STS-1 (previous flights in Gemini, Apollo, and Lunar Module)
 USA
12 April 1981

Person to complete five spaceflights
John W. Young
STS-1
(previous flights Gemini 3, Gemini 10, Apollo 10, Apollo 16)
 USA
14 April 1981

Four-person spaceflight,
single spacecraft
Vance Brand, Robert F. Overmyer
Joseph P. Allen, William B. Lenoir
STS-5
 USA
11 November 1982 –
16 November 1982

Five-person spaceflight,
single spacecraft
Robert L. Crippen, Frederick H. Hauck
John M. Fabian, Sally K. Ride, Norman E. Thagard
STS-7
 USA
18 June 1983 –
24 June 1983

Six-person spaceflight,
single spacecraft
John W. Young, Brewster H. Shaw, Owen K. Garriott, Robert A. Parker, Byron K. Lichtenberg – USA
Ulf Merbold – Germany (European Space Agency)
STS-9
 USA
 West Germany
28 November 1983 –
8 December 1983

Person to complete six spaceflights
John W. Young
STS-9
(previous flights Gemini 3, Gemini 10, Apollo 10, Apollo 16, STS-1)
 USA
8 December 1983

Untethered spacewalk

Bruce McCandless II
STS-41-B
 USA
7 February 1984

Time eight people in space, no docking
Oleg Atkov, Leonid Kizim, Vladimir Solovyov – USSR
Vance D. Brand, Robert L. Gibson, Bruce McCandless II, Ronald McNair, Robert L. Stewart – USA
Salyut 7 EO-3, Soyuz T-10, STS-41-B
 USSR
 USA
8 February 1984 –
11 February 1984

Time 11 people in space, no docking
Oleg Atkov, Leonid D. Kizim, Yury Malyshev, Vladimir Solovyov, Gennady Strekalov – USSR
Robert L. Crippen, Terry J. Hart, George Nelson, Francis Scobee, James van Hoften – USA
Rakesh Sharma – India
STS-41-C, Salyut 7 EO-3, Soyuz T-10-Soyuz T-11
 USSR
 USA
 India
6 April 1984 –
11 April 1984

People to complete four spacewalks during the same mission
Leonid Kizim, Vladimir Solovyov
Salyut 7
 USSR
26 April –
18 May 1984

Spacewalk by woman
Svetlana Savitskaya
Soyuz T-12
 USSR
25 July 1984

People in orbit 33 weeks
(7 months)
Leonid Kizim, Vladimir Solovyov, Oleg Atkov
Salyut 7 EO-3, Soyuz T-10-Soyuz T-11
 USSR
8 February 1984 –
2 October 1984

Seven person spaceflight, single spacecraft

Robert L. Crippen, Jon A. McBride, Kathryn D. Sullivan, Sally K. Ride, David C. Leestma, Paul D. Scully-Power – USA
Marc Garneau – Canada
STS-41-G
 USA
 Canada
5 October 1984 –
13 October 1984

Time two women in space
Kathryn D. Sullivan, Sally K. Ride
STS-41-G
 USA
5 October 1984 –
13 October 1984

Partial crew exchange at a space station
Alexander Volkov, Vladimir Vasyutin replace Vladimir Dzhanibekov
Soyuz T-14, Salyut 7
 USSR
17 September 1985 –
26 September 1985

Eight person spaceflight, single spacecraft

Henry W. Hartsfield, Steven R. Nagel, Bonnie J. Dunbar, James F. Buchli, Guion S. Bluford – USA
Reinhard Furrer, Ernst Messerschmid – West Germany
Wubbo Ockels – Netherlands (European Space Agency)
STS-61-A
 USA
 West Germany
 Netherlands
30 October 1985 –
6 November 1985

Fatalities during launch
Francis "Dick" Scobee
Michael J. Smith
Ellison Onizuka
Judith Resnik
Ronald McNair
Sharon Christa McAuliffe
Gregory Jarvis
STS-51-L
 USA
28 January 1986

Space station to space station flight/
Space station to space station return flight/
Expedition on two space stations
Leonid Kizim
Vladimir Solovyov
Soyuz T-15 from Mir to Salyut 7 back to Mir[17]
 USSR
15 March 1986 –
16 July 1986

Complete crew exchange at a space station
Vladimir Titov, Musa Manarov replace Yuri Romanenko, Alexander Alexandrov
Soyuz TM-4-Soyuz TM-2, Soyuz TM-3, at Mir
 USSR
21 December 1987 –
29 December 1987

People in orbit 52 weeks
(one year)
Vladimir Titov, Musa Manarov
Mir EO-3, Soyuz TM-4-Soyuz TM-6
 USSR
21 December 1987 –
21 December 1988

Time 12 people in space; no docking
Shuttle: Vance Brand, Samuel Durrance, Guy S. Gardner, Jeffrey A. Hoffman, John M. Lounge, Ronald Parise, Robert A. Parker – USA
Mir: Gennady Manakov, Gennady Strekalov – Russia
Soyuz and Soyuz/Mir:
Musa Manarov, Viktor Afanasyev – Russia
Toyohiro Akiyama – Japan

STS-35, Mir EO-7, Soyuz TM-10-Soyuz TM-11
 USSR
 USA
 Japan
2 December 1990 –
10 December 1990

Time three women in space
Millie Hughes-Fulford, Tamara E. Jernigan, M. Rhea Seddon
STS-40
 USA
5 June 1991 –
14 June 1991

Three-person spacewalk

Pierre J. Thuot, Richard J. Hieb
Thomas D. Akers
STS-49
 USA
13 May 1992

Time 13 people in space; no docking
Shuttle: Steve Oswald, William Gregory, John Grunsfeld, Wendy Lawrence, Tammy Jernigan, Sam Durrance, Ron Parise – USA
Mir: Aleksandr Viktorenko, Yelena Kondakova, Valeriy Polyakov – Russia
Soyuz/Mir:
Vladimir Dezhurov, Gennady Strekalov – Russia
Norman E. Thagard – USA

STS-67, Mir, Soyuz TM-20, Soyuz TM-21
 USA
 Russia
14 March 1995 –
18 March 1995

Time ten people in one spacecraft; docking

Robert L. Gibson, Charles J. Precourt, Ellen S. Baker, Bonnie J. Dunbar, Gregory J. Harbaugh Norman E. Thagard – USA
Anatoly Solovyev, Nikolai Budarin, Vladimir Dezhurov, Gennady Strekalov – Russia
STS-71, Mir, Soyuz TM-21
 USA
 Russia
29 June 1995 –
4 July 1995

Space tourist
Dennis Tito
Soyuz TM-32/31, ISS EP-1
 USA
 Russia
April 28, 2001 –
May 6, 2001

Person to complete seven trips to space
Jerry L. Ross
STS-110
(previous flights STS-61B, STS-27, STS-37, STS-55, STS-74, STS-88)
 USA
19 April 2002

Citizen of an independent African country in space
Mark Shuttleworth
Soyuz TM-34
 South Africa
25 April 2002 -
5 May 2002

Privately funded human space flight (suborbital)

Mike Melvill
SpaceShipOne flight 15P
 USA
21 June 2004

Time 13 people in one spacecraft; docking[5]

Michael Barratt, Mark L. Polansky, Douglas G. Hurley, Christopher J. Cassidy, Thomas H. Marshburn, David Wolf, Timothy Kopra – USA
Gennady Padalka, Roman Romanenko – Russia
Robert Thirsk, Julie Payette – Canada
Frank De Winne – Belgium (European Space Agency)
Koichi Wakata – Japan
ISS, Soyuz TMA-14, Soyuz TMA-15, STS-127
 USA
 Russia
 Canada
 Belgium
 Japan
17 July 2009

Four women in space at once

Shuttle: Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger, Stephanie Wilson – USA
Naoko Yamazaki – Japan
ISS: Tracy Caldwell Dyson – USA
STS-131
ISS Expedition 23
 USA
 Japan
5 April 2010 –
20 April 2010

text: Total time in space[edit]

text: This section's factual accuracy is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on Talk:List of spaceflight records. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The following is a list of the 50 space travelers with the most total time in space, as of 3 September 2017.[35] Travelers currently in space are ranked by total time in space of their completed missions only.

text: Color-key:

text:
Currently in space
  Active
  Retired
  Deceased

text:
Rank
Person
Days
Flights
Status
Nationality

1
Gennady Padalka
878.480
5
Retired
 Russia

2
Yuri Malenchenko
827.389
6
Retired
 Russia

3
Sergei Krikalev
803.371
6
Retired
 Soviet Union /  Russia

4
Alexandr Kaleri
769.276
5
Active
 Russia

5
Sergei Avdeyev
747.593
3
Retired
 Soviet Union /  Russia

6
Valeriy Polyakov
678.690
2
Retired
 Soviet Union /  Russia

7
Fyodor Yurchikhin
672.860
5
Active
 Russia

8
Peggy A. Whitson
665.932
3
Active
 United States

9
Anatoly Solovyev
651.117
5
Retired
 Soviet Union /  Russia

10
Viktor Afanasyev
555.772
4
Retired
 Soviet Union /  Russia

11
Yury Usachev
552.773
4
Retired
 Russia

12
Sergey Volkov
547.931
3
Retired
 Russia

13
Pavel Vinogradov
546.939
3
Active
 Russia

14
Musa Manarov
541.021
2
Retired
 Soviet Union ( Azerbaijan)

15
Jeffrey Williams
534.116
4
Active
 United States

16
Oleg Kononenko
533.000
3
Active
 Russia

17
Mikhail Tyurin
532.118
3
Active
 Russia

18
Oleg Kotov
526.211
3
Retired
 Russia

19
Scott Kelly
520.440
4
Retired[36]
 United States

20
Mikhail Borisovich Korniyenko
516.417
2
Active
 Russia

21
Alexander Viktorenko
489.066
4
Retired
 Soviet Union /  Russia

22
Nikolai Budarin
444.060
3
Retired
 Russia

23
Yuri Romanenko
430.765
3
Retired
 Soviet Union

24
Alexander Volkov
391.495
3
Retired
 Soviet Union /  Russia

25
Yuri I. Onufrienko
389.282
2
Retired
 Russia

26
Vladimir G. Titov
387.036
4
Retired
 Soviet Union /  Russia

27
Vasili Tsibliyev
381.662
2
Retired
 Russia

28
Valery G. Korzun
381.653
2
Retired
 Russia

29
Michael Fincke
381.633
3
Active
 United States

30
Leonid Kizim
374.749
3
Deceased
 Soviet Union

31
Michael Foale
373.763
6
Retired
 United States /  United Kingdom[37]

32
Aleksandr Serebrov
372.954
4
Deceased
 Soviet Union /  Russia

33
Valeri Ryumin
371.725
4
Retired
 Soviet Union /  Russia

34
Donald Pettit
369.696
3
Active
 United States

35
Anton Shkaplerov
365.001
2
Active
 Russia

36
Vladimir Solovyov
361.952
2
Retired
 Soviet Union

37
Thomas Reiter
350.239
2
Retired
 Germany

38
Koichi Wakata
347.356
4
Active
 Japan

39
Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Skvortsov
345.267
2
Active
 Russia

40
Talgat Musabayev
341.408
3
Retired
 Russia

41
Oleg Novitskiy
340.419
2
Active
 Russia

42
Andrei Borisenko
337.377
2
Active
 Russia

43
Maksim Surayev
334.508
2
Retired
 Russia

44
Roman Romanenko
333.459
2
Retired
 Russia

45
Vladimir Lyakhov
333.324
3
Retired
 Soviet Union

46
Oleg Skripochka
331.521
2
Active
 Russia

47
Aleksandr Samokutyayev
331.474
2
Retired
 Russia

48
Yuri P. Gidzenko
329.950
3
Retired
 Russia

49
Sunita Williams
321.719
2
Active
 United States

50
Gennadi Manakov
309.889
2
Retired
 Soviet Union /  Russia

text: Total human spaceflight time by country[edit]

text:
Total Human Spaceflight statistics by nation [38] [39]

Nation
Total persons
Total person flights
Total in orbit (@ update)*
Total person days*+
 % of Total person days

TOTAL
551
1247
5
50598.19
-
1

 Russia
 Soviet Union
122
266
2
26792.01

0.529505372761598

 United States
338
847
2
19080.73

0.377102942506251

  ESA[show]
 Austria
 Belgium
 Czech Republic
 Denmark
 Finland
 France
 Germany
 Greece
 Ireland
 Italy
 Luxembourg
 Netherlands
 Norway
 Portugal
 Spain
 Sweden
  Switzerland
 United Kingdom

39
63
1
2686.56

0.0530959984816651

 Japan
11
19
-
1186.54

0.0234502091154199

 Italy
7
12
1
680.73

0.0134535662429183

 Germany
11
15
-
658.97

0.0130236042252854

 France
10
18
-
628.92

0.0124297918406419

 Canada
9
17
-
506.14

0.0100031982413513

 Netherlands
2
3
-
210.69

0.00416398822693451

 Belgium
2
3
-
207.65

0.00410399761228844

 United Kingdom
2
2
-
193.81

0.0038303410427556

 China
11
14
-
165.35

0.00326794447072354

  Switzerland
1
4
-
42.50

0.000839992127244023

 Sweden
1
2
-
26.73

0.000528359343864078

 Spain
1
2
-
18.78

0.000371197932673919

 Israel
1
1
-
15.93

0.00031484436055386

 Ukraine
1
1
-
15.69

0.000310095618236875

 Bulgaria
2
2
-
11.80

0.000233182462328251

 South Korea
1
1
-
10.88

0.000215107047208398

 Malaysia
1
1
-
10.88

0.000215107047208398

 South Africa
1
1
-
9.89

0.000195508191634252

 Brazil
1
1
-
9.89

0.000195398394124032

 Denmark
1
1
-
9.84

0.000194533738731055

 Kazakhstan
1
1
-
9.84

0.000194533738731055

 Afghanistan
1
1
-
8.85

0.000174934883156909

 Syria
1
1
-
7.96

0.000157339832144265

 Czechoslovakia
1
1
-
7.93

0.00015668104708295

 Austria
1
1
-
7.93

0.00015662614832784

 Poland
1
1
-
7.92

0.000156488901440066

 Slovakia
1
1
-
7.91

0.000156406553307401

 India
1
1
-
7.90

0.000156186958286963

 Hungary
1
1
-
7.86

0.000155432100404205

 Cuba
1
1
-
7.86

0.00015540465102665

 Vietnam
1
1
-
7.86

0.000155390926337873

 Mongolia
1
1
-
7.86

0.000155390926337873

 Romania
1
1
-
7.86

0.000155377201649095

 Saudi Arabia
1
1
-
7.07

0.000139689882376512

 Mexico
1
1
-
6.88

0.000135929317651501

Astronauts currently in space:
 Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Misurkin
 Paolo Angelo Nespoli
 Randolph James "Randy" Bresnik
 Mark Thomas Misurkin
 Sergei Nikolayevich Ryazansky
 Joseph Michael Acaba
Crew Vehicles currently in space:
Soyuz MS-06
Soyuz MS-05

Table data accurate as of 2017-09-20 03:57 UTC

* includes those in orbit at time table was updated
+TOTAL person days in orbit will not match the sum of the totals for individual nations as some individuals are dual citizens (based solely on those identified as such by spacefacts.de - see table references).

text: Notable unmanned spaceflights[edit]

text:
In reference to:
Spacecraft
Event
Origin
Date

Earth
MW 18014 (A-4(V-2))
First rocket to reach space (suborbital flight).
 Germany
20 June 1944

Earth
V-2 No. 20
First living organisms (fruit flies) in space (suborbital flight) successfully recovered.
 USA
20 February 1947

Earth
R-1V[40]
First mammals (dogs) in space (suborbital flight) successfully recovered.
 USSR
22 July 1951

Earth
Sputnik 1
First satellite in orbit.[34]
 USSR
4 October 1957

Earth
Sputnik 2
First animal in orbit, Laika the dog.
 USSR
3 November 1957

Earth
Vanguard 1
Oldest satellite still in orbit— expected to stay in orbit 240 years. Ceased transmission in May 1964.
 USA
17 March 1958

Earth
Pioneer 1
Failed to reach the moon as intended, but reached a record–setting distance of 113,800 km from Earth.
 USA
11 October 1958

Earth
Jupiter AM-13
First monkey in space.
 USA
13 December 1958

Earth
Luna 1
First spacecraft to reach Earth's escape velocity.
 USSR
4 January 1959

Moon
Luna 1
First flyby, dist. of 5,995 km.
 USSR
4 January 1959

Sun
Luna 1
First spacecraft in heliocentric orbit.
 USSR
4 January 1959

Moon
Luna 2
First impact.[34]
 USSR
14 September 1959

Moon
Luna 3
First image of lunar far-side.[34]
 USSR
7 October 1959

Earth
Discoverer 13
First satellite recovered from orbit.[34]
 USA
11 August 1960

Earth
Korabl-Sputnik 2
First living beings recovered from orbit.[41]
 USSR
19 August 1960

Venus
Venera 1
First flyby, dist. of 100,000 km (lost communication contact before).[34]
 USSR
19 May 1961

Moon
Ranger 4
First spacecraft to impact the far side of the Moon.[42]
 USA
26 April 1962

Venus
Mariner 2
First planetary flyby, dist. of 34,762 km (with communication contact).
 USA
14 December 1962

Earth
Lincoln Calibration Sphere 1
Oldest spacecraft still in use, 50 yrs as of 2015
 USA
6 May 1965

Mars
Mariner 4
First Mars flyby, first planetary imaging, dist. of 9,846 km.
 USA
14 July 1965

Earth
Astérix
First satellite launched independently by a nation other than the US or USSR (other nations had previously flown satellites launched on American rockets).
 France
26 November 1965

Moon
Luna 9
First soft landing, first pictures from lunar surface.[34]
 USSR
3 February 1966

Venus
Venera 3
First impact.[34]
 USSR
1 March 1966

Moon
Luna 10
First orbiter.[34]
 USSR
3 April 1966

Docking
Cosmos 186, Cosmos 188
First automated docking of unmanned spacecraft.
 USSR
30 October 1967

Moon
Zond 5
First to circle the Moon and return to land on Earth.
First animals to circle the Moon.
 USSR
15 September 1968

Moon
Luna 16
First automated sample return.
 USSR
24 September 1970

Moon
Luna 17
First automated roving vehicle – Lunokhod 1.
 USSR
17 November 1970

Venus
Venera 7
First soft landing.
 USSR
15 December 1970

Mars
Mariner 9
First orbiter.
 USA
14 November 1971

Mars
Mars 2
First impact.
 USSR
27 November 1971

Mars
Mars 3
First soft landing, telemetry signal for 20 seconds
before transmissions ceased.
 USSR
2 December 1971

Sun
Pioneer 10
First spacecraft to reach Sun's escape velocity.
 USA
3 March 1972

Jupiter
Pioneer 10
First flyby, dist. of 132,000 km.
 USA
4 December 1973

Mercury
Mariner 10
First flyby, dist. of 703 km.
 USA
29 March 1974

Venus
Venera 9
First orbiter.
First surface-level imaging of another planet.
 USSR
22 October 1975

Sun
Helios 2
Highest velocity of a spacecraft relative to the sun, 252,792 km/h.
Closest ever approach to the sun at a record distance of 0.29 AU (43 million km), slightly inside the orbit of Mercury. Record still unbeaten as of November 2009 but to be beaten by the future Solar Orbiter probe (0.23 AU / 33 million km).
 West Germany
 USA
17 April 1976

Mars
Viking 1
First surface-level imaging of Mars.
 USA
20 July 1976

Saturn
Pioneer 11
First flyby, dist. of 21,000 km.
 USA
1 September 1979

Venus
Venera 13
First sound record on another planet.
 USSR
1 March 1982

Trans-Neptunian region
Pioneer 10
First spacecraft to travel past the orbit of Neptune, the furthest major planet from the sun.
 USA
13 June 1983

Venus
Vega 1
First helium balloon atmospheric probe.
 USSR
11 June 1985

Comet Giacobini-Zinner
International Cometary Explorer (ICE)
First flyby through comet tail, dist. of 7,800 km, no pictures.
 USA
11 September 1985

Uranus
Voyager 2
First flyby, dist. of 81,500 km.
 USA
24 January 1986

Comet Halley
Vega 1
First comet flyby with pictures returned, dist. of 8,890 km.
 USSR
6 March 1986

Orbital Spaceplane
Buran
First fully automated orbital flight of a spaceplane (with airstrip landing).
 USSR
15 November 1988

Phobos
Phobos 2
First flyby, dist. of 860 km.
 USSR
21 February 1989

Neptune
Voyager 2
First flyby, dist. of 40,000 km.
 USA
25 August 1989

951 Gaspra
Galileo
First asteroid flyby, dist. of 1,600 km.
 USA
29 October 1991

Jupiter
Galileo probe
First impact.
 USA
7 December 1995

Jupiter
Galileo
First orbiter.
 USA
8 December 1995

Mars
Mars Pathfinder
First automated roving vehicle – Sojourner.
 USA
4 July 1997

433 Eros
NEAR Shoemaker
First asteroid orbiter.
 USA
14 February 2000

433 Eros
NEAR Shoemaker
First asteroid soft landing.
 USA
12 February 2001

Saturn
Cassini orbiter
First orbiter.
 ESA
 USA
1 July 2004

Solar wind
Genesis
First sample return from farther than the Moon.
 USA
8 September 2004

Titan
Huygens probe
First soft landing.
 ESA
 USA
14 January 2005

Comet Tempel 1
Deep Impact
First comet impact.
 USA
4 July 2005

25143 Itokawa
Hayabusa
First asteroid ascent.
First interplanetary escape without undercarriage cutoff.
 Japan
19 November 2005

81P/Wild
Stardust
First sample return from comet.
 USA
15 January 2006

Farthest distance from Earth
Voyager 1
At greatest distance from Sun, 20.479 billion km.
 USA
As of November 2016[update][43]

Longest time in operation
Voyager 2
Longest operating space probe, since August 1977
 USA
As of 2015[update]

Earth to Venus trajectory
IKAROS
First interplanetary solar sail.
 Japan
set sail on 10 June 2010

25143 Itokawa
Hayabusa
First sample return from asteroid.
 Japan
13 June 2010

Mercury
MESSENGER
First orbiter.
 USA
17 March 2011

Earth–Sun L2 Lagrangian point
Chang'e 2
First object to reach the L2 Lagrangian point directly from lunar orbit.[44]
 China
25 August 2011

International Space Station
SpaceX Dragon
First commercial spacecraft to berth with the International Space Station.
 SpaceX
25 May 2012

Interstellar Medium
Voyager 1
First spacecraft to cross the Heliopause, exiting the Heliosphere and entering interstellar space.
 USA
25 August 2012

4179 Toutatis
Chang'e 2
First object to reach asteroid directly from Sun-Earth Langrangian point.
First probe to explore both Moon and asteroid.[45]
 China
13 December 2012

67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
Rosetta
First comet orbiter.[46]
 ESA
6 August 2014

67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
Philae
First comet soft landing.[47]
 ESA
12 November 2014

Ceres
Dawn
First dwarf planet orbiter.[48]
 USA
6 March 2015

Mars
Opportunity
Longest distance traveled on surface of another world – 26.219 miles (42.195 km) (marathon-length)[49]
 USA
23 March 2015 (ongoing)

Mercury
MESSENGER
First impact.[50]
 USA
30 April 2015

Pluto
New Horizons
First flyby of Pluto, Charon, Nix, Hydra, Kerberos, and Styx, first up-close images of Pluto system, first images of Pluto and Charon's surfaces, first spacecraft to explore the Kuiper belt.
 USA
14 July 2015

All 9 planets in the pre-IAU 2006 redefinition version of the Solar System
All United States spacecrafts including New Horizons
With the New Horizons flyby of Pluto, the United States is the first nation to have its space probes to explore all 9 planets in the pre-2006 IAU redefinition version of the Solar System.
 USA
14 July 2015

Earth
Juno
Fastest man-made object relative to Earth, ca. 265,000 km/h.[51]
 USA
4 July 2016

Earth
Falcon 9
First reflight of orbital class rocket.[52]
 SpaceX
30 March 2017


question_text: who plays ricky bobby's dad in talladega nights

question_tokens: who plays ricky bobby 's dad in talladega nights

text: Plot[edit]

text: Ricky Bobby is a man who grew up dreaming of going fast. While working on the pit crew of Dennit Racing driver Terry Cheveaux, Bobby acts as a replacement driver after Terry decides to take a bathroom break while in last place. After finishing third in the race, Bobby gains fame and fortune at Dennit Racing. While racing, he meets his future wife Carley, after she flashes her breasts.

text: Years after winning several championships, Bobby persuades Dennit Racing to field a second team for his best friend Cal Naughton Jr. Bobby and Naughton become an unstoppable duo on the track, but are soon introduced to their new teammate, openly gay French Formula One driver Jean Girard. The Frenchman soon outperforms both Bobby and Naughton to become Dennit Racing's latest success story. Desperate to win, Bobby exceeds his limitations and crashes at Lowe's Motor Speedway. His declining performance subsequently gets him fired from his team; furthermore, Carley divorces him and marries Naughton.

text: Bobby moves in with his mom, Lucy Bobby, and brings his two disobedient sons Walker and Texas Ranger with him while taking a job as a pizza delivery man. His luck worsens when he loses his driver's license after colliding with a woman pushing a shopping cart and hitting a police officer, reducing Bobby to ride the bus as well as a bicycle to deliver pizzas. Meanwhile, Lucy is determined to reform her two disrespectful grandsons.

text: With his life at rock bottom, Bobby's estranged father Reese returns to remind him how to drive, using unorthodox methods such as putting a live cougar in his car, and forcing him to escape the police. When his father leaves him again after causing trouble at a restaurant, Bobby's former assistant Susan persuades him to return to NASCAR, since it is in his nature to drive fast. They quickly develop a romantic relationship when Bobby takes Susan's advice and race at Talladega Superspeedway. Bobby makes amends with Carley, Girard, and Naughton, while uniting with his pit crew chief and close friend Lucius Washington. At the start of the race, Bobby flies from last place to pass all of the drivers except Girard. In the closing laps, Naughton uses a slingshot technique for Bobby to pass Girard.

text: The replacement driver of Bobby's Wonder Bread car causes a massive wreck that takes out the field, except Bobby and Girard. On the final lap of the race, Bobby and Girard collide, wrecking their vehicles. Bobby and Girard exit their cars and begin running towards the finish line. Bobby reaches the line first, however both are disqualified for getting out of their cars. As Naughton takes the checkered flag, Girard offers Bobby a handshake, but Bobby responds by kissing him on the lips. Carley asks Bobby to move back in with her and start over, but he chooses to stay with Susan instead. At the end of the event, Bobby is congratulated in the parking lot by Reese; Bobby declares that it was no longer about winning, knowing that he has a family who loves him no matter where he finishes.

text: In a post credits scene, Grandma Lucy is shown reading a story to Walker and Texas Ranger, both having fully been disciplined by her and are now presented as polite, respectful children.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Will Ferrell as Ricky Bobby, a NASCAR driver who only believes in winning throughout his career. He drives the No. 26 Wonder Bread car during his soar to the top of NASCAR and the No. 62 "ME" car at the Talladega 500.
Jake Johnson as 5-year-old Ricky.
Luke Bigham as 10-year-old Ricky.
John C. Reilly as Cal Naughton Jr., Bobby's best friend and teammate. He drives the No. 47 Old Spice car.
Austin Grimm as 10-year-old Cal.
Sacha Baron Cohen as Jean Girard, an openly gay French Formula One driver and Bobby's archrival. Girard's dream is to move to Stockholm and design a currency for use by dogs and cats. He is described as talented, eccentric and dominating in the Formula One circuit in a SPEED broadcast segment. While challenging Bobby, Girard drives the No. 55 Perrier car.
Michael Clarke Duncan as Lucius Washington, Ricky's crew chief and close friend.
Leslie Bibb as Carley Bobby, Ricky's wife and later Naughton's wife after she fears Ricky will not successfully return to NASCAR.
Gary Cole as Reese Bobby, Ricky's father.
Jane Lynch as Lucy Bobby, Ricky's mother.
Amy Adams as Susan, Bobby's assistant and eventual love interest.
Andy Richter as Gregory, Girard's openly gay partner and a world-class trainer of German shepherds.
Houston Tumlin and Grayson Russell as Walker and Texas Ranger Bobby, Ricky's two sons.
Adam McKay (the film's director) as Terry Cheveaux, an apathetic driver who Bobby replaces at the beginning of the film.
David Koechner, Ian Roberts and Jack McBrayer as Hershell, Kyle and Glenn, Bobby's three pit crew members.
Pat Hingle as Larry Dennit Sr., original owner of Bobby's team, Dennit Racing. After retiring, his son, Larry Dennit Jr., takes over the team halfway through Bobby's career.
Greg Germann as Larry Dennit Jr., the new owner of Dennit Racing, who is concerned only with season point totals and winning sponsors.
Molly Shannon as Mrs. Dennit, the younger Dennit's alcoholic wife.
Ted Manson as Chip, Bobby's elderly, long-suffering father-in-law.
Rob Riggle as Jack Telmont, the Speed Channel commentator.
Dale Earnhardt Jr. as one of Bobby's fans.  He also appears in a deleted scene at the garage in Talladega.
Jamie McMurray loses to Ricky at Texas Motor Speedway when Ricky wins by driving in reverse.
Mike Joy, Darrell Waltrip and Larry McReynolds, Fox NASCAR commentators.
Dick Berggren, a Fox NASCAR field reporter, seen interviewing Ricky in pit lane at Las Vegas Motor Speedway.
Bill Weber, Benny Parsons and Wally Dallenbach Jr., NASCAR on NBC commentators.
Elvis Costello and Mos Def, guests at Girard's party.
Bob Jenkins and Rick Benjamin, Speed journalists.
Jack Blessing as Jarvis, Cal's crew chief
Greg Biffle, in a Special Feature but not credited.

text: Release[edit]

text: Critical reception [edit]

text: Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 71%, from 184 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: "Though it occasionally stalls, Talladega Nights' mix of satire, clever gags, and excellent ensemble performances put it squarely in the winner's circle."[4] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 66 out of 100, from 33 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."[5]

text: British magazine Total Film gave it a perfect five-star rating, with the following verdict: "Forget the recent blips; Ferrell is back in freewheeling form. More than just the year's funniest film, Talladega Nights is one of the best films of the year."[6] Automotive journalist Leo Parente said, "the most accurate racing film ever, trust me," while emphasizing that he was not being sarcastic.[7]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film grossed $148.2 million in the U.S. and Canada and $14.8 million in other territories for a total worldwide gross of $163 million.[8]

text: The film grossed $47 million in its first week, earning No. 1 film at the box office. Behind The Lego Movie ($69.1 million), it is the second largest opening for a film starring Will Ferrell.

text: Promotional[edit]

text: The former Supercars Championship team, Britek Motorsport, incorporated the Talladega Nights logo into the paint scheme for the 2006 Enduro Cup, appearing in three races, including the Sandown 500 and the Bathurst 1000. The pit crew also wore suits that matched the ones Ricky's wears in the movie while the logo appeared on the car.

text: The Supercars also featured Talladega Nights in a Drive-In Night event at Skyline Blacktown on the 2nd of August, 2018, to promote the upcoming race at Sydney Motorsport Park that weekend.

text: Home media [edit]

text: The Blu-ray version was released on November 17, 2006. Standard DVD and PSP UMD were released on December 12, 2006. When viewing, the opening menu gives viewers choices for Super Speedway (with footage of the film used as introductions for special features, scene selection, etc.) or Short Track (without video introductions). The film is presented on standard DVD in four different configurations, giving consumers the choice between either theatrical or unrated versions and anamorphic widescreen (2.40:1 aspect ratio) or pan and scan presentations. As for the audio, each standard DVD carries Dolby Digital 5.1 tracks in English and French with optional English and French subtitles.[9]

text: Extras for the standard DVD editions include a retrospective "25 Years Later" commentary track featuring most of the main cast, deleted and extended scenes along with bonus race footage, features, interviews with Bobby, Naughton, and Carley, a gag reel, a 'line-o-rama' feature with alternate dialogue from the film, and DVD-ROM content. The unrated disc contains additional deleted scenes ("Cal Calls Ricky" and "What'd You Do Today?"), an interview with Girard and Gregory, and commercials. The "Unrated & Uncut" DVD omits two scenes that were in theaters: Bobby, as a child, steals his mother's station wagon and the happenings of Bobby's pit crew. The scenes are not present in the deleted scenes either.

text: The Blu-ray release is available on a dual-layer disc with the majority of features presented in high definition. These include: nine deleted/extended scenes, three interviews, gag reel, line-o-rama, bonus race footage, Bobby & Naughton's Commercials, Bobby & Naughton's public service announcements, Walker & Texas Ranger, Will Ferrell Returns to Talladega and a theatrical trailer. Three non-high definition extras include: Daytona 500 Spot, NASCAR Chase for the Nextel Cup Spot, and Sirius and NASCAR Spot. In terms of technical aspects, this edition carries the unrated cut and presents the film with a widescreen transfer at its 2.40:1 theatrical aspect ratio and includes Dolby Digital 5.1 tracks in English and French and an uncompressed PCM 5.1 audio track in English, along with English, French, Spanish, Chinese, Portuguese, Korean and Thai subtitles.

text: The first one million 60GB and 20GB PlayStation 3 units included a free Blu-ray copy of the film.

text: Real-world homage[edit]

text: On the final lap of the 2009 Aaron's 499 (one of two Sprint Cup Series races at Talladega Superspeedway), Carl Edwards crashed after Brad Keselowski made contact with his car on the final lap. His car turned backwards, went airborne, bounced off and crushed Ryan Newman's hood, flew into the catch fence, and came to a stop on the track apron. At this point, his car was just beyond the pit-road exit, as Keselowski and Dale Earnhardt, Jr. crossed the finish line. Edwards climbed out of his car and jogged to the finish line. He received a standing ovation from the crowd. Fox play-by-play commentator Mike Joy commented on how it was "shades of Ricky Bobby.[10]" Edwards was later asked about this on Larry King Live; he responded, "I'm kind of a Will Ferrell fan. He did that at the end of Talladega Nights."[11]

text: At the 2012 Aaron's 499 at Talladega, Kurt Busch's unsponsored No. 51 Phoenix Racing Chevrolet used Ricky Bobby's "ME" paint scheme. Busch and his team were heard reciting movie lines over the team radio. He was running up front when contact from behind sent him spinning. In October 2013, Busch's No. 78 Furniture Row Racing Chevrolet was sponsored by Wonder Bread for the fall race at Talladega. Its paint scheme was based on Ricky's original No. 26.[12]

text: During qualifying at the 2013 United States Grand Prix, Sebastian Vettel and his race engineer Guillaume "Rocky" Rocquelin made reference to the movie over team radio when Vettel posted the fastest lap and gained pole position. The pair referenced the movie in saying "shake and bake" over the team radio, the same phrase used by Bobby and Naughton.[13]