document_title: New Delhi

question_text: why did the british shifted the capital from calcutta to delhi

question_tokens: why did the british shifted the capital from calcutta to delhi

text: New Delhi

text: History[edit]

text: Establishment[edit]

text: Calcutta (now Kolkata) was the capital of India during the British Raj until December 1911.

text: Delhi had served as the political and financial centre of several empires of ancient India and the Delhi Sultanate, most notably of the Mughal Empire from 1649 to 1857. During the early 1900s, a proposal was made to the British administration to shift the capital of the British Indian Empire, as India was officially named, from Calcutta on the east coast, to Delhi.[8] The Government of British India felt that it would be logistically easier to administer India from Delhi in the centre of northern India.[8]

text: The land for building the new city of Delhi was acquired under the Land Acquisition Act 1894.[9]

text: On 12 December 1911, during the Delhi Durbar, George V, then Emperor of India, along with Queen Mary, his Consort, made the announcement[10][11] that the capital of the Raj was to be shifted from Calcutta to Delhi, while laying the foundation stone for the Viceroy's residence in the Coronation Park, Kingsway Camp.[12][13] The foundation stone[14] of New Delhi was laid by King George V and Queen Mary at the site of Delhi Durbar of 1911 at Kingsway Camp on 15 December 1911, during their imperial visit. Large parts of New Delhi were planned by Edwin Lutyens, who first visited Delhi in 1912, and Herbert Baker, both leading 20th-century British architects.[15] The contract was given to Sobha Singh. The original plan called for its construction in Tughlaqabad, inside the Tughlaqabad fort, but this was given up because of the Delhi-Calcutta trunk line that passed through the fort. Construction really began after World War I and was completed by 1931. The city that was later dubbed "Lutyens' Delhi" was inaugurated in ceremonies beginning on 10 February 1931 by Lord Irwin, the Viceroy.[16] Lutyens designed the central administrative area of the city as a testament to Britain's imperial aspirations.[17][18]

text: Soon Lutyens started considering other places. Indeed, the Delhi Town Planning Committee, set up to plan the new imperial capital, with George Swinton as chairman and John A. Brodie and Lutyens as members, submitted reports for both North and South sites. However, it was rejected by the Viceroy when the cost of acquiring the necessary properties was found to be too high. The central axis of New Delhi, which today faces east at India Gate, was previously meant to be a north-south axis linking the Viceroy's House at one end with Paharganj at the other. Eventually, owing to space constraints and the presence of a large number of heritage sites in the North side, the committee settled on the South site.[19] A site atop the Raisina Hill, formerly Raisina Village, a Meo village, was chosen for the Rashtrapati Bhawan, then known as the Viceroy's House. The reason for this choice was that the hill lay directly opposite the Dinapanah citadel, which was also considered the site of Indraprastha, the ancient region of Delhi. Subsequently, the foundation stone was shifted from the site of Delhi Durbar of 1911–1912, where the Coronation Pillar stood, and embedded in the walls of the forecourt of the Secretariat. The Rajpath, also known as King's Way, stretched from the India Gate to the Rashtrapati Bhawan. The Secretariat building, the two blocks of which flank the Rashtrapati Bhawan and houses ministries of the Government of India, and the Parliament House, both designed by Baker, are located at the Sansad Marg and run parallel to the Rajpath.

text: In the south, land up to Safdarjung's Tomb was acquired to create what is today known as Lutyens' Bungalow Zone.[20] Before construction could begin on the rocky ridge of Raisina Hill, a circular railway line around the Council House (now Parliament House), called the Imperial Delhi Railway, was built to transport construction material and workers for the next twenty years. The last stumbling block was the Agra-Delhi railway line that cut right through the site earmarked for the hexagonal All-India War Memorial (India Gate) and Kingsway (Rajpath), which was a problem because the Old Delhi Railway Station served the entire city at that time. The line was shifted to run along the Yamuna river, and it began operating in 1924. The New Delhi Railway Station opened in 1926 with a single platform at Ajmeri Gate near Paharganj and was completed in time for the city's inauguration in 1931.[21][22] As construction of the Viceroy's House (the present Rashtrapati Bhavan), Central Secretariat, Parliament House, and All-India War Memorial (India Gate) was winding down, the building of a shopping district and a new plaza, Connaught Place, began in 1929, and was completed by 1933. Named after Prince Arthur, 1st Duke of Connaught (1850–1942), it was designed by Robert Tor Russell, chief architect to the Public Works Department (PWD).[23]

text: After the capital of India moved to Delhi, a temporary secretariat building was constructed in a few months in 1912 in North Delhi. Most of the government offices of the new capital moved here from the 'Old secretariat' in Old Delhi (the building now houses the Delhi Legislative Assembly), a decade before the new capital was inaugurated in 1931. Many employees were brought into the new capital from distant parts of India, including the Bengal Presidency and Madras Presidency. Subsequently, housing for them was developed around Gole Market area in the 1920s.[24] Built in the 1940s, to house government employees, with bungalows for senior officials in the nearby Lodhi Estate area, Lodhi colony near historic Lodhi Gardens, was the last residential areas built by the British Raj.[25]

text: Post-independence[edit]

text: After India gained independence in 1947, a limited autonomy was conferred to New Delhi and was administered by a Chief Commissioner appointed by the Government of India. In 1966, Delhi was converted into a union territory and eventually the Chief Commissioner was replaced by a Lieutenant Governor. The Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991 declared the Union Territory of Delhi to be formally known as National Capital Territory of Delhi.[26] A system was introduced under which the elected Government was given wide powers, excluding law and order which remained with the Central Government. The actual enforcement of the legislation came in 1993.

text: The first major extension of New Delhi outside of Lutyens' Delhi came in the 1950s when the Central Public Works Department (CPWD) developed a large area of land southwest of Lutyens' Delhi to create the diplomatic enclave of Chanakyapuri, where land was allotted for embassies, chanceries, high commissions and residences of ambassadors, around a wide central vista, Shanti Path.[27]

text: Geography[edit]

text: With a total area of 42.7 km2 (16.5 sq mi), New Delhi forms a small part of the Delhi metropolitan area.[28] Since the city is located on the Indo-Gangetic Plain, there is little difference in elevation across the city. New Delhi and surrounding areas were once a part of the Aravali Range; all that is left of those mountains is the Delhi Ridge, which is also called the Lungs of Delhi. While New Delhi lies on the floodplains of the Yamuna River, it is essentially a landlocked city. East of the river is the urban area of Shahdara. New Delhi falls under the seismic zone-IV, making it vulnerable to earthquakes.[29]

text: Seismology[edit]

text: New Delhi lies on several fault lines and thus experiences frequent earthquakes, most of them of mild intensity. There was a spike in the number of earthquakes between 2011 and 2015, most notable being a 5.4 magnitude earthquake in 2015 with its epicentre in Nepal, a 4.7-magnitude earthquake on 25 November 2007, a 4.2-magnitude earthquake on 7 September 2011, a 5.2-magnitude earthquake on 5 March 2012, and a swarm of twelve earthquakes, including four of magnitudes 2.5, 2.8, 3.1, and 3.3, on 12 November 2013.

text: Climate[edit]

text: The climate of New Delhi is a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) bordering a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh) with high variation between summer and winter in terms of both temperature and rainfall. The temperature varies from 46 °C (115 °F) in summers to around 0 °C (32 °F) in winters. The area's version of a humid subtropical climate is noticeably different from many other cities with this climate classification in that it features long and very hot summers, relatively dry and mild winters, a monsoonal period, and dust storms. Summers are long, extending from early April to October, with the monsoon season occurring in the middle of the summer. Winter starts in November and peaks in January. The annual mean temperature is around 25 °C (77 °F); monthly daily mean temperatures range from approximately 14 to 34 °C (57 to 93 °F). New Delhi's highest temperature ever recorded is 48.4 °C (119.1 °F) on June 28, 1883 while the lowest temperature ever recorded is −2.2 °C (28.0 °F) on January 11, 1967, both of which are recorded at Indira Gandhi International Airport (formerly known as Palam Airport).[30] The average annual rainfall is 714 millimetres (28.1 in), most of which is during the monsoons in July and August.[31]

text:
[hide]Climate data for New Delhi (Safdarjung) 1981–2010

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °C (°F)
30.0
(86)
34.1
(93.4)
40.6
(105.1)
45.6
(114.1)
47.2
(117)
46.7
(116.1)
45.0
(113)
42.0
(107.6)
40.6
(105.1)
39.4
(102.9)
36.1
(97)
29.3
(84.7)
47.2
(117)

Average high °C (°F)
20.5
(68.9)
23.9
(75)
29.6
(85.3)
36.3
(97.3)
39.5
(103.1)
39.2
(102.6)
35.4
(95.7)
34.1
(93.4)
34.1
(93.4)
32.8
(91)
28.2
(82.8)
23.1
(73.6)
31.4
(88.5)

Average low °C (°F)
7.6
(45.7)
10.4
(50.7)
15.6
(60.1)
21.3
(70.3)
25.8
(78.4)
27.9
(82.2)
27.4
(81.3)
26.6
(79.9)
25.0
(77)
19.1
(66.4)
12.9
(55.2)
8.3
(46.9)
19.0
(66.2)

Record low °C (°F)
−0.6
(30.9)
1.6
(34.9)
4.4
(39.9)
10.7
(51.3)
15.2
(59.4)
18.9
(66)
20.3
(68.5)
20.7
(69.3)
17.3
(63.1)
9.4
(48.9)
3.9
(39)
1.1
(34)
−0.6
(30.9)

Average rainfall mm (inches)
19.3
(0.76)
22.1
(0.87)
15.9
(0.626)
13.0
(0.512)
31.5
(1.24)
82.2
(3.236)
187.3
(7.374)
232.5
(9.154)
129.8
(5.11)
14.3
(0.563)
4.9
(0.193)
9.4
(0.37)
762.3
(30.012)

Average rainy days
1.3
1.8
1.6
1.2
2.5
4.6
9.4
9.8
5.5
1.0
0.5
0.9
40.1

Average relative humidity (%)
63
55
47
34
33
46
70
73
62
52
55
62
54

Mean monthly sunshine hours
214.6
216.1
239.1
261.0
263.1
196.5
165.9
177.0
219.0
269.3
247.2
215.8
2,684.6

Source #1: India Meteorological Department (record high and low up to 2010)[30][32]

Source #2: NOAA (extremes, sun and humidity, 1971–1990)[33]

text: Air quality[edit]

text: In Mercer's 2015 annual quality-of-living survey, New Delhi ranks at number 154 out of 230 cities due to bad air quality and pollution.[34][35] The World Health Organization ranked New Delhi as the world's worst polluted city in 2014 among about 1,600 cities the organisation tracked around the world.[36][37][38][39] In 2016, United States Environmental Protection Agency listed New Delhi as the most polluted city on Earth.[40][41]

text: In an attempt to curb air pollution in New Delhi, which gets worse during the winter, a temporary alternate-day travel scheme for cars using the odd- and even-numbered license plates system was announced by Delhi government in December 2015. In addition, trucks were to be allowed to enter India's capital only after 11 pm, two hours later than the existing restriction.[39] The driving restriction scheme was planned to be implemented as a trial from 1 January 2016 for an initial period of 15 days. The restriction was in force between 8 am and 8 pm, and traffic was not restricted on Sundays.[42] Public transportation service was increased during the restriction period.[39]

text: On 16 December 2015, the Supreme Court of India mandated several restrictions on Delhi's transportation system to curb pollution. Among the measures, the court ordered to stop registrations of diesel cars and sport utility vehicles with an engine capacity of 2,000 cc and over until 31 March 2016. The court also ordered all taxis in the Delhi region to switch to compressed natural gas by 1 March 2016. Transportation vehicles that are more than 10 years old were banned from entering the capital.[43]

text: Analysing real-time vehicle speed data from Uber Delhi revealed that during the odd-even program, average speeds went up by a statistically significant 5.4 per cent (2.8 standard deviation from normal). This means vehicles have lesser idling time in traffic and vehicle engines would run closer to minimum fuel consumption.[44] "In bordering areas, PM 2.5 levels were recorded more than 400 (ug/m3) while in inner areas in Delhi, they were recorded between 150 and 210 on an average."[45] However, the subcity of Dwarka, located in the southwest district, has a substantially low level of air pollution. At the NSIT University campus, located in sector 3 Dwarka, pollution levels were as low as 93 PPM.[citation needed]

text: On 7 November 2017, the Indian Medical Association declared a public health emergency due to high pollution levels [46]. The highest being in the Punjabi Bagh district with an Air Quality Index of 999 and in the RK Puram district with an index of 852. The lowest index recorded was in the Anand Vihar district with an index of 319[47]. Levels of PM2.5 were recorded at 710µg/m³, more than 11 times the World Health Organisation's safe limit[48].

text: Demographics[edit]

text: New Delhi has a population of 257,803.[2] Hindi is the most widely spoken language in New Delhi and the lingua franca of the city. English is primarily used as the formal language by business and government institutes.[49] New Delhi has a literacy rate of 89.38% according to 2011 census, which is highest in Delhi.[50]

text: Religion[edit]

text: Except for Hinduism, the proportions of other religions are different and relatively lower in New Delhi as compared to entire NCT.[51] According to 2011 census, Hinduism is the religion of 89.8% of New Delhi's population. There are also communities of Muslims (4.5%), Christians (2.9%), Sikhs (2.0%), Jains (0.4%).[51] Other religious groups include Parsis, Buddhists and Jews.[52]

text:
Religion in New Delhi (NDMC)[51][53]

Religion

Percent

Hinduism

89.82%

Islam

4.50%

Christianity

2.93%

Sikhism

1.97%

Jainism

0.42%

Others

0.36%

text: Government[edit]

text: The national capital of India, New Delhi is jointly administered by both the Central Government of India and the local Government of Delhi, it is also the capital of the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi.

text: As of 2015[update], the government structure of the New Delhi Municipal Council includes a chairperson, three members of New Delhi's Legislative Assembly, two members nominated by the Chief Minister of the NCT of Delhi and five members nominated by the central government.

text: The head of state of Delhi is the Lieutenant Governor of the Union Territory of Delhi, appointed by the President of India on the advice of the Central government and the post is largely ceremonial, as the Chief Minister of the Union Territory of Delhi is the head of government and is vested with most of the executive powers. According to the Indian constitution, if a law passed by Delhi's legislative assembly is repugnant to any law passed by the Parliament of India, then the law enacted by the parliament will prevail over the law enacted by the assembly.[54]

text: New Delhi is governed through a municipal government, known as the New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC). Other urban areas of the metropolis of Delhi are administered by the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD). However, the entire metropolis of Delhi is commonly known as New Delhi in contrast to Old Delhi.

text: Economy[edit]

text: New Delhi is the largest commercial city in northern India. It has an estimated net State Domestic Product (FY 2010) of ₹1,595 billion (US$24 billion) in nominal terms and ~₹6,800 billion (US$100 billion) in PPP terms.[55] As of 2013[update], the per capita income of Delhi was Rs. 230000, second highest in India after Goa. GSDP in Delhi at the current prices for 2012–13 is estimated at Rs 3.88 trillion (short scale) against Rs 3.11 trillion (short scale) in 2011–12.[56]

text: Connaught Place, one of North India's largest commercial and financial centres, is located in the northern part of New Delhi. Adjoining areas such as Barakhamba Road, ITO are also major commercial centres. Government and quasi government sector was the primary employer in New Delhi. The city's service sector has expanded due in part to the large skilled English-speaking workforce that has attracted many multinational companies. Key service industries include information technology, telecommunications, hotels, banking, media and tourism.

text: The 2011 World Wealth Report ranks economic activity in New Delhi at 39, but overall the capital is ranked at 37, above cities like Jakarta and Johannesburg.[57] New Delhi with Beijing shares the top position as the most targeted emerging markets retail destination among Asia-Pacific markets.[58]

text: The Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi does not release any economic figures specifically for New Delhi but publishes an official economic report on the whole of Delhi annually. According to the Economic Survey of Delhi, the metropolis has a net State Domestic Product (SDP) of Rs. 830.85 billion (for the year 2004–05)[59] and a per capita income of Rs. 53,976($1,200).[59] In the year 2008–09 New Delhi had a Per Capita Income of Rs. 116,886 ($2,595).It grew by 16.2% to reach Rs. 135,814 ($3,018) in 2009–10 fiscal. New Delhi's Per Capita GDP (at PPP) was at $6,860 during 2009–10 fiscal, making it one of the richest cities in India. The tertiary sector contributes 78.4% of Delhi's gross SDP followed by secondary and primary sectors with 20.2% and 1.4% contribution respectively.[59]

text: The gross state domestic product (GSDP) of Delhi at current prices for the year 2011–12 has been estimated at Rs 3.13 trillion (short scale), which is an increase of 18.7 per cent over the previous fiscal.[60]

text: Culture[edit]

text: New Delhi is a cosmopolitan city due to the multi-ethnic and multi-cultural presence of the vast Indian bureaucracy and political system. The city's capital status has amplified the importance of national events and holidays. National events such as Republic Day, Independence Day and Gandhi Jayanti (Gandhi's birthday) are celebrated with great enthusiasm in New Delhi and the rest of India. On India's Independence Day (15 August) the Prime Minister of India addresses the nation from the Red Fort. Most Delhiites celebrate the day by flying kites, which are considered a symbol of freedom.[61] The Republic Day Parade is a large cultural and military parade showcasing India's cultural diversity and military might.[62][63]

text: Religious festivals include Diwali (the festival of light), Maha Shivaratri, Teej, Durga Puja, Mahavir Jayanti, Guru Nanak Jayanti, Holi, Lohri, Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-Adha, Raksha Bandhan, Christmas and Chhath Puja .[63] The Qutub Festival is a cultural event during which performances of musicians and dancers from all over India are showcased at night, with the Qutub Minar as the chosen backdrop of the event.[64] Other events such as Kite Flying Festival, International Mango Festival and Vasant Panchami (the Spring Festival) are held every year in Delhi.

text: In 2007, the Japanese Buddhist organisation Nipponzan Myohoji decided to build a Peace Pagoda in the city containing Buddha relics. It was inaugurated by the current Dalai Lama.

text: Historic sites, museums and gardens[edit]

text: New Delhi is home to several historic sites and museums. The National Museum which began with an exhibition of Indian art and artefacts at the Royal Academy in London in the winter of 1947–48[65] was later at the end was shown at the Rashtrapati Bhawan in 1949. Later it was to form a permanent National Museum. On 15 August 1949, the National Museum was formally inaugurated and currently has 200,000 works of art, both of Indian and foreign origin, covering over 5,000 years.[66]

text: The India Gate built in 1931 was inspired by the Arc de Triomphe in Paris.[67] It is the national monument of India commemorating the 90,000 soldiers of the Indian Army who lost their lives while fighting for the British Raj in World War I and the Third Anglo-Afghan War.[67]The monument is barricaded now with entry to inside arch restricted.

text: The Rajpath which was built similar to the Champs-Élysées in Paris is the ceremonial boulevard for the Republic of India located in New Delhi. The annual Republic Day parade takes place here on 26 January. The Beating retreat takes place here 2 days later.

text: Gandhi Smriti in New Delhi is the location where Mahatma Gandhi spent the last 144 days of his life and was assassinated on 30 January 1948. Rajghat is the place where Mahatma Gandhi was cremated on 31 January 1948 after his assassination and his ashes were buried and make it a final resting place beside the sanctity of the Yamuna River. The Raj Ghat in the shape of large square platform with black marble was designed by architect Vanu Bhuta.

text: Jantar Mantar located in Connaught Place was built by Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur. It consists of 13 architectural astronomy instruments. The primary purpose of the observatory was to compile astronomical tables, and to predict the times and movements of the sun, moon and planets.

text: New Delhi is home to Indira Gandhi Memorial Museum, National Gallery of Modern Art, National Museum of Natural History, National Rail Museum, National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum, National Philatelic Museum, Nehru Planetarium, Shankar's International Dolls Museum.[68] and Supreme Court of India Museum.[69]

text: In the coming years, a new National War Memorial and Museum will be constructed in New Delhi[70][71] for ₹4,000 million (US$61 million).[72][73]

text: New Delhi is particularly renowned for its beautifully landscaped gardens that can look quite stunning in spring. The largest of these include Buddha Jayanti Park and the historic Lodi Gardens. In addition, there are the gardens in the Presidential Estate, the gardens along the Rajpath and India Gate, the gardens along Shanti Path, the Rose Garden, Nehru Park and the Railway Garden in Chanakya Puri. Also of note is the garden adjacent to the Jangpura Metro Station near the Defence Colony Flyover, as are the roundabout and neighbourhood gardens throughout the city.

text: The New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) area was declared the cleanest in North India, based on solid waste management, access to sanitation and other parameters of cleanliness, under the zone-wise Swachh Survekshan 2017.[74]

text: Transport[edit]

text: Air[edit]

text: Indira Gandhi International Airport, situated to the southwest of Delhi, is the main gateway for the city's domestic and international civilian air traffic. In 2012–13, the airport was used by more than 35 million passengers,[78][79] making it one of the busiest airports in South Asia. Terminal 3, which cost ₹96.8 billion (US$1.5 billion) to construct between 2007 and 2010, handles an additional 37 million passengers annually.[80]

text: The Delhi Flying Club, established in 1928 with two de Havilland Moth aircraft named Delhi and Roshanara, was based at Safdarjung Airport which started operations in 1929, when it was the Delhi's only airport and the second in India.[81] The airport functioned until 2001, however in January 2002 the government closed the airport for flying activities because of security concerns following the New York attacks in September 2001. Since then, the club only carries out aircraft maintenance courses,[81] and is used for helicopter rides to Indira Gandhi International Airport for VIP including the president and the prime minister.[82]

text: In 2010, Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGIA) was conferred the fourth best airport award in the world in the 15–25 million category, and Best Improved Airport in the Asia-Pacific Region by Airports Council International.[83] The airport was rated as the Best airport in the world in the 25–40 million passengers category in 2015, by Airports Council International.[84] Delhi Airport also bags two awards for The Best Airport in Central Asia/India and Best Airport Staff in Central Asia/India at the Skytrax World Airport Awards 2015.[85]

text: Road[edit]

text: New Delhi has one of India's largest bus transport systems. Buses are operated by the state-owned Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC), which owns largest fleet of compressed natural gas (CNG)-fueled buses in the world. Personal vehicles especially cars also form a major chunk of vehicles plying on New Delhi roads. New Delhi has the highest number of registered cars compared to any other metropolitan city in India. Taxis and Auto Rickshaws also ply on New Delhi roads in large numbers. New Delhi has one of the highest road density in India and average vehicle speed is around 15-20 kmph in peak hours in the city.[86]

text: Some roads and expressways serve as important pillars of New Delhi's road infrastructure:

text:
Inner Ring Road is one of the most important "state highways" in New Delhi. It is a 51 km long circular road, which connects important areas in New Delhi. Owing to more than 2 dozen grade-separators/flyovers, the road is almost signal-free.
Outer Ring Road is another major artery in New Delhi that links far-flung areas of Delhi.
The Delhi Noida Direct Flyway (DND Flyway) is an eight-laned access controlled tolled expressway which connects New Delhi and Delhi to Noida (an important satellite city of Uttar Pradesh). The acronym DND stands for "Delhi-Noida Direct".
'The Delhi Gurgaon Expressway is a 28 km (17 mi) expressway connecting New Delhi to Gurgaon, an important satellite city of Haryana.
The Delhi Faridabad Skyway is controlled tolled expressway which connects New Delhi to Faridabad, an important satellite city of Haryana.

tag: ul

text: National Highways passing through New Delhi

text: New Delhi is connected by road to the rest of India through National highways:

text:
National Highway 19 (India) (old number: NH 2), commonly referred as Delhi-Kolkata Road is a busy Indian National Highway that runs through the states of Delhi, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal.
National Highway 44 (India) is a National Highway that connects Srinagar with Kanyakumari and passes through Delhi.
National Highway 48 (India) is a National Highway that connects New Delhi with Chennai.
National Highway 9 (India) is a National Highway that connects Malout in Punjab to Pithoragarh in Uttarakhand and passes through Delhi.

text: Railway[edit]

text:
Station Name
Station Code
Railway Zone
Total Platforms

New Delhi
NDLS
Northern Railway
16

Old Delhi
DLI
Northern Railway
16

Hazrat Nizamuddin
NZM
Northern Railway
7

Anand Vihar Terminal
ANVT
Northern Railway
7

Delhi Sarai Rohilla
DEE
Northern Railway
7

text: New Delhi is a major junction in the Indian railway network and is the headquarters of the Northern Railway. The five main railway stations are New Delhi railway station, Old Delhi, Nizamuddin Railway Station, Anand Vihar Railway Terminal and Sarai Rohilla.[87] The Delhi Metro, a mass rapid transit system built and operated by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC), serves many parts of Delhi and the neighbouring cities Faridabad, Gurgaon, Noida and Ghaziabad. As of December 2016, the metro consists of six operational lines with a total length of 213 km (132 mi) and 160 stations. Several other lines are under construction and expected to be commissioned in 2017 adding another 150 km length.[88] It carries almost 3 million passengers every day.[89] In addition to the Delhi Metro, a suburban railway, the Delhi Suburban Railway exists.[90]

text: Metro[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Delhi Metro is a rapid transit system serving New Delhi, Delhi, Gurgaon, Faridabad, Noida, and Ghaziabad in the National Capital Region of India. Delhi Metro is the world's 12th largest metro system in terms of length. Delhi Metro was India's first modern public transportation system, which had revolutionised travel by providing a fast, reliable, safe, and comfortable means of transport. Presently, the Delhi Metro network consists of 213 kilometres (132 miles) of track, with 160 stations along with six more stations of the Airport Express Link. The network has now crossed the boundaries of Delhi to reach NOIDA and Ghaziabad in Uttar Pradesh, Gurgaon and faridabad in Haryana. All stations have escalators, elevators, and tactile tiles to guide the visually impaired from station entrances to trains. It has a combination of elevated, at-grade, and underground lines, and uses both broad gauge and standard gauge rolling stock. Four types of rolling stock are used: Mitsubishi-ROTEM Broad gauge, Bombardier MOVIA, Mitsubishi-ROTEM Standard gauge, and CAF Beasain Standard gauge.According to a study, Delhi Metro has helped in removing about 390,000 vehicles from the streets of Delhi.

text: Delhi Metro is being built and operated by the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited (DMRC), a state-owned company with equal equity participation from Government of India and Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. However, the organisation is under administrative control of Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. Besides construction and operation of Delhi metro, DMRC is also involved in the planning and implementation of metro rail, monorail and high-speed rail projects in India and providing consultancy services to other metro projects in the country as well as abroad. The Delhi Metro project was spearheaded by Padma Vibhushan E. Sreedharan, the managing director of DMRC and popularly known as the "Metro Man" of India. He famously resigned from DMRC, taking moral responsibility for a metro bridge collapse which took five lives. Sreedharan was awarded with the prestigious Legion of Honour by the French Government for his contribution to Delhi Metro.

text: Cityscape[edit]

text: Much of New Delhi, planned by the leading 20th-century British architect Edwin Lutyens, was laid out to be the central administrative area of the city as a testament to Britain's imperial ambitions. New Delhi is structured around two central promenades called the Rajpath and the Janpath. The Rajpath, or King's Way, stretches from the Rashtrapati Bhavan to the India Gate. The Janpath (Hindi: "Path of the People"), formerly Queen's Way, begins at Connaught Circus and cuts the Rajpath at right angles. 19 foreign embassies are located on the nearby Shantipath (Hindi: "Path of Peace"), making it the largest diplomatic enclave in India.[91]

text: At the heart of the city is the magnificent Rashtrapati Bhavan (formerly known as Viceroy's House) which sits atop Raisina Hill. The Secretariat, which houses ministries of the Government of India, flanks out of the Rashtrapati Bhavan. The Parliament House, designed by Herbert Baker, is located at the Sansad Marg, which runs parallel to the Rajpath. Connaught Place is a large, circular commercial area in New Delhi, modelled after the Royal Crescent in England. Twelve separate roads lead out of the outer ring of Connaught Place, one of them being the Janpath.

text: Architecture[edit]

text: The New Delhi town plan, like its architecture, was chosen with one single chief consideration: to be a symbol of British power and supremacy.[18][92][93] All other decisions were subordinate to this, and it was this framework that dictated the choice and application of symbology and influences from both Hindu and Islamic architecture.[67][92]

text: It took about 20 years to build the city from 1911.[94] Many elements of New Delhi architecture borrow from indigenous sources; however, they fit into a British Classical/Palladian tradition. The fact that there were any indigenous features in the design were due to the persistence and urging of both the Viceroy Lord Hardinge and historians like E.B. Havell.[67]

text: Sports[edit]

text: The city hosted the 2010 Commonwealth Games and annually hosts Delhi Half Marathon foot-race. The city has previously hosted the 1951 Asian Games and the 1982 Asian Games. New Delhi was interested[95] in bidding for the 2019 Asian Games but was turned down by the government on 2 August 2010 amid allegations of corruption in 2010 Commonwealth Games.[96]

text: Major sporting venues in New Delhi include the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Ambedkar Stadium, Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium, Feroz Shah Kotla Ground, R.K. Khanna Tennis Complex, Dhyan Chand National Stadium and Siri Fort Sports Complex.

text:
Club
Sport
League
Venue
Span

Delhi Daredevils
Cricket
IPL
Feroz Shah Kotla Ground
2008–present

Delhi Wizards
Field hockey
WSH
Dhyan Chand National Stadium
2011–present

Delhi Waveriders
Field hockey
HIL
Dhyan Chand National Stadium
2013–present

Delhi Acers
Badminton
PBL
DDA Badminton and Squash Stadium
2015–present

Dabang Delhi
Kabaddi
PKL
Thyagaraj Sports Complex
2014–present

Delhi Dynamos FC
Football
ISL
Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium
2014–present

Indian Aces
Tennis
IPTL
Indira Gandhi Arena
2014–present

Dilli Veer
Wrestling
PWL
K. D. Jadhav Wrestling Stadium
2015–present

text: Aerial view of New Delhi[edit]

text: International relations and organisations[edit]

text: The city is home to numerous international organisations. The Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology of the UNESCAP servicing the Asia-Pacific region is headquartered in New Delhi.[97] New Delhi is home to most UN regional offices in India namely the UNDP, UNODC, UNESCO, UNICEF, WFP, UNV, UNCTAD, FAO, UNFPA, WHO, World Bank, ILO, IMF, UNIFEM, IFC and UNAIDS. UNHCR Representation in India is also located in the city.

text: New Delhi hosts 145 foreign embassies and high commissions.

text: New Delhi hosted the 7th NAM Summit in 1983, 4th BRICS Summit[98] in 2012 and the IBSA Summit in 2015.[99][100] It will also host 5th Global Conference on CyberSpace in November 2017.[101][102]

text: Sister cities[edit]

text:
Moscow, Russia[103]
 Beijing, China (2013)[104]
 Samarkand, Uzbekistan


document_title: Hermia

question_text: who is the quote though she be but little she is fierce about

root

text: Hermia

text:
Hermia
A Midsummer Night's Dream character
Hermia and Lysander by John Simmons (1870)Created by
William ShakespeareDate(s)
Shakespearean timesInformationFamily
Egeus (father)

tag: table

text: Hermia is a fictional character from Shakespeare's play, A Midsummer Night's Dream. She is a girl of ancient Athens named for Hermes, the Greek god of trade.

tag: p

text: Hermia is caught in a romantic entanglement where she loves one man, Lysander, but is being courted by another, Demetrius, whose feelings she does not return.

text: Though she loves Lysander, Hermia's father, Egeus, wants her to marry Demetrius and has appealed to Theseus, the Duke of Athens, for support. Under Athenian law, Hermia's refusal of her father's command would result in her being put to death or being banished to a nunnery.

text: Lysander and Hermia flee into the forest, meeting Demetrius' former fiancé, and Hermia's lifelong friend, Helena. Demetrius had abandoned Helena to woo Hermia but Helena is still hopelessly in love with him. Hermia tells Helena not to worry; Hermia will elope with Lysander and Demetrius will no longer see her face. Helena relates Hermia's plan to Demetrius in the hope that he will realize her love for him, but Demetrius pursues Hermia and Lysander into the forest with Helena in pursuit.

text: Demetrius tries to persuade Helena to stop following him but Helena declares her love.

text: Oberon is the king of the fairies. He is invisible to humans and has been watching the story unfold. He orders his sprite, Puck, to place a drop from a magical flower on the sleeping Demetrius' eyelids so that he will fall in love with Helena when he wakes, and everyone will be content. However, Puck mistakes Lysander for Demetrius; when Lysander awakes, he sees Helena and falls deeply in love with her, forsaking Hermia. After discovering the mistake, Oberon places a drop of the magical flower on Demetrius' eyes. Demetrius awakes and his love for Helena is now rekindled; he joins Lysander in the quest for Helena's hand.

text: With both Demetrius and Lysander pursuing her, Helena becomes angry. Because Lysander's love for Hermia was so great and Demetrius had been wooing her in accordance with her father's wishes, Helena believes that they are cruelly mocking her. When Hermia returns to the scene, Helena accuses her of being part of the joke. Hermia feels betrayed by the accusation and asserts that she would never hurt her friend that way. Accusations and challenges fly between Lysander and Demetrius and between Helena and Hermia. Hermia now thinks the two swains prefer Helena because she is taller and offers to fight Helena. Helena asks for protection because Hermia was a scrapper in their younger years, saying, "And though she be but little, she is fierce."

text: Lysander and Demetrius resolve to settle their rivalry with swords and separately head further into the forest.

text: Wearied by the conflict and the chase, and with Puck providing some magic assistance, the four young Athenians fall asleep in the forest. Puck places the antidote on Lysander's eyes but not on Demetrius'. The four wake up the next morning when Theseus, Hippolyta, his betrothed, and Egeus find them.

text: This is the day Hermia is to make her choice: marry Demetrius, enter a nunnery or die. However, the lovers wake up dazed; Unable to explain how they fell asleep, they talk about a strange dream.

text: Demetrius, now permanently under the love flowers spell, says that he loves only Helena. With Demetrius out of the picture, Theseus overrules Egeus, freeing Hermia from her obligation. Hermia and Lysander marry each other at the wedding

text: As Hermia's name comes from the god of trade, there may have been an economic reason for Demetrius' courtship and Egeus' insistence on their marriage. [1]

text: In film versions, Hermia was played by Olivia de Havilland in the 1935 version and by Anna Friel in the 1999 release.


document_title: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990 film)

question_text: who played casey jones in the original ninja turtles movie

text: Plot[edit]

text: As a crime wave rises in New York City, reporter April O'Neil covers the mysterious ninja Foot Clan. The Shredder, the Foot leader, orders April silenced. She is attacked by the Foot in a subway and knocked unconscious. Raphael, one of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, emerges from the shadows, defeats the Foot, and carries her to the turtles' hideout, unaware that one of the Foot is following him. Splinter, their rat master, explains to April that he and the turtles were once ordinary animals, but were mutated into intelligent creatures by toxic waste. After the turtles escort April home, they find their hideout ransacked and Splinter kidnapped. They return to April's apartment and spend the night there.

text: Danny Pennington, the delinquent son of April's supervisor Charles Pennington, is recruited by the Foot. After bailing Danny out of jail for robbery, Charles stops at April's apartment, where Danny glimpses one of the turtles hiding. He reports this to Shredder.

text: At April's apartment, Raphael and Leonardo argue. Raphael goes to the roof, where the Foot ambush him. He is knocked unconscious and the turtles scramble to defend themselves, assisted by the vigilante Casey Jones. The building catches fire during the melee, and the turtles retreat to a farm belonging to April's family. Raphael recovers and the turtles train while April and Casey fall in love. Leo contacts Splinter through meditation, and the turtles return to New York to rescue him.

text: Danny has secretly been taking counsel from Splinter, who tells him the story of his master Hamato Yoshi's murder by a rival ninja, Oroku Saki, over the love of a woman, while Splinter was an ordinary rat. During the struggle, Splinter's cage was broken and he lunged at Saki's face, clawing and biting him. Saki, enraged, sliced off part of his ear with a katana. When Danny learns Shredder intends to have Splinter killed, he and Casey set him free.

text: The turtles engage the Foot in battle, but the Shredder defeats them. As the Shredder prepares to kill Leonardo, Splinter appears and challenges him to a fight. Splinter names Shredder as Oroku Saki; Saki removes his mask and touches his scar, remembering how Splinter gave it to him. He charges Splinter, who ensnares the Shredder's yari with Michelangelo's nunchaku, leaving him dangling over the roof's edge. Shredder throws a knife from his belt, but when Splinter reaches to catch it, his grip is released and Saki falls into a garbage truck. Casey pulls the lever to activate the compactor, crushing the Shredder. As the police arrive, the teens tell them where the stolen goods are. Reunited with Splinter, the turtles watch as April and Casey kiss.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Live-action actors[edit]

text:
Judith Hoag as April O'Neil, a reporter for Channel 3 News
Elias Koteas as Casey Jones, a streetwise vigilante and former ice hockey player who becomes an ally of the turtles
Michael Turney as Danny Pennington, Charles's teenage son and a member of The Foot
Jay Patterson as Charles Pennington, April's boss
Raymond Serra as Chief Sterns, the Police Chief of New York City
James Saito as Oroku Saki / The Shredder, the founder of a network of runaways-turned-thieves and the main antagonist of the film
Toshishiro Obata as Tatsu, Shredder's second-in-command
Sam Rockwell as Head Thug

text: Skeet Ulrich and Scott Wolf appear, uncredited, as members of the Foot.

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
Josh Pais as Raphael, the rebellious and angry Turtle[3]
Robbie Rist as Michelangelo, the fun-loving, party Turtle
Brian Tochi as Leonardo, the leader of the Turtles and the closest to Splinter
Corey Feldman as Donatello, the brains of the Turtles[3]
Kevin Clash as Splinter, the Turtles' master.
David McCharen as Oroku Saki / The Shredder
Michael McConnohie as Tatsu

text: Puppeteers[edit]

text:
David Greenaway as Raphael (facial assistant)

Josh Pais as Raphael (in-suit performer)

Mak Wilson as Michelangelo (facial assistant)

Michelan Sisti as Michaelangelo (in-suit performer)

David Rudman as Donatello (facial assistant)

Leif Tilden as Donatello (in-suit performer)
Ernie Reyes, Jr. as Donatello in-suit martial arts stunt double

Martin P. Robinson as Leonardo (facial assistant)

David Forman as Leonardo (in-suit performer)

Kevin Clash as Splinter (puppeteer)

Rickey Boyd as Splinter (facial assistant)
Robert Tygner as Splinter (assistant puppeteer)

text: All four actors who played the in-suit turtles also appeared in cameos, with David Forman (Leonardo) as a gang member, Michelan Sisti (Michaelangelo) as a pizza delivery man, Leif Tilden (Donatello) as a messenger of The Foot and Josh Pais (Raphael) as a passenger in a taxi. Pais was the only actor to portray a Turtle on screen and provide his voice.

text: Production[edit]

text: The script is based mainly on the early Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles comics, including the stories of the turtles' origins, rooftop battle, sojourn to the farmhouse, and battle with Shredder.[4] Elements were taken from the 1980s animated series, such as the Turtles' colored bandanas and love of pizza, elements of Michelangelo's character, and April O'Neil as a television reporter instead of a lab assistant.[4]

text: The film's budget was $13.5 million.[2] Much of the production took place in North Carolina, with a couple of location shoots in New York City during the summer of 1989 to capture famous landmark areas, such as Times Square, the Empire State Building, and the Hudson River.[3] Filming in North Carolina took place at the North Carolina Film Studios, where New York rooftop sets were created. Production designer Roy Forge Smith and his art director, Gary Wissner, went to New York City four months prior to filming and took still photographs of rooftops and other various locations. While in NYC, Smith and Wissner were allowed to explore an abandoned Brooklyn subway line, as they could not gain access to a city sewer, but the structure of the subway had the same principle as a sewer. They also went to a water tunnel which had large pipes running through it.[5]

text: After design sketches were created, the construction team used the studios' backlot to create some of the sets. There were problems with the manholes that led to the turtles' home, in that an eight-foot square room had to be constructed beneath them, but found water at about five-feet, and thus had to pour concrete into the underground rooms to keep the water out. In order to make the sewer authentic, a tide-mark was given, and it was covered with brick, plaster and stucco paint to give the walls a realistic look. The turtles were created by Jim Henson's Creature Shop in London.[3] Jim Henson said that the creatures were the most advanced that he had ever worked with. The creatures were first made out of fiberglass, and then remolded out of clay.[6] They were produced as molds to cast the whole body in foam rubber latex. The work at the Shop was completed within 18 weeks.[5]

text: Many major studios, such as Walt Disney Pictures, Columbia Pictures, MGM/UA, Orion Pictures, Paramount (whose parent company Viacom would acquire the TMNT property in 2009), and Warner Bros. turned down the film for distribution; they were worried that despite the popularity of the cartoon and the toy line, the film could potentially be a box office disappointment, like Masters of the Universe was just a couple years prior.[3] The film found distribution roughly halfway through the initial production, via the then small and independent production company New Line Cinema, which had been known for distributing low budget B movies and arthouse fare.[3]

text: According to Brian Henson, the film was finished in post-production largely without Barron. Editor Sally Menke, who later edited many films by Quentin Tarantino, was removed as production company Golden Harvest did not like her work.[7]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Live Entertainment Inc. announced that the film would go to VHS via its Family Home Entertainment label on October 4,[citation needed] 1990. The suggested price was $24.99 per cassette. Pizza Hut engaged in a $20 million marketing campaign tied into the film (despite the fact that Domino's Pizza was used as product placement in the film itself). Items included advertising in print, radio and television, and several rebate coupons.[8]

text: Alternate versions[edit]

text: The UK version removed Eastern fighting weapons like the nunchaku, using alternate shots of Michaelangelo in order to conceal his nunchaku weapon, or omitting the show-off duel between Michaelangelo and a member of the Foot clan. Also, the scene of Shredder in the garbage shred was heavily edited and the Turtle Power song was edited to change the word 'ninja' to 'hero' as per the UK TV series. The unedited version was released on DVD in 2004 in the UK.[9]

text: The German theatrical voice-dubbed version is identical to the UK version, i.e. it omits the usage of the nunchaku. Furthermore, the German dubbing audio track contains several "cartoon-like" sounds in order to soften the violence of the fight scenes. Although the German dub of the film was released with unedited pictures on DVD, the German dub audio version with the "funny noises" was still kept, because they were permanently merged into the German voice-dubbing audio.

text: Reception[edit]

text: On the film's initial release, Owen Gleiberman, writing for Entertainment Weekly, gave the movie an F rating, finding that none of the four turtles or Splinter had any personality, and felt that a young audience might enjoy the film, noting that the reviewer might have "gone for it too had I been raised on Nintendo games and the robotic animation that passes for entertainment on today's Saturday-morning TV."[10] Kim Newman wrote in the Monthly Film Bulletin that he found the characters reminiscent of the early '70s Godzilla film series, describing the turtles as "loveable monsters in baggy foam rubber suits" who "befriended lost children and smashed things up in orgies of destruction that somehow never hurt anyone,"[11] and that the turtles "drop the occasional teenage buzzword but are never remotely convincing as teenagers, mutants, ninjas or turtles, leaving them stranded on the screen as big green Muppets with different coloured headbands."[11]

text: Voth Gleiberman and Maslin praised the work of Jim Henson's Creature Shop, with Maslin stating "without which there would have been no film at all".[10][12] Variety praised the film's tongue-in-cheek humor and the "amusingly outlandish" martial arts sequences.[13] Roger Ebert concluded that the film is "nowhere near as bad as it might have been, and probably is the best possible Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle movie. It supplies, in other words, more or less what Turtle fans will expect."[14]

text: Maslin of The New York Times criticized the cinematography, stating that it was so "poorly photographed that the red-masked turtle looks almost exactly like the orange-masked one."[12] Variety described the film as "visually rough around the edges... sometimes sluggish in its plotting".[13] Ebert stated that the "most interesting part of the film for a non-Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle fan is the production design", which he described as a "low-rent version of Batman or Metropolis."[14]

text: Variety, the New York Times, and the Monthly Film Bulletin all noted the Asian villains of the film; Variety described "overtones of racism in its use of Oriental villains", while the Times' Janet Maslin stated "The story's villainous types are Asian, and the film plays the yellow-peril aspects of this to the hilt."[11][12][13] Newman noted a racist joke in April O'Neil's response to the Foot Clan, "What's the matter, did I fall behind on my Sony payments?", finding that the film expressed a "resentment of Japan's economic strength even while the film is plundering Japan's popular culture."[11] Ebert felt there was "no racism" in the film.[14]

text: The film has a 40% rating on the rotten tomatoes rating aggregator website, making it the highest rated film in the series.[15]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film opened in North America on March 30, 1990, coming in at #1 at the box office over the weekend, with more than $25 million.[16] The film turned out to be a huge success at the box office, eventually making over $135 million in North America, and over $66 million outside North America, for a worldwide total of over $200 million, making it the ninth highest-grossing film of 1990 worldwide.[2] The film was also nominated for awards by The Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films.[17]

text: Home release[edit]

text: In 1990, the film was released to VHS[18] and reached No. 4 in the home video market.[19] The film was released to DVD in Region 1 on September 3, 2002; it includes only minor special features, such as a trailer and interactive menus. The film was also released in the MiniDVD format.[citation needed]

text: On August 11, 2009, the film was included in a special 25th anniversary box set (25th anniversary of the original comic book, not the movie), released to both DVD and Blu-Ray formats. It also contained Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III, and 2007's animated release, TMNT. No additional features, other than theatical trailers, were included.

text: In Germany, however, a "Special Edition" was released on March 12, 2010 with additional features, including an audio commentary by director Steve Barron, an alternate ending, and alternate takes from the original German release, where Michelangelo's nunchaku had been edited out.[20]

text: Warner Home Video released the film along with Secret of the Ooze and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III as part of a "Triple Feature" on Blu-ray in June 2012, minus the fourth film TMNT. Warner Home Video released the film separately on Blu-ray on December 18, 2012.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Following the huge success of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles at the box office, several sequels were created. A year later, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze was released in theaters, and was a commercial success. In 1993, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III was released in theaters, to a smaller box office take. After a 14-year absence from theaters, a fourth film, TMNT, was released in 2007, though unlike the first three, this was a CGI animated film. Seven years later, a reboot, also with the title Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, was released in 2014, and a sequel titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows was released in theaters on June 3, 2016.[21]


document_title: Nia Long

question_text: who plays lisa on fresh prince of bel air

text: Nia Long

text: Early life[edit]

text: Long was born in Brooklyn, New York,[1] to Talita Long (née Gillman), a teacher and printmaker,[2] and Doughtry Long, a high school teacher and poet.[3] Her family is of Trinidadian, Grenadian, Vincentian, and Bajan descent.[4][5] She has an older half-sister, the actress and comedian known as Sommore.[citation needed]

text: Long was two years old when her parents divorced. She accompanied her mother when she moved to Iowa City, Iowa, to study fine arts. Her mother moved to South Los Angeles when Long was seven years old, as she planned to marry there. She and her fiance called off the wedding, but Talita chose to stay in Los Angeles.[6] Long's father resides in Trenton, New Jersey.

text: Long attended the Roman Catholic school St. Mary's Academy in Inglewood, California. She was bused from South Los Angeles to Paseo Del Rey Elementary School in Playa Del Rey from 3rd grade through 6th grade. In addition to her academic classes, she studied ballet, tap, jazz, gymnastics, guitar, and acting. She graduated from Westchester High School in Los Angeles in 1989.[citation needed]

text: Career[edit]

text:
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text: Long's acting coach was Betty Bridges, better known as the mother of Diff'rent Strokes star Todd Bridges. Her earliest role was in the Disney television movie, The B.R.A.T. Patrol alongside Sean Astin, Tim Thomerson and Brian Keith. Her first notable role on television was a three-year contract role as Kathryn "Kat" Speakes on the soap opera Guiding Light. Long portrayed Kat from 1991 to 1994. Long played Brandi in Boyz n the Hood. The film excited Long, who was doing her "first real movie role". It helped Long build her confidence as an actress. "It introduced me to the world in a way that it was okay for me to be who I am and still find success," she added. "I didn’t have to conform to anything."[7] From 1994 – 1995, she played Will Smith's girlfriend and fiancée Beulah "Lisa" Wilkes on The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air. Jada Pinkett Smith was originally supposed to play Lisa, but was too short for the role (opposite a 6'2" Will Smith), thus leaving Nia to take the part.

text: In 2000, Long was offered the role of Alex Munday in Charlie's Angels, but she turned it down, and the role was eventually given to Lucy Liu. In 2003, she joined the cast of the drama Third Watch, where she played NYPD Officer Sasha Monroe, continuing until the series finale in 2005. In 2005 and 2006, Long appeared on Everwood, and appeared on Boston Legal during its 2006–2007 season. Long also starred in Big Shots from 2007–2008 alongside Michael Vartan and Dylan McDermott. In 2016, Long was cast in a recurring role for the TV series Empire. She acquired the role of Giuliana, a Las Vegas club owner.[8]

text: Long appeared in supporting roles in a number of movies such as Friday and Made in America. Long played a leading role, or a member of the primary ensemble, in several films, including Soul Food, Love Jones, Boiler Room, Big Momma's House, Are We There Yet?, and The Best Man. Ice Cube has starred with her in four films, while (fellow Westchester High alum) Regina King has starred with her in two. Long starred alongside Michael Beach in Soul Food and in the TV series Third Watch.

text: Long appears in the video for Kanye West's "Touch the Sky". She directed Yolanda Adams's music video for "This Too Shall Pass". She won a NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series in 2004 for her performance on Third Watch. Long co-directed and appeared in Ashanti's music video, "Baby". She also made a guest appearance on the successful sitcom Living Single during its first season.

text: She appeared in the 2013 film The Best Man Holiday, reprising her role from the original 1999 film. Unlike the original film, however, her character is in an interracial relationship with a caucasian man. Long was revealed to have pursuing an interracial relationship in the film and explained: "We're living in a modern world where it happens and it's OK and it's no disrespect to any black man. I love black men, but the reality is the sistahs are marrying white men and the brothas are marrying white women and that's the world that we live in and it's not to be judged, and if it works for you then embrace it". Director Malcolm D. Lee also supported the interracial relationship being portrayed in the film. "African-American women who are extremely successful can't always find black male counterparts on that level so it's a little bit of a reflection of reality that black women are starting to date outside their race — and why not?"[9]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Long started dating Ime Udoka in 2010, and gave birth to their son, Kez Sunday Udoka on November 7, 2011.[10] The couple became engaged in May 2015.[11] She also has another son, Massai Zhivago Dorsey II (born November 26, 2000), from a previous relationship to Massai Dorsey.[10]

text: The actress contributes her time to the Sterling Children's Home in Barbados, as a motivational speaker.[12]

text: Long is a supporter of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.[13]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1990
Buried Alive
Fingers

1991
Boyz n the Hood
Brandi

1993
Made in America
Zora Mathews

1995
Friday
Debbie

1997
Love Jones
Nina Mosley
Nominated—Acapulco Black Film Festival Award for Best Actress
Nominated—NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture

Hav Plenty
Trudy

Soul Food
Ryla "Bird" Joseph

1998
Butter
Carmen Jones

1999
In Too Deep
Myra

The Best Man
Jordan Armstrong
Black Reel Award for Best Actress
NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture

Stigmata
Donna Chadway

Held Up
Rae

The Secret Laughter of Women
Nimi Da Silva

2000
The Broken Hearts Club:
A Romantic Comedy
Leslie

Boiler Room
Abbie Halpert
Nominated—Black Reel Award for Best Supporting Actress

Big Momma's House
Sherry Pierce
Nominated—Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Actress in a Comedy
Nominated—NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture

2003
BAADASSSSS!
Sandra

2004
The N-Word
Herself
Documentary

Alfie
Lonette
Nominated—Black Reel Award for Best Supporting Actress

2005
Are We There Yet?
Suzanne Kingston

2006
Big Momma's House 2
Sherry Pierce-Turner

2007
Premonition
Annie

Are We Done Yet?
Suzanne Kingston-Persons

2008
Gospel Hill
Yvonne Palmer

2009
Good Hair
Herself
Documentary

2010
Mooz-lum
Safiyah
Nominated—Black Reel Award for Best Actress

2013
The Best Man Holiday
Jordan Armstrong
Acapulco Black Film Festival Award for Best Cast
Nominated—Black Reel Award for Best Actress

2014
The Single Moms Club
May Miller

2016
Keanu
Hannah

2017
Lemon
Cleo

Roxanne Roxanne
Peggy

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1986
227
Girl (uncredited)
Episode: "Slam Dunked"

Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color
Darla Perkins
Episode: "The B.R.A.T Patrol"

1991–93
Guiding Light
Katherine "Kat" Speakes
Unknown episodes

1991
The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air
Claudia Prescott
Episode: "She Ain't Heavy"

1993
Living Single
Stacey Evans
Episode: "Love Takes a Holiday"

1994–95
The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air
Lisa Wilkes
15 episodes
Nominated—NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series

1995
Live Shot
Ramona Greer
Unsold TV pilot

1996
ER
Christy Wilson
Episode: "Baby Shower"

Moesha
Ruth
2 episodes

1998
Black Jaq
Jaqueline "Jaq" Blackman
Unsold TV pilot

2000
If These Walls Could Talk 2
Karen
Television movie
Nominated—NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special

2001–02
Judging Amy
Andrea Solomon
6 episodes

2002
Sightings: Heartland Ghost
Lou
Television movie

2003–05
Third Watch
Officer Sasha Monroe
35 episodes
NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series

2006
Everwood
Cassie
Episode: "Truth"

2007
Boston Legal
Vanessa Walker
3 episodes

2007–08
Big Shots
Katie Graham
11 episodes

2009–10
The Cleveland Show
Roberta Tubbs
13 episodes

2010
Boston's Finest
Taylor Sanchez
Unsold TV pilot

2011
Chase
Melissa Randolph
Episode: "Narco: Part 2"

2012
House of Lies
Tamara
8 episodes
Nominated—NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series

2014
The Divide
Billie Page
8 episodes

2015-16
Real Husbands of Hollywood
Herself
2 episodes

2016
Uncle Buck
Alexis Smith-Russell
8 episodes

2017
Beaches
Hillary Whitney
Television movie
Nominated—Black Reel Award for Best Actress in a Television Movie or Limited Series

Dear White People
Neika Hobbs
3 episodes

Empire
Giuliana 'Giusi' Green
8 episodes

2017–present
NCIS Los Angeles
Assistant Director Shay Mosley
Main Cast Season 9–)

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
BET Comedy Awards

Year
Category
Result

2005
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Theatrical Film (Alfie)
Nominated

text:
Black Reel Awards

Year
Category
Result

2005
Best Supporting Actress (Alfie)
Nominated

2001
Best Supporting Actress (Boiler Room)
Nominated

2000
Best Actress (The Best Man)
Won

text:
Image Awards

Year
Category
Result

2005
Outstanding Actress in a Television Drama (Third Watch)
Won

2004
Outstanding Actress in a Television Drama (Third Watch)
Won

2001
Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture (Big Momma's House)
Nominated

Outstanding Actress in Television Movie/Mini-Series (If These Walls Could Talk 2)
Nominated

2000
Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture (The Best Man)
Won


document_title: Marmaduke (film)

question_text: what kind of dog is chupadogra from marmaduke

text: Marmaduke (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Marmaduke, a Great Dane, lives in rural Kansas with his best friend, a cat named Carlos. His owners, Phil and Debbie Winslow, work for Bark Organic dog food. Phil is very strict, from Marmaduke's perspective. Phil is transferred to Orange County, California. Phil's boss, Don Twombly, wants to sell Bark Organic in nation-wide Petco stores. Phil and Don meet at the dog park to discuss Phil's assignment, an ad campaign to win over Petco. There, Marmaduke meets Mazie, who develops a crush on Marmaduke. He also meets Giuseppe, a Chinese Crested dog who is afraid of everything, and Raisin, a very smart but minute Dachshund.

text: Later, Marmaduke meets a Rough Collie named Jezebel, whose boyfriend is Bosco, a violent Beauceron with two Miniature Pinscher minions named Thunder and Lightning. Bosco intimidates Marmaduke, who does not want to fight. Marmaduke and the mutts get together at night and crash Bosco's pedigrees-only party, only to be scared away. Marmaduke asks Mazie to help him get a girl, whom she presumes is herself but is Jezebel.

text: Marmaduke has Carlos pretend to be lost in the dog park, and the two stage a fight in front of all the dogs to boost Marmaduke's popularity. Marmaduke enters a dog surfing contest put together as a promotional stunt by Phil to sway Petco and beats Bosco, who is the reigning dog-surfing champion. They get into a fight, which appalls the Petco executives. As a result, Phil hires a dog trainer named Anton to help him control Marmaduke, albeit with little success.

text: Marmaduke takes Jezebel on Mazie's dream date, which the latter watches from afar. While the Winslow family are on Don's boat, Marmaduke throws a party; most residents of the dog park attend, save for Mazie, Giuseppe, and Raisin. Bosco crashes the party and discovers it was Carlos at the dog park. He exposes Marmaduke, who loses his friends. When the Winslows return and Phil discovers the house in a wreck, he locks Marmaduke outside. Marmaduke runs away and leaves Mazie a toy she had given him earlier. Mazie goes to Marmaduke's house, and Carlos tells her Marmaduke never returned. As she looks for him, Marmaduke meets Chupadogra, a wise, elderly English Mastiff who is feared for presumably eating his owner. In reality, he ran away to lead a pack, but they abandoned him. He has spent the time alone in the woods with nothing but a blanket and his old water bowl, which reads "Buster". Buster tells Marmaduke to return to his family while he still has one and distracts a dog catcher. Marmaduke leaves but gets lost.

text: In the morning, the Winslows discover Marmaduke missing and search for him. Mazie and the family find him simultaneously on the streets, but Mazie falls into a subterranean rainwater conduit after the street below her collapses. Marmaduke jumps in after her; Phil and the fire department attempt to retrieve him. The fireman saves Mazie but loses Marmaduke in the raging water. By this time, Phil has been fired for missing his last chance meeting with Petco. He follows the aqueduct and finds Marmaduke in the raging waters. Phil begs Marmaduke to let go of the branch he is holding onto and let the waters carry him to Phil. He reluctantly does and is saved. Several kids record it on video and put it on YouTube. When it proves popular, Phil is rehired and Petco stocks Bark Organic. Phil discusses moving back to Kansas, but the Winslow family wants to stay in California.

text: Marmaduke convinces the pedigrees to share the park, and they turn on Bosco, who leaves, after revealing his fear of bees (which Marmaduke also fears). Meanwhile, Phil and Don think of new commercials while considering whether dogs can talk to each other or dance. Marmaduke, Jezebel, Mazie, Giuseppe, Raisin, and Buster, among others, dance and sing "What I Like About You", which turns out to be the commercial. Marmaduke and Mazie date, Marmaduke and Jezebel are friends, and all is well. That night, Marmaduke farts in Phil and Debbie's bed as he winks at the camera.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Humans[edit]

text:
Lee Pace as Phil Winslow
Judy Greer as Debbie Winslow
William H. Macy as Don Twombly
Raugi Yu as Drama Trainer
Finley Jacobsen as Brian Winslow
Caroline Sunshine as Barbara Winslow
Milana Haines as Sarah Winslow
Frank Topol as Bosco's Owner
Michael Teigen as Gray
Sydney Imbeau as Little Girl (uncredited)
Glenn McCuen as Bodie
David Walliams as Anton Harrison
Heather Doerksen as Jessica

text: Animals[edit]

text:
Owen Wilson as Marmaduke: a Great Dane. A large dog, he loves Debbie's cooking and tries to get Phil to listen to Brian and Barbara.
James Singer as Young Marmaduke
George Lopez as Carlos: a Balinese who is Marmaduke’s "stepbrother" and best friend.
Emma Stone as Mazie: an energetic Australian Shepherd tomboy who has a crush on Marmaduke. She welcomes him into the local gang to make him feel at home in LA.
Christopher Mintz-Plasse as Giuseppe: a nervous, stylized Chinese Crested Dog.
Steve Coogan as Raisin, an intelligent Dachshund.
Fergie as Jezebel: a kind-hearted Rough Collie.
Kiefer Sutherland as Bosco: a Beauceron. He becomes jealous of the other male dogs in the gang, including its newest arrival.
Damon Wayans, Jr. as Thunder: one of Bosco's sidekicks, a Miniature Pinscher.
Marlon Wayans as Lightning: Thunder's twin brother and also Bosco's sidekick.
Sam Elliott as Chupadogra: an elderly English Mastiff who they believe got rabies and ate his owner. His real name is Buster.
Ice-T as Slick, a tough as nails German Shepherd.
Todd Glass as Doberman / Shasta
Randall Montgomery as Sweater Dog
Devon Werkheiser as Drama Dog #1 / Shroom Dog #2 / Golden Dog / Cocker Spaniel
Chris Colfer as Drama Dog #2 / Shroom Dog #1 / Beach Dog #1
Ryan Devlin as Deuce / Beach Dog #2
Jeffrey Garcia as Beach Dog #3
King Kedar as Surfing Award Dog / Beach Dog #4 (as King 'AB' Kedar)
Jennifer Louise La Voie as a Teacup Poodle
Daniel Bruce as Devil Dogs
Hope Levy as Afghan Hound #1
Anjelah Johnson as Afghan Hound #2
Josh Gad as Bandana Dog
Francisco Ramos as Purse Chihuahua #1
Bernardo de Paula as Purse Chihuahua #2
Eddie 'Piolin' Sotelo as Purse Chihuahua #3
Jack McGee as Dalmatian
Hudson Tahmes as Delinquent Dog
Jason Congeryman as Doggy

text: Release[edit]

text: Marmaduke was released on June 4, 2010, by 20th Century Fox to 3,213 theaters in the US. The film earned $3.4 million on opening day, landing in sixth place behind Sex and the City 2, Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time, Killers, Get Him to the Greek, and Shrek Forever After respectively. The film remained in sixth place over the weekend, with $11.6 million earned for a $3,608 average from 3,213 theaters.[5] In its second weekend, it had a 48% decline to just over $6 million and descending to seventh place.[6] The film closed on September 16, 2010, after grossing $33.6 million in the US and an additional $50.1 million overseas for a worldwide total of $83.8 million.[4] Marmaduke was released on August 31, 2010, on DVD and Blu-ray, two and a half months after its release in theaters.[7]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 9% of 99 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review, with an average rating of 3.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Dull and unfunny, Marmaduke offers family filmgoers little more than another round of talking animals and scatological humor."[8] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 30 out of 100 based on 22 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[9] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[10] Roger Ebert of The Chicago Sun-Times gave the film two out of four stars, and wrote in his review, "The moment I saw Marmaduke's big drooling lips moving, I knew I was in trouble."[11] The Radio Times was quite positive, saying "it's all a tad contrived, but young and old alike will get something from it—even if the lip movements take a bit of getting used to."[12][dead link]

text: Marmaduke was nominated at the Teen Choice Awards for Choice Movie: Animated.[13]  George Lopez was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actor for his roles in Marmaduke, among others.[14]


document_title: List of rivers by age

question_text: which is the oldest river in the world

question_tokens: which is the oldest river in the world

text: List of rivers by age

text: Determination of age[edit]

text: The age of a river is difficult to determine. Generally, the age is estimated based primarily upon the age of any mountains it dissects; the age of the sea or ocean to which it eventually outflows can be irrelevant; for example, several rivers of the east side of the Appalachian Mountains are older than the existence of the Atlantic Ocean, which did not exist 130 million years ago.[citation needed] If a river fully dissects a mountain range, then this generally indicates that the river existed at least at the time that the mountain range rose.

text: List of some of the world's oldest rivers[edit]

text:
Continent color key

Africa
Asia
Oceania
Europe
North America
South America

text:
River
Age (Mya)
Outflow
Most significant criterion for the age

Finke
350-400
Lake Eyre
(intermittent)
Predates the Alice Springs Orogeny; several other smaller rivers in the Northern Territory are of a similar age[1][2]

Meuse
320 to 340
North Sea
Paleozoic, dissects the Ardennes during the Hercynian[3] The Hercynian Orogeny mountain upflift was contemporary with the Appalachian-forming Alleghenian orogeny, both 320 to 340 ma.

New
260 to 325
Kanawha River
Dissects the Appalachian Mountains, formed by the Alleghenian orogeny, 320-340 ma [4]

Susquehanna
260 to 325
Chesapeake Bay
Dissects the Appalachian Mountains, formed by the Alleghenian orogeny, 320-340 ma [5]

French Broad
260 to 325
Tennessee River
Dissects the Appalachian Mountains, formed by the Alleghenian orogeny, 320-340 ma. The New, Susquehanna, French Broad are the only significant rivers that fully dissect the Appalachian core; the Hudson River is of more recent geologic origin.[6]

Rhine
240
North Sea
Triassic, possibly older if it dissected mountains uplifted during the Hercynian in addition to the Eocene with the Alps or the Miocene with the Upper Rhine Graben

Save
205
Indian Ocean
Formed during rifting when Gondwana broke up.[7]

Amazon
200
Atlantic Ocean
Jurassic, but it seems to have flowed in the opposite direction as an extension of the Congo, i.e. long before the formation of Andes

Amur
125
Sea of Okhotsk
Known to be at least Cretaceous in age, but crosses mountains even older[8]

Macleay
80
Tasman Sea
Predates uplift of Great Escarpment[9]

Murrumbidgee
75
Murray River
Predates uplift of Australian Alps[9]

Colorado
75
Gulf of California
Uplift during Laramide orogeny, see Geology of the Grand Canyon area

Nile
65 to 75
Mediterranean Sea
65 to 75 for the Sudd section; the rest of the river is only 1 or 2 million years old [10]

Thames
58
North Sea
Late Palaeocene Period Thanetian Stage.[11]

Indus
(Sindhu)
45
Arabian Sea
Source in the Himalayas and Karakoram Mountains[12]

Tyne
30
North Sea
The Tyne, 30 MYA began to carve its valley, by removing softer chalk rocks and exposing harder rocks.[13] Significantly predates the last Ice Age.

Yangtze
(Chang Jiang)
23 to 36.5
East China Sea
Post-dates the Three Gorges formation (36.5 ma) [14][15]