document_title: Dance Moms (season 7)

question_text: when did season 7 of dance moms end

question_tokens: when did season 7 of dance moms end

text: Dance Moms (season 7)

text: Cast[edit]

text: The seventh season features eleven star billing cast members, with various other dancers and moms appearing throughout the season.

text: Moms[edit]

text:
Holly Frazier
Jill Vertes
Kira Girard
Ashlee Allen
Yolanda Walmsley
Stacey Ketchman
Camille Bridges
Jaime Caes
Christi Lukasiak (From Episode 14)

text: Dancers[edit]

text:
Nia Frazier
Kendall Vertes
Kalani Hilliker
Brynn Rumfallo
Elliana Walmsley
Lilliana Ketchman
Camryn Bridges
Maesi Caes
Chloe Lukasiak (From Episode 14)

text: Guests[edit]

text:
Daviana Fletcher – guest ALDC dancer
Fernanda Fletcher – guest ALDC mom
Jane Dickson – guest ALDC dancer
Nancy Dickson – guest ALDC mom
Daniel the Choreographer

text: Candy Apples Dance Center[edit]

text:
Cathy and Vivi-Anne Stein (team owner, mother and daughter)
Jeanette and Ava Cota (mother and daughter)
Black Patsy and Nicaya Wiley (mother and daughter)
Melanie and Haley Huelsman (mother and daughter)
Liza and Chloe Smith (mother and daughter)
Shari and Tara Johnson (mother and daughter)
Gina and Zack Torres (mother and son)

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

185
1
"Fight for Your Life"
November 29, 2016 (2016-11-29)
1.03[7]

Abby decides to merge the mini team and the original team together to form one super team, and how the dancers perform onstage will determine where they stand. Kendall and Brynn are assigned solos head to head, with the losing soloist having their position challenged. But who will Abby cut?

186
2
"Abby's Worst Nightmare"
December 6, 2016 (2016-12-06)
1.04[8]

The mini team have been benched due to Abby not knowing what to do with them, and two new dancers (Daviana and Camryn) are brought in to be added to the team. The girls compete against the Candy Apples and come face to face with enemy Black Patsy who mocks both Kendall and new dancer Camryn. Nia and Kalani have a duet which places 3rd and Brynn and Kendall have a duet that places 2nd. The ALDC win 1st place and Candy Apples place 3rd.

187
3
"Return of the Rotten Apples"
December 13, 2016 (2016-12-13)
0.90[9]

It's Kalani's 16th birthday, and is given the gift of a car. The group routine then becomes inspired by reckless driving, of which Kalani is the lead. The Candy Apples are performing a routine which is a tribute to Cathy's daughter Vivi-Anne who has a featured role in the routine. Kendall has a solo inspired by the horror movie The Scream which she's places 1st with. Black Patsy's daughter, Nicaya has a solo inspired by Harriet Tubman which places 3rd. The ALDC win 1st with the group routine and Nicaya is angry as she believes that the ALDC won because they were famous.

188
4
"Winner Takes All"
December 20, 2016 (2016-12-20)
1.04[10]

When Daviana was with her old studio, she beat Kalani at a competition. The two are pitted against each other with contemporary solos, and if Daviana loses she will risk being cut from the team. Meanwhile, Elliana and Lilliana, two members of the mini team return to fight for the lead role in the group routine. Elliana becomes the lead which leaves Lilliana benched and not performing. At the competition the group routine wins, even though mistakes were made by Elliana. Kalani wins with her solo but Daviana places 6th, and as a result is cut from the team.

189
5
"New Kid on the Block"
December 27, 2016 (2016-12-27)
0.87[11]

Daviana is cut, and Abby brings in new dancer Maesi to bridge the age gap between Elliana and Brynn. The group routine is a hip-hop routine which is supposed onbe what Maesi excels at, but unfortunately she forgets the dance onstage which leads to the group placing third. Maesi's mother Jaime feels bullied by Yolanda and Stacey (Elliana's and Lilliana's mothers) and the three dancers are assigned a trio that places 3rd. Kalani, Kendall and Brynn are also assigned a tio which places 1st. When Abby blames Maesi for the group losing, she's cut her from the team. However, Yolanda feels unsafe from the original mothers and offers Maesi her daughter's spot on the team.

190
6
"No Clowning Around"
January 3, 2017 (2017-01-03)
1.09[12]

The whole team are back, including Maesi and Elliana. Maesi is given a solo to redeem herself from last week and Nia and Camryn are also given solos head to head. The group routine is inspired by the Killer Clown attacks, and despite the group being a mess onstage, it still wins. Nia' solo wins 1st overall and Maesi and Camryn's solos do not place. Due to an argument between the original mothers and Camille (Camryn's mother) earlier in the competition, they are disappointed when Abby allows both Maesi and Camryn to stay, despite their solos not placing.

191
7
"The Fresno Curse"
January 10, 2017 (2017-01-10)
1.07[13]

The ALDC are traveling to Fresno, California to perform a mature piece inspired by the film The Help. Nia is given the lead role and both her and Camryn have to portray maids, while Brynn, Kendall and Kalani have to portray socialites. Maesi, Elliana and Lilliana are not old enough to perform such as piece and Abby needs a 3rd maid. She then brings Daviana back because of this and the group wins 1st place. Brynn and Camryn have a winning duet, Kendall and Kalani's duet comes in 2nd place and Elliana and Maesi have a duet that gets pulled due to the bahaviour of their mothers. Despite the group winning, Daviana is not allowed back on the team.

192
8
"ALDC Ain't Dead Yet"
January 17, 2017 (2017-01-17)
0.96[14]

In this week's group routine, the girls have to portray gravediggers. When only the older dancers are allowed to perform this dance, Jaime is annoyed as her family work in a graveyard. Elliana and Lilliana have solos against each other, which means Maesi is benched for the week. Elliana' solo is inspired by Charlie Chaplin, and the team is shocked when Yolanda arrives at the competition dressed as him. The group wins 1st overall with Lilliana's acrobatic solo also winning 1st overall, and Elliana placing 5th due to sticky stage limiting her tricks in her routine.

193
9
"Battle of the Blondes"
January 24, 2017 (2017-01-24)
1.00[15]

The mothers suspect that Brynn is only given the lead roles because there is no one who has a similar appearance on the team, meaning she stands out more. So Abby brings in a new dancer named Jane who will be Brynn's opposite. The group dance is all about polygamy, and the dancers performing are the older girls and Maesi. However Maesi is removed from the dance because she doesn't look old enough. Brynn has a solo based on plastic surgery which places 3rd, Maesi has a hip-hop solo she learnt at her old studio which places 2nd, and Lilliana performs another acrobatic solo which wins 1st overall. Despite the group routine winning a perfect score, Jane is cut from the team, much to the disappointment to her, her mother and the rest of the ALDC.

194
10
"Breathless In Denver"
January 31, 2017 (2017-01-31)
1.10[16]

This week all of the dancers will be performing in the group dance, and they will be portraying eskimos. The original mothers don't like their daughters dancing with the mini members, but the group still wins 1st overall. Nia and Kendall are assigned solos head to head. Kendall wins 1st place in the Teen Division, with Nia only one place behind. Kalani also has a solo in the Senior Division, which she wins in both her category and overall.

195
11
"Leaving La La Land"
February 7, 2017 (2017-02-07)
0.88[17]

Its the team's last week in Los Angeles, so the older dancers are assigned a difficult ballet routine inspired by the film The Red Violin. Elliana, Lilliana and Maesi are all assigned solos against each other to see whether they have what it takes to perform a solo at nationals. At the competition, the group wins 1st overall but the solos don't do as well. Elliana and Lilliana are tied on 5th overall, and Maesi does not place. After Abby tells Maesi she's can never be better than her competitors, Jaime and Measi decide to leave the team.

196
12
"It's Not Always Sunny in Pittsburgh"
February 14, 2017 (2017-02-14)
0.96[18]

The Whole team returns to the studio in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Jaime and Maesi are also with them. The week starts out rocky when Abby puts Elliana at the top of the pyramid for a solo that won 5th overall. The older dancers are assigned a group called Ghost Town, and Camryn is assigned a solo reflecting her view of the ALDC. The team thinks she has said things behind their backs and wants to leave, but she denies this. Meanwhile at the Candy Apples studio, Nicaya is given a solo which is a tribute to her lesbian mother who is about to get married, and the dancers are portraying Mexican builders building the wall Donald Trump wants built. This upsets Black Patsy and she argues with the other mothers, especially Jeanette. At the competition, the ALDC win with Candy Apples coming in 2nd. Camryn wins 1st place with her solo, and Nicaya places 2nd.

197
13
"Same Old Frenemies, Part 1"
February 21, 2017 (2017-02-21)
1.19[19]

The week begins by Abby assigning Elliana, Lilliana, Kalani and Brynn solos at nationals. This upsets Nia, Kendall and their mothers as they have been on the team for over 5 years. Maesi is dismissed for the week, and the older girls are performing a mature piece about cancer. The mothers remind Abby that they have already performed a dance about cancer, so she switches gears and they start learning a number reflecting how sometimes people go down the wrong path in life. Meanwhile at Candy Apples, The team are learning a number about human trafficking. We also see an appearance of Chloe who tells her mother she is thinking about competing again.

198
14
"Same Old Frenemies, Part 2"
February 21, 2017 (2017-02-21)
1.23[19]

The ALDC, Candy Apples and the Lukasiak's travel to nationals. The dancers all perform very well, and Lilliana wins the 11 & under category with Elliana coming in 2nd place. Kalani wins the 12 & over category with Brynn placing the 3rd. The ALDC group wins 1st place, with the Candy Apples coming in 4th. The two teams argue after the awards ceremony, causing Abby to leave the competition and Jeanette and her daughter Ava to leave the Candy Apples team. After Abby's departure, Chloe and Christi burst into the ALDC dressing room, surprising the girls and the moms.

199
Special
"Abby Tells All"
July 25, 2017 (2017-07-25)
0.93[20]

200
15
"Judgement Day Approaches"
August 1, 2017 (2017-08-01)
0.73[21]

201
16
"Abby Flies The Coop"
August 8, 2017 (2017-08-08)
0.67[22]

202
17
"Out With Abby, In With Chloe - Part 1"
August 15, 2017 (2017-08-15)
0.79[23]

203
18
"Out With Abby, In With Chloe - Part 2"
August 22, 2017 (2017-08-22)
0.78[24]

204
19
"All Choked Up"
August 29, 2017 (2017-08-29)
0.76[25]

205
20
"Stamina, Stamina, Stamina"
September 5, 2017 (2017-09-05)
0.65[26]

206
21
"Ashlee's Big Decision Part 1"
September 12, 2017 (2017-09-12)
0.77[27]

207
22
"Ashlee's Big Decision Part 2"[1]
September 19, 2017 (2017-09-19)
TBD


document_title: Personal foul (basketball)

question_text: how many fouls until you foul out nba

question_tokens: how many fouls until you foul out nba

root

text: Personal foul (basketball)

text: History[edit]

text: Basketball has always had the concept of fouls. In 1891, James Naismith's original 13 rules[1] defined a foul as:

tag: p

text:
running with the ball,
holding the ball with the arms or body,
striking the ball with the fist,
shouldering, holding, pushing, striking or tripping in any way of an opponent.

tag: ul

text: Only the fourth definition remains. Running with the ball and striking it with the fist are now violations.  Holding the ball with the arms or body is now rare but legal.

text: Originally, on a player's second foul, the player would be removed without substitution until the next successful goal (similar to a penalty in ice hockey). Before long, free throws were introduced, originally worth three points each, then one. Originally, any team member was allowed to shoot free throws.  In 1924, the rules were changed so that the fouled player shot the free throws.

text: The victim of a contact foul used to be given three attempts at a free throw, and the offense retained possession of the basketball. Now, a player fouled in the act of shooting gets from one to three shots and the other team tends to get possession afterwards (see Penalties below).

text: Principles[edit]

text: Personal contact does not necessarily constitute a personal foul, unless it gives a player an advantage or puts the opponent at a disadvantage.

text: Cylinder[edit]

text: In FIBA, the cylinder principle gives each player exclusive rights within an imaginary cylinder defined:

text:
in the front by the palms of the hands, when the arms are bent at the elbows so that the forearms and hands are raised, but no farther in front than the feet,
in the rear by the buttocks,
at the sides by the outside edge of the arms and legs.

text: The cylinder extends from the floor to the ceiling, allowing the player to jump upward.

text: A player can occupy any cylinder not already occupied by the opponent.  No one else is allowed to step or reach into this cylinder.  A player must not extend his limbs or bend his body in a way that is not normal.  If there is a breach of this principle that places the opponent at a disadvantage, the official may penalise it.

text: The NBA does not use the cylinder principle to judge contact; it only says that a player may not bend or reach in a position that is not normal (nor push, hold, and so on).

text: Elements of time and distance[edit]

text: The elements of time and distance concern the reaction time and distance of another person.  They apply only to players without the ball, not to the ball carrier.  For example, a player cannot suddenly step in front of a sprinting player, even without invading the cylinder.  Another example is when a player sets a screen directly behind a player: the player would not physically be able to react to the screen in enough time to avoid it.

text: Types of foul[edit]

text: Charging and blocking[edit]

text: When significant[n 1] illegal contact between the ball-carrier and a defender occurs, it usually means that either —

text:
The defender committed a blocking foul, or
The ball-carrier committed the offensive foul of charging.

text: Deciding between the two is complex, partly subjective, and often controversial.

text: Generally, the ball-carrier committed a charge if all of the following are true:

text:
The defender was still, or moving sideways or backward but not forward, when contact occurred.
The defender took a legal guarding position before the contact, that is, one with both feet on the floor.
The defender was hit on the torso (as opposed to the arm or leg).

text: In the NBA, in contact during a move to the basket, officials do not consider the position of the defender's feet, but decide whether the defensive player's torso was set in position before the offensive player began his upward motion.[2]

text: A charging foul is usually not called if the ball-handler is within a 4-foot (1.22 m) radius around the center of the basket (known in the rules as the "restricted area" and sometimes colloquially as the "smiley face"[3]). That is, if the ball-carrier is under the basket, the defense usually cannot restrict his or her movement by drawing a charge. An exception is made if the offensive player receives the ball within an area close to the basket known as the "lower defensive box."

text: A related call is the player control foul.[n 2]

text: Apart from using hands in neutral space to shield or deflect a pass or a shot, the defender uses his or her body to impede the ball-carrier's advance toward the basket.  The defender's only absolute way to achieve this is to stand directly in the ball-carrier's path and "draw a charge."  Short of this, the defender's use of the body may make the ball-carrier hesitate or change tactics.  Both opponents are restrained by their desire not to commit a foul.

text: It is not a foul to grab for the ball, or to touch a hand of the ball-carrier that is on the ball, but the ball-carrier, especially in the act of shooting, can easily cause greater contact that is a blocking foul against the defender.

text: Once contact is made, the defender may fall to the ground to exaggerate the force of the collision and induce a foul to be called.  (The ball-carrier rarely does so, as it would disrupt the effort to score a goal.)  Overt deception is disparagingly called a "flop" and is penalized at every level of basketball.

text: A screen is an attempt by an offensive player to stop a defender from guarding the ball-carrier.  For example, John Stockton and Karl Malone were well known for their pick and roll (or screen and roll) play.  The ball-carrier's teammate is the screener; he stands in the path of the defender as the ball-carrier dribbles past the screener.  This at least costs the defender time, and may induce a collision.  Either leaves the ball-carrier unguarded.  However, if the screener moves towards the ball-carrier when contact occurs, or does not respect the elements of time and distance, or initiates contact, he is charged with illegal screening or setting a moving pick.  These are blocking fouls.

text: Other fouls on the ball-carrier[edit]

text: In the NBA, the ball-carrier cannot attempt to dribble past a defender where there is not enough space, such as dribbling between a defender and either a boundary or another defensive player. If the ball-carrier has space to put head and shoulders past the defender, then the defender is responsible.

text: In FIBA, this rule is not codified, but contact caused by the dribbler is still penalized.

text: Fouls away from the ball[edit]

text: The rules are symmetrical for contact between offensive and defensive players not involving the ball-carrier.  Any player has the right to a position on the court legally acquired.  A player acquiring a position that will impede an opponent must respect the elements of time and distance; that is, not take a position so close, or so quickly, that the opponent cannot avoid contact.  This includes gradually slowing down after running with the opponent, and situations where the opponent is shielded from seeing the player's movement.

text: Other personal fouls[edit]

text:
Pushing — Contact that displaces an opponent (for example, pushing a player away from the basket, or using body weight to affect a player's movement).
Holding — Contact that interferes with a player's freedom of movement (for example, physically grabbing a player driving to the basket).
Illegal use of hands — Extending the hands outside the cylinder and causing illegal contact (for example, going for a steal but hitting the player's hand or arm, or hitting the arm of a shooter).
Hand-checking — Contact by the defense on a ball handler that impedes a player's speed, quickness, rhythm, and/or balance.
Illegal use of elbow — Moving one's elbow outside the cylinder to disadvantage an opponent. This mostly occurs during a post-up play situation, where either offense or defense attempt to gain a better position.
Illegal use of legs or knees (on the dunk): Jumping up with one knee forward as to intentionally hit the defender.

text: Non-foul[edit]

text: Referees who called every case of illegal player contact would dominate the game to the exclusion of the athletes, but reluctance to make calls would make the game excessively violent.  The rules direct referees to seek a balance between these extremes, though they do not define it.[n 3]

text: When players are competing for a ball that goes out of bounds, and one player commits illegal but minor contact, referees often do not feel a foul is justified but resolve the situation by simply awarding possession of the ball to the other team.

text: The "reach-in foul" is a misnomer. Reaching toward a player is not a foul, though physical contact may be a foul.

text: Penalties[edit]

text: The official scorer records the foul in two counts of fouls on the scoresheet:

text:
As a player foul against the offending player during the game.  A player who accumulates too many fouls will foul out (see below).
As a team foul against the offending player's team during the current quarter or half. A team that accumulates too many fouls in that period enters the penalty situation and puts the other team into the "bonus." In college basketball, another, higher number of team fouls gives the other team a "double bonus" (men only) regarding the number of free throws. (See the article on free throws.)

text: On a foul committed by the defense (and on a loose-ball foul when neither team is in possession of the ball), if the team committing the foul is in the penalty situation or the fouled player was in the act of shooting, the fouled player is awarded free throws. Otherwise, and on offensive fouls, the fouled player's team is awarded possession of the ball to pass inbounds from the out-of-bounds point nearest to the foul. The shot clock is reset.

text: In some rulebooks, such as that of FIBA, a technical foul is included in the count of player fouls.

text: If the game goes to overtime, foul counts are not reset, but continue as though overtime were a continuation of the final regulation period. The NBA and WNBA are exceptions, in that each overtime period has its own count of team fouls.

text: The NBA awards the fouled player free throws followed by possession of the ball in the following cases:

text:
A flagrant foul.
A defense foul when the ball carrier is in the frontcourt with a "clear path" to the basket (no defender between the ball carrier and the basket).[4]
A foul "away from the ball" in the last two minutes of the game.

text: Strategy[edit]

text: Fans and commentators often call an infraction a "good foul," such as when the foul is against a player who would otherwise have made a sure basket. By fouling the player and preventing an easy two points, the defender forces the offensive player to "earn" the two points from the free throw line. However, if the foul does not prevent the player from scoring, the basket is counted and the fouled player gets an additional free throw.

text: After the fouled player shoots free throws, the team that was on defense is likely to gain possession of the ball. This is by award, if the final free throw was made. Even if it is missed, defensive players can occupy better positions at the side of the lane to get the rebound.

text: Near the end of the game, a team that is losing may purposefully foul offensive players to stop the clock and regain possession of the ball, with the hope that the player will miss his free throws. Coaches study free-throw percentages, so that the defense will foul a ball carrier who is poor at free-throw shooting. The "Hack-a-Shaq" strategy was famously practiced against Shaquille O'Neal in view of his poor percentage. The defense is not free to foul its choice of the five offensive players, as a foul "away from the ball" results in free throws plus possession. The use of intentional fouls to prolong a game is unique to basketball; most other sports consider such maneuvers a form of unsportsmanlike conduct and impose stiffer penalties to teams that attempt them (see the professional foul and unfair act in football codes).

text: Near the end of the game, a team may have committed so few fouls that it can commit one or more fouls without putting the opponent in the bonus. It is said that the team has one or more fouls to give. A player who is not close to fouling out can foul an opponent with impunity to prevent a likely score.

text: To keep games from being bogged down with cheap fouls, the NBA rules provide that the second foul in the final two minutes of a half puts the fouled team in the bonus (enabling free throws) regardless of the number of team fouls.

text: Fouling out[edit]

text: A player who commits five personal fouls over the course of a 40-minute game,[n 4] or six in a 48-minute game, fouls out and is disqualified for the remainder of the game. A player within one or two fouls of fouling out is in "foul trouble." Players who foul out are not ejected and may remain in the bench area for the remainder of the game. Fouling out of a game is not a disciplinary action.

text: In the NCAA and FIBA, if a team is reduced to five players by injury or ejection, and one of them commits a fifth foul (sixth in FIBA) or is ejected, play continues with that team reduced to four players. A team automatically loses the game by default if fewer than two players remain in the game.

text: This rule was invoked in an NCAA game between the Minnesota Golden Gophers and the Alabama Crimson Tide at Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York on November 25, 2017.  With 13:39 remaining in the second half, a scuffle broke out involving Minnesota players in the game and Alabama players on the bench.  Alabama's entire bench was ejected, leaving the Crimson Tide with only 5 active men.  Alabama's Dazon Ingram fouled out at the 11:37 mark, and John Petty left the game with a sprained ankle, forcing the Tide to play the final 10:41 with three players.

text: In the NBA and WNBA, no team can be reduced to four players, so such a player stays in the game.  If another of the five players is ejected or injured, the last player to foul out rejoins the game. In these reinsertions, the team is assessed a technical foul. In addition, any additional foul the player commits draws another technical foul. This results in one or an extra free throw for the opponents, even if the player's foul would not normally result in free throws.  (These technical fouls are not for unsportsmanlike conduct, so they do not result in ejections from the game.)

text: This rule let Don Otten set the NBA record for personal fouls in a regular-season game. He had eight fouls while playing for the Tri-Cities Blackhawks (now the Atlanta Hawks) against the Sheboygan Red Skins on November 24, 1949.[5] The rule was again invoked in a game between the Los Angeles Lakers and Cleveland Cavaliers on February 5, 2014.[6] With the Lakers down to 5 players due to injuries, when Robert Sacre fouled out, he remained in the game.[7]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The NBA rulebook (officiating guidelines, Section C) repeatedly excludes "negligible and/or incidental....contact".

Jump up ^ NBA Rule 12-B-II states, "The dribbler must be in control of his body at all times."

Jump up ^ For example, in the NBA rulebook, the overview of officiating discusses the need to "create a balance of play" and "provide reasonable safety...without unduly limiting freedom of action."

Jump up ^ In the WNBA, the limit is 6 personal fouls in a 40-minute game. In the NBA Summer League, the limit is 10 fouls.

tag: ol


document_title: Pistachio

question_text: where do pistachio trees grow in the u s

text: Pistachio

text: Etymology[edit]

text: Pistachio is from late Middle English "pistace", from Old French, superseded in the 16th century by forms from Italian "pistaccio", via Latin from Greek "pistakion", from Persian "pesteh".[3]

text: History[edit]

text: Archaeology shows that pistachio seeds were a common food as early as 6750 BC.[4] Pliny the Elder writes in his Natural History that pistacia, "well known among us", was one of the trees unique to Syria, and that the seed was introduced into Italy by the Roman Proconsul in Syria, Lucius Vitellius the Elder (in office in 35 AD) and into Hispania at the same time by Flaccus Pompeius.[5] The early sixth-century manuscript De observatione ciborum ("On the observance of foods") by Anthimus implies that pistacia remained well known in Europe in Late Antiquity. Archaeologists have found evidence from excavations at Jarmo in northeastern Iraq for the consumption of Atlantic pistachio.[4] The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were said to have contained pistachio trees during the reign of King Merodach-Baladan about 700 BC.[4]

text: The modern pistachio P. vera was first cultivated in Bronze Age Central Asia, where the earliest example is from Djarkutan, modern Uzbekistan.[6][7] It appears in Dioscurides as pistakia πιστάκια, recognizable as P. vera by its comparison to pine nuts.[8]

text: Additionally, remains of the Atlantic pistachio and pistachio seed along with nut-cracking tools were discovered by archaeologists at the Gesher Benot Ya'aqov site in Israel's Hula Valley, dated to 780,000 years ago.[9] More recently, the pistachio has been cultivated commercially in many parts of the English-speaking world, in Australia, and in New Mexico[10] and California, of the United States, where it was introduced in 1854 as a garden tree.[11] David Fairchild of the United States Department of Agriculture introduced hardier cultivars collected in China to California in 1904 and 1905, but it was not promoted as a commercial crop until 1929.[10][12] Walter T. Swingle’s pistachios from Syria had already fruited well at Niles, California, by 1917.[13]

text: Botany[edit]

text: Habitat[edit]

text: Pistachio is a desert plant and is highly tolerant of saline soil. It has been reported to grow well when irrigated with water having 3,000–4,000 ppm of soluble salts.[10] Pistachio trees are fairly hardy in the right conditions and can survive temperatures ranging between −10 °C (14 °F) in winter and 48 °C (118 °F) in summer. They need a sunny position and well-drained soil. Pistachio trees do poorly in conditions of high humidity and are susceptible to root rot in winter if they get too much water and the soil is not sufficiently free-draining. Long, hot summers are required for proper ripening of the fruit.

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: The tree grows up to 10 m (33 ft) tall. It has deciduous pinnate leaves 10–20 centimeters (4–8 inches) long. The plants are dioecious, with separate male and female trees. The flowers are apetalous and unisexual and borne in panicles.

text: The fruit is a drupe, containing an elongated seed, which is the edible portion. The seed, commonly thought of as a nut, is a culinary nut, not a botanical nut. The fruit has a hard, cream-colored exterior shell. The seed has a mauve-colored skin and light green flesh, with a distinctive flavor. When the fruit ripens, the shell changes from green to an autumnal yellow/red and abruptly splits partly open. This is known as dehiscence, and happens with an audible pop. The splitting open is a trait that has been selected by humans.[14] Commercial cultivars vary in how consistently they split open.

text: Each pistachio tree averages around 50 kilograms (110 lb) of seeds, or around 50,000, every two years.[15]

text: The shell of the pistachio is naturally a beige color, but it is sometimes dyed red or green in commercial pistachios. Originally, dye was applied by importers to hide stains on the shells caused when the seeds were picked by hand.[16] Most pistachios are now picked by machine and the shells remain unstained, making dyeing unnecessary except to meet ingrained consumer expectations.

text: Cultivation[edit]

text: The trees are planted in orchards, and take approximately seven to ten years to reach significant production. Production is alternate-bearing or biennial-bearing, meaning the harvest is heavier in alternate years. Peak production is reached around 20 years. Trees are usually pruned to size to make the harvest easier. One male tree produces enough pollen for eight to 12 drupe-bearing females. Harvesting in the United States and in Greece is often accomplished using equipment to shake the drupes off the tree. After hulling and drying, pistachios are sorted according to open-mouth and closed-mouth shells, then roasted or processed by special machines to produce pistachio kernels.

text: In Greece, the cultivated type of pistachios has an almost-white shell, sweet taste, a red-green kernel and a closed-mouth shell relative to the 'Kerman' variety. Most of the production in Greece comes from the island of Aegina, the region of Thessaly-Almyros and the regional units of West Attica, Corinthia and Phthiotis.[citation needed]

text: In California, almost all female pistachio trees are the cultivar 'Kerman'. A scion from a mature female 'Kerman' is grafted onto a one-year-old rootstock.

text: Diseases and environment[edit]

text: Pistachio trees are vulnerable to numerous diseases. Among these is infection by the fungus Botryosphaeria, which causes panicle and shoot blight (symptoms include death of the flowers and young shoots), and can damage entire pistachio orchards.[17] In 2004, the rapidly growing pistachio industry in California was threatened by panicle and shoot blight first discovered in 1984.[18] In 2011, anthracnose fungus caused a sudden 50% loss in the Australian pistachio harvest.[19] Several years of severe drought in Iran around 2008 to 2015 caused significant declines in production.[20]

text: Production[edit]

text:
Top Pistachio Producers
in 2014[21]

Country

Production
(metric tonnes)

 Iran

415,531

 United States

233,146

 Turkey

80,000

 China

76,943

World

857,878

tag: table

text: In 2014, Iran and the United States were the major producers of pistachios, together accounting for 76% of the total world production (table).[21]

text: Consumption[edit]

text: The kernels are often eaten whole, either fresh or roasted and salted, and are also used in pistachio ice cream, kulfi, spumoni, historically in Neapolitan ice cream, pistachio butter,[22][23] pistachio paste[24] and confections such as baklava, pistachio chocolate,[25] pistachio halva,[26] pistachio lokum or biscotti and cold cuts such as mortadella. Americans make pistachio salad, which includes fresh pistachios or pistachio pudding, whipped cream, and canned fruit.[27]

text: Nutritional information[edit]

text:
Pistachio nuts, raw[28]

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)

Energy
2,351 kJ (562 kcal)

Carbohydrates

27.51 g

Sugars
7.66 g

Dietary fiber
10.3 g

Fat

45.39 g

Saturated
5.556 g

Monounsaturated
23.820 g

Polyunsaturated
13.744 g

Protein

20.27 g

Vitamins

Vitamin A equiv.
lutein zeaxanthin

1205 μg

Thiamine (B1)

(76%)
0.87 mg

Riboflavin (B2)

(13%)
0.160 mg

Niacin (B3)

(9%)
1.300 mg

Pantothenic acid (B5)

(10%)
0.52 mg

Vitamin B6

(131%)
1.700 mg

Folate (B9)

(13%)
51 μg

Vitamin B12

(0%)
0 μg

Vitamin C

(7%)
5.6 mg

Vitamin D

(0%)
0 μg

Vitamin E

(15%)
2.3 mg

Vitamin K

(13%)
13.2 μg

Minerals

Calcium

(11%)
105 mg

Iron

(30%)
3.92 mg

Magnesium

(34%)
121 mg

Manganese

(57%)
1.2 mg

Phosphorus

(70%)
490 mg

Potassium

(22%)
1025 mg

Zinc

(23%)
2.2 mg

Link to USDA database entry

Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units

Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database

text: Pistachios are a nutritionally dense food. In a 100 gram serving, pistachios provide 562 calories and are a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value or DV) of protein, dietary fiber, several dietary minerals and the B vitamins, thiamin and especially vitamin B6 at 131% DV (table).[29] Pistachios are a good source (10–19% DV) of calcium, riboflavin, vitamin B5, folate, vitamin E , and vitamin K (table).

text: The fat profile of raw pistachios consists of saturated fats, monounsaturated fats and polyunsaturated fats.[29][30] Saturated fatty acids include palmitic acid (10% of total) and stearic acid (2%).[30] Oleic acid is the most common monounsaturated fatty acid (51% of total fat)[30] and linoleic acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid, is 31% of total fat.[29] Relative to other tree nuts, pistachios have a lower amount of fat and calories but higher amounts of potassium, vitamin K, γ-tocopherol, and certain phytochemicals such as carotenoids and phytosterols.[28][31]

text: Research and health effects[edit]

text: In July 2003, the United States' Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first qualified health claim specific to seeds lowering the risk of heart disease: "Scientific evidence suggests but does not prove that eating 1.5 ounces (42.5 g) per day of most nuts, such as pistachios, as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol may reduce the risk of heart disease".[32] Although pistachios contain many calories, epidemiologic studies have provided strong evidence that their consumption is not associated with weight gain or obesity.[28]

text: A 2015 systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials concluded that pistachio consumption in persons without diabetes mellitus appears to modestly lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure.[33] Several mechanisms for pistachios' antihypertensive properties have been proposed. These mechanisms include pistachios' high levels of the amino acid arginine (a precursor of the blood vessel dilating compound nitric oxide); high levels of phytosterols and monounsaturated fatty acids; and improvement of endothelial cell function through multiple mechanisms including reductions in circulating levels of oxidized low density lipoprotein cholesterol and pro-inflammatory chemical signals.[33]

text: Toxin and safety concerns[edit]

text: As with other tree seeds, aflatoxin is found in poorly harvested or processed pistachios. Aflatoxins are potent carcinogenic chemicals produced by molds such as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. The mold contamination may occur from soil, poor storage, and spread by pests. High levels of mold growth typically appear as gray to black filament-like growth. It is unsafe to eat mold-infected and aflatoxin-contaminated pistachios.[34] Aflatoxin contamination is a frequent risk, particularly in warmer and humid environments. Food contaminated with aflatoxins has been found as the cause of frequent outbreaks of acute illnesses in parts of the world. In some cases, such as Kenya, this has led to several deaths.[35]

text: Pistachio shells typically split naturally prior to harvest, with a hull covering the intact seeds. The hull protects the kernel from invasion by molds and insects, but this hull protection can be damaged in the orchard by poor orchard management practices, by birds, or after harvest, which makes it much easier for pistachios to be exposed to contamination. Some pistachios undergo so-called "early split", wherein both the hull and the shell split. Damage or early splits can lead to aflatoxin contamination.[36] In some cases, a harvest may be treated to keep contamination below strict food safety thresholds; in other cases, an entire batch of pistachios must be destroyed because of aflatoxin contamination.

text: Pistachio shells may be helpful in cleaning up pollution created by mercury emissions.[37]

text: Like other members of the Anacardiaceae family (which includes poison ivy, sumac, mango, and cashew), pistachios contain urushiol, an irritant that can cause allergic reactions.[38]

text: Spontaneous combustion[edit]

text: The improper storage of pistachio products in bulk containers has been known to start fires. Because of their high fat and low water contents, the nuts and especially kernels are prone to self-heating and spontaneous combustion when stored with the oil-soaked fiber/fibrous materials.[39][40]


document_title: List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions

question_text: the highest per capita emitter of co2 gas in the world is

text: This is a list of sovereign states and territories by carbon dioxide emissions due to certain forms of human activity, based on the EDGAR database created by European Commission and Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency released in 2015. The following table lists the 2015 annual CO2 emissions estimates (in thousands of CO2 tonnes) along with a list of emissions per capita (in tonnes of CO2 per year) from same source. The data only considers carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of fossil fuels and cement manufacture, but not emissions from land use, land-use change and forestry. Emissions from international shipping or bunker fuels are also not included in national figures,[1] which can make a huge difference for small countries with important ports. The top 10 largest emitter countries account for 67.6% of the world total. Other powerful, more potent greenhouse gases, including methane, are not included in this data.

text:
Country
CO2 emissions (kt) in 2015[2]
 % CO2 emissions by country
Emission per capita (t) in 2015[3]

 World
36,061,710
100%

 China
10,641,789
29.51%
7.7

 United States
5,172,338
14.34%
16.1

 European Union
3,469,671
9.62%
6.9

 India
2,454,968
6.81%
1.9

 Russia
1,760,895
4.88%
12.3

 Japan
1,252,890
3.47%
9.9

 Germany
777,905
2.16%
9.6

International Shipping
642,024
1.78%
—

 Iran
633,750
1.76%
8.0

 South Korea
617,285
1.71%
12.3

 Canada
555,401
1.54%
15.5

 Saudi Arabia
505,565
1.40%
16.0

 Indonesia
502,961
1.39%
2.0

International Aviation
502,936
1.39%
—

 Brazil
486,229
1.35%
2.3

 Mexico
472,018
1.31%
3.7

 Australia
446,348
1.24%
18.6

 South Africa
417,161
1.16%
7.7

 United Kingdom
398,524
1.11%
6.2

 Turkey
357,157
0.99%
4.5

 Italy
352,886
0.98%
5.9

 France
327,787
0.91%
5.1

 Poland
294,879
0.82%
7.6

 Thailand
279,253
0.77%
4.1

 Taiwan
279,174
0.77%
11.9

 Kazakhstan
267,978
0.74%
15.2

 Spain
262,683
0.73%
5.7

 Malaysia
245,371
0.68%
8.1

 Ukraine
228,688
0.63%
5.1

 Egypt
226,985
0.63%
2.5

 Vietnam
206,028
0.57%
2.2

 United Arab Emirates
199,253
0.55%
21.8

 Argentina
191,199
0.53%
4.4

 Venezuela
178,568
0.50%
5.7

 Pakistan
174,843
0.48%
0.9

 Netherlands
165,317
0.46%
7.8

 Iraq
160,623
0.45%
4.4

 Algeria
147,692
0.41%
3.7

 Philippines
113,035
0.31%
1.1

 Czech Republic
111,092
0.31%
10.5

 Uzbekistan
109,845
0.30%
3.7

 Belgium
97,002
0.27%
8.6

 Kuwait
95,013
0.26%
24.4

 Turkmenistan
94,236
0.26%
17.5

 Qatar
88,825
0.25%
39.7

 Nigeria
86,896
0.24%
0.5

 Romania
81,247
0.22%
4.2

 Chile
81,110
0.22%
4.5

 Colombia
80,967
0.22%
1.7

 Oman
78,446
0.22%
17.5

 Azerbaijan
38.000
0.10%
3.9

other countries


document_title: Gun laws in Florida

question_text: how can i carry a gun in florida

question_tokens: how can i carry a gun in florida

text: Gun laws in Florida

text: Summary table[edit]

text:
Subject/Law
Long guns
Handguns
Relevant Statutes
Notes

State permit required to purchase?
No
No
None

Firearm registration?
No
No
Chapter 790.335
It is a felony under Florida law to create, maintain or publish any list, record or registry of legally owned firearms or law-abiding firearm owners.

Owner license required?
No
No
None

Assault weapon law?
No
No
None

Magazine Capacity Restriction?
No
No
None

Concealed Carry license required?
N/A
Yes
Chapter 790.06
Allows concealed possession of handguns, electronic weapons or devices, tear gas guns, knives, or billies, but not long guns or machine guns per Chapter 790.06(1).

Open Carry?
No
No
Chapter 790.053,
Open carry of firearms is generally banned except open or concealed carry is allowed for without a license under 790.25 for certain protected places and activities. Exceptions include in the home, place of work, hunting, fishing, camping, or while practice shooting  and while traveling to and from those activities.

State Preemption of local restrictions?
Yes
Yes
Chapter 790.33

NFA weapons restricted?
No
No
Chapter 790.161
Making, possessing, throwing, projecting, or discharging any destructive device, or any attempt to do so is a felony in Florida.

Peaceable Journey laws?
No
No
None
Federal rules observed.

Duty to inform?
No
No
None
Florida law does not require one to disclose one's possession of a firearm on contact with Law Enforcement.

Background checks required for private sales?
No
No
None

Red flag law?
Yes
Yes
SB 7026
The police can get judicial approval to confiscate, for up to a year, the firearms of a person deemed a danger to themselves or others.

Waiting period?
Yes
Yes

The state requires a three-day waiting period between purchasing and taking possession of a firearm. Individual counties can require a waiting period of up to five days.

text: Preemption[edit]

text: Florida law prohibits localities from regulating firearms, other than with regards to zoning laws (i.e., for restricting where gun sellers may locate their businesses) and as provided for in the Florida Constitution in regards to regulating sales by non-licensed sellers in public forums [3]. The Florida Legislature has since 1987 occupied the whole field of regulation of firearms and ammunition, including the purchase, sale, transfer, taxation, manufacture, ownership, possession, and transportation. Due to a lack of penalties associated with violating the preemption statute, it was almost universally ignored by city and county authorities until, on December 7, 2010, Representative Matt Gaetz introduced a bill to the Florida Legislature adding penalties for violating the existing preemption statute. It was signed into law by Governor Rick Scott on June 2, 2011.[4] Penalties may include fines, removal from public office, termination of employment and other punishments.[5]

text: Concealed carry[edit]

text: Firearms regulations are uniform throughout Florida, and a carry license is valid everywhere other than in a few specially-defined areas. These prohibited places include any police station, prison, courthouse, polling place, government meeting place, airport, seaport, or tavern.[6] Concealed carry is also prohibited in any school, except for authorized security personnel or armed marshals.[7][8]

text: Anyone lawfully carrying a firearm in a concealed manner, may briefly and openly display the firearm to the ordinary sight of another person, unless the firearm is intentionally displayed in an angry or threatening manner, not in necessary self-defense.[9]

text: Currently, Florida's Concealed Weapon License is one of the most widely recognized, state-issued concealed weapon license. The resident Florida Concealed Weapon License is recognized in thirty-five different states, while the non-resident Florida Concealed Weapon License is recognized in thirty states.[10]

text: "Concealed firearm" is defined in F.S.S.790.001(2) as "any firearm, as defined in subsection (6), which is carried on or about a person in such a manner as to conceal the firearm from the ordinary sight of another person."[11]

text: Unlicensed concealed carry is allowed during a mandatory evacuation as a result of a state of emergency.[12]

text: As of 2018, some school employees may choose to receive special training in order to carry a firearm at school.[13]

text: Open carry[edit]

text: Open carry when on foot in a public area is generally illegal, but is permitted in certain circumstances, as defined by Florida statute 790.25(3). For example, open carry is permitted while hunting, fishing, camping, gun shows, or while target shooting at a gun range, and while going to and from such activities.[14] The open carry ban statute was challenged in court[15] but the ban was upheld.[16]

text: Vehicle carry[edit]

text: Vehicle carry without a license when the weapon is not immediately accessible/available for use is permitted.

text: Handguns must be either "securely encased" -F.S.S.790.25(3)(l) Some cite this as a grey area or risky- or not immediately available for use.[17] "Securely encased" means in a glove compartment, whether or not locked; snapped in a holster; in a gun case, whether or not locked; in a zippered gun case; or in a closed box or container which requires a lid or cover to be opened for access.[18] Carry of a Handgun on one's person inside a vehicle without a license is not permitted (except in the case of open carry in accordance with the law outlined above). Once a handgun is securely encased, it can be stored anywhere inside the vehicle and is not limited to just the glove compartment/center console.

text: Long guns may be anywhere in a private conveyance when such firearm is being carried for a lawful use.[19]

text: As of July 1, 2008, Florida became a "Take your gun to work" state (F.S. 790.251). This law prohibits most businesses from firing any employee for keeping a legal firearm locked in his or her vehicle in the company parking lot. The purpose of the new law is to allow citizens to exercise their Second Amendment rights during their commutes to and from work. Exceptions listed in F.S. 790.251(7) include school property, correctional institutions, nuclear power plants, national defense facilities, facilities for explosives or combustible materials, or a motor vehicle owned, rented, or leased by a person's employer.

text: A case was filed against Walt Disney World Resort by a former Disney security guard who was fired, despite having a CWL, for having a firearm locked in his car on July 1, in violation of Disney's pre-existing no weapons allowed policy. The case was later dropped by the plaintiff citing personal and financial reasons. Disney claims that they are exempt from the new state law, on the basis of their having a fireworks license for conducting nightly fireworks shows at Disney World.[20][21]

text: Castle doctrine and "stand your ground"[edit]

text:
"Castle doctrine" refers to the generally accepted common-law principle that one is not required to retreat when in one's own dwelling. Eliminating the requirement to retreat outside the home (i.e. in public) is generally referred to as a "stand your ground" law. As of October 1, 2005, Florida became a "No Duty to Retreat" (i.e. Stand Your Ground) state. Florida Castle Doctrine law establishes that law-abiding residents and visitors may legally presume the threat of bodily harm or death from anyone who breaks into a residence or occupied vehicle and may use defensive force, including deadly force, against the intruder.
With the passage of Florida's Stand Your Ground law, this principle now also applies in any other place where a person "has a right to be." Essentially, that person has "no duty to retreat" if attacked and may "meet force with force, including deadly force if he or she reasonably believes it is necessary to do so to prevent death or great bodily harm to himself or herself or another or to prevent the commission of a forcible felony". Note that all of the generally accepted common-law principles of self-defense must still be followed.[22]

text: A person who uses force within the parameters of the law is immune from criminal prosecution or civil action and cannot be arrested unless a law enforcement agency determines there is probable cause that the force used was unlawful. If a civil action is brought and the court finds the defendant to be immune under the law, the defendant will be awarded all costs of defense.

text: Firearm sales[edit]

text: Buyers must be at least 21 years old to purchase any firearm in Florida.[23]  There is a waiting period of the longer of 3 business days or until background checks clear unless the purchaser has a concealed carry permit, is trading in a different firearm, the purchase is for a rifle or shotgun and the purchaser has completed a 16 hour hunter safety class in addition to holding a hunter safety certification card, or the purchaser is law enforcement or military. [24]

text: As state law on waiting periods and background checks do not apply to sales by non-licensed sellers, the Florida Constitution, Art VIII Sec. 5(b), permits counties to enact ordinances that require a criminal history records check and a 3 to 5-day waiting period for non-licensed sellers when any part of a firearm sale is conducted on property to which the public has the "right of access",[25] such as at a gun show conducted on public property. These local option ordinances may not be applied to holders of a concealed weapons license.[26] Only Miami-Dade, Broward, Palm Beach, Hillsborough, and Volusia counties had enacted such ordinances. [27]

text: Other laws[edit]

text: Under Florida's red flag law, the police can get judicial approval to confiscate, for up to a year, the firearms of a person deemed a danger to themselves or others.[13][28]

text: The possession of a bump stock is illegal.  This is a gun stock that can be used to increase the rate of fire of a semi-automatic rifle.[29][28]


document_title: Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (film)

question_text: who plays greg's mom in the long haul

question_tokens: who plays greg 's mom in the long haul

text: Plot[edit]

text: One year after the previous film, while at the Corny's family restaurant, the Heffley family plans to attend Meemaw's 90th birthday. However, after Greg rescues his younger brother Manny, who got stuck inside a tube in the play area, Greg ends up in a ball pit with a diaper stuck on his hand. He subsequently becomes infamous after the people around him record him and post the footage on the internet, leading Greg to be dubbed as "Diaper Hands".

text: Later, at the Heffley residence, Greg learns that Player Expo is taking place not very far from Meemaw's house in Indianapolis. Greg's gaming star, Mac Digby, will be attending, and Greg hopes to meet him and get in one of his videos so he will gain popularity. He acknowledges that he will have to somehow sneak off from the road trip and attend the Expo without his parents' knowledge, however. The Heffley family hits the road, where Greg, Rodrick, Frank, and Manny's devices are immediately confiscated by Susan, who wants the road trip to be absolutely technology-free.

text: After arriving at a motel, Greg discreetly gets into the car and takes his phone out of the bag Susan had put it in and plans to use it. Later, when Greg and Rodrick are relaxing in the hot tub, Rodrick hears a notification from Greg's phone and discovers his plans to go to Player Expo. Greg discourages Rodrick from telling Susan, saying that they had a rock band video game tournament there that Rodrick could participate in. Liking the idea, Rodrick opts to go with Greg to the Expo.

text: Going to sleep, Greg is annoyed by a loud bang noise created by the Beardo siblings, who playfully crash a trolley into a wall, and storms out of the room. He confronts them but Brandi, the eldest sibling, rolls the trolley — which is meant for Greg — into their car, leaving a huge scratch. Just as Mr. Beardo comes out of his motel room, Brandi blames Greg responsible and Mr. Beardo goes after him but he manages to outrun him. Greg returns to his room, but the next morning, he actually slept next to Mr. Beardo, who chases him again, but he manages to escape from the motel with his family.

text: The Heffleys attend a county fair where Manny wins a pig, but Mr. Beardo and his family notices Greg and begins chasing after him but manages to outrun again. Back at the road, the Heffleys, unable to take care of the pig, drop it off at the petting zoo, much to Manny's dismay, but not before Greg reroutes the GPS to the Player Expo convention. Checking at the hotel room, Greg and Rodrick sneak out to go to Player Expo using the excuse that they are going to get a present for Meemaw. However, after Frank and Susan see their children on live TV, they go to get the boys themselves.

text: Greg finally sees Mac Digby participating in a video game competition. Desperate to be in one of his videos, Greg instructs Rodrick to record him going up on stage with Mac so his popularity will boost. But the attempt fails when Susan storms into the stage and inadvertently reveals that he is Diaper Hands to the public, causing them to chant at him. Susan opens up to Greg and says that all she wanted was a nice road trip that would bring the family closer together, and she accuses Greg of not caring. Greg snaps back at Susan, saying that she doesn't care about what he wants, which is why he had to sneak out to the Expo in the first place. Hurt by her son's words, Susan hands her phone to Greg because she doesn't care anymore.

text: On the road again, the tarp on the boat — hitched to the car — carrying the majority of their belongings flies off all across the road. The Heffleys recover their belongings but the Beardo's van pulls up and begins stealing suitcases and clothes. This causes Susan to be very upset that the trip became a disaster. Greg saw his family hit rock bottom. He encourages them to continue the trip. They found the Beardos. They get into the motel room, where the Beardos occupied, and successfully retrieve their belongings.

text: After encountering some obstacles, the Heffleys celebrate happily at Meemaw's and get their car fixed, but the radiator breaks due to the AC not being cranked up all the way. A Spanish-speaking man, Mr. Luis, who works for a towing company pulls over to assist them, but none of the Heffleys can understand him, except Manny, who speaks in fluent Spanish (thanks to the Spanish tutorial CD Susan put in during the road trip) to the man and explains their current situation.

text: Luis then tows their car and Manny gives him instructions to the petting zoo where his pig is, and the two reunite. At the end, Greg explains that although the road trip wasn't perfect, he still wouldn't change a thing. He says that Manny was allowed to keep his pig as a pet, Rodrick was able to get a new van, and Dad was able to explain having time off from work to bond with family. Greg expresses excitement for where they'll be going next year, but Susan steps in to say they will be flying.

text: In a mid-credits scene, two girls take selfies with Greg, who they recognize as Diaper Hands.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jason Drucker as Gregory "Greg" Heffley
Alicia Silverstone as Susan Heffley, Greg's mother
Tom Everett Scott as Frank Heffley, Greg's father
Charlie Wright as Rodrick Heffley, Greg's older brother
Owen Asztalos as Rowley Jefferson, Greg's best friend
Wyatt and Dylan Walters as Manny Heffley, Greg's little brother[6]
Joshua Hoover as Mac Digby, a popular internet gamer who Greg idolizes
Chris Coppola as Mr. Beardo, the main antagonist of the film
Kimberli Lincoln as Mrs. Beardo, Mr. Beardo's wife
Mira Silverman as Brandi Beardo, Mr. Beardo's rude and spoiled daughter who blames Greg for damaging their car
Mimi Gould as Meemaw, Susan's grandmother and Greg's great-grandmother

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In 2012, the series' third entry, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days was described as the last live action film in the franchise.[7][8] In August 2012, while doing press for the film, author Jeff Kinney and actors Zachary Gordon and Robert Capron each indicated that there were no plans for a fourth movie, but did not dismiss the possibility entirely.[7][8][9]

text: Kinney replied to inquiries regarding the possibility of another sequel, stating, "At present, we don’t have a fourth film in development, but you never know!"[9] When describing the likelihood of starring in another film in the series, Gordon explained, "Dog Days most likely will be the last movie. The main problem is [the cast] is getting older. You can't stop it. There's no way to temporarily stop us from changing and growing up. You know, that's the problem because the characters are supposed to be timeless."[7]

text: In March 2013, Gordon stated in a Spreecast live stream that there would not be a fourth live action film. Previously, Kinney had indicated that instead of making a live action film of the third novel, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Last Straw, instead he would like to see Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Cabin Fever adapted into an animated film, stating in an interview, "I hope that it gets made into an animated movie. but I'd really like to see it turn into an animated television special."

text: Pre production[edit]

text: On July 29, 2016, it was announced that a fourth live action Diary of a Wimpy Kid film was in production, and will have a completely different cast, as many of the members from the original cast were too old and have outgrown from their roles.[citation needed] Jason Drucker and Owen Asztalos portray Greg and Rowley, with David Bowers returning as the director. Alicia Silverstone and Tom Everett Scott portray Greg's parents, Susan and Frank, and Charlie Wright portrays Greg's older brother Rodrick.[4]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming of The Long Haul began on September 20, 2016, in Atlanta, and concluded on November 18, 2016.

text: Cultural references[edit]

text: The film somewhat acts as a parody film, referencing two films directed by Alfred Hitchcock. The film in one scene parodies the film The Birds, where the Heffley family getting mauled by seagulls. The film also parodies the film Psycho in the third act, where Greg Heffley is caught by Mr. Beardo in the shower, which Greg is stuck in, which Mr. Beardo nearly catches him, and wet mud goes down the drain. Additionally, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul also referenced a scene of the film Are We There Yet?. When Greg Heffley was in the ball pit in the start of the film, the film referenced a scene in Jingle All the Way.

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was released on May 17, 2017, in the Philippines, May 19, 2017, in the United States, and May 20, 2017, in the United Kingdom.[5]

text: Trailer reactions[edit]

text: On February 23, 2017, a theatrical poster and teaser trailer were released, and the following month, the official trailer was released. Both trailers received negative feedback from fans for its recasting of the main characters, most notably Charlie Wright as Rodrick. To further express their outrage, the fans took to social media and started the hashtag "#NotMyRodrick" (a parody of the "#NotMyPresident" trend that followed the election of U.S. president Donald Trump), which has spawned countless online memes. Other hashtags included "#NotMyHeffleys" and "#NotMyRowley".[10]

text: Both trailers received significant backlash from audiences, and the official trailer received over 46 thousand dislikes, compared to only 9 thousand likes.[11]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of August 12, 2017[update], Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul had grossed $20.7 million in the United States and Canada and $19.3 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $40,077,469 million, against a production budget of $22 million thus making the film the lowest grossing film of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series.[3]

text: In North America, the film was released alongside Everything, Everything and Alien: Covenant, and was initially projected to gross around $12 million from 3,129 theaters during its opening weekend.[4] However, after grossing $2 million on its first day, projections were lowered to $7 million. It ended up finishing with $7.1 million, placing 6th at the box office and marking the lowest opening of the franchise.[12] When the film was released in the United Kingdom, it opened on #2, behind Pirates of The Caribbean: Salazars Revenge with £1,444,092.[13]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul received generally negative reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 20% based on 65 reviews with an average rating of 4.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "With an all-new cast but the same juvenile humor, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul finds the franchise still stuck in arrested -- and largely unfunny -- development."[14] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 39 out of 100 based on 16 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[15] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.[16]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul was released on Digital HD from Amazon Video and iTunes on August 1, 2017, and on Blu-ray and DVD on August 8, 2017.[17][18]


document_title: Pee-wee's Big Adventure

question_text: who played francis in pee wee's big adventure

question_tokens: who played francis in pee wee 's big adventure

text: Pee-wee's Big Adventure

text: Plot[edit]

text: Pee-wee Herman has a heavily accessorized bicycle that he treasures and that his neighbor, Francis Buxton, covets. A bike shop employee, Dottie, has a crush on Pee-wee, but he does not reciprocate it. Pee-wee's bike is stolen while he is shopping at a mall. The police tell Pee-wee that they cannot help him find his bike. Pee-wee thinks Francis took it, and confronts him. Francis' father convinces Pee-wee that Francis did not steal the bike. Pee-wee then offers a $10,000 reward for his bike. Francis, who did indeed pay to have someone steal the bike, is frightened by Pee-wee's relentlessness and then pays to have it sent away. After holding an unsuccessful meeting to locate the bike, Pee-wee angrily rejects Dottie's offers of help. Desperate, he visits "Madam Ruby", a phony psychic. Ruby, inspired by the Al and Moe's Bargain Basement shop across the street, tells Pee-wee that his bike is in the basement of the Alamo Mission in San Antonio. Pee-wee hitchhikes to Texas, getting rides from a fugitive, Mickey; and from Large Marge, the ghost of a deceased truck driver.

text: At a truck stop, Pee-wee discovers his wallet is missing and pays for his meal by washing dishes. He befriends Simone, a waitress who dreams of visiting Paris. As they watch the sunrise at a dinosaur museum, Pee-wee encourages her to follow her dreams, but Simone tells him about her jealous and large boyfriend, Andy, who disapproves. Andy arrives and tries to attack Pee-wee, who escapes onto a moving train and meets Hobo Jack. Pee-wee eventually arrives at the Alamo, but learns at the end of a guided tour that the building does not have a basement. At a bus station, Pee-wee encounters Simone, who tells him that she and Andy broke up and she is on her way to Paris. She tells Pee-wee not to give up finding his bike. Pee-wee calls Dottie at the bike shop and apologizes for his behavior. Andy spots Pee-wee and resumes his attack. Pee-wee evades Andy at a rodeo by disguising himself as a rodeo bull rider. Forced to ride for real, Pee-wee does well but receives a concussion.

text: Pee-wee enters a biker bar to make a phone call, but the outlaw motorcycle club threatens to kill him after he accidentally knocks over their motorcycles. Pee-wee makes a last request, dancing to the song "Tequila". His dance wins over the bikers, who give him a motorcycle for his journey. Pee-wee crashes his motorcycle immediately afterwards. Pee-wee wakes up in a hospital and learns from a television news report that his bike is being used as a prop in a movie starring a bratty child named Kevin Morton. Pee-wee sneaks into Warner Bros. Studios and takes the bike. He is chased by security across the studio lot and through several sets before escaping.

text: Later, Pee-wee discovers a burning pet shop and rescues the animals. Although the firefighters declare Pee-wee a hero, the police arrest him for his disruption at the studios. Pee-wee meets the president of Warner Bros., Terry Hawthorne, and explains his journey to retrieve the bike. Hawthorne decides to drop the charges and make a special movie about Pee-wee and his bike, which is returned to him.

text: Later at a drive-in theater, Pee-wee and Dottie attend the premiere of his biopic, an action movie starring James Brolin as "P.W. Herman" and Morgan Fairchild as Dottie. The two must retrieve a sport bike called the X-1, which contains an important microfilm and has been stolen by ninjas. Pee-wee has a cameo appearance as a hotel bellhop. At the drive-in, Pee-wee gives refreshments to all the people he met along his journey. Pee-wee also encounters Francis, who tells reporters that he is Pee-wee's best friend who taught him how to ride. Francis claims to be knowledgeable about Pee-wee's bike, but accidentally catapults himself into the air using one of the bicycle's gadgets. As Pee-wee leaves the drive-in, Dottie asks why he is not staying for the rest of the movie. Pee-wee answers, "I don't have to see it, Dottie. I lived it." He and Dottie then ride off together.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Paul Reubens as Pee-wee Herman (billed "Pee-wee Herman as himself"). He sports a gray flannel suit with a red bow tie and close-cropped hair.
Elizabeth Daily as Dottie
Mark Holton as Francis Buxton
Diane Salinger as Simone
Lynne Marie as "Mother Superior" in Kevin Morton's film
John Paragon as Man in Red Armor
Judd Omen as Mickey Morelli
Alice Nunn as Large Marge, the ghost of a truck driver who describes her own death in a traffic accident. The fabrication and animation for Large Marge's transformation was provided by The Chiodo Brothers.
Phil Hartman as Reporter
Jon Harris as Andy
Carmen Filpi as Jack
Jan Hooks as Tina, a tour guide at the Alamo.
Jason Hervey as Kevin Morton
Tony Bill as Terry Hawthorne, an executive at Warner Bros.
Cleve Hall as Godzilla, also cameos as a Satan's Helpers Biker Gang member.

text: Michael Varhol who co-wrote the script with Reubens and Hartman cameos as a photographer. Director Tim Burton has an uncredited cameo[citation needed] as the street thug who confronts Pee-wee in a rainy back-alley. Other minor roles include Ed Herlihy as Mr. Buxton and Cassandra Peterson (a.k.a. Elvira, Mistress of the Dark) as the Biker Mama of Satan's Helpers. James Brolin portrays "P.W. Herman" and Morgan Fairchild is Dottie in the in-movie production about Pee-wee's life. Dee Snider and Twisted Sister, and veteran comedy star Milton Berle cameo as themselves.

text: Pee-wee's Big Adventure contains numerous "conceptual continuity" links to other Tim Burton films and other productions:

text:
Several cast members from The Pee-wee Herman Show (who would go on to appear in Pee-wee's Playhouse) have cameo roles in the film. John Moody (Mailman Mike in The Pee-wee Herman Show) appears as the bus clerk, in the movie studio sequence, Lynne Marie Stewart (Miss Yvonne) plays the Mother Superior, John Paragon (Jambi the Genie) plays the high-voiced studio extra in red armor from whom Pee-wee asks directions and the reporter interviewing Francis in the final scene at the drive-in is played by Phil Hartman (Cap'n Carl).
Jan Hooks (who played Tina) was a fellow member of The Groundlings comedy troupe with Reubens, Hartman and Paragon, and went on to co-star in Saturday Night Live with Hartman. She also had a cameo role as a publicist in Burton's Batman Returns.
Paul Reubens and Diane Salinger (Simone) were reunited in the opening sequence of Burton's Batman Returns, in which they portrayed the parents of the Penguin. They would reunite again in Pee-wee's Big Holiday.
Supporting actors Monte Landis (Mario) and Lou Cutell (Amazing Larry), who appeared together in a deleted scene in Mario's Magic Shop,[citation needed] had both appeared as extras in Mel Brooks' Young Frankenstein.
In the Warner Bros. studio chase sequence, Pee-wee rides through a set where a Japanese crew are filming a Godzilla movie.
The full chase sequence through Warner Bros Studios was originally longer than the version in the final cut of the film and showed much more of the WB backlot, including the vast storage yard where props and set pieces were stored.[citation needed] A full-scale prop of a Visitor shuttlecraft from the original TV miniseries V (1983) is clearly visible in the foreground in one shot. Another deleted scene in this section was filmed on the WB "Western town" set.[citation needed] Ennio Morricone's theme music from the score of The Good, the Bad and the Ugly was to be used in that sequence.[citation needed]

text: Production[edit]

text: The success of The Pee-wee Herman Show prompted Warner Bros. to hire Paul Reubens to write a script for a full-length Pee-wee Herman film. Reubens' original idea was to do a remake of Pollyanna with Pee-wee Herman in the Hayley Mills role. Reubens claims that Pollyanna is his favorite film. Halfway through writing the script, Reubens noticed everyone at Warner Brothers had a bike to get around the backlot, and so he requested one of his own. This inspired Reubens to start on a new script.[4]

text: Having left The Walt Disney Company and with Frankenweenie receiving positive reviews within film studios, Tim Burton was looking for a full-length film to direct. When Reubens and the producers of Pee-wee's Big Adventure saw Burton's work on Vincent and Frankenweenie, they decided to hire Burton for their film.[5] Burton felt he connected with Reubens' personality and the humor of the Pee-wee Herman Show.[6] After hiring Burton to direct, Reubens, Phil Hartman and Michael Varhol reworked the script again.[7]

text: Filming locations included Glendale, Pomona, Santa Clarita, Santa Monica, Burbank, Cabazon (at the Cabazon Dinosaurs[8]), Port Hueneme, California, and San Antonio, Texas.[9] Burton and Reubens had tensions with Warner Bros. studio executives over the shooting schedule.[10] Burton hired CalArts classmate Rick Heinrichs for scenes involving stop-motion animation.[10]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Pee-wee's Big Adventure

Film score by Danny Elfman

Released
1985

Danny Elfman chronology

Forbidden Zone
(1980)Forbidden Zone1980
Pee-wee's Big Adventure
(1985)
Beetlejuice
(1988)Beetlejuice1988

text: To compose the film score, Burton brought in Danny Elfman, who had previously composed the music for Forbidden Zone.[11] He relished the opportunity to compose an orchestral score rather than a pop score and wanted to it to be taken as the work of a composer rather than the dabbling of a pop musician.[12] Elfman already had the main title theme written before he signed on.[13] At the time, Elfman was the lead singer of Oingo Boingo, but the working relationship between Burton and Elfman would overshadow his performing life and continue for most of Burton's films.[11][14]

text: In 1986 Varese Sarabande released an album on record, cassette and compact disc featuring cues from the movie and 1986's Back to School, also scored by Elfman. While both films had their scores recorded in Hollywood, the album recording was made in London and performed by the National Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by John Coleman. In 2010 many of the original tracks were subsequently released by Warner Bros. Records as part of The Danny Elfman & Tim Burton 25th Anniversary Music Box.

text:
1986 re-recording, Pee-wee's Big Adventure tracks only

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Overture/The Big Race"
3:07

2.
"Breakfast Machine"
2:36

3.
"Park Ride"
1:14

4.
"Stolen Bike"
1:44

5.
"Hitchhike"
0:56

6.
"Dinosaur Dream"
0:48

7.
"Simone's Theme"
1:35

8.
"Clown Dream"
1:58

9.
"Studio Chase"
1:24

10.
"The Drive-In"
2:02

11.
"Finale"
3:12

text:
The Danny Elfman & Tim Burton 25th Anniversary Box (Disc 1)

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Main Title/Bike Race"
2:54

2.
"The Breakfast Machine"
2:40

3.
"The Bike"
1:42

4.
"The Park Ride"
1:19

5.
"The Mall"
1:12

6.
"Music Shop And Beyond"
1:05

7.
"Stolen Bike/Lonely Walk"
1:42

8.
"Francis' House"
0:34

9.
"The Bath"
1:32

10.
"The Basement"
2:14

11.
"Hitch Hike"
0:57

12.
"Edsel Over the Edge"
1:21

13.
"Simone's Theme"
1:37

14.
"Dinosaur Dream"
0:49

15.
"Andy Chase"
0:51

16.
"Alamo"
0:19

17.
"Bus Station/Simone"
1:04

18.
"Clown Dream"
2:00

19.
"Studio Chase"
1:25

20.
"Pet Shop"
2:11

21.
"The Drive-In"
2:04

22.
"Finale"
3:07

23.
"Large Marge"
0:52

24.
"The Fork"
0:27

25.
"Rain/Fortune"
1:39

26.
"Andy Chase 2"
0:26

27.
"Cowboy Pee-wee"
0:33

28.
"Andy & the Bull"
0:26

29.
"Stolen Bike/Lonely Walk (Film Version)"
1:40

30.
"Hitch Hike (Film Version)"
0:57

31.
"Simone (Film Version)"
2:09

32.
"Dino Dreams (Film Version)"
0:47

33.
"Studio Chase (Film Version)"
3:58

text: "Clown Dream" is also used in the video game Grand Theft Auto V. It is also often used as the opening music during Primus concerts.

text: The film also features "Burn in Hell" by Twisted Sister and "Tequila" by The Champs.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Pee-wee's Big Adventure opened on August 9, 1985 in the United States in 829 theaters, accumulating $4,545,847 over its opening weekend. The film went on to gross $40,940,662 domestically.[15]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Pee-wee's Big Adventure received generally positive reviews at the time of the film's release,[16] before eventually developing into a cult film.[16] As of March 2017, Rotten Tomatoes reported that 89% of 44 critics gave the film a positive review.[17] By comparison Metacritic calculated an average score of 47 from 13 reviews collected.[18] The film was nominated with a Young Artist Award for Best Family Motion Picture (Comedy or Musical).[19]

text: Christopher Null gave positive feedback, calling it "Burton's strangest film."[20] Variety compared Paul Reubens to Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton,[21] while Empire called the film "a one-comic masterpiece" and "a dazzling debut" for Burton.[22] Stephanie Zacharek of Salon.com explained "Everything about Pee-wee's Big Adventure, from its toy-box colors to its superb, hyper-animated Danny Elfman score to the butch-waxed hairdo and wooden-puppet walk of its star and mastermind is pure pleasure."[23] Burton was offered the opportunity to direct Big Top Pee-wee,[24] but had no interest and was already working on his own pet project, Beetlejuice. Positive reviews of Beetlejuice and the financial success of Pee-wee's Big Adventure prompted Warner Bros. to offer Burton the director's helm for Batman.[25]

text: Roger Ebert never officially reviewed Pee-wee's Big Adventure but in 1987 it topped his list of Guilty Pleasures and he did mention it in his review of Big Top Pee-wee, saying the sequel was not as magical as the first.[26] The second paragraph of that review contrasted the two films explaining what he liked in Big Adventure that he didn't like in Big Top. Gene Siskel, however, gave Pee-wee's Big Adventure a negative review and even called it one of the worst movies of 1985.

text: Warner Home Video released Pee-wee's Big Adventure on DVD in May 2000. The release included audio commentary by Tim Burton, Paul Reubens and Danny Elfman as well as deleted scenes.[27]


document_title: Et tu, Brute?

question_text: who said et tu brute in julius caesar

question_tokens: who said et tu brute in julius caesar

text: Et tu, Brute?

text: Et tu, Brute? (pronounced [ɛt ˈtuː ˈbruːtɛ]) is a Latin phrase meaning "even you, Brutus?", made famous by its occurrence in William Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar, where it is uttered by the Roman dictator Julius Caesar to his friend Marcus Brutus at the moment of the former's assassination. The Latin expression first occurs in Elizabethan literary texts.[1] The quotation is widely used in the English-speaking world to signify the unexpected betrayal by a person, such as a friend.

text: Caesar utters these words in Act III, scene 2, as he is being stabbed to death, having recognized his friend and protégé Brutus among the assassins. However, there is no evidence that the historic Caesar had ever spoken these words.[2][3]

text: The name "Brutus", a second declension masculine noun, appears in the phrase in the vocative case, and so the -us ending of the nominative case is replaced by -e.[4]

text: Context[edit]

text: On March 15 (the Ides of March), 44 BCE, the historic Caesar was attacked by a group of senators, including Marcus Junius Brutus, Caesar's friend and protégé. Caesar initially resisted his attackers, but when he saw Brutus, he supposedly responded as he died.

text: The historical Caesar's last words are not known with certainty. The Roman historian Suetonius, a century and a half after the incident, claims Caesar said nothing as he died, but that others reported that Caesar's last words were the Greek phrase "καὶ σὺ, τέκνον;".[5][6] The phrase means "You too, child?" or "You too, young man?".[7] Sometimes this is rendered translated into Latin as "Tu quoque, Brute, fili mi".

text: Plutarch also reports that Caesar said nothing, but merely pulled his toga over his head when he saw Brutus among the conspirators.[8]

text: In the play Julius Caesar (1599), Caesar says "Et tu, Brute? Then fall, Caesar!"[9] Shakespeare was making use of a phrase already in use: for example it is said, by Edmond Malone, to have appeared in a work that has been lost: Richard Eedes's Latin play Caesar Interfectus of 1582. It also occurs in The True Tragedie of Richard Duke of Yorke, and the death of good King Henrie the Sixt, with the Whole Contention betweene the two Houses Lancaster and Yorke of 1595, which is the earliest printed version of Shakespeare's play Henry VI, Part 3.[10][11]

text: Interpretation[edit]

text: It has been argued that the phrase can be interpreted as a curse or threat.[12] One theory states that the historic Caesar adapted the words of a Greek sentence which to the Romans had long since become proverbial: The complete phrase is said to have been "You too, my son, will have a taste of power," of which Caesar only needed to invoke the opening words to foreshadow Brutus' own violent death, in response to his assassination.[13] There is a poem by Horace, Satires; Book I, Satire 7, written approximately 30 BC, that mentions Brutus and his tyrannicide; in discussing that poem, author John Henderson considers that the expression "E-t t-u Br-u-t-e", (as he hyphenates it), can be interpreted as a complaint containing a "suggestion of mimetic compulsion".[1]


document_title: Bed size

question_text: what size is a california king size mattress

text: Bed size

text: Table of common sizes[edit]

text: Modern manufacturing conventions have produced many standard mattress and box spring sizes. Beds vary by country of origin as per the table below. These dimensions are for the mattress – actual bed frames are a little larger to accommodate the mattress. Mattress thickness varies considerably.

text:
Mattress size (width × length)

US and Canada

Ireland and UK

Australia

New Zealand

Continental Europe

Scandinavia

Japan

China

Thailand

Singapore

Brazil

Small singleor Cot

30 in × 75 in76 cm × 191 cm

60 cm × 190 cm24 in × 75 in

80 cm × 190 cm31 in × 75 in

85 cm × 195 cm33 in × 77 in

91 cm × 188 cm36 in × 74 in

Single, Twin,or Bunk

38[1] in × 75 in97 cm × 191 cm

90 cm × 190 cm35 in × 75 in

92 cm × 188 cm36 in × 74 in

91 cm × 188 cm36 in × 74 in

90 cm × 200 cm35 in × 79 in

90 cm × 200 cm
35 in × 79 in

97 cm × 195 cm38 in × 77 in

106 cm × 188 cm42 in × 74 in

107 cm × 198 cm42 in × 78 in

91 cm × 191 cm36 in × 75 in

88 cm x 188 cm
35 in x 74 in

Twin extra long

38[1] in × 80 in97 cm × 203 cm

91 cm × 203 cm36 in × 80 in

90 cm × 210 cm35 in × 83 in

97 cm × 205 cm38 in × 81 in

King singleor Super single

107 cm × 203 cm42 in × 80 in

107 cm × 203 cm42 in × 80 in

120 cm × 200 cm47 in × 79 in

110 cm × 195 cm43 in × 77 in

107 cm × 191 cm42 in × 75 in

96 cm x 203 cm
38 in x 80 in

Small doubleor Three-quarter

48 in × 75 in122 cm × 191 cm

120 cm × 190 cm47 in × 75 in

140 cm × 200 cm
55 in × 79 in

122 cm × 195 cm48 in × 77 in

Full or Double

54 in × 75 in137 cm × 191 cm

135 cm × 190 cm53 in × 75 in

138 cm × 188 cm54 in × 74 in

137 cm × 188 cm54 in × 74 in

140 cm × 200 cm55 in × 79 in

180 cm × 200 cm
71 in × 79 in

140 cm × 195 cm55 in × 77 in

152 cm × 188 cm60 in × 74 in

122 cm × 198 cm48 in × 78 in

138 cm x 188 cm
54 in x 74 in

Double extra long

54 in × 80 in137 cm × 203 cm

140 cm × 205 cm55 in × 81 in

Queen

60 in × 80 in152 cm × 203 cm

153 cm × 203 cm60 in × 80 in

153 cm × 203 cm60 in × 80 in

154 cm × 195 cm61 in × 77 in

182 cm × 188 cm72 in × 74 in

152 cm × 198 cm60 in × 78 in

152 cm × 191 cm60 in × 75 in

158 cm x 198 cm
62 in x 78 in

Expanded, Super,or Olympic queen

66 in × 80 in168 cm × 203 cm

King

76 in × 80 in193 cm × 203 cm or 78 in198 cm square

152 cm × 198 cm60 in × 78 in

183 cm × 203 cm72 in × 80 in

167 cm × 203 cm66 in × 80 in

160 cm × 200 cm63 in × 79 in

170 cm × 195 cm67 in × 77 in

182 cm × 212 cm72 in × 83 in

183 cm × 198 cm72 in × 78 in

183 cm × 191 cm72 in × 75 in

193 cm x 203 cm
76 in x 80 in

California kingor King long

72 in × 84 in183 cm × 213 cm

72 in × 84 in183 cm × 213 cm

80 in × 80 in203 cm × 203 cm

170 cm × 205 cm67 in × 81 in

Grand king, Super king, Athletic Kingor Texas king

80 in × 98 in203 cm × 249 cm

180 cm × 200 cm71 in × 79 in

203 cm × 203 cm80 in × 80 in

183 cm × 203 cm72 in × 80 in

180 cm × 200 cm
71 in × 79 in

194 cm × 205 cm76 in × 81 in

text: Canada and United States[edit]

text: Standard sizes[edit]

text: Standard bed sizes in the US and Canada are:

text: Other sizes[edit]

text: Europe[edit]

text: UK and Ireland[edit]

text:
Most modern beds/mattresses available in the UK and Ireland are sold using metric dimensions,[5]  as required by law.[which?][citation needed]
The names of standard mattress sizes were, however, originally attributed to specific imperial dimensions which remain in common use as a point of reference.

text:
Size

Dimensions

Notes

Small Single

75 cm × 190 cm (30 in × 75 in)[5]

Common UK size for hospitality (zip & link) twin beds as beds can be combined to make a short king bed.[6] Equivalent to previous 2'6" x 6'3"

Single

90 cm × 190 cm (35 in × 75 in)[5]

Also a standard hospitality sized twin bed in Ireland,[citation needed] two mattresses can be zip linked to make a short Superking bed. Equivalent to previous 3' x 6'3"

European single

90 cm × 200 cm (35 in × 79 in)[7]

Small Double

120 cm × 190 cm (47 in × 75 in)[5]

Equivalent to previous 4' x 6'3"

Double

135 cm × 190 cm (53 in × 75 in)[5]

Equivalent to previous 4'6" x 6'3"

European Double

140 cm × 200 cm (55 in × 79 in)[7]

King

150 cm × 200 cm (59 in × 79 in)[5]

Equivalent to previous 5' x 6'6"

European King

160 cm × 200 cm (63 in × 79 in)[7]

Superking

180 cm × 200 cm (71 in × 79 in)[5]

Equivalent to previous 6' x 6'6"

Emperor

200 cm × 202 cm (79 in × 80 in)[5]

Equivalent to previous 6'6 x 6'8"

Large Emperor

215 cm × 217 cm (85 in × 85 in)[5]

Equivalent to previous 7' x 7'

text: It is worth noting that "bed size" in the UK generally refers to mattress size. This is because mattresses have a standard size grading, whereas bed frames do not. While many companies in the UK do offer bespoke bed making services, most mass-produced bed linens,[5] bed frames and mattresses fit only the standard bed sizes above. A Queen size mattress in the UK is often misunderstood to be one of the larger sizes as is the case in many other parts of the world. At 120cm in width, however, it is smaller than a UK double. Another common mistake is to use a mattress size as the required space for the full dimensions of the bed and mattress.

text: France[edit]

text: Single size beds are usually 90 centimetres (35 in) wide by 190 centimetres (75 in) long.

text:
Most common sizes for double beds are:
140 centimetres (55 in) wide by 190 centimetres (75 in) long
160 centimetres (63 in) wide by 200 centimetres (79 in) long
180 centimetres (71 in) wide by 200 centimetres (79 in) long (less common, but increasing popularity).

text: Due to the popularity of imported beds (especially from IKEA), the 200 centimetres (79 in) length is becoming more common.[citation needed]

text: Italy[edit]

text: In Italy, beds are classified by name and use the term Piazza as in "one place" Standard sizes are:[citation needed]

text: Less common:[citation needed]

text: Northern Europe[edit]

text: These sizes are for Germany, Poland, Netherlands, Belgium, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Iceland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. There are some variations between the Nordic countries and the Baltic nations, but these are the most common sizes:

text: Single:

text:
80 cm × 190 cm (31 in × 75 in), traditional standard for bunk beds in Germany
90 cm × 190 cm (35 in × 75 in), traditional standard in Germany
75 cm × 200 cm (30 in × 79 in), standard in Norway[citation needed]
80 cm × 200 cm (31 in × 79 in), common variant in Finland[citation needed]
90 cm × 200 cm (35 in × 79 in), standard single bed in Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Germany.
90 cm × 210 cm (35 in × 83 in)
90 cm × 200 cm (35 in × 79 in), common variant in The Netherlands
90 cm × 220 cm (35 in × 87 in), extra large variant in The Netherlands
100 cm × 200 cm (39 in × 79 in), now very common in Germany
105 cm × 200 cm (41 in × 79 in)
120 cm × 200 cm (47 in × 79 in)[citation needed]

text: Three-Quarter:

text:
120 cm × 200 cm (47 in × 79 in), less common in Scandinavia
140 cm × 200 cm (55 in × 79 in), very common three-quarters in Scandinavia

text: Double:

text:
120 cm × 200 cm (47 in × 79 in), referred to as a "doubter" in the Netherlands, somewhat common for younger people
140 cm × 200 cm (55 in × 79 in)
150 cm × 200 cm (59 in × 79 in), common
160 cm × 200 cm (63 in × 79 in), very common[citation needed], common variant in Finland[citation needed]
180 cm × 200 cm (71 in × 79 in), very common double bed in current Danish, Swedish and Norwegian standards[citation needed]
180 cm × 210 cm (71 in × 83 in)
200 cm × 200 cm (79 in × 79 in) (very wide)

text: Most beds are 200 cm (79 in) cm long. Extra long beds are usually 220 cm (87 in), but they are rare.

text: Portugal[edit]

text: In Portugal the most common sizes for beds are:

text:
Solteiro (single)
80 centimetres (31 in) wide by 190 centimetres (75 in) long (can go up to 105 cm wide by 200 cm long)

text:
Casal (double)
140 centimetres (55 in) wide by 190 centimetres (75 in), 195 or 200 cm long

text:
Queen Size
160 centimetres (63 in) or 180 centimetres (71 in) wide by 190, 195 or 200 cm long

text:
King Size
180 centimetres (71 in) wide by 190, 195 or 200 cm long

text:
Super King Size
200 centimetres (79 in) wide by 200 cm long

text: Spain[edit]

text: In Spain the most common sizes are:

text: 180/190/200 cm long

text: 80/90/105/120/135/150 cm wide, the most common:

text: "Individual" (single) = 90 cm wide

text: "Matrimonio" (marital) = 135/150 cm wide

text: Switzerland[edit]

text: Single:

text:
70 cm × 200 cm (28 in × 79 in), only used for double beds with two separate mattresses
80 cm × 200 cm (31 in × 79 in), only used for double beds with two separate mattresses
90 cm × 200 cm (35 in × 79 in), common single bed
120 cm × 200 cm (47 in × 79 in), uncommon, mainly available as European-style futon beds that are sold with mattress, slats and frame
140 cm × 200 cm (55 in × 79 in), common, especially among young people

text: Double:

text:
160 cm × 200 cm (63 in × 79 in), common
180 cm × 200 cm (71 in × 79 in), common
200 cm × 200 cm (79 in × 79 in), proposed when enough space is available

text: Oceania[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text: The following bed sizes are available in Australia

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: The following bed sizes are available in New Zealand

text: Africa[edit]

text: South Africa[edit]

text: Comprehensive list of bed sizes in South Africa:

text: XL mattress sizes vary only in length but not in width.

text: Asia[edit]

text: China[edit]

text: In China, the regulation standard has following sizes available:[9]

text:
Length: 1900 mm, 1950 mm, 2000 mm, 2100 mm;
Width: Single: 800 mm, 900 mm, 1000 mm, 1100 mm, 1200 mm;
Width: Double: 1350 mm, 1400 mm, 1500 mm, 1800 mm.

text: In practice, bed sizes are usually categorized by the width. The length is typically two metres, but may vary. The most common sizes are:

text: There are also extra size beds available, but they are less common.

text: Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia[edit]

text: The following bed sizes are available in Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia:


document_title: P.S. I Still Love You

question_text: who took the video of peter and lara jean

text: P.S. I Still Love You

text:
P.S. I Still Love You
Author
Jenny HanCountry
United StatesLanguage
EnglishGenre
Young adultPublisher
Simon & SchusterPublication date
May 26, 2015Media type
Print (hardback, paperback)Pages
337ISBN
978-1442426740Preceded by
To All the Boys I've Loved BeforeFollowed by
Always and Forever, Lara Jean

text: P.S. I Still Love You is a 2015 young adult romance novel by American author Jenny Han, first published by Simon & Schuster and released on May 26, 2015. It is the sequel to the novel To All the Boys I've Loved Before, released on April 15, 2014,[1] and was followed by a third installment, Always and Forever, Lara Jean, released on May 2, 2017.[2]

text: Plot[edit]

text: After the fight between Lara Jean, Josh and Peter at the Coveys' Christmas party, Lara Jean realizes that she has fallen for Peter. Hoping to reconcile, Lara Jean heads over to Peter's house with a love letter she hopes for him to read. After a brief talk, the two kiss and decide they want to be a real couple. At school, Lara Jean discovers that someone has posted a video of her and Peter making out in the hot tub from the ski trip. A rumor spreads that the two were having sex. After seeing the video during school, Peter is furious and warns the anonymous poster not to mess with Lara Jean.

text: Before Margot leaves to go back to college in Scotland, she tells Lara Jean to get a job. Taking Margot's advice, Lara Jean volunteers to start a scrapbooking class at the Belleview retirement home, and gets closer to Stormy, an elderly woman who has a feisty temper. Stormy gives Lara Jean relationship advice. Meanwhile, Kitty begins an attempt to set up their father with the neighbor across the street, Trina Rothschild.

text: One day, Lara Jean receives a letter in the mail from John Ambrose McClaren, telling her that he received the love letter she wrote him. Lara Jean and John soon become pen pals. When Lara Jean finds out that the neighborhood treehouse she and her friends used to hang out in will soon be cut down, she decides to throw a reunion party there and invites John. She also plans to open a time capsule that they buried at the treehouse when they were in seventh grade.

text: At the treehouse party, Peter brings his ex-girlfriend, Genevieve, knowing that Lara Jean did not want her to come. Lara Jean also finds out that the two were hanging out before the party, prompting her to become suspicious, and a little jealous, of Peter and Genevieve's "relationship". During the party, Lara Jean distracts herself from Peter by focusing on John. The group takes it, in turn, to pull an item from the time capsule and then decides to play Assassins, which they often played during their childhood. For the prize, they decide the winner will be granted one wish. Lara Jean is determined to win since she has never previously won a game.

text: After the party, Lara Jean and Peter argue about John and Genevieve, and Peter insists there is only friendship between him and his ex. During the Assassins game, Lara Jean discovers that Peter and Geneveive have formed an alliance, causing her to become suspicious again. Lara Jean finds out that Stormy is John's great-grandmother when he comes to visit the retirement home, and also eliminates him from Assassins. Her next target is now Peter, and John decides to help her out.

text: Meanwhile, Lara Jean and Peter break up when she discovers that Peter knew Genevieve was the person who sent out the video from the hot tub. She tells him if she wins Assassins, she would wish that nothing had happened between them. Lara Jean begins spending more time with John as they scheme to take out Genevieve from the game. Lara Jean ends up winning, and discovers the reason Peter and Genevieve have been hanging out: Genevieve confided in Peter about her father's affair with a younger woman.

text: Lara Jean meets with Peter at the treehouse the night before it is to be cut down. She tells him her wish is for things to go back to the way they were between them, and Peter professes his love for her.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The novel spent twelve weeks on The New York Times Best Seller list, peaking at #2 in the Young Adult fiction section.[3]