document_title: I Still Know What You Did Last Summer

question_text: who's the killer in i still know

question_tokens: who 's the killer in i still know

text: I Still Know What You Did Last Summer

text: Plot[edit]

text: This section's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: One year after the events of the first film, Julie James is attending summer classes in Boston, to avoid returning to her hometown of Southport, North Carolina. She suffers from memories and nightmares of the accident and brutal murders of her friends by the vengeful fisherman, Ben Willis, from the summer before.

text: Julie's friend and roommate Karla Wilson receives a phone call from a local radio station, then winning an all-expenses-paid vacation to the Bahamas for the Fourth of July weekend. Julie invites her boyfriend, Ray Bronson, but he declines. He is hurt by her earlier refusal to visit him in Southport. Ray, intending to propose to Julie, changes his mind about the trip, planning to show up as a surprise.

text: That evening, Ray and his co-worker Dave drive to Boston to meet Julie. They stop due to a BMW and body in the middle of the road. Ray gets out to inspect the scene, only to find the body to be a mannequin dressed in fisherman's clothing. Suddenly, Ben Willis appears and kills Dave with his hook. Ben takes Ray's truck and chases him down the road. Ray gets away, but he is injured from falling down a hill.

text: The next morning, Julie and Karla depart on the trip with Karla’s boyfriend Tyrell and their friend, Will Benson. Knowing that Will has a crush on Julie, Karla invited him as a replacement for Ray, much to Julie's discomfort. The group arrives at the hotel in Tower Bay, only to find that other guests are leaving due to the imminent hurricane season. To her surprise, Julie is sharing a hotel room with Will. That evening at the hotel’s bar, Julie is talked into singing karaoke. She stops when the words “I STILL KNOW WHAT YOU DID LAST SUMMER” roll onto the screen. Terrified, she runs back to her room and is met by Will, who laid out flowers and a love note for her. Julie sidesteps Will's affection for her, while Tyrell and Karla (and later Will) get into the hot tub.

text: Julie notices that her toothbrush is missing. Feeling something is wrong, she searches the room and finds the dockhand Darik hanging dead in the closet. She finds Tyrell, Karla, and Will, but when they return there is no sign of Darick's body. The hotel manager refuses to believe her story and Julie tries to call the police, but the phone lines are dead due to the incoming hurricane. The group and the hotel staff prepare for the storm. Meanwhile, Ben arrives at the hotel and kills the employees. Olga, the maid, is stabbed in the back while the pool boy, Titus, is impaled with a pair of garden shears.

text: The following day, the group finds that the hotel staff and the manager have been murdered, and the two-way radio, their only way of contact, has been destroyed. Isolated, Julie tells the others about the previous summer. Tyrell suspects that Estes, the boat hand porter, is the killer, since he is the only one who cannot be found. The group goes to Estes’ apartment, searching for clues. They find Julie’s toothbrush and Karla's hair tie, concluding Estes has been using voodoo to protect them. Estes appears and states the capital of Brazil is not Rio, meaning the trip was a set-up. He leads them to a graveyard in the forest with the graves of Ben's wife and daughter, and an empty grave and tombstone with Julie’s name. Estes explains that Ben and his wife Sarah had two children: son Will and daughter Susie. Ben murdered Sarah in the hotel room that Julie is staying in when he found out about her affair and her plans to leave him with their children. In anger, Julie shouts that she will not be killed by Ben and that they will fight against him.

text: Estes goes missing, and Will volunteers to find him. Julie, Karla, and Tyrell return to the hotel and gather supplies to defend themselves. They head to the hotel kitchen for something to eat, and find Nancy, the bartender, hiding in the freezer. Will finds Estes, but he attacks Will while Ray takes a boat to the island. Ben appears and stabs Tyrell in the throat with his hook, killing him. The girls retreat to the attic, where Karla is attacked by Ben. They both fall through to the hotel bedroom below. Karla runs from the room and jumps onto the greenhouse. Julie and Nancy rescue Karla and run to the storm cellar to take refuge. They find that the storm cellar stores Ben's victims. Will bursts in and convinces the girls to head back to the hotel, stating that he saw Ben on the beach.

text: Back at the hotel, Julie sees Will is bleeding from his stomach, so Nancy takes Karla to find a first aid kit. While retrieving the kit, Nancy and Karla find Estes has been impaled with a harpoon. Ben appears and kills Nancy. Back in the lobby, Julie is tending to Will, unable to find a wound. Will admits this is because it is not his blood. He asks Julie what her favorite radio station is, revealing he was the radio host and killed Estes. Will drags Julie to the graveyard, and tells her he is Ben's son, explaining his actions. Ben appears and attacks Julie. Ray arrives, and a fight ensues between him and Will. When Ben tries to stab Ray, he accidentally kills Will instead. While Ben is distraught from killing his son, Julie takes a gun and shoots him in the chest. Ben falls dead into the grave made for Julie. Ray comforts Julie. Back at the hotel, Karla is found alive. The three are rescued by the coast guard.

text: Sometime later, Ray and Julie have married and are in their new home. Ray is brushing his teeth before bed and Julie is in their bedroom. The bathroom door is quietly shut and locked while Ray is occupied. Julie sits down on her bed, looks in the mirror, and sees Ben under the bed. She screams as Ben grabs her feet with his hook and hand and pulls her under.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jennifer Love Hewitt as Julie James
Freddie Prinze, Jr. as Ray Bronson
Brandy as Karla Wilson
Mekhi Phifer as Tyrell Martin
Matthew Settle as Will Benson
Jennifer Esposito as Nancy
Muse Watson as Ben Willis
Bill Cobbs as Estes
Jeffrey Combs as Mr. Brooks
Benjamin Brown as Darick the Dockhand
Ellerine Harding as Olga
John Hawkes as Dave
Jack Black as Titus Telesco (uncredited)
Sarah Michelle Gellar as Helen Shivers (uncredited/photo only)

text: Production[edit]

text: While the film is set in The Bahamas, it was actually shot at El Tecuan Marina Resort Costalagree, in Jalisco, Mexico; Los Angeles, California; and Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City, California.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The sequel made a gross $16.5 million at 2,443 theaters during its opening weekend. Unlike the original, the sequel opened at number two at the box office and dropped to number five only a week later. At the end of its fifteen-week run, the film grossed $40,020,622 in the United States. It grossed $44 million internationally, bringing the total worldwide gross to $84 million.[2]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film received highly negative reviews, with an overall rating of 7% on Rotten Tomatoes with critics consensus being "Boring; predictable." It also has a 21 score on Metacritic compared to 52 for the original. The highest review score on Metacritic was 60 which came from Variety, who said "Purists will find the pic's obviousness disappointing, but there's no question that the film delivers a sufficient shock quotient to satisfy its youthful target audience". The film, much like the original, has obtained a "cult following".

text: Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.[3]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
I Still Know What You Did Last Summer (Music From The Motion Picture)

Soundtrack album (Digital download)/Audio CD by Various

Released
November 17, 1998

Length
51:14

Label
Warner Bros. Records

text:
"Sugar Is Sweeter" (CJ Bolland; Danny Saber remix featuring Justin Warfield) – 4:57
"How Do I Deal" (Jennifer Love Hewitt) – 3:23
"Relax" (Deetah) – 3:51
"Hey Now Now" (Swirl 360) – 4:37
"Blue Monday" (Orgy) – 4:32
"Polite" (Bijou Phillips) – 4:25
"Try to Say Goodbye" (Jory Eve) – 3:35
"Testimony" (Grant Lee Buffalo) – 3:59
"(Do You) Wanna Ride" (Reel Tight) – 3:33
"Getting Scared" (Imogen Heap) – 4:51
"Górecki" (Lamb) – 6:22
"Julie's Theme" (John Frizzell) – 2:52

tag: ol

text: The soundtrack was released on November 17, 1998 by Warner Bros. Records. On January 19, 1999, "How Do I Deal" was released a single, backed by Jory Eve's "Try to Say Goodbye". A music video for "How Do I Deal" was made available to music television networks.

text: The song "Eden", by Belgian rock/pop group Hooverphonic, was also featured in the film, but did not appear on the final soundtrack. The song appeared early in the film, when Julie looked at the picture of Helen beside her bed.

text: Stand-alone sequel[edit]

text: On August 15, 2006, a straight-to-DVD sequel titled I'll Always Know What You Did Last Summer was released. The film is unrelated to the two previous films, and features no returning cast members. It was originally proposed to continue where I Still Know What You Did Last Summer left off. Instead, the film features an unrelated plot with a brief mention of the first two films.


document_title: Rodan + Fields

question_text: when did rodan and fields start direct sales

root

text: Rodan + Fields

text: History[edit]

text: Drs. Fields and Rodan met in 1984 during their dermatology residency at Stanford University School of Medicine. In 1995, they developed Proactiv Solution as a preventative skincare for acne.[2]  Proactiv is now a registered trademark of Guthy-Renker and Nestlé.[3]

tag: p

text: In 2002, Drs. Fields and Rodan launched Rodan + Fields. Products were sold in department stores. In 2003, Rodan + Fields was purchased by Estée Lauder.[1] In 2007, Drs. Fields and Rodan reacquired the brand[4] and transitioned the company from department stores to multi-level marketing, where consultants are paid a commission for their own sales and for the sales of people they recruit.[1]

text: Rodan + Fields launched in Canada in February 2015 and in Australia in September 2017.[1][5]

text: Business[edit]

text: The company has its headquarters in San Francisco, California.

text: Products[edit]

text: Rodan + Fields products treat common skincare concerns. Products and tools are categorized into regimens, each dedicated to a different skin concern. Regimens include cleansers, toners, moisturizers, creams, exfoliators and sunscreens.[4]

text: Business model[edit]

text: Rodan + Fields uses independent consultants, mostly women, to sell its products. Commissions are earned based on a multi-level marketing strategy,[6] which has been criticized by consumer advocates as close to a pyramid scheme.[1][7] Consultants focus on social media, phone and in-person presentations to sell products and invite others to join their team.[8] The average 2015 annual income for a consultant was $3,182.[9]

text: The independent consultants that sell the skin care products are often recruited with the promise and potential for executive level incomes. Per the 2016 Income-Disclosure agreement, 90% of consultants earn less than $200 per month and 96% of the consultants earned less $500 per month.[10] In 2016, 125,348 consultants (representing 44% of all recruits) recorded zero earnings and are thus no longer considered active independent consultants.[10] Only 2% of active consultants make the annual minimum wage or higher.[1]


document_title: List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders

question_text: who hit the most home runs in 2012

question_tokens: who hit the most home runs in 2012

text: Key[edit]

text:
Winner(s)
Player(s) with the most home runs (HR) in the league

HR
The winner's home run total

Runner(s)-up
Player(s) with the second-most HRs in the league

2nd HR
The runner-up home run total

League
Denoted only for players outside of the modern major leagues

†
Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

tag: table

text: American League[edit]

text:
Year
Winner(s)
HR
Team
Runner(s)-up
2nd HR
Ref

1901
Lajoie, NapNap Lajoie†
14
Philadelphia Athletics
Freeman, BuckBuck Freeman
12
[16]

1902
Seybold, SocksSocks Seybold
16
Philadelphia Athletics
Hickman, CharlieCharlie Hickman
Bill Bradley
Buck Freeman
11
[17]

1903
Freeman, BuckBuck Freeman
13
Boston Americans
Hickman, CharlieCharlie Hickman
12
[18]

1904
Davis, HarryHarry Davis
10
Philadelphia Athletics
Murphy, DannyDanny Murphy
Buck Freeman
07c !7
[19]

1905
Davis, HarryHarry Davis
08b !8
Philadelphia Athletics
Stone, GeorgeGeorge Stone
07d !7
[20]

1906
Davis, HarryHarry Davis
12
Philadelphia Athletics
Hickman, CharlieCharlie Hickman
09a !9
[21]

1907
Davis, HarryHarry Davis
08a !8
Philadelphia Athletics
Seybold, SocksSocks Seybold
Danny Hoffman
Ty Cobb†
05 !5
[22]

1908
Crawford, SamSam Crawford†
07b !7
Detroit Tigers
Hinchman, BillBill Hinchman
06b !6
[23]

1909
Cobb, TyTy Cobb†
09b !9
Detroit Tigers
Speaker, TrisTris Speaker†
07a !7
[24]

1910
Stahl, JakeJake Stahl
10
Boston Red Sox
Cobb, TyTy Cobb†
Duffy Lewis
08b !8
[25]

1911
Baker, FrankFrank Baker†
11
Philadelphia Athletics
Speaker, TrisTris Speaker†
Ty Cobb†
08a !8
[26]

1912
Baker, FrankFrank Baker†
Tris Speaker†
10
Philadelphia Athletics
Boston Red Sox
Cobb, TyTy Cobb†
07b !7
[27]

1913
Baker, FrankFrank Baker†
12
Philadelphia Athletics
Crawford, SamSam Crawford†
09b !9
[28]

1914
Baker, FrankFrank Baker†
09a !9
Philadelphia Athletics
Crawford, SamSam Crawford†
08d !8
[29]

1915
Roth, BraggoBraggo Roth
07a !7
Chicago White Sox
Cleveland Indians
Oldring, RubeRube Oldring
06a !6
[30]

1916
Pipp, WallyWally Pipp
12
New York Yankees
Baker, FrankFrank Baker†
10
[31]

1917
Pipp, WallyWally Pipp
09c !9
New York Yankees
Veach, BobbyBobby Veach
08c !8
[32]

1918
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
Tilly Walker
11
Boston Red Sox
Philadelphia Athletics
Baker, FrankFrank Baker†
George Burns
06c !6
[33]

1919
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
29
Boston Red Sox
Walker, TillyTilly Walker
Frank Baker†
George Sisler†
10
[34]

1920
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
54
New York Yankees
Sisler, GeorgeGeorge Sisler†
19
[35]

1921
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
59
New York Yankees
Williams, KenKen Williams
Bob Meusel
24
[36]

1922
Williams, KenKen Williams
39
St. Louis Browns
Walker, TillyTilly Walker
37
[37]

1923
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
41
New York Yankees
Williams, KenKen Williams
29
[38]

1924
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
46
New York Yankees
Hauser, JoeJoe Hauser
27
[39]

1925
Meusel, BobBob Meusel
33
New York Yankees
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
Williams, KenKen Williams
25
[40]

1926
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
47
New York Yankees
Simmons, AlAl Simmons†
19
[41]

1927
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
60
New York Yankees
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig†
47
[42]

1928
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
54
New York Yankees
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig†
27
[43]

1929
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
46
New York Yankees
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig†
35
[44]

1930
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
49
New York Yankees
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig†
41
[45]

1931
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
Lou Gehrig†
46
New York Yankees
Averill, EarlEarl Averill
32
[46]

1932
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx†
58
Philadelphia Athletics
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
41
[47]

1933
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx†
48
Philadelphia Athletics
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
34
[48]

1934
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig†
49
New York Yankees
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx†
44
[49]

1935
Greenberg, HankHank Greenberg†
Jimmie Foxx†
36
Detroit Tigers
Philadelphia Athletics
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig†
30
[50]

1936
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig†
49
New York Yankees
Trosky, HalHal Trosky
42
[51]

1937
DiMaggio, JoeJoe DiMaggio†
46
New York Yankees
Greenberg, HankHank Greenberg†
40
[52]

1938
Greenberg, HankHank Greenberg†
58
Detroit Tigers
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx†
50
[53]

1939
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx†
35
Boston Red Sox
Greenberg, HankHank Greenberg†
33
[54]

1940
Greenberg, HankHank Greenberg†
41
Detroit Tigers
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx†
36
[55]

1941
Williams, TedTed Williams†
37
Boston Red Sox
Keller, CharlieCharlie Keller
33
[56]

1942
Williams, TedTed Williams†
36
Boston Red Sox
Laabs, ChetChet Laabs
27
[57]

1943
York, RudyRudy York
34
Detroit Tigers
Keller, CharlieCharlie Keller
31
[58]

1944
Etten, NickNick Etten
22
New York Yankees
Stephens, VernVern Stephens
20
[59]

1945
Stephens, VernVern Stephens
24
St. Louis Browns
Cullenbine, RoyRoy Cullenbine
Nick Etten
Rudy York
18
[60]

1946
Greenberg, HankHank Greenberg†
44
Detroit Tigers
Williams, TedTed Williams†
38
[61]

1947
Williams, TedTed Williams†
32
Boston Red Sox
Gordon, JoeJoe Gordon†
29
[62]

1948
DiMaggio, JoeJoe DiMaggio†
39
New York Yankees
Gordon, JoeJoe Gordon†
32
[63]

1949
Williams, TedTed Williams†
43
Boston Red Sox
Stephens, VernVern Stephens
39
[64]

1950
Rosen, AlAl Rosen
37
Cleveland Indians
Dropo, WaltWalt Dropo
34
[65]

1951
Zernial, GusGus Zernial
33
Chicago White Sox
Philadelphia Athletics
Williams, TedTed Williams†
30
[66]

1952
Doby, LarryLarry Doby†
32
Cleveland Indians
Easter, LukeLuke Easter
31
[67]

1953
Rosen, AlAl Rosen
43
Cleveland Indians
Zernial, GusGus Zernial
42
[68]

1954
Doby, LarryLarry Doby†
32
Cleveland Indians
Williams, TedTed Williams†
29
[69]

1955
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle†
37
New York Yankees
Zernial, GusGus Zernial
30
[70]

1956
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle†
52
New York Yankees
Wertz, VicVic Wertz
32
[71]

1957
Sievers, RoyRoy Sievers
42
Washington Senators
Williams, TedTed Williams†
38
[72]

1958
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle†
42
New York Yankees
Colavito, RockyRocky Colavito
41
[73]

1959
Killebrew, HarmonHarmon Killebrew†
Rocky Colavito
42
Washington Senators
Cleveland Indians
Lemon, JimJim Lemon
33
[74]

1960
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle†
40
New York Yankees
Maris, RogerRoger Maris
39
[75]

1961
Maris, RogerRoger Maris
61
New York Yankees
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle†
54
[76]

1962
Killebrew, HarmonHarmon Killebrew†
48
Minnesota Twins
Cash, NormNorm Cash
39
[77]

1963
Killebrew, HarmonHarmon Killebrew†
45
Minnesota Twins
Stuart, DickDick Stuart
42
[78]

1964
Killebrew, HarmonHarmon Killebrew†
49
Minnesota Twins
Powell, BoogBoog Powell
39
[79]

1965
Conigliaro, TonyTony Conigliaro
32
Boston Red Sox
Cash, NormNorm Cash
30
[80]

1966
Robinson, FrankFrank Robinson†
49
Baltimore Orioles
Killebrew, HarmonHarmon Killebrew†
39
[81]

1967
Yastrzemski, CarlCarl Yastrzemski†
Harmon Killebrew†
44
Boston Red Sox
Minnesota Twins
Howard, FrankFrank Howard
36
[82]

1968
Howard, FrankFrank Howard
44
Washington Senators
Horton, WillieWillie Horton
36
[83]

1969
Killebrew, HarmonHarmon Killebrew†
49
Minnesota Twins
Howard, FrankFrank Howard
48
[84]

1970
Howard, FrankFrank Howard
44
Washington Senators
Killebrew, HarmonHarmon Killebrew†
41
[85]

1971
Melton, BillBill Melton
33
Chicago White Sox
Jackson, ReggieReggie Jackson†
Norm Cash
32
[86]

1972
Allen, DickDick Allen
37
Chicago White Sox
Murcer, BobbyBobby Murcer
33
[87]

1973
Jackson, ReggieReggie Jackson†
32
Oakland Athletics
Burroughs, JeffJeff Burroughs
Frank Robinson†
30
[88]

1974
Allen, DickDick Allen
32
Chicago White Sox
Jackson, ReggieReggie Jackson†
29
[89]

1975
Jackson, ReggieReggie Jackson†
George Scott
36
Oakland Athletics
Milwaukee Brewers
Mayberry, JohnJohn Mayberry
34
[90]

1976
Nettles, GraigGraig Nettles
32
New York Yankees
Jackson, ReggieReggie Jackson†
Sal Bando
27
[91]

1977
Rice, JimJim Rice†
39
Boston Red Sox
Nettles, GraigGraig Nettles
Bobby Bonds
37
[92]

1978
Rice, JimJim Rice†
46
Boston Red Sox
Hisle, LarryLarry Hisle
Don Baylor
34
[93]

1979
Thomas, GormanGorman Thomas
45
Milwaukee Brewers
Lynn, FredFred Lynn
Jim Rice†
39
[94]

1980
Jackson, ReggieReggie Jackson†
Ben Oglivie
41
New York Yankees
Milwaukee Brewers
Thomas, GormanGorman Thomas
38
[95]

1981
Grich, BobbyBobby Grich
Eddie Murray†
Dwight Evans
Tony Armas
22
California Angels
Baltimore Orioles
Boston Red Sox
Oakland Athletics
Thomas, GormanGorman Thomas
Greg Luzinski
21
[96]

1982
Jackson, ReggieReggie Jackson†
Gorman Thomas
39
California Angels
Milwaukee Brewers
Winfield, DaveDave Winfield†
37
[97]

1983
Rice, JimJim Rice†
39
Boston Red Sox
Armas, TonyTony Armas
36
[98]

1984
Armas, TonyTony Armas
43
Boston Red Sox
Kingman, DaveDave Kingman
35
[99]

1985
Evans, DarrellDarrell Evans
40
Detroit Tigers
Fisk, CarltonCarlton Fisk†
37
[100]

1986
Barfield, JesseJesse Barfield
40
Toronto Blue Jays
Kingman, DaveDave Kingman
35
[101]

1987
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire
49
Oakland Athletics
Bell, GeorgeGeorge Bell
47
[102]

1988
Canseco, JoséJosé Canseco
42
Oakland Athletics
McGriff, FredFred McGriff
34
[103]

1989
McGriff, FredFred McGriff
36
Toronto Blue Jays
Carter, JoeJoe Carter
35
[104]

1990
Fielder, CecilCecil Fielder
51
Detroit Tigers
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire
39
[105]

1991
Canseco, JoséJosé Canseco
Cecil Fielder
44
Oakland Athletics
Detroit Tigers
Ripken, Jr., CalCal Ripken, Jr.†
34
[106]

1992
González, JuanJuan González
43
Texas Rangers
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire
42
[107]

1993
González, JuanJuan González
46
Texas Rangers
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.†
45
[108]

1994
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.†
40
Seattle Mariners
Thomas, FrankFrank Thomas†
38
[109]

1995
Belle, AlbertAlbert Belle
50
Cleveland Indians
Buhner, JayJay Buhner
Frank Thomas†
40
[110]

1996
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire
52
Oakland Athletics
Anderson, BradyBrady Anderson
50
[111]

1997
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.†
56
Seattle Mariners
Martinez, TinoTino Martinez
44
[5]

1998
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.†
56
Seattle Mariners
Belle, AlbertAlbert Belle
49
[112]

1999
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.†
48
Seattle Mariners
Palmeiro, RafaelRafael Palmeiro
47
[113]

2000
Glaus, TroyTroy Glaus
47
Anaheim Angels
Giambi, JasonJason Giambi
Frank Thomas†
43
[114]

2001
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
52
Texas Rangers
Thome, JimJim Thome
49
[115]

2002
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
57
Texas Rangers
Thome, JimJim Thome
52
[116]

2003
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
47
Texas Rangers
Delgado, CarlosCarlos Delgado
42
[117]

2004
Ramírez, MannyManny Ramírez
43
Boston Red Sox
Konerko, PaulPaul Konerko
David Ortiz
41
[118]

2005
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
48
New York Yankees
Ortiz, DavidDavid Ortiz
47
[119]

2006
Ortiz, DavidDavid Ortiz
54
Boston Red Sox
Dye, JermaineJermaine Dye
44
[120]

2007
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
54
New York Yankees
Peña, CarlosCarlos Peña
46
[121]

2008
Cabrera, MiguelMiguel Cabrera
37
Detroit Tigers
Quentin, CarlosCarlos Quentin
36
[122]

2009
Peña, CarlosCarlos Peña
Mark Teixeira
39
Tampa Bay Rays
New York Yankees
Bay, JasonJason Bay
Aaron Hill
36
[123]

2010
Bautista, JoséJosé Bautista
54
Toronto Blue Jays
Konerko, PaulPaul Konerko
39
[124]

2011
Bautista, JoséJosé Bautista
43
Toronto Blue Jays
Granderson, CurtisCurtis Granderson
41
[125]

2012
Cabrera, MiguelMiguel Cabrera
44
Detroit Tigers
Granderson, CurtisCurtis Granderson
Hamilton, JoshJosh Hamilton
43
[126]

2013
Davis, ChrisChris Davis
53
Baltimore Orioles
Cabrera, MiguelMiguel Cabrera
44
[127]

2014
Cruz, NelsonNelson Cruz
40
Baltimore Orioles
Carter, ChrisChris Carter
37
[128]

2015
Davis, ChrisChris Davis
47
Baltimore Orioles
Cruz, NelsonNelson Cruz
44
[129]

2016
Trumbo, MarkMark Trumbo
47
Baltimore Orioles
Cruz, NelsonNelson Cruz
43
[130]

2017
Judge, AaronAaron Judge
52
New York Yankees
Davis, KhrisKhris Davis
43
[131]

text: National League[edit]

text:
Year
Winner(s)
HR
Team
Runner(s)-up
2nd HR
Ref

1876
Hall, GeorgeGeorge Hall
05 !5
Philadelphia Athletics (NL)
Jones, CharleyCharley Jones
04 !4
[132]

1877
Pike, LipLip Pike
04 !4
Cincinnati Reds
Shafer, OratorOrator Shafer
03 !3
[133]

1878
Hines, PaulPaul Hines
04 !4
Providence Grays
Jones, CharleyCharley Jones
03 !3
[134]

1879
Jones, CharleyCharley Jones
09 !9
Boston Red Caps
O'Rourke, JimJim O'Rourke†
06 !6
[135]

1880
Stovey, HarryHarry Stovey
Jim O'Rourke†
06 !6
Worcester Ruby Legs
Boston Red Caps
Jones, CharleyCharley Jones
05 !5
[136]

1881
Brouthers, DanDan Brouthers†
08 !8
Buffalo Bisons
Bennett, CharlieCharlie Bennett
07 !7
[137]

1882
Wood, GeorgeGeorge Wood
07 !7
Detroit Wolverines
Muldoon, MikeMike Muldoon
Dan Brouthers†
06 !6
[138]

1883
Ewing, BuckBuck Ewing†
10
New York Giants
Denny, JerryJerry Denny
Joe Hornung
08 !8
[139]

1884
Williamson, NedNed Williamson
27
Chicago White Stockings
Pfeffer, FredFred Pfeffer
25
[140]

1885
Dalrymple, AbnerAbner Dalrymple
11
Chicago White Stockings
Kelly, KingKing Kelly†
09 !9
[141]

1886
Brouthers, DanDan Brouthers†
Hardy Richardson
11
Detroit Wolverines
Anson, CapCap Anson†
10
[142]

1887
O'Brien, BillyBilly O'Brien
19
Washington Nationals
Connor, RogerRoger Connor†
17
[143]

1888
Ryan, JimmyJimmy Ryan
16
Chicago White Stockings
Connor, RogerRoger Connor†
14
[144]

1889
Thompson, SamSam Thompson†
20
Philadelphia Quakers
Denny, JerryJerry Denny
18
[145]

1890
Burns, OysterOyster Burns
Mike Tiernan
Walt Wilmot
13
Brooklyn Bridegrooms
New York Giants
Chicago Colts
Long, HermanHerman Long
08 !8
[146]

1891
Tiernan, MikeMike Tiernan
Harry Stovey
16
New York Giants
Boston Beaneaters
Wilmot, WaltWalt Wilmot
11
[147]

1892
Holliday, BugBug Holliday
13
Cincinnati Reds
Connor, RogerRoger Connor†
12
[148]

1893
Delahanty, EdEd Delahanty†
19
Philadelphia Phillies
Clements, JackJack Clements
17
[149]

1894
Duffy, HughHugh Duffy†
18
Boston Beaneaters
Joyce, BillBill Joyce
Bobby Lowe
17
[150]

1895
Thompson, SamSam Thompson†
18
Philadelphia Phillies
Joyce, BillBill Joyce
17
[151]

1896
Joyce, BillBill Joyce†
Ed Delahanty†
13
Philadelphia Phillies
Washington/New York
Thompson, SamSam Thompson†
12
[152]

1897
Duffy, HughHugh Duffy†
11
Boston Beaneaters
Davis, GeorgeGeorge Davis†
10
[153]

1898
Collins, JimmyJimmy Collins†
15
Boston Beaneaters
Joyce, BillBill Joyce
Honus Wagner†
10
[154]

1899
Freeman, BuckBuck Freeman
25
Washington Senators
Wallace, BobbyBobby Wallace
12
[155]

1900
Long, HermanHerman Long
12
Boston Beaneaters
Flick, ElmerElmer Flick†
11
[156]

1901
Crawford, SamSam Crawford†
16
Cincinnati Reds
Sheckard, JimmyJimmy Sheckard
11
[157]

1902
Leach, TommyTommy Leach
06 !6
Pittsburgh Pirates
Beckley, JakeJake Beckley†
05 !5
[158]

1903
Sheckard, JimmyJimmy Sheckard
09 !9
Brooklyn Superbas
Moran, PatPat Moran
Tommy Leach
Mike Donlin
Sam Mertes
Cy Seymour
Ginger Beaumont
07 !7
[159]

1904
Lumley, HarryHarry Lumley
09 !9
Brooklyn Superbas
Brain, DaveDave Brain
07 !7
[160]

1905
Odwell, FredFred Odwell
09 !9
Cincinnati Reds
Seymour, CyCy Seymour
08 !8
[161]

1906
Jordan, TimTim Jordan
12
Brooklyn Superbas
Lumley, HarryHarry Lumley
09 !9
[162]

1907
Brain, DaveDave Brain
10
Boston Doves
Lumley, HarryHarry Lumley
09 !9
[163]

1908
Jordan, TimTim Jordan
12
Brooklyn Superbas
Wagner, HonusHonus Wagner†
10
[164]

1909
Murray, RedRed Murray
07 !7
New York Giants
Becker, BealsBeals Becker
Tommy Leach
Larry Doyle
06 !6
[165]

1910
Schulte, FrankFrank Schulte
Fred Beck
10
Boston Doves
Chicago Cubs
Daubert, JakeJake Daubert
Larry Doyle
08 !8
[166]

1911
Schulte, FrankFrank Schulte
21
Chicago Cubs
Luderus, FredFred Luderus
16
[167]

1912
Zimmerman, HeinieHeinie Zimmerman
14
Chicago Cubs
Schulte, FrankFrank Schulte
12
[168]

1913
Cravath, GavvyGavvy Cravath
19
Philadelphia Phillies
Luderus, FredFred Luderus
18
[169]

1914
Cravath, GavvyGavvy Cravath
19
Philadelphia Phillies
Saier, VicVic Saier
18
[170]

1915
Cravath, GavvyGavvy Cravath
24
Philadelphia Phillies
Williams, CyCy Williams
13
[171]

1916
Williams, CyCy Williams
Dave Robertson
12
Chicago Cubs
New York Giants
Cravath, GavvyGavvy Cravath
11
[172]

1917
Cravath, GavvyGavvy Cravath
Dave Robertson
12
Philadelphia Phillies
New York Giants
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
08 !8
[173]

1918
Cravath, GavvyGavvy Cravath
08 !8
Philadelphia Phillies
Cruise, WaltonWalton Cruise
Cy Williams
06 !6
[174]

1919
Cravath, GavvyGavvy Cravath
12
Philadelphia Phillies
Kauff, BennyBenny Kauff
10
[175]

1920
Williams, CyCy Williams
15
Philadelphia Phillies
Meusel, IrishIrish Meusel
14
[176]

1921
Kelly, GeorgeGeorge Kelly†
23
New York Giants
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
21
[177]

1922
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
42
St. Louis Cardinals
Williams, CyCy Williams
26
[178]

1923
Williams, CyCy Williams
41
Philadelphia Phillies
Fournier, JackJack Fournier
22
[179]

1924
Fournier, JackJack Fournier
27
Brooklyn Robins
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
25
[180]

1925
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
39
St. Louis Cardinals
Hartnett, GabbyGabby Hartnett
24
[181]

1926
Wilson, HackHack Wilson†
21
Chicago Cubs
Bottomley, JimJim Bottomley†
19
[182]

1927
Williams, CyCy Williams
Hack Wilson†
30
Chicago Cubs
Philadelphia Phillies
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
26
[183]

1928
Wilson, HackHack Wilson†
Jim Bottomley†
31
Chicago Cubs
St. Louis Cardinals
Hafey, ChickChick Hafey
27
[184]

1929
Klein, ChuckChuck Klein†
43
Philadelphia Phillies
Ott, MelMel Ott†
42
[185]

1930
Wilson, HackHack Wilson†
56
Chicago Cubs
Klein, ChuckChuck Klein
40
[186]

1931
Klein, ChuckChuck Klein†
31
Philadelphia Phillies
Ott, MelMel Ott†
29
[187]

1932
Klein, ChuckChuck Klein†
Ott, MelMel Ott†
38
Philadelphia Phillies
New York Giants
Terry, BillBill Terry†
28
[188]

1933
Klein, ChuckChuck Klein†
28
Philadelphia Phillies
Berger, WallyWally Berger
27
[189]

1934
Ott, MelMel Ott†
Ripper Collins
35
New York Giants
St. Louis Cardinals
Berger, WallyWally Berger
34
[190]

1935
Berger, WallyWally Berger
34
Boston Braves
Ott, MelMel Ott†
31
[191]

1936
Ott, MelMel Ott†
33
New York Giants
Camilli, DolphDolph Camilli
28
[192]

1937
Ott, MelMel Ott†
Joe Medwick†
31
New York Giants
St. Louis Cardinals
Camilli, DolphDolph Camilli
27
[193]

1938
Ott, MelMel Ott†
36
New York Giants
Goodman, IvalIval Goodman
30
[194]

1939
Mize, JohnnyJohnny Mize†
28
St. Louis Cardinals
Ott, MelMel Ott†
27
[195]

1940
Mize, JohnnyJohnny Mize†
43
St. Louis Cardinals
Nicholson, BillBill Nicholson
25
[196]

1941
Camilli, DolphDolph Camilli
34
Brooklyn Dodgers
Ott, MelMel Ott†
27
[197]

1942
Ott, MelMel Ott†
30
New York Giants
Camilli, DolphDolph Camilli
Johnny Mize
26
[198]

1943
Nicholson, BillBill Nicholson
29
Chicago Cubs
Ott, MelMel Ott†
18
[199]

1944
Nicholson, BillBill Nicholson
33
Chicago Cubs
Ott, MelMel Ott†
26
[200]

1945
Holmes, TommyTommy Holmes
28
Boston Braves
Workman, ChuckChuck Workman
25
[201]

1946
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner†
23
Pittsburgh Pirates
Mize, JohnnyJohnny Mize†
22
[202]

1947
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner†
Johnny Mize†
51
Pittsburgh Pirates
New York Giants
Marshall, WillardWillard Marshall
36
[203]

1948
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner†
Johnny Mize†
40
Pittsburgh Pirates
New York Giants
Musial, StanStan Musial†
39
[204]

1949
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner†
54
Pittsburgh Pirates
Musial, StanStan Musial†
36
[205]

1950
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner†
47
Pittsburgh Pirates
Pafko, AndyAndy Pafko
36
[206]

1951
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner†
42
Pittsburgh Pirates
Hodges, GilGil Hodges
40
[207]

1952
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner†
Hank Sauer
37
Pittsburgh Pirates
Chicago Cubs
Hodges, GilGil Hodges
32
[208]

1953
Mathews, EddieEddie Mathews†
47
Milwaukee Braves
Snider, DukeDuke Snider†
42
[209]

1954
Kluszewski, TedTed Kluszewski
49
Cincinnati Reds
Hodges, GilGil Hodges
42
[210]

1955
Mays, WillieWillie Mays†
51
New York Giants
Kluszewski, TedTed Kluszewski
47
[211]

1956
Snider, DukeDuke Snider†
43
Brooklyn Dodgers
Adcock, JoeJoe Adcock
Frank Robinson†
38
[212]

1957
Aaron, HankHank Aaron†
44
Milwaukee Braves
Banks, ErnieErnie Banks†
43
[213]

1958
Banks, ErnieErnie Banks†
47
Chicago Cubs
Thomas, FrankFrank Thomas
35
[214]

1959
Mathews, EddieEddie Mathews†
46
Milwaukee Braves
Banks, ErnieErnie Banks†
45
[215]

1960
Banks, ErnieErnie Banks†
41
Chicago Cubs
Aaron, HankHank Aaron†
40
[216]

1961
Cepeda, OrlandoOrlando Cepeda†
46
San Francisco Giants
Mays, WillieWillie Mays†
40
[217]

1962
Mays, WillieWillie Mays†
49
San Francisco Giants
Aaron, HankHank Aaron†
45
[218]

1963
McCovey, WillieWillie McCovey†
Hank Aaron†
44
San Francisco Giants
Milwaukee Braves
Mays, WillieWillie Mays†
38
[219]

1964
Mays, WillieWillie Mays†
47
San Francisco Giants
Williams, BillyBilly Williams†
33
[220]

1965
Mays, WillieWillie Mays†
52
San Francisco Giants
McCovey, WillieWillie McCovey†
39
[221]

1966
Aaron, HankHank Aaron†
44
Atlanta Braves
Allen, DickDick Allen
40
[222]

1967
Aaron, HankHank Aaron†
39
Atlanta Braves
Wynn, JimJim Wynn
37
[223]

1968
McCovey, WillieWillie McCovey†
36
San Francisco Giants
Allen, DickDick Allen
33
[224]

1969
McCovey, WillieWillie McCovey†
45
San Francisco Giants
Aaron, HankHank Aaron†
44
[225]

1970
Bench, JohnnyJohnny Bench†
45
Cincinnati Reds
Williams, BillyBilly Williams†
42
[226]

1971
Stargell, WillieWillie Stargell†
48
Pittsburgh Pirates
Aaron, HankHank Aaron†
47
[227]

1972
Bench, JohnnyJohnny Bench†
40
Cincinnati Reds
Colbert, NateNate Colbert
38
[228]

1973
Stargell, WillieWillie Stargell†
44
Pittsburgh Pirates
Johnson, DaveyDavey Johnson
43
[229]

1974
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
36
Philadelphia Phillies
Bench, JohnnyJohnny Bench†
33
[230]

1975
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
38
Philadelphia Phillies
Kingman, DaveDave Kingman
36
[231]

1976
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
38
Philadelphia Phillies
Kingman, DaveDave Kingman
37
[232]

1977
Foster, GeorgeGeorge Foster
52
Cincinnati Reds
Burroughs, JeffJeff Burroughs
41
[233]

1978
Foster, GeorgeGeorge Foster
40
Cincinnati Reds
Luzinski, GregGreg Luzinski
35
[234]

1979
Kingman, DaveDave Kingman
48
Chicago Cubs
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
45
[235]

1980
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
48
Philadelphia Phillies
Horner, BobBob Horner
35
[236]

1981
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
31
Philadelphia Phillies
Dawson, AndreAndre Dawson†
24
[237]

1982
Kingman, DaveDave Kingman
37
New York Mets
Murphy, DaleDale Murphy
36
[238]

1983
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
40
Philadelphia Phillies
Murphy, DaleDale Murphy
36
[239]

1984
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
Dale Murphy
36
Philadelphia Phillies
Atlanta Braves
Carter, GaryGary Carter†
27
[240]

1985
Murphy, DaleDale Murphy
37
Atlanta Braves
Parker, DaveDave Parker
34
[241]

1986
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
37
Philadelphia Phillies
Davis, GlennGlenn Davis
Dave Parker
31
[242]

1987
Dawson, AndreAndre Dawson†
49
Chicago Cubs
Murphy, DaleDale Murphy
44
[243]

1988
Strawberry, DarrylDarryl Strawberry
39
New York Mets
Davis, GlennGlenn Davis
30
[244]

1989
Mitchell, KevinKevin Mitchell
47
San Francisco Giants
Johnson, HowardHoward Johnson
36
[245]

1990
Sandberg, RyneRyne Sandberg†
40
Chicago Cubs
Strawberry, DarrylDarryl Strawberry
37
[246]

1991
Johnson, HowardHoward Johnson
38
New York Mets
Williams, MattMatt Williams
34
[247]

1992
McGriff, FredFred McGriff
35
San Diego Padres
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
34
[248]

1993
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
46
San Francisco Giants
Justice, DavidDavid Justice
40
[249]

1994
Williams, MattMatt Williams
43
San Francisco Giants
Bagwell, JeffJeff Bagwell†
39
[250]

1995
Bichette, DanteDante Bichette
40
Colorado Rockies
Walker, LarryLarry Walker
Sammy Sosa
36
[251]

1996
Galarraga, AndrésAndrés Galarraga
47
Colorado Rockies
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
Gary Sheffield
42
[252]

1997
Walker, LarryLarry Walker
49
Colorado Rockies
Bagwell, JeffJeff Bagwell†
43
[6]

1998
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire
70
St. Louis Cardinals
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa
66
[253]

1999
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire
65
St. Louis Cardinals
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa
63
[254]

2000
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa
50
Chicago Cubs
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
49
[255]

2001
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
73
San Francisco Giants
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa
64
[256]

2002
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa
49
Chicago Cubs
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
46
[257]

2003
Thome, JimJim Thome
47
Philadelphia Phillies
Sexson, RichieRichie Sexson
Barry Bonds
45
[258]

2004
Beltré, AdriánAdrián Beltré
48
Los Angeles Dodgers
Dunn, AdamAdam Dunn
Albert Pujols
46
[259]

2005
Jones, AndruwAndruw Jones
51
Atlanta Braves
Lee, DerrekDerrek Lee
46
[260]

2006
Howard, RyanRyan Howard
58
Philadelphia Phillies
Pujols, AlbertAlbert Pujols
49
[261]

2007
Fielder, PrincePrince Fielder
50
Milwaukee Brewers
Howard, RyanRyan Howard
47
[262]

2008
Howard, RyanRyan Howard
48
Philadelphia Phillies
Dunn, AdamAdam Dunn
40
[263]

2009
Pujols, AlbertAlbert Pujols
47
St. Louis Cardinals
Fielder, PrincePrince Fielder
46
[264]

2010
Pujols, AlbertAlbert Pujols
42
St. Louis Cardinals
Dunn, AdamAdam Dunn
38
[265]

2011
Kemp, MattMatt Kemp
39
Los Angeles Dodgers
Fielder, PrincePrince Fielder
38
[266]

2012
Braun, RyanRyan Braun
41
Milwaukee Brewers
Stanton, GiancarloGiancarlo Stanton
37
[267]

2013
Álvarez, PedroPedro Álvarez
Paul Goldschmidt
36
Pittsburgh Pirates
Arizona Diamondbacks
Bruce, JayJay Bruce
30
[268]

2014
Stanton, GiancarloGiancarlo Stanton
37
Miami Marlins
Rizzo, AnthonyAnthony Rizzo
32
[269]

2015
Arenado, NolanNolan Arenado
Bryce Harper
42
Colorado Rockies
Washington Nationals
González, CarlosCarlos González
40
[270]

2016
Arenado, NolanNolan Arenado
Carter, ChrisChris Carter
41
Colorado Rockies
Milwaukee Brewers
Bryant, KrisKris Bryant
39
[271]

2017
Stanton, GiancarloGiancarlo Stanton
59
Miami Marlins
Bellinger, CodyCody Bellinger
39
[272]

text: Other major leagues[edit]

text:
Year
Winner(s)
HR
Team
League
Runner(s)-up
2nd HR
Ref

1882
Walker, OscarOscar Walker
07 !7
St. Louis Brown Stockings
American Association
Browning, PetePete Browning
05 !5
[273]

1883
Stovey, HarryHarry Stovey
14
Philadelphia Athletics
American Association
Jones, CharleyCharley Jones
10
[274]

1884
Reilly, JohnJohn Reilly†
11
Cincinnati Red Stockings
American Association
Stovey, HarryHarry Stovey
10
[275]

1884
Dunlap, FredFred Dunlap
13
St. Louis Maroons
Union Association
Crane, EdEd Crane
12
[276]

1885
Stovey, HarryHarry Stovey
13
Philadelphia Athletics
American Association
Fennelly, FrankFrank Fennelly
10
[277]

1886
McPhee, BidBid McPhee†
08 !8
Cincinnati Red Stockings
American Association
Stovey, HarryHarry Stovey
Dave Orr
07 !7
[278]

1887
O'Neill, TipTip O'Neill
14
St. Louis Browns
American Association
Reilly, JohnJohn Reilly
10
[279]

1888
Reilly, JohnJohn Reilly
13
Cincinnati Red Stockings
American Association
Stovey, HarryHarry Stovey
09 !9
[280]

1889
Stovey, HarryHarry Stovey
Bug Holliday
19
Cincinnati Red Stockings
Philadelphia Athletics
American Association
Duffee, CharlieCharlie Duffee
16
[281]

1890
Campau, CountCount Campau
09 !9
St. Louis Browns
American Association
Cartwright, EdEd Cartwright
08 !8
[282]

1890
Connor, RogerRoger Connor†
14
New York Giants
Players' League
Richardson, HardyHardy Richardson
13
[283]

1891
Farrell, DukeDuke Farrell
12
Boston Reds
American Association
Milligan, JockoJocko Milligan
Denny Lyons
11
[284]

1914
Zwilling, DutchDutch Zwilling
16
Chicago Chi-Feds
Federal League
Kenworthy, BillBill Kenworthy
15
[285]

1915
Chase, HalHal Chase
17
Buffalo Blues
Federal League
Zwilling, DutchDutch Zwilling
13
[286]


question_text: when does the full version of h1z1 come out

text: Development[edit]

text: The game was originally released on Steam as an early access title on January 15, 2015.[5] At release, the game suffered from severe technical issues. Players reported that they could not login to their account or enter any active server. Framerate issues, lack of voice chat and AI problems were also reported.[6] A new bug, which made all servers go offline, was also introduced to the game after the developer released a patch to fix other problems.[7] Despite the unstable launch, John Smedley, CEO of Daybreak Game Company, announced that the game had sold over a million copies by March 2015.[8]

text: In February 2016, it was announced by Daybreak that the game originally known as H1Z1 had been split into two separate projects with their own dedicated development teams, subtitled Just Survive and King of the Kill.[9] Later that year, it was announced that development of the console versions were paused in order to focus on the Windows version of the game, which was given an official release date of September 20, 2016.[10] However, a week prior release, the game's executive producer stated that due to many features remaining unfinished by then, the game would remain in early access until further notice. As a compromise, the game received a large update on September 20, including many of the features intended for the official release.[11]

text: A televised tournament for the game, titled H1Z1: Fight for the Crown, aired in April 2017 on The CW.[12] In October 2017, it was announced that the game would be dropping its King of the Kill subtitle, becoming known as simply H1Z1.[13] An invitational tournament was held during TwitchCon at the Long Beach Convention Center the same month.[14] Additionally in October 2017, the H1Z1 ProLeague was announced, which is a partnership between Daybreak Games and Twin Galaxies with a "player-first" approach to create a sustainable, professional eSports league for the "one versus all" battle royale genre. League play will begin in Q2 2018.[15]

text: The game was fully released out of early access on February 28, 2018.[16] The launch included updates to scoring, combat, weapons, gameplay, UI a new gamemode, Auto Royale.[17][18] The update also officially launched Season 1, introducing a new updated scoring system that rewards players who get kills and place well in matches consistently.[19] A week after release, it was announced that the game would be going back to free-to-play.[20] It was released for the PlayStation 4 on May 22, 2018, gaining over 1.5 million players within a few days.[21][22]

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: H1Z1 is a battle royale game in which up to 150 players compete against each other in a last man standing deathmatch. Players can choose to play solo, in a duo, or in groups of five, with the goal of being the final person or final team remaining.[23]

text: Players start each match by parachuting in from a random location above the map. Once they land, they must search for a way to defend themselves. This can take the form of anything from grabbing a weapon and actively hunting other players, to hiding while other players kill one another. Vehicles are placed throughout the world, allowing players to chase down opponents or make a quick getaway. Players can scavenge a variety of supplies from their surroundings, including weapons, equipment, and first aid kits. The game also features a crafting system that allows players to create makeshift tools, such as deconstructing scavenged items into functional bandages or body armor.

text: As the game progresses, a toxic gas cloud compresses the map, dealing damage to players who remain in it. This effectively makes the playable portion of the map smaller, so that players are eventually forced to confront one another in close quarters. The gas spreads in timed increments, dealing a greater degree of damage in the later stages of the match.


document_title: Badshahi Mosque

question_text: the height of all 4 minars of badshahi mosque are

text: Badshahi Mosque

text: Location[edit]

text: The mosque is located adjacent to the Walled City of Lahore, Pakistan. The entrance to the mosque lies on the western side of the rectangular Hazuri Bagh, and faces towards the famous Alamgiri Gate of the Lahore Fort, which is located on the eastern side of the Hazuri Bagh. The mosque is also located next to the Roshnai Gate, one of the original thirteen gates of Lahore, which is located on the southern side of the Hazuri Bagh.[5]

text: Near the entrance of the mosque lies the Tomb of Muhammad Iqbal, a poet widely revered in Pakistan as the founder of the Pakistan Movement which led to the creation of Pakistan as a homeland for the Muslims of British India.[6] Also located near the mosque's entrance is the tomb of Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan, who is credited for playing a major role in preservation and restoration of the mosque.[7]

text: Background[edit]

text: Lahore was considered a strategic center as it protected the empire from potential invaders from the west.[4] The city was made an imperial capital by the earlier Emperor, Akbar, who established the nearby Lahore Fort.

text: The sixth Mughal emperor, Aurangzeb, chose Lahore for as the site for his new imperial mosque. Aurangzeb, unlike the previous emperors, was not a major patron of art and architecture and instead focused much of his reign on various military conquests, which added over 3 million square kilometres to the Mughal realm.[8]

text: The mosque was built to commemorate military campaigns against the Maratha king Chhatrapati Shivaji, although construction of the mosque exhausted the Mughal treasury and weakened the Mughal state.[4] As a symbol of the mosque's importance, it was built directly across from the Lahore Fort and its Alamgiri Gate, which was concurrently built by Aurangzeb during construction of the mosque.[9]

text: History[edit]

text: Construction[edit]

text: The mosque's was commissioned by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in 1671, with construction overseen by the Emperor's foster brother, and Governor of Lahore, Muzaffar Hussein - also known by the name Fidai Khan Koka.[10] Aurangzeb had the mosque built in order to commemorate his military campaigns against the Maratha king Chhatrapati Shivaji.[4] After only two years of construction, the mosque was opened in 1673.

text: Sikh era[edit]

text: On 7 July 1799, the Sikh army of Ranjit Singh took control of Lahore.[11] After the capture of the city, Maharaja Ranjit Singh used it as vast courtyard as a stable for his army horses, and its 80 Hujras (small study rooms surrounding the courtyard) as quarters for his soldiers and as magazines for military stores.[12] In 1818, he built a marble edifice in the Hazuri Bagh facing the mosque, known as the Hazuri Bagh Baradari,[13] which he used as his official royal court of audience.[14] Marble slabs for the baradari may have been plundered by the Sikhs from other monuments in Lahore.[15]

text: During the First Anglo-Sikh War in 1841, Ranjit Singh's son, Sher Singh, used the mosque's large minarets for placement of zamburahs or light guns which were used to bombard the supporters of Chand Kaur, who had taken refuge in the besieged Lahore Fort. In one of these bombardments, the fort's Diwan-e-Aam (Hall of Public Audience) was destroyed, but was subsequently rebuilt by the British.[2] During this time, Henri de La Rouche, a French cavalry officer employed in the army of Sher Singh,[16] also used a tunnel connecting the Badshahi mosque to the Lahore fort to temporarily store gunpowder.[17]

text: In 1848, the Samadhi of Ranjit Singh was built for the Sikh ruler Ranjit Singh at a site immediately adjacent to the mosque after his death.

text: British Rule[edit]

text: In 1849 the British seized control of Lahore from the Sikh Empire. During the British Raj, the mosque and the adjoining fort continued to be used as a military garrison. The 80 cells built into the walls surrounding the its vast courtyard were demolished by the British after the Indian Rebellion of 1857, so as to prevent them from being used for anti-British activities. The cells were replaced by open arcades known as dalans.[18]

text: Because of increasing Muslim resentment against the use of the mosque as a military garrison, the British set up the Badshahi Mosque Authority in 1852 to oversee the restoration and to re-establish it as a place of religious worship. From then onwards, piecemeal repairs were carried out under the supervision of the Badshahi Mosque Authority. The building was officially handed back to the Muslim community by John Lawrence, who was the Viceroy of India.[19] The building was then re-established as a mosque.

text: In April 1919, after the Amritsar Massacre, a mixed Sikh, Hindu and Muslim crowd of an estimated 25,000-35,000 gathered in the mosque's courtyard in protest. A speech by Gandhi was read at the event by Khalifa Shuja-ud-Din, who would later become Speaker of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab.[20][21]

text: Extensive repairs commenced from 1939 onwards, when Sikandar Hayat Khan began raising funds for this purpose.[22] Renovation was supervised by supervised by the architect Nawab Alam Yar Jung Bahadur.[23] As Khan was largely credited for extensive restorations to the mosque, he was buried adjacent to the mosque in the Hazuri Bagh.

text: Post-independence[edit]

text: Restoration works begun in 1939 continued after the Independence of Pakistan, and were completed in 1960 at a total cost of 4.8 million Rupees.[23]

text: On the occasion of the 2nd Islamic Summit held at Lahore on 22 February 1974, thirty-nine heads of Muslim states offered their Friday prayers in the Badshahi Mosque, including, among others, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto of Pakistan, Faisal of Saudi Arabia, Muammar Gaddafi, Yasser Arafat, and Sabah III Al-Salim Al-Sabah of Kuwait. The prayers were led by Mawlānā Abdul Qadir Azad, the then khatib of the mosque.[24]

text: In 1993, the Badshahi Mosque in a tentative list as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[25] In 2000, the marble inlay in the main prayer hall was repaired. In 2008, replacement work on the red sandstone tiles on the mosque's large courtyard was begun using red sandstone imported from the original Mughal source near Jaipur, in the Indian state of Rajasthan.[26][27]

text: Architecture[edit]

text: As a gateway to the west, and Persia in particular, Lahore had a strong regional style which was heavily influenced by Persian architectural styles. Earlier mosques, such as the Wazir Khan Mosque, were adorned in intricate kashi kari, or Kashan style tile work,[4] from which the Badshahi Mosque would depart. Aurangzeb chose an architectural plan similar to that of Shah Jehan's choice for the Jama Masjid in Delhi, though built the Badshahi mosque on a much larger scale.[28] Both mosques feature red sandstone with white marble inlay, which is a departure from typical mosque design in Lahore, in which decoration is done by means of intricate tile work.[29]

text: Entryway of the complex[edit]

text: Entrance to the mosque complex is via a two-storey edifice built of red sandstone which is elaborately decorated with framed and carved paneling on each of its facades.[25] The edifice features a muqarna, an architectural feature from the Middle East that was first introduced into Mughal architecture with construction of the nearby and ornate Wazir Khan Mosque.

text: The mosque's full name "Masjid Abul Zafar Muhy-ud-Din Mohammad Alamgir Badshah Ghazi" is written in inlaid marble above the vaulted entrance.[30]  The mosque's gateway faces east towards the Alamgiri Gate of the Lahore Fort, which was also commissioned by Aurangzeb. The massive entrance and mosque are situated on a plinth, which is ascended by a flight of 22 steps at the mosque's main gate which.[31] The gateway itself contains several chambers which are not accessible to the public. One of the rooms is said to contain hairs from the Prophet Muhammad's, and that of his son-in-law Ali.[32]

text: Courtyard[edit]

text: After passing through the massive gate, an expansive sandstone paved courtyard spreads over an area of 276,000 square feet, and which can accommodate 100,000 worshipers when functioning as an Idgah.[31] The courtyard is enclosed by single-aisled arcades.

text: Prayer hall[edit]

text: The main edifice at the site was also built from red sandstone, and is decorated with white marble inlay.[25] The prayer chamber has a central arched niche with five niches flanking it which are about one third the size of the central niche. The mosque has three marble domes, the largest of which is located in the centre of the mosque, and which is flanked by two smaller domes.[30]

text: Both the interior and exterior of the mosque are decorated with elaborate white marble carved with a floral design common to Mughal art. The carvings at Badshahi mosque are considered to be uniquely fine and unsurpassed works of Mughal architecture.[25] The chambers on each side of the main chamber contains rooms which were used for religious instruction. The mosque can accommodate 10,000 worshippers in the prayer hall.[6]

text: Minarets[edit]

text: At each of the four corners of the mosque, there are octagonal, three storey minarets made of red sandstone that are 196 feet (60 m) tall, with an outer circumference of 67 feet and the inner circumference is eight and half feet. Each minaret is topped by a marble canopy. The main building of the mosque also features an additional four smaller minarets at each corner of the building.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
The ceiling of the prayer hall is embellished with elegant floral frescoes and Middle-Eastern style muqarnas.

Entry gateway, as viewed from the mosque’s courtyard

Silhouette of the mosque's architectural elements

Badshahi Masjid

The mosque's southern view from Fort Street

The interior of the mosque is embellished with intricate floral motifs.

An example of Badshahi Mosque's intricate decoration.

The Tomb of Allama Iqbal is located immediately north of the mosque's monumental gateway

Light fixtures at the mosque

An evening view of the Badshahi Mosque.

The mosque at night

A view over the mosque's marble domes.

A view of Badshahi Mosque from the Alamgiri Gate.

The mosque's entry gateway connects the mosque to the Hazuri Bagh

Entry gate's design

View from Iqbal Park

tag: ul

text: Further reading[edit]

text:
Asher, Catherine B., Architecture of Mughal India: The New Cambridge History of India Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Chugtai, M.A., Badshahi Mosque, Lahore: Lahore, 1972.
Gascoigne, Bamber, The Great Mughals, New York: Harper & Row, 1971.
Koch, Ebba, Mughal Architecture, Munich: Prestel-Verlag, 1992.


document_title: Chauri Chaura

question_text: where is chauri chaura located in india map

text: Chauri Chaura

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Chauri Chaura

Town

Country
 India

State
Uttar Pradesh

District
Gorakhpur

Languages

 • Official
Hindi

Time zone
IST (UTC+5:30)

PIN
273201

text: Chauri Chaura (Pargana: Haveli, Tehsil: Gorakhpur) is a town near Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India, located on the State Highway between Gorakhpur and Deoria, 30.5 kilometres (19.0 mi). from Gorakhpur. It has a railway station which is 25 km. south-east of the Gorakhpur railway junction.

text: In 1922 the town was the site of the Chauri Chaura incident in which police shot and killed several demonstrators who were participating in the Non-cooperation movement and a police station was set on fire by the protesters, resulting in the deaths of at least 22 policemen. This incident is depicted in the movie Gandhi.

text: Historic sites in IndiaCities and towns in Gorakhpur district

text: Articles lacking sources from August 2016All articles lacking sourcesArticles with short description


document_title: Military of ancient Rome

question_text: why did rome need to acquire new land through military expansion

text: Military of ancient Rome

text: Personnel[edit]

text: Population base of the early empire[edit]

text: At its territorial height, the Roman Empire may have contained between 45 million and 120 million people.[3] Historian Edward Gibbon estimated that the size of the Roman army "most probably formed a standing force of three hundred and seventy-five thousand men"[4] at the Empire's territorial peak in the time of the Roman Emperor Hadrian (117 − 138CE). This estimate probably included only legionary and auxiliary troops of the Roman army.[5] However, Gibbon states that it is "not... easy to define the size of the Roman military with any tolerable accuracy." In the late Imperial period, when vast numbers of foederati were employed by the Romans, Antonio Santosuosso estimated the combined number of men in arms of the two Roman empires numbered closer to 700,000 in total (not all members of a standing army), drawing on data from the Notitia Dignitatum. However, he notes that these figures were probably subject to inflation due to the practice of leaving dead soldiers "on the books" in order to continue to draw their wage and ration. Furthermore, it is irrespective of whether the troops were raised by the Romans or simply hired by them to fight on their behalf.[6]

text: Recruitment[edit]

text: Initially, Rome's military consisted of an annual citizen levy performing military service as part of their duty to the state. During this period, the Roman army would prosecute seasonal campaigns against largely local adversaries. As the extent of the territories falling under Roman suzerainty expanded, and the size of the city's forces increased, the soldiery of ancient Rome became increasingly professional and salaried. As a consequence, military service at the lower (non-staff) levels became progressively longer-term. Roman military units of the period were largely homogeneous and highly regulated. The army consisted of units of citizen infantry known as legions (Latin: legiones) as well as non-legionary allied troops known as auxilia. The latter were most commonly called upon to provide light infantry or cavalry support.

text: Military service in the later empire continued to be salaried yearly and professionally for Rome's regular troops. However, the trend of employing allied or mercenary troops was expanded such that these troops came to represent a substantial proportion of Rome's forces. At the same time, the uniformity of structure found in Rome's earlier military forces disappeared. Soldiery of the era ranged from lightly armed mounted archers to heavy infantry, in regiments of varying size and quality. This was accompanied by a trend in the late empire of an increasing predominance of cavalry rather than infantry troops, as well as an emphasis of more mobile operations.

text: Military subculture[edit]

text: The British historian Peter Heather describes Roman military culture as being "just like the Marines, but much nastier".[7] In the legions of the Republic, discipline was fierce and training harsh, all intended to instill a group cohesion or esprit de corps that could bind the men together into effective fighting units. Unlike opponents such as the Gauls, who were fierce individual warriors, Roman military training concentrated on instilling teamwork and maintaining a level head over individual bravery − troops were to maintain exact formations in battle and "despise wild swinging blows"[8] in favor of sheltering behind one's shield and delivering efficient stabs when an opponent made himself vulnerable.

text: Loyalty was to the Roman state but pride was based in the soldier's unit, to which was attached a military standard − in the case of the legions a legionary eagle. Successful units were awarded with accolades that became part of their official name, such as the 20th legion, which became the XX Valeria Victrix (the "Valiant and Victorious 20th").

text: Of the martial culture of less valued units such as sailors, and light infantry, less is known, but it is doubtful that its training was as intense or its esprit de corps as strong as in the legions.

text: Literacy was highly valued in the Roman military, and literacy rates in the military far exceeded that of the Roman society as a whole.[9]

text: Funding and expenditures[edit]

text: Private funding[edit]

text: Although early in its history troops were expected to provide much of their own equipment, eventually the Roman military was almost entirely funded by the state. Since soldiers of the early Republican armies were also unpaid citizens, the financial burden of the army on the state was minimal. However, since the Roman state did not provide services such as housing, health, education, social security and public transport that are part and parcel of modern states, the military always represented by far the greatest expenditure of the state.[10]

text: Plunder economy[edit]

text: During the time of expansion in the Republic and early Empire, Roman armies had acted as a source of revenue for the Roman state, plundering conquered territories, displaying the massive wealth in triumphs upon their return and fueling the economy[11] to the extent that historians such as Toynbee and Burke believe that the Roman economy was essentially a plunder economy. However, after the Empire had stopped expanding in the 2nd century CE, this source of revenue dried up; by the end of the 3rd century CE, Rome had "ceased to vanquish."[12] As tax revenue was plagued by corruption and hyperinflation during the Crisis of the Third Century, military expenditures began to become a "crushing burden"[13] on the finances of the Roman state.[14] It now highlighted weaknesses that earlier expansion had disguised. By 440 CE, an imperial law frankly states that the Roman state has insufficient tax revenue to fund an army of a size required by the demands placed upon it.[15]

text: Several additional factors bloated the military expenditure of the Roman Empire. First, substantial rewards were paid to "barbarian" chieftains for their good conduct in the form of negotiated subsidies and for the provision of allied troops.[16] Secondly, the military boosted its numbers, possibly by one third in a single century.[10] Third, the military increasingly relied on a higher ratio of cavalry units in the late Empire, which were many times more expensive to maintain than infantry units.[17]

text: Taxation[edit]

text: As military size and costs increased, new taxes were introduced or existing tax laws reformed in the late Empire to finance it, even though more inhabitants were available within the borders of the late Empire, reducing the per capita costs for an increased standing army was impractical. A large number of the population could not be taxed because they were slaves or held Roman citizenship, both of which exempted them from taxation.[18] Of the remaining, a large number were already impoverished by centuries of warfare and weakened by chronic malnutrition. Still, they had to handle an increasing tax rate[19] and so they often abandoned their lands to survive in a city.[20]

text: Of the Western Empire's taxable population, a larger number than in the East could not be taxed because they were "primitive subsistence peasant[s]"[20] and did not produce a great deal of goods beyond agricultural products. Plunder was still made from suppressing insurgencies within the Empire and on limited incursions into enemy land. Legally, much of it should have returned to the Imperial purse, but these goods were simply kept by the common soldiers, who demanded it of their commanders as a right. Given the low wages and high inflation in the later Empire, the soldiers felt that they had a right to acquire plunder.[21][22]

text: Capabilities[edit]

text: Readiness and disposition[edit]

text: The military capability of Rome – its preparedness or readiness – was always primarily based upon the maintenance of an active fighting force acting either at or beyond its military frontiers, something that historian Luttwak refers to as a "thin linear perimeter.[23] This is best illustrated by showing the dispositions of the Roman legions, the backbone of the Roman army. (see right). Because of these deployments, the Roman military kept a central strategic reserve after the Social War. Such reserves were only re-established during the late Empire, when the army was split into a border defense force and mobile response field units.

text: Power projection[edit]

text: The Roman military was keen on the doctrine of power projection – it frequently removed foreign rulers by force or intimidation and replaced them with puppets. This was facilitated by the maintenance, for at least part of its history, of a series of client states and other subjugate and buffer entities beyond its official borders, although over which Rome extended massive political and military control. On the other hand, this also could mean the payment of immense subsidies to foreign powers[16] and opened the possibility of extortion in case military means were insufficient.

text: Sustainability[edit]

text: The Empire's system of building an extensive and well-maintained road network, as well as its absolute command of the Mediterranean for much of its history, enabled a primitive form of rapid reaction, also stressed in modern military doctrine, although because there was no real strategic reserve, this often entailed the raising of fresh troops or the withdrawing of troops from other parts of the border. However, border troops were usually very capable of handling enemies before they could penetrate far into the Roman hinterland.

text: The Roman military had an extensive logistical supply chain. There was no specialised branch of the military devoted to logistics and transportation, although this was to a great extent carried out by the Roman Navy due to the ease and low costs of transporting goods via sea and river compared to over land.[24] There is archaeological evidence that Roman armies campaigning in Germania were supplied by a logistical supply chain beginning in Italy and Gaul, then transported by sea to the northern coast of Germania, and finally penetrating into Germania via barges on inland waterways. Forces were routinely supplied via fixed supply chains, and although Roman armies in enemy territory would often supplement or replace this by foraging for food or purchasing food locally, this was often insufficient for their needs: Heather states that a single legion would have required 13.5 tonnes of food per month, and that it would have proved impossible to source this locally.[25]

text: Policing[edit]

text: For the most part, Roman cities had a civil guard used for maintaining the peace. Due to fear of rebellions and other uprisings, they were forbidden to be armed at militia levels. Policing was split between the civil guard for low-level affairs and the Roman legions and auxilia for suppressing higher-level rioting and rebellion. This civil guard created a limited strategic reserve, one that fared poorly in actual warfare.

text: Engineering[edit]

text: The military engineering of Ancient Rome's armed forces was of a scale and frequency far beyond that of any of its contemporaries. Indeed, military engineering was in many ways institutionally endemic in Roman military culture, as demonstrated by the fact that each Roman legionary had as part of his equipment a shovel, alongside his gladius (sword) and pila (spears). Heather writes that "Learning to build, and build quickly, was a standard element of training".[26]

text: This engineering prowess was, however, only evident during the peak of Roman military prowess from the mid-Republic to the mid-Empire. Prior to the mid-Republic period there is little evidence of protracted or exceptional military engineering, and in the late Empire likewise there is little sign of the kind of engineering feats that were regularly carried out in the earlier Empire.

text: Roman military engineering took both routine and extraordinary forms, the former a proactive part of standard military procedure, and the latter of an extraordinary or reactionary nature. Proactive military engineering took the form of the regular construction of fortified camps, in road-building, and in the construction of siege engines. The knowledge and experience learned through such routine engineering lent itself readily to any extraordinary engineering projects required by the army, such as the circumvallations constructed at Alesia and the earthen ramp constructed at Masada.

text: This engineering expertise practiced in daily routines also served in the construction of siege equipment such as ballistae, onagers and siege towers, as well as allowing the troops to construct roads, bridges and fortified camps. All of these led to strategic capabilities, allowing Roman troops to, respectively, assault besieged settlements, move more rapidly to wherever they were needed, cross rivers to reduce march times and surprise enemies, and to camp in relative security even in enemy territory.

text: International stance[edit]

text: Rome was established as a nation by making aggressive use of its high military potential. From very early on in its history, it would raise two armies annually to campaign abroad. The Roman military was far from being solely a defence force. For much of its history, it was a tool of aggressive expansion. The Roman army had derived from a militia of mainly farmers and gain of new farm lands for the growing population or later retiring soldiers was often one of the campaign's chief objectives. Only in the late Empire did the preservation of control over Rome's territories become the Roman military's primary role. The remaining major powers confronting Rome were the Kingdom of Aksum, Parthia and the Hunnic Empire. Knowledge of China, the Han dynasty at the times of Mani, existed and it is believed that Rome and China swapped embassies about 170 CE.[27]

text: Grand strategy[edit]

text: In its purest form, the concept of strategy deals solely with military issues. However, Rome is offered by Edward Luttwak and others as an early example of a state that possessed a grand strategy which encompassed the management of the resources of an entire nation in the conduct of warfare. Up to half of the funds raised by the Roman state were spent on its military, and the Romans displayed a strategy that was clearly more complicated than simple knee-jerk strategic or tactical responses to individual threats. Rome's strategy changed over time, implementing different systems to meet different challenges that reflected changing internal priorities. Elements of Rome's strategy included the use of client states, the deterrent of armed response in parallel with manipulative diplomacy, and a fixed system of troop deployments and road networks. Luttwak states that there are "instructive similarities" between Roman and modern military strategy.[28]

text: Rome would rely on brute force and sheer numbers when in doubt. The soldiers were trained to memorize every step in battle, so discipline and order could not break down into chaos. They were largely successful because of this.

text: Campaigns[edit]

text: Equipment[edit]

text: Although Roman iron-working was enhanced by a process known as carburization, the Romans are not thought to have developed true steel production. From the earliest history of the Roman state to its downfall, Roman arms were therefore uniformly produced from either bronze or, later, iron. As a result, the 1300 years of Roman military technology saw little radical change in technological level. Within the bounds of classical military technology, however, Roman arms and armor was developed, discarded, and adopted from other peoples based on changing methods of engagement. It included at various times stabbing daggers and swords, stabbing or thrusting swords, long thrusting spears or pikes, lances, light throwing javelins and darts, slings, and bow and arrows.[29]

text: Roman military personal equipment was produced in large numbers to established patterns and used in an established way. It therefore varied little in design and quality within each historical period. According to Hugh Elton, Roman equipment[30] (especially armor) gave them "a distinct advantage over their barbarian enemies." [31] who were often, as Germanic tribesmen, completely unarmoured. However, Luttwak points out that whilst the uniform possession of armour gave Rome an advantage, the actual standard of each item of Roman equipment was of no better quality than that used by the majority of its adversaries.[32] The relatively low quality of Roman weaponry was primarily a function of its large-scale production, and later factors such as governmental price fixing for certain items, which gave no allowance for quality, and incentivised cheap, poor-quality goods.

text: The Roman military readily adopted types of arms and armour that were effectively used against them by their enemies. Initially Roman troops were armed after Greek and Etruscan models, using large oval shields and long pikes. On encountering the Celts they adopted much Celtic equipment and again later adopted items such as the gladius from Iberian peoples. Later in Rome's history, it adopted practices such as arming its cavalry with bows in the Parthian style, and even experimented briefly with niche weaponry such as elephants and camel-troops.

text: Besides personal weaponry, the Roman military adopted team weaponry such as the ballista and developed a naval weapon known as the corvus, a spiked plank used for affixing and boarding enemy ships.

text: Medicine[edit]

text: Need for Specialized Care[edit]

text: The expansion of the Roman Empire was achieved through military force in nearly every case. Roman culture as a whole revolved around its military for both expansion and protection.[33] Geographic areas on the outskirts of the Empire were prone to attack and required heavy military presence. The constant barrage of attacks and the increase of expansion caused casualties. Due to attack there was a need for specialized medical care for these armies in order to keep them in operational status.[34] The specialized form of care however, was not created until the time of Augustus (31BC-14AD).[34] Prior to this there is little information about the care of soldiers. It is assumed soldiers were self-reliant, treating their own wounds and caring for other ailments encountered.[35] They would also turn to civilians for help throughout the villages they would come across. This was considered a custom of the time, and was quite common for households to take in wounded soldiers and tend to them.[35] As time progressed, there was an increase in care for the wounded as hospitals appeared. The idea was held by the Romans that a healed soldier was better than a dead one and a healed veteran was better than a new recruit.[36]

text: Roman Hospitals[edit]

text: With the need for soldier health a growing concern, places for the sick to go in the army were starting to show up. Dates ranged from AD 9 to AD 50, but this is when the first evidence of hospitals was seen in archeological remains.[34] These hospitals were specific places for only military members to go to if they were injured or fell ill. Similar hospitals were set up for slaves in areas where slaves were used in large numbers. Military hospitals were permanent structures set up in forts. These buildings had clear patient rooms and were designed to accommodate large numbers of soldiers.[34] The size of these hospitals varied based on their location. Some of the large facilities, such as the hospital in Hod Hill England, was large enough to accommodate roughly 12% of the force within the hospital. In more stable areas such as Inchtuthil in Scotland, there was room for as little as 2% of the force within the hospital. In areas with more conflict there were larger medical facilities as they saw more casualties.[34] These hospitals were solely designed for the use of the military. If a civilian fell ill or needed surgery they would likely go to the physician’s home and stay, not a hospital.[34] Prior to these permanent structures there were tents set up as mobile field hospitals. Soldiers suffering from severe wounds were brought to these for treatment. These were quickly assembled and disassembled as the army moved. The tents served as a precursor for the permanent structured hospitals.[35] These permanent hospitals and mobile treatment centers were a relatively new concept in this time period.

text: Physicians[edit]

text: Doctors serving in the army were considered to be a member of the military. Just like everyone else they would take the military oath and be bound by the military law. They would also start among the lower fighting ranks. Even though they took the military oath and were among the lower ranks it did not mean they would be fighting among the masses.[37] These doctors were not always professionals or career physicians. Oftentimes they were slaves who were forced into that career. The Medici was also a group that treated wounded soldiers on the battlefield. These men were not trained physicians even though they played the role of one. Typically they were soldiers who demonstrated they had knowledge in wound treatment and even simple surgical techniques.[38] These men were used before the actual trained doctors were largely implemented. Physicians got their knowledge from experience and information being passed down from person to person. Likely they never used medical texts, as it was not common place even in the civilian field.[38] Generals and Emperors were exceptions, as they would typically have their own personal physician with them. This was a common occurrence as Emperors such as Julian employed famous physicians such as Galen. There were also physicians among the ranks of the Roman soldiers.[36]

text: Distinctions in Practice[edit]

text: With any large number of people being in close quarters there was a constant threat of disease. When one individual in a large group gets sick with a communicable disease, it spreads to others very quickly. This premise remains true even today in the modern military. The Romans recognized the difference between disease and wounds, each requiring separate treatment.[37] Drainage of excess water and waste were common practices in camps as well as the permanent medical structures, which come at a later date. As the medical corps grew in size there was also specialization evolving. Physicians surfaced that specialized in disease, surgery, wound dressing and even veterinary medicine. Veterinary physicians were there to tend to livestock for agricultural purposes as well as combat purposes. The Cavalry was known for their use of horses in combat and scouting purposes.[39] Because of the type of injuries that would have been commonly seen, surgery was a somewhat common occurrence. Tools such as scissors, knives and arrow extractors have been found in remains.[40] In fact, Roman surgery was quite intuitive, in contrast to common thought of ancient surgery. The Roman military surgeons used a cocktail of plants, which created a sedative similar to modern anesthesia. Written documentation also showed surgeons would use oxidation from metal such as copper and scrape it into wounds, which provided an antibacterial effect; however, this method was most likely more toxic than providing an actual benefit.[41] Doctors had the knowledge to clean their surgical instruments with hot water after each use. Wounds were dressed, and dead tissue was removed when bandages were changed. Honey and cobwebs were items used to cover wounds, and have even been shown today to increase healing.[41] Because of the wide array of cases, it was not uncommon for surgeons to begin their careers in the army to learn their trade. Physicians such as Galen and Dioscorides served in the military. Most major advancements in knowledge and technique came from the military rather than civil practice.[41]

text: Diet[edit]

text: Diet was an issue that is often discussed through this time, as an aspect of medical care. Since our idea of modern technology did not exist, diet was a simple way for Romans to attain a healthy life. This remains true in the Roman Military as the soldiers required appropriate nutrition in order to function at high activity levels.[42] Because of the number of the people requiring food, there were unique circumstances in the acquisition of food. During a campaign the soldiers would often forage food from their enemies land. In fact as part of the standard kit, Roman soldiers would carry a sickle, which would be used to forage food. They would carry a three-day ration of food in case they were in a situation where foraging was not available.[43] This would largely consist of items such as wheat and barley. During a time of peace, the Roman Army would have had a typical diet consisting of bacon, cheese, vegetables, and beer to drink. Corn is mentioned in their works as well, however; this was a common term that was applied to their use of grain. The Roman use of the term corn is not to be confused with maize, which did not come to Europe until the discovery of the New World. Items such as poultry and fish were also likely part of the standard diet. The soldier was given a ration, which was taken from his pay.[43] This shows that the soldiers were well fed in times of peace. If the soldiers were well fed, they were healthier and able to maintain a high level of physical activity, as well as stave off disease. Disease is something that is easier to prevent rather than treat. This idea holds true in the event a fort was under siege; certain food items were rationed such as poultry. The reasoning behind this was that poultry was very inexpensive to maintain and in the event of a siege it did not require a lot of resources to maintain. It was also noted that poultry had benefits for those who were sick. This demonstrates the idea was present that the army needed to maintain the health of its members regardless of circumstances.[43] These discoveries were made while looking at the remains of Roman military sites. By excavating these sites and looking at fecal matter found, scientists were able to determine what was eaten.[44] It is a simple fact that poor diet negatively affects a military's combat readiness. The variety of food found shows the Romans were not focused on just caloric intake, as they knew a variety of food was important to health.[42]

text: Scale[edit]

text: By the time of Trajan (53AD-117AD), the medical corps was well on the way to being an organized machine. At this time, Physicians were attached to nearly every Army and Navy Unit in all the Roman Military. By this time the Army was massive, consisting of twenty five to thirty legions, each of which contained nearly 6,000 men. Each one included both soldiers and physicians.[41] Despite these massive numbers there was still no formal requirements for being a physician.[37] At this point all physicians were either self-taught or learned their trade through an apprenticeship. Despite this, there was an attempt at organization, as the army did have a medical manual that was passed out to its physicians. The Medici were used on both the front line as emergency care providers and in the rear as the main physicians. The Capsarii were mainly used as the front line care providers and bandagers, but also assisted the Medici behind the lines.[41]

text: Source of Knowledge[edit]

text: Romans received their medical knowledge largely from the Greeks that came before them. As Rome started to expand, it slowly embraced the Greek culture, causing an influx of medicinal information in Roman society.[45] Because of this influx, it allowed this knowledge to become the foundation of all western medical tradition. The Greek theories were kept alive and their practices continued well into the future.[45] This knowledge was also the foundation used in the military medicine since it contained the overarching ideas of their medical knowledge. As time progressed these medical texts would be translated into Arabic and then back into Latin as the flow of information changed. Based on this, we can presume that some of the information in these texts has been lost in translation. Despite this, we are still able to illustrate a clear picture of what military medicine was like during the reign of the Roman Empire.