document_title: Buffalo Bills

question_text: what is the meaning of the buffalo bills name

question_tokens: what is the meaning of the buffalo bills name

text: Buffalo Bills

text: History[edit]

text: The Bills began competitive play in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League led by head coach Buster Ramsey and joined the NFL as part of the AFL–NFL merger in 1970.[9] The Bills won two consecutive American Football League titles in 1964 and 1965, but the club has yet to win a league championship since.

text: Once the AFL–NFL merger took effect, the Bills became the second NFL team to represent the city; they followed the Buffalo All-Americans, a charter member of the league. Buffalo had been left out of the league since the All-Americans (by that point renamed the Bisons) folded in 1929; the Bills were no less than the third professional non-NFL team to compete in the city before the merger, following the Indians/Tigers of the early 1940s and an earlier team named the Bills, originally the Bisons, in the late 1940s in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC).

text: In 1947 a contest was held to rename the Bisons, which was owned by James Breuil of the Frontier Oil Company. The winning entry suggested Bills, reflecting on the famous western frontiersman, Buffalo Bill Cody. Carrying the "frontier" theme further, the winning contestant offered the team was being supported by Frontier Oil and was "opening a new frontier in sports in Western New York." When Buffalo joined the new American Football League in 1960, the name of the city's earlier pro football entry was adopted.[10]

text: After being pushed to the brink of failure in the mid-1980s, the collapse of the United States Football League and a series of high draft picks allowed the Bills to rebuild into a perennial contender in the late 1980s through the mid-1990s, a period in which the team won four consecutive AFC Championships; the team nevertheless lost all four subsequent Super Bowls, records in both categories that still stand.

text: The rise of the division rival New England Patriots under Tom Brady, along with numerous failed attempts at rebuilding in the 2000s and 2010s, prevented the Bills from reaching the playoffs in seventeen consecutive seasons between 2000 and 2016, a 17-year drought that was the longest active playoff drought in all major professional sports at the time it was broken when the Bills secured a wild-card berth on December 31, 2017. On October 8, 2014, Buffalo Sabres owners Terry and Kim Pegula received unanimous approval to acquire the Bills during the NFL owners' meetings, becoming the second ownership group of the team after team founder Ralph Wilson.[6]

text: Logos and uniforms[edit]

text: The Bills' uniforms in its first two seasons were based on those of the Detroit Lions at the time.[11][12]

text: The team's original colors were Honolulu blue, silver and white, and the helmets were silver with no striping. There was no logo on the helmet, which displayed the players' numbers on each side.

text: In 1962, the standing red bison was designated as the logo and took its place on a white helmet.[11] In 1962, the team's colors also changed to red, white, and blue. The team switched to blue jerseys with red and white "LSU" stripes on the shoulders. the helmets were white with a red center stripe.[11] The jerseys again saw a change in 1964 when the shoulder stripes were replaced by a distinctive stripe pattern on the sleeves consisting of four stripes, two thicker inner stripes and two thinner outer stripes all bordered by red piping. By 1965, red and blue center stripes were put on the helmets.[13]

text: The Bills introduced blue pants worn with the white jerseys in 1973, the last year of the standing buffalo helmet. The blue pants remained through 1985.[14] The face mask on the helmet was blue from 1974 through 1986 before changing to white.

text: The standing bison logo was replaced by a blue charging one with a red slanting stripe streaming from its horn. The newer emblem, which is still the primary one used by the franchise, was designed by aerospace designer Stevens Wright in 1974.[15][16]

text: In 1984, the helmet's shell color was changed from white to red, primarily to help Bills quarterback Joe Ferguson distinguish them more readily from three of their division rivals at that time, the Baltimore Colts, the Miami Dolphins, and the New England Patriots, who all also wore white helmets at that point. Ferguson said "Everyone we played had white helmets at that time. Our new head coach Kay Stephenson just wanted to get more of a contrast on the field that may help spot a receiver down the field."[17] (The Patriots now use a silver helmet, the Colts have since been realigned to the AFC South, and the New York Jets, who switched to green helmets after the 1977 season, have since switched back to white helmets.)

text: In 2002, under the direction of general manager Tom Donahoe, the Bills' uniforms went through radical changes. A darker shade of blue was introduced as the main jersey color, and nickel gray was introduced as an accent color. Both the blue and white jerseys featured red side panels. The white jerseys included a dark blue shoulder yoke and royal blue numbers. The helmet remained primarily red with one navy blue, two nickel, two royal blue, two white stripes, and white face mask. A new logo, a stylized "B" consisting of two bullets and a more detailed buffalo head on top, was proposed and had been released (it can be seen on a few baseball caps that were released for sale), but fan backlash led to the team retaining the running bison logo. The helmet logo adopted in 1974—a charging royal blue bison, with a red streak, white horn and eyeball—remained unchanged.

text: In 2005, the Bills revived the standing bison helmet and uniform of the mid-1960s as a throwback uniform.

text: The Bills usually wore the all-blue combination at home and the all-white combination on the road when not wearing the throwback uniforms. They stopped wearing blue-on-white after 2006, while the white-on-blue was not worn after 2007.

text: For the 2011 season, the Bills unveiled a new uniform design, an updated rendition of the 1975–83 design. This change includes a return to the white helmets with "charging buffalo" logo, and a return to royal blue instead of navy.[4][18]

text: Buffalo sporadically wore white at home in the 1980s, but stopped doing so before their Super Bowl years. On November 6, 2011, against the New York Jets, the Bills wore white at home for the first time since 1986. Since 2011, the Bills have worn white for a home game either with their primary uniform or a throwback set.

text: The Bills' uniform received minor alterations as part of the league's new uniform contract with Nike. The new Nike uniform was unveiled on April 3, 2012.[19]

text: On November 12, 2015, the Bills and the New York Jets became the first two teams to participate in the NFL's Color Rush uniform initiative, with Buffalo wearing an all-red combination for the first time in team history.[20]

text: A notable use of the Bills' uniforms outside of football was in the 2018 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, when the United States men's national junior ice hockey team wore Bills-inspired uniforms in their outdoor game against Team Canada on December 29, 2017.[21]

text: Rivalries[edit]

text: The Bills have rivalries with their three AFC East opponents, and also have had occasional or historical rivalries with other teams such as the Baltimore/Indianapolis Colts (a former divisional rival), Kansas City Chiefs, Houston Oilers/Tennessee Titans, Cleveland Browns, and Dallas Cowboys.[22] They also play an annual preseason game against the Detroit Lions.

text: Divisional Rivalries[edit]

text: Miami Dolphins[edit]

text: This is often considered Buffalo's most famous rivalry. Though the Bills and Dolphins both originated in the American Football League, the Dolphins did not start playing until 1966 as an expansion team while the Bills were one of the original eight teams. The rivalry first gained prominence when the Dolphins won every match-up against the Bills in the 1970s for an NFL-record 20 straight wins against a single opponent. Fortunes changed in the following decades with the rise of Jim Kelly as Buffalo's franchise quarterback, and though Kelly and Dolphins quarterback Dan Marino shared a competitive rivalry in the 1980s and 1990s, the Bills became dominant in the 1990s. Things have since cooled down after the retirements of Kelly and Marino and the rise of the Belichick/Brady-led Patriots, but Miami remains a fierce rival of the Bills, coming in second place in a recent poll of Buffalo's primary rival.[23] Miami leads the overall series 60-47-1 as of 2017, but Buffalo has the advantage in the playoffs at 3-1.[24]

text: New England Patriots[edit]

text: The rivalry with the New England Patriots first started when both teams were original franchises in the American Football League prior to the NFL-AFL merger. After the rise of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady in New England, the Patriots have dominated the AFC East, including the Bills. The Bills-Patriots rivalry in particular has become lopsided as the Patriots are 29-5 against the Bills since Belichick became head coach. This has led many fans and players in the 2000s and beyond to replace the Dolphins with the Patriots as Buffalo's most hated rival.[23][25] Overall, the Patriots lead the series 72-43-1 as of 2017.[26]

text: The rivalry is also notable as numerous players, including Drew Bledsoe, Doug Flutie, Lawyer Milloy, Brandon Spikes, Scott Chandler and Stephon Gilmore have played for both teams at some point in their careers.

text: New York Jets[edit]

text: The Bills and Jets both represent the state of New York, though the Jets actually play their games in East Rutherford, New Jersey. The series started as the Bills and Jets were both original teams in the AFL. Though the rivalry represents the differences between New York City and Upstate New York, it is not as intense as the Bills' rivalries with the Dolphins and Patriots, and the teams' fanbases either have begrudging respect or low-key annoyance for each other when not playing one another. Often times the rivalry has become characterized by ugly games and shared mediocrity, but it briefly heated up when former Jets head coach Rex Ryan became head coach of the Bills for two seasons. Buffalo leads the series 61-54 as of 2017, including a playoff win in 1981.[27]

text: Other rivalries[edit]

text: Kansas City Chiefs[edit]

text: The Bills and Chiefs were also original teams in the AFL and have had a long history against each other, despite never being in the same division. This rivalry heated up recently as the Bills and Chiefs met in consecutive years from 2008 to 2015, and again in 2017.[28] The teams have played three playoff games against each other, including the AFL Championship game that determined the AFL's (later AFC) representative in the first Super Bowl, with Kansas City winning and going on to face the Green Bay Packers in the Super Bowl. Buffalo currently leads the series 26-21-1.[29]

text: Tennessee Titans[edit]

text: The Tennessee Titans, formerly the Houston Oilers, were another fellow rival from the AFL, sharing extended history with the Bills as well. The Oilers were a divisional rival before the NFL-AFL merger as part of the AFL East Division. Matchups were intense in the 1990s with quarterback Warren Moon leading the Oilers against Jim Kelly's Bills.[30] Memorable playoff moments between the teams include The Comeback, in which the Frank Reich-led Bills overcame a 35-3 deficit to stun the Oilers 41-38 in 1992,[30] and the Music City Miracle, in which the now-Titans scored on a near-last-minute kickoff return with a controversial lateral pass to stun the Bills 22-16 in 1999.[31] The Music City Miracle was notable for being Buffalo's last playoff appearance until 2017.[32] The Titans currently lead the series 28-17[33]

text: Cleveland Browns[edit]

text: Though the two teams are in different divisions and did not start playing each other until after 1972, match-ups between the Bills and the Cleveland Browns occasionally get heated up due to the proximity and similarity between the cities of Buffalo and Cleveland. Like the Bills-Jets rivalry, the Bills and Browns often share bad luck and have had their share of ugly games. However, there have been other occasions when both teams have been competitive such as in the 1980s and most recently in 2007 and 2014.[34] The rivalry also gained heat when former Bills safety Donte Whitner was with the Browns.[35] The Browns currently lead the series 12-9, including a playoff win in 1990, though the Bills have outscored the Browns in the series.[36]

text: The Browns shared a rivalry with the Bills' predecessors in the All-America Football Conference, playing them twice in the AAFC playoffs before becoming one of three AAFC teams to join the NFL. The Bills were not selected to join the NFL and folded with the rest of the AAFC, leaving Buffalo without professional football until the current Bills were formed in 1959.[34]

text: Dallas Cowboys[edit]

text: The Bills briefly developed a rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys as the two teams met in consecutive years in the Super Bowl in the 1990s.

text: Playoffs[edit]

text:
1963 AFL Eastern Division Playoff: Boston Patriots 26, Buffalo Bills 8
1964 AFL Championship: Buffalo Bills 20, San Diego Chargers 7
1965 AFL Championship: Buffalo Bills 23, San Diego Chargers 0
1966 AFL Championship: Kansas City Chiefs 31, Buffalo Bills 7
1974 Divisional Playoffs: Pittsburgh Steelers 32, Buffalo Bills 14
1980 Divisional Playoffs: San Diego Chargers 20, Buffalo Bills 14
1981 Wild Card Game: Buffalo Bills 31, New York Jets 27
1981 Divisional Playoffs: Cincinnati Bengals 28, Buffalo Bills 21
1988 Divisional Playoffs: Buffalo Bills 17, Houston Oilers 10
1988 AFC Championship: Cincinnati Bengals 21, Buffalo Bills 10
1989 Divisional Playoffs: Cleveland Browns 34, Buffalo Bills 30
1990 Divisional Playoffs: Buffalo Bills 44, Miami Dolphins 34
1990 AFC Championship: Buffalo Bills 51, Los Angeles Raiders 3
Super Bowl XXV: New York Giants 20, Buffalo Bills 19
1991 Divisional Playoffs: Buffalo Bills 37, Kansas City Chiefs 14
AFC Championship: Buffalo Bills 10, Denver Broncos 7
Super Bowl XXVI: Washington Redskins 37, Buffalo Bills 24
1992 AFC Wild Card Game: Buffalo Bills 41, Houston Oilers 38 OT
1992 AFC Divisional Playoffs: Buffalo Bills 24, 1992 Pittsburgh Steelers 3
1992 AFC Championship: Buffalo Bills 29, Miami Dolphins 10
Super Bowl XXVII: Dallas Cowboys 52, Buffalo Bills 17
1993 Divisional Playoffs: Buffalo Bills 29, Los Angeles Raiders 23
AFC Championship: Buffalo Bills 30, Kansas City Chiefs 13
Super Bowl XXVIII: Dallas Cowboys 30, Buffalo Bills 13
1995 Wild Card Game: Buffalo Bills 37, Miami Dolphins 22
1995 Divisional Playoffs: Pittsburgh Steelers 40, Buffalo Bills 21
1996 Wild Card Game: Jacksonville Jaguars 30, Buffalo Bills 27
1998 Wild Card Game: Miami Dolphins 24, Buffalo Bills 17
1999 Wild Card Game: Tennessee Titans 22, Buffalo Bills 16
2017 Wild Card Game: Jacksonville Jaguars 10, Buffalo Bills 3
Playoff record: 14 wins, 16 losses[37]

text: Players[edit]

text: Retired numbers[edit]

text:
Buffalo Bills retired numbers

No.
Player
Position
Tenure
Notes

12
Jim Kelly
QB
1986–96[38]
Previously worn by Joe Ferguson, QB, 1973–84; and Daryle Lamonica, QB, 1963–66

78
Bruce Smith
DE
1985–99[39]
Previously worn by Tom Day, DE, 1961–68; Dave Foley, OT, 1972–77; Gene Grabosky, OT, 1960; and Scott Hutchinson, DE, 1978–80, 1983

text: The Buffalo Bills have retired two numbers in franchise history: No. 12 for Jim Kelly and No. 78 for Bruce Smith. Despite the fact that the Bills have only retired two jersey numbers in franchise history, the team has other numbers no longer issued to any player or in reduced circulation.[38][39]

text:
32 O. J. Simpson, RB, 1969–77
34 Thurman Thomas, RB, 1988–99; previously worn by Cookie Gilchrist, RB, 1962–64

text:
44 Elbert Dubenion, WR, 1960–68
66 Billy Shaw, OG, 1961–69
83 Andre Reed, WR, 1985–99 (Lee Evans III wore #83 by special permission)

text: Since the earliest days of the team, the number 31 was not supposed to be issued to any other player. The Bills had stationery and various other team merchandise showing a running player wearing that number, and it was not supposed to represent any specific person, but the 'spirit of the team.' In the first three decades of the team's existence, the number 31 was only seen once: in 1969, when reserve running back Preston Ridlehuber damaged his number 36 jersey during a game, equipment manager Tony Marchitte gave him the number 31 jersey to wear while repairing the number 36. The number 31 was not issued again until 1990 when first round draft choice James (J.D.) Williams wore it for his first two seasons.

text: Number 15 was historically only issued sparingly after the retirement of Jack Kemp,[38] but is apparently now in general circulation; Brandon Tate currently wears the number.

text: Number 1 has also only rarely been used, for reasons never explained. Kicker Mike Hollis, who played one season for the Bills in 2002, was the most recent to wear the number.

text: Ralph C. Wilson Jr. Distinguished Service Award Recipients[edit]

text:
1986 – Ben Williams
1987 – Joe DeLamielleure
1988 – Steve Freeman
1989 – Jerry Butler
1990 – Tim Vogler
1991 – Joe Ferguson
1992 – Ken Jones
1993 – Booker Edgerson
1994 – George "Butch" Byrd
1995 – Tony Greene
1996 – Frank Lewis
1997 – Steven Paganelli

1996 – Roland Hooks
1997 – Jim Ritcher
1997 – Charley Ferguson
1998 – Stew Barber
1998 – Ed Rutkowski
1999 – Fred Smerlas
1999 – Reggie McKenzie
2000 – Darryl Talley
2000 – Ernie Warlick
2001 – Steve Tasker
2001 – Kent Hull

2002 – Don Beebe
2003 – Thurman Thomas
2004 – Paul Maguire
2005 – Frank Reich
2006 – Phil Hansen
2007 – Lou Piccone
2007 – Denny Lynch
2008 – Mark Kelso
2009 – Andre Reed
2010 – Ruben Brown
2011 – Scott Norwood[40]

text: Buffalo Bills Wall of Fame[edit]

text:
Buffalo Bills Wall of Fame

Inducted
No.
Name
Position
Tenure

1980
32
O. J. Simpson
RB
1969–1977

1984
15
Jack Kemp
QB
1962–1969

1985
—
Pat McGroder
Contributor
GM
1961–1983
1983

1987
70
Tom Sestak
DT
1962–1968

1988
66
Billy Shaw
OG
1961–1969

1989
—
Ralph C. Wilson Jr.
Owner
1959–2014

1992
12
The 12th Man
Fans
1960–present

1993
44
Elbert Dubenion
WR
1960–1968

1994
58
Mike Stratton
LB
1962–1972

1995
12
Joe Ferguson
QB
1973–1984

1996
—
Marv Levy
HC
GM
1986–1997
2006–2007

1997
68
Joe DeLamielleure
OG
1973–1979
1985

1998
20
Robert James
CB
1969–1974

1999
—
Edward Abramoski
Trainer
1960–1996

2000
61
Bob Kalsu
G
1968

26
George Saimes
S
1963–1969

2001
12
Jim Kelly
QB
1986–1996

76
Fred Smerlas
DT
1979–1989

2002
67
Kent Hull
C
1986–1996

2003
56
Darryl Talley
LB
1983–1994

2004
51
Jim Ritcher
C/G
1980–1993

2005
34
Thurman Thomas
RB
1988–1999

2006
83
Andre Reed
WR
1985–1999

2007
89
Steve Tasker
WR
1986–1997

2008
78
Bruce Smith
DE
1985–1999

2010
24
Booker Edgerson
DB
1962–1969

2011
90
Phil Hansen
DE
1991–2001

2012
—
Bill Polian
GM
1984–1992

2014
—
Van Miller
Broadcaster
1960–1971
1977–2003

2015
—
Lou Saban
Coach
1962–1965
1972–1976

2017
34
Cookie Gilchrist
RB
1962–1964

text: Pro Football Hall Of Fame[edit]

text:
Buffalo Bills Hall of Famers

No.
Name
Position
Tenure
Inducted

32
O. J. Simpson
RB
1969–1977
1985

66
Billy Shaw
OG
1961–1969
1999

—
Marv Levy
HC
GM
1986–1997
2006–2007
2001

12
Jim Kelly
QB
1986–1996
2002

80
James Lofton
WR
1989–1992
2003

68
Joe DeLamielleure
OG
1973–1979
1985
2003

34
Thurman Thomas
RB
1988–1999
2007

78
Bruce Smith
DE
1985–1999
2009

—
Ralph Wilson
Owner
1959–2014
2009

83
Andre Reed
WR
1985–1999
2014[41]

—
Bill Polian
GM
1984–1992
2015

81
Terrell Owens
WR
2009
2018

text: All-time first round draft picks[edit]

text: Recent Pro Bowl selections[edit]

text: CSVA Sports Film and Video Hall of Famers[edit]

text: Henry Kunttu (2013)[42]

text: Coaches of note[edit]

text: Head coaches[edit]

text: Current staff[edit]

text:
Buffalo Bills staff

v
t
e

Front Office

Owner/CEO – Terry Pegula
Owner – Kim Pegula
President – Russ Brandon
General Manager – Brandon Beane
Assistant General Manager – Joe Schoen
Vice President of Player Personnel – Vacant
College Scouting Director – Terrance Gray
Senior VP of Football Administration – Jim Overdorf
Assistant Director of College Scouting – Lake Dawson
Director of Pro Personnel – Malik Boyd

Head Coach –

Head Coach – Sean McDermott

Offensive Coaches

Offensive Coordinator – Brian Daboll
Quarterbacks – David Culley
Running Backs – Kelly Skipper
Wide Receivers – Terry Robiskie
Tight Ends – Rob Boras
Offensive Line/Run Game Coordinator – Juan Castillo
Assistant Offensive Line – Andrew Dees
Offensive Assistant – Chad Hall
Offensive Assistant – Shea Tierney
Offensive Assistant – William Vlachos
Offensive Assistant/Defense Special Projects – Marc Lubick

Defensive Coaches

Defensive Coordinator – Leslie Frazier
Defensive Line – Bill Teerlinck
Assistant Defensive Line – Aaron Whitecotton
Linebackers – Bob Babich
Defensive Backs – John Butler
Safeties – Bobby Babich
Defensive Assistant – Jim Salgado
Defensive Quality Control – John Egorugwu

Special Teams Coaches

Special Teams – Danny Crossman
Assistant Special Teams – Matt Smiley

Strength and Conditioning

Head Strength and Conditioning – Eric Ciano
Assistant Strength and Conditioning – Hal Luther
Assistant Strength and Conditioning – Jason Oszvart
Assistant Strength and Conditioning – Mark Loecher
Assistant Strength and Conditioning - Will Greenberg

→ Coaching Staff
→ Management
→ More NFL staffs

AFC East
BUF
MIA
NE
NYJ
North
BAL
CIN
CLE
PIT
South
HOU
IND
JAX
TEN
West
DEN
KC
LAC
OAK

NFC East
DAL
NYG
PHI
WAS
North
CHI
DET
GB
MIN
South
ATL
CAR
NO
TB
West
ARI
LAR
SF
SEA

text: Current roster[edit]

text:
Buffalo Bills roster

view
talk
edit

Quarterbacks

 2 Nathan Peterman
 5 Tyrod Taylor

Running backs

42 Patrick DiMarco FB
25 LeSean McCoy
45 Marcus Murphy

Wide receivers

13 Kelvin Benjamin
16 Malachi Dupre
18 Andre Holmes
11 Zay Jones
89 Brandon Reilly

Tight ends

85 Charles Clay
88 Khari Lee
89 Keith Towbridge

Offensive linemen

73 Dion Dawkins T
62 Vladimir Ducasse G
77 Cordy Glenn T
64 Richie Incognito G
72 Ryan Groy G
68 Conor McDermott T
76 John Miller G
79 Jordan Mills T
70 Eric Wood C

Defensive linemen

75 Cap Capi DE
56 Ryan Davis DE
94 Rickey Hatley DT
55 Jerry Hughes DE
90 Shaq Lawson DE
92 Adolphus Washington DT

Linebackers

57 Lorenzo Alexander OLB
44 Deon Lacey OLB
58 Matt Milano OLB
40 Tanner Vallejo MLB

Defensive backs

41 Breon Borders CB
-- Vontae Davis CB
23 Micah Hyde SS
21 Jordan Poyer FS
27 Tre'Davious White CB

Special teams

69 Reid Ferguson LS
 4 Steven Hauschka K
 6 Colton Schmidt P

Reserve lists

19 Quan Bray WR (Future)
 7 Cory Carter P (Future)
80 Jason Croom TE (Future)
36 Aaron Green RB (Future)
61 Josh James OT (Future)
97 Marquavius Lewis DE (Future)
31 Dean Marlowe FS (Future)
-- Kelcie McCray SS (Future)
-- L. J. McCray FS (Future)
60 Adam Redmond C (Future)
-- Rod Streater WR (Future)
74 De'Ondre Wesley OT (Future)
53 Xavier Woodson-Luster MLB (Future)

Unrestricted FAs

33 Colt Anderson FS
52 Preston Brown MLB
39 Travaris Cadet RB
28 E. J. Gaines CB
66 Seantrel Henderson T
50 Ramon Humber OLB
24 Leonard Johnson CB
26 Taiwan Jones RB
87 Jordan Matthews WR
15 Brandon Tate WR
29 Shamarko Thomas SS
10 Deonte Thompson WR
91 Cedric Thornton DT
35 Mike Tolbert FB
14 Joe Webb QB
95 Kyle Williams DT
20 Shareece Wright CB

Restricted FAs

17 Jeremy Butler WR
84 Nick O'Leary TE
82 Logan Thomas TE

Exclusive-Rights FAs

30 Lafayette Pitts CB
54 Eddie Yarbrough DE

Rookies in italics
Roster updated February 27, 2018
Depth chart • Transactions
40 Active, 13 Inactive, 22 FAs
→ AFC rosters → NFC rosters

AFC East
BUF
MIA
NE
NYJ
North
BAL
CIN
CLE
PIT
South
HOU
IND
JAX
TEN
West
DEN
KC
LAC
OAK

NFC East
DAL
NYG
PHI
WAS
North
CHI
DET
GB
MIN
South
ATL
CAR
NO
TB
West
ARI
LAR
SF
SEA

text: Radio and television[edit]

text: The Buffalo Bills Radio Network is flagshipped at WGR, AM 550 in Buffalo. John Murphy is the team's current play-by-play announcer; he was a color commentator alongside, and eventually succeeded, longtime voice Van Miller after Miller's retirement at the end of the 2003 NFL season. Mark Kelso serves as the color analyst. The Bills radio network has approximately seventeen affiliates in upstate New York and one affiliate, CJCL 590AM (The Fan) in Toronto. As of early 2012, it is composed mostly of WGR, Entercom's sister stations WCMF (96.5 FM) and WROC-AM 950 in Rochester, and a fleet of independent AM and FM stations across upstate New York from Jamestown east to Albany. Previous flagship Citadel Broadcasting was purchased by Cumulus Media, who in turn ceased carrying Bills games at the end of the 2011 season, leaving the network without affiliates in Syracuse, Binghamton, and Erie. (The Syracuse affiliations were later picked up by Galaxy Communications.) Buffalo is one of ten teams contracted with Compass Media Networks to syndicate selected games nationwide.

text: During the preseason, most games are televised on Buffalo's ABC affiliate, WKBW-TV channel 7, with several other affiliates in western New York. These games are simulcast on sister stations WTVH in Syracuse, WICU in Erie, WHAM-TV in Rochester, and for a period, CITY-TV in Toronto. CBS analyst and former Bills special teams player Steve Tasker does color commentary on these games; the play-by-play position is rotated between his CBS partner Andrew Catalon and Rob Stone. WHAM-TV sports anchor Mike Catalana is the sideline reporter. Since 2008, preseason games have been broadcast in high definition.

text: Beginning in the 2016 season, as per a new rights deal which covers rights to the team as well as its sister NHL franchise, the Buffalo Sabres, most team-related programming, including studio programming and the coach's show, was re-located to MSG Western New York—a joint venture of MSG and the team ownership. Preseason games will continue to air in simulcast on WKBW.[43]

text: In the event regular season games are broadcast by ESPN, WKBW-TV will also hold the broadcast rights to that contest, with the station having won back the rights to cable games after WBBZ-TV held the rights for 2012 and 2013.[44]

text: Training camp sites[edit]

text:
1960–1962 Roycroft Inn, East Aurora, New York
1963–1967 Camelot Hotel, Blasdell, New York
1968–1980 Niagara University, Lewiston, New York
1981–1999 State University of New York at Fredonia, Fredonia, New York
2000–present, St. John Fisher College, Pittsford, New York

text: Mascots, cheerleaders and marching band[edit]

text: The Bills' official mascot is Billy Buffalo, an eight-foot tall, anthropomorphic blue American bison who wears the jersey "number" BB.

text: The Bills currently do not have cheerleaders. The Bills operated a cheerleading squad named the Buffalo Jills from 1967 to 1985; from 1986 to 2013, the Jills operated as an independent organization sponsored by various companies, most recently by Citadel Broadcasting. The Jills suspended operations prior to the 2014 season due to legal actions.[46] The Bills and Jills are currently involved in a legal battle, in which the Jills allege they were employees, not independent contractors, and are seeking back pay.[47] Complicating matters is that Citadel's buyer, Cumulus Media, declared bankruptcy and sought to discharge its remaining Bills-related debts in January 2018.[48]

text: The Bills are one of six teams in the NFL to designate an official marching band or drumline (the others being the Baltimore Ravens, Washington Redskins, New York Jets, Carolina Panthers and Seattle Seahawks). Since the last game of the 2013 season, this position has been served by the Stampede Drumline, known outside of Buffalo as Downbeat Percussion.[49][50] The Bills have also used the full marching bands from Attica High School, the University of Pittsburgh and Syracuse University at home games in recent years.

text: The Bills have several theme songs associated with them. One is a variation of the Isley Brothers hit "Shout", recorded by Scott Kemper,[51] which served as the Bills' official promotional song from 1987 through 1990s. It was officially replaced circa 2000 with "The Power of the Bills", although "Shout" remains in use. The Bills' unofficial fight song, "Go Bills", was penned by Bills head coach Marv Levy in the mid-1990s on a friendly wager with his players that he will write the song if the team won a particular game.[52]

text: Supporters[edit]

text: The Bills Backers are the official fan organization of the Buffalo Bills. It has over 200 chapters across North America, Europe and Oceania.[53] Also notable is the Bills Mafia, a collection of Bills fans organized via Twitter beginning in 2010;[54] the phrase "Bills Mafia" had by 2017 grown to unofficially represent the broad community surrounding and encompassing the team as a whole, and players who join the Bills often speak of joining the Bills Mafia. Outsiders often treat the Bills' fan base in derogatory terms, especially since the 2010s, in part because of negative press coverage of select fans' wilder antics.[55] Bills fans have been noted as much for their boisterous behavior as they have for their generosity; after the Bills received help in breaking their 17-year playoff drought on a last-minute Cincinnati Bengals victory, Bills fans crowdfunded the charities of Bengals players Andy Dalton and Tyler Boyd with tens of thousands of dollars as a gesture of thanks.[56][57]

text: The Bills are one of the favorite teams of ESPN announcer Chris Berman, who picked the Bills to reach the Super Bowl nearly every year in the 1990s. Berman often uses the catchphrase "No one circles the wagons like the Buffalo Bills!" Berman gave the induction speech for Bills owner Ralph Wilson when Wilson was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2009.

text: The Bills were also the favorite team of late NBC political commentator Tim Russert, a South Buffalo native, who often referred to the Bills on his Sunday morning talk show, Meet the Press. (His son, Luke, is also a notable fan of the team.) CNN's Wolf Blitzer, also a Buffalo native, has proclaimed he is also a fan,[58] as has CBS Evening News lead anchor and Tonawanda native Jeff Glor.[59]

text: ESPN anchor Kevin Connors is also a noted Bills fan, dating to his time attending Ithaca College. Actor Nick Bakay, a Buffalo native, is also a well-known Bills fan; he has discussed the team in segments of NFL Top 10. Character actor William Fichtner, raised in Cheektowaga, is a fan,[60] and did a commercial for the team in 2014.[61] In 2015, Fichtner also narrated the ESPN 30 for 30 documentary on the Bills four Super Bowl appearances, "Four Falls of Buffalo". Former Olympic swimmer Summer Sanders has professed her fandom of the team.

text: Bills fans are particularly well known for their wearing of Zubaz zebra-printed sportswear; so much is the association between Bills fans and Zubaz that when a revival of the company opened their first brick-and-mortar storefront, it chose Western New York as its first location.[62]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Buffalo's rivalry with the Miami Dolphins is referenced on Steve Martin's 1979 album Comedy Is Not Pretty! on the track "How To Meet A Girl." On the track, Martin simulates chatter about football at a party, and one "partier" expresses disbelief that Buffalo could beat Miami – at the time of the album's release, the Dolphins had won 18 straight games over the Bills.

text: In the 1996 X-Files episode "Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man", the titular character, a member of a shadowy government cabal, states that the Buffalo Bills will not win a Super Bowl while he lives.

text: The Buffalo Bills were featured on the direct-to-TV movie Second String, and in the Vincent Gallo drama Buffalo 66.

text: Actor Dean Cain was briefly a member of the Bills. Because of this, references to the Bills have appeared in the television series Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman, in which Cain played the title character. In the first episode of season four, titled "Lord of the Flys", Clark picks up a blue Buffalo Bills hat with the Charging Buffalo emblem in the center and uses it to help disguise himself. In a later episode, he lets it be known the Metropolis Mammoths are playing the Bills.

text: In an April 2011 episode of the television series 30 Rock, titled "100", Alec Baldwin's character Jack Donaghy discovers that, in an alternate future, he would not only be wealthier and more successful, but he would also be the owner of a "New York football team." He later is disappointed to learn the team is not the New York Giants or New York Jets, but the Buffalo Bills.

text: The Bills are the team that eventually unseats the Orlando Breakers, the fictional NFL team that serves as the focus of the sitcom Coach in later seasons, in the playoffs.

text: In a March 2014 episode of the television series Family Guy entitled "3 Acts of God", Peter Griffin—along with his family and friends—attends a game between the Buffalo Bills and New England Patriots at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts, which the Bills win. The episode also features Bills players Mario Williams and C. J. Spiller guest starring as themselves.[63]

text: Several former Buffalo Bills players have earned a name in politics after their playing careers had ended, almost always as members of the Republican Party. The most famous of these was quarterback Jack Kemp, who was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Western New York in 1971—two years after his playing career ended and remained there for nearly two decades, serving as the Republican Party nominee for Vice President of the United States under Bob Dole in 1996. Kemp's backup, Ed Rutkowski, served as county executive of Erie County from 1979 to 1987. Former tight end Jay Riemersma, defensive tackle Fred Smerlas and defensive end Phil Hansen have all run for Congress, though all three either lost or withdrew from their respective races. Quarterback Jim Kelly and running back Thurman Thomas have also both been mentioned as potential candidates for political office, although both have declined all requests to date.


document_title: WWE Championship

question_text: who is the youngest world champion in wwe history

root

text: WWE Championship

text: History

text: Origin

text: The title was introduced in 1963 with Buddy Rogers becoming the first champion. However, its origin is attributed to events that began in the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), which had various territorial member promotions. In the 1950s, Capitol Wrestling Corporation (CWC) was a member of the NWA and by 1963, its executives held a controlling stake over NWA operations. During this time, Buddy Rogers held the NWA World Heavyweight Championship until January 24, when Lou Thesz defeated Rogers for the championship in a one fall match. Claiming the title can only be contested in a traditional two out of three falls match, the promotion disputed the title change, and thus seceded from the NWA and became the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF). The WWWF World Heavyweight Championship was then established and awarded to Buddy Rogers with the explanation that he won a fictional tournament in Rio de Janeiro, supposedly defeating Antonino Rocca in the finals.[4] After several years, the WWWF became affiliated with the NWA once again, and "World" was dropped from the championship's name. In 1979, the WWWF was renamed World Wrestling Federation (WWF), and then after conclusively ending its affiliation with the NWA in 1983, the championship became known as the WWF World Heavyweight Championship. Although the full name appeared on the championship belts until 1998, the name was often abbreviated to WWF Championship, which became its official name in 1998.

tag: p

text: Monday Night Wars and title unification

text: In 1991, World Championship Wrestling (WCW), a member of the NWA, established the WCW World Heavyweight Championship to replace the NWA's world title. In 1993, WCW seceded from the NWA and grew to become a rival promotion to the WWF. Both organizations grew into mainstream prominence and were eventually involved in a television ratings war, dubbed the Monday Night Wars. Near the end of the ratings war, WCW began a financial decline, which culminated in WWF purchasing WCW in March 2001.[5] As a result of the purchase, the WWF acquired, among other assets, WCW's championships. Thus, there were two world titles in the WWF: the original WWF Championship and the WCW Championship, which was eventually renamed the "World Championship".[6][7]

text: In December 2001, the two championships were unified at Vengeance. At the event, Stone Cold Steve Austin defeated Kurt Angle to retain the WWF Championship, while Chris Jericho defeated The Rock for the World Championship. After this, Jericho then defeated Austin, unifying the WWF and World Championships, and becoming the first Undisputed WWF Champion; the Undisputed championship retained the lineage of the WWF Championship and the World Championship was retired.[8] Subsequently, the Big Eagle Belt (formerly representing the WWF Championship) and the Big Gold Belt (formerly representing the World Championship) were used in tandem to represent the Undisputed Championship.[9][10][11] Jericho held the championship for four months until he lost it at WrestleMania X8 against Triple H, who was soon after presented with a single championship belt.[12]

text: Championship disputes

text: The Undisputed Championship continued until the brand extension, which saw wrestlers being drafted to the company's main television programs, Raw and SmackDown, each show representing the brand of the same name, with championships assigned to and authority figures appointed for each brand.[13] The holder of the Undisputed Championship was the only male wrestler allowed to appear on both shows.

text: In May 2002, the WWF was renamed World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) and the championships were renamed accordingly. At first, the championship remained unaffiliated with either brand as wrestlers from both brands could challenge the champion. Following the appointment of Eric Bischoff and Stephanie McMahon as General Managers of Raw and SmackDown, respectively, Stephanie McMahon convinced then-Undisputed Champion Brock Lesnar to become exclusive to the SmackDown brand, leaving the Raw brand without a world title.[14][15] In response, on September 2, Bischoff disputed Lesnar's status as champion, stating Lesnar was refusing to defend his title against the designated No. 1 contender, Triple H, and awarded the latter with the newly created World Heavyweight Championship, spun off from the Undisputed Championship. Immediately afterwards, Lesnar's championship dropped the epithet "Undisputed" and became known as the WWE Championship.[16]

text: Over the course of the first brand extension, the WWE Championship was featured as the world title of the SmackDown brand twice and the Raw brand three times. In all but two cases, the WWE Championship switched brands as a result of the annual draft. In June 2006, the WWE established ECW as a third brand, featuring former Extreme Championship Wrestling stars, in addition to newer talent. When ECW's Rob Van Dam won the WWE Championship at ECW One Night Stand on June 11, 2006, the championship briefly became a world title of the ECW brand; the ECW World Heavyweight Championship was subsequently reactivated for the ECW brand upon Van Dam's title win. Van Dam held both titles until he lost the WWE Championship to Raw's Edge the following month. The ECW brand was disbanded in 2010, subsequently deactivating the ECW Championship. The first brand extension ended in August 2011.

text: Just prior to the end of the first brand extension, a storyline saw CM Punk vowing to leave the company with the WWE Championship when his contract expired on July 17, 2011, the date of the 2011 Money in the Bank pay-per-view. At the event, Punk succeeded in defeating the defending champion John Cena to win the title, and left the company with the physical championship belt. Subsequently, the championship was vacated and Rey Mysterio won an eight-man tournament by defeating The Miz in the finals to be crowned the new WWE Champion, only to subsequently lose it later that night to Cena, for the latter's record ninth reign. However, following Cena's win, Punk returned to WWE with his own championship belt, disputing Cena's claim to the title.[17] The two WWE Champions wrestled each other at SummerSlam; Punk defeated Cena to solidify his claim on the title.

text: Title reunified and second brand split

text: Following the end of the first brand extension in August 2011, both the WWE Champion and World Heavyweight Champion could appear on both Raw and SmackDown. In November 2013, the night after Survivor Series, then-World Heavyweight Champion John Cena made a challenge to then-WWE Champion Randy Orton to determine an undisputed WWE world champion. Orton defeated Cena in a TLC match at the TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs pay-per-view on December 15, 2013, to unify the titles. Subsequently, the unified championship was renamed WWE World Heavyweight Championship and retained the lineage of the WWE Championship; the World Heavyweight Championship was retired.[18] Orton and subsequent champions held both championship belts until a single championship belt was given to then-champion Brock Lesnar in 2014.[19]

text: After Dean Ambrose became champion in June 2016, the title's name was reverted to WWE Championship.[20][21][22] In light of the return of the WWE brand extension the following month, Ambrose was drafted to SmackDown. Ambrose then retained his title at Battleground on July 24 against Raw draftees Seth Rollins and Roman Reigns, making the title exclusive to SmackDown.[23] On the July 25 episode of Raw, to address the lack of a world title for the brand, the WWE Universal Championship was created; Finn Bálor became the inaugural champion at SummerSlam.[24] After the unveiling of the Universal title, the WWE Championship was renamed WWE World Championship,[25][26] but reverted to WWE Championship in December 2016 during AJ Styles' first reign.[27]

text: The title changed hands for the first time outside of North America when AJ Styles defeated Jinder Mahal to win his second WWE Championship in Manchester, England on the November 7, 2017, episode of SmackDown Live. This was also the first time in nearly 15 years that the championship changed hands on an episode of SmackDown; the last time was in 2003 when Brock Lesnar defeated Kurt Angle for the title.[28]

text: Brand designation

text: Following the events of the first WWE brand extension, an annual WWE draft was established in 2002, with Ric Flair and Vince McMahon heading up the Raw and SmackDown brands respectively. Further individuals acted as General Manager of Raw and of SmackDown in subsequent years. Each year, the General Managers participated in a draft lottery in which select members of the WWE roster were assigned to a brand. The revived ECW became a third brand from 2006 to 2010.[29] On August 29, 2011, WWE ended the brand extension and wrestlers (including all champions), were then free to appear on any program.

text: On May 25, 2016, WWE announced that SmackDown would move to Tuesday nights and go live starting July 19 and also receive a unique set of wrestlers and writers, as opposed to Raw, thus reintroducing the brand extension. The draft took place on the live premiere of SmackDown.[30] On the July 18 episode of Raw, SmackDown Commissioner Shane McMahon named Daniel Bryan the SmackDown General Manager and Raw Commissioner Stephanie McMahon named Mick Foley the Raw General Manager.[22][31]

text: The following is a list of dates indicating the transitions of the WWE Championship between the Raw, SmackDown, and ECW brands.

text:
Colors

Championship moved to the Raw brand

Championship moved to the SmackDown brand

Championship moved to the ECW brand

tag: table

text:
Date of transition
Notes

September 2, 2002
WWE Undisputed Champion Brock Lesnar signs with SmackDown and the title becomes exclusive to that brand.
The championship was renamed the WWE Championship, and the World Heavyweight Championship was created for Raw[32]

June 6, 2005
During the 2005 WWE draft lottery, World Heavyweight Champion Batista was drafted to SmackDown while WWE Champion John Cena was drafted to Raw[33]

June 11, 2006
Following WWE's planned revival of Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) as a third brand, Rob Van Dam was chosen by ECW Representative Paul Heyman to move to the new brand. At ECW One Night Stand, Van Dam cashed in his Money in the Bank contract to win the WWE Championship and bring the title to ECW. The ECW World Heavyweight Championship was subsequently reactivated for ECW[34]

July 3, 2006
Edge won the WWE Championship, thereby bringing it back to Raw[35]

June 23, 2008
WWE Champion Triple H was drafted to SmackDown during the 2008 WWE draft[36]

April 13, 2009
WWE Champion Triple H brings the championship back to Raw following his drafting to the brand at the 2009 WWE draft.[37]
The ECW Championship, along with the brand, was deactivated in 2010

August 29, 2011
End of first brand extension.
The WWE Champion and World Heavyweight Champion could appear on both Raw and SmackDown.
The championships were unified in December 2013, subsequently retiring the World Heavyweight Championship

July 19, 2016
Reintroduction of the brand extension.
WWE Champion Dean Ambrose was drafted to SmackDown during the 2016 WWE draft.
The WWE Universal Championship was created for Raw

text: Championship belt designs

text: The original WWWF World Heavyweight Championship belt design was originally a title belt used to represent a United States championship that Buddy Rogers had defended sometime prior to becoming the inaugural WWWF world champion. Due to this, the center plate was an outline of the continental United States, and there were two shield-shaped side plates with grapplers on them; the plates were on a red leather strap On the center plate, there was a circle flanked by grapplers, and the circle was designed to contain a photograph of the titleholder. Above the circle was a shield with an eagle atop it with stars on opposite sides of the shield. The caption "World's Champion" was added below the circle. This version of the title belt was worn by the inaugural champion Buddy Rogers in 1963 and the second champion Bruno Sammartino.[38] After Sammartino became champion, a new version on a blue strap was introduced. The enlarged center piece contained a crowned globe and two grapplers, and read "WWWF World Champion"; the two side plates commemorated Sammartino's title win. Sammartino wore this version for the duration of his seven-year reign. After defeating Sammartino in January 1971, Ivan Koloff held this version for three weeks before losing it to Pedro Morales.[39]

text: During Morales's reign, the championship belt was updated several times. First, the 1971 design, on an indigo colored strap, contained three shield-shaped plates. Below the center plate, which read "World Heavyweight Champion" and had a cross at its center, a separate plate read "WWWF". This was replaced with another design in 1972. This version, on a red strap, read "WWWF Heavyweight Wrestling Champion" around the edges with an eagle at the center, while six side plates represented several countries. 1973 saw the introduction of another yet similar design; this one was on a black strap and contained two grapplers above the eagle. This version was subsequently held by Stan Stasiak, Bruno Sammartino, Superstar Billy Graham – who wore a red leather variation – and Bob Backlund. During the latter's reign, the promotion's name was shortened to World Wrestling Federation (WWF), but the physical championship belt still read "WWWF".[39]

text: A new design was introduced in 1982, nicknamed the "Big Green Belt" due to its size and the color of its strap. It included eight (later ten) side plates dedicated to the previous champions. The center plate featured a wrestler holding up a championship belt with a globe behind him. This design, held by Bob Backlund, The Iron Sheik, and Hulk Hogan, was replaced first by the "Hogan '84" design in late 1984, then by the nearly identical "Hogan '85" design in early 1985. Both were called "Hogan" belts as they were only worn by Hulk Hogan. Both championship belts were similar in design to the NWA Television Championship at the time. They consisted of silver plates on a black strap, the center plate read "WWF" at the top. Below that was an eagle with two banners below it reading "World Heavyweight Wrestling Champion". The bottom read "Worldwide Wrestling" and above that was a name plate commemorating Hogan's title win, while the side plates noted previous champions. The difference between the '84 and the '85 designs were that the writing (except WWF) was in red on the '84, and black background was added on the '85 belt. The next year, the "Hogan '86" was introduced and was again only worn by Hogan. The center plate featured a globe in the center, along with Roman columns and olive branches. It read "World Heavyweight Wrestling Champion" and included the famous WWF block logo at the top, while four side plates had flags (two flags per side plate) representing the United States, Canada, Mexico, Japan, the United Kingdom, Australia, the Soviet Union, and Italy.[39]

text: In 1988, just before ending his first championship reign, Hogan introduced another new design, the "Winged Eagle" championship belt, which became the primary design for the next decade with many wrestlers holding this version, and is considered the most popular design of the championship. Its nickname is derived from the eagle's wings seemingly coming off of the center plate, which included the block WWF logo and read "World Heavyweight Wrestling Champion". The championship belt also had four identical side plates. Apart from the usual black leather strap, The Ultimate Warrior wore white, light blue, yellow, and purple variations. Sgt. Slaughter continued to wear Warrior's purple strap.[39] In 1998, after Stone Cold Steve Austin became champion, he was presented with a new design, often dubbed the "Big Eagle" or "Attitude Era" championship belt. The center plate was similar to the previous design, but became fully rounded, and the side plates were updated. When it was unveiled, it originally contained the block WWF logo and was on a blue strap, but was soon updated to the WWF scratch logo and on a black strap. In addition to the logo, it read "World Wrestling Federation Champion".[39]

text: After Chris Jericho unified the WWF and WCW Championships into the Undisputed WWF Championship, the "Big Eagle" championship belt was used in tandem with the "Big Gold Belt", the former WCW Championship belt, until a single Undisputed Championship belt was introduced to champion Triple H on the April 1, 2002 episode of Raw.[12] This new belt was designed by New York–based tattoo artist Keith Ciaramello. Taking inspiration from WCW, this design included a name plate, and like the previous two designs, it had an eagle atop the globe. It originally had the WWF scratch logo and read "World Wrestling Federation Champion"; after the promotion was renamed World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) in May 2002, both the scratch logo and wording were changed accordingly.[40] The championship later became the WWE Championship in September 2002 when it became exclusive to SmackDown, while the Big Gold Belt was resurrected to represent the World Heavyweight Championship for Raw.[39]

text: After John Cena won the WWE Championship in April 2005, he introduced his own custom belt, the "Spinner Belt", which had a gold and diamond bling-bling style reflecting his hip hop character at the time. Although originally a custom belt for Cena, it became the WWE Championship's primary design from April 11, 2005 until February 18, 2013. The scratch WWE logo, placed between an eagle on top and the word "Champ" and a name plate below, could be spun like spinner wheels or a turntable in keeping with the hip-hop theme. The inner side plates read "WWE Champion", though before 2008, one side plate indicated the brand the title was designated to. The spinning function was phased out in later years and the logo set in a fixed place, most notably during The Miz's reign when the logo was turned upside down to look like an "M". The Rock commented negatively on the spinning function on the night the belt was retired.[39]

text: On the February 18, 2013 episode of Raw, The Rock unveiled a new WWE Championship belt. The new title was partially designed by Orange County Choppers of American Chopper fame.[41][42][43] The championship included a large cut-out of the scratch WWE logo (encrusted with diamonds) inside a large irregular heptagonal plate. The word "Champion" appeared underneath the logo in large letters. On each side was a divider bar and a large plate. Default side plates consisted of a red globe with the WWE logo underneath a crown, but they were replaced with the reigning champion's personal logo in lieu of a name plate. This championship belt was used in tandem with the Big Gold Belt to represent the renamed WWE World Heavyweight Championship after Randy Orton unified the WWE Championship and the World Heavyweight Championship on December 15, 2013.[44][39]

text: Current design

text: On the August 18, 2014 episode of Raw, reigning champion Brock Lesnar, who had won the title the night before at SummerSlam, was presented with a single championship belt. It has a slightly updated design from the belt introduced by The Rock in 2013 as a result of WWE adapting a new corporate logo originally used for the WWE Network. It includes a large center plate dominated by a cut out of the new WWE logo inside an irregular heptagon with the capital words "World Heavyweight Champion" along the bottom edges, in very small print. The large side plates, like the previous design, include removable round sections, allowing the holder's personal logo to be added to the championship belt; the default sections show gold and red world maps with the WWE logo over them, though they lack the crown placed on top of the plates in the previous design. The Big Gold Belt was retired with the unveiling of the new championship belt.[19][39]

text: After the 2016 brand extension where the championship became exclusive to SmackDown, the similarly designed WWE Universal Championship was introduced for the Raw brand.[45] The WWE World Heavyweight Championship was briefly renamed WWE Championship;[46] the digitized belt in the pre-match graphic read "WWE Champion" below the WWE logo.[47] It was then renamed WWE World Championship in July 2016[48] and the pre-match graphic was updated to read "WWE World Champion".[49] In December 2016, the title was again reverted to WWE Championship;[50] the pre-match graphic no longer includes the title's name.[51] The physical belt, however, retains "World Heavyweight Champion" below the logo.

text: Customized designs

text: Custom championship belts have been created to honor certain reigning champions or match their characters. During Hogan's reign in 1986, he had a modified version of the Hogan '86 made, which included a picture of himself at the center. This was a short lived custom design as he reverted to the Hogan '86 version. A much larger version similar to the Hogan '86 championship belt was created for André the Giant before WrestleMania III, although he never wore it as champion.[52][39]

text: A custom championship belt was presented to Stone Cold Steve Austin during his second reign, which included his "Smoking Skull" logo as well as rattle snakes. As an answer, The Rock also had a custom championship belt designed and constructed, including his trademark "Brahma Bull" logo, but due to creative reasons, it never appeared on television.[40] The Spinner Belt, originally a customized belt for John Cena, remained the standard title belt from 2005 to 2013. During Edge's second reign, he introduced his own variation, the "Rated R Spinner" design, replacing the scratch WWE logo with his "Rated R Superstar" logo. Edge was going to have a completely new custom belt designed, but due to time constraints, it did not get made.[53][39]

text: In what has become a tradition since fall 2014, WWE sends a custom WWE Championship belt (current design) to championship winners in the NFL, MLB, NBA, NHL, and others, with the team's logo on the side plates, which are non-removable. WWE may also present a custom belt to exceptionally notable people for their efforts in their profession.[54][55][56][57][58]

text: The following are those that WWE has presented a custom championship to:

text:
San Francisco Giants for winning the 2014 World Series[59][60][61]
New England Patriots for winning the 2015 Super Bowl[62][63]
United States women's national soccer team for winning the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup[64][65]
Kansas City Royals for winning the 2015 World Series[66][67][68]
University of Notre Dame's Fighting Irish football team just prior to the national championship in 2015[69][70]
Denver Broncos for winning the 2016 Super Bowl[71][72]
Pittsburgh Penguins for winning the 2016 Stanley Cup Finals[73][74]
Cleveland Cavaliers for winning the 2016 NBA Finals[75][76]
Chicago Cubs for winning the 2016 World Series[77][78]
Serena Williams for winning the 2017 Australian Open[79][80]
New England Patriots for winning the 2017 Super Bowl[81][82]
Chelsea F.C. for winning the 2016–17 Premier League[83][84]
Mumbai Indians for winning the 2017 Indian Premier League[85][86]
Chivas for winning the Clausura 2017 Liga MX[87][88][89]
FC Bayern Munich for winning the 2016–17 Bundesliga[90]
Pittsburgh Penguins for winning the 2017 Stanley Cup Finals[91]
Golden State Warriors for winning the 2017 NBA Finals[92]
London police officer Charlie Guenigault for his "exceptional bravery" during the June 2017 London Bridge attack[93]
Boca Juniors for winning the 2016–17 Argentine Primera División[94]
Aaron Judge for winning the 2017 Major League Baseball Home Run Derby [95]
Houston Astros for winning the 2017 World Series[96]
Lewis Hamilton for winning the 2017 FIA Formula One World Championship.[97]
Captain Roy Love and staff for hosting the 2017 WWE Tribute to the Troops and helping to honor the U.S. armed forces[98]
Philadelphia Eagles for winning the 2018 Super Bowl[99]

tag: ul

text: Reigns

text: The WWE Championship was the first world championship introduced into the promotion in 1963. The inaugural champion was Buddy Rogers, and there have been 50 different official champions overall and 11 vacancies.[2] The longest reigning champion is Bruno Sammartino, who held the title from May 17, 1963 to January 18, 1971, for a total of 2,803 days (7 years, 8 months, and 1 day); Sammartino also holds the record for longest combined reign at 4,040 days.[100] André the Giant is the shortest reigning champion, officially holding the title for 1 minute, 48 seconds.[1] The youngest champion is Brock Lesnar, who won the title at the age of 25, while the oldest champion is Vince McMahon, who won it at the age of 54. John Cena holds the record for most reigns with 13.

text: AJ Styles is the current champion in his second reign. He won the title on November 7, 2017, in Manchester, England on SmackDown Live by defeating Jinder Mahal.[101] This was the first time that the title changed hands on SmackDown since 2003 when Brock Lesnar defeated Kurt Angle for the title, and the first time the title changed hands outside of North America.[28]


document_title: List of Major League Baseball single-game home run leaders

question_text: who hit 4 homeruns in one game last week

text: Key[edit]

text:
Player
Name of the player

Date
Date of the four home run game

Team
The player's team at the time of the game

Opposing team
The team against whom the player hit four home runs

Score
Final score of the game, with the player's team score listed first

Career HR
The number of home runs the player hit in his MLB career

º
Indicates that the home runs were in consecutive plate appearances

Elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame

*
Denotes player who is still active

Indicates the player's team lost the game

text: Players[edit]

text:
Players who have hit four home runs in a single game

Player
Date
Team
Opposing team
Score
Career HR
Ref(s)

Lowe, BobbyBobby Loweº
000000001894-05-30-0000May 30, 1894
Boston Beaneaters
Cincinnati Reds
20–11
071 !71
[9]

Delahanty, EdEd Delahanty
000000001896-07-13-0000July 13, 1896
Philadelphia Phillies
Chicago Colts
08 !8–9
101
[10]

Gehrig, LouLou Gehrigº
000000001932-06-03-0000June 3, 1932
New York Yankees
Philadelphia Athletics
20–13
493
[11]

Klein, ChuckChuck Klein
000000001936-07-10-0000July 10, 1936
Philadelphia Phillies
Pittsburgh Pirates
09 !9–6
300
[12]

Seerey, PatPat Seerey
000000001948-07-18-0000July 18, 1948
Chicago White Sox
Philadelphia Athletics
12–11
086 !86
[13]

Hodges, GilGil Hodges
000000001950-08-31-0000August 31, 1950
Brooklyn Dodgers
Boston Braves
19–3
370
[14]

Adcock, JoeJoe Adcock
000000001954-07-31-0000July 31, 1954
Milwaukee Braves
Brooklyn Dodgers
15–7
336
[15][16]

Colavito, RockyRocky Colavitoº
000000001959-06-10-0000June 10, 1959
Cleveland Indians
Baltimore Orioles
11–8
374
[17][18]

Mays, WillieWillie Mays
000000001961-04-30-0000April 30, 1961
San Francisco Giants
Milwaukee Braves
14–4
660
[19][20]

Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidtº
000000001976-04-17-0000April 17, 1976
Philadelphia Phillies
Chicago Cubs
18–16
548
[21][22]

Horner, BobBob Horner
000000001986-07-06-0000July 6, 1986
Atlanta Braves
Montreal Expos
08.1 !8–11
218
[23][24]

Whiten, MarkMark Whiten
000000001993-09-07-0000September 7, 1993
St. Louis Cardinals
Cincinnati Reds
15–2
105
[25][26]

Cameron, MikeMike Cameronº
000000002002-05-02-0000May 2, 2002
Seattle Mariners
Chicago White Sox
15–4
278
[27][28]

Green, ShawnShawn Green
000000002002-05-23-0000May 23, 2002
Los Angeles Dodgers
Milwaukee Brewers
16–3
328
[29][30]

Delgado, CarlosCarlos Delgadoº
000000002003-09-25-0000September 25, 2003
Toronto Blue Jays
Tampa Bay Devil Rays
10–8
473
[31][32]

Hamilton, JoshJosh Hamilton
000000002012-05-08-0000May 8, 2012
Texas Rangers
Baltimore Orioles
10–3
200
[33][34]

Gennett, ScooterScooter Gennettº*
000000002017-06-06-0000June 6, 2017
Cincinnati Reds
St. Louis Cardinals
13–1
58
[35]

Martinez, J.D.J.D. Martinezº*
000000002017-09-04-0000September 4, 2017
Arizona Diamondbacks
Los Angeles Dodgers
13–0
142
[36]


document_title: Rose McIver

question_text: who did rose mciver play on once upon a time

text: Rose McIver

text: Early life[edit]

text: McIver was born in Auckland and was raised in Titirangi by her father, John George Whitfield "Mac" McIver (b. 1951),[1] a photographer, and her mother, Ann "Annie" (née Coney),[1] an artist. Her parents still reside in the house in which she grew up.[2] She has an older brother, Paul McIver, who is a musician and former actor. She studied ballet and jazz dance until she was thirteen.[3][4]

text: Career[edit]

text: At the age of two, McIver began appearing in commercials. At the age of three, she received the role of an angel in the film The Piano.

text: McIver has mostly worked for New Zealand television, from fantasy-based series like Maddigan's Quest to dramas such as Rude Awakenings. She has also starred in television films such as the Hercules film series and Maiden Voyage, as well as two Disney Channel films: Eddie's Million Dollar Cook-Off in 2003, and Johnny Kapahala: Back on Board in 2007, which is the sequel to the 1999 film Johnny Tsunami. From March to December 2009, she played Ranger Yellow Summer Landsdown in the television series Power Rangers: RPM for 32 episodes.

text: McIver's big screen debut was in Peter Jackson's film adaptation of The Lovely Bones, which received its U.S. release on 11 December 2009. In the film, she played Lindsey Salmon, the younger sister of the main character.[5]

text: McIver appeared in the film Predicament, based on the novel by Ronald Hugh Morrieson, which was released in New Zealand and Australia on 26 August 2010.[6] Filming took place in July and August 2009 in the towns of Hawera and Eltham.[7] In 2011, McIver appeared in the television film Tangiwai, based on the 1953 Tangiwai rail disaster. In the film, she played Nerissa Love, the fiancée of New Zealand cricketer Bob Blair and one of the victims of the disaster.[8][9] She also had a role in the comedy series Super City, playing cheerleader Candice.[10]

text: From 19 March to 10 April 2010 she appeared on stage at the Herald Theatre as Izzy, the best friend of the main character in That Face.[11] McIver was also selected to participate in the 2010 Show Me Shorts Film Festival.[12]

text: McIver put her studies at the University of Auckland on hold, and traveled to Los Angeles for "a couple of top-secret projects".[13] She was cast opposite Chris Lowell in the indie film Light Years.[14] McIver was also cast in Australian rules football film, Blinder, which began filming in Torquay on 20 February 2012, before moving to Boston. The film was scheduled for release in 2013.[15][16]

text: McIver was cast as the lead character in MTV's Cassandra French's Finishing School for Boys, based on the book by Eric Garcia and produced by Garcia and Krysten Ritter.[17] McIver was also cast as a recurring character on Showtime's Masters of Sex, which is based on the book Masters of Sex: The Life and Times of William Masters and Virginia Johnson, the Couple Who Taught America How to Love by Thomas Maier. The drama began filming in New York City in March, and began to air in September 2013.[18]

text: In July 2013, it was announced that McIver landed the role of Tinker Bell for a multi-episode story arc on the series Once Upon a Time.[19] In January 2017, it was announced that McIver would reprise her role in season 6.[20]

text: In February 2014, McIver was cast as the adult Cathy Dollanganger in the Lifetime television film Petals on the Wind, adapted from the book by V. C. Andrews.[21]

text: In March 2014, McIver was announced to star in CW's new series iZombie as Olivia "Liv" Moore.[22]

text: In March 2017, it was reported that McIver was in Romania, filming "A Christmas Prince" for Netflix which was released 17 November 2017.[23]

text: McIver has been cast in the musical feature, Daffodils. Filming began February 2018 in Wellington, Waikato, and Wairarapa,[24] and the film will be released in New Zealand and Australia in 2019.[25]

text: McIver is also an ambassador for Emirates airlines.[26]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: McIver attended Avondale College and was a prefect in her final year. She graduated in 2006.[27] She studied at the University of Auckland, and majored in Psychology and Linguistics, but did not complete her degree.[28]

text: Between acting jobs, in the past she's baby-sat and worked part-time importing bananas with Fair Trade.[10] She took part in their "All Good Bananas" promotion, as the voice of the listener's conscience.[29]

text: McIver enjoys writing, and is inspired by the works of John Steinbeck, Wally Lamb and Franz Kafka.[10] She also enjoys crossword puzzles and Sudoku.[3]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1993
Piano, TheThe Piano
Angel

1997
Topless Women Talk About Their Lives
Sally

1998
Flying[30]
Josie
Short film

2001
Ozzie
Caitlin

2002
Toy Love
Lucy

2007
Knickers[31]
Emily
Short film

2008
So Fresh & So Keen[32]
Sally Poste
Short film

2009
Lovely Bones, TheThe Lovely Bones
Lindsey Salmon

2010
Predicament
Maybelle Zimmerman

2010
Dangerous Ride
Renee
Short film

2012
Dinner Party, TheThe Dinner Party[33]
Heather "Rose"
Short film

2013
Blinder
Sammy Walton

2013
Brightest Star
Charlotte Cates

2015
Warning Labels[34]
Jessie
Short film

2015
Coward
Ophelia
Short film

2015
Mattresside
Sue
Short film

2015
Queen of Carthage
Jane
Voice role

2015
Answers, TheThe Answers[35]
Paige
Short film

2017
Christmas Prince, AA Christmas Prince[36]
Amber Moore

2018
Brampton's Own[37]
TBA
Post-production

2018
Christmas Prince: The Royal Wedding, AA Christmas Prince: The Royal Wedding[38]
Amber Moore

2019
Daffodils
Rose[39]
Pre-production

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1993
Shortland Street
Holly
[unknown episodes]

1994
Hercules and the Amazon Women
Girl (Hydra)
Television film

1994
Hercules in the Underworld
Ilea
Television film

1994
Hercules in the Maze of the Minotaur
Ilea
Television film

1995
Hercules: The Legendary Journeys
Ilea
Episode: "The Other Side"

1995
Riding High
Billy
Television series

1996
City Life
Sophie
Television series

1997
Hercules: The Legendary Journeys
Ilea
Episode: "When a Man Loves a Woman"

1999
Xena: Warrior Princess
Daphne/Xena
Episode: "Little Problems"

2002
Murder in Greenwich
Sheila McGuire
Television film

2002
Mercy Peak
Gwyneth Couch
Episode: "Cruel to Be Kind"

2003
P.E.T. Detectives
Genevieve
Episode: "Play It Again Evan"

2003
Eddie's Million Dollar Cook-Off
Hannah
Television film

2004
Maiden Voyage
Jenny
Television film

2006
Maddigan's Quest
Garland
Lead role

2007
Rude Awakenings
Constance Short
Main role

2007
Johnny Kapahala: Back on Board
Val
Television film

2009
Legend of the Seeker
Alice
Episode: "Reckoning"

2009
Power Rangers RPM
Summer Landsdown/Yellow Ranger
Main role

2011
Tangiwai
Nerissa Love
Television film

2011
Super City
Candice
Main role

2012
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
Bridget Byron
Episode: "Tressed to Kill"

2012
Cassandra French's Finishing School for Boys
Cassandra French
Unsold television pilot

2013–14
Masters of Sex
Vivian Scully
Recurring role, 9 episodes

2013–14, 2017
Once Upon a Time
Tinker Bell
Recurring role, 9 episodes

2014
Petals on the Wind
Cathy Dollanganger
Television film

2014
Play It Again, Dick
Skank with Attitude
Recurring role

2015–present
iZombie
Olivia "Liv" Moore
Lead role

2017
Bunch of Dicks, AA Bunch of Dicks[40]
Johnny
Funny or Die short

2017
DreamWorks Dragons
Atali (voice)
Recurring role, 3 episodes

text: Video games[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

2017
Access Code
Eve (voice)
Google Daydream[41]

text: Music videos[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Artist

2015
"Demon Days (Do It All Again)"
Wild Wild Horses

2015
"Ordinary Life"
Wild Wild Horses

2016
"Heartlines"[42]
Broods

text: As producer[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Notes

2014
Blood Punch

text: Theatre[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Venue

2003
Arcadia
Thomasina Coverly
Titirangi Theatre, Auckland

2008
Blood Brothers
Various
Peach Theatre Company, Auckland

2010
That Face
Izzy
Silo Theatre Company, Auckland

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Association
Category
Nominated work
Result
Ref.

2002
TV Guide NZ Television Awards
Best Juvenile Actor/Actress
Xena Warrior Princess ("Little Problems")
Won
[43]

2007
Air New Zealand Screen Awards
Best performance by an actress
Maddigan's Quest
Nominated
[44]

2010
Visa Entertainment Screen Awards
Best NZ Actress
The Lovely Bones
Won
[45]

2012
Monte Carlo Film Festival
Outstanding Actress
Tangiwai
Nominated
[46]

2017
Teen Choice Awards
Choice Comedy TV Actress
iZombie
Nominated
[47]


document_title: List of Madam Secretary episodes

question_text: when is the next episode of madam secretary airing

text: List of Madam Secretary episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
22
September 21, 2014 (2014-09-21)
May 3, 2015 (2015-05-03)

2
23
October 4, 2015 (2015-10-04)
May 8, 2016 (2016-05-08)

3
23
October 2, 2016 (2016-10-02)
May 21, 2017 (2017-05-21)

4
TBA
October 8, 2017 (2017-10-08)
TBA

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2014–15)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Pilot"
David Semel
Barbara Hall
September 21, 2014 (2014-09-21)
14.75[3]

2
2
"Another Benghazi"
David Semel
Barbara Hall
September 28, 2014 (2014-09-28)
12.72[4]

3
3
"The Operative"
Jeremy Webb
David Grae
October 5, 2014 (2014-10-05)
12.18[5]

4
4
"Just Another Normal Day"
Eric Stoltz
Joan Rater & Tony Phelan
October 12, 2014 (2014-10-12)
11.45[6]

5
5
"Blame Canada"
Eriq La Salle
Paul Redford
October 19, 2014 (2014-10-19)
12.28[7]

6
6
"The Call"
Mark Piznarski
Matt Ward
October 26, 2014 (2014-10-26)
11.71[8]

7
7
"Passage"
Martha Coolidge
Alex Cooley
November 2, 2014 (2014-11-02)
13.21[9]

8
8
"Need to Know"
Dennie Gordon
Alexander Maggio
November 9, 2014 (2014-11-09)
12.54[10]

9
9
"So It Goes"
James Whitmore, Jr.
David Grae
November 16, 2014 (2014-11-16)
12.77[11]

10
10
"Collateral Damage"
Eric Stoltz
Matt Ward
November 23, 2014 (2014-11-23)
12.41[12]

11
11
"Game On"
Randy Zisk
Paul Redford
November 30, 2014 (2014-11-30)
13.24[13]

12
12
"Standoff"
Gloria Muzio
Joseph C. Muscat
January 4, 2015 (2015-01-04)
11.69[14]

13
13
"Chains of Command"
Michael Waxman
Alex Cooley
January 11, 2015 (2015-01-11)
12.13[15]

14
14
"Whisper of the Ax"
Eric Stoltz
Barbara Hall
March 1, 2015 (2015-03-01)
11.64[16]

15
15
"The Ninth Circle"
Nicole Rubio
Alexander Maggio
March 8, 2015 (2015-03-08)
10.82[17]

16
16
"Tamerlane"
Jonathan Brown
David Grae
March 15, 2015 (2015-03-15)
11.26[18]

17
17
"Face the Nation"
Rob Greenlea
Matt Ward
March 22, 2015 (2015-03-22)
10.79[19]

18
18
"The Time is at Hand"
Anna Foerster
Joy Gregory
March 29, 2015 (2015-03-29)
11.47[20]

19
19
"Spartan Figures"
Tate Donovan
Lyla Oliver
April 5, 2015 (2015-04-05)
9.27[21]

20
20
"The Necessary Art"
Dennie Gordon
Paul Redford
April 12, 2015 (2015-04-12)
11.39[22]

21
21
"The Kill List"
Ed Ornelas
David Grae
April 26, 2015 (2015-04-26)
10.46[23]

22
22
"There But For the Grace of God"
Eric Stoltz
Barbara Hall
May 3, 2015 (2015-05-03)
9.67[24]

text: Season 2 (2015–16)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

23
1
"The Show Must Go On"
Morgan Freeman
Barbara Hall
October 4, 2015 (2015-10-04)
11.79[25]

24
2
"The Doability Doctrine"
Eric Stoltz
David Grae
October 11, 2015 (2015-10-11)
11.15[26]

25
3
"The Rusalka"
Dennie Gordon
Matt Ward
October 18, 2015 (2015-10-18)
9.61[27]

26
4
"Waiting for Taleju"
Felix Alcalá
Joy Gregory
October 25, 2015 (2015-10-25)
10.81[28]

27
5
"The Long Shot"
Rob J. Greenlea
Moira Kirland
November 1, 2015 (2015-11-01)
9.47[29]

28
6
"Catch and Release"
Charlotte Brandstrom
Alex Cooley
November 8, 2015 (2015-11-08)
10.59[30]

29
7
"You Say You Want a Revolution"
Tate Donovan
Joan Rater & Tony Phelan
November 15, 2015 (2015-11-15)
10.61[31]

30
8
"Lights Out"
Dennie Gordon
Alexander Maggio
November 22, 2015 (2015-11-22)
9.91[32]

31
9
"Russian Roulette"
Jonathan Brown
Barbara Hall
November 29, 2015 (2015-11-29)
9.96[33]

32
10
"The Greater Good"
Eric Stoltz
David Grae
December 13, 2015 (2015-12-13)
10.14[34]

33
11
"Unity Node"
Jet Wilkinson
Matt Ward
January 10, 2016 (2016-01-10)
8.97[35]

34
12
"The Middle Way"
James Whitmore, Jr.
Lyla Oliver
January 17, 2016 (2016-01-17)
11.87[36]

35
13
"Invasive Species"
Tony Phelan
Moira Kirland
January 31, 2016 (2016-01-31)
10.20[37]

36
14
"Left of the Boom"
Rob Greenlea
Joy Gregory
February 14, 2016 (2016-02-14)
10.06[38]

37
15
"Right of the Boom"
Jonathan Brown
Alexander Maggio
February 21, 2016 (2016-02-21)
10.73[39]

38
16
"Hijriyyah"
Charlotte Brandstrom
Alex Cooley
March 6, 2016 (2016-03-06)
10.19[40]

39
17
"Higher Learning"
Heather Cappiello
Kelly Jane Costello
March 20, 2016 (2016-03-20)
9.41[41]

40
18
"On the Clock"
Zetna Fuentes
Barbara Hall and David Grae
March 27, 2016 (2016-03-27)
8.50[42]

41
19
"Desperate Remedies"
Rob Greenlea
Matt Ward
April 10, 2016 (2016-04-10)
9.86[43]

42
20
"Ghost Detainee"
Charlotte Brandstrom
Moira Kirland
April 17, 2016 (2016-04-17)
9.57[44]

43
21
"Connection Lost"
Jonathan Brown
Joy Gregory
April 24, 2016 (2016-04-24)
9.57[45]

44
22
"Render Safe"
Felix Alcala
David Grae
May 1, 2016 (2016-05-01)
9.90[46]

45
23
"Vartius"
Eric Stoltz
Barbara Hall
May 8, 2016 (2016-05-08)
9.99[47]

text: Season 3 (2016–17)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

46
1
"Sea Change"
Morgan Freeman
Barbara Hall
October 2, 2016 (2016-10-02)
9.20[48]

47
2
"The Linchpin"
Eric Stoltz
David Grae
October 16, 2016 (2016-10-16)
9.10[49]

48
3
"South China Sea"
Rob Greenlea
Matt Ward
October 23, 2016 (2016-10-23)
9.04[50]

49
4
"The Dissent Memo"
Felix Alcala
Joy Gregory
October 30, 2016 (2016-10-30)
7.91[51]

50
5
"The French Revolution"
Jonathan Brown
Moira Kirland
November 6, 2016 (2016-11-06)
8.24[52]

51
6
"The Statement"
Jet Wilkinson
Alex Cooley
November 13, 2016 (2016-11-13)
9.26[53]

52
7
"Tectonic Shift"
Arlene Sanford
Lyla Oliver
November 20, 2016 (2016-11-20)
8.52[54]

53
8
"Breakout Capacity"
James Whitmore
Alexander Maggio
November 27, 2016 (2016-11-27)
8.97[55]

54
9
"Snap Back"
Sam Hoffman
Shalisha Francis
December 11, 2016 (2016-12-11)
7.82[56]

55
10
"The Race"
Eric Stoltz
David Grae
December 18, 2016 (2016-12-18)
9.05[57]

56
11
"Gift Horse"
Jonathan Brown
Barbara Hall
January 8, 2017 (2017-01-08)
9.00[58]

57
12
"The Detour"
Martha Mitchell
Matt Ward
January 15, 2017 (2017-01-15)
7.54[59]

58
13
"The Beautiful Game"
Felix Alcala
Joy Gregory
January 29, 2017 (2017-01-29)
8.71[60]

59
14
"Labor of Love"
Charlotte Brandstrom
Moira Kirland
March 5, 2017 (2017-03-05)
7.44[61]

60
15
"Break in Diplomacy"
Maggie Greenwald
Lyla Oliver
March 12, 2017 (2017-03-12)
8.23[62]

61
16
"Swept Away"
Felix Alcala
Alex Cooley
March 19, 2017 (2017-03-19)
7.62[63]

62
17
"Convergence"
James Whitmore
Alexander Maggio
March 26, 2017 (2017-03-26)
8.77[64]

63
18
"Good Bones"
Rob Greenlea
Joy Gregory
April 9, 2017 (2017-04-09)
7.58[65]

64
19
"Global Relief"
Jet Wilkinson
Moira Kirland
April 23, 2017 (2017-04-23)
7.87[66]

65
20
"Extraordinary Hazard"
Charlotte Brandstrom
Mark Steilen
April 30, 2017 (2017-04-30)
7.88[67]

66
21
"The Seventh Floor"
Deborah Reinisch
Matt Ward
May 7, 2017 (2017-05-07)
7.58[68]

67
22
"Revelation"
Jonathan Brown
David Grae
May 14, 2017 (2017-05-14)
7.83[69]

68
23
"Article 5"
Eric Stoltz
Barbara Hall
May 21, 2017 (2017-05-21)
7.44[70]

text: Season 4 (2017–18)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

69
1
"News Cycle"
Morgan Freeman
Barbara Hall
October 8, 2017 (2017-10-08)
7.21[71]

70
2
"Off the Record"
Eric Stoltz
David Grae
October 15, 2017 (2017-10-15)
6.36[72]

71
3
"The Essentials"
Charlotte Brandstrom
Matt Ward
October 22, 2017 (2017-10-22)
6.43[73]

72
4
"Shutdown"
Felix Alcala
Joy Gregory
October 29, 2017 (2017-10-29)
5.83[74]

73
5
"Persona Non Grata"
John Murray
Alexander Maggio
November 5, 2017 (2017-11-05)
5.92[75]

74
6
"Loophole"
Maggie Greenwald
Moira Kirland
November 12, 2017 (2017-11-12)
6.63[76]

75
7
"North to the Future"
Sunu Gonera
Kristi Korzec
November 19, 2017 (2017-11-19)
5.86[77]

76
8
"The Fourth Estate"
Sam Hoffman
Matt Chester
November 26, 2017 (2017-11-26)
5.82[78]

77
9
"Minefield"
Rob Greenlea
Matt Ward
December 10, 2017 (2017-12-10)
6.45[79]

78
10
"Women Transform the World"
Eric Stoltz
Lyla Oliver
December 17, 2017 (2017-12-17)
5.53[80]

79
11
"Mitya"
Geoffrey Arend
Alexander Maggio
January 7, 2018 (2018-01-07)
6.11[81]

80
12
"Sound and Fury"
Debbie Reinsich
Barbara Hall & David Grae
January 14, 2018 (2018-01-14)
7.25[82]

81
13
"Reading the Signs"[83]
Phil Bertelsen
Moira Kirland
March 11, 2018 (2018-03-11)
TBD

82
14
"Refuge"[84]
Eric Stoltz
Kristi Korzec
March 18, 2018 (2018-03-18)
TBD


document_title: Taxation in Puerto Rico

question_text: what is the state tax in puerto rico

question_tokens: what is the state tax in puerto rico

text: Taxation in Puerto Rico

text: Federal taxes[edit]

text: The Commonwealth government has its own tax laws and Puerto Ricans are also required to pay most US federal taxes,[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] with the major exception being that most residents do not have to pay the federal personal income tax.[9] In 2009, Puerto Rico paid $3.742 billion into the US Treasury.[10] Residents of Puerto Rico pay into Social Security, and are thus eligible for Social Security benefits upon retirement. However, they are excluded from the Supplemental Security Income.

text: The federal taxes paid by Puerto Rico residents include import/export taxes,[11] federal commodity taxes,[12] and others. Residents also pay federal payroll taxes, such as Social Security[13] and Medicare taxes.[14]

text: Only certain residents of Puerto Rico are required to file federal income tax forms. According to the Internal Revenue Service:

text: In general, United States citizens and resident aliens who are bona fide residents of Puerto Rico during the entire tax year, which for most individuals is January 1 to December 31, are only required to file a U.S. federal income tax return if they have income sources outside of Puerto Rico or if they are employees of the U.S. government. Bona fide residents of Puerto Rico generally do not report income received from sources within Puerto Rico on their U.S. income tax return. However, they should report all income received from sources outside Puerto Rico on their U.S. income tax return. Residents of Puerto Rico who are employed by the government of the United States or who are members of the armed forces of the United States also should report all income received for their services to the government of the United States on their U. S. income tax return.

text: United States citizens or resident aliens who are not bona fide residents of Puerto Rico during the entire tax year are required to report all income from whatever source derived on their U.S. income tax return. However, a U.S. citizen who changes residence from Puerto Rico to the United States and who was a bona fide resident of Puerto Rico at least two years before changing residence can exclude from U.S. taxable income the Puerto Rican source income received while residing in Puerto Rico during the taxable year of such change of residence. [15]

text: Bona fide residents of Puerto Rico cannot claim deductions and/or credits allocable to or chargeable against Puerto Rican source income that is excluded from a U.S. tax return. The deductions and credits not attributable to specific income must be divided between excluded income from sources in Puerto Rico and income from all other sources to find the part that can be deducted or credited on a U.S. tax return. Examples of deductions not attributable to specific income include alimony, the standard deduction, and certain itemized deductions such as medical expenses, charitable contributions, and real estate taxes and mortgage interest on your personal residence. Personal exemptions are generally allowed in full.

text: If you have taxable Puerto Rican source income on your U.S. income tax return, then you can claim a credit for foreign taxes paid to Puerto Rico. However, you are not allowed to claim a credit for foreign taxes paid with respect to Puerto Rican source income that is excluded from a U.S. tax return. Therefore, to properly calculate your foreign tax credit, you must reduce your foreign taxes paid by the amount of taxes allocable to excluded Puerto Rican source income.[16]

text: Employers in Puerto Rico are subject to both Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) tax (a payroll withholding tax, which funds Social Security and Medicare) and the Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA). Employers in Puerto Rico must withhold the employee portion of FICA taxes from their employees' wages and contribute the employer portion of FICA.[17]

text: Commonwealth taxes[edit]

text: Puerto Rico imposes a separate income tax in lieu of federal income tax.[18][19][20] All federal employees,[21] those who do business with the federal government,[22] Puerto Rico-based corporations that intend to send funds to the US,[23] and some others also pay federal income taxes (for example, Puerto Rican residents who are members of the US military,[21] and Puerto Rico residents who earned income from sources outside Puerto Rico[24]).

text: In addition, because the cutoff point for income taxation is lower than that of the US IRS code, and the per-capita income in Puerto Rico is much lower than the average per-capita income on the mainland, more Puerto Rico residents pay income taxes to the local taxation authority than if the IRS code were applied to the island. That occurs because "the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico government has a wider set of responsibilities than do U.S. State and local governments."[25] As residents of Puerto Rico pay into Social Security, Puerto Ricans are eligible for Social Security benefits upon retirement but are excluded from the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) (Commonwealth of Puerto Rico residents, unlike residents of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands and residents of the 50 States, do not receive the SSI),[26] and the island actually receives less than 15% of the Medicaid funding it would normally receive if it were a state. However, Medicare providers receive less-than-full state-like reimbursements for services rendered to beneficiaries in Puerto Rico even though the latter paid fully into the system[27] In general, "many federal social welfare programs have been extended to Puerto Rican (sic) residents, although usually with caps inferior to those allocated to the states."[28][29] A common misconception is that the import/export taxes collected by the U.S. on products manufactured in Puerto Rico are all returned to the Puerto Rico Treasury. That is not the case, as such import/export taxes are returned only for rum products, and even then, the US Treasury keeps a portion of the taxes.[30]

text: The main body of domestic statutory tax law in Puerto Rico is the Internal Revenue Code of Puerto Rico (Spanish: Código de Rentas Internas de Puerto Rico). The code organizes commonwealth laws covering commonwealth income tax, payroll taxes, gift taxes, estate taxes and statutory excise taxes.

text: Sales tax[edit]

text: On July 4, 2006, the government approved Law Number 117, The 2006 Contributive Justice Law, establishing a tax with a 5.5% rate at state level and an optional 1.5% rate at municipal level. The tax went into effect on November 15, 2006. The tax is better known as the Sales and Use Tax' (Impuesto sobre Ventas y Uso), often referred to by its Spanish acronym "IVU". The law amended Article B of the Code and created subarticle BB. On July 29, 2007, the government approved Law Number 80, making the tax mandatory for all municipalities of the island. Also, the tax rates changed to 6% at the state level and 1% at the municipal level.

text: The tax originated in some municipalities (Caguas, Yauco and Villalba) in 2005. Seeing the economic success of these municipalities, many other municipalities enacted sales tax ordinances, usually by copying the ordinance of Caguas. By the middle of 2006, more than 30 municipalities had enacted sales and uses taxes on the island. During the second and third quarters of 2006, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico suffered several political struggles in its Legislative Assembly. They were largely caused of the budget deficit of the government and the refusal of the Legislative Assembly to approve the taxes proposed by the Governor of the Island. Government offices were shut down until the Assembly approved Law 117, which included the first sales tax of that possession of the United States.

text: On July 1, 2006, the first Commonwealth-wide sales tax was approved with a 5.5% rate at state level and an optional 1.5% rate at municipal level. The adoption of the municipal tax was mixed. The tax went into effect on November 15, 2006. Since the tax reform of July 2007, the tax is applied in all 78 municipalities of the island and at Commonwealth level. On February 6, 2008, the governor of the island proposed to remove the state part of the IVU. Also, with the February 6, 2008 changes, the tax rates are now 6% at the state level and 1% at the municipal level.[31]

text: On July 1, 2015, the sales tax rate was increased to 11.5%, in response to the island's suffering economy. The new tax contributes 1% to the municipality and 10.5% to the state.[32]

text: The IVU was scheduled to expire on April 1, 2016, to be replaced with a value-added tax (VAT) of 10.5% for the state level, with the 1% IVU continuing for the municipalities.[33]

text: On 2 May 2016 the House of Representatives voted to repeal the adoption of value added tax (VAT), followed shortly by the Senate on 5 May 2016. The Legislature has decided to continue the existing Sales and Use Taxation (SUT) system. [34]


document_title: Mechanical wave

question_text: what is a type of mechanical wave motion in an elastic medium

text: Mechanical wave

text: Transverse wave[edit]

text: Transverse waves cause the medium to vibrate at a right angle to the direction of the wave or energy being carried by the medium. Transverse waves have two parts—the crest and the trough. The crest is the highest point of the wave and the trough is the lowest. The distance between a subsequent crest and a trough is half of wavelength. The wavelength is the distance from crest to crest or from trough to trough.

text: To see an example, move an end of a Slinky (whose other end is fixed) to the left-and-right of the Slinky, as opposed to to-and-fro.[2] Light also has properties of a transverse wave, although it is an electromagnetic wave.[3]

text: Longitudinal wave[edit]

text: Longitudinal waves cause the medium to vibrate parallel to the direction of the wave. It consists of multiple compressions and rarefactions. The rarefaction is the farthest distance apart in the longitudinal wave and the compression is the closest distance together. The speed of the longitudinal wave is increased in higher index of refraction, due to the closer proximity of the atoms in the medium that is being compressed. Sound is considered a longitudinal wave.

text: Surface waves[edit]

text: This type of wave travels along a surface that is between two media. An example of a surface wave would be waves in a pool, or in an ocean, lake, or any other type of water body. There are two types of surface waves, namely Rayleigh waves and Love waves.

text: Rayleigh waves, also known as ground roll, are waves that travel as ripples with motion similar to those of waves on the surface of water. Rayleigh waves are much slower than body waves[clarify], roughly 90% of the velocity of body waves for a typical homogeneous elastic medium.

text: A Love wave is a surface waves having horizontal waves that are shear or transverse to the direction of propagation. They usually travel slightly faster than Rayleigh waves, about 90% of the body wave velocity, and have the largest amplitude.

text: Examples[edit]

text:
Ocean waves
Sound waves
Seismic waves


document_title: We have met the enemy

question_text: who said we have found the enemy and it is us

text: We have met the enemy

text: We have met the enemy may refer to:

text:
We have met the enemy and they are ours, part of a message from American naval officer Oliver Hazard Perry in 1813 after defeating and capturing British Royal Navy ships in the Battle of Lake Erie
We have met the enemy and he is us, Pogo creator Walt Kelly's 20th century parody of Perry's quote

text: Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titlesThis disambiguation page lists  articles associated with the title We have met the enemy.  If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

text: Disambiguation pages

text: Disambiguation pages with short descriptionAll article disambiguation pagesAll disambiguation pages