document_title: Toy Story 3

question_text: who plays the bear on toy story 3

question_tokens: who plays the bear on toy story 3

text: Toy Story 3

text: Plot

text: Seventeen-year-old Andy[11] is about to leave for college, and his toys have not been played with for years. He intends to take Woody with him, and puts Buzz Lightyear, Jessie, and the other toys in a trash bag to be stored in the attic. Andy's mother mistakenly takes the bag to the curb for garbage pickup. The toys escape and, believing Andy intended to throw them away, decide to climb into a donation box with Molly's discarded toy, Barbie, bound for Sunnyside Daycare. Woody follows them, but is unable to convince them of the mistake.

text: Andy's toys are welcomed by the other toys at Sunnyside, and are given a tour by Lots-O'-Huggin' Bear ("Lotso"), Big Baby, and Ken. The toys choose to stay, except Woody, who attempts to return to Andy, but is instead found by Bonnie, one of the Sunnyside students. She brings Woody home and plays with him along with her other toys, which are well-treated. Meanwhile, at Sunnyside, a group of toddlers play rough with Andy's toys. Buzz seeks out Lotso to request to have the toys moved to the older children's room, but Lotso declines. At the same time, Mrs. Potato Head, through an eye she inadvertently left in Andy's room, sees Andy searching for the toys. However, before they can leave, Andy's toys are imprisoned by Lotso's gang, guarded by Buzz, whom Lotso switched to Demo Mode. This caused him to believe he is a real space ranger, therefore turning against the other toys. At Bonnie's house, Woody meets a toy clown named Chuckles, who explains to Woody that he, Lotso, and Big Baby once had a beloved owner named Daisy. When the toys were accidentally left behind by Daisy's family during a trip, they made their way back to her house, where Lotso found that he had been replaced. Lotso lied to Big Baby, saying Daisy had replaced all of them. When they found Sunnyside, Lotso took it over, with Chuckles only getting out because Bonnie took him home after he was broken, and fixed him.

text: Woody returns to Sunnyside and learns from a Chatter Telephone toy that there is only one way out of the daycare: the trash. Woody and Andy's other toys execute their plan, but accidentally reset Buzz to Spanish mode instead of his old persona. Buzz promptly allies himself with Woody and falls in love with Jessie. The toys reach a dumpster, but are cornered by Lotso and his gang. As a garbage truck approaches, Woody reveals what he learned about Lotso and shows proof of Daisy's ownership tag, which Chuckles had kept, to Big Baby. Lotso destroys the tag and says that toys are meant to be discarded, but an enraged Big Baby throws Lotso into the dumpster. As the toys try to leave, Lotso pulls Woody into the dumpster just as the truck collects the trash. The rest of Andy's toys fall into the back of the truck while trying to rescue him, and a falling television lands on Buzz, restoring his memory and normal personality. The truck deposits the toys at a landfill, where they find themselves on a conveyor belt, leading to an incinerator. Woody and Buzz help Lotso reach an emergency stop button, only for Lotso to abandon them and escape. The toys resign themselves to their fate, but are soon rescued by the Aliens operating an industrial claw. Lotso is found by a garbage truck driver, who straps him to his truck's radiator grill, and drives away. Woody and the other toys board another garbage truck back to Andy's house.

text: In Andy's room, Woody climbs into the box with Andy's college supplies, while the other toys ready themselves for the attic. Woody leaves a note for Andy, who, thinking the note is from his mother, takes the toys to Bonnie's house, and introduces her to them. Bonnie recognizes Woody, who, to Andy's surprise, is at the bottom of the box. Though hesitant at first, Andy passes Woody on to Bonnie, and then plays with her before leaving. Woody and the other toys witness Andy's departure as they begin their new lives with Bonnie. Meanwhile, Barbie, Ken, and Big Baby have made vast improvements to Sunnyside, and maintain contact with Woody and his friends through letters.

text: Voice cast

text: This is the list of the voice cast for the film:[12]

text:
Tom Hanks as Sheriff Woody
Tim Allen as Buzz Lightyear
Joan Cusack as Jessie
Ned Beatty as Lots-O'-Huggin' Bear
John Morris as Andy Davis
Don Rickles as Mr. Potato Head
Blake Clark as Slinky Dog
Wallace Shawn as Rex
John Ratzenberger as Hamm
Estelle Harris as Mrs. Potato Head
Michael Keaton as Ken
Jodi Benson as Barbie
Emily Hahn as Bonnie Anderson
Jeff Pidgeon as Aliens
Timothy Dalton as Mr. Pricklepants
Kristen Schaal as Trixie
Jeff Garlin as Buttercup
Bonnie Hunt as Dolly
Whoopi Goldberg as Stretch

Kristen Schaal and Jeff Garlin, who attended the Toy Story 3 panel at the 2010 WonderCon, joined the cast as Trixie and Buttercup, respectively.[13]

Jack Angel as Chunk
Jan Rabson as Sparks
John Cygan as Twitch
Laurie Metcalf as Ms. Davis
Lori Alan as Bonnie's Mom
Bea Miller as Molly Davis
R. Lee Ermey as Sarge
Teddy Newton as Chatter Telephone
Richard Kind as Bookworm
Bud Luckey as Chuckles
Javier Fernández Peña as Spanish Buzz[14]
Charlie Bright as Peaty/Young Andy
Amber Kroner as Peatrice
Brianna Maiwand as Peanelope
Erik von Detten as Sid
Jack Willis as The Frog
Lee Unkrich as Jack-in-the-Box
Bob Peterson as Janitor
Woody Smith as Big Baby[15][16]

text: Several other characters (such as Bo Peep, RC, Etch, and Wheezy) are only seen in flashbacks or briefly mentioned. The character of Slinky Dog appeared to be in limbo after the death of his original voice actor Jim Varney on February 10, 2000, three months after Toy Story 2 was released. Varney was replaced by Blake Clark. After Clark was cast to play Slinky Dog, the producers realized that Clark and Varney had coincidentally been close friends since they appeared in the 1989 film Fast Food, making the transition a lot easier.[17]

text: Production

text: According to the terms of Pixar's initial seven-film deal with Disney, all characters created by Pixar for their films were owned by Disney.[18] Furthermore, Disney retained the rights to make sequels to any Pixar film,[18] though Pixar retained the right of first refusal to work on these sequels.[19] In 2004, when the contentious negotiations between the two companies made a split appear likely, Michael Eisner, Disney chairman at the time, put plans in motion to produce Toy Story 3 at a new Disney studio, Circle 7 Animation.[20] Tim Allen, the voice of Buzz Lightyear, indicated a willingness to return, even if Pixar was not on board.[20]:2

text: Screenwriter Jim Herzfeld wrote a script for Circle 7's version of the film. It focused on the other toys shipping a malfunctioning Buzz to Taiwan, where he was built, believing that he will be fixed there. While searching on the Internet, they find out that many more Buzz Lightyear toys are malfunctioning around the world and the company has issued a massive recall. Fearing Buzz's destruction, a group of Andy's toys (Woody, Rex, Slinky, Mr. Potato Head, Hamm, Jessie, and Bullseye) venture out to rescue Buzz. At the same time, Buzz meets other toys from around the world that were once loved, but have now been recalled.[20]

text: In January 2006, Disney bought Pixar in a deal that put Pixar chiefs Edwin Catmull and John Lasseter in charge of all Disney Animation.[21] Shortly thereafter, Circle 7 Animation was shut down and its version of Toy Story 3 was cancelled.[20]:1 The following month, Disney CEO Robert Iger confirmed that Disney was in the process of transferring the production to Pixar.[22] John Lasseter, Andrew Stanton, Pete Docter, and Lee Unkrich visited the house where they first pitched Toy Story and came up with the story for the film over a weekend. Stanton then wrote a treatment.[23]

text: This story had no traces of the Circle 7 version of the film, since the filmmakers did not read its script: "Not out of spite, but we wanted to start fresh, and not be influenced by what they'd done," said Unkrich. "We didn't look at any of the work they'd done. We really didn't want to know anything about it."[24] In February 2007, Lasseter announced Toy Story 2's co-director, Unkrich, as the sole director of the film instead of himself (Lasseter had directed the first two films and was busy directing Cars 2), and Michael Arndt as screenwriter.[25] 2010 was also announced as the tentative release date.[24]

text: Unkrich, who had been working with Arndt and story development artists on the film since the middle of 2006,[24] said that he felt pressure to avoid creating "the first dud" for Pixar, since (as of 2010) all of Pixar's films had been critical and commercial successes.[26] In February 2008, the film's plotline was reported: "Woody the cowboy and his toy box friends are dumped in a daycare centre after their owner, Andy, leaves for college."[27]

text: During the initial development stages of the film, Pixar revisited their work from the original Toy Story and found that, although they could open the old computer files for the animated 3D models, error messages prevented them from editing the files. This necessitated recreating the models from scratch.[28] To create the chaotic and complex junkyard scene near the film's end, more than a year and a half was invested on research and development to create the simulation systems required for the sequence.[29]

text: Instead of sending Tom Hanks, Tim Allen and John Ratzenberger scripts for their consideration in reprising their roles, a complete story reel of the film was shown to the actors in a theater. The reel was made up of moving storyboards with pre-recorded voices, sound effects, and music. At the conclusion of the preview, the actors signed on to the film.[30]

text: Dolby Laboratories announced that Toy Story 3 would be the first film to feature theatrical 7.1 surround sound.[31] Thus, even the Blu-ray version would feature original 7.1 audio, unlike other films which were remixed into 7.1 for Blu-ray.

text: Release

text: Toy Story 3 had its worldwide premiere on June 12, 2010, opening at Taormina Film Fest in Italy.[34] In the United States, it premiered on June 13, 2010, at El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood, California.[32] El Capitan also hosted on June 17, 2010, a Toy Story marathon, showing for the first time all three Toy Story films together.[33] The film went into its wide release on June 18, 2010, along with a release to IMAX 3D theaters.[35]

text: The film was theatrically accompanied with the Pixar short film Day & Night, which focuses on what happens when an animated personification of Day meets his opposite, Night, and the resulting growth for both.[36][37]

text: Marketing

text: The film's first teaser trailer was released with Up in Disney Digital 3-D on May 29, 2009.[38] On October 2, 2009, Toy Story and Toy Story 2 were re-released as a double feature in Disney Digital 3-D.[39] The first full-length trailer was attached as an exclusive sneak peek and a first footage to the Toy Story double feature on October 12, 2009.[40] A second teaser was released on February 10, 2010, followed by a second full-length trailer on February 11, and appeared in 3D showings of Alice in Wonderland and How to Train Your Dragon.[41] On March 23, 2010, Toy Story and Toy Story 2 were released separately on Blu-ray/DVD combo packs; Toy Story included a small feature of "The Story of Toy Story 3" and Toy Story 2 included one on the "Characters of Toy Story 3."[42][43]

text: Mattel, Thinkway Toys, and Lego are among companies that produced toys to promote the film. Fisher Price, a Mattel Company, released Toy Story 3 with 21 3D images for viewing with the View-Master viewer.[44][45] Disney Interactive Studios also produced a video game based on the film Toy Story 3: The Video Game, which was released for Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360, Wii, PlayStation 3, Nintendo DS, and PSP on June 15, 2010.[46] A PlayStation 2 version was released on October 30, 2010 as part of a PS2 bundle and separately on November 2, 2010 (the same day Toy Story 3 was released on DVD and Blu-ray).[47] It was also the last Disney/Pixar game to be released for PlayStation 2.[47]

text: Toy Story 3 was featured in Apple's iPhone OS 4 Event on April 8, 2010, with Steve Jobs demonstrating a Toy Story 3-themed iAd written in HTML5.[48] Pixar designed a commercial for the toy Lots-O'-Huggin' Bear and formatted it to appear as if it came from an old VCR recording. The recording was altered with distorted sound, noise along the bottom of the screen, and flickering video, all designed to make it look like a converted recording from around 1983.[49] A Japanese version of the commercial was also released online, with the name "Lots-O'-Huggin Bear" replaced with "Little Hug-Hug Bear" (Japanese:ハグハグベアちゃん/Hagu Hagu Beya-Chan).[50]

text: On Dancing with the Stars' May 11, 2010 episode, the Gipsy Kings performed a Spanish-language version of the song "You've Got a Friend in Me," which featured a paso doble dance choreographed by Cheryl Burke and Tony Dovolani.[51][52] Both the song and dance are featured in the film. Toy Story 3 was promoted with airings of the first and second film on several channels in the weeks preceding the film's release, including Disney Channel,[53] Disney XD,[54] and ABC Family.[55] Sneak peeks of Toy Story 3 were also revealed,[55] primarily on Disney Channel.[56][57]

text: Oscar campaign

text: Toy Story 3's "Not since..." Oscar campaign drew a lot of attention, emphasizing the film's uniqueness and critical acclaim. The campaign consisted of posters featuring characters from the film, comparing Toy Story 3 to previous winners such as The Lord of the Rings, Shakespeare in Love, Titanic, and more.[58] Walt Disney Studios Chairman Rich Ross explained they were going for the Best Picture win, not just Best Animated film.[59] The Hollywood Reporter gave the campaign a bronze award in Key Art Awards Winners 2011.[60]

text: Home media

text: Toy Story 3 was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment in North America on November 2, 2010, in a standard DVD edition, a two-disc Blu-ray Disc, and in a four-disc Blu-ray/DVD/Digital Copy combo pack. Features included behind-the-scenes, including a sneak peek teaser for the then-upcoming Cars 2 (the sequel to the 2006 film Cars).[61] A 10-disc Toy Story trilogy Blu-ray box set arrived on store shelves that same day.[62] A 3D version of the Blu-ray was released in North America on November 1, 2011.[63]

text: On its first week of release (November 2–7, 2010), it sold 3,859,736 units (equal to $73,096,452), ranking No.1 for the week and immediately becoming the best-selling animated film of 2010 in units sold (surpassing How to Train Your Dragon). As of July 18, 2012, it had sold 10,911,701 units ($185,924,247).[64] It became the best-selling DVD of 2010 in units sold, but it lacked in sales revenue and therefore ranked second behind Avatar on that list.[65] It also sold about 4 million Blu-ray units, ranking as the fourth best-selling film of 2010.[66]

text: In the United Kingdom, it broke the record for the largest first day ever for an animated feature in sales revenue, on both DVD and Blu-ray. Additionally, on the first day of its iTunes release, it immediately became the most downloaded Disney film ever.[67]

text: Reception

text: Box office

text: Toy Story 3 earned $415 million in North America and $652 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $1.067 billion, earning more revenue than the previous two films of the series combined.[1] It became the highest-grossing animated film, surpassing the six-year-old record held by 2004's Shrek 2 ($919 million),[68] until Walt Disney Animation Studios' computer-animated musical Frozen surpassed it in 2014, followed by Minions in 2015.[69] It is the twentieth highest-grossing film,[70] the highest-grossing film of 2010,[71] the third highest-grossing animated film (behind Frozen and Minions),[9] the highest-grossing film in the Toy Story series,[72] the highest-grossing Pixar film,[73] and the eighth highest-grossing film distributed by Disney.[74] In estimated attendance, though, it still ranks fourth on the list of modern animated films, behind Shrek 2, Finding Nemo, and The Lion King.[9] On its first weekend, Toy Story 3 topped the worldwide box office with $145.3 million ($153.7 million with weekday previews), the ninth largest opening weekend worldwide for an animated feature.[75] On August 27, 2010 – its seventy-first day of release, it surpassed the $1 billion mark, becoming the third Disney film, the second Disney-distributed film in 2010 (after Alice in Wonderland), the first animated film,[9] and the seventh film in cinematic history to do so.

text: North America

text: In North America, Toy Story 3 is the nineteenth highest-grossing film, unadjusted for inflation. Adjusted for ticket price inflation, though, it ranks ninety-sixth on the all-time chart.[76] It is also the highest-grossing film of 2010,[77] the second highest-grossing Pixar film (behind Finding Dory),[73] the second highest-grossing G-rated film (behind The Lion King),[78] the fourth highest-grossing animated film,[79] and the seventh highest-grossing film distributed by Disney.[80] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 52 million tickets in the U.S.[81] The film earned $41.1 million on its opening day (June 18, 2010) from 4,028 theaters, including $4 million at midnight shows from about 1,500 theaters, setting an opening day record for an animated film[82] (surpassed by Minions and later Finding Dory).[83][84]

text: During its opening weekend, the film topped the box office with $110.3 million, setting an opening weekend record among Pixar films[85] (surpassed by Finding Dory),[86] films released in June[87] (surpassed by Man of Steel and later Jurassic World),[88][89] and G-rated films.[90] The film also achieved the second largest opening weekend among animated films[91] and the fourth largest opening weekend among 2010 films.[92] Its average of $27,385 per venue is the second highest for a G-rated film and the third highest for an animated feature.[93] Its opening week gross (Friday through Thursday) of $167.6 million is the second largest among animated films, the second largest among 2010 films, and the twenty-third largest of all time.[94] It also achieved the largest 10-day gross among 2010 films.[95] It topped the box office for two consecutive weekends.[96]

text: Outside North America

text: Outside of North America, Toy Story 3 is the twenty-ninth highest-grossing film,[97] the sixth highest-grossing animated film, the third highest-grossing film of 2010,[98] the highest-grossing Pixar film, and the eleventh highest-grossing Disney film.[97] It topped the box office outside North America three times, in its first ($35 million),[99] second,[100] and sixth weekend (which was its largest).[101]

text: Its highest-grossing market after North America is Japan ($126.7 million),[102] where it is the second highest-grossing U.S. animated feature (behind Finding Nemo),[9] followed by the UK and Ireland, and Malta (£73.8 million – $116.6 million), where it is the sixth highest-grossing film,[103] and Mexico ($59.4 million), where it is the second highest-grossing film.[104] It set opening weekend records for animated films in Ecuador, Colombia, Mexico, China, Argentina,[105] Hong Kong,[106] Spain, and the UK.[107] It is the highest-grossing animated film of all time in the UK, Ireland and Malta,[108][109] Mexico,[104] Hong Kong,[110][111] and Egypt. It is the highest-grossing film of 2010 in Argentina,[112] Bolivia,[113] Chile,[114] Colombia,[115] Hong Kong,[116] Mexico,[117] Spain,[118] the UK, Ireland, and Malta.[119]

text: Critical response

text: On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 99% based on 291 reviews, with an average rating of 8.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Deftly blending comedy, adventure, and honest emotion, Toy Story 3 is a rare second sequel that really works."[120] Toy Story 3 was the best-reviewed film of 2010 on Rotten Tomatoes.[121] Another review aggregator, Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, gave the film a score of 92 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[122] TIME named Toy Story 3 the "best film of 2010,"[123] as did Quentin Tarantino.[124] In 2011, TIME named it one of "The 25 All-TIME Best Animated Films."[125] Audiences surveyed by Cinemascore gave the film a grade "A" rating.[126]

text: A. O. Scott of The New York Times stated "This film—this whole three-part, 15-year epic—about the adventures of a bunch of silly plastic junk turns out also to be a long, melancholy meditation on loss, impermanence and that noble, stubborn, foolish thing called love."[127] Owen Gleiberman from Entertainment Weekly gave the film an "A" saying "Even with the bar raised high, Toy Story 3 enchanted and moved me so deeply I was flabbergasted that a digitally animated comedy about plastic playthings could have this effect."[128] Gleiberman also wrote in the next issue that he, along with many other grown men, cried at the end of the film.[129] Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter also gave the film a positive review, saying "Woody, Buzz and playmates make a thoroughly engaging, emotionally satisfying return."[130]

text: Mark Kermode of the BBC gave the film, and the series, a glowing review, calling it "the best movie trilogy of all time."[131] In USA Today, Claudia Puig gave the film a complete 4 star rating, writing "This installment, the best of the three, is everything a movie should be: hilarious, touching, exciting, and clever."[132] Lou Lumenick of the New York Post wrote "Toy Story 3 (which is pointlessly being shown in 3-D at most locations) may not be a masterpiece, but it still had me in tears at the end."[133] Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, writing that "Compared with the riches of all kinds in recent Pixar masterworks such as Ratatouille, WALL-E, and Up, Toy Story 3 looks and plays like an exceptionally slick and confident product, as opposed to a magical blend of commerce and popular art."[134] Roger Moore of the Orlando Sentinel, who gave the film 3½ out of 4 stars, wrote "Dazzling, scary, and sentimental, Toy Story 3 is a dark and emotional conclusion to the film series that made Pixar famous."[135]

text: Accolades

text: On January 25, 2011, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences announced that Toy Story 3 was not only nominated for Best Animated Feature, but also for Best Picture. This makes Toy Story 3 not only the first animated sequel in history to be nominated for Best Picture, but also just the third animated film to ever be so nominated (following Beauty and the Beast and Up), with Toy Story 3 becoming the second Pixar film to be nominated for both awards.[136] Toy Story 3 also became the first ever Pixar film—and the first animated feature film since Shrek—to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay,[137] though six of Pixar's previous films were nominated for the Best Original Screenplay: Toy Story,[138] Finding Nemo,[138] The Incredibles,[138] Ratatouille,[138] WALL-E,[138] and Up.[139] In 2011, it was nominated for a Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Animated Movie, but lost to Despicable Me.

text:
Awards

Award
Category
Recipients
Result

Teen Choice Awards 2010[140]
Choice Movie: Animated Film

Won

Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards 2010[141]
Fave Movie

Nominated

Hollywood Movie Awards 2010[142]
Hollywood Animation Award
Lee Unkrich
Won

Digital Spy Movie Awards[143]
Best Movie

2010 Scream Awards[144]
Best Fantasy Movie

Nominated

Best Screen-Play
Michael Arndt

Best Fantasy Actor
Tom Hanks

3-D Top Three

37th People's Choice Awards[145]
Favorite Movie

Favorite Family Movie

Won

Satellite Awards 2010[146]
Motion Picture (Animated or Mixed)

Best Original Screenplay
Michael Arndt
Nominated

2011 Grammy Awards[147]
Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media
Randy Newman
Won

Heartland Film Festival 2010[148]
Truly Moving Picture Award
Lee Unkrich
Won

2011 Annie Awards[149]
Best Animated Feature

Nominated

Best Directing in a Feature Production
Lee Unkrich

Best Writing in a Feature Production
Michael Arndt

82nd National Board of Review Awards[150]
Best Animated Film

Won

Top Ten Films

9th Washington Area Film Critics Association[151]
Best Adapted Screenplay
Michael Arndt
Nominated

Best Film

Best Animated Feature

Won

16th Annual BFCA Critics Choice Awards[152]
Best Picture

Nominated

Best Adapted Screenplay
Michael Arndt

Best Animated Feature
Lee Unkrich
Won

Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Sound
Randy Newman
Nominated

Best Original Song "We Belong Together"

2010 Golden Tomato Awards[153]
Best Rating Feature in 2010 (Wide Release)

Won

Best Reviewed Animated Film (Animation)[154]

68th Golden Globe Awards[155]
Best Animated Feature Film

64th BAFTA Awards[156]
Best Adapted Screenplay
Michael Arndt
Nominated

Best Animated Feature

Won

Best Visual Effects
Guido Quaroni
Nominated

83rd Academy Awards[157]
Best Picture
Darla K. Anderson

Best Adapted Screenplay
Michael Arndt, John Lasseter, Andrew Stanton and Lee Unkrich

Best Animated Feature
Lee Unkrich
Won

Best Sound Editing
Tom Myers and Michael Silvers
Nominated

Best Original Song ("We Belong Together")
Randy Newman
Won

2011 Kids' Choice Awards[158]
Favorite Animated Film

Nominated

Favorite Voice from an Animated Movie
Tom Hanks

Tim Allen

37th Saturn Awards[159]
Best Animated Film

Won

Best Writing
Michael Arndt
Nominated

2011 MTV Movie Awards[160]
Best Villain
Ned Beatty

9th Visual Effects Society Awards[161]
Outstanding Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture
Lee Unkrich, Darla K. Anderson, Guido Quaroni, Michael Fong

Outstanding Effects Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture
Jason Johnston, Eric Froemling, David Ryu, JD Northrup

text: Music

text:
Toy Story 3

Soundtrack album by Randy Newman

Released
June 15, 2010[162]

Recorded
2009–10

Genre
Score

Length
56:18

Label
Walt Disney

Pixar chronology

Up
(2009)Up2009
Toy Story 3
(2010)
Cars 2
(2011)Cars 22011

Randy Newman chronology

The Princess and the Frog
(2009) The Princess and the Frog2009
Toy Story 3
(2010) Toy Story 32010
Monsters University
(2013) Monsters University2013

Singles from Toy Story 3

"We Belong Together"
Released: 2010

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

Empire

Filmtracks

Movie Music UK

Movie Wave

text: The film score for Toy Story 3 was composed and conducted by Randy Newman,[12] his sixth for Pixar after Toy Story, A Bug's Life, Toy Story 2, Monsters, Inc., and Cars.[163] Initially, Disney released the soundtrack only as digital download.[162] This was the second instance where Disney did not release the award-winning soundtrack of a Pixar film on CD, the first being Up.[164] In January 2012, Intrada released the Toy Story 3 soundtrack on Compact Disc.[165]

text: All tracks written by Randy Newman.

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"We Belong Together" (performed by Newman)
4:03

2.
"You've Got a Friend in Me (para Buzz Español) (Hay Un Amigo en Mi)" (performed by The Gipsy Kings)
2:15

3.
"Cowboy!"
4:10

4.
"Garbage?"
2:40

5.
"Sunnyside"
2:20

6.
"Woody Bails"
4:40

7.
"Come to Papa"
2:05

8.
"Go See Lotso"
3:36

9.
"Bad Buzz"
2:22

10.
"You Got Lucky"
5:58

11.
"Spanish Buzz"
3:31

12.
"What About Daisy?"
2:07

13.
"To the Dump"
3:50

14.
"The Claw"
3:56

15.
"Going Home"
3:22

16.
"So Long"
4:55

17.
"Zu-Zu (Ken's Theme)"
:35

Total length:
56:18

text: In addition to the tracks included in the soundtrack album, the film also uses several other tracks such as "Dream Weaver" by Gary Wright,[166] "Le Freak" by Chic,[167] and Randy Newman's original version of "You've Got a Friend in Me."[167] Furthermore, tracks "Cowboy!" and "Come to Papa" included material from Newman's rejected score to Air Force One.[168] The song "Losing You" from Newman's own album Harps and Angels was also used in the first trailer for the film.[169] The Judas Priest song "Electric Eye" was also used in the film in the temp score for the opening scene of Toy Story 3.[170] The aliens are playing the tune in their sports car. The song was ultimately replaced by another piece of music.[which?]

text:
Chart (2010)
Peak
position

Mexican Albums (Top 100 Mexico)[171]
8

text: Music awards

text:
Award
Category/Recipients
Result

16th Annual BFCA Critics Choice Awards[152]
Best Original Song "We Belong Together" (Randy Newman)
Nominated

2011 Grammy Awards[172]
Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media
Won

83rd Academy Awards[173]
Best Original Song – "We Belong Together"

text: Sequel

text: A sequel, titled Toy Story 4, will be released on June 21, 2019.[10] The film was originally to be directed by John Lasseter and co-directed by Josh Cooley.[174][175] In July 2017, however, it was announced that Cooley would be the movie's sole director.[176] The film will focus on Bonnie's toys helping Woody to reunite with Bo Peep,[177] who was given away before the events of this film. Tom Hanks, Tim Allen, Kristen Schaal and Laurie Metcalf will reprise their roles of Woody, Buzz, Trixie and Mrs. Davis. The rest of this film's cast may also return. Don Rickles also signed on to return to voice Mr. Potato Head; however, Rickles died during production. It is uncertain how his death will affect Potato Head's role in the fourth film.


document_title: Simple Gifts

question_text: who wrote tis a gift to be simple

question_tokens: who wrote tis a gift to be simple

root

text: Simple Gifts

text: Background and composition[edit]

text: The tune was written by Joseph Brackett (1797–1882) in 1848.[1] Brackett, a lifelong resident of Maine, first joined the Shakers at Gorham, Maine, when his father's farm helped to form the nucleus of a new Shaker settlement.[2]

tag: p

text: Resurgence and enduring popularity[edit]

text:
External video

 Songs of America - Simple Gifts - Shaker Hymn, 1:40, Cibertracker Imperium

 I Danced in the Morning (LORD OF THE DANCE), 3:55, First-Plymouth Church Lincoln Nebraska-Videos

tag: table

text: The song was largely unknown outside Shaker communities until Aaron Copland used its melody for the score of Martha Graham's ballet Appalachian Spring (Shakers once worshipped on Holy Mount, in the Appalachians), first performed in 1944. Copland used "Simple Gifts" a second time in 1950 in his first set of Old American Songs for voice and piano, which was later orchestrated. Many people thought that the tune of "Simple Gifts" was a traditional Celtic one but both the music and original lyrics are actually the compositions of Brackett. "Simple Gifts" has been adapted or arranged many times since by folksingers and composers.[3]

text: Lyrics[edit]

text: "Simple Gifts" was written by Elder Joseph while he was at the Shaker community in Alfred, Maine. These are the lyrics to his one-verse song:

text: Several Shaker manuscripts indicate that this is a "Dancing Song" or a "Quick Dance."[citation needed] "Turning" is a common theme in Christian theology, but the references to "turning" in the last two lines have also been identified as dance instructions. When the traditional dance is performed properly, each dancer ends up where he or she began, "come 'round right."

text: Tune[edit]

text: A manuscript of Mary Hazzard of the New Lebanon, New York, Shaker community records this original version of the melody:

text: The song quite closely resembles several repetitions of the opening measures of William Byrd's renaissance composition, "The Barley Break", which Byrd intended to imitate country children playing a folk game.[citation needed] Similarly, Brackett is claimed to have come up with the song as an imitation of what folk music sounds like.[citation needed]

text: "Lord of the Dance"[edit]

text: A well known version is by English songwriter Sydney Carter, who adapted the Shaker tune for his song "Lord of the Dance", first published in 1963.[5]

text: The Carter lyrics were adapted, in ignorance of the actual origins, without authorization or acknowledgments by Ronan Hardiman for Michael Flatley's dance musical Lord of the Dance, which opened in 1996. The melody is used at various points throughout the show, including the piece titled "Lord of the Dance."[6] Other adaptations of the lyrics by Carter have occurred in the widespread belief that they are traditional, and in the public domain.[citation needed]

text: Other versions[edit]

text: The Shakers' "Simple Gifts" melody shows up as a part of Aaron Copland's music for the ballet Appalachian Spring.

text: The rock band Weezer recorded "The Greatest Man That Ever Lived (Variations on a Shaker Hymn)," on which it can be clearly heard in the piano intro and the chorus of the song.

text: The Turtles recorded a song called "Too Young To Be One" which owes much of its melody to the classic Shaker work.

text: Judy Collins included the song on her 1970 album Whales & Nightingales.

text: R.E.M. used this song to open their song "I Believe" during the last half of their Work Tour in 1987.

text: The British punk band Toy Dolls adapted the song in their song "My Girlfriend's Dad's a Vicar", from studio albums "A Far Out Disc" (1985) and the compilation album "Ten Years Of Toys" (1989).

text: The song is incorporated into both the opening and closing tracks of the 1990 album "Simple Gifts: Instrumental Arrangements of Shaker Melodies" by William Coulter and Barry Phillips.

text: In 1998, Windham Hill Records released a collective album titled "Thanksgiving" which featured an arrangement of "Simple Gifts" performed by Thea and Tracy Silverman.

text: John P. Zdechlik used "Simple Gifts" in "Chorale and Shaker Dance," a 1972 composition for concert band. In 2004, Robert Steadman arranged the tune for orchestra featuring an off-stage trumpet and a thumping, dance-music influenced finale. Frank Ticheli also wrote a version of "Simple Gifts", presented in Simple Gifts: Four Shaker Songs.[7]

text: Yo-Yo Ma and Alison Krauss performed a duet of "Simple Gifts" on his 2001 album "Classic Yo-Yo".

text: On their Grammy-winning CD Simple Gifts (2008), The King's Singers perform an a cappella version titled Gift to be Simple.

text: In 2009, singer Jewel released a version on her album "Lullaby".

text: Simple Gifts was performed in 2009 by the Santa Clara Vanguard Drum and Bugle Corps as part of their program "Ballet For Martha.

text: The Norfolk, England, Kipper Family, Sid and Henry Kipper (Dick Nudds and Chris Sugden) - wrote and recorded a version of "Lord of the Dance", calling it "Bored of the Dance". It tells of the men attending a village hall social evening being forced by the women to join in the various dances when they would rather be drinking with their friends, or getting the women to bed. It has the memorable line: "It's hard to dance when you're lying on your back".

text: John Williams' Air and Simple Gifts was premiered at U.S. President Obama's inauguration on January 21, 2009. It was performed by Yo-Yo Ma (cello), Itzhak Perlman (violin), Anthony McGill (Clarinet) and Gabriela Montero (piano). It was a classical quartet based on the original Simple Gifts.

text: The West Virginia University marching band plays an arrangement of "Simple Gifts" as part of the band's pre game show for football games. The band's version of the song also has been featured in the university's television advertisements.

text: An a cappella arrangement of "Simple Gifts" is included on Minneapolis choir Cantus' 2011 album That Eternal Day.

text: Roger Lee Hall has arranged "Simple Gifts" for chorus and it is performed by The Canterbury Singers on the album Celestial Praises.

text: You can also hear the theme intertwined into "Over the Rainbow / Simple Gifts" by the Piano Guys.

text: "Simple Gifts" is the opening song in a combined dance, music and theatrical collaboration called "Angel Reapers," by Martha Clarke and Alfred Uhry. The work is a celebration of the Shakers, their history, their practices and their accomplishments. It first appeared in its present form in Boston and New York in November 2011. It has since been revived by the Signature Theatre Company in New York in February 2016.

text: Icelandic singer Jónsi covered the song for the 2017 film The Circle.[8]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In 1982, "Simple Gifts" was used as the background music track for the "Smurf: Rescue In Gargamels Castle" video game for the Colecovision and Atari 2600 systems.

text: For many years, a portion of this tune was used as the opening theme for the CBS News television documentary series, CBS Reports.

text: In the movie A Time for Dancing a version of Simple Gifts is played as the opening song. It is sung by Anastasia Breeze, the "Simple Gift" choir and Táta Vega.

text: The TV series Little House on the Prairie had the Ingalls family singing this song.

text: The then-10-year-old Jodie Foster sang this song in the 1973 episode "Alethea" of Kung Fu.

text: It was used in the 1963 Boulting Brothers' film Heavens Above[9]

text: Hannibal Heyes (Pete Duel) sang the song on Alias Smith and Jones in the 1971 (second season) episode "The Posse That Wouldn’t Quit", mere months before the actor took his own life.[10]

text: The tune was incorporated into Air and Simple Gifts arranged by John Williams for the 2009 inauguration of United States President Barack Obama.

text: "Simple Gifts" in such pieces as "Chorale and Shaker Dance" and the Appalachian Spring have been popular music repertoire for drum corps and marching bands. Among them are 1987 Garfield Cadets, 1992 Blue Knights and 2009 Santa Clara Vanguard. The Appalachian State University marching band also performs a rendition of "Simple Gifts" as part of a pre-game tradition, prior to football games. A snippet of Simple Gifts is also played after every Mountaineer first down. The West Virginia University Mountaineer Marching Band, known as the Pride of West Virginia, has performed an arrangement of the song during Mountaineer football games since 1973.[11]

text: "Simple Gifts" is the corps song for Revolution Drum & Bugle Corps

text: "Simple Gifts" was sung by the cast of Shining Time Station, along with guest actress Rachel Miner in its 1990 Christmas Special 'Tis a Gift.

text: "Simple Gifts" was used as the theme song for the syndicated newsmagazine American Journal, originally starting as a majestic arrangement in early seasons and promos, and then upgrading to a rock format in later seasons and promos.

text: From 1993 through 1998, an instrumental arrangement of the song was used as the theme song for the syndicated news magazine TV program American Journal.

text: The Aaron Copland version was used during the movie The Ultimate Gift in 2006

text: In 2009, electronic artist Scooter, sampled the tune in their single, "The Sound Above My Hair".

text: On the November 23, 2009 edition of WWE Raw, "Simple Gifts" was used as the entrance theme for a team of "Pilgrims" composed of Jillian Hall, Layla and Michelle McCool for a "Mayflower Melee" Match.

text: On January 12, 2011 "Simple Gifts," in an arrangement by Grant Cochran, was sung at the Memorial for the victims of the 2011 Tucson shooting at the McKale Center at the University of Arizona in Tucson.

text: In Aug Sept 2012 "Simple Gifts" was used as the melody in the background, of TV spot ads for both Whirlpool, Simple Designs, Washer Dryers, and also Arborday com .

text: The melody was also adapted and used in the 2008 song The Greatest Man That Ever Lived off Weezer's Red Album and Michael Flatley's river dance performances.

text: Additional verses[edit]

text: Two additional, later non-Shaker verses exist for the song, as follows:

text: And an additional alternative:

text: Another alternate verse:

text: A Version Broadcast During Music and the Spoken Word


document_title: Lever

question_text: where is the fulcrum located in a first class lever

text: Lever

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The word "lever" entered English about 1300 from Old French, in which the word was levier. This sprang from the stem of the verb lever, meaning "to raise". The verb, in turn, goes back to the Latin levare, itself from the adjective levis, meaning "light" (as in "not heavy"). The word's primary origin is the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) stem legwh-, meaning "light", "easy" or "nimble", among other things. The PIE stem also gave rise to the English word "light".[1]

text: Early use[edit]

text: The earliest remaining writings regarding levers date from the 3rd century BCE and were provided by Archimedes. 'Give me a place to stand, and I shall move the Earth with it' is a remark of Archimedes who formally stated the correct mathematical principle of levers (quoted by Pappus of Alexandria).

text: It is assumed[by whom?] that in ancient Egypt, constructors used the lever to move and uplift obelisks weighing more than 100 tons.

text: Force and levers[edit]

text: A lever is a beam connected to ground by a hinge, or pivot, called a fulcrum. The ideal lever does not dissipate or store energy, which means there is no friction in the hinge or bending in the beam. In this case, the power into the lever equals the power out, and the ratio of output to input force is given by the ratio of the distances from the fulcrum to the points of application of these forces. This is known as the law of the lever.

text: The mechanical advantage of a lever can be determined by considering the balance of moments or torque, T, about the fulcrum.

text: where F1 is the input force to the lever and F2 is the output force. The distances a and b are the perpendicular distances between the forces and the fulcrum.

text:
Since the moments of torque must be balanced,

T

1

=

T

2

{\displaystyle T_{1}=T_{2}\!}

 . So,

F

1

a
=

F

2

b

{\displaystyle F_{1}a=F_{2}b\!}

.

text: The mechanical advantage of the lever is the ratio of output force to input force,

text: This relationship shows that the mechanical advantage can be computed from ratio of the distances from the fulcrum to where the input and output forces are applied to the lever, assuming no losses due to friction, flexibility or wear. This remains true even though the horizontal distance (perpendicular to the pull of gravity) of both a and b change (diminish) as the lever changes to any position away from the horizontal.

text: Classes of levers[edit]

text: Levers are classified by the relative positions of the fulcrum, effort and resistance (or load). It is common to call the input force the effort and the output force the load or the resistance. This allows the identification of three classes of levers by the relative locations of the fulcrum, the resistance and the effort:[2]

text:
Class 1: Fulcrum in the middle: the effort is applied on one side of the fulcrum and the resistance (or load) on the other side, for example, a seesaw, a crowbar or a pair of scissors. Mechanical advantage may be greater than, less than, or equal to 1.
Class 2: Resistance (or load) in the middle: the effort is applied on one side of the resistance and the fulcrum is located on the other side, for example, a wheelbarrow, a nutcracker, a bottle opener or the brake pedal of a car. Load arm is smaller than the effort arm. Mechanical advantage is always greater than 1. It is also called force multiplier lever.
Class 3: Effort in the middle: the resistance (or load) is on one side of the effort and the fulcrum is located on the other side, for example, a pair of tweezers or the human mandible. The effort arm is smaller than the load arm. Mechanical advantage is always less than 1. It is also called speed multiplier lever.

tag: ul

text: These cases are described by the mnemonic fre 123 where the fulcrum is in the middle for the 1st class lever, the resistance is in the middle for the 2nd class lever, and the effort is in the middle for the 3rd class lever.

text: Law of the lever[edit]

text: The lever is a movable bar that pivots on a fulcrum attached to a fixed point. The lever operates by applying forces at different distances from the fulcrum, or a pivot.

text: Assuming the lever does not dissipate or store energy, the power into the lever must equal the power out of the lever. As the lever rotates around the fulcrum, points farther from this pivot move faster than points closer to the pivot. Therefore, a force applied to a point farther from the pivot must be less than the force located at a point closer in, because power is the product of force and velocity.[3]

text: If a and b are distances from the fulcrum to points A and B and the force FA applied to A is the input and the force FB applied at B is the output, the ratio of the velocities of points A and B is given by a/b, so we have the ratio of the output force to the input force, or mechanical advantage, is given by

text: This is the law of the lever, which was proven by Archimedes using geometric reasoning.[4] It shows that if the distance a from the fulcrum to where the input force is applied (point A) is greater than the distance b from fulcrum to where the output force is applied (point B), then the lever amplifies the input force. On the other hand, if the distance a from the fulcrum to the input force is less than the distance b from the fulcrum to the output force, then the lever reduces the input force.

text: The use of velocity in the static analysis of a lever is an application of the principle of virtual work.

text: Virtual work and the law of the lever[edit]

text: A lever is modeled as a rigid bar connected to a ground frame by a hinged joint called a fulcrum. The lever is operated by applying an input force FA at a point A located by the coordinate vector rA on the bar. The lever then exerts an output force FB at the point B located by rB. The rotation of the lever about the fulcrum P is defined by the rotation angle θ in radians.

text: Let the coordinate vector of the point P that defines the fulcrum be rP, and introduce the lengths

text: which are the distances from the fulcrum to the input point A and to the output point B, respectively.

text: Now introduce the unit vectors eA and eB from the fulcrum to the point A and B, so

text: The velocity of the points A and B are obtained as

text: where eA⊥ and eB⊥ are unit vectors perpendicular to eA and eB, respectively.

text: The angle θ is the generalized coordinate that defines the configuration of the lever, and the generalized force associated with this coordinate is given by

text: where FA and FB are components of the forces that are perpendicular to the radial segments PA and PB. The principle of virtual work states that at equilibrium the generalized force is zero, that is

text: Thus, the ratio of the output force FB to the input force FA is obtained as

text: which is the mechanical advantage of the lever.

text: This equation shows that if the distance a from the fulcrum to the point A where the input force is applied is greater than the distance b from fulcrum to the point B where the output force is applied, then the lever amplifies the input force. If the opposite is true that the distance from the fulcrum to the input point A is less than from the fulcrum to the output point B, then the lever reduces the magnitude of the input force.


document_title: Oil painting

question_text: where did painters perfect the technique of painting with an oil medium

text: Oil painting

text: Techniques[edit]

text: Traditional oil painting techniques often begin with the artist sketching the subject onto the canvas with charcoal or thinned paint. Oil paint is usually mixed with linseed oil, artist grade mineral spirits, or other solvents to make the paint thinner, faster or slower-drying. (Because these solvents thin the oil in the paint, they can also be used to clean paint brushes.) A basic rule of oil paint application is 'fat over lean', meaning that each additional layer of paint should contain more oil than the layer below to allow proper drying. If each additional layer contains less oil, the final painting will crack and peel. This rule does not ensure permanence; it is the quality and type of oil that leads to a strong and stable paint film. There are many other media that can be used with the oil, including cold wax, resins, and varnishes. These additional media can aid the painter in adjusting the translucency of the paint, the sheen of the paint, the density or 'body' of the paint, and the ability of the paint to hold or conceal the brushstroke. These aspects of the paint are closely related to the expressive capacity of oil paint.

text: Traditionally, paint was transferred to the painting surface using paintbrushes, but there are other methods, including using palette knives and rags. Oil paint remains wet longer than many other types of artists' materials, enabling the artist to change the color, texture or form of the figure. At times, the painter might even remove an entire layer of paint and begin anew. This can be done with a rag and some turpentine for a time while the paint is wet, but after a while the hardened layer must be scraped. Oil paint dries by oxidation, not evaporation, and is usually dry to the touch within a span of two weeks (some colors dry within days). It is generally dry enough to be varnished in six months to a year.

text: History[edit]

text: Although the history of tempera (pigment mixed with either egg whites or egg yolks, then painted on a plastered section) and related media in Europe indicates that oil painting was discovered there independently, there is evidence that oil painting was used earlier in Afghanistan.[2][3][4][5] Outdoor surfaces and surfaces like shields—both those used in tournaments and those hung as decorations—were more durable when painted in oil-based media than when painted in the traditional tempera paints.

text: Most Renaissance sources, in particular Vasari, credited northern European painters of the 15th century, and Jan van Eyck in particular, with the "invention" of painting with oil media on wood panel supports ("support" is the technical term for the underlying backing of a painting). However, Theophilus (Roger of Helmarshausen?) clearly gives instructions for oil-based painting in his treatise, On Various Arts, written in 1125. At this period, it was probably used for painting sculptures, carvings and wood fittings, perhaps especially for outdoor use. However, early Netherlandish painting in the 15th century was the first to make oil the usual painting medium, and explore the use of layers and glazes, followed by the rest of Northern Europe, and only then Italy.

text: Early works were still panel paintings on wood, but around the end of the 15th century canvas became more popular as the support, as it was cheaper, easier to transport, allowed larger works, and did not require complicated preliminary layers of gesso (a fine type of plaster). Venice, where sail-canvas was easily available, was a leader in the move to canvas. Small cabinet paintings were also made on metal, especially copper plates. These supports were more expensive but very firm, allowing intricately fine detail. Often printing plates from printmaking were reused for this purpose. The popularity of oil spread through Italy from the North, starting in Venice in the late 15th century. By 1540, the previous method for painting on panel (tempera) had become all but extinct, although Italians continued to use chalk-based fresco for wall paintings, which was less successful and durable in damper northern climates.

text: Ingredients[edit]

text: The linseed oil itself comes from the flax seed, a common fiber crop. Linen, a "support" for oil painting (see relevant section), also comes from the flax plant. Safflower oil or the walnut or poppyseed oil are sometimes used in formulating lighter colors like white because they "yellow" less on drying than linseed oil, but they have the slight drawback of drying more slowly and may not provide the strongest paint film. Linseed oil tends to dry yellow and can change the hue of the color.

text: Recent advances in chemistry have produced modern water miscible oil paints that can be used and cleaned up with water. Small alterations in the molecular structure of the oil creates this water miscible property.

text: An even newer type of paint, heat-set "oils" (which are actually thermoplastic) remain liquid until heated to 265–280 °F (130–138 °C) for about 15 minutes. Since the paint otherwise never dries, cleanup is not needed (except when one wants to use a different color with the same brush). Although not technically true oils (the medium is an unidentified "non-drying synthetic oily liquid, embedded with a heat sensitive curing agent"), the paintings made with this paint resemble oil paintings and are usually shown as such.[1]

text: Supports for oil painting[edit]

text: Traditional artists' canvas is made from linen, but less expensive cotton fabric has gained popularity. The artist first prepares a wooden frame called a "stretcher" or "strainer". The difference between the two names is that stretchers are slightly adjustable, while strainers are rigid and lack adjustable corner notches. The canvas is then pulled across the wooden frame and tacked or stapled tightly to the back edge. Then the artist applies a "size" to isolate the canvas from the acidic qualities of the paint. Traditionally, the canvas was coated with a layer of animal glue (modern painters will use rabbit skin glue) as the size and primed with lead white paint, sometimes with added chalk. Panels were prepared with a gesso, a mixture of glue and chalk.

text: Modern acrylic "gesso" is made of titanium dioxide with an acrylic binder. It is frequently used on canvas, whereas real gesso is not suitable for canvas. The artist might apply several layers of gesso, sanding each smooth after it has dried. Acrylic gesso is very difficult to sand. One manufacturer makes a "sandable" acrylic gesso, but it is intended for panels only and not canvas. It is possible to make the gesso a particular color, but most store-bought gesso is white. The gesso layer, depending on its thickness, will tend to draw the oil paint into the porous surface. Excessive or uneven gesso layers are sometimes visible in the surface of finished paintings as a change that's not from the paint.

text: Standard sizes for oil paintings were set in France in the 19th century. The standards were used by most artists, not only the French, as it was—and evidently still is—supported by the main suppliers of artists' materials. Size 0 (toile de 0) to size 120 (toile de 120) is divided in separate "runs" for figures (figure), landscapes (paysage) and marines (marine) that more or less preserve the diagonal. Thus a 0 figure corresponds in height with a paysage 1 and a marine 2.[6]

text: Although surfaces like linoleum, wooden panel, paper, slate, pressed wood, Masonite, and cardboard have been used, the most popular surface since the 16th century has been canvas, although many artists used panel through the 17th century and beyond. Panel is more expensive, heavier, harder to transport, and prone to warp or split in poor conditions. For fine detail, however, the absolute solidity of a wooden panel has an advantage.

text: Process[edit]

text: Oil paint is made by mixing pigments of colors with an oil medium. Different colors are made, or purchased premixed, before painting begins, but further shades of color are usually obtained by mixing small quantities together as the painting process is underway. An artist's palette, traditionally a thin wood board held in the hand, is used for holding and mixing paints of different colors. Pigments may be any number of natural or synthetic substances with color, such as sulphides for yellow or cobalt salts for blue. Traditional pigments were based on minerals or plants, but many have proven unstable over long periods of time; the appearance of many old paintings today is very different from the original. Modern pigments often use synthetic chemicals. The pigment is mixed with oil, usually linseed, but other oils may be used. The various oils dry differently, which creates assorted effects.

text: Traditionally, artists mixed their own paints from raw pigments that they often ground themselves and medium. This made portability difficult and kept most painting activities confined to the studio. This changed in the 1800s, when tubes of oil paint became widely available following the American portrait painter John Goffe Rand's invention of the squeezable or collapsible metal tube in 1841 (the year of Claude Monet's birth). Artists could mix colors quickly and easily, which enabled, for the first time, relatively convenient plein air painting (a common approach in French Impressionism).

text: A brush is most commonly employed by the artist to apply the paint, often over a sketched outline of their subject (which could be in another medium). Brushes are made from a variety of fibers to create different effects. For example, brushes made with hog bristle might be used for bolder strokes and impasto textures. Fitch hair and mongoose hair brushes are fine and smooth, and thus answer well for portraits and detail work. Even more expensive are red sable brushes (weasel hair). The finest quality brushes are called "kolinsky sable"; these brush fibers are taken from the tail of the Siberian weasel. This hair keeps a superfine point, has smooth handling, and good memory (it returns to its original point when lifted off the canvas), known to artists as a brush's "snap." Floppy fibers with no snap, such as squirrel hair, are generally not used by oil painters.

text: In the past few decades, many synthetic brushes have been marketed. These are very durable and can be quite good, as well as cost efficient. Brushes come in many sizes and are used for different purposes. The type of brush also makes a difference. For example, a "round" is a pointed brush used for detail work. "Flat" brushes are used to apply broad swaths of color. "Bright" is a flat brush with shorter brush hairs. "Filbert" is a flat brush with rounded corners. "Egbert" is a very long, and rare, filbert brush. The artist might also apply paint with a palette knife, which is a flat metal blade. A palette knife may also be used to remove paint from the canvas when necessary. A variety of unconventional tools, such as rags, sponges, and cotton swabs, may be used to apply or remove paint. Some artists even paint with their fingers.

text: Most oil painters paint in layers known as "glazes", a method also simply called "indirect painting". This method was first perfected through an adaptation of the egg tempera painting technique, and was applied by the Flemish painters in Northern Europe with pigments ground in linseed oil. More recently, this approach has been called the "mixed technique" or "mixed method". The first coat (the underpainting) is laid down, often painted with egg tempera or turpentine-thinned paint. This layer helps to "tone" the canvas and to cover the white of the gesso. Many artists use this layer to sketch out the composition. This first layer can be adjusted before proceeding further, an advantage over the "cartooning" method used in fresco technique. After this layer dries, the artist might then proceed by painting a "mosaic" of color swatches, working from darkest to lightest. The borders of the colors are blended together when the "mosaic" is completed, and then left to dry before applying details.

text: Artists in later periods, such as the Impressionist era (late 19th century), often expanded on this wet-on-wet method, blending the wet paint on the canvas without following the Renaissance-era approach of layering and glazing. This method is also called "alla prima". This method was created due to the advent of painting outdoors, instead of inside a studio, because while outside, an artist did not have the time to let each layer of paint dry before adding a new layer. Several contemporary artists use a combination of both techniques to add bold color (wet-on-wet) and obtain the depth of layers through glazing.

text: When the image is finished and has dried for up to a year, an artist often seals the work with a layer of varnish that is typically made from dammar gum crystals dissolved in turpentine. Such varnishes can be removed without disturbing the oil painting itself, to enable cleaning and conservation. Some contemporary artists decide not to varnish their work, preferring the surface unvarnished.

text: Examples of famous works[edit]

text:
Arnolfini Portrait, Jan van Eyck, 1434 (on panel)

La donna velata, Raphael, 1516

The Rape of Europa, Titian, 1562

The Raising of the Cross, Peter Paul Rubens, 1610–11

The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp, Rembrandt, 1632

Innocent X, Velázquez, c 1650

The Milkmaid, Johannes Vermeer, 1658-1660

The Toilet of Venus, François Boucher, 1751

The Blue Boy, Thomas Gainsborough, 1770

Battle of Somosierra, Piotr Michałowski, 1837

Woman with a Parasol - Madame Monet and Her Son, Claude Monet, 1875

Bal du moulin de la Galette, Pierre-Auguste Renoir 1876

Portrait of Dr. Gachet, Vincent van Gogh, 1890

The Cardplayers, Paul Cézanne, 1892

The Old Guitarist, Pablo Picasso, 1903

Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, Pablo Picasso, 1907

Composition VII, Wassily Kandinsky, 1913

Bella with White Collar, Marc Chagall, 1917


document_title: Nobel Prize in Literature

question_text: when is the nobel prize for literature awarded

text: Nobel Prize in Literature

text: Background[edit]

text: Alfred Nobel stipulated in his last will and testament that his money be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the "greatest benefit on mankind" in physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine, and literature.[11][12] Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last was written a little over a year before he died, and signed at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895.[13][14] Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets, 31 million Swedish kronor (US$198 million, €176 million in 2016), to establish and endow the five Nobel Prizes.[15] Due to the level of scepticism surrounding the will, it was not until 26 April 1897 that the Storting (Norwegian Parliament) approved it.[16][17] The executors of his will were Ragnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist, who formed the Nobel Foundation to take care of Nobel's fortune and organize the prizes.

text: The members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee that were to award the Peace Prize were appointed shortly after the will was approved. The prize-awarding organisations followed: the Karolinska Institutet on 7 June, the Swedish Academy on 9 June, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on 11 June.[18][19] The Nobel Foundation then reached an agreement on guidelines for how the Nobel Prize should be awarded. In 1900, the Nobel Foundation's newly created statutes were promulgated by King Oscar II.[17][20][21] According to Nobel's will, the Royal Swedish Academy was to award the Prize in Literature.[21]

text: Nomination procedure[edit]

text: Each year, the Swedish Academy sends out requests for nominations of candidates for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Members of the Academy, members of literature academies and societies, professors of literature and language, former Nobel literature laureates, and the presidents of writers' organizations are all allowed to nominate a candidate. It is not permitted to nominate oneself.[22]

text: Thousands of requests are sent out each year, and as of 2011[update] about 220 proposals are returned.[23] These proposals must be received by the Academy by 1 February, after which they are examined by the Nobel Committee. By April, the Academy narrows the field to around twenty candidates.[23] By May, a short list of five names is approved by the Committee.[23] The subsequent four months are then spent in reading and reviewing the works of the five candidates.[23] In October, members of the Academy vote and the candidate who receives more than half of the votes is named the Nobel laureate in Literature. No one can get the prize without being on the list at least twice, thus many of the same authors reappear and are reviewed repeatedly over the years.[23] The academy is master of thirteen languages, but when a candidate is shortlisted from an unknown language, they call on translators and oath-sworn experts to provide samples of that writer.[23] Other elements of the process are similar to that of other Nobel Prizes.[24]

text: Prizes[edit]

text: A Literature Nobel Prize laureate earns a gold medal, a diploma bearing a citation, and a sum of money.[25] The amount of money awarded depends on the income of the Nobel Foundation that year.[26] If a prize is awarded to more than one laureate, the money is either split evenly among them or, for three laureates, it may be divided into a half and two quarters.[27] If a prize is awarded jointly to two or more laureates, the money is split among them.[27]

text: The prize money of the Nobel Prize has been fluctuating since its inauguration but as of 2012[update] it stood at kr 8,000,000 (about US$1,100,000), previously it was kr 10,000,000.[28][29][30] This was not the first time the prize-amount was decreased—beginning with a nominal value of kr 150,782 in 1901 (worth 8,123,951 in 2011 SEK) the nominal value has been as low as kr 121,333 (2,370,660 in 2011 SEK) in 1945—but it has been uphill or stable since then, peaking at an SEK-2011 value of 11,659,016 in 2001.[30]

text: The laureate is also invited to give a lecture during "Nobel Week" in Stockholm; the highlight is the prize-giving ceremony and banquet on 10 December.[31] It is the richest literary prize in the world by a large margin.

text: Nobel Prize Medals[edit]

text: The Nobel Prize medals, minted by Myntverket[32] in Sweden and the Mint of Norway since 1902, are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation. Each medal features an image of Alfred Nobel in left profile on the obverse (front side of the medal). The Nobel Prize medals for Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature have identical obverses, showing the image of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and death (1833–1896). Nobel's portrait also appears on the obverse of the Nobel Peace Prize medal and the Medal for the Prize in Economics, but with a slightly different design.[33] The image on the reverse of a medal varies according to the institution awarding the prize. The reverse sides of the Nobel Prize medals for Chemistry and Physics share the same design.[34] The medal for the Nobel Prize in Literature was designed by Erik Lindberg.[35]

text: Nobel Prize Diplomas[edit]

text: Nobel laureates receive a Diploma directly from the King of Sweden. Each Diploma is uniquely designed by the prize-awarding institutions for the laureate that receives it.[36] The Diploma contains a picture and text that states the name of the laureate and normally a citation of why they received the prize.[36]

text: Laureates[edit]

text: Potential candidates[edit]

text: Potential recipients of the Nobel Prize in Literature are difficult to predict as nominations are kept secret for fifty years until they are publicly available at The Nomination Database for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Currently, only nominations submitted between 1901 and 1965 are available for public viewing.[37] This secrecy has led to speculation about the next Nobel laureate.

text: What about the rumours circling around the world about certain people being nominated for the Nobel Prize this year? - Well, either it's just a rumour, or someone among the invited nominators has leaked information. Since the nominations are kept secret for 50 years, you'll have to wait until then to find out.[38]

text: According to Professor Göran Malmqvist of the Swedish Academy, Chinese writer Shen Congwen was to have been awarded the 1988 Nobel Prize in Literature, had he not suddenly died that year.[39]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Controversies about Nobel Laureate selections[edit]

text: From 1901 to 1912, the committee, headed by the conservative Carl David af Wirsén, weighed the literary quality of a work against its contribution towards humanity's struggle 'toward the ideal'. Tolstoy, Ibsen, Zola, and Mark Twain were rejected in favor of authors little read today.[9][40] Also, many believe Sweden's historic antipathy towards Russia is the reason neither Tolstoy nor Anton Chekhov were awarded the prize.[citation needed] During World War I and its immediate aftermath, the committee adopted a policy of neutrality, favouring writers from non-combatant countries.[9] August Strindberg was repeatedly bypassed by the committee, but holds the singular distinction of being awarded an Anti-Nobel Prize, conferred by popular acclaim and national subscription and presented to him in 1912 by future prime minister Hjalmar Branting.[41][42][43] James Joyce wrote the books that rank 1st and 3rd on the Modern Library 100 Best Novels – Ulysses and Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man – but Joyce never won; as biographer Gordon Bowker wrote, "That prize was just out of Joyce's reach."[44]

text: The academy considered Czech writer Karel Čapek's War With the Newts too offensive to the German government. He also declined to suggest some noncontroversial publication that could be cited as an example of his work, stating "Thank you for the good will, but I have already written my doctoral dissertation".[45] He was thus denied the prize.

text: The choice of Selma Lagerlöf (Sweden 1858–1940) as Nobel Laureate in 1909 (for the 'lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterizes her writings'[46]) followed fierce debate because of her writing style and subject matter, which broke literary decorums of the time.[47][48]

text: According to Swedish Academy archives studied by the newspaper Le Monde on their opening in 2008, French novelist and intellectual André Malraux was seriously considered for the prize in the 1950s. Malraux was competing with Albert Camus but was rejected several times, especially in 1954 and 1955, "so long as he does not come back to novel". Thus, Camus was awarded the prize in 1957.[49]

text: Some attribute W. H. Auden's not being awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature to errors in his translation of 1961 Peace Prize laureate Dag Hammarskjöld's Vägmärken (Markings)[50] and to statements that Auden made during a Scandinavian lecture tour suggesting that Hammarskjöld was, like Auden, homosexual.[51]

text: In 1962, John Steinbeck received the Nobel Prize for Literature. The selection was heavily criticized, and described as "one of the Academy's biggest mistakes" in one Swedish newspaper.[52] The New York Times asked why the Nobel committee gave the award to an author whose "limited talent is, in his best books, watered down by tenth-rate philosophising", adding, "we think it interesting that the laurel was not awarded to a writer ... whose significance, influence and sheer body of work had already made a more profound impression on the literature of our age".[52] Steinbeck himself, when asked if he deserved the Nobel on the day of the announcement, replied: "Frankly, no."[52] In 2012 (50 years later), the Nobel Prize opened its archives and it was revealed that Steinbeck was a "compromise choice" among a shortlist consisting of Steinbeck, British authors Robert Graves and Lawrence Durrell, French dramatist Jean Anouilh and Danish author Karen Blixen.[52] The declassified documents showed that he was chosen as the best of a bad lot:[52] "There aren't any obvious candidates for the Nobel prize and the prize committee is in an unenviable situation," wrote committee member Henry Olsson.[52]

text: In 1964, Jean-Paul Sartre was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, but he declined it, stating that "It is not the same thing if I sign Jean-Paul Sartre or if I sign Jean-Paul Sartre, Nobel Prize laureate. A writer must refuse to allow himself to be transformed into an institution, even if it takes place in the most honorable form."[53]

text: Soviet dissident writer Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, the 1970 prize laureate, did not attend the Nobel Prize ceremony in Stockholm for fear that the USSR would prevent his return afterwards (his works there were circulated in samizdat—clandestine form).[54] After the Swedish government refused to honor Solzhenitsyn with a public award ceremony and lecture at its Moscow embassy, Solzhenitsyn refused the award altogether, commenting that the conditions set by the Swedes (who preferred a private ceremony) were "an insult to the Nobel Prize itself." Solzhenitsyn did not accept the award and prize money until 10 December 1974, after he was deported from the Soviet Union.[55]

text: In 1974, Graham Greene, Vladimir Nabokov, and Saul Bellow were considered but rejected in favor of a joint award for Swedish authors Eyvind Johnson and Harry Martinson, both members of the Swedish Academy at the time,[56] and unknown outside their home country.[57][58] Bellow received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1976; neither Greene nor Nabokov was awarded it.[59]

text: Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges was nominated for the Prize several times but, as Edwin Williamson, Borges's biographer, states, the Academy did not award it to him, most likely because of his support of certain Argentine and Chilean right-wing military dictators, including Augusto Pinochet, which, according to Tóibín's review of Williamson's Borges: A Life, had complex social and personal contexts.[60] Borges' failure to receive the Nobel Prize for his support of these right-wing dictators contrasts with the Committee honoring writers who openly supported controversial left-wing dictatorships, including Joseph Stalin, in the cases of Sartre and Pablo Neruda,[61][62] Also, controversially, Gabriel García Márquez supported the Cuban Revolutionary and President Fidel Castro.[63]

text: The award to Italian performance artist Dario Fo in 1997 was initially considered "rather lightweight"[64] by some critics, as he was seen primarily as a performer, and Catholic organizations saw the award to Fo as controversial as he had previously been censured by the Roman Catholic Church.[65] The Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano expressed surprise at Fo's selection for the prize commenting that "Giving the prize to someone who is also the author of questionable works is beyond all imagination."[66] Salman Rushdie and Arthur Miller had been strongly favoured to receive the Prize, but the Nobel organisers were later quoted as saying that they would have been "too predictable, too popular."[67]

text: Camilo José Cela willingly offered his services as an informer for Franco's regime and had moved voluntarily from Madrid to Galicia during the Spanish Civil War in order to join the rebel forces there; an article by Miguel Angel Villena, Between Fear and Impunity which compiled commentaries by Spanish novelists on the noteworthy silence of the older generation of Spanish novelists on the Francoist pasts of public intellectuals, appeared below a photograph of Cela during the Nobel ceremony in Stockholm in 1989.[68]

text: The choice of the 2004 laureate, Elfriede Jelinek, was protested by a member of the Swedish Academy, Knut Ahnlund, who had not played an active role in the Academy since 1996; Ahnlund resigned, alleging that selecting Jelinek had caused "irreparable damage" to the reputation of the award.[69][70]

text: The selection of Harold Pinter for the Prize in 2005 was delayed for a couple of days, apparently due to Ahnlund's resignation, and led to renewed speculations about there being a "political element" in the Swedish Academy's awarding of the Prize.[10] Although Pinter was unable to give his controversial Nobel Lecture in person because of ill health, he delivered it from a television studio on video projected on screens to an audience at the Swedish Academy, in Stockholm. His comments have been the source of much commentary and debate. The issue of their "political stance" was also raised in response to the awards of the Nobel Prize in Literature to Orhan Pamuk and Doris Lessing in 2006 and 2007, respectively.[71]

text: The 2016 choice of Bob Dylan was the first time a musician and song-writer won the Nobel for Literature. The award caused some controversy, particularly among writers arguing that the literary merits of Dylan’s work are not equal to those of some of his peers. Lebanese novelist Rabih Alameddine tweeted that "Bob Dylan winning a Nobel in Literature is like Mrs Fields being awarded 3 Michelin stars."[72] The French Moroccan writer Pierre Assouline described the decision "contemptuous of writers".[73] In a live webchat hosted by The Guardian, Norwegian writer Karl Ove Knausgård said that "I’m very divided. I love that the novel committee opens up for other kinds of literature – lyrics and so on. I think that’s brilliant. But knowing that Dylan is the same generation as Thomas Pynchon, Philip Roth, Cormac McCarthy, makes it very difficult for me to accept it." [74] Scottish novelist Irvine Welsh said "I'm a Dylan fan, but this is an ill conceived nostalgia award wrenched from the rancid prostates of senile, gibbering hippies."[75] Dylan's songwriting peer and friend Leonard Cohen said that no prizes were necessary to recognize the greatness of the man who transformed pop music with records like Highway 61 Revisited. "To me," Cohen said, "[the Nobel] is like pinning a medal on Mount Everest for being the highest mountain."[76] Writer and commentator Will Self wrote that the award "cheapened" Dylan whilst hoping the laureate would "follow Sartre in rejecting the award".[77]

text: Nationality-based criticism[edit]

text: The prize's focus on European men, and Swedes in particular, has been the subject of criticism, even from Swedish newspapers.[78] The majority of laureates have been European, with Sweden itself receiving more prizes (8) than all of Asia (7, if Orhan Pamuk is included), as well as all of Latin America (7, if Derek Walcott is included). In 2009, Horace Engdahl, then the permanent secretary of the Academy, declared that "Europe still is the center of the literary world" and that "the US is too isolated, too insular. They don't translate enough and don't really participate in the big dialogue of literature."[79]

text: In 2009, Engdahl's replacement, Peter Englund, rejected this sentiment ("In most language areas ... there are authors that really deserve and could get the Nobel Prize and that goes for the United States and the Americas, as well") and acknowledged the Eurocentric nature of the award, saying that, "I think that is a problem. We tend to relate more easily to literature written in Europe and in the European tradition."[80] American critics are known to object that those from their own country, like Philip Roth, Thomas Pynchon, and Cormac McCarthy, have been overlooked, as have Latin Americans such as Jorge Luis Borges, Julio Cortázar, and Carlos Fuentes, while in their place Europeans lesser-known to that continent have triumphed. The 2009 award to Herta Müller, previously little-known outside Germany but many times named favorite for the Nobel Prize, re-ignited the viewpoint that the Swedish Academy was biased and Eurocentric.[81]

text: However, the 2010 prize was awarded to Mario Vargas Llosa, a native of Peru in South America. When the 2011 prize was awarded to the eminent Swedish poet Tomas Tranströmer, permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy Peter Englund said the prize was not decided based on politics, describing such a notion as "literature for dummies".[82] The Swedish Academy awarded the next two prizes to non-Europeans, Chinese author Mo Yan and Canadian short story writer Alice Munro. French writer Patrick Modiano's win in 2014 renewed questions of Eurocentrism; when asked by The Wall Street Journal "So no American this year, yet again. Why is that?", Englund reminded Americans of the Canadian origins of the previous year's winner, the Academy's desire for literary quality and the impossibility of rewarding everyone who deserves the prize.[83]

text: Overlooked literary achievements[edit]

text: In the history of the Nobel Prize in Literature, many literary achievements were overlooked. The literary historian Kjell Espmark admitted that "as to the early prizes, the censure of bad choices and blatant omissions is often justified. Tolstoy, Ibsen, and Henry James should have been rewarded instead of, for instance, Sully Prudhomme, Eucken, and Heyse".[84] There are omissions which are beyond the control of the Nobel Committee such as the early death of an author as was the case with Marcel Proust, Italo Calvino, and Roberto Bolaño. According to Kjell Espmark "the main works of Kafka, Cavafy, and Pessoa were not published until after their deaths and the true dimensions of Mandelstam's poetry were revealed above all in the unpublished poems that his wife saved from extinction and gave to the world long after he had perished in his Siberian exile".[84] British novelist Tim Parks ascribed the never-ending controversy surrounding the decisions of the Nobel Committee to the "essential silliness of the prize and our own foolishness at taking it seriously"[85] and noted that "eighteen (or sixteen) Swedish nationals will have a certain credibility when weighing up works of Swedish literature, but what group could ever really get its mind round the infinitely varied work of scores of different traditions. And why should we ask them to do that?"[85]

text: Similar international prizes[edit]

text: The Nobel Prize in Literature is not the only literary prize for which all nationalities are eligible. Other notable international literary prizes include the Neustadt International Prize for Literature, the Franz Kafka Prize, the Man Booker International Prize, and the recently reinstated Formentor Prize. In contrast to the other prizes mentioned, the Neustadt International Prize is awarded biennially. The journalist Hephzibah Anderson has noted that the Man Booker International Prize "is fast becoming the more significant award, appearing an ever more competent alternative to the Nobel".[86] The Man Booker International Prize "highlights one writer's overall contribution to fiction on the world stage"[87] and "has literary excellence as its sole focus".[87] Established in 2005, it is not yet possible to analyze its importance on potential future Nobel Prize in Literature laureates. Only Alice Munro (2009) has been awarded with both. However, some winners of the Man Booker International Prize, such as Ismail Kadare (2005) and Philip Roth (2011) are considered contenders for the Nobel Prize in Literature.[citation needed] The Neustadt International Prize for Literature is regarded as one of the most prestigious international literary prizes, often referred to as the American equivalent to the Nobel Prize.[88][89] Like the Nobel or the Man Booker International Prize, it is awarded not for any one work, but for an entire body of work. It is frequently seen as an indicator of who may be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Gabriel García Márquez (1972 Neustadt, 1982 Nobel), Czesław Miłosz (1978 Neustadt, 1980 Nobel), Octavio Paz (1982 Neustadt, 1990 Nobel), Tomas Tranströmer (1990 Neustadt, 2011 Nobel) were first awarded the Neustadt International Prize for Literature before being awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.

text: Another award of note is the Spanish Princess of Asturias Award (formerly Prince of Asturias Award) in Letters. During the first years of its existence it was almost exclusively awarded to writers in the Spanish language, but in more recent times writers in other languages have been awarded as well. Writers who have won both the Asturias Award in Letters and the Nobel Prize in Literature include Camilo José Cela, Günter Grass, Doris Lessing, and Mario Vargas Llosa.

text: The America Award in Literature, which does not include a monetary prize, presents itself as an alternative to the Nobel Prize in Literature. To date, Harold Pinter and José Saramago are the only writers to have received both the America Award and the Nobel Prize in Literature.

text: There are also prizes for honouring the lifetime achievement of writers in specific languages, like the Miguel de Cervantes Prize (for Spanish language, established in 1976) and the Camões Prize (for Portuguese language, established in 1989). Nobel laureates who were also awarded the Miguel de Cervantes Prize include Octavio Paz (1981 Cervantes, 1990 Nobel); Mario Vargas Llosa (1994 Cervantes, 2010 Nobel); and Camilo José Cela (1995 Cervantes, 1989 Nobel). José Saramago is the only author to receive both the Camões Prize (1995) and the Nobel Prize (1998) to date.

text: The Hans Christian Andersen Award is sometimes referred to as "the Little Nobel." The award has earned this appellation since, in a similar manner to the Nobel Prize in Literature, it recognizes the lifetime achievement of writers, though the Andersen Award focuses on a single category of literary works (children's literature).[90]


document_title: List of heads of state of Nigeria

question_text: who was the first military head of state in nigeria a prize will be given for accurate answer

text: List of heads of state of Nigeria

text: Monarch (1960–1963)[edit]

text: The succession to the throne was the same as the succession to the British throne.

text:
Queen
Reign
Royal House
Prime Minister

№
Portrait
Name
Start
End
Duration

1

Elizabeth II
(1926–)
1 October 1960
1 October 1963
3 years, 0 days
Windsor
Balewa

text: Governor-General[edit]

text: The Governor-General was the representative of the monarch in Nigeria and exercised most of the powers of the monarch. The Governor-General was appointed for an indefinite term, serving at the pleasure of the monarch. Since Nigeria was granted independence by the Nigeria Independence Act 1960, rather than being first established as a semi-autonomous Dominion and later promoted to independence by the Statute of Westminster 1931, the Governor-General was appointed solely on the advice of the Nigerian cabinet without the involvement of the British government, with the sole of exception of James Robertson, the former colonial governor, who served as Governor-General temporarily until he was replaced by Nnamdi Azikiwe. In the event of a vacancy the Chief Justice would have served as Officer Administering the Government.

text:
Governor-General
Term of office
Monarch
Prime Minister

№
Portrait
Name
Took office
Left office
Duration

1

Sir James Robertson
(1899–1983)
1 October 1960
16 November 1960
46 days
Elizabeth II
Balewa

2

Nnamdi Azikiwe
(1904–1996)
16 November 1960
1 October 1963
2 years, 319 days
Elizabeth II
Balewa

text: First Republic (1963–1966)[edit]

text: Under the 1963 Constitution, the first constitution of the Republic of Nigeria, the President replaced the monarch as ceremonial head of state. The President was elected by Parliament for a five-year term. In the event of a vacancy the President of the Senate would have served as Acting President.

text:
President
Term of office
Political party
(at time of election)
Prime Minister(s)

№
Portrait
Name
Took office
Left office
Duration

1

Nnamdi Azikiwe
(1904–1996)
1 October 1963
16 January 1966
(deposed.)
2 years, 107 days
National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons
Balewa
Good luck Ebele Jonathan

text: Military rule (1966–1979)[edit]

text: Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu led a coup d'état in 1966 which overthrew President Azikiwe and his government.

text:
Head of State
Term of Office
Military

№
Portrait
Name
Took Office
Left Office
Duration

2

Major-General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi
(1924–1966)
16 January 1966
29 July 1966
(assassinated.)
194 days
Federal Military Government

3

General Yakubu Gowon
(1934–)
1 August 1966
29 July 1975
(deposed.)
8 years, 362 days
Federal Military Government

4

General Murtala Mohammed
(1938–1976)
29 July 1975
13 February 1976
(assassinated.)
199 days
Federal Military Government

5

Major-General Olusegun Obasanjo
(1937–)
13 February 1976
1 October 1979
(resigned.)
3 years, 258 days
Federal Military Government

text: Second Republic (1979–1983)[edit]

text: Under the 1979 Constitution, the second constitution of the Republic of Nigeria, the President was head of both state and government. The President was elected by for a four-year term. In the event of a vacancy the Vice President would have served as Acting President.

text:
President
Term of office
Political party
(at time of election)

№
Portrait
Name
Took office
Left office
Duration

6

Shehu Shagari
(1925–)
1 October 1979
31 December 1983
(deposed.)
4 years, 91 days
National Party of Nigeria

text: Military rule (1983–1993)[edit]

text: Major-General Muhammadu Buhari led a coup d'état which overthrew President Shagari and his government.

text:
Head of State
Term of Office
Military

№
Portrait
Name
Took Office
Left Office
Duration

7

Major-General Muhammadu Buhari
(1942–)
31 December 1983
27 August 1985
(deposed.)
1 year, 239 days
Supreme Military Council

8

General Ibrahim Babangida
(1941–)
27 August 1985
26 August 1993
(resigned.)
7 years, 364 days
Armed Forces Ruling Council

text: Third Republic (1993)[edit]

text: The Third Republic was the planned republican government of Nigeria in 1993 which was to be governed by the Third Republican constitution.

text: The constitution of the Third Republic was drafted in 1989, when General Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida (IBB), the military Head of State, promised to terminate military rule by 1990 – a date which was subsequently pushed back to 1993. IBB lifted the ban on political activity in the spring of 1989, and his government established two political parties: the center-right National Republican Convention (NRC) and the center-left Social Democratic Party (SDP). Gubernatorial and state legislative elections were conducted in December 1991, while the presidential election was postponed till 12 June 1993 – due to political unrest. M. K. O. Abiola, a wealthy Yoruba businessman, won a decisive victory in the presidential elections on the SDP platm.

text:
President
Term of office
Political party
(at time of election)

№
Portrait
Name
Took office
Left office
Duration

9

Ernest Shonekan
(1936–)
26 August 1993
17 November 1993
(deposed.)
83 days
Independent

text: Military rule (1993–1999)[edit]

text: General Sani Abacha led a coup d'état which overthrew President Shonekan and his government.

text:
Head of State
Term of Office
Military

№
Portrait
Name
Took Office
Left Office
Duration

10

General Sani Abacha
(1943–1998)
17 November 1993
8 June 1998
(died in office.)
4 years, 203 days
Provisional Ruling Council

11

General Abdulsalami Abubakar
(1942–)
8 June 1998
29 May 1999
(resigned.)
355 days
Provisional Ruling Council

text: Fourth Nigerian Republic[edit]

text: Under the fourth Constitution of the Republic of Nigeria, the President is head of both state and government. The President is elected by for a four-year term. In the event of a vacancy the Vice President serves as Acting President.

text:
President
Term of office
Political party
(at time of election)

№
Portrait
Name
Took office
Left office
Duration

12

Olusegun Obasanjo
(1937–)
29 May 1999
29 May 2007
8 years, 0 days
People's Democratic Party

13

Umaru Musa Yar'Adua
(1951–2010)
29 May 2007
5 May 2010[2]
(died in office.)
2 years, 341 days
People's Democratic Party

14

Goodluck Jonathan
(1957–)
5 May 2010
29 May 2015
5 years, 25 days
People's Democratic Party

15

Muhammadu Buhari
(1942–)
29 May 2015
Incumbent
2 years, 323 days
All Progressives Congress

text: Living former heads of state[edit]

text:
Name
Term/Reign
Office
Date of birth

Elizabeth II
1961–1963
Queen of Nigeria
(1926-04-21) April 21, 1926 (age 91)

Yakubu Gowon
1966–1975
Military ruler
(1934-10-19) October 19, 1934 (age 83)

Olusegun Obasanjo
1976–1979
1999–2007
Military ruler
President of Nigeria
(1937-03-05) March 5, 1937 (age 81)

Shehu Shagari
1979–1983
President of Nigeria
(1925-02-25) February 25, 1925 (age 93)

Ibrahim Babangida
1985–1993
Military ruler
(1941-08-17) August 17, 1941 (age 76)

Ernest Shonekan
1993
President of Nigeria
(1936-05-09) May 9, 1936 (age 81)

Abdulsalami Abubakar
1998–1999
Military ruler
(1942-06-13) June 13, 1942 (age 75)

Goodluck Jonathan
2010–2015
President of Nigeria
(1957-11-20) November 20, 1957 (age 60)