document_title: Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale

question_text: the wong-baker faces pain rating scale is used for what patients

text: Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale

text: The Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale is a pain scale that was developed by Donna Wong and Connie Baker. The scale shows a series of faces ranging from a happy face at 0, or "no hurt", to a crying face at 10, which represents "hurts like the worst pain imaginable". Based on the faces and written descriptions, the patient chooses the face that best describes their level of pain.[1]

text: There are 6 faces in the Wong-Baker Pain Scale. The first face represents a pain score of 0, and indicates "no hurt". The second face represents a pain score of 2, and indicates "hurts a little bit." The third face represents a pain score of 4, and indicates "hurts a little more". The fourth face represents a pain score of 6, and indicates "hurts even more". The fifth face represents a pain score of 8, and indicates "hurts a whole lot"; the sixth face represents a pain score of 10, and indicates "hurts worst."[2]

text: This pain scale was originally developed for children. However it can be used with all patients age 3 and above. It is useful for children because they may not understand rating their pain on a scale of 0-10, but are able to understand the cartoon faces and the emotions they represent, and point to the one that "best matches their level of pain". This pain scale is also appropriate for patients who do not know how to count, and those who may have impaired brain function. Cultural sensitivity of the scale was also assessed to determine its applicability and acceptance across different cultures, and "research supports cultural sensitivity of FACES for Caucasian, African-American, Hispanic, Thai, Chinese, and Japanese children.[3]:155


document_title: Bambi

question_text: what was the name of the skunk in bambi

question_tokens: what was the name of the skunk in bambi

root

text: Bambi

text: Plot

text: A doe gives birth to a fawn named Bambi, who will one day take over the position of Great Prince of the Forest, a title currently held by Bambi's father, who guards the woodland creatures from the dangers of hunters. The fawn is quickly befriended by an eager, energetic rabbit named Thumper, who helps to teach him to walk and speak. Bambi grows up very attached to his mother, with whom he spends most of his time. He soon makes other friends, including a young skunk named Flower and a female fawn named Faline. Curious and inquisitive, Bambi frequently asks about the world around him and is cautioned about the dangers of life as a forest creature by his loving mother. One day out in a meadow, Bambi briefly sees The Great Prince but does not realize that he is his father. As the great prince wanders uphill, he discovers the human hunter named "Man" by all the animals is coming and rushes down to the meadow to get everyone to safety. Bambi is briefly separated from his mother during that scene but is escorted to her by the Great Prince as the three of them make it back in the forest just as Man fires his gun.

tag: p

text: During Bambi's first winter, he and Thumper play in the snow while Flower hibernates. One day his mother takes him along to find food, when Man shows up again. As they escape his mother is shot and killed by the hunter, leaving the little fawn mournful and alone. Taking pity on his abandoned son, the Great Prince leads Bambi home as he reveals to him that he is his father. Next year, Bambi has matured into a young stag, and his childhood friends have entered young adulthood as well. They are warned of "twitterpation" by Friend Owl and that they will eventually fall in love, although the trio view the concept of romance with scorn. However, Thumper and Flower soon both encounter their beautiful romantic counterparts and abandon their former thoughts on love. Bambi himself encounters Faline as a beautiful doe. However, their courtship is quickly interrupted and challenged by a belligerent older stag named Ronno, who attempts to force Faline away from Bambi. Bambi successfully manages to defeat Ronno in battle and earn the rights to the doe's affections.

text: Bambi is awakened shortly afterward by the smell of smoke, he follows it and discovers it leads to a hunter camp. Bambi is warned by his father that Man has returned with more hunters. The two flee to safety, although Bambi is separated from Faline in the turmoil and searches for her along the way. He soon finds her cornered by Man's vicious hunting dogs, which he manages to ward off. Bambi, his father, Faline, and the forest animals manage to reach shelter on a riverbank. The following spring, Faline gives birth to twins under Bambi's watchful eye as the new Great Prince of the Forest.

text: Cast

text:
Bambi, the film's title character and protagonist:
Bobby Stewart as Baby Bambi
Donnie Dunagan as Young Bambi
Hardie Albright as Adolescent Bambi
John Sutherland as Young Adult Bambi[1]
Thumper, a friend of Bambi's:
Peter Behn as Young Thumper
Tim Davis as Adolescent Thumper
Sam Edwards as Young Adult Thumper
Paula Winslowe as Bambi's Mother and the Pheasant
Flower, a striped skunk and another friend of Bambi's:
Stan Alexander as Young Flower
Tim Davis as Adolescent Flower
Sterling Holloway as Young Adult Flower
Will Wright as Friend Owl
Faline, a female deer whom Bambi eventually falls in love with:
Cammie King as Young Faline
Ann Gillis as Young Adult Faline
Fred Shields as Great Prince of the Forest
Margaret Lee as Mrs. Rabbit
Mary Lansing as Aunt Ena and Mrs. Possum
Perce Pearce as Mr. Mole[8][self-published source]

tag: ul

text: Notes

text: ^ Sources differ on whether Sutherland actually voiced Young Adult Bambi.[9]

text: Production

text: Development

text: In 1933, Sidney Franklin, a producer and director at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, purchased the film rights to Felix Salten's novel Bambi, A Life in the Woods, intending to adapt it as a live-action film. After years of experimentation, he eventually decided that it would be too difficult to make such a film and he sold the film rights to Walt Disney in April 1937.[10] Disney began work on crafting an animated adaptation immediately, intending it to be the company's second feature-length animated film and their first to be based on a specific, recent work.[10] However, the original novel was written for an adult audience, and was considered too "grim" and "somber" for a regular light-hearted Disney film.[10] The artists also discovered that it would be challenging to animate deer realistically.[11] These difficulties resulted in Disney putting production on hold while the studio worked on several other projects.[10] In 1938, Disney assigned Perce Pearce and Carl Fallberg to work on the film's storyboards, but attention was soon drawn away as the studio began working on Fantasia.[10] Finally, on August 17, 1939, production on Bambi began in earnest, but progressed slowly owing to changes in the studio personnel, location, and methodology of handling animation at the time.[10]

text: Writing

text: There were many interpretations of the story. As Mel Shaw claimed

text:
“

The story of Bambi had a so many possibilities, you could go off on a million tangents. I remember one situation when Walt became involved with himself. He said 'Suppose we have Bambi step on an ant hill and we cut inside and see all the damage he's done to the ant civilization'. We spent weeks and weeks developing the ants, and then all of a sudden we decided, you know, we're way off the story, this has got nothing to do with the story of Bambi. We also had a family of grasshoppers, and they get into a family squabble of this or that, and Bambi is watching all of this, and here's the big head of Bambi in the grasshoppers. And what's that got to do with the story, and this would go on many times.[11]

”

tag: table

text: Originally the film was intended to have six individual bunny characters, similar to the dwarfs in Snow White. However Perce Pearce suggested that they could instead have five generic rabbits and one rabbit with a different color than the rest, with one tooth, would have a very distinct personality.[12] This character later became known as Thumper.

text: There originally was a brief shot in the scene where Bambi's mother dies of her jumping over a log and getting shot by man. Larry Morey, however, felt the scene was too dramatic, and that it was emotional enough to justify having her death occurring off screen.[11][12] Walt Disney was also eager to show man burned to death by his fire that he inadvertently started, but this was discarded when it was decided not to show man at all.[11] There was also a scene involving two autumn leaves conversing like an old married couple before parting ways and falling to the ground, but Disney found that talking flora did not work in the context of the film, and instead a visual metaphor of two realistic leaves falling to the ground was used instead.[12] Disney and his story team also developed the characters consisting of a squirrel and a chipmunk that were to be a comic duo reminiscent of Laurel and Hardy. However, after years of experimentation, Walt felt that the story should focus on the three principal characters: Bambi, Thumper and Flower.[12] The squirrel and chipmunk make only brief appearances in the final film.

text: The writing was completed in July 1940, by which time the film's budget had increased to $858,000.[10]

text: Animation

text: Although the animators had animated deer in Snow White, they were animated, in the words of Eric Larson, "like big flour sacks".[11] Disney wanted the animals in Bambi to be more realistic and expressive than those in Snow White. He had Rico LeBrun, a painter of animals, come and lecture to the animators on the structure and movement of animals.[13] The animators visited the Los Angeles Zoo and Disney set up a small zoo at the studio with animals such as rabbits, ducks, owls, and skunks, and a pair of fawns named Bambi and Faline so that the artists could see first-hand the movement of these animals.[12][13][14] Rico LeBurn's sketches depicted realistic animals, but as characters they lacked personality. Marc Davis created the final design of Bambi by incorporating LeBurn's realistic study of deer anatomy but exaggerating the character's face by making his proportions baby-like (short snout, big eyes, etc.).[11] Although there were no humans in Bambi, live-action footage of humans was used for one scene: actress Jane Randolph and Ice Capades star Donna Atwood acted as live-action references for the scene where Bambi and Thumper are on the icy pond.[15] The animators learned a lot about animals during the film's production, giving them a broader spectrum of animation styles to use in future projects.[16]

text: The backgrounds for the film were inspired by the Eastern American woodlands. One of the earliest and best-known artists for the Disney studio, Maurice "Jake" Day, spent several weeks in the Vermont and Maine forests, sketching and photographing deer, fawns, and the surrounding wilderness areas.[17] However his first sketches were too "busy" as the eye did not know where to focus.[11] Tyrus Wong, a Chinese animator, showed Day some of his impressionistic paintings of a forest. Day liked the paintings and appointed him art director of the film.[11] Wong's backgrounds were revolutionary since they had more detail around the center and less around the edges, thus leading a viewer's eye to the characters.[12]

text: Due to World War II, which began in Europe in 1939, Pinocchio and Fantasia failed at the box office. Facing financial difficulty, Disney was forced to cut 12 minutes from the film before final animation to save production costs.[10]

text: Release

text: Bambi was released in theaters in 1942, during World War II, and was Disney's 5th full-length animated film. The film was re-released to theatres in 1947, 1957, 1966, 1975, 1982, and 1988. It was then made available in North America on home video in 1989 and in the UK in 1994. Even in home video, it has seen multiple releases, including three VHS releases — in 1989 (Classics Version), 1997 (Masterpiece Collection Version), and 2005 (Platinum Edition version), one Betamax release in 1989 (Classics version), two Laserdisc releases in 1989 (Classics version) and 1997 (Masterpiece Collection version) — and most recently a digitally-remastered and restored Platinum Edition DVD.[18] The Platinum Edition DVD went on moratorium on January 31, 2007.[19]

text: Bambi was released as a Diamond Edition on March 1, 2011,[20] consisting of a Blu-ray and DVD combo pack. This release included multiple bonus features not previously included in Bambi home releases: a documentary entitled Inside Walt’s Story Meetings – Enhanced Edition, two deleted scenes, a deleted song, an image gallery, and a game entitled Disney’s Big Book of Knowledge: Bambi Edition.[21] This release also marked the first use of "Disney Second Screen",[22] a feature which is accessed via a computer or iPad app download that syncs with the Blu-ray disc,[23] allowing the viewer to follow along by interacting with animated flip-books, galleries and trivia while watching the movie.[20] A UK version of Diamond Edition was released on February 7, 2011.[24]

text: In honor of the film's 75th anniversary, Bambi was released as part of the Walt Disney Signature Collection on May 23, 2017 (digital) and June 6, 2017 (Blu-ray/DVD/digital combo pack).

text: Reception

text: Bambi lost money at the box office for its first release; out of its $1.7 million budget, it only grossed back $1.64 million.[25][26]

text: The film was released during World War II and lacked access to much of the European market.[27] Roy Disney sent a telegram to his brother Walt after the New York opening of the film that read: "Fell short of our holdover figure by $4,000. Just came from Music Hall. Unable to make any deal to stay third week ... Night business is our problem."[27]

text: The film is now France's 24th biggest film of all time in terms of admissions with 10.7 million tickets sold.[28]

text: At the time of the film's release, Bambi received mixed reviews from the critics, mainly because of the lack of fantasy elements in the film and objection towards a dramatic story of animals and their struggle to survive in the woods and avoid the threat of humans.[29] Hunters spoke out against the movie, and in a 1942 edition of the magazine Outdoor Life, editor Raymond Brown wrote that the film was "... the worst insult ever offered in any form to American sportsmen."[30] The New York Times claimed, "In the search for perfection, Mr. Disney has come perilously close to tossing away his whole world of cartoon fantasy."[29] Film critic Manny Farber called it "... entirely unpleasant ..." and agreed with The New York Times statement saying, "In an effort to trump the realism of flesh and blood movies, he [Disney] has given up fantasy, which was pretty much the magic element".[29] Even Disney's daughter Diane complained, saying that Bambi's mother did not need to die. When Walt claimed that he was only following the book, Diane protested, saying that he had taken other liberties before and that Walt Disney could do whatever he wanted.[29]

text: Today, however, Bambi is viewed as a classic and recouped a considerable amount during the 1947 re-release and subsequent re-issues.[27] The film holds a 90% "Fresh" rating from critics on Rotten Tomatoes.[31] Critics Mick Martin and Marsha Porter call the film "the crowning achievement of Walt Disney's animation studio".[32]

text: English film historian Leslie Halliwell wrote that Bambi was "one of Disney's most memorable and brilliant achievements with a great comic character in Thumper and a climactic forest fire sequence that is genuinely thrilling". He concluded that it was  "a triumph of the animator's arts."[33]

text: In June 2008, the American Film Institute revealed its "10 Top 10" – the best ten films in ten classic American film genres – after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community. Bambi was acknowledged as the third best film in the animation genre.[34] It is also listed in the Top 25 Horror Movies of all Time by Time magazine. Bambi, Time states, "has a primal shock that still haunts oldsters who saw it 40, 50, 65 years ago."[35]

text: Legacy

text: The off-screen villain "Man" has been placed No. 20 on AFI's List of Heroes and Villains.[36]

text: Some critics have cited parallels between Frank Churchill's theme music for "Man" (which consisted of 3 simple notes) and John Williams's theme music in Jaws (which consists of two notes).[37]

text: Former Beatle Paul McCartney has credited the shooting death of Bambi's mother for his initial interest in animal rights.[38]

text: Soon after the film's release, Walt Disney allowed his characters to appear in fire prevention public service campaigns. However, Bambi was only loaned to the government for a year, so a new symbol was needed, leading to the creation of Smokey Bear.[citation needed] Bambi and his mother also make a cameo appearance in the satirical 1955 Donald Duck short No Hunting: drinking from a forest stream, the deer are startled by a sudden trickle of beer cans and other debris, and Bambi's mother tells him, "Man is in the forest. Let's dig out."

text: In 2006, the Ad Council, in partnership with the United States Forest Service, started a series of Public Service Announcements that feature footage from Bambi and Bambi II for wildfire prevention. During the ads, as the Bambi footage is shown, the screen will momentarily fade into black with the text "Don't let our forests...become once upon a time", and usually (but not always) ending the ads with Bambi's line "Mother, what we gonna do today?" followed by Smokey Bear saying "Only you can prevent wildfires" as the Smokey logo is shown on the screen. The ads air on various television networks, and the Ad Council has also put them on YouTube.[39]

text: In December 2011, Bambi was among the films selected for preservation in the Library of Congress' National Film Registry.[40] In its induction, the Registry said that the film was one of Walt Disney's favorites and that it has been "recognized for its eloquent message of nature conservation."[41]

text: American Film Institute

text:
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies – Nominated
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains:
Man – No. 20 Villain
AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – Nominated
AFI's 10 Top 10 – No. 3 Animated film

text: Sequel

text: Set in the middle of Bambi, Bambi II shows the Great Prince of the Forest struggling to raise the motherless Bambi, and Bambi's doubts about his father's love. The film was released direct-to-video on February 7, 2006. While the film was a direct-to-video release in the United States and other countries, including Canada, China, Hong Kong, Japan and Taiwan, it was a theatrical release in some countries, including Australia, Austria, Brazil, Dominican Republic, France, Mexico, the United Kingdom and some other European countries.[citation needed]

text: Copyrights

text: The copyrights for Bambi, A Life in the Woods were inherited by Anna Wyler, Salten's daughter, who renewed them in 1954. After her death, Wyler's husband sold the rights to Twin Books, a publishing company which subsequently filed a lawsuit against Disney, claiming Disney owed it money for the continued licensing for the use of the book. Disney countered by claiming that Salten had published the story in 1923 without a copyright notice, thus it immediately entered into the public domain. Disney also argued that if the claimed 1923 publication date was accurate, then the copyright renewal filed in 1954 had been registered after the deadline and was thus invalid. The courts initially upheld Disney's view; however, in 1996, the Ninth Circuit Court reversed the decision on appeal.[42]


document_title: Extinction event

question_text: when did the first major extinction event take place

text: Extinction event

text: Major extinction events[edit]

text: In a landmark paper published in 1982, Jack Sepkoski and David M. Raup identified five mass extinctions. They were originally identified as outliers to a general trend of decreasing extinction rates during the Phanerozoic,[5] but as more stringent statistical tests have been applied to the accumulating data, it has been established that multicellular animal life has experienced five major and many minor mass extinctions.[6] The "Big Five" cannot be so clearly defined, but rather appear to represent the largest (or some of the largest) of a relatively smooth continuum of extinction events.[5]

text:
Ordovician–Silurian extinction events (End Ordovician or O–S): 450–440 Ma (million years ago) at the Ordovician–Silurian transition. Two events occurred that killed off 27% of all families, 57% of all genera and 60% to 70% of all species.[7] Together they are ranked by many scientists as the second largest of the five major extinctions in Earth's history in terms of percentage of genera that became extinct.
Late Devonian extinction: 375–360 Ma near the Devonian–Carboniferous transition. At the end of the Frasnian Age in the later part(s) of the Devonian Period, a prolonged series of extinctions eliminated about 19% of all families, 50% of all genera[7] and at least 70% of all species.[8] This extinction event lasted perhaps as long as 20 million years, and there is evidence for a series of extinction pulses within this period.
Permian–Triassic extinction event (End Permian): 252 Ma at the Permian–Triassic transition.[9] Earth's largest extinction killed 57% of all families, 83% of all genera and 90% to 96% of all species[7] (53% of marine families, 84% of marine genera, about 96% of all marine species and an estimated 70% of land species,[2] including insects).[10] The highly successful marine arthropod, the trilobite, became extinct. The evidence regarding plants is less clear, but new taxa became dominant after the extinction.[11] The "Great Dying" had enormous evolutionary significance: on land, it ended the primacy of mammal-like reptiles. The recovery of vertebrates took 30 million years,[12] but the vacant niches created the opportunity for archosaurs to become ascendant. In the seas, the percentage of animals that were sessile dropped from 67% to 50%. The whole late Permian was a difficult time for at least marine life, even before the "Great Dying".
Triassic–Jurassic extinction event (End Triassic): 201.3 Ma at the Triassic–Jurassic transition. About 23% of all families, 48% of all genera (20% of marine families and 55% of marine genera) and 70% to 75% of all species became extinct.[7] Most non-dinosaurian archosaurs, most therapsids, and most of the large amphibians were eliminated, leaving dinosaurs with little terrestrial competition. Non-dinosaurian archosaurs continued to dominate aquatic environments, while non-archosaurian diapsids continued to dominate marine environments. The Temnospondyl lineage of large amphibians also survived until the Cretaceous in Australia (e.g., Koolasuchus).
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event (End Cretaceous, K–Pg extinction, or formerly K–T extinction): 66 Ma at the Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) – Paleogene (Danian) transition interval.[13] The event formerly called the Cretaceous-Tertiary or K–T extinction or K–T boundary is now officially named the Cretaceous–Paleogene (or K–Pg) extinction event. About 17% of all families, 50% of all genera[7] and 75% of all species became extinct.[14] In the seas all the ammonites, plesiosaurs and  mosasaurs disappeared and the percentage of sessile animals (those unable to move about) was reduced to about 33%. All non-avian dinosaurs became extinct during that time.[15] The boundary event was severe with a significant amount of variability in the rate of extinction between and among different clades. Mammals and birds, the latter descended from theropod dinosaurs, emerged as dominant large land animals.

tag: ol

text: Despite the popularization of these five events, there is no definite line separating them from other extinction events; using different methods of calculating an extinction's impact can lead to other events featuring in the top five.[16]

text: Older fossil records are more difficult to interpret. This is because:

text:
Older fossils are harder to find as they are usually buried at a considerable depth.
Dating older fossils is more difficult.
Productive fossil beds are researched more than unproductive ones, therefore leaving certain periods unresearched.
Prehistoric environmental events can disturb the deposition process.
The preservation of fossils varies on land, but marine fossils tend to be better preserved than their sought after land-based counterparts.[17]

text: It has been suggested that the apparent variations in marine biodiversity may actually be an artifact, with abundance estimates directly related to quantity of rock available for sampling from different time periods.[18] However, statistical analysis shows that this can only account for 50% of the observed pattern,[citation needed] and other evidence (such as fungal spikes)[clarification needed] provides reassurance that most widely accepted extinction events are real. A quantification of the rock exposure of Western Europe indicates that many of the minor events for which a biological explanation has been sought are most readily explained by sampling bias.[19]

text: Research completed after the seminal 1982 paper has concluded that a sixth mass extinction event is ongoing:

text: More recent research has indicated that the End-Capitanian extinction event likely constitutes a separate extinction event from the Permian–Triassic extinction event; if so, it would be larger than many of the "Big Five" extinction events.

text: List of extinction events[edit]

text: This is a list of extinction events:[25]

text:
Period or supereon
Extinction
Date
Possible causes

Quaternary
Holocene extinction
c. 10,000 BCE — Ongoing
Humans[26]

Quaternary extinction event
640,000, 74,000, and 13,000 years ago
Unknown; may include climate changes, massive volcanic eruptions and human overhunting[27][28]

Neogene
Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary extinction
2 Ma
Supernova?[29][30] Eltanin impact?[31][32]

Middle Miocene disruption
14.5 Ma

– climate change due to change of ocean circulation patterns and perhaps related to the Milankovitch cycles?.[33]

Paleogene
Eocene–Oligocene extinction event
33.9 Ma
Popigai impactor?[34]

Cretaceous

Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event

66 Ma

Chicxulub impactor;[35] Deccan Traps?[36]

Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event
94 Ma
Caribbean large igneous province[37]

Aptian extinction
117 Ma

Jurassic

End-Jurassic (Tithonian) extinction
145 Ma

Toarcian turnover
183 Ma
Karoo-Ferrar Provinces[38]

Triassic

Triassic–Jurassic extinction event

201 Ma

Central Atlantic magmatic province;[39] impactor

Carnian Pluvial Event
230 Ma
Wrangellia flood basalts[40]

Permian

Permian–Triassic extinction event

252 Ma

Siberian Traps;[41] Wilkes Land Crater;[42]Anoxic event

End-Capitanian extinction event
260 Ma
Emeishan Traps?[43]

Olson's Extinction

270 Ma

Carboniferous
Carboniferous rainforest collapse
305 Ma

Devonian

Late Devonian extinction

375–360 Ma

Viluy Traps[44]

Silurian

Lau event
420 Ma
Changes in sea level and chemistry?[45]

Mulde event
424 Ma
Global drop in sea level?[46]

Ireviken event
428 Ma
Deep-ocean anoxia; Milankovitch cycles?[47]

Ordovician

Ordovician–Silurian extinction events

450–440 Ma

Global cooling and sea level drop; Gamma-ray burst?[48]

Cambrian

Cambrian–Ordovician extinction event
488 Ma

Dresbachian extinction event
502 Ma

End-Botomian extinction event
517 Ma

Precambrian

End-Ediacaran extinction
542 Ma

Great Oxygenation Event
2400 Ma
Rising oxygen levels in the atmosphere due to the development of photosynthesis

text: Evolutionary importance[edit]

text: Mass extinctions have sometimes accelerated the evolution of life on Earth. When dominance of particular ecological niches passes from one group of organisms to another, it is rarely because the new dominant group is "superior" to the old and usually because an extinction event eliminates the old dominant group and makes way for the new one.[49][50]

text: For example, mammaliformes ("almost mammals") and then mammals existed throughout the reign of the dinosaurs, but could not compete for the large terrestrial vertebrate niches which dinosaurs monopolized. The end-Cretaceous mass extinction removed the non-avian dinosaurs and made it possible for mammals to expand into the large terrestrial vertebrate niches. Ironically, the dinosaurs themselves had been beneficiaries of a previous mass extinction, the end-Triassic, which eliminated most of their chief rivals, the crurotarsans.

text: Another point of view put forward in the Escalation hypothesis predicts that species in ecological niches with more organism-to-organism conflict will be less likely to survive extinctions. This is because the very traits that keep a species numerous and viable under fairly static conditions become a burden once population levels fall among competing organisms during the dynamics of an extinction event.

text: Furthermore, many groups which survive mass extinctions do not recover in numbers or diversity, and many of these go into long-term decline, and these are often referred to as "Dead Clades Walking".[51]

text: Darwin was firmly of the opinion that biotic interactions, such as competition for food and space—the ‘struggle for existence’—were of considerably greater importance in promoting evolution and extinction than changes in the physical environment. He expressed this in The Origin of Species: "Species are produced and exterminated by slowly acting causes…and the most import of all causes of organic change is one which is almost independent of altered…physical conditions, namely the mutual relation of organism to organism-the improvement of one organism entailing the improvement or extermination of others".[52]

text: Patterns in frequency[edit]

text:
It has been suggested variously that extinction events occurred periodically, every 26 to 30 million years,[53][54] or that diversity fluctuates episodically every ~62 million years.[55]
Various ideas attempt to explain the supposed pattern, including the presence of a hypothetical companion star to the sun,[56][57]
oscillations in the galactic plane, or passage through the Milky Way's spiral arms.[58] However, other authors have concluded the data on marine mass extinctions do not fit with the idea that mass extinctions are periodic, or that ecosystems gradually build up to a point at which a mass extinction is inevitable.[5] Many of the proposed correlations have been argued to be spurious.[59][60]
Others have argued that there is strong evidence supporting periodicity in a variety of records,[61]
and additional evidence in the form of coincident periodic variation in nonbiological geochemical variables.[62]

text:
Mass extinctions are thought to result when a long-term stress is compounded by a short term shock.[63] Over the course of the Phanerozoic, individual taxa appear to be less likely to become extinct at any time,[64] which may reflect more robust food webs as well as less extinction-prone species and other factors such as continental distribution.[64]
However, even after accounting for sampling bias, there does appear to be a gradual decrease in extinction and origination rates during the Phanerozoic.[5] This may represent the fact that groups with higher turnover rates are more likely to become extinct by chance; or it may be an artefact of taxonomy: families tend to become more speciose, therefore less prone to extinction, over time;[5] and larger taxonomic groups (by definition) appear earlier in geological time.[65]

text: It has also been suggested that the oceans have gradually become more hospitable to life over the last 500 million years, and thus less vulnerable to mass extinctions,[note 1][66][67] but susceptibility to extinction at a taxonomic level does not appear to make mass extinctions more or less probable.[64]

text: Causes[edit]

text: There is still debate about the causes of all mass extinctions. In general, large extinctions may result when a biosphere under long-term stress undergoes a short-term shock.[63] An underlying mechanism appears to be present in the correlation of extinction and origination rates to diversity. High diversity leads to a persistent increase in extinction rate; low diversity to a persistent increase in origination rate. These presumably ecologically controlled relationships likely amplify smaller perturbations (asteroid impacts, etc.) to produce the global effects observed.[5]

text: Identifying causes of particular mass extinctions[edit]

text: A good theory for a particular mass extinction should: (i) explain all of the losses, not just focus on a few groups (such as dinosaurs); (ii) explain why particular groups of organisms died out and why others survived; (iii) provide mechanisms which are strong enough to cause a mass extinction but not a total extinction; (iv) be based on events or processes that can be shown to have happened, not just inferred from the extinction.

text: It may be necessary to consider combinations of causes. For example, the marine aspect of the end-Cretaceous extinction appears to have been caused by several processes which partially overlapped in time and may have had different levels of significance in different parts of the world.[68]

text:
Arens and West (2006) proposed a "press / pulse" model in which mass extinctions generally require two types of cause: long-term pressure on the eco-system ("press") and a sudden catastrophe ("pulse") towards the end of the period of pressure.[69]
Their statistical analysis of marine extinction rates throughout the Phanerozoic suggested that neither long-term pressure alone nor a catastrophe alone was sufficient to cause a significant increase in the extinction rate.

text: Most widely supported explanations[edit]

text: Macleod (2001)[70] summarized the relationship between mass extinctions and events which are most often cited as causes of mass extinctions, using data from Courtillot et al. (1996),[71] Hallam (1992)[72] and Grieve et al. (1996):[73]

text:
Flood basalt events: 11 occurrences, all associated with significant extinctions[74][75] But Wignall (2001) concluded that only five of the major extinctions coincided with flood basalt eruptions and that the main phase of extinctions started before the eruptions.[76]
Sea-level falls: 12, of which seven were associated with significant extinctions.[75]
Asteroid impacts: one large impact is associated with a mass extinction, i.e. the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event; there have been many smaller impacts but they are not associated with significant extinctions.[77]

text: The most commonly suggested causes of mass extinctions are listed below.

text: Flood basalt events[edit]

text: The formation of large igneous provinces by flood basalt events could have:

text:
produced dust and particulate aerosols which inhibited photosynthesis and thus caused food chains to collapse both on land and at sea[78]
emitted sulfur oxides which were precipitated as acid rain and poisoned many organisms, contributing further to the collapse of food chains
emitted carbon dioxide and thus possibly causing sustained global warming once the dust and particulate aerosols dissipated.

text: Flood basalt events occur as pulses of activity punctuated by dormant periods. As a result, they are likely to cause the climate to oscillate between cooling and warming, but with an overall trend towards warming as the carbon dioxide they emit can stay in the atmosphere for hundreds of years.

text: It is speculated that massive volcanism caused or contributed to the End-Permian, End-Triassic and End-Cretaceous extinctions.[79] The correlation between gigantic volcanic events expressed in the large igneous provinces and mass extinctions was shown for the last 260 Myr.[80][81] Recently such possible correlation was extended for the whole Phanerozoic Eon.[82]

text: Sea-level falls[edit]

text: These are often clearly marked by worldwide sequences of contemporaneous sediments which show all or part of a transition from sea-bed to tidal zone to beach to dry land – and where there is no evidence that the rocks in the relevant areas were raised by geological processes such as orogeny. Sea-level falls could reduce the continental shelf area (the most productive part of the oceans) sufficiently to cause a marine mass extinction, and could disrupt weather patterns enough to cause extinctions on land. But sea-level falls are very probably the result of other events, such as sustained global cooling or the sinking of the mid-ocean ridges.

text: Sea-level falls are associated with most of the mass extinctions, including all of the "Big Five"—End-Ordovician, Late Devonian, End-Permian, End-Triassic, and End-Cretaceous.

text: A study, published in the journal Nature (online June 15, 2008) established a relationship between the speed of mass extinction events and changes in sea level and sediment.[83] The study suggests changes in ocean environments related to sea level exert a driving influence on rates of extinction, and generally determine the composition of life in the oceans.[84]

text: Impact events[edit]

text: The impact of a sufficiently large asteroid or comet could have caused food chains to collapse both on land and at sea by producing dust and particulate aerosols and thus inhibiting photosynthesis.[85] Impacts on sulfur-rich rocks could have emitted sulfur oxides precipitating as poisonous acid rain, contributing further to the collapse of food chains. Such impacts could also have caused megatsunamis and/or global forest fires.

text: Most paleontologists now agree that an asteroid did hit the Earth about 66 Ma ago, but there is an ongoing dispute whether the impact was the sole cause of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.[86][87]

text: Global cooling[edit]

text: Sustained and significant global cooling could kill many polar and temperate species and force others to migrate towards the equator; reduce the area available for tropical species; often make the Earth's climate more arid on average, mainly by locking up more of the planet's water in ice and snow. The glaciation cycles of the current ice age are believed to have had only a very mild impact on biodiversity, so the mere existence of a significant cooling is not sufficient on its own to explain a mass extinction.

text: It has been suggested that global cooling caused or contributed to the End-Ordovician, Permian–Triassic, Late Devonian extinctions, and possibly others. Sustained global cooling is distinguished from the temporary climatic effects of flood basalt events or impacts.

text: Global warming[edit]

text: This would have the opposite effects: expand the area available for tropical species; kill temperate species or force them to migrate towards the poles; possibly cause severe extinctions of polar species; often make the Earth's climate wetter on average, mainly by melting ice and snow and thus increasing the volume of the water cycle. It might also cause anoxic events in the oceans (see below).

text: Global warming as a cause of mass extinction is supported by several recent studies.[88]

text: The most dramatic example of sustained warming is the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, which was associated with one of the smaller mass extinctions. It has also been suggested to have caused the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event, during which 20% of all marine families became extinct. Furthermore, the Permian–Triassic extinction event has been suggested to have been caused by warming.[89][90][91]

text: Clathrate gun hypothesis[edit]

text: Clathrates are composites in which a lattice of one substance forms a cage around another. Methane clathrates (in which water molecules are the cage) form on continental shelves. These clathrates are likely to break up rapidly and release the methane if the temperature rises quickly or the pressure on them drops quickly—for example in response to sudden global warming or a sudden drop in sea level or even earthquakes. Methane is a much more powerful greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide, so a methane eruption ("clathrate gun") could cause rapid global warming or make it much more severe if the eruption was itself caused by global warming.

text: The most likely signature of such a methane eruption would be a sudden decrease in the ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12 in sediments, since methane clathrates are low in carbon-13; but the change would have to be very large, as other events can also reduce the percentage of carbon-13.[92]

text: It has been suggested that "clathrate gun" methane eruptions were involved in the end-Permian extinction ("the Great Dying") and in the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, which was associated with one of the smaller mass extinctions.

text: Anoxic events[edit]

text: Anoxic events are situations in which the middle and even the upper layers of the ocean become deficient or totally lacking in oxygen. Their causes are complex and controversial, but all known instances are associated with severe and sustained global warming, mostly caused by sustained massive volcanism.[93]

text: It has been suggested that anoxic events caused or contributed to the Ordovician–Silurian, late Devonian, Permian–Triassic and Triassic–Jurassic extinctions, as well as a number of lesser extinctions (such as the Ireviken, Mulde, Lau, Toarcian and Cenomanian–Turonian events). On the other hand, there are widespread black shale beds from the mid-Cretaceous which indicate anoxic events but are not associated with mass extinctions.

text: The bio-availability of essential trace elements (in particular selenium) to potentially lethal lows has been shown to coincide with, and likely have contributed to, at least three mass extinction events in the oceans, i.e. at the end of the Ordovician, during the Middle and Late Devonian, and at the end of the Triassic. During periods of low oxygen concentrations very soluble selenate (Se6+) is converted into much less soluble selenide (Se2+), elemental Se and organo-selenium complexes. Bio-availability of selenium during these extinction events dropped to about 1% of the current oceanic concentration, a level that has been proven lethal to many extant organisms.[94]

text: Hydrogen sulfide emissions from the seas[edit]

text: Kump, Pavlov and Arthur (2005) have proposed that during the Permian–Triassic extinction event the warming also upset the oceanic balance between photosynthesising plankton and deep-water sulfate-reducing bacteria, causing massive emissions of hydrogen sulfide which poisoned life on both land and sea and severely weakened the ozone layer, exposing much of the life that still remained to fatal levels of UV radiation.[95][96][97]

text: Oceanic overturn[edit]

text: Oceanic overturn is a disruption of thermo-haline circulation which lets surface water (which is more saline than deep water because of evaporation) sink straight down, bringing anoxic deep water to the surface and therefore killing most of the oxygen-breathing organisms which inhabit the surface and middle depths. It may occur either at the beginning or the end of a glaciation, although an overturn at the start of a glaciation is more dangerous because the preceding warm period will have created a larger volume of anoxic water.[98]

text: Unlike other oceanic catastrophes such as regressions (sea-level falls) and anoxic events, overturns do not leave easily identified "signatures" in rocks and are theoretical consequences of researchers' conclusions about other climatic and marine events.

text: It has been suggested that oceanic overturn caused or contributed to the late Devonian and Permian–Triassic extinctions.

text: A nearby nova, supernova or gamma ray burst[edit]

text:
A nearby gamma-ray burst (less than 6000 light-years away) would be powerful enough to destroy the Earth's ozone layer, leaving organisms vulnerable to ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.[99] Gamma ray bursts are fairly rare, occurring only a few times in a given galaxy per million years.[100]
It has been suggested that a supernova or gamma ray burst caused the End-Ordovician extinction.[101]

text: Geomagnetic reversal[edit]

text: One theory is that periods of increased geomagnetic reversals will weaken Earth's magnetic field long enough to expose the atmosphere to the solar winds, causing oxygen ions to escape the atmosphere in a rate increased by 3–4 orders, resulting in a disastrous decrease in oxygen.[102]

text: Plate tectonics[edit]

text: Movement of the continents into some configurations can cause or contribute to extinctions in several ways: by initiating or ending ice ages; by changing ocean and wind currents and thus altering climate; by opening seaways or land bridges which expose previously isolated species to competition for which they are poorly adapted (for example, the extinction of most of South America's native ungulates and all of its large metatherians after the creation of a land bridge between North and South America). Occasionally continental drift creates a super-continent which includes the vast majority of Earth's land area, which in addition to the effects listed above is likely to reduce the total area of continental shelf (the most species-rich part of the ocean) and produce a vast, arid continental interior which may have extreme seasonal variations.

text: Another theory is that the creation of the super-continent Pangaea contributed to the End-Permian mass extinction. Pangaea was almost fully formed at the transition from mid-Permian to late-Permian, and the "Marine genus diversity" diagram at the top of this article shows a level of extinction starting at that time which might have qualified for inclusion in the "Big Five" if it were not overshadowed by the "Great Dying" at the end of the Permian.[103]

text: Other hypotheses[edit]

text: Many other hypotheses have been proposed, such as the spread of a new disease, or simple out-competition following an especially successful biological innovation. But all have been rejected, usually for one of the following reasons: they require events or processes for which there is no evidence; they assume mechanisms which are contrary to the available evidence; they are based on other theories which have been rejected or superseded.

text: Scientists have been concerned that human activities could cause more plants and animals to become extinct than any point in the past. Along with human-made changes in climate (see above), some of these extinctions could be caused by overhunting, overfishing, invasive species, or habitat loss. A study published in May 2017 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences argued that a “biological annihilation” akin to a sixth mass extinction event is underway as a result of anthropogenic causes, such as over-population and over-consumption. The study suggested that as much as 50% of the number of animal individuals that once lived on Earth were already extinct, threatening the basis for human existence too.[104][24]

text: Future biosphere extinction/sterilization[edit]

text: The eventual warming and expanding of the Sun, combined with the eventual decline of atmospheric carbon dioxide could actually cause an even greater mass extinction, having the potential to wipe out even microbes (in other words, the Earth is completely sterilized), where rising global temperatures caused by the expanding Sun will gradually increase the rate of weathering, which in turn removes more and more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. When carbon dioxide levels get too low (perhaps at 50 ppm), all plant life will die out, although simpler plants like grasses and mosses can survive much longer, until CO2 levels drop to 10 ppm.[105][106]

text: With all photosynthetic organisms gone, atmospheric oxygen can no longer be replenished, and is eventually removed by chemical reactions in the atmosphere, perhaps from volcanic eruptions. Eventually the loss of oxygen will cause all remaining aerobic life to die out via asphyxiation, leaving behind only simple anaerobic prokaryotes. When the Sun becomes 10% brighter in about a billion years,[105] Earth will suffer a moist greenhouse effect resulting in its oceans boiling away, while the Earth's liquid outer core cools due to the inner core's expansion and causes the Earth's magnetic field to shut down. In the absence of a magnetic field, charged particles from the Sun will deplete the atmosphere and further increase the Earth's temperature to an average of ~420 K (147 °C, 296 °F) in 2.8 billion years, causing the last remaining life on Earth to die out. This is the most extreme instance of a climate-caused extinction event. Since this will only happen late in the Sun's life, such will cause the final mass extinction in Earth's history (albeit a very long extinction event).[105][106]

text: Effects and recovery[edit]

text: The impact of mass extinction events varied widely. After a major extinction event, usually only weedy species survive due to their ability to live in diverse habitats.[107] Later, species diversify and occupy empty niches. Generally, biodiversity recovers 5 to 10 million years after the extinction event. In the most severe mass extinctions it may take 15 to 30 million years.[107]

text: The worst event, the Permian–Triassic extinction, devastated life on earth, killing over 90% of species. Life seemed to recover quickly after the P-T extinction, but this was mostly in the form of disaster taxa, such as the hardy Lystrosaurus. The most recent research indicates that the specialized animals that formed complex ecosystems, with high biodiversity, complex food webs and a variety of niches, took much longer to recover. It is thought that this long recovery was due to successive waves of extinction which inhibited recovery, as well as prolonged environmental stress which continued into the Early Triassic. Recent research indicates that recovery did not begin until the start of the mid-Triassic, 4M to 6M years after the extinction;[108] and some writers estimate that the recovery was not complete until 30M years after the P-T extinction, i.e. in the late Triassic.[109]  Subsequent to the P-T extinction, there was an increase in provincialization, with species occupying smaller ranges – perhaps removing incumbents from niches and setting the stage for an eventual rediversification.[110]

text: The effects of mass extinctions on plants are somewhat harder to quantify, given the biases inherent in the plant fossil record. Some mass extinctions (such as the end-Permian) were equally catastrophic for plants, whereas others, such as the end-Devonian, did not affect the flora.[111]


document_title: Butler Bulldogs men's basketball

question_text: who did butler beat in the final four

question_tokens: who did butler beat in the final four

text: Butler Bulldogs men's basketball

text: Competitive standing[edit]

text: Despite having played in a mid-major conference, Butler rose to national prominence in the 1990s. They ranked in most media polls for all but a few weeks from the 2006–07 season to the 2011–12 season, and competed in the postseason every year since 1997, except for 2004, 2005, and 2014. In the 2010 NCAA Tournament, Butler was the National runner-up to Duke, advancing to the National Championship Game after defeating Michigan State in the Final Four.[2] With a total enrollment of only 4,500 students, Butler is the smallest school to play for a national championship since the tournament expanded to 64 teams in 1985.[3] The Bulldogs also went to the championship game in the following NCAA Tournament, falling to UConn after defeating VCU in the Final Four. With the victory over VCU, Butler became the first mid-major program to reach the championship game in successive seasons since 1979, when seeding of the tournament began, and the only team from the state of Indiana to reach back-to-back championship games.[2]

text: After spending one season in the Atlantic 10 Conference, Butler moved into the realigned basketball-only Big East Conference for the 2013–14 season. Their first season was mediocre, finishing 9th out of 10 teams with a 14–17 record, their first losing record since 2004–05. In their second season, despite being picked to finish 7th, the Bulldogs surprised many by finishing tied for second place in the conference. Butler finished the 2015–16 season in a tie for fourth place in Big East play with a record of 21–11, 10–8 in conference and receiving a bid to the NCAA Tournament where they advanced to the Second Round.

text: Basketball community[edit]

text: Because of the school's history of basketball success, location in the heart of the land of "Hoosier Hysteria", and lack of a scholarship football program, the Butler University fan base is primarily basketball oriented. Other athletics enjoy substantial followings of current students and alumni, but only basketball has garnered interest from a national audience.

text: Two studies estimated that television, print, and online news coverage of Butler's 2010 and 2011 appearances in the NCAA tournament championship game resulted in additional publicity for the university worth about $1.2 billion. In an example of the "Flutie effect", applications rose by 41% after the 2010 appearance.[4] In June 2011, USA Today ranked Butler as one of the top five colleges making use of social media.[5] Specific to basketball, Butler's mascot, Butler Blue,[6][7] the men's basketball program,[8] head coach LaVall Jordan,[9] and other coaches have university-endorsed Twitter accounts. Also, online communities Butler Hoops[10] and /r/ButlerUniversity[11] exist to facilitate discussion among fans. In 2013, a student-run podcast, called the "Front Row Hoopcast,[12]" was started to give commentary and insight to Butler Basketball from the student perspective.

text: In recent years, the Butler program has also received national attention for its philosophy to the game, which it calls "The Butler Way". At its core, The Butler Way calls for complete commitment and exalts teamwork above self.[13]

text: Postseason[edit]

text: NCAA Tournament results[edit]

text: The Bulldogs have appeared in 16 NCAA Tournaments. Their combined record is 24–16.[14]

text:
Year
Seed
Round
Opponent
Result

1962
–
First Round
Sweet Sixteen
Regional Third Place Game
Bowling Green
Kentucky
Western Kentucky
W 56–55
L 60–81
W 87–86

1997
No. 14
First Round
No. 3 Cincinnati
L 69–86

1998
No. 13
First Round
No. 4 New Mexico
L 62–79

2000
No. 12
First Round
No. 5 Florida
L 68–69 OT

2001
No. 10
First Round
Second Round
No. 7 Wake Forest
No. 2 Arizona
W 79–63
L 52–73

2003
No. 12
First Round
Second Round
Sweet Sixteen
No. 5 Mississippi State
No. 4 Louisville
No. 1 Oklahoma
W 47–46
W 79–71
L 54–65

2007
No. 5
First Round
Second Round
Sweet Sixteen
No. 12 Old Dominion
No. 4 Maryland
No. 1 Florida
W 57–46
W 62–59
L 57–65

2008
No. 7
First Round
Second Round
No. 10 South Alabama
No. 2 Tennessee
W 81–61
L 71–76 OT

2009
No. 9
First Round
No. 8 LSU
L 71–75

2010
No. 5
First Round
Second Round
Sweet Sixteen
Elite Eight
Final Four
National Championship Game
No. 12 UTEP
No. 13 Murray State
No. 1 Syracuse
No. 2 Kansas State
No. 5 Michigan State
No. 1 Duke
W 77–59
W 54–52
W 63–59
W 63–56
W 52–50
L 59–61

2011
No. 8
Second Round
Third Round
Sweet Sixteen
Elite Eight
Final Four
National Championship Game
No. 9 Old Dominion
No. 1 Pittsburgh
No. 4 Wisconsin
No. 2 Florida
No. 11 VCU
No. 3 Connecticut
W 60–58
W 71–70
W 61–54
W 74–71 OT
W 70–62
L 41–53

2013
No. 6
Second Round
Third Round
No. 11 Bucknell
No. 3 Marquette
W 56–68
L 72–74

2015
No. 6
Second Round
Third Round
No. 11 Texas
No. 3 Notre Dame
W 56–48
L 64–67 OT

2016
No. 9
First Round
Second Round
No. 8 Texas Tech
No. 1 Virginia
W 71–61
L 69–77

2017
No. 4
First Round
Second Round
Sweet Sixteen
No. 13 Winthrop
No. 12 Middle Tennessee
No. 1 North Carolina
W 76–64
W 74–65
L 80–92

2018
No. 10
First Round
Second Round
No. 7 Arkansas
No. 2 Purdue
W 79–62
L 73–76

text: *Following the introduction of the "First Four" round in 2011, the Round of 64 and Round of 32 were referred to as the Second Round and Third Round, respectively, from 2011 to 2015. Then from 2016 moving forward, the Round 64 and Round of 32 will be called the First and Second rounds, as they were prior to 2011.

text: NIT results[edit]

text: The Bulldogs have appeared in eight National Invitation Tournaments. Their combined record is 5–8.[15]

text:
Year
Seed
Round
Opponent
Result

1958
N/A
First Round
St. John's
L 69–76

1959
N/A
First Round
Quarterfinals
Fordham
Bradley
W 94–80
L 77–83

1985
N/A
First Round
Indiana
L 57–79

1991
N/A
First Round
Wyoming
L 61–63

1992
N/A
First Round
Purdue
L 56–82

1999
N/A
First Round
Second Round
Quarterfinals
Bradley
Old Dominion
Clemson
W 51–50
W 75–68
L 69–89

2002
N/A
First Round
Second Round
Bowling Green
Syracuse
W 81–69
L 65–66

2006
#8
Opening Round
First Round
Miami (OH)
Florida State
W 53–52
L 63–67

text: CBI results[edit]

text: The Bulldogs have appeared in one College Basketball Invitational. Their record is 2–1.

text:
Year
Round
Opponent
Result

2012
First Round
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Delaware
Penn
Pittsburgh
W 75–58
W 63–53
L 62–68 OT

text: Bulldogs in the NBA[edit]

text: NBA & ABA players who attended Butler University[16]

text:
Bob Evans – drafted in the 4th round by the Indianapolis Olympians in the 1949 NBA draft
Gordon Hayward – drafted 9th overall by the Utah Jazz in the 2010 NBA draft. Currently playing for the Boston Celtics.
Shelvin Mack – drafted in the 2nd round by the Washington Wizards in the 2011 NBA draft. Currently playing for the Orlando Magic.
Ralph O'Brien – drafted in the 6th round by the Indianapolis Olympians in the 1950 NBA draft
Billy Shepherd – drafted by Virginia Squires (ABA) in 1972
Jerry Steiner – played for the Indianapolis Kautskys in 1940–41 and the Fort Wayne Zollner Pistons in 1946–47[17]

text: Coaching history[edit]

text:
Coach
Years
Win–Loss
Win %
Conference titles
NCAA Tourn.
appearances

Harlan Page
1920–1926
98–36
.731
0

Tony Hinkle
1926–1942,1945–1970
560–392
.588
0
1

Frank Hedden
1942–1945
18–15
.545
0

George Theofanis
1970–1977
79–105
.429
0

Joe Sexson
1977–1989
143–188
.432
0

Barry Collier
1989–2000
196–132
.598
0
3

Thad Matta
2000–2001
24–8
.750
0
1

Todd Lickliter
2001–2007
131–61
.682
0
2

Brad Stevens
2007–2013
166–49
.772
4
5

Brandon Miller
2013–2014
14–17
.452
0

Chris Holtmann
2014–2017
70–31
.693
0
3

LaVall Jordan
2017–
21–14
.600
0
1

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

Harlan Page – 1962
Tony Hinkle – 1965

National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame

Tony Hinkle – 2006
Harlan Page – 2006

National Coach of the Year

Todd Lickliter – 2007

All-Americans

H. W. Middlesworth – 1924
Frank Baird – 1934
Jerry Steiner – 1940
Bob Dietz – 1941
Ralph "Buckshot" O'Brien – 1950
Jimmy Doyle – 1950
Ted Guzek – 1957
Billy Shepherd – 1971
Chad Tucker* – 1985
A. J. Graves* – 2007
Mike Green* – 2008
Matt Howard* – 2009
Gordon Hayward* – 2010
Kelan Martin* – 2018

(*) Denotes Honorable Mention

Academic All-Americans

Chris Miskel – 1995***
A. J. Graves – 2007*, 2008**
Drew Streicher – 2008***
Matt Howard – 2009**, 2010*, 2011*
Gordon Hayward – 2010***
Ronald Nored – 2012**
Andrew Smith – 2013**
Alex Barlow – 2015**

(*) Denotes 1st team
(**) Denotes 2nd team
(***) Denotes 3rd team
Academic All-American of the Year

Matt Howard – 2011

McDonald's All-American

Tyler Lewis – 2012

Senior Class Award

Alex Barlow – 2015

text:
Big East Coach of the Year

Chris Holtmann – 2017

Horizon League Player of the Year

Darin Archibold – 1991
Jon Neuhoser – 1997
Rylan Hainje – 2002
Brandon Polk – 2006
Mike Green – 2008
Matt Howard – 2009
Gordon Hayward – 2010

Horizon League Coach of the Year

Joe Sexson – 1984
Barry Collier – 1991, 1997, 1999, 2000
Thad Matta – 2001
Todd Lickliter – 2005, 2007
Brad Stevens – 2009, 2010

Indiana Collegiate Conference Player of the Year

Tom Bowman – 1962
Wayne Burris – 1977
Tom Orner – 1978

Indiana Collegiate Conference Coach of the Year

Tony Hinkle – 1956, 1961, 1962
George Theofanis – 1973, 1977
Joe Sexson – 1978

MAC Most Valuable Player

Ralph "Buckshot" Owens – 1949

text: Information on the awards comes from the 2009–2010 media guide.[18]

text: Record[edit]

text: See List of Butler Bulldogs men's basketball seasons

text: Record vs. Big East opponents[edit]

text:
Creighton: 7–10
DePaul: 10–6
Georgetown: 5–7
Marquette: 22–17
Providence: 3–8
Seton Hall: 8–4
St. John's: 6–5
Villanova: 3–9
Xavier: 20–40

text: All-time leading scorers[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Years
Points

1
Chad Tucker
1983–1988
2,321

2
Kelan Martin
2014–2018
2,047

3
Darrin Fitzgerald
1983–1987
2,019

4
Kellen Dunham
2012–2016
1,946

5
Matt Howard
2007–2011
1,939

6
A. J. Graves
2004–2008
1,807

7
Lynn Mitchem
1979–1983
1,798

8
Darin Archbold
1988–1992
1,744

9
Billy Shepherd
1969–1972
1,733

10
Jermaine Guice
1990–1994
1,607

11
Darren Fowlkes
1985–1989
1,543

12
Roosevelt Jones
2011–2013, 2014–2016
1,533

13
Wayne Burris
1973–1977
1,531

14
Shelvin Mack
2008–2011
1,527

15
Jon Neuhouser
1994–1998
1,485

16
Bobby Plump
1954–1958
1,439

17
Keith Greve
1951–1954, 1957–1958
1,400

18
Jeff Blue
1961–1964
1,392

19
Rylan Hainje
1998–2002
1,388

20
Khyle Marshall
2010–2014
1,373

text: Sources of information[20][21][19]

text: Tournament titles[edit]

text:
Season
Tournament
Results

1923–24
AAU National Tournament
W vs. Schooley-Woodstock 34–29
W vs. Hillyards 35–29
W vs. Kansas St. Teachers 40–21
W vs. K. C. Athletic Club 30–26

1947–48
Hoosier Classic
W vs. Purdue 52–50
W vs. Indiana 64–51

1948–49
Hoosier Classic
W vs. Indiana 64–55
W vs. Purdue 47–43

1960–61
Hoosier Classic
W vs. Illinois 70–68
W vs. Purdue 65–63

1996–97
MCC Tournament
W vs. Milwaukee 48–36
W vs. Green Bay 57–52OT
W vs. UIC 69–68

1997–98
MCC Tournament
W vs. Loyola 62–53
W vs. Wright State 67–48
W vs. Green Bay 70–51

1999–00
MCC Tournament
W vs. Loyola 61–57
W vs. Milwaukee 65–51
W vs. Detroit 62–43

2000–01
MCC Tournament
W vs. Loyola 78–52
W vs. Wright State 66–58
W vs. Detroit 53–38

2001–02
Top of the World Classic
W vs. Radford 73–56
W vs. Delaware 76–59
W vs. Washington 67–64

2001–02
Hoosier Classic
W vs. Samford 45–37
W vs. Indiana 66–64

2006–07
NIT Tip-Off
W vs. Notre Dame 71–69
W vs. Indiana 60–55
W vs. Tennessee 56–44
W vs. Gonzaga 79–71

2007–08
Great Alaska Shootout
W vs. Michigan 79–65
W vs. Virginia Tech 84–78
W vs. Texas Tech 81–71

2007–08
Horizon League Tournament
W vs. Illinois-Chicago 66–50
W vs. Cleveland State 70–55

2009–10
Horizon League Tournament
W vs. Milwaukee 68–59
W vs. Wright State 70–45

2010–11
Diamond Head Classic
W vs. Utah 74–62
W vs. Florida State 67–64
W vs. Washington State State 84–68

2010–11
Horizon League Tournament
W vs. Cleveland State 76–68
W vs. Milwaukee 59–44

2016–17
Continental Tire Las Vegas Invitational
W vs. Vanderbilt 76–66
W vs. Arizona 69–65


document_title: Carrie Bradshaw

question_text: who does carrie end up with in sex and the city

text: Carrie Bradshaw

text: Character history and personality[edit]

text: This section may be written from a fan's point of view, rather than a neutral point of view. Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality, and to make it neutral in tone. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: This section describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in-universe style. Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Carrie writes a weekly column called "Sex and the City" for fictional newspaper, The New York Star. The column focuses on Carrie's sexual escapades and those of her close friends, as well as musings about the relationships between men and women, dating, and New York. It provides Carrie with a certain amount of recognition in the city. People who read her column occasionally describe her as their icon. In the third season, her column is optioned for a film produced by Matthew McConaughey. In the fifth season, some of her columns are compiled into a book. At the end of season four, Carrie begins to write freelance articles for Vogue. Although she initially has trouble dealing with Enid (Candice Bergen), her abrasive, demanding editor at Vogue, she does find her feet and ends up befriending her.

text: Carrie is notoriously led by her emotions. She seeks acceptance (a door key, bathroom cabinet space) from Mr. Big and others (she obsesses over the review her book received from book critic Michiko Kakutani in The New York Times). "Just tell me I'm the one" she urges Mr. Big at the end of Season 1, worried about his refusal to introduce her to his mother. She often behaves in a selfish manner (as seen during her affair) but unless her self-involvement is pointed out by friends, she is apt to blame this on her tendency to get 'Carried Away', a phrase coined by Mr. Big in Season 2. The result is a flawed but relatable character due to the self-deprecating humor with which she tackles stereotypical issues within male–female relationships (commitment being the running theme).

text: Carrie is an on-off smoker and when she smokes, she is mostly seen with Marlboro Lights. She tries to quit in seasons 3 and 4 using the Nicotine patch while dating Aidan. She enjoys cocktails (particularly cosmopolitans—her character's fondness for them helped to popularize the drink). While Carrie is a realist about the difficulties of relationships, having experienced many bad ones throughout the course of the series, she is a romantic on an endless search for true love, and refuses to settle for, as she puts it, "anything less than butterflies." Because of this, she repeatedly expresses doubts that she is the type to get married and raise a family.

text: Carrie is a resident of the borough of Manhattan in New York City. She lives in a brownstone on the Upper East Side at the fictional house number of 245, on East 73rd Street, between Park and Madison. She lives in this apartment throughout the series, having bought it from Aidan in the fourth season, after Aidan had bought it and the apartment next-door for himself and Carrie during their engagement. In the initial episodes of the first season, Carrie's apartment is seen to be above a coffee shop somewhere near the vicinity of Madison Avenue. By approximately the fourth episode, the usual facade of a series of brownstones adjacent to hers is adopted, and remains that way throughout the series. The first episode also features a different apartment from the one used for the next 93 episodes and the movies. In the real life, the building with the famous stairs is 66 Perry Street, N.Y.C (West Village, Manhattan).

text: Little is mentioned about Carrie's life before the series. Carrie arrived in Manhattan on Tuesday, June 11, 1986 when she was approximately 21, given her age that is mentioned at other points in the series. She says in the movie that she's lived in Manhattan for 20 years (although she states at age 35 that she had been living there for a decade). In season four, Carrie tells a photographer that she was so poor when she first moved to New York that she would purchase Vogue instead of dinner. It is mentioned that her father left her and her mother when she was five; no siblings are mentioned. It is also revealed that Carrie had an abortion in 1988 after a one-night stand with a waiter when she was 22.

text: She tells Charlotte that she lost her virginity in Seth Bateman's smelly rec room on the ping pong table in eleventh grade. In Season 6 ("Boy Interrupted"), Carrie meets up with another boyfriend from high school named Jeremy (David Duchovny). Carrie states that she never had sex with him because they were young and wanted to wait.

text: A TV series was made after the production of Sex and the City, called The Carrie Diaries which featured Carrie's life as a teenager prior to her life in Sex and the City. It focused mainly on Carrie who lived with her father and younger sister, Dorrit. She had a few relationships, the main one being her on and off relationship with Sebastian Kydd. She started working at Interview, a magazine firm, juggling between her school and work life. The series was discontinued after Season 2 as it was said that it was not economically feasible although it got positive feedback from its audience.

text: Candace Bushnell, author of Sex and the City, recently released her new book, Summer and the City: A Carrie Diaries Novel as part of her young adult series that follows the Sex and the City characters as teenagers. This novel reveals that Carrie attended the prestigious Ivy League University, Brown, in the 1980s. It also reveals that she took summer classes at the New School. TV Guide described the young version of Carrie Bradshaw as "Even when she's trying to play adult in the city with her fashion-forward style and 'grown-up' conversations, she still exudes an aura that manages to be innocent, cute and self-confident at the same time."[2]

text: Wardrobe[edit]

text: Carrie has been described as someone who lives for fashion, and has confessed to buying Vogue instead of dinner.

text: A known shoe lover with a penchant for expensive designer shoes (notably Manolo Blahniks, but also Christian Louboutins and Jimmy Choos), Miranda once estimated that Carrie has spent over $40,000 on shoes. Her shoes seem to average at least $400 a pair (according to Miranda), and it is implied that she has at least 100 unique pairs. She frequently mixes kitschy vintage finds with high-end labels. It is mentioned that Barneys, Bergdorf Goodman, Bloomingdale's, and Saks Fifth Avenue are among her favorite places to shop.

text: Carrie once agreed to model for a charity fashion show (featuring both "real people" and models), on the condition that she could keep the outfit, a Dolce and Gabbana original. The plan backfired when Carrie's dress was replaced by jeweled silk underwear. Carrie is also known to have worn Alexander McQueen, Anna Molinari, Balenciaga, Betsey Johnson, Bottega Veneta, Céline, Chanel, Chloé, Christian Dior, Christian Lacroix, Christian Louboutin, Diane von Fürstenberg, Fendi, Givenchy, Gucci, Heatherette, Helmut Lang, Hermès, Jean Paul Gaultier, Jeremy Scott, Judith Leiber, Jil Sander, Jimmy Choo, Louis Vuitton, Lanvin, Manolo Blahnik, Marc Jacobs, Marni, Missoni, Miu Miu, Moschino, Prada, Oscar de la Renta, Roberto Cavalli, Sonia Rykiel, Tom Ford, Yves Saint Laurent, Vera Wang, Valentino, Versace, Vivienne Westwood, among others.

text: Carrie's incredible wardrobe appears to be unaffordable for a writer on a moderate income (at least until season 5, at which time she is given a book offer. By the time of the films she appears to be more affluent, though that may be because of her husband's wealth). Indeed, many of the people around her comment that she cannot afford her shopping addiction. Carrie occasionally maxes out credit cards, could not secure a loan on her own due to poor savings and a bad credit rating as a result of extensive shopping, and has admitted her "shoe needs" have accounted for most of her spending. In one episode, she wryly comments that she might "literally be the woman who lived in her shoe". Carrie is particularly known for her addiction to shoes, calling it her "substance abuse problem" in the episode "Power of Female Sex" in Season One. Notable couture moments include an incident when she is mugged near West Broadway and the bandit makes off with her Fendi Baguette clutch and Manolo Blahnik pink suede strappy sandals, which she purchased "half off at a sample sale!", adding that they are her favorite shoes.

text: In season 3 she chases after the Staten Island ferry and ends up missing it after slipping out of her shoe, yelling, "Wait, I lost my Choo!". In "A Woman's Right To Shoes" she unashamedly asks for reimbursement from a friend after a pair of Manolos are stolen at that friend's party due to her friend's insistence upon no shoes inside the house. Carrie notes the hypocrisy in the fact that the friend, who 'shoe shames' her ("it was your choice to buy shoes that expensive") is rewarded over the years with thousands of dollars worth of gifts for her life choices (baby showers, engagement presents, wedding gifts, etc.), whereas single women do not have their life choices celebrated ("Hallmark don't make a 'congratulations-you-didn't-marry-the-wrong-guy card'!") and so comes to the conclusion that it is okay to spend that much on oneself to make the single girl's walk through life a little more fun.

text: Relationships[edit]

text: "Mr. Big" John James Preston[edit]

text: Introduced in the first episode and closing the final episode, "Mr. Big" (Chris Noth) is Carrie's central love interest throughout the series and recurring romantic foil – his continual romantic ambiguity and Carrie's diffidence about confronting him over it highlight Carrie's fears, insecurities, and emotional needs. Despite the turmoil in their relationship, Carrie and Big make continuous appearances in each other's lives, which is the source of both joy and stress for Carrie.

text: "Big" is introduced as a wealthy man who runs into Carrie on the street, helping her pick up a large number of condoms that fell out of her purse after it had been knocked from her hand. He later spots her at a party, and after waving to her at the beginning of the evening, he later gives her a ride home in his limo. Their relationship runs the length of the series. At the start, she is intimidated and awed by him, and immediately gives him the nickname "Mr. Big". However, eventually Carrie and Big share a friendly and often passionate intimacy, yet he remains (in producer Michael Patrick King's words), "always slightly out of reach." Mr. Big's name is never mentioned until the last episode of the final season, where it is revealed to be John via Carrie's cell phone caller ID. His full name is finally uncovered in the first movie as John James Preston.

text: They break up for the first time due to Mr. Big's inability to be emotionally intimate with Carrie. They reunite but split again when Big announces that he is moving to Paris because of work. When he returns to the United States, he and Carrie bump into each other unexpectedly in the Hamptons. Upon his return, Carrie discovers that he is engaged to a young woman named Natasha, who was working for Ralph Lauren in Paris. Unsurprisingly, Carrie struggles to come to terms with Big's decision and moves on, beginning a relationship with Aidan Shaw. However, Carrie cannot put Big behind her and they have an affair, which she confesses to Aidan moments before Charlotte's wedding. Carrie and Big continue a close, sometimes sexual, always flirtatious yet tempestuous friendship until the final episode. Here we witness a romantic display of love and affection when Big whispers the sorely awaited words to Carrie—"you're the one."

text: At the start of the movie Sex and the City Carrie and Big, in a businesslike fashion, decide to marry. The wedding starts out somewhat simply with 75 guests and with Carrie choosing to wear a simple white skirt suit that she found in a vintage shop. However, after Vivenne Westwood gifts an expensive and exquisite wedding dress that Carrie wore in a Vogue modeling shoot featuring Carrie as a "40 year old bride," the wedding plans balloon into something much more elaborate and now with 200 guests. Leading up to their wedding day, Big becomes overwhelmed by the media attention and the number of guests, telling Carrie that he would have been happy with eloping to City Hall, that all he wanted was Carrie and that he's embarrassed by the attention because it's his third marriage. On the day of the ceremony, Big has a "freakout" and leaves the wedding venue without even getting out of his limousine. When Carrie calls him and asks where he is, he states "I can't do this" and Carrie leaves devastated. He immediately realizes his mistake and tells the limo driver to turn around but the damage is already done. Carrie, hurt and betrayed, blocks all communication, unknowingly ignoring his love letters and apologetic emails. Over the course of the next 7 or 8 months, Carrie reflects on what happened and realizes that she is partially to blame for the wedding fiasco, because she let the wedding "get bigger than Big." Finally, Carrie and Big unintentionally meet, come to terms with each other, reaffirm their feelings and love, and privately marry at City Hall - the way Big had originally envisioned - with Carrie wearing the simple "label-less" vintage suit she had initially chosen, along with the blue Manolo Blahniks that had played a big part in the two of them reuniting.

text: During the second movie, Carrie and Big's passion has waned. Carrie begins to feel that their marriage has lost its "sparkle" as Big enjoys spending nights eating in and watching TV. Carrie feels the urge to escape to her old apartment for two days to meet a writing deadline and enjoy some time to herself, and is surprised when Big picks her up for dinner, and feels the romance re-enter their marriage. Big then suggests to Carrie they spend two days a week apart, to enjoy their own time, which he feels is what is giving their marriage new life. Carrie, somewhat hurt and resistant, reluctantly agrees, and then travels to Abu Dhabi with Samantha, Charlotte and Miranda. While in Abu Dhabi, Carrie learns how important a marriage can be when her butler tells her how he is separated from his wife for months at a time, but when they see each other, nothing else matters. Carrie also reunites with her old flame, Aidan Shaw, whom she meets in a chance encounter at an Abu Dhabi market. Carrie feels distressed due to a bad review of her new book in the New Yorker, and meets Aidan for dinner. The two of them reconnect, and briefly kiss. Carrie immediately regrets it and asks her friends for advice on whether to tell Big. Samantha and Miranda both advise Carrie not to tell Big because it was a minor incident, but Carrie feels too guilty to let it slide and tells Big immediately. Big is hurt, and Carrie worries that Big will go from wanting two days off, to seven days off. Upon Carrie's arrival back in New York, she is upset that Big doesn't pick her up at the airport as originally planned, isn't home and hasn't called. That night, he gets home and Carrie and Big talk about their marriage. Big tells Carrie to stop worrying that they will become a tired, boring old married couple, and they take new wedding vows for each other. Big forgives Carrie and gives her a black diamond ring (to make up for his unromantic marriage proposal - without a ring - 3 years earlier) to really show the world she's off the market. As their marriage grows out of the "terrible twos" Big and Carrie seem very happy and relaxed with each other. Now that they are both making an effort, and due to the ring Big gave her, they have their "sparkle" back.

text: Aidan Shaw[edit]

text: Manhattan furniture designer Aidan Shaw (John Corbett) is Carrie's next serious boyfriend after the painful break-up with Mr. Big. Aidan is the opposite of Mr. Big, as he is a laid-back, low-key nature lover who is patient, straightforward, and somewhat traditional in his relationship with Carrie. Carrie met him through her friend Stanford Blatch when the two of them visited Aidan's furniture store. They share an uncomplicated, loving relationship, which initially confuses Carrie, as she had become used to the stresses of dating Mr. Big. She begins to feel trapped and cannot shake off Mr. Big's presence in her life. Carrie and Aidan first break up when Carrie confesses, on Charlotte and Trey's wedding day, that she had an affair with Mr. Big.

text: Later in the series, Carrie and Aidan get back together, move in together, and become engaged. However, the engagement is broken when Carrie discovers she is not ready to marry him, and he is not willing to wait for her. Further hurt is caused when Carrie realizes Aidan only wants to marry her because he still doesn't trust her. Aidan hoped that by marrying Carrie, it would show the world she was his. During the sixth-season premiere, Carrie runs into Aidan on the street. She discovers that he has married a fellow furniture designer, Cathy, and has a son named Tate (played by Sarah Jessica Parker's son). The two agree to meet for coffee; Carrie states in voiceover that "there are some dates you cannot wait to keep, and there are some you both know you will never keep." In the film Sex and the City 2, a chance encounter between Aidan and Carrie in Abu Dhabi is a major plot point. While shopping at a local market with Miranda in Abu Dhabi, Carrie and Aidan encounter each other, they make a plan to catch up over dinner, where Aidan reveals he and Cathy are still married and have two more sons, Wyatt and Homer and in a moment of passion, share a brief kiss. Carrie becomes emotionally distraught over this and confesses the kiss to Big. After taking his time coming to terms with this revelation and understanding Carrie's mistake was because of her domestic crisis of faith, he forgives her.

text: Jack Berger[edit]

text: Following the end of her relationship with Aidan, Carrie begins to date Jack Berger (Ron Livingston), a novelist with a mixed degree of success. She meets him while discussing her upcoming book at her publisher's (Amy Sedaris) office. That day, Carrie and Berger go for a walk, during which Carrie gets a strawberry milkshake from McDonald's. Berger states to her, "How can anyone order strawberry after the age of eleven?", and Carrie obviously likes his sense of humor. However, when she asks him to be her "Plus One" at her party, he states he has a girlfriend. After an initially rocky start (in which Berger must break ties with his ex-girlfriend, Lauren), they form a rather playful relationship; one that initially seems to make Carrie very happy.

text: Berger is particularly notable for uttering the line, "He's just not that into you," as a response to Miranda's wondering why a recent date has not called her. The line inspired a book and later a film by Sex and the City writers.

text: As Carrie's success begins to mount, and particularly after Berger's second novel is not picked up for publication, the relationship deteriorates. Berger feels insecure about Carrie's newfound success as a writer after her book goes international and she begins receiving high-sum royalties. This is made worse by Carrie's thoughtless reaction to his first novel; her initial reaction – that she loves the book – is overshadowed by her simultaneous criticism of a minor detail about a lead character's hair accessory (i.e., that a modern-day New York woman would not wear a "scrunchie" while out and about).

text: Carrie and Berger fight frequently, culminating in a "break" in their relationship. Berger returns, professing his love for Carrie, and stating that he wishes to try again. However, he ends up leaving later, in the middle of the night, breaking up with Carrie via a Post-it note which reads, "I'm sorry, I can't. Don't hate me." After this hasty departure, Berger is referenced in only one more episode—after Carrie runs into his friends at a bar, she regrets leaving Berger an angry message (through his friends), stating that his break-up method was rude and pathetic.

text: Aleksandr Petrovsky[edit]

text: Next, Carrie meets and begins a relationship with Aleksandr Petrovsky (rus. Aлeкcaндp Пeтpoвcкий; Mikhail Baryshnikov), in the sixth season. He is a rich, successful, and older Russian artist. Carrie enjoys the relationship, but problems arise when she discovers that he already has a daughter in her twenties, and he doesn't want any more children. To ensure this, he has had a vasectomy. Carrie feels forced to choose between a long-term relationship with Petrovsky and the possibility of having children. She wonders if his love will be enough to compensate for the lack of children. She decides to stay in the relationship, despite mounting evidence that he will never be able to fully commit to her emotionally, as he is a very self-involved artist, and even at one point he claims that Carrie is "not his friend", but his lover.

text: He asks Carrie to leave her job and life in New York and move with him to Paris, where he has a museum show. After some degree of convincing, she accepts, giving up her job, her apartment, and her friends. But she finds herself to be lonely, disappointed, and confused upon her arrival, waiting for hours to meet with him, while he forgets his dates with her. She doesn't speak French well, and Petrovsky often leaves her alone in order to tend to his own career. His ex-wife warns Carrie that the relationship will be all about him. Meanwhile, Carrie has no friends there, but things start to look up when she meets some fans of her book, and she agrees to meet them at a cafe. However, a very anxious and panicking Alex begs her to accompany him to his museum show preview, and she agrees. But once there, he deserts her and seems to forget about her, and she realizes he doesn't need her. She rushes to meet with the fans, but they have left and mangled her book in the wake of her standing them up. In the series finale, after an argument and Alex impulsively slaps her, Carrie leaves him after facing his emotional shortcomings and his inability to give her an appropriate amount of attention. While in the lobby of the hotel trying to secure a room of her own, she runs into Mr. Big, who runs to defend her against Aleksandr. He finally understands that she is "the one" and pursued her to Paris with the encouragement of her friends. Carrie returns with Mr. Big to New York City.

text: Carrie's ex-lovers[edit]

text: Sebastian Kydd[edit]

text: Carrie shares her first kiss with Sebastian Kydd, a rich kid from town, at her swim club when she was 15. He later becomes her boyfriend, and they share an on-and-off relationship throughout the first season of The Carrie Diaries. They broke up due to being incompatible. During the second season of The Carrie Diaries, the two reignite their love for each other. Sebastian leaves to California with his father, but he and Carrie maintain a long distance relationship. When Sebastian returns to Manhattan, moving into Larissa's old apartment, Carrie realizes his interests have changed. Sebastian remains busy with interests in starting a clothing line and it causes problems in the relationship. Sebastian wanted to move to California to pursue his dreams, but Carrie wanted to stay in Manhattan to work for Interview Magazine. Carrie decides to say yes to a full-time job offer at Interview but loses her chances at going to NYU. She is later fired because of a dispute between Larissa, and Andy. Carrie tries to attend NYU, but she is told it is too late. After hearing about Carrie's situation, Sebastian decides to invite her to go live with him in Malibu where he will work on his clothing business. Carrie agrees to move until she later realizes she belongs in Manhattan. The two say their final goodbyes at Larrisa's wedding.

text: George Silver[edit]

text: Carrie's second boyfriend. She starts dating George after meeting him at her internship at a law firm. She ends their relationship after he tries to force her to have sex in the back of a car. Throughout the relationship she still has feelings for Sebastian, using George to incite feelings of jealousy in Sebastian.

text: Adam Weaver[edit]

text: Carrie's third boyfriend, appearing in Season 2 of The Carrie Diaries. Larissa, Carrie's boss, wanted Carrie to get an interview with Weaver for Interview Magazine. Carrie attends a role play of Weaver's piece. When she laughs during the funeral scene she is frowned at by her friend Bennet, but Adam Weaver later finds her after the show and is charmed by her understanding of the scene. Carrie and Weaver become close as Carrie tries to pry information out of him for Interview. She later drops the assignment and they start to date. In The Carrie diaries she loses her virginity to him. Carrie and Weaver start to have problems when Weaver begins critiquing her work. They get in a fight that ends their relationship, and Weaver accuses her for having feelings for Sebastian. After they break up over Carrie still being in love with Sebastian, Adam writes an article about Carrie as 'Mystery Girl', in which rude and untrue things are said, although nobody knows that the 'Mystery Girl' is Carrie. At the end of Season 2, he goes to her senior prom, apologizing for his behavior. Carrie also loses her virginity to him in "the Carrie diaries".

text: Capote Duncan[edit]

text: According to Candace Bushnell's book, Summer and the City, Capote Duncan was Carrie's classmate in The New School. At the beginning, Carrie hated him because of his arrogance but at the end of the book, it was said that he's the person with whom Carrie lost her virginity. He appears briefly in the beginning of the TV series adaption.

text: Bernard Singer[edit]

text: In Summer and the City, Bernard Singer is a famous writer who Carrie has a brief relationship with, only to realise that Bernard doesn't love Carrie and that she loves Capote Duncan.

text: Bibliography[edit]

text: Books:

text:
Sex and the City (a collection of her columns)
MEN-hattan
A Single Life
Love Letters
I Do! Do I?

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Critical reception to Carrie tended to be positive during the show's run and in the years immediately thereafter. In 2004, Carrie Bradshaw was listed as number 11 on Bravo's 100 Greatest TV Characters.[3][4] In 2009 The Guardian named Bradshaw as an icon of the decade, stating that "Carrie Bradshaw did as much to shift the culture around certain women's issues as real-life female groundbreakers."[5] In 2010, Carrie Bradshaw was listed as the 2nd in TV Guide's list "25 Greatest TV Characters of All-Time". AOL ranked her the 41st Most Memorable Female TV Character.[6] TV Guide named her the most fashionable TV character.[7] Her relationship with Mr. Big was included in TV Guide's list of the best TV couples of all time.[8] Parker received an Emmy Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award, and a Golden Globe Award for her performances.

text: In retrospective analysis of the show, critics have generally reassessed Carrie Bradshaw as an unsympathetic protagonist, despite the show's portrayal of her as a positive figure. In 2013, Glamour magazine called Carrie "the worst" character on the show, saying that "her brattiness and self-absorption eclipsed her redeeming qualities and even her awesome shoes."[9] In a 2010 retrospective about the previous two decades in pop culture, ABC News named Carrie one of the ten worst characters of the past twenty years, calling her a "snippy, self-righteous Manhattan snob" and citing the character's actions in Sex and the City 2 as evidence that she was beyond personal growth or redemption.[10] The New Yorker, looking back on the show a decade after it went off the air, felt that while the character began as a "happy, curious explorer, out companionably smoking with modellizers," from the second season on she "spun out, becoming anxious, obsessive, and, despite her charm, wildly self-centered."[11]


document_title: List of Indian cities on rivers

question_text: cities located on the bank of river brahmaputra

text: List of Indian cities on rivers

text: The following is a list of the cities in India through which major rivers flow.

text:
City
River
State

Gangakhed
Godavari
Maharashtra

Agra
Yamuna
Uttar Pradesh

Ahmedabad
Sabarmati
Gujarat

Allahabad
At the confluence of Ganga, Yamuna and Saraswati
Uttar Pradesh

Ayodhya
Saryu
Uttar Pradesh

Badrinath
Alaknanda
Uttarakhand

Banki
Mahanadi
Odisha

Brahmapur
Rushikulya
Odisha

Chhatrapur
Rushikulya
Odisha

Bhagalpur
Ganges
Bihar

Kolkata
Hooghly
West Bengal

Cuttack
Mahanadi
Odisha

New Delhi
Yamuna
Delhi

Dibrugarh
Brahmaputra
Assam

Ferozpur
Sutlej
Punjab

Guwahati
Brahmaputra
Assam

Haridwar
Ganges
Uttarakhand

Hyderabad
Musi
Telangana

Jabalpur
Narmada
Madhya Pradesh

Kanpur
Ganges
Uttar Pradesh

Kota
Chambal
Rajasthan

Kottayam
Meenachil
Kerala

Jaunpur
Gomti
Uttar Pradesh

Patna
Ganges
Bihar

Rajahmundry
Godavari
Andhra Pradesh

Srinagar
Jhelum
Jammu & Kashmir

Surat
Tapi
Gujarat

Varanasi
Ganges
Uttar Pradesh

Vijayawada
Krishna
Andhra Pradesh

Vadodara
Vishwamitri, Mahi, Narmada
Gujarat

Mathura
Yamuna
Uttar Pradesh

Mirzapur
Ganga
Uttar Pradesh

Auraiya
Yamuna
Uttar Pradesh

Etawah
Yamuna
Uttar Pradesh

Bangalore
Vrishabhavathi
Karnataka

Farrukhabad
Ganges
Uttar Pradesh

Rangpo
Teesta
Sikkim

Gaya
Falgu (Neeranjana)
Bihar

Fatehgarh
Ganges
Uttar Pradesh

Kannauj
Ganges
Uttar Pradesh

Mangalore
Netravati, Gurupura
Karnataka

Shimoga
Tunga River
Karnataka

Bhadravathi
Bhadra
Karnataka

Hospet
Tungabhadra
Karnataka

Karwar
Kali
Karnataka

Bagalkot
Ghataprabha
Karnataka

Honnavar
Sharavathi
Karnataka

Gwalior
Chambal
Madhya Pradesh

Gorakhpur
Rapti
Uttar Pradesh

Lucknow
Gomti
Uttar Pradesh

Kanpur Cantonment
Ganges
Uttar Pradesh

Shuklaganj
Ganges
Uttar Pradesh

Chakeri
Ganges
Uttar Pradesh

Malegaon
Girna River
Maharashtra

Sambalpur
Mahanadi
Odisha

Rourkela
Brahmani
Odisha

Pune
Mula, Mutha
Maharashtra

Daman
Daman Ganga River
Daman

Madurai
Vaigai
Tamil Nadu

Thiruchirapalli
Kaveri
Tamil Nadu

Chennai
Cooum, Adyar
Tamil Nadu

Coimbatore
Noyyal
Tamil Nadu

Erode
Kaveri
Tamil Nadu

Tirunelveli
Thamirabarani
Tamil Nadu

Bharuch
Narmada
Gujarat

Karjat
Ulhas
Maharashtra

Nashik
Godavari
Maharashtra

Mahad
Savitri
Maharashtra

Nanded
Godavari
Maharashtra

Kolhapur
Panchaganga
Maharashtra

Nellore
Pennar
Andhra Pradesh

Kurnool
Tungabhadra
Andhra Pradesh

Nizamabad
Godavari
Telangana

Sangli
Krishna
Maharashtra

Karad
Krishna, Koyna
Maharashtra

Hajipur
Ganges
Bihar

Ujjain
Shipra
Madhya Pradesh[1]

Ashta
Parwati[2]
Madhya Pradesh

Kanchipuram
Vegavathi, Palar
Tamil Nadu

Thanjavur
Vennaaru, Vadavaaru
Tamil Nadu

Murshidabad
Hooghly
West Bengal

Munger
Ganges
Bihar

Jamalpur
Ganges
Bihar

Purnia
Koshi
Bihar

Golegaon
Godavari
Maharashtra

Budaun
Sot
Uttar Pradesh

Amaravati
Krishna
Andhra Pradesh

text: bhopal [3] morhar