document_title: Liberty Island

question_text: body of water around the statue of liberty

text: Liberty Island

text: Geography and access[edit]

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the island has a land area of 59,558 square meters, or 14.717 acres, which is the property of the federal government. A pact between New York and New Jersey states that New York has control of the Island, but taxes go to New Jersey, and the power comes from Jersey City. Liberty Island is located in the Upper New York Bay surrounded by the waters of Jersey City, Hudson County, New Jersey. Liberty Island is one of the islands that are part of the borough of Manhattan in New York.[5][6][7] The historical developments which led to this construction created the rare situation of an exclave of one state, New York, being situated in another, New Jersey.

text: The island is operated by the National Park Service, and since September 11, 2001, guarded by around-the-clock patrols of the United States Park Police Marine Patrol Unit. Liberty Island is 2,000 feet (610 m) east of Liberty State Park in Jersey City and is 1.58 statute miles (2.6 kilometers) southwest of Battery Park in Lower Manhattan. Public access is permitted only by ferries from either of the two parks, which serve the national monument, also stopping at Ellis Island.[8] Hornblower Cruises and Events, operating under the name Statue Cruises, holds the exclusive concession for ferry service to and from the island.

text: History[edit]

text: Great Oyster Island[edit]

text: At the time of European colonization of the Hudson River estuary in the 17th century, much of the west side Upper New York Bay contained large tidal flats which hosted vast oyster beds, a major source of food for the Lenape people who lived there at the time. Several islands were not completely submerged at high tide. Three of them (later known as Liberty, Ellis, and Black Tom) were given the name Oyster Islands (oester eilanden) by the settlers of New Netherland, the first European colony in the Mid-Atlantic states. The oyster beds would remain a major source of food for nearly three centuries.[9] Landfilling, started by the 1870s, particularly by Lehigh Valley Railroad and Central Railroad of New Jersey, eventually obliterated the beds, engulfed one island and brought the shoreline much closer to the others.[10]

text: Bedloe's Island[edit]

text: After the surrender of Fort Amsterdam by the Dutch to the British in 1664, the English governor Richard Nicolls granted the island to Captain Robert Needham. It was sold to Isaac Bedloe on December 23, 1667. The island was retained by his estate until 1732 when it was sold for five shillings to New York merchants Adolphe Philipse and Henry Lane. During their ownership, the island was temporarily commandeered by the city of New York to establish a smallpox quarantine station.[11][12][13][14]

text: In 1746, Archibald Kennedy (later 11th Earl of Cassilis) purchased the island and a summer residence was established.[15]

text: In 1753, the island is described in an advertisement (in which "Bedlow's" had become "Bedloe's") as being available for rental:

text: To be Let. Bedloe's Island, alias Love Island, together with the dwelling-house and lighthouse being finely situated for a tavern, where all kinds of garden stuff, poultry, etc., may be easily raised for the shipping outward bound, and from where any quantity of pickled oysters may be transported ; it abounds with English rabbits."[16]

text: In 1756, Kennedy allowed the island to again be used as a smallpox quarantine station, and on February 18, 1758, the Corporation of the City of New York bought the island for £1,000 for use as a pest house.

text: When the British troops occupied New York Harbor in the lead-up to the American Revolutionary War, the island was to be used for housing for Tory refugees, but on April 2, 1776, the buildings constructed on the island for their use were burned to the ground.[16]

text: Fort Wood[edit]

text: On February 15, 1800, the New York State Legislature ceded the island to the federal government, for the construction of a defensive fort to be built there (along with Governors Island and Ellis Island). Construction of a fort on the island in the shape of an 11-point star began in 1806 and was completed in 1811. Following the War of 1812, the star-shaped fortification was named Fort Wood after Lt. Col Eleazer Derby Wood who was killed in the Siege of Fort Erie in 1813. The granite fortification followed an 11-pointed star fort layout with mounting 24 guns.[17][18] A larger fort mounting 77 guns was proposed under the third system of US fortifications but was not built.[19]

text: By the time it was chosen for the Statue of Liberty, the fort was disused and its walls were used as the distinctive base for the Statue of Liberty given by France for the 1876 centenary celebrations. It had become a part of the base for the Statue of Liberty after the island was first seen by the statue's sculptor. The National Park Service (which had been created in 1916) took over operations of the island in two stages: 2 acres (8,100 m2) in 1933, and the remainder in 1937.[3] The military installation was completely removed by 1944.[20][21]

text: Statue of Liberty[edit]

text: The statue, entitled Liberty Enlightening the World, was a gift from the people of France to mark the American Centennial. It was agreed that the Congress would authorize the acceptance of the statue by the President of the United States, and that the War Department would facilitate its construction and presentation.[22]

text: The construction of the statue was completed in France in July 1884. The cornerstone was laid on August 5, 1884, and after some funding delays, construction of the pedestal was finished on April 22, 1886. The statue arrived in New York Harbor on June 17, 1885, on board the French frigate Isère,[23] was stored for eleven months in crates waiting for its pedestal to be finished, and was then reassembled in four months. On October 28, 1886, the Statue of Liberty was unveiled by President Grover Cleveland. The name Liberty Island was made official by Congress in 1956.[24]

text: Museum[edit]

text: On October 7, 2016, construction started on a new Statue of Liberty museum on Liberty Island. The new $70 million, 26,000-square-foot (2,400 m2) museum will be able to accommodate all of the island's visitors when it opens in 2019, as opposed to the current museum, which only 20% of the island's visitors can visit.[25] The original torch will be relocated here, and in addition to exhibits relating to the statue's construction and history, there will be a theater where visitors can watch an aerial view of the statue.[25][26] The museum, designed by FXFOWLE Architects, will integrate with the parkland around it.[26] It is being funded privately by Diane von Fürstenberg, Michael Bloomberg, Jeff Bezos, Coca-Cola, NBCUniversal, the family of Laurence Tisch and Preston Robert Tisch, and Mellody Hobson and George Lucas.[27] Von Fürstenberg heads the fundraising for the museum, and the project had garnered more than $40 million in fundraising as of groundbreaking.[26]

text: Jurisdictional disputes[edit]

text: There have been a number of disputes regarding the jurisdictional status of Liberty Island.

text: State dispute[edit]

text: An unusual clause in the 1664 colonial land grant that outlined New Jersey's borders reads: "westward of Long Island, and Manhitas Island and bounded on the east part by the main sea, and part by Hudson's river"[28] rather than at the river's midpoint, as was common in other colonial charters.[29]

text: When the Province of New Jersey was separated from the Province of New York in 1674 it was argued that Staten Island belonged to the former. Then governor Edmund Andros directed that all islands in the bay that could be circumnavigated within 24 hours were part of New York. Captain Christopher Billopp sailed around it within the allotted time[30] and was soon thereafter granted a manor at its southern tip.[31] The border came to be understood as being along the shore of the Hudson River, the Upper New York Bay, the Kill Van Kull, and Arthur Kill.

text: In 1824 the City of New York attempted to assert a jurisdictional monopoly over the growing steam ferry service in New York Harbor in Gibbons v. Ogden. It was deemed by the court that interstate transport would be regulated by the federal government. This did not resolve the border issue. In 1830, New Jersey planned to bring suit,[32] but the matter was resolved with a compact between the states ratified by US Congress in 1834 which set the boundary line between them as the midpoint of the shared waterways.[7][33] This was later confirmed by the US Supreme Court in a 1908 case which also expounded on the compact.[34]

text: In 1987, US Representative Frank J. Guarini and Gerald McCann, then mayor of Jersey City, sued New York City, contending that New Jersey should have dominion over Liberty Island because it is on the New Jersey side of the state line.[35] By default, since the court chose not to hear the case, the existing legal status was unchanged. Portions of the island that are above water are part of New York, while riparian rights to all of the submerged land surrounding the statue belong to New Jersey. The southwestern section, 4.17 acres (1.69 ha),[36] of the island was created by land reclamation.[37][38]

text: A 1997 United States Supreme Court decision involved such riparian rights around nearby Ellis Island. Being mostly constructed of artificial infill, New Jersey argued and the court agreed that the 1834 compact covered only the natural parts of the island, and not the portions added by infill. Thus it was agreed that the parts of the island made of filled land belonged to New Jersey while the original natural part belonged to New York.[39] This proved impractical to administer and New Jersey and New York subsequently agreed to share jurisdiction of the entire island.[6][32] This special situation only applies to Ellis Island and part of Shooters Island.

text: Federal ownership[edit]

text: Liberty Island has been owned by the federal government since 1801, first as a military installation and now as a national landmark. Statue of Liberty National Monument, Ellis Island and Liberty Island, listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1966, encompasses land in both states[40] control of which is superseded by the United States. The undisputed boundary between New Jersey and New York is in the center of the Hudson River and the Upper New York Bay, with Liberty Island situated well on the New Jersey side of the water line with Liberty Island itself an exclave of the State of New York and a part of New York City, allowing the state and city of New York to retain sovereignty of Liberty Island, serve process there and collect sales tax from Liberty Island souvenir shops.[6]

text: In response to a FAQ about whether the Statue of Liberty is in New York or New Jersey, the National Park Service, which oversees Liberty Island, cites the 1834 compact.[40] Question 127 on a naturalization examination piloted in 2006 asks "Where is the Statue of Liberty?" The U. S. Citizenship and Immigration Services gives "New York Harbor" and "Liberty Island" as preferred answers, but notes that "New Jersey," "New York," "New York City," and "on the Hudson" are acceptable.[41]

text: The Statue of Liberty itself is claimed as a symbol by both New York and New Jersey. It was featured on New York license plates from 1986 through 2000 and on a special New Jersey license plate celebrating Liberty State Park in Jersey City. The Statue is also seen on the New York State Quarter. The national monument was the symbol of the Central Railroad of New Jersey, still used by the Raritan Valley Line. (The Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal is nearby).

text: Though it is uninhabited, the United States Geological Survey includes it as part of New York's 8th congressional district.[42] Both New York City and Jersey City have assigned the island lot numbers. Utility services, including electricity, water, and sewage, to Liberty and Ellis Islands are provided from the New Jersey side. Mail is delivered from Battery Park.[43]


document_title: Notre-Dame de Paris

question_text: who is notre dame de paris dedicated to

question_tokens: who is notre dame de paris dedicated to

root

text: Notre-Dame de Paris

text: Architecture[edit]

text: Notre-Dame de Paris was among the first buildings in the world to use the flying buttress. The building was not originally designed to include the flying buttresses around the choir and nave but after the construction began, the thinner walls grew ever higher and stress fractures began to occur as the walls pushed outward. In response, the cathedral's architects built supports around the outside walls, and later additions continued the pattern. The total surface area is 5,500 m² (interior surface 4,800 m²).

tag: p

text: Many small individually crafted statues were placed around the outside to serve as column supports and water spouts. Among these are the famous gargoyles, designed for water run-off, and chimeras. The statues were originally colored as was most of the exterior. The paint has worn off. The cathedral was essentially complete by 1345. The cathedral has a narrow climb of 387 steps at the top of several spiral staircases; along the climb it is possible to view its most famous bell and its gargoyles in close quarters, as well as having a spectacular view across Paris when reaching the top.

text: Contemporary critical reception[edit]

text: John of Jandun recognized the cathedral as one of Paris's three most important buildings [prominent structures] in his 1323 Treatise on the Praises of Paris:

text:
“
That most glorious church of the most glorious Virgin Mary, mother of God, deservedly shines out, like the sun among stars. And although some speakers, by their own free judgment, because [they are] able to see only a few things easily, may say that some other is more beautiful, I believe however, respectfully, that, if they attend more diligently to the whole and the parts, they will quickly retract this opinion. Where indeed, I ask, would they find two towers of such magnificence and perfection, so high, so large, so strong, clothed round about with such a multiple variety of ornaments? Where, I ask, would they find such a multipartite arrangement of so many lateral vaults, above and below? Where, I ask, would they find such light-filled amenities as the many surrounding chapels? Furthermore, let them tell me in what church I may see such a large cross, of which one arm separates the choir from the nave. Finally, I would willingly learn where [there are] two such circles, situated opposite each other in a straight line, which on account of their appearance are given the name of the fourth vowel [O] ; among which smaller orbs and circlets, with wondrous artifice, so that some arranged circularly, others angularly, surround windows ruddy with precious colors and beautiful with the most subtle figures of the pictures. In fact I believe that this church offers the carefully discerning such cause for admiration that its inspection can scarcely sate the soul.
”

— Jean de Jandun, Tractatus de laudibus Parisius[5]

tag: table

text: Construction history[edit]

text: In 1160, because the church in Paris had become the "Parish church of the kings of Europe", Bishop Maurice de Sully deemed the previous Paris cathedral, Saint-Étienne (St Stephen's), which had been founded in the 4th century, unworthy of its lofty role, and had it demolished shortly after he assumed the title of Bishop of Paris. As with most foundation myths, this account needs to be taken with a grain of salt; archeological excavations in the 20th century suggested that the Merovingian cathedral replaced by Sully was itself a massive structure, with a five-aisled nave and a façade some 36m across. It is possible therefore that the faults with the previous structure were exaggerated by the Bishop to help justify the rebuilding in a newer style. According to legend, Sully had a vision of a glorious new cathedral for Paris, and sketched it on the ground outside the original church.

text: To begin the construction, the bishop had several houses demolished and had a new road built to transport materials for the rest of the cathedral. Construction began in 1163 during the reign of Louis VII, and opinion differs as to whether Sully or Pope Alexander III laid the foundation stone of the cathedral. However, both were at the ceremony. Bishop de Sully went on to devote most of his life and wealth to the cathedral's construction. Construction of the choir took from 1163 until around 1177 and the new High Altar was consecrated in 1182 (it was normal practice for the eastern end of a new church to be completed first, so that a temporary wall could be erected at the west of the choir, allowing the chapter to use it without interruption while the rest of the building slowly took shape). After Bishop Maurice de Sully's death in 1196, his successor, Eudes de Sully (no relation) oversaw the completion of the transepts and pressed ahead with the nave, which was nearing completion at the time of his own death in 1208. By this stage, the western facade had also been laid out, though it was not completed until around the mid-1240s.[6]

text: Numerous architects worked on the site over the period of construction, which is evident from the differing styles at different heights of the west front and towers.[citation needed] Between 1210 and 1220, the fourth architect oversaw the construction of the level with the rose window and the great halls beneath the towers.

text: The most significant change in design came in the mid 13th century, when the transepts were remodeled in the latest Rayonnant style; in the late 1240s Jean de Chelles added a gabled portal to the north transept topped off by a spectacular rose window. Shortly afterwards (from 1258) Pierre de Montreuil executed a similar scheme on the southern transept. Both these transept portals were richly embellished with sculpture; the south portal features scenes from the lives of St Stephen and of various local saints, while the north portal featured the infancy of Christ and the story of Theophilus in the tympanum, with a highly influential statue of the Virgin and Child in the trumeau.[7]

text: Timeline of construction[edit]

text:
1160 Maurice de Sully (named Bishop of Paris) orders the original cathedral demolished.
1163 Cornerstone laid for Notre-Dame de Paris; construction begins.
1182 Apse and choir completed.
1196 Bishop Maurice de Sully dies.
c.1200 Work begins on western facade.
1208 Bishop Eudes de Sully dies. Nave vaults nearing completion.
1225 Western facade completed.
1250 Western towers and north rose window completed.
c.1245–1260s Transepts remodelled in the Rayonnant style by Jean de Chelles then Pierre de Montreuil
1250–1345 Remaining elements completed.

tag: ul

text: Crypt[edit]

text: The Archaeological Crypt of the Paris Notre-Dame (La crypte archéologique du Parvis de Notre-Dame) was created in 1965 to protect a range of historical ruins, discovered during construction work and spanning from the earliest settlement in Paris to the modern day. The crypts are managed by the Musée Carnavalet and contain a large exhibit, detailed models of the architecture of different time periods, and how they can be viewed within the ruins. The main feature still visible is the under-floor heating installed during the Roman occupation.[8]

text: Alterations, vandalism, and restorations[edit]

text: In 1548, rioting Huguenots damaged features of Notre-Dame, considering them idolatrous.[9] During the reigns of Louis XIV and Louis XV, the cathedral underwent major alterations as part of an ongoing attempt to modernize cathedrals throughout Europe. A colossal statue of St Christopher, standing against a pillar near the western entrance and dating from 1413, was destroyed in 1786. Tombs and stained glass windows were destroyed. The north and south rose windows were spared this fate, however.

text: In 1793, during the French Revolution, the cathedral was rededicated to the Cult of Reason, and then to the Cult of the Supreme Being. During this time, many of the treasures of the cathedral were either destroyed or plundered. The 13th century spire was torn down[10] and the statues located at the west facade were beheaded.[11] Many of the heads were found during a 1977 excavation nearby and are on display at the Musée de Cluny. For a time the Goddess of Liberty replaced the Virgin Mary on several altars.[12] The cathedral's great bells managed to avoid being melted down. The cathedral came to be used as a warehouse for the storage of food.[9]

text: A controversial restoration programme was initiated in 1845, overseen by architects Jean-Baptiste-Antoine Lassus and Eugène Viollet-le-Duc. Viollet Le Duc was responsible for the restorations of several dozen castles, palaces and cathedrals across France. The restoration lasted twenty five years[9] and included a taller and more ornate reconstruction of the flèche (a type of spire),[10] as well as the addition of the chimeras on the Galerie des Chimères. Viollet le Duc always signed his work with a bat, the wing structure of which most resembles the Gothic vault (see Château de Roquetaillade).

text: The Second World War caused more damage. Several of the stained glass windows on the lower tier were hit by stray bullets. These were remade after the war, but now sport a modern geometrical pattern, not the old scenes of the Bible.

text: In 1991, a major programme of maintenance and restoration was initiated, which was intended to last ten years, but was still in progress as of 2010,[9] the cleaning and restoration of old sculptures being an exceedingly delicate matter. Circa 2014, much of the lighting was upgraded to LED lighting.[13]

text: Organ and organists[edit]

text: Though numerous organs have been installed in the cathedral over time, the earliest models were inadequate for the building.[citation needed] The first more noted organ[citation needed] was finished in the 18th century by the noted builder François-Henri Clicquot. Some of Clicquot's original pipework in the pedal division continues to sound from the organ today. The organ was almost completely rebuilt and expanded in the 19th century by Aristide Cavaillé-Coll.

text: The position of titular organist ("head" or "chief" organist; French: titulaires des grands orgues) at Notre-Dame is considered one of the most prestigious organist posts in France, along with the post of titular organist of Saint Sulpice in Paris, Cavaillé-Coll's largest instrument.

text: The organ has 7,952 pipes, with ca 900 classified as historical. It has 110 real stops, five 56-key manuals and a 32-key pedalboard. In December 1992, a two-year restoration of the organ was completed that fully computerized the organ under three LANs (Local Area Networks). The restoration also included a number of additions, notably two further horizontal reed stops en chamade in the Cavaille-Coll style. The Notre-Dame organ is therefore unique in France in having five fully independent reed stops en chamade.

text: Among the best-known organists at Notre-Dame de Paris was Louis Vierne, who held this position from 1900 to 1937. Under his tenure, the Cavaillé-Coll organ was modified in its tonal character, notably in 1902 and 1932. Léonce de Saint-Martin held the post between 1932 and 1954. Pierre Cochereau initiated further alterations (many of which were already planned by Louis Vierne), including the electrification of the action between 1959 and 1963. The original Cavaillé-Coll console, (which is now located near the organ loft), was replaced by a new console in Anglo-American style and the addition of further stops between 1965 and 1972, notably in the pedal division, the recomposition of the mixture stops, a 32' plenum in the Neo-Baroque style on the Solo manual, and finally the adding of three horizontal reed stops "en chamade" in the Iberian style.

text: After Cochereau's sudden death in 1984, four new titular organists were appointed at Notre-Dame in 1985: Jean-Pierre Leguay, Olivier Latry, Yves Devernay (who died in 1990), and Philippe Lefebvre. This was reminiscent of the 18th-century practice of the cathedral having four titular organists, each one playing for three months of the year.

text: Bells[edit]

text: The cathedral has 10 bells. The largest, Emmanuel, original to 1681, is located in the south tower and weighs just over 13 tons and is tolled to mark the hours of the day and for various occasions and services. This bell is always rung first, at least 5 seconds before the rest. Until recently, there were four additional 19th-century bells on wheels in the north tower, which were swing chimed. These bells were meant to replace nine which were removed from the cathedral during the Revolution and were rung for various services and festivals. The bells were once rung by hand before electric motors allowed them to be rung without manual labor. When it was discovered that the size of the bells could cause the entire building to vibrate, threatening its structural integrity, they were taken out of use. The bells also had external hammers for tune playing from a small clavier.

text: On the night of 24 August 1944 as the Île de la Cité was taken by an advance column of French and Allied armoured troops and elements of the Resistance, it was the tolling of the Emmanuel that announced to the city that its liberation was under way.

text: In early 2012, as part of a €2 million project, the four old bells in the north tower were deemed unsatisfactory and removed. The plan originally was to melt them down and recast new bells from the material. However, a legal challenge resulted in the bells being saved in extremis at the foundry.[14] As of early 2013, they are still merely set aside until their fate is decided. A set of 8 new bells was cast by the same foundry, Cornille-Havard, in Normandy that had cast the four in 1856. At the same time, a much larger bell called Marie was cast in Asten, Netherlands by Royal Eijsbouts — it now hangs with Emmanuel in the south tower. The 9 new bells, which were delivered to the cathedral at the same time (31 January 2013),[15] are designed to replicate the quality and tone of the cathedral's original bells.

text:
Bells of Notre-Dame de Paris[16]

Name
Mass
Diameter
Note

Emmanuel
13271 kg
261 cm
F♯2

Marie
6023 kg
206.5 cm
G♯2

Gabriel
4162 kg
182.8 cm
A♯2

Anne Geneviève
3477 kg
172.5 cm
B2

Denis
2502 kg
153.6 cm
C♯3

Marcel
1925 kg
139.3 cm
D♯3

Étienne
1494 kg
126.7 cm
E♯3

Benoît-Joseph
1309 kg
120.7 cm
F♯3

Maurice
1011 kg
109.7 cm
G♯3

Jean-Marie
782 kg
99.7 cm
A♯3

text: Ownership[edit]

text: Under a 1905 law, Notre-Dame de Paris is among seventy churches in Paris built before that year that are owned by the French State. While the building itself is owned by the state, the Catholic Church is the designated beneficiary, having the exclusive right to use it for religious purpose in perpetuity. The archdiocese is responsible for paying the employees, security, heating and cleaning, and assuring that the cathedral is open free to visitors. The archdiocese does not receive subsidies from the French State.[17]

text: Significant events[edit]

text:
1170: Existence of a cathedral school operating at Notre-Dame. This corporation of teachers and students will evolve in 1200 into the University of Paris in an edict by King Philippe-Auguste.
1185: Heraclius of Caesarea calls for the Third Crusade from the still-incomplete cathedral.
1239: The Crown of Thorns is placed in the cathedral by St. Louis during the construction of the Sainte-Chapelle.
1302: Philip the Fair opens the first States-General.
16 December 1431: Henry VI of England is crowned King of France.[18]
7 November 1455: Isabelle Romée, the mother of Joan of Arc, petitions a papal delegation to overturn her daughter's conviction for heresy.
1 January 1537: James V of Scotland is married to Madeleine of France
24 April 1558: Mary, Queen of Scots is married to the Dauphin Francis (later Francis II of France), son of Henry II of France.
18 August 1572: Henry of Navarre (later Henry IV of France) marries Margaret of Valois. The marriage takes place not in the cathedral but on the parvis of the cathedral, as Henry IV is Protestant.[19]
10 September 1573: The Cathedral was the site of a vow made by Henry of Valois following the interregnum of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that he would both respect traditional liberties and the recently passed religious freedom law.[20]
10 November 1793: the Festival of Reason.

text:
2 December 1804: the coronation ceremony of Napoleon I and his wife Joséphine, with Pope Pius VII officiating.
1831: The novel The Hunchback of Notre-Dame was published by French author Victor Hugo.
1900: Louis Vierne is appointed organist of Notre-Dame de Paris after a heavy competition (with judges including Charles-Marie Widor) against the 500 most talented organ players of the era. On 2 June 1937 Louis Vierne dies at the cathedral organ (as was his lifelong wish) near the end of his 1750th concert.
11 February 1931: Antonieta Rivas Mercado shot herself at the altar with a pistol property of her lover Jose Vasconcelos. She died instantly.
26 August 1944: The Te Deum Mass takes place in the cathedral to celebrate the liberation of Paris. (According to some accounts the Mass was interrupted by sniper fire from both the internal and external galleries.)
12 November 1970: The Requiem Mass of General Charles de Gaulle is held.
26 June 1971: Philippe Petit surreptitiously strings a wire between the two towers of Notre-Dame and tight-rope walks across it. Petit later performed a similar act between the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center.
31 May 1980: After the Magnificat of this day, Pope John Paul II celebrates Mass on the parvis of the cathedral.
January 1996: The Requiem Mass of François Mitterrand is held.
10 August 2007: The Requiem Mass of Cardinal Jean-Marie Lustiger, former Archbishop of Paris and famous Jewish convert to Catholicism, is held.
12 December 2012:The Notre-Dame Cathedral begins a year long celebration of the 850th anniversary of the laying of the first building block for the cathedral.[21]
21 May 2013: Around 1,500 visitors were evacuated from Notre-Dame Cathedral after Dominique Venner, a historian, placed a letter on the Church altar and shot himself. He died immediately.[22][23]
8 September 2016: Notre Dame Cathedral bombing attempt. Arrests made after an explosives-filled car was discovered parked alongside the cathedral.
10 February 2017 Police arrested 4 people in Montpellier, France, including a 16-year-old girl and a 20-year-old man already known by authorities to have ties to extremist Islamist organizations, on charges of plotting to travel to Paris and attack the cathedral.[24]
6 June 2017 2017 Notre Dame attack Lone attacker armed with hammer arrested for attacking police officer outside the Cathedral.

text: The cathedral is renowned for its Lent sermons founded by the famous Dominican Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire in the 1860s. In recent years, however, an increasing number have been given by leading public figures and state employed academics.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
The north transept rose

Emmanuel, the great bourdon bell, at the Notre-Dame de Paris

A wide angle view of Notre-Dame's western façade

Notre-Dame's facade showing the Portal of the Virgin, Portal of the Last Judgment, and Portal of St-Anne

A view of Notre-Dame from Montparnasse Tower

A wide angle view of Notre-Dame's western facade

The Statue of Virgin and Child inside Notre-Dame de Paris

Notre-Dame's high altar with the kneeling statues of Louis XIII and Louis XIV

One of Notre-Dame's well known gargoyle statues

South rose window of Notre-Dame de Paris

Notre-Dame at the end of the 19th century

Flying buttresses of Notre-Dame

Memorial tablet to the British Empire dead of the First World War

Tympanum of the Last Judgment

Statue of Joan of Arc in Notre-Dame de Paris cathedral interior


document_title: Billy Joel discography

question_text: when was billy joel's last album released

question_tokens: when was billy joel 's last album released

text: Billy Joel discography

text: Albums[edit]

text: Studio albums[edit]

text:
List of albums, with selected chart positions and certifications

Title
Album details
Peak chart positions
Certifications

US
[1]
AUS
[2]
AUT
[3]
CAN
[4]
GER
[5]
JPN
[6]
NLD
[7]
NOR
[8]
NZ
[9]
UK
[10]

Cold Spring Harbor[A]

Released: November 1, 1971
Label: Family Productions
Formats: CS, 8T, LP

158
—
—
—
—
44
—
—
—
95

Piano Man[B]

Released: November 9, 1973
Label: Columbia
Formats: CS, 8T, LP

27
14
—
26
—
112
—
—
—
98

RIAA: 4× Platinum[11]
MC: 2× Platinum[12]

Streetlife Serenade

Released: October 11, 1974
Label: Columbia
Formats: CS, 8T, LP

35
85
—
16
—
—
—
—
—
—

RIAA: Platinum[11]

Turnstiles[C]

Released: May 19, 1976
Label: Columbia
Formats: CS, 8T, LP

122
12
—
—
—
286
—
—
—
—

RIAA: Platinum[11]

The Stranger

Released: September 29, 1977
Label: Columbia
Formats: CS, 8T, LP

2
2
—
2
—
3
36
—
2
25

RIAA: Diamond (10× Platinum)[11]
BPI: Gold[13]
RIAJ: Gold[14]
MC: 5× Platinum[12]

52nd Street

Released: October 13, 1978
Label: Columbia
Formats: CS, 8T, LP

1
1
4
1
19
9
33
5
1
10

RIAA: 7× Platinum[11]
BPI: Gold[13]
RIAJ: Gold[15]
MC: 4× Platinum[12]

Glass Houses

Released: March 10, 1980
Label: Columbia
Formats: CS, 8T, LP

1
2
4
1
24
6
20
2
6
9

RIAA: 7× Platinum[11]
BPI: Gold[13]
MC: 5× Platinum[12]

The Nylon Curtain

Released: September 23, 1982
Label: Columbia
Formats: CS, 8T, LP

7
4
20
12
34
2
1
9
10
27

RIAA: 2× Platinum[11]
MC: Platinum[12]

An Innocent Man

Released: August 8, 1983
Label: Columbia
Formats: CS, 8T, LP

4
3
—
12
36
3
14
9
1
2

RIAA: 7× Platinum[11]
BPI: 3× Platinum[13]
MC: 3× Platinum[12]

The Bridge

Released: July 29, 1986
Label: Columbia
Formats: CD, CS, 8T, LP

7
2
18
10
34
2
20
13
12
38

RIAA: 2× Platinum[11]
BPI: Silver[13]
MC: 2× Platinum[12]

Storm Front

Released: October 17, 1989
Label: Columbia
Formats: CD, CS, LP

1
1
10
4
5
8
14
—
9
5

RIAA: 4× Platinum[11]
ARIA: 2× Platinum[16]
RIAJ: Platinum[17]
BPI: Platinum[13]
BVMI: Platinum[18]
IFPI AUT: Gold[19]
MC: 2× Platinum[12]

River of Dreams

Released: August 10, 1993
Label: Columbia
Formats: CD, CS, LP

1
1
2
6
2
3
23
9
1
3

RIAA: 5× Platinum[11]
ARIA: 3× Platinum[20]
RIAJ: Platinum[21]
BPI: Platinum[13]
BVMI: Platinum[18]
IFPI AUT: Platinum[19]
MC: 3× Platinum[12]

Fantasies & Delusions

Released: October 2, 2001
Label: Columbia, Sony Classical
Formats: CD, download

83
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

"—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory.

text: Live albums[edit]

text:
List of albums, with selected chart positions and certifications

Title
Album details
Peak chart positions
Certifications

US
[1]
AUS
[2]
AUT
[3]
GER
[5]
JPN
[6]
NLD
[7]
NOR
[8]
NZ
[9]
SWE
[22]
UK
[10]

Songs in the Attic

Released: September 14, 1981
Label: Columbia
Formats: CS, 8T, LP

8
9
—
51
3
—
12
30
38
57

RIAA: 3× Platinum[11]

Концерт

Released: October 26, 1987
Label: Columbia
Formats: CD, CS, LP, 8T

38
10
—
—
16
39
—
13
—
92

RIAA: Platinum[11]

2000 Years: The Millennium Concert

Released: May 2, 2000
Label: Columbia
Formats: CS, CD, download

40
—
—
64
17
—
—
—
—
68

RIAA: Gold[11]

12 Gardens Live

Released: June 13, 2006
Label: Columbia
Formats: CD, download

14
22
11
80
52
—
—
—
—
95

Live at Shea Stadium: The Concert

Released: March 8, 2011
Label: Sony
Formats: CD, download

35
—
—
41
41
—
—
—
—
—

"—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory.

text: Compilation albums[edit]

text:
List of albums, with selected chart positions and certifications

Title
Album details
Peak chart positions
Certifications

US
[1]
AUS
[2]
AUT
[3]
GER
[5]
JPN
[6]
NLD
[7]
NOR
[8]
NZ
[9]
SWE
[22]
UK
[10]

Billy Joel: The Box Set

Released: 1980
Label: Columbia
Formats: 12" box set

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
45
—
—

Greatest Hits – Volume I & Volume II[D]

Released: July 1, 1985
Label: Columbia
Formats: CD, CS, 8T, LP

6
2
30
33
4
7
1
1
45
7

RIAA: Diamond (23× Platinum)[11]
RIAJ: 3× Platinum+Gold[23][24]
BPI: Platinum + 1x Gold[13]
IFPI AUT: Gold[19]
IFPI NOR: Platinum[25]
MC: 2× Platinum[12]

Starbox

Released: 1988
Label: Columbia
Formats: CD

—
—
—
—
20
—
—
—
—
—

Souvenir: The Ultimate Collection

Released: January 1990
Label: Columbia
Formats: CD, CS

—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

ARIA: Platinum[20]

A Voyage on the River of Dreams

Released: 1994
Label: Columbia
Formats: CD

—
33
—
—
70
—
—
47
—
—

Greatest Hits Volume III

Released: August 19, 1997
Label: Columbia
Formats: CD, CS, LP

9
12
7
23
15
18
7
18
—
23

RIAA: Platinum[11]
RIAJ: Gold[26]
ARIA: Gold[27]
BPI: Silver[13]

The Complete Hits Collection: 1973–1997

Released: October 13, 1997
Label: Columbia
Formats: CD, CS, LP

—
20
—
—
—
—
—
17
—
33

RIAA: Platinum[11]

The Ultimate Collection[E]

Released: December 20, 2000
Label: Columbia
Formats: CD, LP

—
12
—
58
19
36
3
2
3
4

ARIA: 2× Platinum[28]
BPI: Platinum[13]
IFPI NOR: Gold[25]
IFPI SWE: Gold[29]
RIAJ: Platinum[30]

The Essential Billy Joel[F]

Released: October 2, 2001
Label: Sony
Formats: CD

15
50
—
—
—
—
—
14
—
157

RIAA: 3× Platinum[11]
ARIA: 2× Platinum[31]
BPI: Gold[13]
RIANZ: Platinum[32]

Piano Man: The Very Best of Billy Joel[G]

Released: November 15, 2004
Label: Columbia
Formats: CD, download

—
14
15
93
17
—
—
13
—
7

ARIA: Platinum[28]
BPI: 3× Platinum[13]
RIAJ: Platinum[33]

My Lives

Released: November 22, 2005
Label: Sony
Formats: CD box set

171
—
—
—
175
—
—
—
—
—

The Hits

Released: November 16, 2010
Label: Sony
Formats: CD, download

34
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

She's Always a Woman: Love Songs

Released: November 23, 2010
Label: Sony
Formats: CD

—
—
—
—
113
—
—
—
—
—

Billy Joel: The Complete Albums Collection

Released: November 8, 2011
Label: Sony
Formats: CD box set

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Opus Collection

Released: March 20, 2012
Label: Starbucks
Formats: CD

80
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

"—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory.

text: Video albums[edit]

text:
List of video albums, with selected chart positions and certifications

Title
Album details
Peak chart positions
Certifications

US
Video
[34]

The Video Album – Volume I

Released: 1986
Label: CBS
Formats: LaserDisc, VHS

2

RIAA: Gold[11]

The Video Album – Volume II

Released: 1986
Label: CBS
Formats: LaserDisc, VHS

4

RIAA: Gold[11]

Eye of the Storm

Released: May 15, 1990
Label: CBS
Formats: LaserDisc, VHS

16

RIAA: Gold[11]

Live at Yankee Stadium

Released: November 21, 1990
Label: Sony
Formats: VHS

15

RIAA: Platinum[11]

Greatest Hits Volume III: The Video

Released: October 13, 1997
Label: Columbia
Formats: VHS, DVD

24

RIAA: Gold[11]

The Essential Video Collection

Released: November 20, 2001
Label: Sony
Formats: VHS, DVD

17

Piano Man: The Very Best of Billy Joel

Released: November 15, 2004
Label: Columbia
Formats: DVD

—

My Lives

Released: November 22, 2005
Label: Sony
Formats: DVD

—

The Essential 3.0

Released: August 26, 2008
Label: Sony
Formats: DVD

—

Live at Shea Stadium: The Concert

Released: March 8, 2011
Label: Sony
Formats: DVD

1

"—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory.

text: Singles[edit]

text: As lead artist[edit]

text:
List of singles, with selected chart positions and certifications, showing year released and album name

Title
Year
Peak chart positions
Certifications
Album

US
[35]
US
AC
[36]
AUS
[2]
AUT
[3]
CAN
[37]
GER
[38]
JPN
[39]
NLD
[7]
NOR
[8]
NZ
[9]
UK
[40]

"She's Got a Way"
1972
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Cold Spring Harbor

"Piano Man"[H]
1973
25
4
20
—
10
—
—
56
—
—
136

RIAA: Gold[11]
BPI: Silver[13]

Piano Man

"Worse Comes to Worst"
1974
80
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

"Travelin' Prayer"
77
31
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

"The Ballad of Billy the Kid"
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

"The Entertainer"
34
30
89
—
30
—
—
—
—
—
—

Streetlife Serenade

"Say Goodbye to Hollywood"
1976
—
—
45
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Turnstiles

"James"
—
—
77
—
—
—
—
16
—
—
—

"Just the Way You Are"
1977
3
1
6
—
2
—
—
—
—
6
19

RIAA: Gold[11]

The Stranger

"Movin' Out (Anthony's Song)"
17
40
99
—
11
—
—
—
—
31
35

"Only the Good Die Young"
24
—
—
—
18
—
—
—
—
—
—

"She's Always a Woman"[I]
17
2
—
37
12
—
—
15
—
—
29

BPI: Silver[13]

"The Stranger"
1978
—
—
59
—
—
—
2
—
—
—
—

"My Life"
3
2
6
11
3
—
37
22
—
6
12

RIAA: Platinum[11]
BPI: Silver[13]

52nd Street

"Big Shot"
1979
14
—
91
—
13
—
—
—
—
36
—

"Honesty"
24
9
80
—
16
—
53
31
—
38
—

"Until the Night"
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
50

"All for Leyna"
1980
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
40

Glass Houses

"You May Be Right"
7
48
28
—
6
—
60
—
—
23
—

"It's Still Rock and Roll to Me"
1
45
10
—
1
—
—
—
—
21
14

RIAA: Platinum[11]

"Don't Ask Me Why"
19
1
—
—
4
—
—
42
—
—
—

"Sometimes a Fantasy"
36
—
—
—
21
—
—
—
—
—
—

"Say Goodbye to Hollywood" (Live)
1981
17
35
—
—
27
—
—
—
—
—
—

Songs in the Attic

"You're My Home" (Live)
—
—
100
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

"She's Got a Way" (Live)
1982
23
4
—
—
46
—
—
—
—
—
—

"Pressure"
20
—
16
—
9
—
78
—
—
24
—

The Nylon Curtain

"Allentown"
1983
17
19
49
—
21
—
—
—
—
37
—

"Goodnight Saigon"[J]
56
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
29

"Tell Her About It"
1
1
9
—
5
—
58
39
—
12
4

RIAA: Gold[11]
BPI: Silver[13]

An Innocent Man

"Uptown Girl"
3
2
1
18
4
18
64
10
3
1
1

RIAA: Gold[11]
BPI: Gold[13]

"An Innocent Man"
10
1
23
—
16
—
—
—
—
24
8

BPI: Silver[13]

"The Longest Time"
1984
14
1
15
—
36
—
—
—
—
24
25

"Leave a Tender Moment Alone"[J]
27
1
76
—
58
—
—
—
—
21
29

"This Night"
—
—
—
—
—
—
88
—
—
—
78

"Keeping the Faith"
18
3
—
—
81
—
—
—
—
38
—

"You're Only Human (Second Wind)"
1985
9
2
6
—
15
—
—
22
—
17
94

Greatest Hits – Volume I & Volume II

"The Night Is Still Young"
34
13
82
—
48
—
—
—
—
—
—

"Modern Woman"
1986
10
7
21
—
27
—
—
—
—
28
—

The Bridge

"A Matter of Trust"
10
17
3
—
15
—
—
—
—
48
52

"This Is the Time"
18
1
73
—
26
—
—
—
—
—
—

"Baby Grand"
(with Ray Charles)
1987
75
3
78
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

"Back in the U.S.S.R." (Live)
—
—
33
—
—
—
—
96
—
41
—

Концерт

"We Didn't Start the Fire"
1989
1
5
2
7
2
4
—
11
—
5
7

RIAA: Gold[11]
ARIA: Platinum[20]
BPI: Silver[13]

Storm Front

"Leningrad"
—
—
—
—
—
14
—
15
—
—
53

"I Go to Extremes"
1990
6
4
48
—
3
36
—
43
—
45
70

"The Downeaster 'Alexa'"
57
18
—
—
25
—
—
—
—
24
76

"That's Not Her Style"
77
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
97

"And So It Goes"
37
5
—
—
30
—
—
—
—
24
—

"Shameless"
1991
—
40
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

"All Shook Up"
1992
92
15
54
—
28
52
—
—
—
26
27

Honeymoon in Vegas soundtrack

"The River of Dreams"
1993
3
1
1
2
2
4
—
5
8
1
3

ARIA: Platinum[20]

River of Dreams

"All About Soul"
29
6
34
—
9
51
—
42
—
22
32

"No Man's Land"
—
—
—
—
71
—
—
—
—
—
50

"Lullabye (Goodnight, My Angel)"
1994
77
18
—
—
27
—
—
—
—
43
—

"Hard Day's Night" (Live)
—
—
85
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

A Voyage on the River of Dreams

"To Make You Feel My Love"
1997
50
9
90
—
—
—
—
99
—
—
—

Greatest Hits Volume III

"Hey Girl"
—
13
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

"New York State of Mind"
(with Tony Bennett)
2001
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Playin' with My Friends: Bennett Sings the Blues

"All My Life"
2007
—
—
—
—
—
—
94
—
—
—
—

Non-album single

"Christmas in Fallujah"
(featuring Cass Dillon)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

A Good Thing Never Dies (EP by Cass Dillon)

"Christmas in Fallujah (Live in Sydney, Australia, 2008)"
2008
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Non-album single and download

"—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory.

text: Other singles in existence:[41]

text: "She’s Got a Way" B-side "Everybody Loves You Now/You Can Make Me Free" (1971–72)

text: "You Can Make Me Feel Free" B-side "You Look So Good to Me" Philips 6078 005

text: "Tomorrow is Today" B-side "Everybody Loves You Now" (1972) FPS-0906

text: "Nocturne" B-side "Tomorrow is Today" (Dutch promo single) (1972)

text: "Why Judy Why" B-side "Nocturne" (Australian-only single) (1972)

text: "If I Only Had the Words (To Tell You)" B-side "Stop in Nevada" (UK promo single) (1975)

text: "Souvenir" (12" promo) (1976)

text: "I've Loved These Days" B-side "Say Goodbye to Hollywood" (US single) (1976)

text: "Everybody Has a Dream" B-side "Vienna" (Dutch-only single) (1978)

text: "Nobody Knows But Me" B-side of "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town" by Bruce Springsteen (US promo single) CBS PRO151- from In Harmony 2 LP

text: "Miami 2017" B-side "Say Goodbye To Hollywood" (12" US promo) (1981) Columbia AS 1298 / XMS 168798

text: "Los Angelenos" B-side "She's Got a Way" (Japanese 7" vinyl) (1981) Columbia 3-10562

text: "She’s Right on Time" B-side "A Room of Our Own" (Dutch-only promo single) (1983)

text: "When You Wish Upon a Star" (Promo single) (1991)

text: "Shades of Grey" (Promo single) (1993)

text: Other charted songs[edit]

text:
List of songs, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album name

Title
Year
Peak chart positions
Album

US
Main.
Rock
[36]

"Scandinavian Skies"
1982
38
The Nylon Curtain

"A Room of Our Own"
27

text: Guest appearances and other contributions[edit]

text:
List of (mostly non-single) guest appearances, with other performing artists, showing year released and album name; and contributions to movie soundtracks with new recordings

Title
Year
Other artist(s)
Album

"Talkin' Bout My Baby" backing vocals[42]
1985
Patti Austin
track from Getting Away With Murder

"Modern Woman"
1986
N/A
Ruthless People movie soundtrack

"Maybe He'll Know" backing vocals[43]
1986
Cyndi Lauper
single from True Colors

"Just Wanna Hold" keyboards, vocals
1989
Mick Jones (Foreigner)
single from Mick Jones [44]

"Heartbreak Hotel"
1992
N/A
Honeymoon in Vegas movie soundtrack

"In a Sentimental Mood"
1992
N/A
A League of Their Own movie soundtrack

"Where Were You on Our Wedding Day"
1999
N/A
Runaway Bride movie soundtrack

"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas"[45]
1999
Rosie O'Donnell
A Rosie Christmas

"The Good Life"[46]
2006
Tony Bennett
Duets: An American Classic

"Wichita Lineman"[47]
2010
Jimmy Webb
Just Across the River

"New York State of Mind" (live)[48]
2010
Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band
The 25th Anniversary Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Concerts (CD)

"Born to Run" (Live)[48]

"(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher (A Tribute to Jackie Wilson)" (Live)[48]
Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band, Darlene Love, John Fogerty, Sam Moore, Tom Morello

"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)"[49]
2013
Johnny Mathis
Sending You a Little Christmas

"New York State of Mind"[47]
2014
Barbra Streisand
Partners

"Maybe I'm Amazed"[49]
2014
N/A
The Art of McCartney (tribute album)

"Live and Let Die"
N/A

text: Music videos[edit]

text: This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (October 2015)

text: Videos (Year of release) [Video Director] & Notes:

text: "Piano Man" (Single released in 1973) but first video in 1977 (alternate sound track) and second video in 1985 [dir. Jon Small] (Album track)

text: "Say Goodbye to Hollywood" (1976) (Live take)

text: "Just the Way You Are" (1977) (Live)

text: "The Stranger" (1978) (live)

text: "My Life" (1979) [Steve Cohen] portion of "Stiletto" at the start

text: "Big Shot" (1979) [Michael Negrin, Steve Cohen]

text: "Honesty" (1979) [Steve Cohen]

text: "All for Leyna" (1980) [Steve Cohen] (Alternate vocal track)

text: "You May Be Right" (1980) [Steve Cohen] (Alternate vocal track)

text: "It's Still Rock and Roll to Me" (1980) [Steve Cohen]

text: "Sometimes a Fantasy" (1980) [George Gomes] (alternate vocal track)

text: "Everybody Loves You Now" (was not a single) (1981) [Steve Cohen] (live at Sparks)[50]

text: "You're My Home" (Live single) (1981) [Steve Cohen] (live at Sparks, different version from live LP Songs in the Attic)

text: "Los Angelenos" (single, at least in Japan) (1981) [Steve Cohen] (live at Sparks)

text: "Say Goodbye to Hollywood" (live single) (1981) [Steve Cohen] (live at Sparks, different version from live LP Songs in the Attic)

text: "She's Got a Way" (Live single) (1981) (live in a studio, different version from live LP Songs in the Attic)

text: "Pressure" (1982) [Russell Mulcahy]

text: "She's Right on Time" (was not a single) (1982) [Russell Mulcahy]

text: "Allentown" (1982) [Russell Mulcahy]

text: "Goodnight Saigon" (1983) [Jay Dubin, Arnold Levine] (live from Long Island)

text: "Tell Her About It" (1983) [Jay Dubin, Jon Small]

text: "Uptown Girl" (1983) [Jay Dubin]

text: "The Longest Time" (1984) [Jay Dubin]

text: "Keeping the Faith" (1984) [Howie Deutch]

text: "You're Only Human (Second Wind)" (1985) [Richard Friedman]

text: "The Night Is Still Young" (1985) [Neil Tardio]

text: “A Matter of Trust” (1986) [Russell Mulcahy]

text: "Baby Grand" duet with Ray Charles (1987) [Jon Small]

text: "Back in the U.S.S.R." (live single) (1987) (live in the USSR)

text: "We Didn't Start the Fire" (1989) [Chris Blum]

text: "Leningrad" (1989) [Kathy Dougherty]

text: "I Go to Extremes" (1990) [Paula Greif]

text: "The Downeaster 'Alexa'" (1990) [Andy Morahan]

text: "That's Not Her Style" (1990) [Jon Small] (live at Yankee Stadium)

text: "And So It Goes" (1990) [Joel Hinman, Jeff Schock] (live)

text: "Shameless" (1991) [Derek Horne] (live)

text: "When You Wish Upon a Star" (1991) [Scott Garen] for Disney video “Simply Mad About The Mouse”

text: "All Shook Up" (1992) [N/A] from soundtrack to film "Honeymoon in Vegas"

text: "The River of Dreams" (1993) [Andy Morahan]

text: "All About Soul" (1993) [Lawrence Jordan]

text: "No Man's Land" (1993) [Gil Gilbert]

text: "Lullabye (Goodnight, My Angel)" (1994) [Marcus Nispel]

text: "To Make You Feel My Love" (1997) [Ernie Fritz] (alternate vocal track)

text: "Hey Girl" (1997) [Ernie Fritz]

text: "All My Life" (2007) [N/A]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
A ^ Cold Spring Harbor originally peaked at number 202 on the Billboard Bubbling Under the Top LP's chart in 1972.[51] The album was re-issued by Columbia in December 1983. All chart positions listed for Cold Spring Harbor are for its 1983 re-issue.
B ^ Piano Man entered the UK Albums Chart following a 1984 re-issue. It entered the Japanese Oricon Albums Chart following a 2004 re-issue.
C ^ Turnstiles entered the Japanese Oricon Albums Chart following a 2004 re-issue.
D ^ Greatest Hits Volume I and II originally peaked at number 18 on the Norwegian Albums Chart before peaking at number 1 in 1994.
E ^ The Ultimate Collection originally peaked at number 21 on the Japanese Oricon Albums Chart before peaking at number 19 in 2007.
F ^ The Essential Billy Joel entered the Australian ARIA Albums Chart and the RIANZ Albums Chart following a 2008 reissue entitled The Essential 3.0.
G ^ Piano Man: The Very Best of Billy Joel originally peaked at number 40 on the UK Albums Chart before peaking at number 7 in 2010.
H ^ "Piano Man" first entered the UK Singles Chart in 2008 and peaked at number 136.
I ^ "She's Always a Woman" peaked at number 53 on the UK Singles Chart in 1986 following a double A-side single re-release with "Just the Way You Are". It reentered the chart in 2010 and reached a new peak of 29.
J ^ ^ In the United Kingdom, "Goodnight Saigon" and "Leave a Tender Moment Alone" were released as a double A-side single.


document_title: Father of the Bride (1991 film)

question_text: who played the father in father of the bride

text: Father of the Bride (1991 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: George Banks (Steve Martin) is the owner of a successful athletic shoe company called Side Kicks in San Marino, California. His 22-year-old daughter, Annie (Kimberly Williams) who just graduated from college, returns home from Europe, announcing that she is engaged to Bryan MacKenzie (George Newbern), a man from an upper-class family from Bel-Air, despite their only having known each other for six months. The sudden shock turns the warm reunion into a heated argument between George and Annie, but they quickly reconcile in time for Bryan to arrive and meet them. Despite Bryan's good financial status and likeable demeanour, George takes an immediate dislike to him while his wife, Nina (Diane Keaton), accepts him as a potential son-in-law. George does not want to let go of his daughter.

text: George and Nina meet Bryan's parents, John and Joanna MacKenzie. Though George feels comfort from John also expressing how shocked he had initially been at Bryan's engagement, he quickly gets into trouble when he begins nosing around and eventually ends up falling into the pool when cornered by the MacKenzies' vicious pet Dobermans. All is forgiven, however, and the Banks meet with an eccentric European wedding coordinator, Franck Eggelhoffer (Martin Short) and his assistant, Howard Weinstein (B. D. Wong), where George immediately begins complaining about the price of the extravagant wedding items. The high price, $250 a head, plus the problems of wedding invitations begin to take their toll on George and he becomes slightly insane. The last straw occurs when his wrongly sized suit, which he had struggled to put on, rips when he bends his back. He leaves the house to cool off, but ends up causing a disturbance at the supermarket. Fed up with paying for things he doesn't want, he starts removing hot dog buns from their 12-bun packets so as to match the 8-dog packets of hot dogs. He ends up getting arrested, but Nina arrives to bail him out on the condition that he stop ruining the wedding.

text: With help from Nina and Franck, George becomes more relaxed and accepting of the wedding, particularly when Annie and Bryan receive rather expensive gifts from extended family members, but the wedding plans are put on hold when they have a row over a blender he gave her as a gift, which only gets worse when she refuses to believe his story about George's antics at his parents' house when he fell in the pool. George takes Bryan out for a drink, initially intending to get rid of him for good, but seeing his heartbroken face and genuine claim that he loves Annie, George has a change of heart and finally accepts him. He confesses to Annie that what happened at the MacKenzies' house was true, and she and Bryan reconcile.

text: Despite some last minute problems with the weather, the wedding is finally prepared, almost one year after Bryan and Annie's first meeting. They marry and the reception is held at the house, despite a nosy police officer objecting to the number of parked cars in the street. Unfortunately, George misses Annie throwing her bouquet and is unable to see her before she and Bryan leave for their honeymoon in Hawaii. However, Annie calls him from the airport to thank and tell him that she loves him one last time before they board the plane.

text: With the house now empty and the wedding finished, George finds solace with Nina and dances with her.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Steve Martin as George Banks
Diane Keaton as Nina Banks
Kimberly Williams as Annie Banks-MacKenzie
Kieran Culkin as Matty Banks
George Newbern as Bryan MacKenzie
Peter Michael Goetz as John MacKenzie
Kate McGregor-Stewart as Joanna MacKenzie
Martin Short as Franck Eggelhoffer
B. D. Wong as Howard Weinstein
Richard Portnow as Al
David Pasquesi as Hanck
Chauncey Leopardi as Cameron
Eugene Levy as Singer at audition
Marissa Lefton as 3-year-old Annie
Sarah Rose Karr as 7-year-old Annie
Amy Young as 12-year-old Annie
Ira Heiden as Supermarket Stock Boy
Britt Leach as Assistant Manager of Supermarket (uncredited, his final film role to date)

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The film's soundtrack was scored by Alan Silvestri and was influenced by jazz and Christmas instrumentations. It contains the following tracks:

text:
"Main Title"
"Annie's Theme"
"Drive to Brunch"
"Snooping Around"
"Pool Cue"
"Annie Asleep"
"Basketball Kiss"
"The Wedding"
"Snow Scene"
"Nina at the Stairs"
"The Big Day"
"Annie at the Mirror
"Pachelbel Canon"
"The Way You Look Tonight" - Alan Silvestri, Fields, Dorothy
"My Annie's Gone"
"The Way You Look Tonight (Reprise)"
"End Credits"

tag: ol

text: The following songs are also featured in the film:

text:
"My Girl" - The Temptations
"(Today I Met) The Boy I'm Going to Marry" - Darlene Love
"Chapel of Love" - The Dixie Cups

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film opened to generally favorable reviews. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 73% of critics gave it a positive rating, based on 41 reviews, with an average score of 6/10. Its consensus states that "while it doesn't quite hit the heights of the original, this remake of the 1950 classic is pleasantly enjoyable, thanks in large part to winning performances from Steve Martin and Martin Short."[3] Contrastingly, it received 51/100 on Metacritic.[4]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three stars out of four and called it "one of the movies with a lot of smiles and laughter in it, and a good feeling all the way through. Just everyday life, warmly observed."[5] Desson Howe of The Washington Post praised Martin for his performance in it, writing that "it is so funny, it's almost sublime. The explanation is simple: It's all Steve Martin."[6]

text: The film drew $15 million on its debut.[7]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
1992; nominated, "Best Breakthrough Performance" - Kimberly Williams
1992; nominated, "Best Comedic Performance" - Steve Martin

text: 1993: won, "Best Movie" - Father of the Bride

text: 1993; nominated, "Best Young Actor Co-starring in a Motion Picture" - Kieran Culkin

text: Remake[edit]

text: In February of 2018, The Hollywood Reporter revealed that remakes of several films are in development as exclusive content for Walt Disney Studios' upcoming streaming service; with one of those named in the announcement being Father of the Bride.[8]


question_text: who owns the car jfk was shot in

question_tokens: who owns the car jfk was shot in

text: Specifications[edit]

text: SS-100-X was originally a standard 1961 Lincoln Continental four door convertible (model 74A) built by the Ford Motor Company and assembled at the Wixom, Michigan plant. It had a retail price of $7,347 (equivalent to $58,882, as of 2016[2]).

text: The car was moved to the Experimental Garage at the Ford Proving Grounds where an additional 41 inches was added between the front and rear doors and just beyond the rear doors.[citation needed] The car's frame was strengthened to accommodate the additional length and weight. It was painted a special navy blue color and taken to Hess & Eisenhardt of Cincinnati, Ohio, for reupholstering and further modifications to Secret Service specifications.[clarification needed] During the refit the car had no bulletproof or bullet-resistant additions added. The windshield remained the standard two-ply safety glass which could be easily replaced at any dealership.

text: It was first delivered to the White House on June 15, 1961 and measured 255 inches (6.5 m) long, had a wheelbase of 156 inches (4.0 m), was 78.6 inches (2.00 m) wide, and 57 inches (1.4 m) high. It weighed 7,800 pounds (3,500 kg), up 1,585 pounds (719 kg) from factory weight, and was powered by a hand-built 350-horsepower 430-cubic-inch (7,000 cm3) Ford MEL engine.

text: An open car, the Lincoln was equipped with an assortment of tops, including a snap-together bubble top, a black cover for the bubble, a formal rear top and a stainless steel forward section (none of which were bulletproof). It also featured two-way radio telephones[1] and retractable steps and grab-handles for Secret Service agents. No armor plate was added to the bodywork, but the undercarriage and all suspension components were strengthened. A hydraulically-lifted rear seat was fitted. At the time of the assassination, the Lincoln had been fitted with a 1962-model front clip (fenders, hood, grille and bumper assemblies).

text: It had a special short-turn radius, 61.9 feet (18.9 m), compared to 64 feet (20 m) on the 1950 Eisenhower "bubbletop" which had been its predecessor. Total cost of modifications was approximately $200,000 (equivalent to $3.74 million in 2016[3]). The limousine was registered to the Ford Motor Company and was leased to the Secret Service for a nominal fee of $500 per year (equivalent to $4,007 in 2016[2]).[4]

text: The limousine carried the District of Columbia license plate GG 300. In November 2015, the license plates were sold at auction for $100,000.[5]

text: Kennedy assassination[edit]

text: On November 21, 1963 SS-100-X was loaded onto a Fairchild C-123 Provider piloted by Captain Thomason of the 76th Air Transport Squadron and flown to San Antonio and then onto Dallas Love Field where it was stored in an underground car park.

text: Following the shooting of President Kennedy and Governor Connally at approximately 12.30 pm, SS-100-X was driven to Parkland Memorial Hospital. The Plexiglas bubble top and cloth cover were then attached. Later that afternoon at 3.30 pm CST the limousine was taken to Love Field and boarded on a C-130 and flown to Andrews Air Force Base, Washington DC, landing at 8 pm EST. After arrival at Andrews AFB, the limo was delivered to the White House garage. The Secret Service and later the FBI took photos of the limo's interior and searched it for evidence before it was thoroughly cleaned and valeted.

text: Post-assassination[edit]

text: In late December 1963, the car was sent back to Hess & Eisenhardt to be modified further, and was rebuilt from the ground up. For protection, the Lincoln received titanium armor plating, bullet-resistant glass and a bulletproof permanent roof. Solid aluminium rims were also fitted inside the tires to make them flat-proof. It remained in service for an additional eight years, logging 50,000 miles on the ground and over one million miles being flown to and from its destinations. The vehicle was equipped with Presidential lap robes and mouton carpeting and a complete communications system including radio patch to the White House. It was replaced in 1967 and remained in service doing less important duties until 1978, when it was retired to the Henry Ford Museum. Finished originally in navy blue, the car was repainted black after the assassination, then repainted again[clarification needed] after each assignment.[6]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b "Kennedy Presidential Limousine". The Henry Ford. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ United States nominal Gross Domestic Product per capita figures follow the Measuring Worth series supplied in Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2017). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved July 28, 2017.  These are the figures as of 2016.
Jump up ^ "SS-100-X Lincoln became part of history with JFK tragedy". www.oldcarsweekly.com. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ "JFK licence plates sell for $100,000 at auction". BBC. November 8, 2015. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ http://articles.cnn.com/2009-03-18/living/aa.obama.limo_1_jfk-protective-aol-autos/2?_s=PM:LIVING


document_title: Premier League Player of the Month

question_text: who won player of the month december 2017

text: Premier League Player of the Month

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Contents

1994–95 · 1995–96 · 1996–97 · 1997–98 · 1998–99 · 1999–2000
2000–01 · 2001–02 · 2002–03 · 2003–04 · 2004–05 · 2005–06 · 2006–07 · 2007–08 · 2008–09 · 2009–10
2010–11 · 2011–12 · 2012–13 · 2013–14 · 2014–15 · 2015–16 · 2016–17 · 2017–18

text:
Key

Award was shared with another player

GK
Goalkeeper

DF
Defender

MF
Midfielder

FW
Forward

text:
Month
Year[nb 2]
Nationality
Player
Team
Position
Ref

5 !August
1994.51994
 Germany
Klinsmann, JürgenJürgen Klinsmann
Tottenham Hotspur
FW
[7]

6 !September
1994.61994
 England
Lee, RobRob Lee
Newcastle United
E !MF
[7]

7 !October
1994.71994
 England
Ince, PaulPaul Ince
Manchester United
E !MF
[7]

8 !November
1994.81994
 England
Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer†
Blackburn Rovers
FW
[7]

8 !November
1994.81994
 England
Sutton, ChrisChris Sutton†
Blackburn Rovers
FW
[7]

9 !December
1994.91994
 England
Le Tissier, MattMatt Le Tissier
Southampton
E !MF
[7]

1 !January
1995.11995
 England
Waddle, ChrisChris Waddle
Sheffield Wednesday
E !MF
[7]

2 !February
1995.21995
 Scotland
Ferguson, DuncanDuncan Ferguson
Everton
FW
[7]

3 !March
1995.31995
 Ghana
Yeboah, TonyTony Yeboah
Leeds United
FW
[7]

4 !April
1995.41995
 England
Seaman, DavidDavid Seaman
Arsenal
A !GK
[7]

5 !August
1995.51995
 France
Ginola, DavidDavid Ginola
Newcastle United
E !MF
[11]

6 !September
1995.61995
 Ghana
Yeboah, TonyTony Yeboah
Leeds United
FW
[11]

7 !October
1995.71995
 England
Sinclair, TrevorTrevor Sinclair
Queens Park Rangers
E !MF
[11]

8 !November
1995.81995
 England
Lee, RobRob Lee
Newcastle United
E !MF
[11]

9 !December
1995.91995
 England
Fowler, RobbieRobbie Fowler
Liverpool
FW
[11]

1 !January
1996.11996
 England
Collymore, StanStan Collymore†
Liverpool
FW
[11]

1 !January
1996.11996
 England
Fowler, RobbieRobbie Fowler†
Liverpool
FW
[11]

2 !February
1996.21996
 Trinidad and Tobago
Yorke, DwightDwight Yorke
Aston Villa
FW
[11]

3 !March
1996.31996
 France
Cantona, EricEric Cantona
Manchester United
FW
[11]

4 !April
1996.41996
 Russia
Kanchelskis, AndreiAndrei Kanchelskis
Everton
E !MF
[11]

5 !August
1996.51996
 England
Beckham, DavidDavid Beckham
Manchester United
E !MF
[12]

6 !September
1996.61996
 Czech Republic
Berger, PatrikPatrik Berger
Liverpool
E !MF
[12]

7 !October
1996.71996
 England
Le Tissier, MattMatt Le Tissier
Southampton
E !MF
[12]

8 !November
1996.81996
 England
Wright, IanIan Wright
Arsenal
FW
[12]

9 !December
1996.91996
 Italy
Zola, GianfrancoGianfranco Zola
Chelsea
FW
[12]

1 !January
1997.11997
 England
Flowers, TimTim Flowers
Blackburn Rovers
A !GK
[12]

2 !February
1997.21997
 Jamaica
Earle, RobbieRobbie Earle
Wimbledon
E !MF
[12]

3 !March
1997.31997
 Brazil
Juninho Paulista, Juninho Paulista
Middlesbrough
E !MF
[12]

4 !April
1997.41997
 Ireland
Evans, MickeyMickey Evans
Southampton
FW
[12]

5 !August
1997.51997
 Netherlands
Bergkamp, DennisDennis Bergkamp
Arsenal
FW
[13]

5 !September
1997.61997
 Netherlands
Bergkamp, DennisDennis Bergkamp
Arsenal
FW
[13]

7 !October
1997.71997
 Costa Rica
Wanchope, PauloPaulo Wanchope
Derby County
FW
[13]

8 !November
1997.81997
 England
Cole, AndyAndy Cole†
Manchester United
FW
[13]

8 !November
1997.81997
 England
Davies, KevinKevin Davies†
Southampton
FW
[13]

9 !December
1997.91997
 England
McManaman, SteveSteve McManaman
Liverpool
E !MF
[13]

1 !January
1998.11998
 England
Dublin, DionDion Dublin
Coventry City
FW
[13]

2 !February
1998.21998
 England
Sutton, ChrisChris Sutton
Blackburn Rovers
FW
[13]

3 !March
1998.31998
 Austria
Manninger, AlexAlex Manninger
Arsenal
A !GK
[13]

4 !April
1998.41998
 France
Petit, EmmanuelEmmanuel Petit
Arsenal
E !MF
[13]

5 !August
1998.51998
 England
Owen, MichaelMichael Owen
Liverpool
FW
[14]

6 !September
1998.61998
 England
Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer
Newcastle United
FW
[14]

7 !October
1998.71998
 Ireland
Keane, RoyRoy Keane
Manchester United
E !MF
[14]

8 !November
1998.81998
 England
Dublin, DionDion Dublin
Aston Villa
FW
[14]

9 !December
1998.91998
 France
Ginola, DavidDavid Ginola
Tottenham Hotspur
E !MF
[14]

1 !January
1999.11999
 Trinidad and Tobago
Yorke, DwightDwight Yorke
Manchester United
FW
[14]

2 !February
1999.21999
 France
Anelka, NicolasNicolas Anelka
Arsenal
FW
[14]

3 !March
1999.31999
 England
Parlour, RayRay Parlour
Arsenal
E !MF
[14]

4 !April
1999.41999
 England
Campbell, KevinKevin Campbell
Everton
FW
[14]

5 !August
1999.51999
 Ireland
Keane, RobbieRobbie Keane
Coventry City
FW
[15]

6 !September
1999.61999
 Turkey
Izzet, MuzzyMuzzy Izzet
Leicester City
E !MF
[15]

7 !October
1999.71999
 England
Phillips, KevinKevin Phillips
Sunderland
FW
[15]

8 !November
1999.81999
 Finland
Hyypiä, SamiSami Hyypiä
Liverpool
DF
[15]

9 !December
1999.91999
 Ireland
Keane, RoyRoy Keane
Manchester United
E !MF
[15]

1 !January
2000.12000
 England
Southgate, GarethGareth Southgate
Aston Villa
DF
[15]

2 !February
2000.22000
 England
Merson, PaulPaul Merson
Aston Villa
E !MF
[15]

3 !March
2000.32000
 Trinidad and Tobago
Yorke, DwightDwight Yorke
Manchester United
FW
[15]

4 !April
2000.42000
 France
Henry, ThierryThierry Henry
Arsenal
FW
[15]

5 !August
2000.52000
 England
Smith, AlanAlan Smith
Leeds United
FW
[16]

6 !September
2000.62000
 England
Flowers, TimTim Flowers
Leicester City
A !GK
[16]

7 !October
2000.72000
 England
Sheringham, TeddyTeddy Sheringham
Manchester United
FW
[16]

8 !November
2000.82000
 England
Robinson, PaulPaul Robinson
Leeds United
A !GK
[16]

9 !December
2000.92000
 England
Beattie, JamesJames Beattie
Southampton
FW
[16]

1 !January
2001.12001
 Ireland
Keane, RobbieRobbie Keane
Leeds United
FW
[16]

2 !February
2001.22001
 England
Pearce, StuartStuart Pearce
West Ham United
DF
[16]

3 !March
2001.32001
 England
Gerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard
Liverpool
E !MF
[16]

4 !April
2001.42001
 Scotland
McAllister, GaryGary McAllister
Liverpool
E !MF
[16]

5 !August
2001.52001
 France
Saha, LouisLouis Saha
Fulham
FW
[17]

6 !September
2001.62001
 Argentina
Verón, Juan SebastiánJuan Sebastián Verón
Manchester United
E !MF
[17]

7 !October
2001.72001
 England
Ferdinand, RioRio Ferdinand
Leeds United
DF
[17]

8 !November
2001.82001
 England
Murphy, DannyDanny Murphy
Liverpool
E !MF
[18]

9 !December
2001.92001
 Netherlands
van Nistelrooy, RuudRuud van Nistelrooy
Manchester United
FW
[17]

1 !January
2002.12002
 England
Bent, MarcusMarcus Bent
Ipswich Town
FW
[17]

2 !February
2002.22002
 Netherlands
van Nistelrooy, RuudRuud van Nistelrooy
Manchester United
FW
[17]

3 !March
2002.32002
 Netherlands
Bergkamp, DennisDennis Bergkamp
Arsenal
FW
[19]

4 !April
2002.42002
 Sweden
Ljungberg, FredrikFredrik Ljungberg
Arsenal
E !MF
[17]

5 !August
2002.52002
 France
Wiltord, SylvainSylvain Wiltord
Arsenal
FW
[20]

6 !September
2002.62002
 France
Henry, ThierryThierry Henry
Arsenal
FW
[20]

7 !October
2002.72002
 Italy
Zola, GianfrancoGianfranco Zola
Chelsea
FW
[21]

8 !November
2002.82002
 England
Beattie, JamesJames Beattie
Southampton
FW
[20]

9 !December
2002.92002
 England
Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer
Newcastle United
FW
[20]

1 !January
2003.12003
 England
Scholes, PaulPaul Scholes
Manchester United
E !MF
[20]

2 !February
2003.22003
 France
Pirès, RobertRobert Pirès
Arsenal
E !MF
[20]

3 !March
2003.32003
 England
Gerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard
Liverpool
E !MF
[20]

4 !April
2003.42003
 Netherlands
van Nistelrooy, RuudRuud van Nistelrooy
Manchester United
FW
[20]

5 !August
2003.52003
 England
Sheringham, TeddyTeddy Sheringham
Portsmouth
FW
[22]

6 !September
2003.62003
 England
Lampard, FrankFrank Lampard
Chelsea
E !MF
[22]

7 !October
2003.72003
 England
Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer
Newcastle United
FW
[22]

8 !November
2003.82003
 Nigeria
Okocha, Jay-JayJay-Jay Okocha
Bolton Wanderers
E !MF
[22]

9 !December
2003.92003
 England
Scholes, PaulPaul Scholes
Manchester United
E !MF
[22]

1 !January
2004.12004
 France
Henry, ThierryThierry Henry
Arsenal
FW
[22]

2 !February
2004.22004
 Netherlands
Bergkamp, DennisDennis Bergkamp†
Arsenal
FW
[22]

2 !February
2004.22004
 Brazil
Edu, Edu†
Arsenal
E !MF
[22]

3 !March
2004.32004
 Finland
Forssell, MikaelMikael Forssell
Birmingham City
FW
[22]

4 !April
2004.42004
 France
Henry, ThierryThierry Henry
Arsenal
FW
[22]

5 !August
2004.52004
 Spain
Reyes, José AntonioJosé Antonio Reyes
Arsenal
FW
[23]

6 !September
2004.62004
 England
King, LedleyLedley King
Tottenham Hotspur
DF
[23]

7 !October
2004.72004
 England
Johnson, AndrewAndrew Johnson
Crystal Palace
FW
[23]

8 !November
2004.82004
 Netherlands
Robben, ArjenArjen Robben
Chelsea
E !MF
[23]

9 !December
2004.92004
 England
Gerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard
Liverpool
E !MF
[24]

1 !January
2005.12005
 England
Terry, JohnJohn Terry
Chelsea
DF
[23]

2 !February
2005.22005
 England
Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
Manchester United
FW
[23]

3 !March
2005.32005
 England
Cole, JoeJoe Cole
Chelsea
E !MF
[23]

4 !April
2005.42005
 England
Lampard, FrankFrank Lampard
Chelsea
E !MF
[23]

5 !August
2005.52005
 England
Bent, DarrenDarren Bent
Charlton Athletic
FW
[25]

6 !September
2005.62005
 England
Murphy, DannyDanny Murphy
Charlton Athletic
E !MF
[25]

7 !October
2005.72005
 England
Lampard, FrankFrank Lampard
Chelsea
E !MF
[25]

8 !November
2005.82005
 Netherlands
van Persie, RobinRobin van Persie
Arsenal
FW
[25]

9 !December
2005.92005
 England
Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
Manchester United
FW
[26]

1 !January
2006.12006
 England
Ferdinand, AntonAnton Ferdinand
West Ham United
DF
[25]

2 !February
2006.22006
 England
Nolan, KevinKevin Nolan
Bolton Wanderers
E !MF
[25]

3 !March
2006.32006
 England
Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
Manchester United
FW
[25]

4 !April
2006.42006
 England
Gerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard
Liverpool
E !MF
[27]

5 !August
2006.52006
 Wales
Giggs, RyanRyan Giggs
Manchester United
E !MF
[28]

6 !September
2006.62006
 England
Johnson, AndrewAndrew Johnson
Everton
FW
[29]

7 !October
2006.72006
 England
Scholes, PaulPaul Scholes
Manchester United
E !MF
[29]

8 !November
2006.82006
 Portugal
Ronaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo
Manchester United
E !MF
[29]

9 !December
2006.92006
 Portugal
Ronaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo
Manchester United
E !MF
[8]

1 !January
2007.12007
 Spain
Fabregas, CescCesc Fàbregas
Arsenal
E !MF
[30]

2 !February
2007.22007
 Wales
Giggs, RyanRyan Giggs
Manchester United
E !MF
[31]

3 !March
2007.32007
 Czech Republic
Cech, PetrPetr Čech
Chelsea
A !GK
[32]

4 !April
2007.42007
 Bulgaria
Berbatov, DimitarDimitar Berbatov†
Tottenham Hotspur
FW
[33]

4 !April
2007.42007
 Ireland
Keane, RobbieRobbie Keane†
Tottenham Hotspur
FW
[33]

5 !August
2007.52007
 England
Richards, MicahMicah Richards
Manchester City
DF
[34]

6 !September
2007.62007
 Spain
Fabregas, CescCesc Fàbregas
Arsenal
E !MF
[35]

7 !October
2007.72007
 England
Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
Manchester United
FW
[36]

8 !November
2007.82007
 England
Agbonlahor, GabrielGabriel Agbonlahor
Aston Villa
FW
[37]

9 !December
2007.92007
 Paraguay
Santa Cruz, RoqueRoque Santa Cruz
Blackburn Rovers
FW
[38]

1 !January
2008.12008
 Portugal
Ronaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo
Manchester United
E !MF
[39]

2 !February
2008.22008
 Spain
Torres, FernandoFernando Torres
Liverpool
FW
[40]

3 !March
2008.32008
 Portugal
Ronaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo
Manchester United
E !MF
[41]

4 !April
2008.42008
 England
Young, AshleyAshley Young
Aston Villa
E !MF
[42]

5 !August
2008.52008
 Portugal
Deco, Deco
Chelsea
E !MF
[43]

6 !September
2008.62008
 England
Young, AshleyAshley Young
Aston Villa
E !MF
[44]

7 !October
2008.72008
 England
Lampard, FrankFrank Lampard
Chelsea
E !MF
[45]

8 !November
2008.82008
 France
Anelka, NicolasNicolas Anelka
Chelsea
FW
[46]

9 !December
2008.92008
 England
Young, AshleyAshley Young
Aston Villa
E !MF
[9]

1 !January
2009.12009
 Serbia
Vidić, NemanjaNemanja Vidić
Manchester United
DF
[47]

2 !February
2009.22009
 England
Jagielka, PhilPhil Jagielka
Everton
DF
[48]

3 !March
2009.32009
 England
Gerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard
Liverpool
E !MF
[49]

4 !April
2009.42009
 Russia
Arshavin, AndreiAndrei Arshavin
Arsenal
E !MF
[1]

5 !August
2009.52009
 England
Defoe, JermainJermain Defoe
Tottenham Hotspur
FW
[50]

6 !September
2009.62009
 Spain
Torres, FernandoFernando Torres
Liverpool
FW
[51]

7 !October
2009.72009
 Netherlands
van Persie, RobinRobin van Persie
Arsenal
FW
[52]

8 !November
2009.82009
 England
Bullard, JimmyJimmy Bullard
Hull City
E !MF
[53]

9 !December
2009.92009
 Argentina
Tevez, CarlosCarlos Tevez
Manchester City
FW
[54]

1 !January
2010.12010
 England
Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
Manchester United
FW
[55]

2 !February
2010.22010
 Australia
Schwarzer, MarkMark Schwarzer
Fulham
A !GK
[56]

3 !March
2010.32010
 France
Malouda, FlorentFlorent Malouda
Chelsea
E !MF
[57]

4 !April
2010.42010
 Wales
Bale, GarethGareth Bale
Tottenham Hotspur
MF
[58]

5 !August
2010.52010
 England
Scholes, PaulPaul Scholes
Manchester United
E !MF
[59]

6 !September
2010.62010
 Nigeria
Odemwingie, PeterPeter Odemwingie
West Bromwich Albion
FW
[60]

7 !October
2010.72010
 Netherlands
van der Vaart, RafaelRafael van der Vaart
Tottenham Hotspur
E !MF
[61]

8 !November
2010.82010
 Sweden
Elmander, JohanJohan Elmander
Bolton Wanderers
FW
[62]

9 !December
2010.92010
 France
Nasri, SamirSamir Nasri
Arsenal
E !MF
[63]

1 !January
2011.12011
 Bulgaria
Berbatov, DimitarDimitar Berbatov
Manchester United
FW
[64]

2 !February
2011.22011
 England
Parker, ScottScott Parker
West Ham United
E !MF
[65]

3 !March
2011.32011
 Brazil
Luiz, DavidDavid Luiz
Chelsea
DF
[66]

4 !April
2011.42011
 Nigeria
Odemwingie, PeterPeter Odemwingie
West Bromwich Albion
FW
[67]

5 !August
2011.52011
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Dzeko, EdinEdin Džeko
Manchester City
FW
[68]

6 !September
2011.62011
 Spain
Silva, DavidDavid Silva
Manchester City
E !MF
[69]

7 !October
2011.72011
 Netherlands
van Persie, RobinRobin van Persie
Arsenal
FW
[70]

8 !November
2011.82011
 England
Parker, ScottScott Parker
Tottenham Hotspur
E !MF
[71]

9 !December
2011.92011
 Senegal
Ba, DembaDemba Ba
Newcastle United
FW
[72]

1 !January
2012.12012
 Wales
Bale, GarethGareth Bale
Tottenham Hotspur
E !MF
[73]

2 !February
2012.22012
 Nigeria
Odemwingie, PeterPeter Odemwingie
West Bromwich Albion
FW
[74]

3 !March
2012.32012
 Iceland
Sigurðsson, GylfiGylfi Sigurðsson
Swansea City
E !MF
[75]

4 !April
2012.42012
 Croatia
Jelavić, NikicaNikica Jelavić
Everton
FW
[76]

6 !September
2012.62012
 Scotland
Fletcher, StevenSteven Fletcher
Sunderland
FW
[77]

6 !October
2012.62012
 Spain
Mata, JuanJuan Mata
Chelsea
MF
[78]

8 !November
2012.82012
 Belgium
Fellaini, MarouaneMarouane Fellaini
Everton
MF
[79]

9 !December
2012.92012
 Netherlands
van Persie, RobinRobin van Persie
Manchester United
FW
[80]

1 !January
2013.12013
 England
Fondre, Adam leAdam le Fondre
Reading
FW
[81]

2 !February
2013.22013
 Wales
Bale, GarethGareth Bale
Tottenham Hotspur
MF
[82]

3 !March
2013.32013
 Belgium
Vertonghen, JanJan Vertonghen
Tottenham Hotspur
DF
[83]

4 !April
2013.42013
 Netherlands
van Persie, RobinRobin van Persie
Manchester United
FW
[84]

5 !August
2013.52013
 England
Sturridge, DanielDaniel Sturridge
Liverpool
FW
[85]

6 !September
2013.62013
 Wales
Ramsey, AaronAaron Ramsey
Arsenal
MF
[86]

7 !October
2013.72013
 Argentina
Agüero, SergioSergio Agüero
Manchester City
FW
[87]

8 !November
2013.82013
 Netherlands
Krul, TimTim Krul
Newcastle United
GK
[88]

9 !December
2013.92013
 Uruguay
Suárez, LuisLuis Suárez
Liverpool
FW
[89]

1 !January
2014.12014
 England
Johnson, AdamAdam Johnson
Sunderland
FW
[90]

2 !February
2014.22014
 England
Sturridge, DanielDaniel Sturridge
Liverpool
FW
[91]

3 !March
2014.32014
 England
Gerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard
Liverpool
MF
[10]

3 !March
2014.32014
 Uruguay
Suárez, LuisLuis Suárez
Liverpool
FW
[10]

4 !April
2014.12014
 England
Wickham, ConnorConnor Wickham
Sunderland
FW
[92]

8 !August
2014.12014
 Spain
Costa, DiegoDiego Costa
Chelsea
FW
[93]

9 !September
2014.12014
 Italy
Pellè, GrazianoGraziano Pellè
Southampton
FW
[94]

10 !October
2014.12014
 Senegal
Sakho, DiafraDiafra Sakho
West Ham United
FW
[95]

11 !November
2014.12014
 Argentina
Agüero, SergioSergio Agüero
Manchester City
FW
[96]

12 !December
2014.22014
 England
Austin, CharlieCharlie Austin
Queens Park Rangers
FW
[97]

1 !January
2014.22015
 England
Kane, HarryHarry Kane
Tottenham Hotspur
FW
[98]

2 !February
2014.22015
 England
Kane, HarryHarry Kane
Tottenham Hotspur
FW
[99]

3 !March
2014.22015
 France
Giroud, OlivierOlivier Giroud
Arsenal
FW
[100]

4 !April
2014.22015
 Belgium
Benteke, ChristianChristian Benteke
Aston Villa
FW
[101]

4 !August
2014.22015
 Ghana
Ayew, AndréAndré Ayew
Swansea City
FW
[102]

September
2015
 France
Anthony Martial
Manchester United
FW
[103]

October
2015
 England
Jamie Vardy
Leicester City
FW
[104]

November
2015
 England
Jamie Vardy
Leicester City
FW
[105]

December
2015
 Nigeria
Odion Ighalo
Watford
FW
[106]

January
2016
 Argentina
Agüero, SergioSergio Agüero
Manchester City
FW
[107]

February
2016
 England
Fraser Forster
Southampton
GK
[108]

March
2016
 England
Harry Kane
Tottenham Hotspur
FW
[109]

April
2016
 Argentina
Agüero, SergioSergio Agüero
Manchester City
FW
[110]

August
2014.22016
 England
Raheem Sterling
Manchester City
MF
[111]

September
2014.22016
 South Korea
Son Heung-min
Tottenham Hotspur
FW
[112]

October
2014.22016
 Belgium
Eden Hazard
Chelsea
MF
[113]

November
2014.22016
 Spain
Diego Costa
Chelsea
FW
[114]

December
2014.22016
 Sweden
Zlatan Ibrahimović
Manchester United
FW
[115]

January
2014.22017
 England
Dele Alli
Tottenham Hotspur
MF
[116]

February
2014.22017
 England
Harry Kane
Tottenham Hotspur
FW
[117]

March
2014.32017
 Belgium
Romelu Lukaku
Everton
FW
[117]

April
2014.22017
 South Korea
Son Heung-min
Tottenham Hotspur
FW
[117]

August
2017
 Senegal
Sadio Mané
Liverpool
FW
[117]

September
2017
 England
Harry Kane
Tottenham Hotspur
FW
[118]

October
2017
 Germany
Leroy Sané
Manchester City
MF
[119]

November
2017
 Egypt
Mohamed Salah
Liverpool
FW
[120]

December
2017
 England
Harry Kane
Tottenham Hotspur
FW
[121]

January
2018
 Argentina
Sergio Agüero
Manchester City
FW
[122]

text: Multiple winners[edit]

text: The below table lists those who have won on more than one occasion.

text:
Indicates current Premier League player

Italics
Indicates players still playing professional football

text:
Rank
Player
Wins

1st
Harry Kane
6

Steven Gerrard[nb 3]

3rd
Wayne Rooney
5

Robin van Persie

Sergio Agüero

6th
Dennis Bergkamp[nb 4]
4

Thierry Henry

Frank Lampard

Cristiano Ronaldo

Alan Shearer[nb 5]

Paul Scholes

12th
Robbie Keane[nb 6]
3

Peter Odemwingie

Ruud van Nistelrooy

Gareth Bale

Dwight Yorke

Ashley Young

18th
Nicolas Anelka
2

James Beattie

Dimitar Berbatov

Dion Dublin

Cesc Fàbregas

Diego Costa

Tim Flowers

Robbie Fowler[nb 7]

Ryan Giggs

David Ginola

Andrew Johnson

Roy Keane

Matthew Le Tissier

Rob Lee

Danny Murphy

Scott Parker

Teddy Sheringham

Daniel Sturridge

Son Heung-min

Luis Suárez[nb 8]

Chris Sutton[nb 9]

Fernando Torres

Jamie Vardy

Tony Yeboah

Gianfranco Zola

text: Awards won by position[edit]

text:
Position
Wins

Forward
7002113000000000000♠113[nb 10]

Midfielder
7001760000000000000♠76[nb 11]

Defender
7001120000000000000♠12

Goalkeeper
9

text: Awards won by nationality[edit]

text:
Country
Wins

 England
7001940000000000000♠94[nb 12]

 France
7001170000000000000♠17

 Netherlands
7001150000000000000♠15[nb 13]

 Spain
7000900000000000000♠9

 Argentina
7000700000000000000♠7

 Ireland
7000600000000000000♠6[nb 14]

 Wales
7000600000000000000♠6

 Belgium
7000500000000000000♠5

 Nigeria
7000500000000000000♠5

 Portugal
7000500000000000000♠5

 Brazil
7000400000000000000♠4[nb 15]

 Italy
7000300000000000000♠3

 Scotland
7000300000000000000♠3

 Sweden
7000300000000000000♠3

 Trinidad and Tobago
7000300000000000000♠3

 Ghana
7000300000000000000♠3

 Senegal
7000300000000000000♠3

 Bulgaria
7000200000000000000♠2[nb 16]

 Czech Republic
7000200000000000000♠2

 Finland
7000200000000000000♠2

 Germany
7000200000000000000♠2

 Russia
7000200000000000000♠2

 South Korea
7000200000000000000♠2

 Uruguay
7000200000000000000♠2

 Australia
7000100000000000000♠1

 Austria
7000100000000000000♠1

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
7000100000000000000♠1

 Costa Rica
7000100000000000000♠1

 Croatia
7000100000000000000♠1

 Egypt
7000100000000000000♠1

 Germany
7000100000000000000♠1

 Iceland
7000100000000000000♠1

 Jamaica
7000100000000000000♠1

 Paraguay
7000100000000000000♠1

 Serbia
7000100000000000000♠1

 Turkey
7000100000000000000♠1

text: Awards won by club[edit]

text:
Club
Wins

Manchester United
7001340000000000000♠34[nb 17]

Arsenal
7001280000000000000♠28[nb 18]

Liverpool
7001240000000000000♠24[nb 19][nb 20]

Tottenham Hotspur
7001210000000000000♠21[nb 21]

Chelsea
7001180000000000000♠18

Manchester City
7001150000000000000♠15

Aston Villa
7000900000000000000♠9

Newcastle United
7000800000000000000♠8

Southampton
7000800000000000000♠8[nb 22]

Everton
7000700000000000000♠7

Leeds United
7000600000000000000♠6

Blackburn Rovers
7000500000000000000♠5[nb 23]

Sunderland
7000500000000000000♠5

Leicester City
7000400000000000000♠4

West Ham United
7000400000000000000♠4

Bolton Wanderers
7000300000000000000♠3

West Bromwich Albion
7000300000000000000♠3

Charlton Athletic
7000200000000000000♠2

Coventry City
7000200000000000000♠2

Fulham
7000200000000000000♠2

Queens Park Rangers
7000200000000000000♠2

Swansea City
7000200000000000000♠2

Birmingham City
7000100000000000000♠1

Crystal Palace
7000100000000000000♠1

Derby County
7000100000000000000♠1

Hull City
7000100000000000000♠1

Ipswich Town
7000100000000000000♠1

Middlesbrough
7000100000000000000♠1

Portsmouth
7000100000000000000♠1

Reading
7000100000000000000♠1

Sheffield Wednesday
7000100000000000000♠1

Wimbledon
7000100000000000000♠1


document_title: Sanlúcar de Barrameda

question_text: it is the exact date of arrival of the remaining fleet in sanlucar spain

text: Sanlúcar de Barrameda

text: Etymology[edit]

text: Concerning the etymology of both names, there is no consensus among scholars, but several hypotheses have been advanced:

text:
Sanlúcar's name may have derived from the Arab shaluqa (شلوقة), the Arabic name for the Levant wind called sirocco or jaloque.[1][2]
According to the National Statistics Institute of Spain, the Sanlúcar toponym does not exist. However, there is historical mention of Brother Alfonso Sanlúcar de Barrameda, a Franciscan who was bishop of the Canaries-Rubicon in the period 1404–1417, and Fray Juan de Sanlúcar, a Franciscan who served in the same office from 1470–1474.[3] As for the name Barrameda, it is unique to people born in the Canary Islands, according to census data from 1 January 2006. The historical relations between the House of Medina Sidonia, Sanlúcar, and the Canaries may explain the presence of these surnames in the Canaries. Barrameda was derived from bar-am-ma'ida, an Arabic phrase for "water well of the plateau".[4]

text: Geography[edit]

text: Sanlúcar de Barrameda is located on the Atlantic coast of the autonomous community of Andalusia, in the province of Cadiz, specifically on the left side of the mouth of the Guadalquivir River, which separates the provinces of Huelva and Seville.  The municipality covers an area of 174.3 km2 with 6 km of beaches.

text: The city is part of the tourist area known as the Costa de la Luz (Coast of the Light), about 44 km from the provincial capital of Cádiz. This includes the marshes of the Pinar de la Bonanza Algaida and the marshes of the Guadalquivir, part of the Doñana Natural Park.

text: Sanlúcar de Barrameda borders the municipalities of Trebujena, Jerez de la Frontera,  Rota, Puerto de Santa María, and Chipiona. Its topography is shown in the MTN50 sheet (scale 1:50,000) No. 1047 of the National Topographic Map.[5]

text: History[edit]

text: In 1264, after Sanlúcar de Barrameda was seized from the Moors by King Alfonso X of Castile, it was reconstituted as the capital of the Señorío de Sanlúcar, and became during the 15th and 16th centuries one of the most important ports for trade connecting the Atlantic coast with the Mediterranean.

text: After the discovery of the New World, Sanlúcar developed as a port for refitting ships, and was the point of departure for various Spanish conquistadors. On 30 May 1498 Christopher Columbus left for his third voyage from Sanlúcar (See Voyages of Christopher Columbus). Another historical departure was that of Ferdinand Magellan on 10 August 1519, who with a fleet of five ships under his command left Seville and traveled down the Guadalquivir to Sanlúcar de Barrameda at its mouth, where they remained more than five weeks. Sanlúcar also witnessed the arrival in 1522 of the last surviving ship of Magellan's expedition, the Nao Victoria commanded by Juan Sebastián Elcano, which was the first ship to circumnavigate the world.

text: Alonso Fernández de Lugo, conqueror of the Canary Islands, of La Palma (1492) and Tenerife (1495), and subsequently the governor of the islands, was born in Sanlúcar.

text: The ill-fated expedition to Florida led by Pánfilo de Narváez left from Sanlúcar on June 17, 1527.  Only four members survived including Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca who described the expedition in his work Naufragios.

text: Main sights[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2010)

text: Sights include:

text:
The Castle of Santiago, from the 15th century
The palace of the Infantes of Orleans and Borbón, which is now used as the City Hall
Church of Nuestra Señora de la O
The palace of the dukes of Medina Sidonia, which now houses the municipal archives
The Convent of Santo Domingo, a 16th-century building
Las Covachas

text: Culture[edit]

text: Sanlúcar de Barrameda is one of Spain's three better-known sherry-producing towns. (The other two are Jerez de la Frontera, for which sherry is named, and El Puerto de Santa María.)

text: Although a seaside town, Sanlúcar de Barrameda is also home to the oldest horse races in Spain and some of the oldest in Europe. The races take place just before sunset along the beach at the mouth of the river Guadalquivir every August before thousands of spectators.  Contested at distances of 1500 m and 1800 m, these were the first regulated horse races in Spain; the riders wear distinctive colours and caps.

text: Other annual events include the Sanlúcar Tapas Fair, a local gastronomy competition; the Feria de la Manzanilla in late May, which is held at the beginning of the Noches de Bajo de Guía flamenco season; classical and jazz festivals; and the occasional concert by a major act. The city is also known for the Rocio pilgrimage, one of the more popular expressions of the Roman Catholic faith; it can be compared to the pilgrimages to Santiago or Lourdes.

text: Sanlúcar has had since ancient times a popular taste for bullfighting and has given the world of bullfighting several well-known bullfighters including Manuel Hermosilla y Llanera,[6] José Martínez Ahumada ("Limeño"),[7] Francisco Ojeda González ("Paco" Ojeda),[8] Julio Vega Rodríguez ("Marismeño"),[9] José Luis Parada,[10] and Manuel Rodríguez Blanco ("El Manguin").[11]

text: People[edit]

text: People in Sanlúcar historically worked primarily in agriculture (mainly viticulture) and fishing (especially for the famous Sanlúcar prawn). These two occupations were naturally concentrated in different parts of the town, and until the modernizing trends of the last few decades, there were marked distinctions between the people living in each area.  People living near the sea, in the area known as Bajo de Guía, were almost exclusively dedicated to fishing. Now these same people combine fishing with managing restaurants that rely on fresh fish and shellfish for their menus.  People living in the higher elevations away from the sea, in a part of the town known as the Barrio Alto, formerly dedicated themselves exclusively to agriculture. However, with the advent of mechanisation this sector requires less manpower throughout the year, and most farm workers now work only seasonally during the grape harvest, in the so-called "sherry triangle".

text: The centre of Sanlúcar developed as a commercial hub, with a cityscape of intermixed historic buildings (monasteries, churches, etc.) and more modern ones. This part of the city developed at the beginning of the 20th century as the neighbourhood of the bourgeoisie and the aristocracy. Sanlúcar was then a popular beach resort; presently the people living in this area are generally linked to local wine-making interests and the tourist industry.

text: Doñana National Park[edit]

text: Because of its position at the mouth of the Guadalquivir, Sanlúcar is a convenient home base for exploring the nearby Doñana National Park (Parque Nacional de Doñana) and its natural features.  Within the park lies the Marisma de Hinojos (Salt Marsh of Fennel Plants); also within its precincts is the possible site of the legendary lost city of Tartessos, the capital of an ancient civilization that predated the Phoenicians in Iberia.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Barrio Bajo

Plaza del Cabildo

Monument "Legua Cero-Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Cádiz, España". Commemorating first world circumnavigation

Shield on the market square

Beach

Covachas

Santo Domingo church

Official DO label Manzanilla as found on the back of Sanlúcar de Barrameda region wine bottle