document_title: Glock

question_text: when did the glock 17 gen 4 come out

question_tokens: when did the glock 17 gen 4 come out

text: Glock

text: History[edit]

text: The company's founder, engineer Gaston Glock, had no experience with firearms design or manufacture at the time their first pistol, the Glock 17, was being prototyped. Glock did, however, have extensive experience in advanced synthetic polymers, knowledge of which was instrumental in the company's design of the first commercially successful line of pistols with a polymer frame.[8] Glock introduced ferritic nitrocarburizing into the firearms industry as an anticorrosion surface treatment for metal gun parts.[9]

text: Development[edit]

text: In 1980, the Austrian Armed Forces announced that it would seek tenders for a new, modern duty pistol to replace their World War II–era Walther P38 handguns.[10] The Austrian Ministry of Defence formulated a list of 17 criteria for the new generation service pistol, including requirements that it would be self loading; fire the NATO-standard 9×19 mm Parabellum round; the magazines were not to require any means of assistance for loading; be secure against accidental discharge from shock, strike, and drop from a height of 2 m onto a steel plate.[5] After firing 15,000 rounds of standard ammunition, the pistol was to be inspected for wear. The pistol was to then be used to fire an overpressure test cartridge generating 5,000 bar (500 MPa; 73,000 psi).[dubious  – discuss] The normal maximum operating pressure (Pmax) for the 9mm NATO is 2,520 bar (252 MPa; 36,500 psi).[11]

text: Glock became aware of the Austrian Army's planned procurement, and in 1982 assembled a team of Europe's leading handgun experts from military, police, and civilian sport-shooting circles to define the most desirable characteristics in a combat pistol.[5] Within three months, Glock developed a working prototype that combined proven mechanisms and traits from previous pistol designs.[12] In addition the plan was to make extensive use of synthetic materials and modern manufacturing technologies, to make it a very cost-effective candidate.

text: Several samples of the 9×19mm Glock 17 (so named because it was the 17th patent procured by the company[13]) were submitted for assessment trials in early 1982, and after passing all of the exhaustive endurance and abuse tests, the Glock emerged as the winner.[14][15][16]

text: The handgun was adopted into service with the Austrian military and police forces in 1982 as the P80 (Pistole 80),[17] with an initial order for 25,000 guns.[12] The Glock 17 outperformed eight different pistols from five other established manufacturers (Heckler & Koch of Germany offered their P7M8, P7M13, and P9S, SIG Sauer of Switzerland bid with their P220 and P226 models, Beretta of Italy submitted their model 92SB-F, FN Herstal proposed an updated variant of the Browning Hi-Power, and the home-grown Steyr Mannlicher entered the competition with the GB).[18]

text: The results of the Austrian trials sparked a wave of interest in Western Europe and overseas, particularly in the United States, where a similar effort to select a service-wide replacement for the M1911 had been going on since the late 1970s (known as the Joint Service Small Arms Program). In late 1983, the United States Department of Defense inquired about the Glock pistol and received four samples of the Glock 17 for unofficial evaluation.[19] Glock was then invited to participate in the XM9 Personal Defense Pistol Trials, but declined because the DOD specifications would require extensive retooling of production equipment and providing 35 test samples in an unrealistic time frame.[19]

text: Shortly thereafter, the Glock 17 was accepted into service with the Norwegian and Swedish armed forces, surpassing all prior NATO durability standards.[19] As a result, the Glock 17 became a standard NATO-classified sidearm and was granted a NATO stock number (1005-25-133-6775).[19] By 1992, some 350,000 pistols had been sold in more than 45 countries, including 250,000 in the United States alone.[17]

text: Starting in 2013 the British Army began replacing the Browning Hi-Power pistol with the Glock 17 Gen 4, due to concerns about weight and the external safety of the Hi-Power.[20]

text: Product evolution[edit]

text: Glock has updated its basic design several times throughout its production history.

text: Second-generation models[edit]

text: A mid-life upgrade to the Glock pistols involved the addition of checkering on the front strap and serrations to the back strap. These versions, introduced in 1988, were informally referred to as "second-generation" models. To meet American ATF regulations, a steel plate with a stamped serial number was embedded into the receiver in front of the trigger guard. In 1991, an integrated recoil spring assembly replaced the original two-piece recoil spring and tube design. The magazine was slightly modified, changing the floorplate and fitting the follower spring with a resistance insert at its base.

text: Third-generation models[edit]

text: In 1998, the frame was further modified with an accessory rail (called the "Universal Glock rail") to allow the mounting of laser sights, tactical lights, and other accessories. Thumb rests on both sides of the frame and finger grooves on the front strap were added. Glock pistols with these upgrades are informally referred to as (early) "third-generation" models. Later third-generation models additionally featured a modified extractor that serves as a loaded chamber indicator, and the locking block was enlarged, along with the addition of an extra cross pin to aid the distribution of bolt thrust forces exerted by the locking block. This cross pin is known as the locking block pin and is located above the trigger pin.[21]

text: The polymer frames of third-generation models can be black, flat dark earth, or olive drab. Besides that, non-firing dummy pistols ("P" models) and non-firing dummy pistols with resetting triggers ("R" models) have a bright red frame and Simunition-adapted practice pistols ("T" models) – a bright blue frame for easy identification.[22]

text: In 2009, the Glock 22 RTF2 (Rough Textured Frame 2) (chambered in .40 S&W) was introduced. This pistol featured a new checkering texture around the grip and new scalloped (fish gill-shaped) serrations at the rear of the sides of the slide.[23][24] Many of the existing models became available in the RTF2 version, including the 31, 32, 23, 21, 19. Some of those did not have the fish gills.

text: Fourth-generation models[edit]

text: At the 2010 SHOT Show, Glock presented the "fourth generation", now dubbed "Gen4" by Glock itself.  Updates centered on ergonomics and the recoil spring assembly. The initial two fourth-generation models announced were the full-sized Glock 17 and Glock 22, chambered for the 9×19 mm Parabellum and .40 S&W cartridges, respectively. The pistols were displayed with a modified rough-textured frame, grip checkering, and interchangeable backstraps of different sizes. "Gen4" is rollmarked on the slide next to the model number to identify the fourth-generation pistols.

text: The basic grip size of the fourth-generation Glock pistols is slightly smaller compared to the previous design. A punch is provided to remove the standard trigger housing pin and replace it with the longer cross pin needed to mount the medium or large backstrap that will increase the trigger distance by 2 mm (0.079 in) or 4 mm (0.16 in). With the medium backstrap installed, the grip size is identical to the third-generation pistols. The magazine release catches are enlarged and reversible for left-handed use. To use the exchangeable magazine release feature, fourth-generation Glock magazines have a notch cut on both sides of the magazine body. Earlier versions of the magazines will not lock into the Gen4 pistols if the user has moved the magazine release button to be operated by a left-handed user. Gen4 magazines will work in older models.[25]

text: Mechanically, fourth-generation Glock pistols are fitted with a dual recoil spring assembly to help reduce perceived recoil and increase service life expectancy. Earlier subcompact Glock models such as the Glock 26 and Glock 30 have already used a dual recoil spring assembly which was carried over to the fourth-generation versions of those models. The slide and barrel shelf have been resized, and the front portion of the polymer frame has been widened and internally enlarged, to accommodate the dual recoil spring assembly. The trigger mechanism housing has also been modified to fit into the smaller-sized grip space.[26][27][28][29][30]

text: The introduction of fourth-generation Glock pistols continued in July 2010 when the Glock 19 and Glock 23, the reduced size "compact" versions of the Glock 17 and Glock 22, became available for retail.[31] In late 2010, Glock continued the introduction of fourth-generation models with the Glock 26 and Glock 27 "subcompact" variants.

text: In January 2013, more fourth-generation Glock pistols were introduced commercially during the annual SHOT Show, including the Glock 20 Generation 4 along with other fourth-generation Glock models.

text: 2011 recoil spring assembly exchange program[edit]

text: In September 2011, Glock announced a recoil spring exchange program in which the manufacturer voluntarily offers to exchange the recoil spring assemblies of its fourth-generation pistols (with the exception of the "subcompact" Glock 26 and Glock 27 models) sold before 22 July 2011 at no cost "to ensure our products perform up to GLOCK’s stringent standards", according to the company.[32]

text: M series[edit]

text: On 29 June 2016 the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) awarded a contract to Glock to provide new 9×19mm Parabellum chambered duty pistols.[33] The solicitation specifications deviated from the specifications of Glock fourth-generation models.[34]

text: In August 2016 the Indianapolis Metro Police Department (IMPD) started training with a batch of Glock 17M pistols. The most obvious difference with the Glock third and fourth-generation models on published images is the omission of finger grooves on the grip.[35] The IMPD issued a Glock 17M voluntary recall following failures encountered while dry firing the pistols during training. According to Major Riddle with the IMPD; "Glock is working to correct the problem and we hope to begin issuing the new [17Ms] as soon as December".[36][37]

text: Fifth-generation models[edit]

text:
In August 2017, Glock presented the "fifth generation" or "Gen5". The revisions centered on ergonomics and improving reliability. Many parts of fifth-generation Glock pistols cannot be interchanged with those of the previous generations. The two fifth-generation models announced were the Glock 17 and Glock 19, chambered for the 9×19 mm Parabellum. Some conspicuous changes on the fifth-generation models are: ambidextrous slide stop levers, nDLC (Diamond-Like Carbon) surface finish for barrel and slide, a barrel featuring a revised style of polygonal rifling (called the “Glock Marksman Barrel” by Glock), a deeper recessed barrel crown, omission of the finger grooves on the grip, a flared magazine well, and a reintroduction of a (half moon shaped) cutout on the bottom front of the grip. The locking block pin located above the trigger pin that was introduced in the third-generation is omitted. Many internal parts were less conspicuously revised.[38][39][40][41][42]
"Gen 5" is rollmarked on the slide next to the model number to identify the fifth-generation pistols.
The magazines were also revised for the fifth-generation models. The redesigned magazine floor plates feature a frontward protruding lip to offer grip for manual assisted extraction and the magazine follower became orange colored for easier visual identification.

text: Design details[edit]

text: Operating mechanism[edit]

text: The Glock 17 is a 9 mm short recoil–operated, locked-breech semi-automatic pistol that uses a modified Browning cam-lock system adapted from the Hi-Power pistol.[43] The firearm's locking mechanism uses a linkless, vertically tilting barrel with a rectangular breech that locks into the ejection port cut-out in the slide. During the recoil stroke, the barrel moves rearward initially locked together with the slide about 3 mm (0.12 in) until the bullet leaves the barrel and chamber pressure drops to a safe level. A ramped lug extension at the base of the barrel then interacts with a tapered locking block integrated into the frame, forcing the barrel down and unlocking it from the slide. This camming action terminates the barrel's movement while the slide continues back under recoil, extracting and ejecting the spent cartridge casing. The slide's uninterrupted rearward movement and counter-recoil cycle are characteristic of the Browning system.[44]

text: Features[edit]

text: The slide features a spring-loaded claw extractor, and the stamped sheet metal ejector is pinned to the trigger mechanism housing.[45] Pistols after 2002 have a reshaped extractor that serves as a loaded chamber indicator. When a cartridge is present in the chamber, a tactile metal edge protrudes slightly out immediately behind the ejection port on the right side of the slide.[46] The striker firing mechanism has a spring-loaded firing pin that is cocked in two stages that the firing pin spring powers. The factory-standard firing pin spring is rated at 24 N (5.4 lbf), but by using a modified firing pin spring, it can be increased to 28 N (6.3 lbf) or to 31 N (7.0 lbf).[47] When the pistol is charged, the firing pin is in the half-cock position. As the trigger is pulled, the firing pin is then fully cocked. At the end of its travel, the trigger bar is tilted downward by the connector, releasing the firing pin to fire the cartridge. The connector resets the trigger bar so that the firing pin will be captured in half-cock at the end of the firing cycle. This is known as a preset trigger mechanism, referred to as the "Safe Action" trigger by the manufacturer. The connector ensures the pistol can only fire semiautomatically.

text: The factory-standard, two-stage trigger has a trigger travel of 12.5 mm (0.49 in) and is rated at 25 N (5.6 lbf), but by using a modified connector, it can be increased to 35 N (7.9 lbf) or lowered to 20 N (4.5 lbf). In response to a request made by American law enforcement agencies for a two-stage trigger with increased trigger pull, Glock introduced the NY1 (New York) trigger module, which features a flat spring in a plastic housing that replaces the trigger bar's standard coil spring. This trigger modification is available in two versions: NY1 and NY2 that are rated at 25 N (5.6 lbf) to 40 N (9.0 lbf) and 32 N (7.2 lbf) to 50 N (11.2 lbf), respectively, which require about 20 N (4.5 lbf) to 30 N (6.7 lbf) of force to disengage the safeties and another 10 N (2.2 lbf) to 20 N (4.5 lbf) in the second stage to fire a shot.

text: The Glock's frame, magazine body, and several other components are made from a high-strength nylon-based polymer invented by Gaston Glock, called Polymer 2.[48] This plastic was specially formulated to provide increased durability and is more resilient than carbon steel and most steel alloys. Polymer 2 is resistant to shock, caustic liquids, and temperature extremes where traditional steel/alloy frames would warp and become brittle.[48] The injection-molded frame contains four hardened steel guide rails for the slide: two at the rear of the frame, and the remaining pair above and in front of the trigger guard. The trigger guard itself is squared off at the front and checkered. The grip has an angle of 109° and a nonslip, stippled surface on the sides and both the front and rear straps.[49] The frame houses the locking block, which is an investment casting that engages a 45° camming surface on the barrel's lower camming lug. It is retained in the frame by a steel axis pin that holds the trigger and slide catch. The trigger housing is held to the frame by means of a polymer pin. A spring-loaded sheet-metal pressing serves as the slide catch, which is secured from unintentional manipulation by a raised guard molded into the frame.

text:
The Glock pistol has a relatively low slide profile, which holds the barrel axis close to the shooter's hand and makes the pistol more comfortable to fire by reducing muzzle rise and allows for faster aim recovery in rapid firing sequences.
The rectangular slide is milled from a single block of ordnance-grade steel using CNC machinery.[50] The barrel and slide undergo two hardening processes prior to treatment with a proprietary nitriding process called Tenifer. The Tenifer treatment is applied in a 500 °C (932 °F) nitrate bath.[48] The Tenifer finish is between 0.04 and 0.05 mm (0.0016 and 0.0020 in) in thickness, and is characterized by extreme resistance to wear and corrosion; it penetrates the metal, and treated parts have similar properties even below the surface to a certain depth.[51]

text: The Tenifer process produces a matte gray-colored, nonglare surface with a 64 Rockwell C hardness rating and a 99% resistance to salt water corrosion (which meets or exceeds stainless steel specifications),[50] making the Glock particularly suitable for individuals carrying the pistol concealed as the highly chloride-resistant finish allows the pistol to better endure the effects of perspiration.[51] Glock steel parts using the Tenifer treatment are more corrosion resistant than analogous gun parts having other finishes or treatments, including Teflon, bluing, hard chrome plating, or phosphates.[51] During 2010 Glock switched from the salt bath nitriding Tenifer process to a not exactly disclosed gas nitriding process. After applying the nitriding process, a black Parkerized decorative surface finish is applied. The underlying nitriding treatment will remain, protecting these parts even if the decorative surface finish were to wear off.[9]

text: A current production Glock 17 consists of 34 parts.[47] For maintenance, the pistol disassembles into five main groups: the barrel, slide, frame, magazine, and recoil-spring assembly. The firearm is designed for the NATO-standard 9×19mm Parabellum pistol cartridge, but can use high-power (increased pressure) +P ammunition with either full-metal-jacket or jacketed hollow-point projectiles.

text: Barrel[edit]

text: The hammer-forged barrel has a female type polygonal rifling with a right-hand twist. The stabilization of the round is not by conventional rifling, using lands and grooves, but rather through a polygonal profile consisting of a series of six or eight interconnected noncircular segments (only the .45 ACP and .45 GAP have octagonal polygonal rifling). Each depressed segment within the interior of the barrel is the equivalent of a groove in a conventional barrel. Thus, the interior of the barrel consists of smooth arcs of steel rather than sharply defined slots.

text: The method by which Glock barrels are rifled is somewhat unusual; instead of using a traditional broaching machine to cut the rifling into the bore, the Glock process involves beating a slowly rotating mandrel through the bore to obtain the hexagonal or octagonal shape.[52] As a result, the barrel's thickness in the area of each groove is not compromised as with conventional square-cut barrels. This has the advantage of providing a better gas seal behind the projectile as the bore has a slightly smaller diameter, which translates into more efficient use of the combustion gases trapped behind the bullet,[52] slightly greater (consistency in) muzzle velocities, and increased accuracy and ease of maintenance.[53]

text: Safety[edit]

text: Glock pistols are designed with three independent safety mechanisms to prevent accidental discharge. The system, designated "Safe Action" by Glock, consists of an external integrated trigger safety and two automatic internal safeties: a firing pin safety, and a drop safety.[54] The external safety is a small inner lever contained in the trigger. Pressing the lever activates the trigger bar and sheet metal connector. The firing pin safety is a solid hardened steel pin that, in the secured state, blocks the firing pin channel (disabling the firing pin in its longitudinal axis). It is pushed upward to release the firing pin for firing only when the trigger is actuated and the safety is pushed up through the backward movement of the trigger bar. The drop safety guides the trigger bar in a ramp that is released only when direct rearward pressure is applied to the trigger. The three safety mechanisms are automatically disengaged one after the other when the trigger is squeezed, and are automatically reactivated when the trigger is released.[17][55] This passive safety system omits the manipulation of traditional on-off levers, hammers, or other external safeties as found in many other handgun designs. The ability to fire immediately, without worrying about an external safety, is one feature Glock has stressed as an advantage when selling its guns, especially to police departments.[56]

text: In 2003, Glock announced the Internal Locking System (ILS) safety feature. The ILS is a manually activated lock located in the back of the pistol's grip. It is cylindrical in design and, according to Glock, each key is unique. When activated, the lock causes a tab to protrude from the rear of the grip, giving both a visual and tactile indication as to whether the lock is engaged or not. When activated, the ILS renders the Glock unfireable, as well as making it impossible to disassemble. When disengaged, the ILS adds no further safety mechanisms to the Glock pistol. The ILS is available as an option on most Glock pistols. Glock pistols cannot be retrofitted to accommodate the ILS. The lock must be factory built in Austria and shipped as a special order.

text: Feeding[edit]

text: The Glock 17 feeds from staggered-column or double stack magazines that have a 17-round capacity (which can be extended to 19 with an optional floor plate) or optional 33-round high-capacity magazines.[57] For jurisdictions which restrict magazine capacity to 10 rounds, Glock offers single-stack, 10-round magazines. The magazines are made of steel and are overmolded with plastic. A steel spring drives a plastic follower. After the last cartridge has been fired, the slide remains open on the slide stop. The slide stop release lever is located on the left side of the frame directly beneath the slide and can be manipulated by the thumb of the right-handed shooter.

text: Glock magazines are interchangeable between models of the same caliber, meaning that a compact or subcompact pistol will accept magazines designed for the larger pistols chambered for the same round. However, magazines designed for compact and subcompact models will not function in larger pistols because they are not tall enough to reach the slide and magazine release. For example, the subcompact Glock 26 will accept magazines from both the full-size Glock 17 and the compact Glock 19, but the Glock 17 will not accept magazines from the smaller Glock 19 or the Glock 26.  The magazines for the Glock 36, the Glock 42, and the Glock 43 are all unique; they cannot use magazines intended for another model, nor can their magazines be used in other models.

text: Sights[edit]

text: The Glock 17 has a fixed polymer combat-type sighting arrangement that consists of a ramped front sight and a notched rear sight with white contrast elements painted on for increased acquisition speed – a white dot on the front post and a rectangular border on the rear notch. The rear sight can be adjusted for windage (on certain models due to the windage sights not coming as factory default),  as it has a degree of lateral movement in the dovetail it is mounted in. Three other factory rear sight configurations are available in addition to the standard 6.5 mm (0.26 in) height sight: a lower impact 6.1 mm (0.24 in) sight, and two higher impact versions – 6.9 mm (0.27 in) and 7.3 mm (0.29 in).[58]

text: Accessories[edit]

text: The Glock pistol accessories available from the factory include several devices for tactical illumination, such as a series of front rail-mounted "Glock tactical lights" featuring a white tactical light and an optional visible laser sight. An alternate version of the tactical light using an invisible infrared light and laser sight is available, designed to be used with an infrared night vision device. Another lighting accessory is an adapter to mount a flashlight onto the bottom of a magazine.

text: Polymer holsters in various configurations and matching magazine pouches are available. In addition, Glock produces optional triggers, recoil springs, slide stops, magazine release levers, and maritime spring cups. Maritime spring cups are designed to allow the pistol to be fired immediately after being submerged in water. They feature additional openings that allow liquids to flow and escape around them, offering enhanced reliability when water has penetrated into the firing pin assembly channel.

text: Magazine floor plates (or +2 baseplates), which expand the capacity of the standard magazines by two rounds are available for models chambered for the 9×19mm Parabellum, .45 GAP, .40 S&W, .357 SIG, and .380 ACP cartridges. In addition to the standard nonadjustable polymer sight line, three alternative sight lines are offered by Glock. These consist of steel, adjustable, and self-illuminating tritium night rear sights and factory steel and self-illuminating tritium contrast pointer steel front sights.

text: Variants[edit]

text: Following the introduction of the Glock 17, numerous variants and versions have been offered. Variants that differ in caliber, frame, and slide length are identified by different model numbers with the exception of the Glock 17L.

text: Glock pistols are made in five form factors, all modeled after the original full-sized Glock 17. "Standard" models are designed as full-sized duty firearms with a large magazine capacity. "Compact" models are slightly smaller with reduced magazine capacity and lighter weight, while maintaining a usable grip length. "Subcompact" models are designed for easier carry, and being lighter and shorter, are intended to be used with two fingers on the grip below the trigger guard, and lack an accessory rail like the larger, after generation two, Glock models. The .45 ACP and 10mm Auto models have bigger, wider slides and are slightly larger than the smaller-chambered pistols and are available in the subcompact models Glock 29 (10mm) and Glock 30 (.45 ACP). Glock produces three models of single-stack "Slimline" subcompact pistols, the Glock 36 in .45 ACP, the Glock 42 in .380 ACP, and the Glock 43 in 9×19mm. "Competition" versions have longer barrels and slides, adjustable sights, an extended slide and magazine release.

text: Beginning in 2007, Glock introduced several "Short Frame" models designated by the suffix "SF". The short frame was originally designed to compete in the now cancelled U.S. military Joint Combat Pistol trials for a new .45 ACP pistol to replace the M9 pistol. Glock's entry featured an optional ambidextrous magazine release and MIL-STD-1913 rail along with a reduction in the size of the backstrap. The Glock 21SF is currently available in three versions: one with a Picatinny rail and ambidextrous magazine release and two with a Universal Glock rail available with or without the ambidextrous magazine release. Current 10mm and .45 ACP Glock magazines are manufactured with ambidextrous magazine release cutouts. As of January 2009, the Glock 20, 21, 29, and 30 were offered in short-framed variations. These models incorporate a 2.5 mm (0.098 in) reduction in trigger reach, and full-sized models feature a 4 mm (0.16 in) reduction in heel depth, which corresponds to an overall reduction in length for those models.[59][60][61]

text: 9×19mm Parabellum[edit]

text:
The Glock 17 is the original 9×19mm Parabellum model, with a standard magazine capacity of 17 rounds, introduced in 1982. Several modified versions of the Glock 17 have been introduced:
The Glock 17L, introduced in 1988, incorporates a longer slide and extended barrel. Initially, the Glock 17L had three holes in the top of the barrel and a corresponding slot in the slide; however, later production pistols lack the holes in the barrel. The Glock 17L is manufactured in limited quantities.
The Glock 17C, introduced in 1996, incorporates slots cut in the barrel and slide to compensate for muzzle rise and recoil. Many other Glock pistols now come with this option, all with a "C" suffix on the slide.
The Glock 17MB is a version with ambidextrous magazine catch. This model, along with the other MB variants, was discontinued upon the introduction of the fourth-generation models, which have a reversible magazine catch.
The Glock 17M, introduced in 2016, was created in response to an FBI solicitation for a new 9mm pistol. Differences from the Generation 4 model include removal of the finger grooves, ambidextrous slide lock, rounded slide nose profile, flared magazine well with new magazine baseplates, and a tougher finish on metal components. The Glock 17M also abandons the polygonal rifling of previous models for conventional rifling.[62] As of 2017, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the South Carolina Highway Patrol and the Ontario Provincial Police[63] have adopted the pistol as standard.

text:
The Glock 18 is a selective-fire variant of the Glock 17, developed at the request of the Austrian counter-terrorist unit EKO Cobra, and as a way to internally test Glock components under high strain conditions.[64] Originally produced in 1986, this machine pistol–class firearm has a lever-type fire-control selector switch, installed on the serrated portion of the rear left side of the slide. With the selector lever in the bottom position, the pistol fires fully automatically, and with the selector lever in the top position, the pistol fires semiautomatically. The firearm is typically used with an extended 33-round-capacity magazine, although other magazines from the Glock 17 can be used, with available capacities of 10, 17, or 19 rounds. Unlike all its other pistols, Glock is highly secretive about Glock 18 models, not including them on its official websites or its public catalogues,[65] and because of the pistol's nature, it is only offered to military, law enforcement and government organizations,[65] and its production details are highly classified. Early Glock 18 models were ported to reduce muzzle rise during automatic fire. A very early design introduced a longer ported barrel which was soon discarded as it would not fit in a holster. Another compensated variant was produced, known as the Glock 18C. It has a keyhole opening cut into the forward portion of the slide, similar to the opening on the Glock long-slide models, although the Glock 18 has a standard-length slide. The keyhole opening provides an area to allow the four, progressively larger (from back to front) compensator cuts machined into the barrel to vent the propellant gases upwards, affording more control over the rapid-firing machine pistol.
The compensator cuts start about halfway back on the top of the barrel. The two rear cuts are narrower than the two front cuts. The slide is hollowed, or dished-out, in a rectangular pattern between the rear of the ejection port and the rear sight. The rate of fire in fully automatic mode is around 1,100–1,200 rounds per minute. Most of the other characteristics are equivalent to the Glock 17, although the slide, frame, and certain fire-control parts of the Glock 18 are not interchangeable with other Glock models.[66][67]

text: The Glock 19 is effectively a reduced-size Glock 17, called the "Compact" by the manufacturer. It was first produced in 1988, primarily for military and law enforcement. The Glock 19's barrel and pistol grip are shorter by about 12 mm (0.5 in) than the Glock 17, and it uses a magazine with a standard capacity of 15 rounds. The pistol is compatible with factory magazines from the Glock 17 and Glock 18, giving the Glock 19 available capacities of: 17 rounds (standard magazine with +2 extension), 10, 17, and 19 (standard Glock 17 magazine with +2), and the 31 (standard Glock 18 magazine with +2 removed) and 33 rounds of the Glock 18. To preserve the operational reliability of the short recoil system, the mass of the slide remains the same as in the Glock 17 from which it is derived. With the exception of the slide, frame, barrel, locking block, recoil spring, guide rod, and slide lock spring, all of the other components are interchangeable between the models 17 and 19.

text:
The Glock 26 is a 9×19mm "subcompact" variant designed for concealed carry and was introduced in 1995, mainly for the civilian market. It features a smaller frame compared to the Glock 19, with a pistol grip that supports only two fingers, a shorter barrel and slide, and a double-stack magazine with a standard capacity of 10 rounds. A factory magazine with a +2 extension gives a capacity of 12 rounds. In addition, factory magazines from the Glock 17, Glock 18, and Glock 19, with capacities of 15, 17, 19, 31 and 33 rounds, will function in the Glock 26. More than simply a "shortened" Glock 19, design of the subcompact Glock 26 required extensive rework of the frame, locking block, and spring assembly that features a dual recoil spring.
The Glock 34 is a competition version of the Glock 17. It is similar to its predecessor, the Glock 17L, but with a slightly shorter slide and barrel, to meet the maximum size requirements for many sanctioned action pistol sporting events. It was developed and produced in 1998, and compared to the Glock 17, features a 21 mm (0.8 in) longer barrel and slide. It has an extended magazine release, extended slide stop lever, 20 N (4.5 lbf) trigger pull, and an adjustable rear sight. The sides at the front of the slide are slanted instead of squared. Further, the top of the slide and parts of its inside are milled out, creating a conspicuous hole at the top designed to reduce front-end muzzle weight to better balance the pistol and reduce the overall weight of the slide.[68]
The Glock 43 is a "slimline" version of the subcompact Glock 26 that features an ultracompact slide and frame. The Glock 43 is the first Glock pistol to be manufactured with a single-stack 9×19mm Parabellum magazine, having a standard capacity of six rounds and being unique to the model. Unlike other subcompact Glock pistols, the Glock 43 cannot use factory magazines from its larger relatives due to its single-stack magazine design. It also does not allow the removal of the backplate grip as is possible on the 4th gen Glocks.
The Glock 45 is a version of the Glock 19X that incorporates Gen5 features. The Glock 45 features a full size grip with a Glock 19 length slide, a size that was initially developed for military contracts but quickly was embraced by the civilian consumer.[69]
The Glock 46 is a "compact" version of the Glock 19. The Glock 46 has a rotating barrel breech lock system.[70]

text: 10mm Auto[edit]

text:
The Glock 20, introduced in 1991, was developed for the then-growing law enforcement and security forces market for the 10mm Auto. The pistol handles both full-power and reduced "FBI" loads that have reduced muzzle velocity. Due to the longer cartridge and higher pressures, the pistol is slightly larger than the Glock 17, having a roughly 2.5 mm (0.1 in) greater width and 7 mm (0.3 in) greater length. Though many small parts interchange with the Glock 17, with a close to 50% parts commonality, the major assemblies are scaled-up and do not interchange. The standard magazine capacity of the Glock 20 is 15 rounds. In 2009, Glock announced they would offer a 152 mm (6.0 in) barrel as a drop-in option.[71]
The Glock 20SF is a version of the Glock 20 that uses the Short Frame (SF) which is based on the standard G20 frame (same width), but reduces the trigger reach from the back of the grip by 2.5 mm (0.098 in) and the heel of the pistol is shortened by 4 mm (0.16 in) so the trigger can be reached and operated better by users with relatively small hands.
The Glock 29 is a 10mm Auto equivalent of the subcompact Glock 26 introduced in 1997 along with the Glock 30 (.45 ACP). The pistol features a 96 mm (3.8 in) barrel and a standard magazine capacity of 10 rounds. Like other subcompact Glock pistols, the Glock 29 functions with the factory magazines from its related full-size model, giving an optional capacity of 15 rounds.
The Glock 29SF version of the Glock 29 uses the SF which is based on the standard G29 frame (same width), but reduces the trigger reach from the back of the grip by 2.5 mm (0.098 in).
The Glock 40, introduced in 2015, is a 10mm Auto equivalent of the long-slide Glock 17L. The Glock 40 is only made with the "Gen4" frame and "MOS" (Modular Optic System) configuration.[72]

text: .45 ACP[edit]

text: Glock pistols chambered for the .45 ACP (and the .45 GAP) feature octagonal polygonal rifling rather than the hexagonal shaped bores used for models in most other chamberings.[73] Octagonal rifling provides a better gas seal in relatively large diameter rifled bores, since an octagon resembles a circle more closely than a hexagon.[53]

text:
The Glock 21 is a .45 ACP version of the Glock 20 designed primarily for the American market.[74] Compared to the Glock 20 chambered in 10mm Auto, the slide of the Glock 21 is lighter to compensate for the lower-energy .45 ACP cartridge. The standard Glock 21 magazine is of the single-position-feed, staggered-column type with a capacity of 13 rounds.
The Glock 21SF is a version of the Glock 21 that uses a Short Frame lower which is based on the standard G21 frame (same width), but reduces trigger reach from the back of the grip by 2.5 mm (0.098 in), and the heel of the pistol is shortened by 4 mm (0.16 in) so the trigger can be reached and operated better by users with smaller hands.
The Glock 30 is a .45 ACP version of the subcompact Glock 29, with a standard magazine capacity of 10 rounds. The factory magazine from the Glock 21, with a capacity of 13 rounds, will function in the Glock 30.
The Glock 30SF is a version of the Glock 30 that uses a Short Frame lower which is based on the standard G30 frame (same width), but reduces trigger reach from the back of the grip by 2.5 mm (0.098 in). The G30SF accepts the same double-stack .45ACP magazines as the G30 and G21.[75]
The Glock 30S is a version of the Glock 30 that features a thin slide (same slide as the G36), a Short Frame lower, and a double stack magazine.[76] Like the G30, G30S magazines holds 10 rounds.[77]
The Glock 36 is a "slimline" version of the subcompact Glock 30 that features an ultracompact slide and frame and is chambered for the .45 ACP cartridge. The Glock 36 is the first Glock pistol to be manufactured with a single-stack magazine, having a standard capacity of six rounds and being unique to the model. The Glock 36 cannot use factory magazines from its larger relatives due to its single-stack magazine design.
The Glock 41 is a competition version of the Glock 21, much like what the G34 is in relation to the G17; it features a 5.3-inch barrel and an elongated slide. The Glock 41 is only made with the "Gen4" frame.[78]

text: .40 S&W[edit]

text:
The Glock 22 is a .40 S&W version of the full-sized Glock 17 introduced in 1990. The pistol uses a modified slide, frame, and barrel to account for the differences in size and power of the .40 S&W cartridge. The standard magazine capacity is 15 rounds. The Glock Model 22 is favored and used by multiple law enforcement agencies around the world, including the Baltimore Police Department, Los Angeles Police Department, Miami Police Department, Maryland State Police, Kansas City Police Department, Missouri State Highway Patrol, Alaska State Troopers in the United States, the NSW Police Force and Queensland Police Service in Australia, the Edmonton Police Service, Calgary Police Service, Alberta Sheriffs Branch, Toronto Police Service, Ottawa Police Service, and the British Columbia Sheriff Service in Canada, and the National Bureau of Investigation (Philippines) - among others.
The Glock 23 is a .40 S&W version of the compact Glock 19. It is dimensionally identical to the Glock 19, but is slightly heavier and uses a modified slide, frame, .40 S&W barrel, and a standard magazine capacity of 13 rounds. The factory 15-round magazine from the larger Glock 22 will function in the Glock 23.
The Glock 24 is a .40 S&W long-slide variant of the Glock 22, similar in concept to the Glock 17L. Additionally, a compensated, ported-barrel version designated the 24C was also produced. The Glock 24 was introduced in 1994 and officially dropped from the company's regular product lineup upon the release of the Glock 34 and 35.[79]
The Glock 27 is a .40 S&W version of the subcompact Glock 26, with a standard magazine capacity of 9 rounds. The factory magazines from the larger Glock 22 and 23 will function in the Glock 27, increasing capacity to 13 or 15 rounds.  Spacers are available that fit on these larger-capacity magazines themselves; they have the effect of "extending" the magazine well of the pistol, thereby improving the ergonomic feel of the pistol when the longer magazines are inserted.
The Glock 35 is a .40 S&W version of the competition Glock 34. The Glock Model 35 was the service pistol for the Kentucky State Police, but by the Summer of 2017 they had reverted from the Glock 35 back to to 9mm weapons because of improvements in 9mm bullets, making them superior to the Glock 35's .40 ammunition in performance and economy as measured in the standard "FBI Protocol" tests.[80]

text: As is typical of pistols chambered in .40 S&W, each of the standard Glock models (22, 23, and 27) may be easily converted to the corresponding .357 SIG chambering (Glock 31, 32, and 33, respectively) simply by replacing the barrel.  No other parts need to be replaced, as the .40 S&W magazines will feed the .357 SIG rounds.

text: .380 ACP[edit]

text: The first two .380 ACP models are primarily intended for markets which prohibit civilian ownership of firearms chambered in military calibers such as 9×19mm Parabellum.[81] Despite this they are legally prohibited from being sold to civilians in the United States due to being manufactured in Austria and not meeting the import restrictions based on its caliber,[82] they are also prohibited from ownership in Canada due to not meeting minimum barrel length requirements for handguns.

text: Due to the relatively low bolt thrust of the .380 ACP cartridge, the locked-breech design of the Glock 19 and Glock 26 was minimally modified for the Glock 25 and Glock 28 to implement unlocked breech operation.  It operates via straight blowback of the slide. This required modification of the locking surfaces on the barrel, as well as a redesign of the former locking block.  Unusual for a blowback design, the barrel is not fixed to the frame.  It moves rearward in recoil until it is tilted below the slide, similar to the standard locked-breech system.  The reduced size and mass of the Glock 42 required return to the Glock-standard locked-breech design.

text:
The Glock 25, introduced in 1995, is a blowback derivative of the compact (102 mm (4.0 in) barrel) Glock 19.  The magazine capacity is 15 rounds.  Standard fixed sight elevation is 6.9 mm, unlike the 6.5 mm elevation used for the 9×19mm models.[83]
The Glock 28, introduced in 1997, is a blowback derivative of the subcompact (87 mm (3.4 in) barrel) Glock 26.  The standard magazine capacity is 10 rounds, but the 15-round Glock 25 magazine will function in the Glock 28.  Standard fixed-sight elevation is 6.9 mm, unlike the 6.5 mm elevation used for the 9×19mm Parabellum models.
The Glock 42, introduced in 2014, is an all-new locked-breech "slimline" (83 mm (3.3 in) barrel) design. The single-stack magazine is unique to this model, with a capacity of six rounds. It is Glock's smallest model ever made and is manufactured in the USA, which unlike the Glock 25 and 28, allows domestic sales in that market.

text: .357 SIG[edit]

text:
The Glock 31 is a .357 SIG variant of the full-sized Glock 22. The standard magazine capacity of the Glock 31 is 15 rounds.
The Glock 32 is a .357 SIG variant of the compact Glock 23. The standard magazine capacity of the Glock 32 is 13 rounds.
The Glock 33 is a .357 SIG variant of the subcompact Glock 27. The standard magazine capacity of the Glock 33 is 9 rounds.

text: As is typical of pistols chambered in .357 SIG, each of the standard Glock models (31, 32, and 33) may be easily converted to the corresponding .40 S&W chambering (Glock 22, 23, and 27, respectively) simply by replacing the barrel. No other parts need to be replaced, as the .357 SIG magazines will feed the .40 S&W round.

text: .45 GAP[edit]

text: Glock pistols chambered for the .45 GAP (and the .45 ACP) feature octagonal polygonal rifling rather than the hexagonal shaped bores used for models in most other chamberings.[73] Octagonal rifling provides a better gas seal in relatively large diameter rifled bores, since an octagon resembles a circle more closely than a hexagon.[53]

text:
The Glock 37 is a .45 GAP version of the Glock 17. It uses a wider, beveled slide, larger barrel, and different magazine, but is otherwise similar to the Glock 17. The Glock 37 first appeared in 2003. It was designed to offer ballistic performance comparable with the .45 ACP in the frame size of the Glock 17. The concern with the size of the Glock 20/21 has been addressed by the Glock 36, 21SF, and 30SF, all of which featured reduced-size frames. The standard magazine capacity of the Glock 37 is 10 rounds.
The Glock 38 is a .45 GAP version of the compact Glock 19.[84] The standard magazine capacity of the Glock 38 is 8 rounds.
The Glock 39 is a .45 GAP version of the subcompact Glock 26. The standard magazine capacity of the Glock 39 is 6 rounds

text: Production in other countries[edit]

text: Aside from the original Austrian company, Glock pistols are manufactured by the Glock Inc. subsidiary division located in the United States. Those batches are nearly the same or identical compared to the Austrian-made ones, but they are marked as "USA", instead of "AUSTRIA", on the slide; and they have seven-digit serial numbers, instead of the Austrians' six. Glock 17 pistols are being assembled locally at army workshops of Uruguay to fulfill the needs of the national military services and law enforcement organizations.[85]

text: The 205th Armory in Taiwan produces a copy of the Glock 19, named as the T97 pistol. The Taiwan-made Glocks were made to replace the Smith & Wesson Model 5906 used by the Taiwan police, but it ultimately did not enter service. Turkish company Akdal Arms produces a pistol named the Ghost TR01, which is heavily influenced by Glock pistols in its design.[86] Russian firms such as Skat,[87] ORSIS[88] and Izhmash[89] assembles three models of Glock pistols locally: the Glock 17, 34, and 35. There are three sidearms made by Iranian DIO's Shahid Kaveh Industry Complex which they call Ra'ad (has a safety selector, possibly an unlicensed copy of Glock 17), Glock 19 and Kaveh-17 (probably an improved Ra'ad, a variant of Glock 17S), which all of them are unlicensed clones of Glock pistols.[90] It is not known if they could make their way to Iranian Military and replace the Browning Hi-Power, 1911 and SIG P226 pistols and they were possibly some prototypes and have never gone on mass production.[91]

text: The Tatmadaw has adopted a clone of the Glock 17 known as the MA5 MK II.[92]

text: Users[edit]

text:
Country

Organization

Model

 Albania

RENEA Special Forces[citation needed]
Albanian State Police
National Guard[citation needed]
Durres Port Authority[citation needed]

17,19,34

 Argentina

Argentine Army

17

 Australia

Australian Federal Police[93]

17, 19, 26

Corrective Services NSW,[citation needed] New South Wales Police Force,[94][95] Queensland Police Service,[95] Western Australia Police,[95] and Northern Territory Police[95][96]

22, 23, 27

Tasmania Police and the Australian Border Force[97]

17

 Austria

Austrian Armed Forces[98][99][100]

17 (as Pistole 80)

Austrian Federal Police[citation needed]

17, 19

 Azerbaijan

160 Glock pistols purchased in 2013. Used by Azerbaijani Special Military Services[101]

19

 Bangladesh

Numerous law enforcement agencies and Bangladesh Army[102]

17, 22, 23

 Belarus

"Almaz" antiterrorist group[103]

17

 Belgium

Federal and local police forces[104]

17, 19, 26

 Brazil

Federal Police Department - Departamento de Polícia Federal (DPF)[105]

17, 19, 26

Brazilian Special Operations Brigade - Brigada de Operações Especiais (BOE)[citation needed]

17, 19

Institutional Security Cabinet - Gabinete de Segurança Institucional da Presidência da República (GSI/PR)[citation needed]

17

Special Police Operations Commando - Batalhão de Operações Policiais Especiais (BOPE/RJ)[citation needed]

17

Coordination of Special Assets - Coordenadoria de Recursos Especiais (CORE/RJ)[citation needed]

22

 Canada

British Columbia Conservation Officer Service,[106] Calgary Police Service, Edmonton Police Service, Saskatoon Police Service, Winnipeg Police Service, Metro Vancouver Transit Police, Canadian Pacific Police Service (CPPS)

—

Toronto Police Service

17, 19, 22, 27

Alberta Sheriffs Branch

22, 23, 27

Quebec Safety - Sûreté du Québec (SQ)[99]

17, 19, 26

Ottawa Police Service

22

Montréal Police Service - Service de police de la Ville de Montréal, Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) [only Canadian Air Carrier Protective Program (CACPP) members]

19

Ontario Provincial Police (OPP)[63]

17M

 Chile

[107]

17

 China

Various police SWAT units.[108][109]

17, 26

 Colombia

"Gaula EJC" Army antiextortion and antikidnapping group[103]

17

 Croatia

[107]

17

 Denmark

Slædepatruljen Sirius special forces[110]

20, 26

 Czech Republic

Nonstandard sidearm issued to personnel on international deployments[111]

17

601st Special Forces Group[112]

17

 Ecuador

National Police[99]

17

Various special police units such as the GOE and GIR[99]

17

 Fiji

Tactical Response Unit[113]

—

 Finland

Border Guard[114]

—

Defence Forces[114]

17 (as 9.00 PIST 2008)

Department of Corrections (Vankeinhoitolaitos)[114]

—

Primary service firearm of the police[115]

—

 Estonia

Police service pistol.[116]

—

 France

Certain naval and airborne units of the French Armed Forces:[100][117] French Army Special Forces Brigade, Commandos Marine (France), Research sections of Gendarmerie Nationale, National Gendarmerie Intervention Group, Recherche Assistance Intervention Dissuasion, Groupes d'Intervention de la Police Nationale, Service de Protection des Hautes Personnalités, Brigade de recherche et d'intervention, Groupe de sécurité de la présidence de la République

17, 19, 26, 34

 Georgia

Mainly used by GSOF and some MIA units.[99][100]

17, 21, 26

 Germany

GSG 9 of the German Federal Police (although they mostly carry Heckler & Koch USP),[99] German commando frogmen of the Bundeswehr under the designation P9[118]

17

 Greece

EKAM[119]

21

 Greenland

Siriuspatruljen[120]

20

 Hong Kong

Hong Kong Police Force (including special units such as SDU, CTRU, ASU and SBDIV),[99] ICAC and Hong Kong Customs

17, 19

 Iceland

Iceland Crisis Response Unit (ICRU)[121][122][123]

—

Icelandic National Police[121][122][123]

—

Víkingasveitin[121][122][123]

—

 India

Maharashtra Force One[124][125]

17, 19

National Security Guards, MARCOS and Para Commandos[99][126]

17, 26

Special Protection Group (replaced with FN Five-seven in 2008)[127]

17

Mizoram Police

19

 Indonesia

[107]

17

 Iraq

Iraqi security forces (largest Glock user, purchased 125,163 pistols)[128][129]

19

 Israel

Israeli Defense Forces, Israel Police, Shin Bet[100]

17, 19

 Jordan

Royal Guard[99]

—

 Kosovo

Kosovo Police, Kosovo Security Force[130][131]

17

 Latvia

Latvian Military[100][132]

17

 Liberia

[107]

17

 Lithuania

Lithuanian Armed Forces[100][133]

17

Lithuanian Police[134]

17, 19, 26

 Luxembourg

Luxembourg Army[135]

17

Unité Spéciale de la Police of the Grand Ducal Police[136][137]

17, 26

 Libya

[138]

17, 17P, 19

 Malaysia

Malaysian Armed Forces[139]

17, 19, 34

Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency[140]

19

RELA Corps[citation needed]

19, 26

Royal Malaysia Police[139]

17, 18, 19, 26, 34

Royal Malaysian Custom[141]

—

 Myanmar

Myanmar Police Force Special Operations Task Force[citation needed]

MA 5 MK II[92]

 Mexico

Mexican navy[99]

—

 Monaco

Compagnie des Carabiniers du Prince[142][143]

17

 Montenegro

Military of Montenegro[144]

17

 Netherlands

Dutch police (about 250 Glock 17 pistols in use as a stopgap measure by the Arrestatieteam (Dutch SWAT))[145][146][147]

17

Military of the Netherlands[100][148][149]The Royal Marechaussee Brigade Speciale Beveiligingsopdrachten (Special Protection Assignments Brigade) persoonsbeveiliging (PB), observatie team (OT) and sky marshals sections also use the Glock 26[150]

17, 18, 26

 New Zealand

New Zealand Police[151] (an "unarmed service", but are trained to use firearms)

17

New Zealand Defence Force[152]

17

 Niger

In use with Police and Garde Présidentielle[153]

17

 Norway

Norwegian Armed Forces[99][100]

17 (as P-80, P-80NM1, and P-80NM2)

 Papua New Guinea

[107]

17

 Pakistan

Special Services Group[154]

17, 19

 Philippines

National Bureau of Investigation[99]

—

National Intelligence Coordinating Agency[99]

—

Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency[99]

—

Philippine National Police[99]

17 Gen 4

Presidential Security Group[99]

17

Philippine Marine Corps Marine Special Operations Group (MARSOG)[155]

21

 Poland

Border Guard[156]

19

Military Gendarmerie[100]

17

Polish police[157]

19

 Portugal

Portuguese Marine Corps[100][158]

17

Public Security Police[158]

19

Republican National Guard[158]

19

 Romania

Romanian Armed Forces[100]

17, 17L

 Russia

Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD), special forces[159][160]

17, 19

Federal Security Service (FSB)[161]

17

Special Operations Forces (Russia)[162]

17, 26

 Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabian Army[citation needed]

17

General Security[citation needed]

19

 Serbia

Police of Serbia[163][164]

17, 19, 21, 35

 Singapore

Singapore Prison Service[165]

19

Special Task Squadron (STS) of the Police Coast Guard[166]

19

 Solomon Islands

Royal Solomon Islands Police Force[citation needed]

17

 South Korea

[107]

17

 Spain

Unidad Especial de Intervención (UEI) group of the Spanish Civil Guard[167]

17

 Sweden

Swedish Armed Forces[100][168][169]

17 (as Pistol 88), 19 (as Pistol 88B)

  Switzerland

Police (Gendarmerie) Cantonal of Geneva[170]

19

Swiss Armed Forces: Swiss Grenadiers, ARD 10, FSK-17[171]

17, 26

 Taiwan

Various criminal investigation bureau outside major cities[172]

19

 Thailand

National police (2,238 pistols)[99]

19

 Timor Leste

National Police of East Timor[173]

19

 Trinidad and Tobago

[107]

17

 Turkey

Gendarmerie Special Public Security Command[citation needed]

19

Police Special Operation Department[citation needed]

19

National Intelligence Organization[citation needed]

—

 Ukraine

[107]

17

 United Arab Emirates

[107]

17

 United Kingdom

British Armed Forces[174]

17 (as L131A1),[175] 17T (as L132A1)

Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI)[176]

17

Scottish Police Specialist Firearms Units[177]

17

Specialist Firearms Command of the Metropolitan Police Service[178]

17, 26[179][180]

 United States

Alaska State Troopers[181]

20, 22

Atlanta Police Department[182][non-primary source needed]

22

Anchorage Police Department[183]

21

Arlington Police Department

17

Baltimore City Police Department[184]

22

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives[185]

22, 27

Chicago Police Department[186]

17, 19, 26, 43

Drug Enforcement Administration[187]

19, 22, 23, 27

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Criminal Investigation Division[citation needed]

19, 26

Federal Bureau of Investigation[188]

17, 19, 21, 22, 23, 26, 27

Florida Highway Patrol[189]

37

Homeland Security Investigations[190]

17, 19, 26

Internal Revenue Service – Criminal Investigation[191]

22, 23

Jacksonville Sheriff's Office[192]

17

Kentucky State Police SRT[193]

35, 27

Leon County Sheriffs Office, Florida[194]

21SF

Los Angeles Police Department[195]

17, 22

Marine Corps Forces Special Operations Command[196]

19

Metropolitan Police Department, Washington DC[197]

17, 19, 26, 43

Michigan State Police[198]

17, 26

United States Navy SEALs[199]

19

New York City Police Department[200]

19

New York State Police[183]

37, 39

Oregon Department of Corrections[201]

22

Philadelphia Police Department[202]

19, 23

Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole[183]

21, 30

Pennsylvania Game Commission[183]

31

United States Marshals Service[203]

17, 19, 22, 23

Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Corrections[204]

19

Virginia Beach Police Department[205]

17

 Uruguay

Uruguayan National Army[206]

17

 Venezuela

Venezuelan Armed Forces[99][100]

17

 Yemen

Military of Yemen[207]

19

text: Criminal use[edit]

text: Glock pistols were used in the following crimes:

text:
1991 Luby's shooting - Glock 17[208]
1996 Murder of Tupac Shakur - Glock 22
2002 Erfurt school massacre - Glock 17C[209]
2005 Red Lake shootings - Glock 23
2007 Virginia Tech shooting - Glock 19[210]
2009 Collier Township Shooting - Two 9mm Glocks
2011 Tucson shooting - Glock 19
2011 Norway attacks - Glock 34[211]
2013 Hialeah shooting - Glock 17
2015 Charleston church shooting - Glock 41
2015 Roseburg shooting - Glock 19
2016 Munich shooting - Glock 17[212]
2017 Phoenix shootings - 9mm Glock


document_title: Pumpkin Spice Latte

question_text: when was the first pumpkin spice latte made

root

text: Pumpkin Spice Latte

text: History[edit]

text: Starbucks started developing the Pumpkin Spice Latte in January 2003 following the successful introduction of winter seasonal drinks such as the Peppermint Mocha and Eggnog Latte. According to Peter Dukes, Starbucks' director of Espresso Americas, developers tested ten products with consumers, with the Pumpkin Spice Latte coming out in the middle of the group after chocolate and caramel flavors. Dukes said that "developers realized there was something special around the pumpkin flavor, especially since there wasn't anything around pumpkin at the time". The company experimented with different combinations and ratios of pumpkin to spice, ultimately deciding on a recipe with no pumpkin in it.[1]

tag: p

text: In fall of 2003, the final recipe was tested in Vancouver and Washington, D.C. Sales of the drink exceeded the company's expectations: Dukes said "we couldn't keep up initially... we had to expedite inventory to the stores."[2][1] The product went on sale in all U.S. Starbucks stores the following year.

text: The company said that Pumpkin Spice Latte was Starbucks' most popular seasonal beverage, with more than 200 million sold between its 2003 introduction and 2015.[1] After this, sales increased by 234% from 2008 to 2012.[3] The beverage's aroma has since been branded into a range of articles, such as air fresheners and foods such as tortilla chips, produced by companies other than Starbucks.[which?]

text: In August 2015, Starbucks changed the recipe to include pumpkin and remove artificial colours. The ingredients announced included a "pumpkin pie flavored sauce" made with sugar, condensed skim milk, pumpkin puree, coloring and preservative.[4]

text: Nutrition[edit]

text: In 2014, the controversial pseudoscience blogger Vani Hari, better known as "Food Babe", voiced concerns about the ingredients used in Starbucks' Pumpkin Spice Latte.[5] Hari's widely shared article "You'll Never Guess What's in a Starbucks Pumpkin Spice Latte (Hint: You Won't Be Happy)" focused on the use of Class IV caramel coloring (E 150d),[5] which contains low levels of 4-MEI, a potential carcinogen.[6] Caramel coloring is generally recognized as safe by the Food and Drug Administration; human exposure to 4-MEI at normal levels is considered safe by the FDA,[5][7] the European Food Safety Authority,[8] and Health Canada.[9]

text: Prior to the 2015 introduction of pumpkin puree, Hari had also raised concerns over the absence of pumpkin as an ingredient in the drink. Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) spokesperson Kantha Shelke argued that the drink was supposed to evoke the spices used in pumpkin pie, not the taste of pumpkin itself.[10][11]

text: Hari and others also criticised the amount of sugar in the product. Journalist Mandy Oaklander reported in Time magazine that one serving of Starbucks' pumpkin sauce contained 8 grams (0.28 oz) of sugar. A "grande" Pumpkin Spice Latte, containing three servings of syrup, had 49 g (1.7 oz) sugar, 24 g (0.85 oz) of which were from the Pumpkin Spice flavoring.[10] A 16 US fl oz (470 ml) pumpkin spice latte contains 380 calories (1,600 kJ).[12]

text: In 2015, Starbucks reformulated the flavor to include actual pumpkin and to remove artificial coloring.[13] In an IFT publication, Shelke said that the change was imperceptible and served only to "appease those who wanted to see real pumpkin on the list of ingredients."[11]

text: Sales and marketing[edit]

text: Starbucks sold more than 200 million Pumpkin Spice Lattes between its launch and 2013, generating revenue at a rate of at least $80 million a year in some seasons, and outselling products such as the Eggnog Latte and the Peppermint Mocha.[14][15]

text: In a 2013 article published in Forbes magazine, Debra Donston-Miller wrote that "products that are available only for a limited time have a kind of built-in marketing that can grow in impact over time."[16] However, marketing experts at Mottis said in 2014 that the success of the Pumpkin Spice Latte could be attributed to Starbucks' marketing campaigns.[17]

text: Starbucks has worked to market to their target market of men and women ages 25 to 40, using contemporary designs and messaging. Starbucks has written that their target market represents the demographics using social media most heavily, including on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram.[17] IN 2013, the company added a gaming element to the drink's arrival, allowing customers to "unlock" the drink at Starbucks stores nearby by ordering the drink with a code before its official sale date.[2] Between August 2012 and January 2014, there were over 29,000 tweets with the hash tag "#PSL", and in a single fall day use of the PSL hash tag exceeded 12 million.[18][not in citation given]

text: Since the introduction of the Starbucks Pumpkin Spice Latte, other companies have created Pumpkin Spice inspired products. According to Datassential Menu Trends, restaurants' pumpkin-inspired limited-time offers were up 234 percent from 2008 to 2012, while overall limited-time menu offers grew by 143 percent over the same period."[19] These items include pumpkin M&M's, Dunkin' Donuts pumpkin flavored coffee K-packs, and pumpkin flavored whiskey. Companies have also manufactured pumpkin spice lotion, shampoo, and candles.[14]

text: The Starbucks Pumpkin Spice Latte can also be made iced or as a Frappuccino upon request at a Starbucks store. In Fall of 2017 the company added a Chai variety of the drink called the Pumpkin Spice Chai Latte.[20][21] Additionally, Starbucks also seasonally offers pumpkin spice-flavored instant coffee pouches.


document_title: List of The Andy Griffith Show guest stars

question_text: who played mr tucker on andy griffith show

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: In addition to the regular and recurring cast members of The Andy Griffith Show (1960–68), the show had many guest stars. Some were known prior to appearing, while others became well-known since.

text:
Contents

A · B · C · D · F · G · H · I · J · K · L · M · N · O · P · Q · R · S · T · U · W · Y · Z

text:
Guest star
Role(s)
Episode(s)
Notes

Julie Adams
Nurse Mary Simpson
"The County Nurse" (2.24)

Jack Albertson
Bradford J. Taylor
"Aunt Bee's Cousin" (8.13)
Later known for Chico and the Man, Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, and The Fox and the Hound

Norman Alden
Tom Strongbow / Hank
"The Battle of Mayberry" (6.29) / "Howard, the Bowler" (8.2)
Known for voice work including as Aquaman in Super Friends and The All-New Super Friends Hour

Leon Ames
Mr. Hampton
"The Senior Play" (7.9)
Known for the role of Col. Gordon Kirkwood on Mister Ed

David Alan Bailey
Fred Simpson
"Opie's First Love" (8.1)
Played the recurring role of Opie's friend Trey Bowden during season 4

Jack Bannon
Announcer
"The Mayberry Chef" (8.17)
Later known for portraying Art Donovan on Lou Grant

James Best
Jim Lindsey
"The Guitar Player" (1.3), "The Guitar Player Returns" (1.31)
Best known for playing Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane on The Dukes of Hazzard

Bill Bixby
Ronald Bailey
"Bailey's Bad Boy" (2.15)
Later starred in My Favorite Martian, The Courtship of Eddie's Father and The Incredible Hulk

Whitney Blake
Lee Drake
"Andy's Trip to Raleigh" (8.4)
Known for playing Dorothy Baxter on Hazel (1961–65)

Morgan Brittany
Mary Alice Carter
"Opie's First Love" (8.1)
Known for playing Katherine Wentworth on Dallas

Edgar Buchanan
Henry Wheeler
"Aunt Bee's Brief Encounter" (2.9)
Known for playing Joseph "Uncle Joe" Carson on Petticoat Junction

Richard Bull
Bill Lindsay / Mr. Jackson
"Goober Makes History" (7.14) / "Opie's Piano Lesson" (7.26)
Known for playing Nels Oleson on Little House on the Prairie Bull was not in "Goober Makes History", although he is listed in the end credits. Sandy Kenyon played Bill Lindsay.

Frank Cady
Luke / Farley Upchurch
"The Rehabilitation of Otis" (5.18) / "The Legend of Barney Fife" (6.18)
Known for playing Sam Drucker on Green Acres (1963–70)

Mary Grace Canfield
Mary Grace Gossage
"A Date for Gomer" (4.9)
Known for portraying Ralph Monroe on Green Acres (1965-1971)

William Christopher
Dr. Peterson / Mr. Heathcoat
"A New Doctor in Town" (7.15) / "Aunt Bee on TV" (6.18)
Known for portraying Father Mulcahy on M*A*S*H

Andy Clyde
Frank Myers
"Mayberry Goes Bankrupt" (2.4)
Long time comedic character actor in cinema Westerns and numerous television family series.

Jackie Coogan
George Stevens
"Barney on the Rebound" (2.5)
Known for The Kid and for playing Uncle Fester on The Addams Family

Ellen Corby
Myrt 'Hubcaps' Lesh
"Barney's First Car" (3.27)
Known for playing Grandma Esther Walton on The Waltons

Gail Davis
Karen Moore
"The Perfect Female" (2.8)
Played the title role in Annie Oakley television series

John Dehner
Colonel Harvey
"Aunt Bee's Medicine Man" (3.24)
Before becoming an actor, he worked as an animator at Walt Disney Studios

Bob Denver
Dudley "Dud" Wash
"Divorce, Mountain Style" (4.25)
Known for playing Gilligan on Gilligan's Island

The Dillards
The Darlings
6 episodes

Buddy Ebsen
Dave Browne
"Opie's Hobo Friend" (2.6)
Known for his role as Jed Clampett on The Beverly Hillbillies

Barbara Eden
Ellen Brown
"The Manicurist" (2.16)
Eden starred in I Dream of Jeannie (1965–70)

Robert Emhardt
Malcolm Tucker/ Willard Foster
"Man in a Hurry" (3.6), "The Foster Lady" (6.26)
Frequent type-A personality character actor in movies and television. Was the psychiatrist opposite Andy Griffith in the 1955 United States Steel Hour version of "No Time for Sergeants".

Jamie Farr
Sylvio
"The Gypsies" (6.23)
Known for the role of Max Klinger on M*A*S*H

Dabbs Greer
Various
4 episodes
Portrayed Reverend Robert Alden on Little House on the Prairie

Ann Morgan Guilbert
Ella
"Aunt Bee's Cousin" (8.13)
Known for playing Millie Helper on The Dick Van Dyke Show and Yetta on The Nanny

Jean Hagen
Elizabeth Crowley
"Andy and the Woman Speeder" (2.35)
Played the ditzy Lina Lamont in Singin' in the Rain and Marjorie Williams on The Danny Thomas Show

Alan Hale, Jr.
"Big Jeff" Pruitt
"The Farmer Takes a Wife" (2.13)
Known for playing the Skipper on Gilligan's Island

Howard Hesseman
Counterboy / Harry
"Goober Goes to an Auto Show" (8.22) / "Sam for Town Council" (8.27)
Credited as Don Sturdy. Best known roles are Dr. Johnny Fever on WKRP in Cincinnati and Charles P. Moore on Head of the Class

Pat Hingle
Fred Gibson
"Wyatt Earp Rides Again" (6.20)
Played Commissioner James Gordon in Batman, Batman Returns, Batman Forever, and Batman & Robin

Sterling Holloway
Burt Miller
"The Merchant of Mayberry" (2.22)
A veteran of numerous films, Holloway was also the voice of Winnie the Pooh

Bo Hopkins
George
"Goober the Executive" (8.16)

Larry Hovis
Gilly Walker
"Goober Takes a Car Apart" (5.17), "The Case of the Punch in the Nose" (3.14)
Played Pvt. Larry Gotschalk on Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. as well as Sgt. Andrew Carter on Hogan's Heroes

George Kennedy
George
"The Big House" (3.32)
Among his movie credits are Cool Hand Luke, Airport '77 and Naked Gun

Charles Lane
Mr. Frisby
"Aunt Bee the Crusader" (4.15)
Lane portrayed J. Homer Bedloe on Petticoat Junction

Sue Ane Langdon
Nurse Mary
"Three's A Crowd" (2.27)

Gavin MacLeod
Gilbert Jamel / Bryan Bender
"TV or Not TV (5.23), "The Taylors in Hollywood" (6.8)
Portrayed Murray Slaughter on The Mary Tyler Moore Show and Capt. Merrill Stubing in The Love Boat

Laurie Main
Robling Flask
"Helen, the Authoress" (7.24)
Known for hosting and narrating for Welcome to Pooh Corner, as well as narrating for many "Disney Read-Along" records and cassettes

Sid Melton
Pat Michaels
"The Hollywood Party" (6.9)
Melton was "Uncle Charley" Halper on The Danny Thomas Show and Alf Monroe on Green Acres

Allan Melvin
Various
8 episodes
On Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C., he was Sgt. Carter's rival, Sgt. Hacker, the mess cook; also noted for his roles as Sam Franklin on The Brady Bunch and Barney Hefner on All in the Family

Alvy Moore
Kitchenware salesman
"A Baby in the House" (6.25)
Played Hank Kimball on Green Acres

Burt Mustin
Jud Fletcher / Jubal / Sam Benson / Mr. Crowley
14 episodes
Played Gus the fireman on Leave it to Beaver

Jack Nicholson
baby's father / defendant
"Opie Finds a Baby" (7.10) / "Aunt Bee the Juror" (8.7)

Hank Patterson
Hobo
"If I Had a Quarter-Million" (5.22)
Known for playing farmer Fred Ziffel on Green Acres

Roger Perry
George Jones
"Don't Miss a Good Bet" (7.16)
Known for playing Mr. Parker on The Facts of Life

Michael J. Pollard
Virgil
"Cousin Virgil" (2.30)
Played C.W. Moss in Bonnie and Clyde

Rob Reiner
Joe
"Goober's Contest" (7.30)
Played Michael Stivic on All in the Family

Don Rickles
Newton Munroe
"The Luck of Newton Munroe" (5.29)

Hayden Rorke
A.J. Considine
"The Taylors in Hollywood" (6.8)
Known for his portrayal of Col. Alfred E. Bellows, M.D. on I Dream of Jeannie

Bing Russell
Mr. Burton
"The Loaded Goat" (3.18)
Portrayed Deputy Clem Foster on Bonanza

Karl Swenson
Mr. McBeevee
"Mr. McBeevee" (3.1)
Played Lars Hanson on Little House on the Prairie (1974–78)

Lee Van Cleef
Skip
"Banjo-Playing Deputy" (5.32)
Played the villain Angel Eyes in The Good, the Bad and the Ugly

Jerry Van Dyke
Jerry Miller
"Banjo-Playing Deputy" (5.32)
He later portrayed Luther Van Dam on Coach

Joyce Van Patten
Laura Hollander
"Opie Steps Up in Class" (8.5)
Van Patten is the sister of actor Dick Van Patten

Doodles Weaver
George Bricker / Regis
"Aunt Bee's Brief Encounter" (2.9) / "A Black Day for Mayberry" (4.7)
Weaver is the brother of former NBC president Pat Weaver and the uncle of actress Sigourney Weaver

Clarence White
The Country Boys member
"Mayberry on Record" (1.19)

text:
[hide]

v
t
e

The Andy Griffith Show

Characters
Episodes
Guest stars
Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.
Mayberry R.F.D.
Return to Mayberry

text: Lists of celebritiesLists of guest appearances in television

tag: ul

text: Articles lacking sources from July 2012All articles lacking sources


document_title: List of Chief Ministers of Nagaland

question_text: who is the newly elected chief minister of nagaland

text: List of Chief Ministers of Nagaland

text:
Chief Minister of Nagaland govt.

Incumbent
Neiphiu Rio
since 8 March 2018

Appointer
Governor of Nagaland

Inaugural holder
P. Shilu Ao

Formation
1 December 1963

text: The Chief Minister of Nagaland is the chief executive of the northeast Indian state of Nagaland. As per the Constitution of India, the governor is a state's de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the Nagaland Legislative Assembly, the state's governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Given that he has the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits.[1]

text: Since 1963, ten people belonging to seven parties have served as Chief Minister of Nagaland. The first three belonged to the Naga Nationalist Organisation, including the inaugural officeholder P. Shilu Ao. The current incumbent is Neiphiu Rio of the Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party, in office since 8 March 2018.

text: List[edit]

text:
No[a]
Name
Term of office[2]
Party[b]
Days in office

1
P. Shilu Ao
MLA for Impur
1 December 1963
14 August 1966
Naga Nationalist Organisation

987 days

2
T. N. Angami
MLA for Western Angami
14 August 1966
22 February 1969
924 days

3
Hokishe Sema
MLA for Akuluto
22 February 1969
26 February 1974
1831 days

4
Vizol Angami
MLA for Southern Angami-II
26 February 1974
10 March 1975
United Democratic Front

378 days

5
John Bosco Jasokie
MLA for Kohima Town
10 March 1975
20 March 1975
Naga National Democratic Party

11 days

–
Vacant[c]
(President's rule)
20 March 1975
25 November 1977
N/A

(4)
Vizol Angami
MLA for Southern Angami-II
25 November 1977
18 April 1980
United Democratic Front

876 days [Total 1254 days]

6
S. C. Jamir
MLA for Aonglenden
18 April 1980
5 June 1980
United Democratic Front—Progressive

49 days

(5)
John Bosco Jasokie
MLA for Kohima Town
5 June 1980
18 November 1982
Naga National Democratic Party

897 days [Total 908 days]

(6)
S. C. Jamir
MLA for Aonglenden
18 November 1982
28 October 1986
United Democratic Front—Progressive

1440 days

(3)
Hokishe Sema
29 October 1986
7 August 1988
Indian National Congress

648 days [Total 2479 days]

–
Vacant[c]
(President's rule)
7 August 1988
25 January 1989
N/A

(6)
S. C. Jamir
MLA for Mokokchung Town
25 January 1989
10 May 1990
Indian National Congress

471 days

7
K. L. Chishi
MLA for Atoizu
16 May 1990
19 June 1990
Indian National Congress

36 days

8
Vamuzo Phesao
19 June 1990
2 April 1992
Nagaland People's Council

653 days

–
Vacant[c]
(President's rule)
2 April 1992
22 February 1993
N/A

(6)
S. C. Jamir
MLA for Aonglenden
22 February 1993
6 March 2003
Indian National Congress

3665 days [Total 5625 days]

9
Neiphiu Rio
MLA for Northern Angami-II
6 March 2003
3 January 2008
Nagaland People's Front

1767 days

–
Vacant[c]
(President's rule)
3 January 2008
12 March 2008
N/A

(9)
Neiphiu Rio
MLA for Northern Angami-II
12 March 2008
24 May 2014
Nagaland People's Front

2264

10
T. R. Zeliang
MLA for Peren
24 May 2014
22 February 2017
1005

11
Shurhozelie Liezietsu
22 February 2017
19 July 2017
147

(10)
T. R. Zeliang
MLA for Peren
19 July 2017
8 March 2018
232
[Total 1237 days]

(9)
Neiphiu Rio
MLA for Northern Angami-II
8 March 2018
Incumbent
Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party

102

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ A number inside brackets indicates that the incumbent has previously held office.
Jump up ^ This column only names the chief minister's party. The state government he headed may have been a complex coalition of several parties and independents; these are not listed here.
^ Jump up to: a b c d President's rule may be imposed when the "government in a state is not able to function as per the Constitution", which often happens because no party or coalition has a majority in the assembly. When President's rule is in force in a state, its council of ministers stands dissolved. The office of chief minister thus lies vacant, and the administration is taken over by the governor, who functions on behalf of the central government. At times, the legislative assembly also stands dissolved.[3]

tag: ol

text:
Jump up ^ Durga Das Basu. Introduction to the Constitution of India. 1960. 20th Edition, 2011 Reprint. pp. 241, 245. LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur. ISBN 978-81-8038-559-9. Note: although the text talks about Indian state governments in general, it applies for the specific case of Nagaland as well.
Jump up ^ "General Information, Nagaland". Information & Public Relations department, Nagaland government.
Jump up ^ Amberish K. Diwanji. "A dummy's guide to President's rule". Rediff.com. 15 March 2005.


document_title: Vehicle registration plates of Canada

question_text: what does red license plate mean in ontario

text: Vehicle registration plates of Canada

text: Designs and serial formats[edit]

text: In all provinces and the territory of Yukon, licence plate serials are alphanumeric and usually assigned in ascending order. The letters I, O, Q and U are generally not used to avoid confusion with 1, 0 and V, though there are exceptions. The Northwest Territories and Nunavut use all-numeric serials, which are also assigned in ascending order.

text: Many jurisdictions distinguish their licence plates through distinctive colour schemes and logos. For example, Ontario's plates have featured a crown graphic since 1937 (except 1951), while Yukon's plates have featured a gold prospector graphic since 1952. In the Northwest Territories and until 2012 in Nunavut, all plates are cut in the shape of a polar bear, but meet the standardized mounting guidelines (below).

text: In every jurisdiction except Nunavut, the serial is embossed onto the plate. Nunavut's current rectangular plate, first issued in 2012, has the serial screened; the territory's previous bear-shaped plate had the serial embossed. Other identifying information, such as the name of the issuing jurisdiction and the vehicle class, can be either screened or embossed.

text: In 1956, the Canadian provinces and U.S. states came to an agreement with the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators, the Automobile Manufacturers Association and the National Safety Council that standardized the size for licence plates for vehicles (except those for motorcycles) at 6 inches (15 cm) in height by 12 inches (30 cm) in width, with standardized mounting holes.[4] These figures may vary slightly by jurisdiction. Smaller-sized plates are used for motorcycles and, in some jurisdictions, mopeds and certain types of trailers and construction equipment.

text: Showing current registration on plates[edit]

text: Historically, many Canadian plates were replaced every year, although the most common practice in modern times is to send new validation stickers to vehicle owners every year or two, to indicate that the vehicle registration is still valid.

text: Plates that are not up to date quickly attract the attention of law enforcement, because registration "renewal" is a transaction that can usually be undertaken only by the car's registered owner, once certain requirements have been met, and because registration fees are a source of government revenue. A delinquent registration sticker is often an indicator that the vehicle may be stolen, that the vehicle's owner has failed to comply with the applicable law regarding emission inspection or insurance, or that the vehicle's owner has unpaid traffic or parking tickets. Even with the stickers, most provinces previously required that all licence plates be replaced every few years; that practice is being abandoned by many provinces because of the expense of continually producing large numbers of plates.

text: The sticker is usually placed on one corner of the plate, while the month of the year in which the plate would expire is printed in an opposing corner. Some jurisdictions combine the year and month on one sticker. In others, the plate's validation is a decal displayed from the inside of the windshield. The colour of plate stickers and windshield decals often change annually, to allow for easier detection by police. Quebec no longer issues plate stickers and has not done so since 1992. Saskatchewan stopped issuing the stickers on November 1, 2012, as a cost saving measure.[5]

text: Most validation stickers are either serialized (with the serial number recorded on the registration), or are printed by a special printer at the time of registration or renewal with the vehicle's licence plate number on them to discourage fraudulent sticker use, as the sticker will be valid only for the plate for which it was intended.

text: Currently, Québec, Saskatchewan and Manitoba are the only provinces in which decals are not used. Instead, the police rely on the use of cameras and computers that automatically report any plates for which the registration is expired (making the use of fake stickers obsolete), the car has been reported as stolen and/or similar reasons. That said, the Registration Certificate is the only way for the owner to prove that a vehicle has valid registration.

text: Temporary licence plates/Special Permits (temporary permits)[edit]

text: This section's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Each province issues temporary licence plates differently. Ontario issues 10-day temporary permits available up to twice in a 365-day period[6] when a licence holder purchases a used vehicle, as long as the vehicle was legally registered as 'Fit' with the previous owner. An 'Unfit' vehicle (has not passed safety standards with the previous owner) can not be issued a temporary permit. If a vehicle passes safety standards inspection, but does not pass emissions testing it may be issued up to four 10-day temporary permits. As of 2008,[6] Ontario issues regular licence plates with a registration sticker that is labelled "T" to owners of recently purchased used vehicles. Classic vehicles (older the 25 model years) use the paper printed window temporary plate (as pictured in this article).

text: If you purchase a vehicle in BC, ICBC (Insurance Corporation of British Columbia) will issue you a 15 days permit for approximately $60 CAD which will be a piece of paper you attach to the windshield of the vehicle and this is along with insurance since auto insurance in BC is not privatized but brokerage is. Autoplan brokers are authorized to do this. If you are a BC resident purchasing a vehicle elsewhere in Canada/USA, you may obtain temporary insurance from ICBC directly over the phone (one of the few times you deal with ICBC directly). Likewise is the case for MB & SK.

text: Life cycle[edit]

text: Plates typically stay with the owner rather than the vehicle, and motorists usually transfer plates from their previous vehicle to the new one as a cost-saving measure. For this reason, in Ontario it is possible to see a brand new vehicle with valid 1973-issue licence plates, while a 15-year-old vehicle may have brand new plates if there were no previous plates to transfer.

text: In Newfoundland and Labrador plates typically stay with the vehicle and the registration transferred between owners, with new plates being issued to new vehicles. Exceptions include Veteran, Fire fighter, and Amateur Radio Operator Plates.

text: In Ontario, motorists may apply to transfer licence plates with the approval of the Ministry of Transportation Ontario under special circumstances, such as from one immediate family member to another. Motorists may also purchase Year of Manufacture plates for classic vehicles up to the plate issuing year of 1973 in accordance with the terms and conditions of the Ministry of Transportation Ontario.

text: Various provinces have different schemes for reissuing licence plates, a process known as "replating." In some jurisdictions, plates are issued on a permanent basis and are not replaced unless the owner requests a new plate or that his or her existing plate be remade. These jurisdictions include New Brunswick and Ontario. Other jurisdictions replate on a rolling basis, replacing a particular motorist's plate when it reaches a certain age. Yet other jurisdictions may recall a particular series of plates for reissuance at regular or irregular intervals. This is particularly common in jurisdictions in which only one licence plate series or design is valid at any given time. Optional-issue plates may or may not follow the same rules for replacement as standard-issue plates, depending on the jurisdiction.

text: Mounting[edit]

text: In the Canadian provinces and territories of Alberta, Newfoundland and Labrador, the Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, and Yukon, licence plates are currently only required on the rear of the vehicle. The remaining provinces, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, and Ontario, require the licence plates to be mounted on both the front and rear of the vehicle. Dealership plate frames or custom plate frames are allowed as long as the frame does not obstruct view of validation stickers or district.

text: Vanity and specialty plates[edit]

text: In each province but Newfoundland and Labrador and Quebec,[7] motorists are given the option of extra-cost vanity plates (also known as "personalized" or "prestige" plates), which are licence plates with a custom serial (sequence of letters and/or numbers). Generally vanity plates are not permitted to have profane or obscene messages on them, although standards vary widely among issuing jurisdictions as to what constitutes an unacceptable message.

text: In some jurisdictions, vehicle owners may also pay extra for specialty plates. With these, the plate serial is chosen by the licensing agency—as with regular plates—but the owners select a plate design that is different from the normal licence plate. For example, an alumnus or student of an area university might purchase a plate with the school's logo, or an outdoorsman might decide to pay extra for a plate depicting a nature scene. A portion of the extra cost of these licence plates often ends up as a donation for a related school or non-profit organization. In 1996 the province of Ontario issued an optional "Star Trek" licence plate. It was discontinued in the early 2000s. Some jurisdictions allow for some or all of their specialty plates to also be vanity plates, usually for an additional fee on top of the cost of the plate.

text: Beginning in 2010, Saskatchewan issued specialty plates[8][9] in celebration of the Saskatchewan Roughriders' centennial. The plates feature the slogan "Pride Lives Here." Plates in the first series begin with an R, followed by four digits (R####); subsequent series begin with a digit, then an R, then three digits (#R###). These plates are also available as five character vanity plates for an additional fee. In the first sixteen months, 22,000 Roughrider plates were issued,[10] resulting in $585,000 profit for the football club. In 2012, SGI made Rider plates available for motorcycles and snowmobiles.[11]

text: Veterans are allowed to have a special licence plate.

text: In addition, provinces may provide commemorative plates as a standard issue. A number of provinces issued plates recognizing the 1967 centennial of the Canadian Confederation during that year. Several provinces have issued plates commemorating milestones in their own province. Provinces often issue plates with their motto or slogan, such as Quebec's "Je me souviens", British Columbia's "Beautiful British Columbia." or Ontario's "Yours To Discover". These are arguably also general commemoratives. Saskatchewan's "Land of Living Skies" slogan may be interpreted as a reference to the province's drastically changing weather within minutes or a nod to the northern lights, aurora borealis.

text: All provinces offer specialized licence plates for licensed amateur radio operators, in many cases at no extra charge or at a discount compared to standard vanity plates. The owner's radio call sign is used instead of a standard-issue serial.

text: Ontario considered issuing purple-on-pink licence plates for vehicles where an ignition interlock system had been installed, but never went through with the plan.[citation needed]

text: In preparation for the 2010 Olympic Winter Games held in Vancouver, the Province of British Columbia and the Insurance Corporation of British Columbia issued special "Olympic" registration plates. The special plates feature an image of the mountain peaks of Garibaldi Provincial park as the background, with the Vancouver 2010 logo in the foreground between the letter and number groups of the registration plate. The plates were optional, requiring an initial fee of $35.00, as well as a yearly renewal fee of $25.00 per year. These "Olympic Plates" were only offered until December 31, 2010, whereby owners could continue to display them on their vehicle as they are an official provincial licence plate.[12]

text: Jurisdiction[edit]

text: Royal and viceregal automobiles[edit]

text: When in Canada, The Queen rides in a car that bears a licence plate showing a gold St. Edward's Crown on a red field. The Governor General's car bears a plate similar to the Flag of the Governor General of Canada, or standard auto plates of the province of Ontario with flags of the Governor General on the front hood.

text: Armed Forces[edit]

text: Vehicles owned by the Canadian Forces and the Department of National Defence are also specially plated, and authorized for movement on all highways and roads. Called a "Canadian Forces Registration" (CFR), these licence plates are white with a green border and the text "Canada" written on them at the top in green, with a red maple leaf on either side of the text at the top. CFR serials are five-digit numbers for vehicles and for trailers. These plates also do not bear any form of validation tag / sticker, as there is no need for annual renewal.

text: British Columbia[edit]

text: The official vehicle for the Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia does not have a licence plate and instead, an embossed Coat of arms of British Columbia is affixed to the plate area.

text: When the Queen undertook her Golden Jubilee Tour in 2002, her official vehicle bore the embossed Royal Crown on a red background.

text: Ontario[edit]

text: Cars owned by the federal government in Ontario are in the format FDx-123, not in the usual four-letter format, with the first two letters always being "F" and "D" and the third digit being either a letter or a number. Cars owned by the provincial government in Ontario use standard series plates, but with specialized validation stickers exempt from annual registration. These exempt stickers are yellow with black stripes, informally dubbed bumblebee stickers. Ontario plates assigned to Members of Parliament are in the format of MHC-123 for Members of the House of Commons and SEN-123 for Senators. Members of the Canadian Cabinet receive CAN-123 plates, with the Prime Minister assigned CAN-001 and remaining members of cabinet assigned numbers sequentially based on order of precedence. Federal court judges receive FCJ-123. Ontario Superior Court judges receive SCO-123.

text: The Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario receives licence plates that bear an embossed crown rather than a number. Members of Provincial Parliament receive MPP-123 plates. Members of the Ontario Cabinet receive ONT-123 plates, with the premier assigned ONT-001 and remaining members of cabinet assigned numbers sequentially based on order of precedence. Provincial judges receive PJO-123.

text: New Brunswick[edit]

text: Cars and pickup trucks owned by the Province of New Brunswick also use standard series plates, but with black "Permanent" validation stickers exempt from annual registration.

text: Municipally owned vehicles larger than a pickup truck receive plates that begin with M, in the format M12-345.

text: Diplomatic plates are in the format of DP-123.

text: The Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick receives a licence plate that bears an embossed crown.

text: Newfoundland and Labrador[edit]

text: All government vehicles (including construction equipment and trailers) in Newfoundland and Labrador are issued plates that begin with G. Depending on the level of government the plate format can be GFx-123 for Federal vehicles, GPx-123 for Provincial, and GMx-123 for Municipal.

text: Government vehicles in Newfoundland and Labrador do not display registration stickers.

text: Nunavut[edit]

text: As of 2012, vehicles owned by Members of the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut receive plates in the format of MLA-123.

text: Saskatchewan[edit]

text: The Lieutenant-Governor of Saskatchewan receives licence plates that bear an embossed crown rather than a number.

text: Official government vehicles do not use distinct licence plate or numbers unlike other provinces within this section of the article. Federal Government vehicles are issued "vehicle class" stickers bearing the letters "GC."

text: General Registration Licence Plates[edit]

text: In Ontario, motor vehicle dealers licensed under the Motor Vehicle Dealers Act use a single portable plate with the word "DEALER" on the left side and red alpha-numeric characters on a white background. It is for exclusive use by motor vehicle dealers only on motor vehicles owned as part of the dealer's inventory of vehicles for sale. It may also be used for private use vehicles that are owned as part of the dealer's inventory of vehicles for sale. The dealer, his/her family or the employee of the dealership or the employee's family may also use such a vehicle for private use.

text: Quebec has a similar scheme. Plate numbers with the prefix "X" followed by five or six digits may be used on any vehicle that is part of a dealer's inventory.

text: Service providers, including anyone who repairs, customizes, modifies, manufactures or transports motor vehicles or trailers use yellow and black DLR series plates (Dealer and Service Plate).

text: A Service Plate may be used:

text:
on a trailer or motor vehicle other than a motorcycle or motor-assisted bicycle for purposes related to the repair, road testing, customization or modification of the vehicle, if the vehicle is in the possession of the person to whom the service plate is issued, or
for the purpose of transporting the vehicle by a person engaged in the business of transporting vehicles, or
for purposes related to the manufacturing or sale of a trailer, or
for the purpose of towing the vehicle by a person engaged in the business of transporting vehicles, or
to tow a vehicle to a location where its load will be removed or to an impound facility.

text: Private use of motor vehicles or trailers with a service plate is not permitted.

text: British Columbia Demonstration (dealer) plates: In BC, they call it the demonstration plates. Similar regulations are in place which allow the personal use of a dealership's vehicle by the dealer or his/her family or by the employee or employee's family.

text: Diplomatic licence plates[edit]

text: The diplomatic plates are issued by the province in which the consulate or embassy is located. Thus, most plates are issued in Ontario, where the capital Ottawa is located.

text: British Columbia[edit]

text: The provincial government introduced new vehicle plate template for consular officials in 2006. The plates are red background (contrast with blue or white background for regular plates) and white letterings. These plates do not have slogans such as "Beautiful British Columbia" or "Best Place on Earth" that appear on plates for regular plates.

text: Format of the plates are XX ###X where XX can be CC (Consular Officers), HC (Honorary Consuls), CS (Administrative, service or technical staff) and SR (sub-state foreign officials), followed by 3 numbers and a letter.

text: Ontario[edit]

text: This section's factual accuracy is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on Talk:Vehicle registration plates of Canada. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Ontario plates are colour-coded. Car, motorcycle and trailer plates use blue letters on a white background. Commercial vehicle, bus and farm plates use black on white; diplomat plates are white on red; dealer plates are red on white; and green plates are for electric vehicles and have a 3-number, 3-letter format, coded as follows:

text:
CDx = Diplomat
CCx = Consular
XTx = Non Diplomatic Embassy Staff
XOR = Foreign missions without diplomatic status.

text: Ambassadors or Heads of Missions use plates in the 010 to 019 number series, i.e., starting at 010-CDA.

text: The Taipei Economic and Cultural Office is the main user of XOR plates.

text: Saskatchewan[edit]

text: Saskatchewan Consular Corps plates maintain the colour scheme of standard plates (green on white). "Land of Living Skies" is replaced with "Consular Corps." The plates have a 2-letter, 3-number format, coded as follows:

text: CC = Consular

text: Quebec[edit]

text: Mission holders based in Quebec have a unique format. Plates are XXX ### where XXX can be Y27 (Canadian Diplomat Officers with Mission),Y28 (Foreign Diplomat Officers with Mission), Y29 (Generic Mission Holders), followed by 3 numbers and or letters. The sum of the letters and numbers is a validation. These license plates are only valid for 3 months and can be renewed.