document_title: Agni-VI

question_text: what is the maximum range of indian missiles

text: Agni-VI

text: Description[edit]

text: Agni-VI will be a four-stage intercontinental ballistic missile, which is in the hardware development phase, after its design phase was completed. Agni-VI is expected to have Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle as well as Maneuverable reentry vehicle(MaRV).[9] And these maneuverable warheads will give Agni VI an extended range exact figure of which is currently classified.[4] It will be taller than its predecessor Agni V, and is expected to be flight tested by 2017.[4] The government of India is yet to approve the project, although DRDO has completed all calculations and started the engineering work.[4][1]

text: It is reported to be the latest and most advanced version among the Agni missiles. According to sources, Agni-VI missile is likely to carry up to 10 MIRV warheads[2][5] and will have a strike range of 8,000 km to 12,000 km,[1] though DRDO has refused to confirm the missile's range.[4] A senior DRDO scientist was quoted as saying that the new generation Agni-VI missile will be sleeker, easily transportable and would be readily deployed. It will have the capability to be launched from submarine and from land-based launchers.[4][10]

text: History[edit]

text: Opacity regarding the development[edit]

text: Till 2009, it was reported that the Government of India had not considered the development of an ICBM with a range of 10,000 km or above. Speculations of an ongoing program for a longer range ICBM resurfaced in 2011. Some reports claimed that the ICBM is already named "Surya" and code named AGNI-VI.[11][not in citation given]

text: Other reports suggested that New Delhi had not given serious weight to the necessity for an ICBM. DRDO can take up a project to develop India’s ICBM only after permission from the government of India. Since India was not a signatory [1] to the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) until 27 June 2016, the Indian missile program was not limited by any treaty commitment to cap the development of ICBM capability. Some media reports had occasionally suggested that, despite India being a non-signatory to MTCR, there is a voluntary moratorium on developing missiles beyond the range of 5,000 km.(India is member of MTCR as of 2016 June)[12][13] MTCR does not prevent India from developing missiles beyond 5,000 km. MTCR prevents transfer of technology to a different state which will lead to proliferation. The treaty does not differentiate between MTCR signatories and non-MTCR signatories, with respect transfer of technology, or components. However, there is a legal argument that transfer to an MTCR signatory does not lead to proliferation. Technology stays within the MTCR signatories, and export control prevents non-MTCR signatories from obtaining the technology. For example, U.S. domestic law differentiates between technology transfers or exports to MTCR signatories and non-MTCR signatories.

text: Indian Air Chief's allusion to a longer range ICBM[edit]

text: In June 2011, for the very first time then IAF Chief Marshal Pradeep Vasant Naik vehemently argued in favour of broadening India's nuclear strike capabilities beyond the immediate neighbourhood. Naik, who was also the head of the Chiefs of Staff committee, stated that, "India should pursue an ICBM programme to acquire ranges of 10,000 km or more. Breaking out of the regional context is important as the country's sphere of influence grows. We have no territorial designs on any country, but India needs the capability to match its sphere of influence."[14]

text: Doubts about viability[edit]

text: In October 2011, The Pioneer published a report questioning DRDO's ability to independently develop "seeker technology" (guidance technology) suitable for ICBMs, that could enable the missile to traverse long distances in excess of 10,000 km.[15] The same report also asserted Russia's willingness to help India with "seeker technology". The authenticity of the pioneer report is disputed by at least one foreign newspaper, with the counter-claim that the involvement of Russia is probably inflated out of proportion, because if the report about Russian involvement is true, Russia may be suspected of violating the Missile Technology Control Regime.[16] In response to the scepticism, a top DRDO scientist asserted that India has all the equipment and technology needed to develop ICBMs,[1] "but where the warhead should go or what the range should be will have to be a political call."[14]

text: Confirmation of the programme[edit]

text: On 20 June 2011, Indian Defence News published an article titled India Serious About 10,000 km ICBM which stated that India is seriously contemplating to enhance the reach of its strategic missiles and that the Ministry of Defense is considering a DRDO proposal to develop intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) capable of hitting targets 10,000 km away. Building an ICBM has international ramifications and the ultimate decision to go ahead with the proposal would be taken by the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS).[12]

text: In April 2012, after the successful launch of Agni V, Saraswat revealed that India had no plan to cap the Agni programme and there will be more missiles in the series of Agni missile.[17]

text: Recent developments[edit]

text: In May 2012, reports confirmed the development of another ICBM in the Agni series, a three-stage Agni VI missile. It was purported that the missile will be developed in 2014 or so and will have an even longer range, up to 8,000 km to 10,000 km. The Agni VI will be sleeker than the Agni-V and capable of carrying at least 10 nuclear warheads, capable of targeting multiple targets at the same time.[1][2] In January 2013, DRDO chief V K Saraswat said that after the development of Agni V, DRDO will develop Agni VI, which will have Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) capability.[3] He said that the missile design has been completed and DRDO is in the hardware realisation phase.[10][18][19] Agni VI, the new multi-target missile under development, will serve as a ‘force multiplier’, Defence Research and Development Organisation chief V.K. Saraswat said on 9 February 2013.

text: Agni-VI SLBM[edit]

text: The SLBM version of missile will arm the Arihant class submarines of the Indian Navy. DRDO revealed in 2012 that it is also in the process of developing another variant of Agni-VI missile. This will be a submarine-launched solid-fuel missile with a maximum range of 6,000 kilometres and a payload of three tonne.[1][10][20]


document_title: List of Orange Is the New Black episodes

question_text: when did season 4 orange is the new black come out

root

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally released

1
13
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

2
13
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

3
13
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

4
13
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

5
13
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

tag: table

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2013)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Featured character(s)
Original release date

1
1
"I Wasn't Ready"
Michael Trim
Liz Friedman & Jenji Kohan
Piper
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

2
2
"Tit Punch"
Uta Briesewitz
Marco Ramirez
Red & Piper
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

3
3
"Lesbian Request Denied"
Jodie Foster
Sian Heder
Sophia & Piper
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

4
4
"Imaginary Enemies"
Michael Trim
Gary Lennon
Miss Claudette
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

5
5
"The Chickening"
Andrew McCarthy
Nick Jones
Aleida & Daya
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

6
6
"WAC Pack"
Michael Trim
Lauren Morelli
Nicky & Piper
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

7
7
"Blood Donut"
Matthew Penn
Sara Hess
Watson
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

8
8
"Moscow Mule"
Phil Abraham
Marco Ramirez
Red
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

9
9
"Fucksgiving"
Michael Trim
Sian Heder
Alex
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

10
10
"Bora Bora Bora"
Andrew McCarthy
Nick Jones
Piper & Tricia
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

11
11
"Tall Men with Feelings"
Constantine Makris
Lauren Morelli
Piper & Alex
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

12
12
"Fool Me Once"
Andrew McCarthy
Sara Hess
Pennsatucky
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

13
13
"Can't Fix Crazy"
Michael Trim
Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan
none
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

text: Season 2 (2014)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Featured character(s)
Original release date

14
1
"Thirsty Bird"
Jodie Foster
Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan
Piper
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

15
2
"Looks Blue, Tastes Red"
Michael Trim
Jenji Kohan
Taystee
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

16
3
"Hugs Can Be Deceiving"
Michael Trim
Lauren Morelli
Suzanne
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

17
4
"A Whole Other Hole"
Phil Abraham
Sian Heder
Morello
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

18
5
"Low Self Esteem City"
Andrew McCarthy
Nick Jones
Gloria
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

19
6
"You Also Have a Pizza"
Allison Anders
Stephen Falk
Poussey
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

20
7
"Comic Sans"
Andrew McCarthy
Sara Hess
Black Cindy
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

21
8
"Appropriately Sized Pots"
Daisy von Scherler Mayer
Alex Regnery & Hartley Voss
Rosa
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

22
9
"40 Oz. of Furlough"
S. J. Clarkson
Lauren Morelli
Red
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

23
10
"Little Mustachioed Shit"
Jennifer Getzinger
Sian Heder
Piper & Alex
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

24
11
"Take a Break from Your Values"
Constantine Makris
Nick Jones
Sister Ingalls
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

25
12
"It Was the Change"
Phil Abraham
Sara Hess
Vee
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

26
13
"We Have Manners. We're Polite."
Constantine Makris
Jenji Kohan
none
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

text: Season 3 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Featured character(s)
Original release date

27
1
"Mother's Day"
Andrew McCarthy
Jenji Kohan
various
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

28
2
"Bed Bugs and Beyond"
Constantine Makris
Jim Danger Gray
Bennett
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

29
3
"Empathy Is a Boner Killer"
Michael Trim
Nick Jones
Nicky
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

30
4
"Finger in the Dyke"
Constantine Makris
Lauren Morelli
Big Boo
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

31
5
"Fake It Till You Fake It Some More"
Nicole Holofcener
Tara Herrmann
Flaca
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

32
6
"Ching Chong Chang"
Anthony Hemingway
Sara Hess
Chang
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

33
7
"Tongue-Tied"
Julie Anne Robinson
Sian Heder
Norma
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

34
8
"Fear, and Other Smells"
Mark A. Burley
Nick Jones
Alex
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

35
9
"Where My Dreidel At"
Andrew McCarthy
Jordan Harrison
Leanne
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

36
10
"A Tittin' and a Hairin'"
Jesse Peretz
Lauren Morelli
Pennsatucky
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

37
11
"We Can Be Heroes"
Phil Abraham
Sian Heder
Caputo
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

38
12
"Don't Make Me Come Back There"
Uta Briesewitz
Sara Hess
Aleida & Daya
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

39
13
"Trust No Bitch"
Phil Abraham
Jim Danger Gray & Jenji Kohan
various
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

text: Season 4 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Featured character(s)
Original release date

40
1
"Work That Body for Me"
Andrew McCarthy
Jenji Kohan
none
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

41
2
"Power Suit"
Constantine Makris
Sara Hess
Maria
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

42
3
"(Don't) Say Anything"
Andrew McCarthy
Jim Danger Gray
Soso
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

43
4
"Doctor Psycho"
Erin Feeley
Carly Mensch
Healy
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

44
5
"We'll Always Have Baltimore"
Tricia Brock
Jordan Harrison
Maritza
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

45
6
"Piece of Shit"
Uta Briesewitz
Lauren Morelli
none
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

46
7
"It Sounded Nicer in My Head"
Mark A. Burley
Nick Jones
Lolly
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

47
8
"Friends in Low Places"
Phil Abraham
Alex Regnery & Hartley Voss
none
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

48
9
"Turn Table Turn"
Constantine Makris
Sara Hess
Blanca
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

49
10
"Bunny, Skull, Bunny, Skull"
Phil Abraham
Carly Mensch
none
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

50
11
"People Persons"
Lev L. Spiro
Nick Jones
Suzanne
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

51
12
"The Animals"
Matthew Weiner
Lauren Morelli
Bayley
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

52
13
"Toast Can't Never Be Bread Again"
Adam Bernstein
Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan
Poussey
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

text: Season 5 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Featured character(s)
Original release date

53
1
"Riot FOMO"
Andrew McCarthy
Jenji Kohan
none
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

54
2
"Fuck, Marry, Frieda"
Constantine Makris
Jordan Harrison
Frieda
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

55
3
"Pissters!"
Phil Abraham
Rebecca Angelo & Lauren Schuker Blum
Linda
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

56
4
"Litchfield's Got Talent"
Nick Sandow
Josh Koenigsberg, Jenji Kohan & Tara Herrmann
Alison
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

57
5
"Sing It, White Effie"
Phil Abraham
Molly Smith Metzler
Watson
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

58
6
"Flaming Hot Cheetos, Literally"
Andrew McCarthy
Lauren Morelli
Taystee
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

59
7
"Full Bush, Half Snickers"
Uta Briesewitz
Anthony Natoli
none
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

60
8
"Tied to the Tracks"
Michael Trim
Carolina Paiz
Daya
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

61
9
"The Tightening"
Erin Feeley
Jordan Harrison
Red
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

62
10
"The Reverse Midas Touch"
Laura Prepon
Rebecca Angelo & Lauren Schuker Blum
Piscatella
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

63
11
"Breaking the Fiberboard Ceiling"
Wendey Stanzler
Lauren Morelli
none
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

64
12
"Tattoo You"
Mark A. Burley
Tara Herrmann & Carolina Paiz
Piper & Alex
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

65
13
"Storm-y Weather"
Jesse Peretz
Lauren Morelli
none
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)


document_title: The Walking Dead (comic book)

question_text: where does the walking dead compendium 3 end

text: The Walking Dead (comic book)

text: Publication history[edit]

text: The Walking Dead debuted in 2003, published by Image Comics, with art by Tony Moore for the first six issues and Cliff Rathburn shading the art after issue five. Charlie Adlard took over as artist on issue #7, after he was approached by Kirkman.[4] Moore also did the cover art for the first twenty-four issues and the first four trade paperbacks. The remainder were done by Adlard.

tag: p

text: When the television series premiered in October 2010, Image Comics announced The Walking Dead Weekly. The first 52 issues of the series began to be reprinted on January 5, 2011, with one issue per week for a year.[7]

text: The series is periodically re-published in trade paperbacks which contain six issues each, hardcover books with twelve issues and occasional bonus material, omnibus editions of twenty-four issues, and compendium editions of forty-eight issues.

text: Story arcs[edit]

text: Volume 1: Days Gone Bye (Issues 1–6)

text: Volume 2: Miles Behind Us (Issues 7–12)

text: Volume 3: Safety Behind Bars (Issues 13–18)

text: Volume 4: The Heart's Desire (Issues 19–24)

text: Volume 5: The Best Defense (Issues 25–30)

text: Volume 6: This Sorrowful Life (Issues 31–36)

text: Volume 7: The Calm Before (Issues 37–42)

text: Volume 8: Made To Suffer (Issues 43–48)

text: Volume 9: Here We Remain (Issues 49–54)

text: Volume 10: What We Become (Issues 55–60)

text: Volume 11: Fear The Hunters (Issues 61–66)

text: Volume 12: Life Among Them (Issues 67–72)

text: Volume 13: Too Far Gone (Issues 73–78)

text: Volume 14: No Way Out (Issues 79–84)

text: Volume 15: We Find Ourselves (Issues 85–90)

text: Volume 16: A Larger World (Issues 91–96)

text: Volume 17: Something To Fear (Issues 97–102)

text: Volume 18: What Comes After (Issues 103–108)

text: Volume 19: March To War (Issues 109–114)

text: Volume 20: All Out War – Part One (Issues 115–120)

text: Volume 21: All Out War – Part Two (Issues 121–126)

text: Volume 22: A New Beginning (Issues 127–132)

text: Volume 23: Whispers Into Screams (Issues 133–138)

text: Volume 24: Life And Death (Issues 139–144)

text: Volume 25: No Turning Back (Issues 145–150)

text: Volume 26: Call To Arms (Issues 151–156)

text: Volume 27: The Whisperer War (Issues 157–162)

text: Volume 28: A Certain Doom (Issues 163–168)

text: List of characters[edit]

text: Rick Grimes is the main character, a deputy who is comatose when the zombie apocalypse begins. With his wife Lori and son Carl, he joins with groups other survivors. He is joined by former best friend Shane, who secretly has a sexual relationship with Lori. The group consists of firm clerk and college graduate Andrea and her sister Amy, a mechanic named Jim, car salesman Dale, shoe salesman Allen and his wife, Donna as well as their children, Ben and Billy. Lori and Carl form friendships with other survivors such as Carol and Sophia.

text: After leaving the camp, Rick gains a right-hand man and close friendship in Tyreese, who is accompanied by his daughter and her boyfriend. They soon find a farm run by Hershel Greene. Among Hershel's seven children is Maggie Greene, who forms a relationship with Glenn. As the group settle at a prison, they become conflicted with a group of surviving prisoners. Otis meets a katana-wielding survivor named Michonne, who is brought into the group, but struggles to acclimate, facing her own demons. Michonne, Rick and Glenn are later held in captivity by The Governor, a leader of a town called Woodbury who plan to take over the prison. Other Woodbury residents include Alice Warren, who changes sides to Rick's group and delivers Lori's baby, Bob Stookey, an army medic responsible for saving The Governor's life and Lilly, one of The Governor's soldiers.

text: After the prison assault, the remaining group survivors regroup at Hershel's farm, and meet Abraham Ford, Eugene Porter and Rosita Espinosa. The group travel to Washington DC where they are hunted by Chris, encounter Gabriel Stokes, a priest, and are then recruited by Aaron and his boyfriend, Eric to join the Alexandria Safe-Zone, run by congressman, Douglas Monroe. Among the residents are Heath and Dr. Denise Cloyd, who quickly become close allies to the core group, and eventually the conflicted Nicholas. Douglas' son, Spencer tries to form a relationship with Andrea. Rick falls in love with Jessie Anderson, an abused wife. Abraham forms a relationship with Holly, a member of the construction crew. A group of men, known as The Scavengers, tries to conquer Alexandria; the fight attracts a pack of walkers that invades the safe zone, leading to the death of a lot of Alexandrians. Later, the safe zone starts a trading network with the Hilltop Colony, with help from its scout Paul "Jesus" Monroe. However, their safety is again threatened by the psychopathic Negan and his group known as The Saviors who reside in a factory. One of the Saviors, Dwight becomes an ally with the communities. The Hilltop and Alexandria join with The Kingdom run by Ezekiel in a war against the Saviors.

text: After the war, newcomers such as Magna and Dante are introduced into the series. Another community out at sea is established, as well as safety perimeters across the DC area, which is violated by the presence of the Whisperers, a tribe of people disguised as the dead who have rejected the notion of re-establishing civilization. The leader, Alpha, antagonizes Rick as her daughter, Lydia, forms a sexual relationship with Carl. When Alpha's second in command, Beta, takes leadership of the group, he declares war against the communities.

text: The undead/reanimated[edit]

text: The "zombie idea" developed by George Romero does not exist in The Walking Dead alternate universe; hence, of all the myriad terms used to describe the undead by different communities throughout the show, the word "zombie" has been deliberately avoided and has never been used.

text: Rick's group classifies the undead as either walkers, roamers or lurkers, the former being more likely to venture toward a loud noise in search of human prey. Other names have been used by characters in the series, including biters and stinkers. The undead follow and mimic each other, which can result in enormous hordes travelling together, "walking nonstop, following a sound they've all forgotten," as Abraham puts it.[9]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The series received critical acclaim, winning the Eisner Award for Best Continuing Series in 2010[10] and prompting Eric Sunde of IGN comics to call it "one of the best monthly comics available".[11] Among its fans are author Max Brooks.[12] Because of the popularity of the series, which increased considerably when it was adapted into a television series of the same name, artist Tony Moore's original artwork for the series' early issues has gone up in value; on the March 28, 2013 episode of the VH1 reality television series For What It's Worth, Moore's original artwork for Page 7 of issue #1 was professionally appraised to be worth $20,000.[13]

text: Other media[edit]

text: Television adaptations[edit]

text: AMC picked up the rights to produce a show based on the comic in 2009.[14][15] It ordered a pilot episode on January 21, 2010[16] and began filming on May 15, 2010.[17] The series premiered on October 31, 2010 with high ratings.[18] On November 8, 2010, after broadcasting two episodes, AMC renewed The Walking Dead for a second season of 13 episodes,[19] which began on October 16, 2011.[20] The TV show is loosely inspired by the comic, introducing new characters and deviating from the comic in certain plot points.

text: The fifth season premiered on October 12, 2014, with Scott M. Gimple as the show's third showrunner. Gimple has said that he would stay closer in line to the comic book series events "as much as possible", but ultimately remix stories with certain characters, referencing original characters introduced to the show and deceased characters alive in the comic book as a reason for this.[21] Robert Kirkman himself has mentioned that the series will follow much closer to the comic series with Gimple's run.[22]

text: A companion television series, titled Fear The Walking Dead, debuted on AMC on August 23, 2015.[23] The series features new original characters, and it is set in the city of Los Angeles, California starting prior to the zombie apocalypse. It explores these new characters as the apocalypse begins. The series was created by Robert Kirkman and Dave Erickson, with Erickson serving as showrunner for the series. AMC ordered the series for a two-season commitment, with the first season consisting of six episodes.[24]

text: Animation comic[edit]

text: AMC released an animated film of the first part of Issue No. 1 of the comic with animation by Juice Films, voice acting by Phil LaMarr and art by Tony Moore.[25]

text: The Walking Dead: The Game[edit]

text: On February 18, 2011, Telltale Games announced plans to create an episodic video game based on the series,[26] which was scheduled to debut in fall 2011 and was released worldwide in April 2012. The Walking Dead: The Game consists of five episodes, released between April and November 2012. Additional downloadable content, 400 Days, was released in July 2013. Kirkman has said that, unlike typical zombie games such as Left 4 Dead, "it [focuses] more on characterization and emotion than action".[27]

text: The first episode of the sequel, The Walking Dead: Season Two, was released in December 2013 with episode 2 being released in March 2014, episode 3 in May 2014, episode 4 in July 2014, and episode 5 in August 2014.

text: The Walking Dead: The Game received widespread critical acclaim, with reviews giving praise for the emotion and characters of the plot. It received many awards, including over 90 Game of the year awards

text: The Walking Dead: All Out War[edit]

text: In January 2016, the Kings of War creator Mantic Games announced plans to release a tabletop miniature wargame based on The Walking Dead, named The Walking Dead: All Out War. The miniatures game was funded through the popular crowdfunding site Kickstarter. This product is available for order and first began shipping to backers on 7 November 2016.

text: Novels[edit]

text: A series of novels based on the comics, written by Robert Kirkman and Jay Bonansinga, were released between 2011 and 2014 focusing on the antagonist "The Governor". Taking place in the initial outbreak, the books chronicle his experiences from surviving in the newly ravaged world, to the establishment of himself as leader of Woodbury, and finally tying up the conclusion to the prison arc storyline in the comics.

text: Following the third novel in the series, Bonansinga continued the Walking Dead novels in Robert Kirkman's The Walking Dead: Descent.[28]

text:
Title
ISBN
Release Date
Author(s)

The Walking Dead: Rise of the Governor
9780312547738
October 11, 2011
Kirkman and Jay Bonansinga

The Walking Dead: The Road to Woodbury
9780312547745
October 16, 2012
Kirkman and Jay Bonansinga

The Walking Dead: The Fall of the Governor Part One
9781250020642
October 8, 2013
Kirkman and Jay Bonansinga

The Walking Dead: The Fall of the Governor Part Two
9781447266822
March 13, 2014
Kirkman and Jay Bonansinga

Robert Kirkman's The Walking Dead: Descent
9781250057174
October 14, 2014
Jay Bonansinga

Robert Kirkman's The Walking Dead: Invasion
9781250058508
October 6, 2015
Jay Bonansinga

Robert Kirkman's The Walking Dead: Search and Destroy
9781250058515
October 18, 2016
Jay Bonansinga

Robert Kirkman's The Walking Dead: Return to Woodbury
9781250058522
October 17, 2017
Jay Bonansinga

text: Collected editions[edit]

text: The series has so far been assembled into the following collections:

text: Trade paperbacks[edit]

text: The trade paperbacks collect six issues each, but contain only the story and none of the original cover art from the comics. Each paperback follows the convention of having a three-word title. The zombies in the cover art for each paperback form part of a larger image if placed end to end.

text:
Title
ISBN
Release Date
Collected Material
Issues Published
Book Number

The Walking Dead Vol. 1: Days Gone Bye
1-58240-358-9
May 12, 2004
The Walking Dead #1–6
October 2003 – March 2004
1

The Walking Dead Vol. 2: Miles Behind Us
1-58240-413-5
November 24, 2004
The Walking Dead #7–12
April 2004 – September 2004

The Walking Dead Vol. 3: Safety Behind Bars
1-58240-487-9
May 18, 2005
The Walking Dead #13–18
October 2004 – April 2005
2

The Walking Dead Vol. 4: The Heart's Desire
1-58240-530-1
November 30, 2005
The Walking Dead #19–24
June 2005 – November 2005

The Walking Dead Vol. 5: The Best Defense
1-58240-612-X
September 27, 2006
The Walking Dead #25–30
January 2006 – August 2006
3

The Walking Dead Vol. 6: This Sorrowful Life
1-58240-684-7
April 11, 2007
The Walking Dead #31–36
September 2006 – March 2007

The Walking Dead Vol. 7: The Calm Before
1-58240-828-9
September 26, 2007
The Walking Dead #37–42
April 2007 – September 2007
4

The Walking Dead Vol. 8: Made To Suffer
1-58240-883-1
June 25, 2008
The Walking Dead #43–48
October 2007 – April 2008

The Walking Dead Vol. 9: Here We Remain
1-60706-022-1
January 21, 2009
The Walking Dead #49–54
May 2008 – November 2008
5

The Walking Dead Vol. 10: What We Become
1-60706-075-2
August 12, 2009
The Walking Dead #55–60
November 2008 – April 2009

The Walking Dead Vol. 11: Fear The Hunters
1-60706-122-8
January 6, 2010
The Walking Dead #61–66
May 2009 – October 2009
6

The Walking Dead Vol. 12: Life Among Them
1-60706-254-2
August 3, 2010
The Walking Dead #67–72
November 2009 – May 2010

The Walking Dead Vol. 13: Too Far Gone
1-60706-329-8
November 23, 2010
The Walking Dead #73–78
June 2010 – October 2010
7

The Walking Dead Vol. 14: No Way Out
1-60706-392-1
June 22, 2011
The Walking Dead #79–84
November 2010 – April 2011

The Walking Dead Vol. 15: We Find Ourselves
1-60706-440-5
December 27, 2011
The Walking Dead #85–90
May 2011 – October 2011
8

The Walking Dead Vol. 16: A Larger World
1-60706-559-2
June 6, 2012
The Walking Dead #91–96
November 2011 – April 2012

The Walking Dead Vol. 17: Something To Fear
1-60706-615-7
November 21, 2012
The Walking Dead #97–102
May 2012 – September 2012
9

The Walking Dead Vol. 18: What Comes After
1-60706-687-4
June 18, 2013
The Walking Dead #103–108
October 2012 – March 2013

The Walking Dead Vol. 19: March To War
1-60706-818-4
November 13, 2013
The Walking Dead #109–114
April 2013 – September 2013
10

The Walking Dead Vol. 20: All Out War (Part One)
1-60706-882-6
March 11, 2014
The Walking Dead #115–120
October 2013 – January 2014

The Walking Dead Vol. 21: All Out War (Part Two)
1-63215-030-1
July 29, 2014
The Walking Dead #121–126
February 2014 – April 2014
11

The Walking Dead Vol. 22: A New Beginning
1-63215-041-7
November 5, 2014
The Walking Dead #127–132
May 2014 – October 2014

The Walking Dead Vol. 23: Whispers Into Screams
1-63215-258-4
May 12, 2015
The Walking Dead #133–138
October 2014 – March 2015
12

The Walking Dead Vol. 24: Life And Death
1-63215-402-1
August 26, 2015
The Walking Dead #139–144
March 2015 – July 2015

The Walking Dead Vol. 25: No Turning Back
1-63215-659-8
April 5, 2016
The Walking Dead #145–150
August 2015 – January 2016
13

The Walking Dead Vol. 26: Call To Arms
1-63215-917-1
September 14, 2016
The Walking Dead #151–156
February 2016 – July 2016

The Walking Dead Vol. 27: The Whisperer War
1-53430-052-X
March 7, 2017
The Walking Dead #157–162
August 2016 – January 2017
14

The Walking Dead Vol. 28: A Certain Doom
1-53430-244-1
October 3, 2017[29]
The Walking Dead #163–168
February 2017 – June 2017

text: Hardcovers[edit]

text: All hardcovers contain the contents of the comics, including the covers, and in some cases bonus material. The books' trim size is larger than the paperbacks. Each hardcover contains two story arcs from the series. Signed versions of the books are available, each limited to 310 pieces.

text:
Title
ISBN
Release Date
Collected Material
Cover Character

The Walking Dead: Book One
978-1582406190
July 19, 2006
The Walking Dead #1–12
Rick

The Walking Dead: Book Two
978-1582406985
March 7, 2007
The Walking Dead #13–24
Michonne

The Walking Dead: Book Three
978-1582408255
December 19, 2007
The Walking Dead #25–36
The Governor

The Walking Dead: Book Four
978-1607060000
October 29, 2008
The Walking Dead #37–48
Lori and Judith

The Walking Dead: Book Five
978-1607061717
May 5, 2010
The Walking Dead #49–60
Abraham

The Walking Dead: Book Six
978-1607063278
October 26, 2010
The Walking Dead #61–72
Carl

The Walking Dead: Book Seven
978-1607064398
October 18, 2011
The Walking Dead #73–84
Rick

The Walking Dead: Book Eight
978-1607065937
September 26, 2012
The Walking Dead #85–96
Andrea

The Walking Dead: Book Nine
978-1607067986
September 17, 2013
The Walking Dead #97–108
Negan

The Walking Dead: Book Ten
978-1632150349
September 3, 2014
The Walking Dead #109–120
Ezekiel

The Walking Dead: Book Eleven
978-1632152718
February 25, 2015
The Walking Dead #121–132
Paul "Jesus" Monroe

The Walking Dead: Book Twelve
978-1632154514
September 30, 2015
The Walking Dead #133–144
Rick

The Walking Dead: Book Thirteen
978-1632159168
October 5, 2016
The Walking Dead #145–156
Alpha

The Walking Dead: Book Fourteen
978-1534303294
October 11, 2017
The Walking Dead #157–168
Dwight

text: Omnibus editions[edit]

text: Limited omnibus editions collect 24 issues in a slipcase with several extras. The first volume is autographed by Kirkman and Adlard, with 300 copies available. Subsequent volumes had print runs of 3000 each, along with deluxe limited editions (signed by Kirkman/Adlard) of 300 copies.

text:
Title
ISBN
Release Date
Collected Material

The Walking Dead: Volume 1 Deluxe HC
1-58240-511-5
December 14, 2005
Collects #1–24

The Walking Dead: Volume 2 Deluxe HC
1-60706-029-9
February 17, 2009
Collects #25–48

The Walking Dead: Volume 3 Deluxe HC
1-60706-330-1
February 2, 2011
Collects #49–72

The Walking Dead: Volume 4 Deluxe HC
1-60706-616-5
December 12, 2012
Collects #73–96

The Walking Dead: Volume 5 Deluxe HC
1-63215-042-5
November 19, 2014
Collects #97–120

The Walking Dead: Volume 6 Deluxe HC
1-63215-521-4
December 2, 2015
Collects #121–144

The Walking Dead: Volume 7 Deluxe HC
1-53430-335-9
November 7, 2017
Collects #145–168

text: Compendium editions[edit]

text: Softcover compendium editions collect 48 comic issues each. They are also available as limited hardcover editions (Red Foil Version[30] for Compendium 1, Gold Foil Version[31] for Compendium 2, and Gold Foil Version[32] for Compendium 3).

text:
Title
ISBN
Release Date
Collected Material

The Walking Dead: Compendium One
1-60706-076-0
May 6, 2009
Collects #1–48

The Walking Dead: Compendium Two
1-60706-596-7
October 3, 2012
Collects #49–96

The Walking Dead: Compendium Three
1-63215-456-0
October 13, 2015
Collects #97–144

text: Other publications[edit]

text: Several ancillary books and a special edition have also been published:

text:
Title
ISBN
Release Date
Description

The Walking Dead Survivors' Guide
1-60706-458-8
November 1, 2011
A detailed guide to every character featured in the comics as of its publication

The Walking Dead 100 Project (hardcover)
1-60706-801-X
September 25, 2013
One hundred covers sketched by various artists commemorating issue #100

The Walking Dead 100 Project (paperback)
1-60706-799-4
October 8, 2013

The Walking Dead: The Covers – Volume 1
1-60706-002-7
October 6, 2010
Collection of the cover art for The Walking Dead #1–50 (Vol. 1) and #51–100 (Vol. 2)

The Walking Dead: The Covers – Volume 2
1-60706-595-9
July 9, 2013

The Walking Dead: All Out War Artist's Proof Edition
1-63215-038-7
October 1, 2014
All Out War parts 1 and 2, The Walking Dead #115-126, with its original pencil artwork; cover art features Rick and Negan


document_title: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives

question_text: who elects the speaker of the house of representatives

text: Selection[edit]

text: The House of Representatives elects the Speaker of the House on the first day of every new Congress and in the event of the death, resignation or removal from the Chair of an incumbent Speaker. The Clerk of the House of Representatives requests nominations: there are normally two, one from each major party (each party having previously met to decide on its nominee). The Clerk then calls the roll of the Representatives, each Representative indicating the surname of the candidate the Representative is supporting. Representatives are not restricted to voting for one of the nominated candidates and may vote for any person, even for someone who is not a member of the House at all. They may also abstain by voting "present".[5]

text: Although no rule exists, based on tradition and practice from the earliest days of the nation, to be elected speaker a candidate must receive an absolute majority of all votes cast for individuals, i.e. excluding those who abstain. If no candidate wins such a majority, then the roll call is repeated until a speaker is elected. The last time repeated votes were required was in 1923, when the Speaker was elected on the ninth ballot.[5]

text: The new Speaker is then sworn in by the Dean of the United States House of Representatives, the chamber's longest-serving member.

text: In modern practice, the Speaker is chosen by the majority party from among its senior leaders either when a vacancy in the office arrives or when the majority party changes. Previous Speakers have been minority leaders (when the majority party changes, as they are already the House party leader, and as the minority leader are usually their party's nominee for Speaker), or majority leaders (upon departure of the current Speaker in the majority party), assuming that the party leadership hierarchy is followed. In the past, other candidates have included chairpersons of influential standing committees.

text: So far, the Democrats have always elevated their minority leader to the speakership upon reclaiming majority control of the House. However, Republicans have not always followed this leadership succession pattern. In 1919, Republicans bypassed James Robert Mann, R-IL, who had been Minority Leader for eight years, and elected a backbencher representative, Frederick H. Gillett, R-MA, to be Speaker. Mann had "angered many Republicans by objecting to their private bills on the floor," and was also a protégé of autocratic Speaker Joseph Gurney Cannon (R-IL18) who had been Speaker from 1903 to 1911, and was still in the House. Many members "suspected that he [Mann] would try to re-centralize power in his hands if elected Speaker."[6] More recently, although Robert H. Michel was Minority Leader in 1994 when the Republicans regained control of the House in the 1994 midterm elections, he had already announced his retirement and had little or no involvement in the campaign, including the "Contract with America", which was unveiled six weeks before Election Day. Michel opted not to seek re-election because he had been isolated in the caucus by Minority Whip Newt Gingrich and other younger and more aggressive Congressmen.

text: It is expected that members of the House vote for their party's candidate. If they do not, they usually vote for someone else in their party or vote "present". Those who vote for the other party's candidate often face serious consequences, up to and including the loss of seniority. The last instance where a representative voted for the other party's candidate was in 2000, when Democrat Jim Traficant of Ohio voted for Republican Dennis Hastert. In response, the Democrats stripped him of his seniority and he lost all of his committee posts.

text: If the Speaker's party loses control of the House in an election, and if the Speaker and Majority Leader both remain in the leadership hierarchy, they would become the Minority Leader and Minority Whip, respectively. As the minority party has historically had one less leadership position after losing the Speaker's chair, there may be a contest for the remaining leadership positions; upon losing control of the House after the 2010 election, the Democrats created the position of Assistant Democratic Leader in order to prevent such a contest. Most Speakers whose party has lost control of the House have not returned to the party leadership (Tom Foley lost his seat, Dennis Hastert returned to the backbenches and resigned from the House in late 2007). However, Speakers Joseph William Martin, Jr. and Sam Rayburn did seek the post of Minority Leader in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Nancy Pelosi is the most recent example of an outgoing Speaker who was elected Minority Leader, after the Democrats lost control of the House in the 2010 elections.

text: History[edit]

text: The first Speaker was Frederick Muhlenberg: he was elected as a Pro-Administration candidate to the 1st Congress, an Anti-Administration candidate to the 2nd and 3rd Congresses, and a Republican candidate to the 4th Congress,[7] according to the Biographical Directory of Congress, though Oswald Seidensticker wrote that he was elected as a Federalist for the first four Congresses.[8]

text: The position of Speaker started to gain its partisan role and its power in legislative development under Henry Clay (1811–1814, 1815–1820, and 1823–1825).[9] In contrast to many of his predecessors, Clay participated in several debates, and used his influence to procure the passage of measures he supported—for instance, the declaration of the War of 1812, and various laws relating to Clay's "American System" economic plan. Furthermore, when no candidate received an Electoral College majority in the 1824 presidential election causing the President to be elected by the House, Speaker Clay threw his support to John Quincy Adams instead of Andrew Jackson, thereby ensuring Adams' victory. Following Clay's retirement in 1825, the power of the speakership once again began to decline, despite speakership elections becoming increasingly bitter. As the Civil War approached, several sectional factions nominated their own candidates, often making it difficult for any candidate to attain a majority. In 1855 and again in 1859, for example, the contest for Speaker lasted for two months before the House achieved a result. During this time, Speakers tended to have very short tenures. For example, from 1839 to 1863 there were eleven Speakers, only one of whom served for more than one term. To date, James K. Polk is the only Speaker of the House later elected President of the United States.

text: Towards the end of the 19th century, the office of Speaker began to develop into a very powerful one. At the time, one of the most important sources of the Speaker's power was his position as Chairman of the Committee on Rules, which, after the reorganization of the committee system in 1880, became one of the most powerful standing committees of the House. Furthermore, several Speakers became leading figures in their political parties; examples include Democrats Samuel J. Randall, John Griffin Carlisle, and Charles F. Crisp, and Republicans James G. Blaine, Thomas Brackett Reed, and Joseph Gurney Cannon.

text: The power of the Speaker was greatly augmented during the tenure of the Republican Thomas Brackett Reed (1889–1891, 1895–1899). "Czar Reed", as he was called by his opponents,[10] sought to end the obstruction of bills by the minority, in particular by countering the tactic known as the "disappearing quorum".[11] By refusing to vote on a motion, the minority could ensure that a quorum would not be achieved, and that the result would be invalid. Reed, however, declared that members who were in the chamber but refused to vote would still count for the purposes of determining a quorum. Through these and other rulings, Reed ensured that the Democrats could not block the Republican agenda.

text: The speakership reached its apogee during the term of Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon (1903–1911). Cannon exercised extraordinary control over the legislative process. He determined the agenda of the House, appointed the members of all committees, chose committee chairmen, headed the Rules Committee, and determined which committee heard each bill. He vigorously used his powers to ensure that Republican proposals were passed by the House. In 1910, however, Democrats and several dissatisfied Republicans joined together to strip Cannon of many of his powers, including the ability to name committee members and his chairmanship of the Rules Committee.[12] Fifteen years later, Speaker Nicholas Longworth restored much, but not all, of the lost influence of the position.

text: One of the most influential Speakers in history was Democrat Sam Rayburn.[13] Rayburn was the longest-serving Speaker in history, holding office from 1940 to 1947, 1949 to 1953, and 1955 to 1961. He helped shape many bills, working quietly in the background with House committees. He also helped ensure the passage of several domestic measures and foreign assistance programs advocated by Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry Truman. Rayburn's successor, Democrat John William McCormack (served 1962–1971), was a somewhat less influential speaker, particularly because of dissent from younger members of the Democratic Party. During the mid-1970s, the power of the speakership once again grew under Democrat Carl Albert. The Committee on Rules ceased to be a semi-independent panel, as it had been since 1910. Instead, it once again became an arm of the party leadership. Moreover, in 1975, the Speaker was granted the authority to appoint a majority of the members of the Rules Committee. Meanwhile, the power of committee chairmen was curtailed, further increasing the relative influence of the Speaker.

text: Albert's successor, Democrat Tip O'Neill, was a prominent Speaker because of his public opposition to the policies of President Ronald Reagan. O'Neill is the longest continually serving Speaker, from 1977 through 1987. He challenged Reagan on domestic programs and on defense expenditures. Republicans made O'Neill the target of their election campaigns in 1980 and 1982 but Democrats managed to retain their majorities in both years.

text: The roles of the parties reversed in 1994 when, after spending forty years in the minority, the Republicans regained control of the House with the "Contract with America", an idea spearheaded by Minority Whip Newt Gingrich. Speaker Gingrich would regularly clash with Democratic President Bill Clinton, leading to the United States federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996, in which Clinton was largely seen to have prevailed. Gingrich's hold on the leadership was weakened significantly by that and several other controversies, and he faced a caucus revolt in 1997. After the Republicans lost House seats in 1998 (although retaining a majority) he did not stand for a third term as Speaker. His successor, Dennis Hastert, had been chosen as a compromise candidate, since the other Republicans in the leadership were more controversial. Hastert played a much less prominent role than other contemporary Speakers, being overshadowed by House Majority Leader Tom DeLay and President George W. Bush. The Republicans came out of the 2000 elections with a further reduced majority but made small gains in 2002 and 2004. The periods of 2001–2002 and 2003–2007 were the first times since 1953–1955 that there was single-party Republican leadership in Washington, interrupted from 2001–2003 as Senator Jim Jeffords of Vermont left the Republican Party to become independent and caucused with Senate Democrats to give them a 51-49 majority.

text: In the 2006 midterm elections, the Democrats won a majority in the House. Nancy Pelosi became Speaker when the 110th Congress convened on January 4, 2007, making her the first female to hold the office. With the election of Barack Obama as President and Democratic gains in both houses of Congress, Pelosi became the first Speaker since Tom Foley to hold the office during single-party Democratic leadership in Washington.[14] During the 111th Congress, Pelosi was the driving force behind several of Obama's major initiatives that proved controversial, and the Republicans campaigned against the Democrats' legislation by staging a "Fire Pelosi" bus tour[15] and regained control of the House in the 2010 midterm elections. House Minority Leader John Boehner was elected as Speaker.[16]

text: Notable elections[edit]

text:
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text: Historically, there have been several controversial elections to the speakership, such as the contest of 1839. In that case, even though the 26th United States Congress convened on December 2, the House could not begin the speakership election until December 14 because of an election dispute in New Jersey known as the "Broad Seal War". Two rival delegations, one Whig and the other Democrat, had been certified as elected by different branches of the New Jersey government. The problem was compounded by the fact that the result of the dispute would determine whether the Whigs or the Democrats held the majority. Neither party agreed to permit a speakership election with the opposite party's delegation participating. Finally, it was agreed to exclude both delegations from the election and a Speaker was finally chosen on December 17.

text: Another, more prolonged fight occurred in 1855 in the 34th United States Congress. The old Whig Party had collapsed but no single party had emerged to replace it. Candidates opposing the Democrats had run under a bewildering variety of labels, including Whig, Republican, American (Know Nothing), and simply "Opposition". By the time Congress actually met in December 1855, most of the northerners were concentrated together as Republicans, while most of the southerners and a few northerners used the American or Know Nothing label. Opponents of the Democrats held a majority in House, with the party makeup of the 234 Representatives being 83 Democrats, 108 Republicans, and 43 Know Nothings (primarily southern oppositionists). The Democratic minority nominated William Alexander Richardson of Illinois as Speaker, but because of sectional distrust, the various oppositionists were unable to agree on a single candidate for Speaker. The Republicans supported Nathaniel Prentiss Banks of Massachusetts, who had been elected as a Know Nothing but was now largely identified with the Republicans. The southern Know Nothings supported first Humphrey Marshall of Kentucky, and then Henry M. Fuller of Pennsylvania. The voting went on for almost two months with no candidate able to secure a majority, until it was finally agreed to elect the Speaker by plurality vote, and Banks was elected.[17] The House found itself in a similar dilemma when the 36th Congress met in December 1859. Although the Republicans held a plurality, the Republican candidate, John Sherman, was unacceptable to southern oppositionists due to his anti-slavery views, and once again the House was unable to elect a Speaker for several months. After Democrats allied with southern oppositionists to nearly elect the North Carolina oppositionist William N. H. Smith, Sherman finally withdrew in favor of compromise candidate William Pennington of New Jersey, a former Whig of unclear partisan loyalties, who was finally elected Speaker at the end of January 1860.[18]

text: The last speakership elections in which the House had to vote more than once occurred in the 65th and 72nd United States Congress. In 1917, neither the Republican nor the Democratic candidate could attain a majority because three members of the Progressive Party and other individual members of other parties voted for their own party. The Republicans had a plurality in the House but James "Champ" Clark remained Speaker of the House because of the support of the Progressive Party members. In 1931, both the Republicans and the Democrats had 217 members with the Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party having one member who served as the deciding vote. The Farmer-Labor Party eventually voted for the Democrats' candidate for Speaker, John Nance Garner, who later became Vice President under Franklin Roosevelt.

text: In 1997, several Republican congressional leaders tried to force Speaker Newt Gingrich to resign. However, Gingrich refused since that would have required a new election for Speaker, which could have led to Democrats along with dissenting Republicans voting for Democrat Dick Gephardt (then Minority Leader) as Speaker. After the 1998 midterm elections where the Republicans lost seats, Gingrich did not stand for re-election. The next two figures in the House Republican leadership hierarchy, Majority Leader Richard Armey and Majority Whip Tom DeLay, chose not to run for the office. The chairman of the House Appropriations Committee, Bob Livingston, declared his bid for the speakership, which was unopposed, making him Speaker-designate. It was then revealed, by Livingston himself, who had been publicly critical of President Bill Clinton's perjury during his sexual harassment trial, that he had engaged in an extramarital affair. He opted to resign from the House, despite being urged to stay on by House Democratic leader Gephardt. Subsequently, chief deputy whip Dennis Hastert was selected as Speaker. The Republicans retained their majorities in the 2000, 2002, and 2004 elections.

text: The Democrats won a majority of seats in the 2006 midterm elections. On November 16, 2006, Nancy Pelosi, who was then Minority Leader, was selected as Speaker-designate by House Democrats.[20] When the 110th Congress convened on January 4, 2007, she was elected as the 52nd Speaker by a vote of 233-202, becoming the first woman elected Speaker of the House. Pelosi remained Speaker through the 111th Congress. For the 112th Congress, Republican John Boehner was unanimously designated Speaker-designate by House Republicans and was elected the 53rd Speaker of the House. As a show of dissent, nineteen Democratic representatives voted for Democrats other than Pelosi, who had been chosen as House Minority Leader and the Democrats' candidate for Speaker.

text: Partisan role[edit]

text: The Constitution does not spell out the political role of the Speaker. As the office has developed historically, however, it has taken on a clearly partisan cast, very different from the speakership of most Westminster-style legislatures, such as the Speaker of the British House of Commons, which is meant to be scrupulously non-partisan. The Speaker in the United States, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives, outranking the Majority Leader. However, despite having the right to vote, the Speaker usually does not participate in debate and rarely votes.

text: The Speaker is responsible for ensuring that the House passes legislation supported by the majority party. In pursuing this goal, the Speaker may use their power to determine when each bill reaches the floor. They also chair the majority party's steering committee in the House. While the Speaker is the functioning head of the House majority party, the same is not true of the President pro tempore of the Senate, whose office is primarily ceremonial and honorary.

text: When the Speaker and the President belong to the same party, the Speaker tends to play the role in a more ceremonial light, as seen when Dennis Hastert played a very low-key role during the presidency of fellow Republican George W. Bush. Nevertheless, there are times when the Speaker plays a much larger role if the President is a fellow member of their party, and thus, the Speaker is tasked with pushing through the agenda of the majority party, often at the expense of the minority opposition. This can be seen, most of all, in the speakership of Democratic-Republican Henry Clay, who personally ensured the presidential victory of fellow Democratic-Republican John Quincy Adams. Democrat Sam Rayburn was a key player in the passing of New Deal legislation under the presidency of fellow Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon (under Theodore Roosevelt) was particularly infamous for his marginalization of the minority Democrats and centralizing of authority to the speakership. In more recent times, Speaker Nancy Pelosi played a role in continuing the push for health care reform during the presidency of fellow Democrat Barack Obama.[21] The Republicans campaigned against Pelosi and the Democrats' legislation with their "Fire Pelosi" bus tour.[15]

text: On the other hand, when the Speaker and the President belong to opposite parties, the public role and influence of the Speaker tend to increase. As the highest-ranking member of the opposition party (and de facto Leader of the Opposition), the Speaker is normally the chief public opponent of the President's agenda. In this scenario, the Speaker is known for undercutting the President's agenda by blocking measures by the minority party or rejecting bills by the Senate. One famous instance came in the form of Thomas Brackett Reed (under Grover Cleveland), a Speaker notorious for his successful attempt to force the Democrats to vote on measures where the Republicans had clear majorities, which ensured that Cleveland's Democrats were in no position to challenge the Republicans in the House. Joseph Cannon was particularly unique in that he led the conservative "Old Guard" wing of the Republican Party, while his President – Theodore Roosevelt – was of the more progressive clique, and more than just marginalizing the Democrats, Cannon used his power to punish the dissidents in his party and obstruct the progressive wing of the Republican Party.

text: More modern examples include Tip O'Neill, who was a vocal opponent of President Ronald Reagan's economic and defense policies; Newt Gingrich, who fought a bitter battle with President Bill Clinton for control of domestic policy; Nancy Pelosi, who argued with President George W. Bush over the Iraq War;[16] and John Boehner, who clashed with President Barack Obama over budget issues and health care.[22]

text: Presiding officer[edit]

text: As presiding officer of the House of Representatives, the Speaker holds a variety of powers over the House and is ceremonially the highest-ranking legislative official in the US government.[23] The Speaker may delegate his powers to a member of the House to act as Speaker pro tempore and preside over the House in the Speaker's absence; when this has occurred the delegation has always been to a member of the same party.[24] During important debates, the Speaker pro tempore is ordinarily a senior member of the majority party who may be chosen for his skill in presiding. At other times, more junior members may be assigned to preside to give them experience with the rules and procedures of the House. The Speaker may also designate, with approval of the House, a Speaker pro tempore for special purposes, such as designating a Representative whose district is near Washington, D.C. to sign enrolled bills during long recesses.

text: Under the Rules of the House, the Speaker, "as soon as practicable after the election of the Speaker and whenever appropriate thereafter," must deliver to the Clerk of the House a confidential list of Members who are designated to act as Speaker in the case of a vacancy or physical inability of the Speaker to perform their duties.[25]

text: On the floor of the House, the presiding officer is always addressed as "Mister Speaker" or "Madam Speaker," even if it is a Speaker pro tempore, and not the Speaker themselves. When the House resolves itself into a Committee of the Whole, the Speaker designates a member to preside over the Committee as the Chairman, who is addressed as "Mister Chairman" or "Madam Chairwoman." To speak, members must seek the presiding officer's recognition. The presiding officer also rules on all points of order but such rulings may be appealed to the whole House. The Speaker is responsible for maintaining decorum in the House and may order the Sergeant-at-Arms to enforce House rules.

text: The Speaker's powers and duties extend beyond presiding in the chamber. In particular, the Speaker has great influence over the committee process. The Speaker selects nine of the thirteen members of the powerful Committee on Rules, subject to the approval of the entire majority party. The leadership of the minority party chooses the remaining four members. Furthermore, the Speaker appoints all members of select committees and conference committees. Moreover, when a bill is introduced, the Speaker determines which committee will consider it. As a member of the House, the Speaker is entitled to participate in debate and to vote but, by custom, only does so in exceptional circumstances. Ordinarily, the Speaker votes only when the Speaker's vote would be decisive or on matters of great importance, such as constitutional amendments or major legislation.[26]

text: Other functions[edit]

text: Because joint sessions and joint meetings of Congress are held in the House chamber, the Speaker presides over joint sessions to hear addresses by the President, and joint meetings to hear addresses from foreign leaders or other invited guests. However, the Twelfth Amendment and 3 U.S.C. § 15 require that the President of the Senate preside over joint sessions of Congress assembled to count electoral votes and to certify the results of a presidential election.

text: The Speaker is also responsible for overseeing the officers of the House: the Clerk, the Sergeant-at-Arms, the Chief Administrative Officer, and the Chaplain. The Speaker can dismiss any of these officers. The Speaker appoints the House Historian and the General Counsel and, jointly with the Majority and Minority Leaders, appoints the House Inspector General.

text: The Speaker is second in the presidential line of succession, immediately after the Vice President, under the Presidential Succession Act of 1947. The Speaker is followed in the line of succession by the President pro tempore of the Senate and by the heads of federal executive departments.

text: To date, the implementation of the Presidential Succession Act has never been necessary and no Speaker has ever acted as President. Implementation of the law almost became necessary in 1973 after the resignation of Vice President Spiro Agnew. At the time, many believed that President Richard Nixon would resign because of the Watergate scandal, allowing Speaker Carl Albert to succeed to the Presidency. However, before he resigned, Nixon appointed Gerald Ford as Vice President in accordance with the Twenty-fifth Amendment. Nevertheless, the United States government takes the Speaker's place in the line of succession seriously enough that, for example, following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, Speakers used military jets to fly back and forth to their districts and for other travel until Speaker Boehner discontinued the practice in 2011. The Speaker of the House is one of the officers to whom declarations of presidential inability or ability to resume the Presidency must be addressed under the Twenty-fifth Amendment.

text: List of Speakers of the United States House of Representatives[edit]

text: Recent election results[edit]

text: To be elected as Speaker, a candidate must receive an absolute majority of all votes cast for individuals, excluding those who abstain.[27]

text: January 2011[edit]

text: Source: Election of the Speaker Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives. January 5, 2011.

text:
Candidate
Votes
 %

✓ John Boehner (R)
242
55.6%

Nancy Pelosi (D)
173
40.0%

Heath Shuler (D)
11
2.5%

John Lewis (D)
2
0.5%

Dennis Cardoza (D)
1
0.2%

Jim Costa (D)
1
0.2%

Jim Cooper (D)
1
0.2%

Steny Hoyer (D)
1
0.2%

Marcy Kaptur (D)
1
0.2%

Total
433
100.0%

"Present"
1
0.2%

Not voting
1
0.2%

text: January 2013[edit]

text: Source: Election of the Speaker Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives. January 3, 2013.

text:
Candidate
Votes
 %

✓ John Boehner (R)
220
50.8%

Nancy Pelosi (D)
192
44.3%

Eric Cantor (R)
3
0.7%

Jim Cooper (D)
2
0.5%

Allen West (R)[a]
2
0.5%

Justin Amash (R)
1
0.2%

John Dingell (D)
1
0.2%

Jim Jordan (R)
1
0.2%

Raul Labrador (R)
1
0.2%

John Lewis (D)
1
0.2%

Colin Powell (R)[a]
1
0.2%

David Walker (R)[a]
1
0.2%

Total
426
100.0%

"Present"
1
0.2%

Not voting
6
1.4%

Vacant
2
0.5%

text: January 2015[edit]

text: Source: Election of the Speaker Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives. January 6, 2015.

text:
Candidate
Votes
 %

✓ John Boehner (R)
216
52.9%

Nancy Pelosi (D)
164
40.2%

Dan Webster (R)
12
2.9%

Louie Gohmert (R)
3
0.7%

Ted Yoho (R)
2
0.5%

Jim Jordan (R)
2
0.5%

Jeff Duncan (R)
1
0.2%

Rand Paul (R)[a]
1
0.2%

Colin Powell (R)[a]
1
0.2%

Trey Gowdy (R)
1
0.2%

Kevin McCarthy (R)
1
0.2%

Jim Cooper (D)
1
0.2%

Peter DeFazio (D)
1
0.2%

Jeff Sessions (R)[a]
1
0.2%

John Lewis (D)
1
0.2%

Total
408
100.0%

"Present"
1
0.2%

Not voting
25
5.7%

Vacant
1
0.2%

text: October 2015[edit]

text: On September 25, 2015, Speaker Boehner formally announced to the Republican congressional caucus of his intention to resign from the House on October 30, 2015, which necessitated an election for a new speaker before that time.[28] The election was held on October 29.[29]

text:
Candidate
Votes
 %

✓ Paul Ryan (R)
236
54.3%

Nancy Pelosi (D)
184
42.3%

Dan Webster (R)
9
2.0%

Colin Powell (R)[a]
1
0.2%

Jim Cooper (D)
1
0.2%

John Lewis (D)
1
0.2%

Total
432

Not voting
3

Vacant
0

text: January 2017[edit]

text:
Candidate
Votes
 %

✓ Paul Ryan (R)
239
55.2%

Nancy Pelosi (D)
189
43.6%

Tim Ryan (D)
2
0.5%

Jim Cooper (D)
1
0.2%

John Lewis (D)
1
0.2%

Dan Webster (R)
1
0.2%

Total
433

Not voting
2

Vacant
0


document_title: Free State of Jones (film)

question_text: where was the movie free state of jones filmed

text: Free State of Jones (film)

text: Premise[edit]

text: The story is based on the history of Jones County, Mississippi during the Civil War and the immediately following period. Although the plot of the movie is fiction, the overall story follows the history of Jones County, and many of the events portrayed are true.[4][5][6][7][8] The film is credited as "based on the books The Free State of Jones by Victoria E. Bynum and The State of Jones by Sally Jenkins and John Stauffer".[5]

text: Plot[edit]

text: After surviving the 1862 Battle of Corinth and being told of the Twenty Negro Law, Newton Knight, a poor farmer from Jones County serving as a battlefield medic in the Confederate Army, deserts and returns home to his farm and his wife, Serena, after seeing his nephew Daniel get shot and killed. While there, he befriends Rachel, an enslaved woman who has secretly learned to read.

text: Newton's disenchantment with the Confederacy grows after finding out that troops were taking crops and livestock for taxes.  After helping one family resist such a raid, he is pursued by Confederate agents and bitten by an attack dog. With the help of abolitionist-oriented Aunt Sally and multiple slaves, he escapes to a swamp where some runaway slaves led by Moses Washington tend to his wounds.

text: After the Siege of Vicksburg, many Confederates abandon their post, and many of them end up at the swamp, where Newton becomes their captain. The ex-Confederates and runaway slaves form a revolt against the Confederacy. They raid Confederate convoys and capture a piece of south-east Mississippi, organizing it as the "Free State of Jones". Despite getting little help from the Union, they manage to hold out until the end of the war.

text: Newton continues to fight racial inequality after the war. He helps free Moses' son from an "apprenticeship" to Rachel's former master. After Moses is lynched while registering freedmen to vote, Newton participates in a march of voters to the polls while everyone sings John Brown's Body.

text: Newton and Rachel have a son, Jason. Since they are unable to legally marry, Newton arranges to deed a parcel of land to her. The story is interspersed with the story of Newton's great-grandson, Davis Knight, who is arrested under Mississippi's miscegenation laws in 1948. Since he is possibly of one-eighth black descent, under Mississippi law at that time he is considered black, and therefore could not legally marry his long-time sweetheart. He is sentenced to five years in prison, but his conviction is thrown out by the Mississippi Supreme Court in 1949, rather than risk the law being declared unconstitutional.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Matthew McConaughey as Newton Knight[6]
Gugu Mbatha-Raw as Rachel Knight[9]
Keri Russell as Serena Knight[10]
Mahershala Ali as Moses Washington[10]
Brian Lee Franklin as Davis Knight
Jacob Lofland as Daniel[6]
Bill Tangradi as Lieutenant Barbour
Sean Bridgers as Will Sumrall
Kirk Bovill as Merchant
Christopher Berry as Jasper Collins
Donald Watkins[11] as Wilson
Artrial Clark[12] as Eli
Manny Penton as Surgeon
Wayne Pére[13] as Colonel Robert Lowry

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The film was a passion project for Ross who spent ten years developing it.[14] Ross was initially drawn to make the movie out of a desire to examine the Reconstruction era south, an era that, according to him, is poorly represented in film, with him giving Gone with the Wind and The Birth of a Nation as examples of "the last movies that did it".[15] In preparation Ross did a "tremendous amount of research", studying not only the Civil War but also the historiography of the war, the latter because he wanted "to debunk a lot of the myths" surrounding the events.[14] Speaking to Slash Film about the research for the film Ross remarked that " I don’t think I did anything but read for a couple of years" [14]

text: Ross finished writing the film prior to working on Hunger Games, although he struggled to find much in way of financing: he felt that doing Games would help him, and thusly declined to work on the sequels. Afterwards he still had trouble getting the movie made which he chalks up to the fact that "we’re in a different kind of a popcorn universe now" [16]

text:
Matthew McConaughey's casting was announced in November 2014 [6]  with other casting announcements made in early 2015.[9][10]
Angelo Piazza III, Marksville, La. and Jack's Powder Keg Company participated in the production with their cannon and black powder.[17]

text: Filming[edit]

text:
Principal photography began on February 23, and was scheduled to end on May 28.[18]  On March 9, Adam Fogelson, Chairman of STX Entertainment announced the start of the production in and around New Orleans, with the release of a first look photo.[19] In May 2015, shooting was scheduled for Clinton, with East Feliciana Parish as a filming set.[20]
On May 25, 2015, some filming took place at Chicot State Park around Ville Platte, Louisiana.

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was pushed back from its original release date of March 11, 2016, to May 13 and finally June 24, 2016.[21][22] The first trailer was released on January 9, 2016.[23]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Free State of Jones grossed $20.8 million in North America and $4.2 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $25 million, against a production budget of $50 million.[3]

text: The film was released in the United States and Canada on June 24, 2016,  alongside Independence Day: Resurgence and The Shallows and was projected to gross around $10 million in its opening weekend from 2,815 theaters.[2] The film grossed $365,000 from its Thursday previews and $2.7 million on its first day.[24] In its opening weekend the film grossed $7.6 million, finishing 6th at the box office behind  Finding Dory ($73 million), Independence Day: Resurgence ($41 million), Central Intelligence ($18.2 million), The Shallows ($16.8 million) and The Conjuring 2 ($7.7 million).[25]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2016)

text:
On Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, the film has an approval rating of 46% based on 180 reviews and an average rating of 5.4/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Free State of Jones has the noblest of intentions, but they aren't enough to make up for its stilted treatment of a fascinating real-life story."[26]
On Metacritic, the film has a score of 53 out of 100 based on reviews from 38 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[27] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.[28][29]

text: The New York Times selected it as a "critic's pick", and reviewer A. O. Scott called it "a neglected and fascinating chapter in American history" and said it used "the tools of Hollywood spectacle to restore a measure of clarity to our understanding of the war and its aftermath."[30]