document_title: List of actors with two or more Academy Award nominations in acting categories

question_text: who has been nominated for the most best actor oscars

text: Most nominations in four acting categories[edit]

text: The 185 performers listed below are the 179 who have received three or more Academy Award nominations in the four acting categories plus the six performers who have two wins from two nominations.[5]

text:
BA = Best Actor/Actress nominations.
BSA = Best Supporting Actor/Actress nominations.

text:
Actor/Actress
BA
BSA
Total
Wins
Winning films

Meryl Streep
17
4
21
3
Kramer vs. Kramer (1979), Sophie's Choice (1982), The Iron Lady (2011)

Katharine Hepburn
12
0
12
4
Morning Glory (1933), Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967), The Lion in Winter (1968), On Golden Pond (1981)

Jack Nicholson
8
4
12
3
One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975), Terms of Endearment (1983), As Good as It Gets (1997)

Bette Davis[A]
10
0
10
2
Dangerous (1935), Jezebel (1938)

Laurence Olivier[B]
9
1
10
1
Hamlet (1948)

Spencer Tracy
9
0
9
2
Captains Courageous (1937), Boys Town (1938)

Paul Newman
8
1
9
1
The Color of Money (1986)

Marlon Brando
7
1
8
2
On the Waterfront (1954), The Godfather (1972)

Jack Lemmon
7
1
8
2
Mister Roberts (1955), Save the Tiger (1973)

Denzel Washington[C]
6
2
8
2
Glory (1989), Training Day (2001)

Al Pacino
5
3
8
1
Scent of a Woman (1992)

Geraldine Page
4
4
8
1
The Trip to Bountiful (1985)

Peter O'Toole
8
0
8
0
—

Ingrid Bergman
6
1
7
3
Gaslight (1944), Anastasia (1956), Murder on the Orient Express (1974)

Cate Blanchett
4
3
7
2
The Aviator (2004), Blue Jasmine (2013)

Robert De Niro
5
2
7
2
The Godfather Part II (1974), Raging Bull (1980)

Jane Fonda
6
1
7
2
Klute (1971), Coming Home (1978)

Dustin Hoffman
7
0
7
2
Kramer vs. Kramer (1979), Rain Man (1988)

Jeff Bridges
3
4
7
1
Crazy Heart (2009)

Judi Dench
5
2
7
1
Shakespeare in Love (1998)

Robert Duvall
3
4
7
1
Tender Mercies (1983)

Greer Garson
7
0
7
1
Mrs. Miniver (1942)

Kate Winslet
4
3
7
1
The Reader (2008)

Richard Burton
6
1
7
0
—

Daniel Day-Lewis
6
0
6
3
My Left Foot (1989), There Will Be Blood (2007), Lincoln (2012)

Michael Caine
4
2
6
2
Hannah and Her Sisters (1986), The Cider House Rules (1999)

Jessica Lange
5
1
6
2
Tootsie (1982), Blue Sky (1994)

Maggie Smith
2
4
6
2
The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1969), California Suite (1978)

Ellen Burstyn
5
1
6
1
Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1974)

Vanessa Redgrave
4
2
6
1
Julia (1977)

Sissy Spacek
6
0
6
1
Coal Miner's Daughter (1980)

Glenn Close
3
3
6
0
—

Deborah Kerr
6
0
6
0
—

Thelma Ritter
0
6
6
0
—

Gary Cooper
5
0
5
2
Sergeant York (1941), High Noon (1952)

Olivia de Havilland
4
1
5
2
To Each His Own (1946), The Heiress (1949)

Gene Hackman
2
3
5
2
The French Connection (1971), Unforgiven (1992)

Tom Hanks
5
0
5
2
Philadelphia (1993), Forrest Gump (1994)

Fredric March
5
0
5
2
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931), The Best Years of Our Lives (1946)

Frances McDormand
2
3
5
2
Fargo (1996), Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2017)

Sean Penn
5
0
5
2
Mystic River (2003), Milk (2008)

Elizabeth Taylor
5
0
5
2
BUtterfield 8 (1960), Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966)

Anne Bancroft
5
0
5
1
The Miracle Worker (1962)

Leonardo DiCaprio[C]
4
1
5
1
The Revenant (2015)

Morgan Freeman
3
2
5
1
Million Dollar Baby (2004)

Susan Hayward
5
0
5
1
I Want to Live! (1958)

Audrey Hepburn
5
0
5
1
Roman Holiday (1953)

Jennifer Jones
4
1
5
1
The Song of Bernadette (1943)

Shirley MacLaine[C]
5
0
5
1
Terms of Endearment (1983)

Julianne Moore
3
2
5
1
Still Alice (2014)

Paul Muni[A][E]
5
0
5
1
The Story of Louis Pasteur (1936)

Gregory Peck
5
0
5
1
To Kill a Mockingbird (1962)

Susan Sarandon
5
0
5
1
Dead Man Walking (1995)

Norma Shearer[D]
5
0
5
1
The Divorcee (1930)

James Stewart
5
0
5
1
The Philadelphia Story (1941)

Amy Adams
1
4
5
0
—

Irene Dunne
5
0
5
0
—

Albert Finney
4
1
5
0
—

Arthur Kennedy
1
4
5
0
—

Walter Brennan
0
4
4
3
Come and Get It (1936), Kentucky (1938), The Westerner (1940)

Jodie Foster
3
1
4
2
The Accused (1988), The Silence of the Lambs (1991)

Glenda Jackson
4
0
4
2
Women in Love (1970), A Touch of Class (1973)

Anthony Quinn
2
2
4
2
Viva Zapata! (1952), Lust for Life (1956)

Shelley Winters
1
3
4
2
The Diary of Anne Frank (1959), A Patch of Blue (1965)

Alan Arkin
2
2
4
1
Little Miss Sunshine (2006)

Ethel Barrymore
0
4
4
1
None But the Lonely Heart (1944)

Julie Christie
4
0
4
1
Darling (1965)

George Clooney[F]
3
1
4
1
Syriana (2005)

Lee Grant
0
4
4
1
Shampoo (1975)

Alec Guinness
2
2
4
1
The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957)

Philip Seymour Hoffman
1
3
4
1
Capote (2005)

Anthony Hopkins
3
1
4
1
The Silence of the Lambs (1991)

Holly Hunter
2
2
4
1
The Piano (1993)

William Hurt
3
1
4
1
Kiss of the Spider Woman (1985)

Walter Huston
2
2
4
1
The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948)

Tommy Lee Jones
1
3
4
1
The Fugitive (1993)

Diane Keaton
4
0
4
1
Annie Hall (1977)

Nicole Kidman
3
1
4
1
The Hours (2002)

Ben Kingsley
2
2
4
1
Gandhi (1982)

Burt Lancaster
4
0
4
1
Elmer Gantry (1960)

Jennifer Lawrence
3
1
4
1
Silver Linings Playbook (2012)

Helen Mirren
2
2
4
1
The Queen (2006)

Julia Roberts
2
2
4
1
Erin Brockovich (2000)

Geoffrey Rush
2
2
4
1
Shine (1996)

George C. Scott
2
2
4
1
Patton (1970)

Maureen Stapleton
0
4
4
1
Reds (1981)

Emma Thompson[F]
3
1
4
1
Howards End (1992)

Jon Voight
3
1
4
1
Coming Home (1978)

Robin Williams
3
1
4
1
Good Will Hunting (1997)

Joanne Woodward
4
0
4
1
The Three Faces of Eve (1957)

Jane Wyman
4
0
4
1
Johnny Belinda (1948)

Jane Alexander
2
2
4
0
—

Warren Beatty
4
0
4
0
—

Annette Bening
3
1
4
0
—

Charles Boyer
4
0
4
0
—

Montgomery Clift
3
1
4
0
—

Ed Harris
1
3
4
0
—

Marsha Mason
4
0
4
0
—

Agnes Moorehead
0
4
4
0
—

Claude Rains
0
4
4
0
—

Mickey Rooney
2
2
4
0
—

Rosalind Russell
4
0
4
0
—

Barbara Stanwyck
4
0
4
0
—

Michelle Williams
2
2
4
0
—

Melvyn Douglas
1
2
3
2
Hud (1963), Being There (1979)

Sally Field
2
1
3
2
Norma Rae (1979), Places in the Heart (1984)

Jason Robards
0
3
3
2
All the President's Men (1976), Julia (1977)

Peter Ustinov
0
3
3
2
Spartacus (1960), Topkapi (1964)

Dianne Wiest
0
3
3
2
Hannah and Her Sisters (1986), Bullets over Broadway (1994)

Julie Andrews
3
0
3
1
Mary Poppins (1964)

Fay Bainter
1
2
3
1
Jezebel (1938)

Christian Bale
1
2
3
1
The Fighter (2010)

Javier Bardem
2
1
3
1
No Country for Old Men (2007)

Kathy Bates
1
2
3
1
Misery (1990)

Humphrey Bogart
3
0
3
1
The African Queen (1951)

James Cagney
3
0
3
1
Yankee Doodle Dandy (1942)

Charles Coburn
0
3
3
1
The More the Merrier (1943)

Claudette Colbert
3
0
3
1
It Happened One Night (1934)

Ronald Colman[D]
3
0
3
1
A Double Life (1947)

Joan Crawford
3
0
3
1
Mildred Pierce (1945)

Bing Crosby
3
0
3
1
Going My Way (1944)

Russell Crowe
3
0
3
1
Gladiator (2000)

Penelope Cruz
1
2
3
1
Vicky Cristina Barcelona (2008)

Viola Davis
1
2
3
1
Fences (2016)

Faye Dunaway
3
0
3
1
Network (1976)

José Ferrer
2
1
3
1
Cyrano de Bergerac (1950)

Joan Fontaine
3
0
3
1
Suspicion (1941)

Clark Gable
3
0
3
1
It Happened One Night (1934)

Wendy Hiller
1
2
3
1
Separate Tables (1958)

William Holden
3
0
3
1
Stalag 17 (1953)

Celeste Holm
0
3
3
1
Gentleman's Agreement (1947)

Anjelica Huston
1
2
3
1
Prizzi's Honor (1985)

Martin Landau
0
3
3
1
Ed Wood (1994)

Charles Laughton
3
0
3
1
The Private Life of Henry VIII (1933)

Walter Matthau
2
1
3
1
The Fortune Cookie (1966)

Jack Palance
0
3
3
1
City Slickers (1991)

Christopher Plummer
0
3
3
1
Beginners (2011)

Natalie Portman
2
1
3
1
Black Swan (2010)

Anne Revere
0
3
3
1
National Velvet (1944)

Maximilian Schell
2
1
3
1
Judgment at Nuremberg (1961)

Octavia Spencer
0
3
3
1
The Help (2011)

Rod Steiger
2
1
3
1
In the Heat of the Night (1967)

Marisa Tomei
0
3
3
1
My Cousin Vinny (1992)

Claire Trevor
0
3
3
1
Key Largo (1948)

Teresa Wright
1
2
3
1
Mrs. Miniver (1942)

Gig Young
0
3
3
1
They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (1969)

Renée Zellweger
2
1
3
1
Cold Mountain (2003)

Joan Allen
1
2
3
0
—

Charles Bickford
0
3
3
0
—

Bradley Cooper[C]
2
1
3
0
—

Gladys Cooper
0
3
3
0
—

Tom Cruise
2
1
3
0
—

Willem Dafoe
0
3
3
0
—

Matt Damon[F]
2
1
3
0
—

Johnny Depp
3
0
3
0
—

Kirk Douglas
3
0
3
0
—

Edith Evans
1
2
3
0
—

Greta Garbo[B]
3
0
3
0
—

Woody Harrelson
1
2
3
0
—

Diane Ladd
0
3
3
0
—

Angela Lansbury
0
3
3
0
—

Piper Laurie
1
2
3
0
—

Laura Linney
2
1
3
0
—

James Mason
1
2
3
0
—

Marcello Mastroianni
3
0
3
0
—

Nick Nolte
2
1
3
0
—

Edward Norton
1
2
3
0
—

Eleanor Parker
3
0
3
0
—

Michelle Pfeiffer
2
1
3
0
—

Joaquin Phoenix
2
1
3
0
—

Brad Pitt[F]
2
1
3
0
—

William Powell
3
0
3
0
—

Saoirse Ronan
2
1
3
0
—

Mark Ruffalo
0
3
3
0
—

Gloria Swanson
3
0
3
0
—

Sigourney Weaver
2
1
3
0
—

Clifton Webb
1
2
3
0
—

Natalie Wood
2
1
3
0
—

Debra Winger
3
0
3
0
—

Helen Hayes
1
1
2
2
The Sin of Madelon Claudet (1932), Airport (1970)

Vivien Leigh
2
0
2
2
Gone with the Wind (1939), A Streetcar Named Desire (1951)

Luise Rainer
2
0
2
2
The Great Ziegfeld (1936), The Good Earth (1937)

Kevin Spacey
1
1
2
2
The Usual Suspects (1995), American Beauty (1999)

Hilary Swank
2
0
2
2
Boys Don't Cry (1999), Million Dollar Baby (2004)

Christoph Waltz
0
2
2
2
Inglourious Basterds (2009), Django Unchained (2012)

text: Most nominations for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor combined[edit]

text:
Actor
Total
Wins
Nominated films

Jack Nicholson
12
3
Easy Rider (1969), Five Easy Pieces (1970), The Last Detail (1973), Chinatown (1974), One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975), Reds (1981), Terms of Endearment (1983), Prizzi's Honor (1985), Ironweed (1987), A Few Good Men (1992), As Good as it Gets (1997), About Schmidt (2002)

Laurence Olivier
10
1
Wuthering Heights (1939), Rebecca (1940), Henry V (1946), Hamlet (1948), Richard III (1956), The Entertainer (1960), Othello (1965), Sleuth (1972), Marathon Man (1976), The Boys from Brazil (1978)

Spencer Tracy
9
2
San Francisco (1936), Captains Courageous (1937), Boys Town (1938), Father of the Bride (1950), Bad Day at Black Rock (1955), The Old Man and the Sea (1958), Inherit the Wind (1960), Judgment at Nuremberg (1961), Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967)

Paul Newman
9
1
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1959), The Hustler (1961), Hud (1963), Cool Hand Luke (1967), Absence of Malice (1981), The Verdict (1982), The Color of Money (1986), Nobody's Fool (1994), Road to Perdition (2002)

Marlon Brando
8
2
A Streetcar Named Desire (1951), Viva Zapata! (1952), Julius Caesar (1953), On the Waterfront (1954), Sayonara (1957), The Godfather (1972), Last Tango in Paris (1973), A Dry White Season (1989)

Jack Lemmon
8
2
Mister Roberts (1955), Some Like It Hot (1959), The Apartment (1960), Days of Wine and Roses (1962), Save the Tiger (1973), The China Syndrome (1979), Tribute (1980), Missing (1982)

Denzel Washington
8
2
Cry Freedom (1987), Glory (1989), Malcolm X (1992), The Hurricane (1999), Training Day (2001), Flight (2012), Fences (2016), Roman J. Israel, Esq. (2017)

Al Pacino
8
1
The Godfather (1972), Serpico (1973), The Godfather Part II (1974), Dog Day Afternoon (1975), ...And Justice for All (1979), Dick Tracy (1990) Glengarry Glen Ross (1992), Scent of a Woman (1992)

Peter O'Toole
8
0
Lawrence of Arabia (1962), Becket (1964), The Lion in Winter (1968), Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1969), The Ruling Class (1972), The Stunt Man (1980), My Favorite Year (1982), Venus (2006)

Robert De Niro
7
2
The Godfather Part II (1974), Taxi Driver (1976), The Deer Hunter (1978), Raging Bull (1980), Awakenings (1990), Cape Fear (1991), Silver Linings Playbook (2012)

Dustin Hoffman
7
2
The Graduate (1967), Midnight Cowboy (1969), Lenny (1974), Kramer vs. Kramer (1979), Tootsie (1982), Rain Man (1988), Wag the Dog (1997)

Jeff Bridges
7
1
The Last Picture Show (1971), Thunderbolt and Lightfoot (1974), Starman (1984), The Contender (2000), Crazy Heart (2009), True Grit (2010), Hell or High Water (2016)

Robert Duvall
7
1
The Godfather (1974), Apocalypse Now (1979), The Great Santini (1980), Tender Mercies (1983), The Apostle (1997), A Civil Action (1998), The Judge (2014)

Richard Burton
7
0
My Cousin Rachel (1952), The Robe (1954), Becket (1964), The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1965), Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966), Anne of the Thousand Days (1969), Equus (1977),

Daniel Day-Lewis
6
3
My Left Foot (1989), In the Name of the Father (1993), Gangs of New York (2002), There Will Be Blood (2007), Lincoln (2012), Phantom Thread (2017)

Michael Caine
6
2
Alfie (1966), Sleuth (1972), Educating Rita (1983), Hannah and Her Sisters (1986), The Cider House Rules (1999), The Quiet American (2002)

Gary Cooper
5
2
Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936), Sergeant York (1941), The Pride of the Yankees (1942), For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943), High Noon (1952)

Gene Hackman
5
2
Bonnie and Clyde (1967), I Never Sang for My Father (1970), The French Connection (1971), Mississippi Burning (1988), Unforgiven (1992)

Tom Hanks
5
2
Big (1988), Philadelphia (1993), Forrest Gump (1994), Saving Private Ryan (1998), Cast Away (2000)

Fredric March
5
2
The Royal Family of Broadway (1930), Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931), A Star Is Born (1937), The Best Years of Our Lives (1946), Death of a Salesman (1951)

Sean Penn
5
2
Dead Man Walking (1995), Sweet and Lowdown (1999), I Am Sam (2001), Mystic River (2003), Milk (2008)

Leonardo DiCaprio
5
1
What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993), The Aviator (2004), Blood Diamond (2006), The Wolf of Wall Street (2013), The Revenant (2015)

Morgan Freeman
5
1
Street Smart (1987), Driving Miss Daisy (1989), The Shawshank Redemption (1994), Million Dollar Baby (2004), Invictus (2009)

Paul Muni[C]
5
1
The Valiant (1929), I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang (1933), The Story of Louis Pasteur (1936), The Life of Emile Zola (1937), The Last Angry Man (1959)

Gregory Peck
5
1
The Keys of the Kingdom (1945), The Yearling (1946), Gentleman's Agreement (1947), Twelve O'Clock High (1949), To Kill a Mockingbird (1962)

James Stewart
5
1
Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1940), The Philadelphia Story (1941), It's a Wonderful Life (1946), Harvey (1951), Anatomy of a Murder (1960)

Albert Finney
5
0
Tom Jones (1963), Murder on the Orient Express (1974), The Dresser (1983), Under the Volcano (1984), Erin Brockovich (2000)

Arthur Kennedy
5
0
Champion (1949), Bright Victory (1951), Trial (1955), Peyton Place (1957), Some Came Running (1958)

Walter Brennan
4
3
Come and Get It (1936), Kentucky (1938), The Westerner (1940), Sergeant York (1941)

Anthony Quinn
4
2
Viva Zapata! (1952), Lust for Life (1956), Wild is the Wind (1957), Zorba the Greek (1964)

Alan Arkin
4
1
The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming (1966), The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter (1968), Little Miss Sunshine (2006), Argo (2012)

George Clooney
4
1
Syriana (2005), Michael Clayton (2007), Up in the Air (2009), The Descendants (2011)

Alec Guinness
4
1
The Lavender Hill Mob (1951), The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957), Star Wars (1977), Little Dorrit (1988)

Philip Seymour Hoffman
4
1
Capote (2005), Charlie Wilson's War (2007), Doubt (2008), The Master (2012)

Anthony Hopkins
4
1
The Silence of the Lambs (1991), The Remains of the Day (1993), Nixon (1995), Amistad (1997)

William Hurt
4
1
Kiss of the Spider Woman (1985), Children of a Lesser God (1986), Broadcast News (1987), A History of Violence (2005)

Walter Huston
4
1
Dodsworth (1936), The Devil and Daniel Webster (1941), Yankee Doodle Dandy (1942), The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948)

Tommy Lee Jones
4
1
JFK (1991), The Fugitive (1993), In the Valley of Elah (2007), Lincoln (2012)

Ben Kingsley
4
1
Gandhi (1982), Bugsy (1991), Sexy Beast (2000), House of Sand and Fog (2005)

Burt Lancaster
4
1
From Here to Eternity (1953), Elmer Gantry (1960), Birdman of Alcatraz (1962), Atlantic City (1980)

Geoffrey Rush
4
1
Shine (1996), Shakespeare in Love (1998), Quills (2000), The King's Speech (2010)

George C. Scott
4
1
Anatomy of a Murder (1959), The Hustler (1961), Patton (1970), The Hospital (1971)

Jon Voight
4
1
Midnight Cowboy (1969), Coming Home (1978), Runaway Train (1985), Ali (2001)

Robin Williams
4
1
Good Morning, Vietnam (1987), Dead Poets Society (1989), The Fisher King (1991), Good Will Hunting (1997)

Warren Beatty
4
0
Bonnie and Clyde (1967), Heaven Can Wait (1978), Reds (1981), Bugsy (1991)

Charles Boyer
4
0
Conquest (1937), Algiers (1938), Gaslight (1944), Fanny (1961)

Montgomery Clift
4
0
The Search (1948), A Place in the Sun (1951), From Here to Eternity (1953), Judgment at Nuremberg (1961)

Ed Harris
4
0
Apollo 13 (1995), The Truman Show (1998), Pollock (2000), The Hours (2002)

Claude Rains
4
0
Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939), Casablanca (1942), Mr. Skeffington (1944), Notorious (1946)

Mickey Rooney
4
0
Babes in Arms (1939), The Human Comedy (1943), The Bold and the Brave (1956), The Black Stallion (1980)

Melvyn Douglas
3
2
Hud (1963), I Never Sang for My Father (1970), Being There (1979)

Jason Robards
3
2
All the President's Men (1976), Julia (1977), Melvin and Howard (1980)

Peter Ustinov
3
2
Quo Vadis (1951), Spartacus (1960), Topkapi (1964)

Christian Bale
3
1
The Fighter (2010), American Hustle (2013), The Big Short (2015)

Javier Bardem
3
1
Before Night Falls (2000), No Country for Old Men (2007), Biutiful (2010)

Humphrey Bogart
3
1
Casablanca (1943), The African Queen (1951), The Caine Mutiny (1954)

James Cagney
3
1
Angels with Dirty Faces (1938), Yankee Doodle Dandy (1942), Love Me or Leave Me (1955)

Charles Coburn
3
1
The Devil and Miss Jones (1941), The More the Merrier (1943), The Green Years (1946)

Ronald Colman
3
1
Bulldog Drummond / Condemned, (1930) Random Harvest (1942), A Double Life (1947)

Bing Crosby
3
1
Going My Way (1944), The Bells of St. Mary's (1945), The Country Girl (1954)

Russell Crowe
3
1
The Insider (1999), Gladiator (2000), A Beautiful Mind (2001)

Jose Ferrer
3
1
Joan of Arc 1948), Cyrano de Bergerac (1950), Moulin Rouge (1952)

Clark Gable
3
1
It Happened One Night (1934), Muting on the Bounty (1935), Gone with the Wind (1939)

William Holden
3
1
Sunset Boulevard (1950), Stalag 17 (1953), Network (1976)

Martin Landau
3
1
Tucker: The Man and His Dream (1988), Crimes and Misdemeanors (1989), Ed Wood (1994)

Charles Laughton
3
1
The Private Life of Henry VIII (1933), Mutiny on the Bounty (1935), Witness for the Prosecution (1957)

Walter Matthau
3
1
The Fortune Cookie (1966), Kotch (1971), The Sunshine Boys (1975)

Jack Palance
3
1
Sudden Fear (1952), Shane (1953), City Slickers (1991)

Christopher Plummer
3
1
The Last Station (2009), Beginners (2011), All the Money in the World (2017)

Maximilian Schell
3
1
Judgment at Nuremberg (1961), The Man in the Glass Booth (1975), Julia (1977)

Rod Steiger
3
1
On the Waterfront (1954), The Pawnbroker (1964), In the Heat of the Night (1967)

Gig Young
3
1
Come Fill the Cup (1951), Teacher's Pet (1958), They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (1969)

Charles Bickford
3
0
The Song of Bernadette (1943), Farmer's Daughter (1947), Johnny Belinda (1948)

Bradley Cooper
3
0
Silver Linings Playbook (2012), American Hustle (2013), American Sniper (2014)

Tom Cruise
3
0
Born on the Fourth of July (1989), Jerry Maguire (1996), Magnolia (1999)

Willem Dafoe
3
0
Platoon (1986), Shadow of the Vampire (2000), The Florida Project (2017)

Matt Damon
3
0
Good Will Hunting (1997), Invictus (2009), The Martian (2015)

Johnny Depp
3
0
Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003), Finding Neverland (2004), Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007)

Kirk Douglas
3
0
Champion (1949), The Bad and the Beautiful (1952), Lust for Life (1956)

Woody Harrelson
3
0
The People vs Larry Flynt (1996), The Messenger (2009), Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2017)

James Mason
3
0
A Star Is Born (1954), Georgy Girl (1966), The Verdict (1982)

Marcello Mastroianni
3
0
Divorce Italian Style (1962), A Special Day (1977), Dark Eyes (1987)

Nick Nolte
3
0
The Prince of Tides (1991), Affliction (1998), Warrior (2011)

Edward Norton
3
0
Primal Fear (1996), American History X (1998), Birdman (2014)

Joaquin Phoenix
3
0
Gladiator (2000), Walk the Line (2005), The Master (2012)

Brad Pitt
3
0
12 Monkeys (1995), The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (2008), Moneyball (2011)

William Powell
3
0
The Thin Man (1934), My Man Godfrey (1936), Life with Father (1947)

Mark Ruffalo
3
0
The Kids Are All Right (2010), Foxcatcher (2014), Spotlight (2015)

Clifton Webb
3
0
Laura (1944), The Razor's Edge (1946), Sitting Pretty (1948)

Kevin Spacey
2
2
The Usual Suspects (1995), American Beauty (1999)

Christoph Waltz
2
2
Inglourious Basterds (2009), Django Unchained (2012)

Casey Affleck
2
1
The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford (2007), Manchester by the Sea (2016)

Nicolas Cage
2
1
Leaving Las Vegas (1995), Adaptation (2002)

Benicio del Toro
2
1
Traffic (2000), 21 Grams (2003)

Richard Dreyfuss
2
1
The Goodbye Girl (1977), Mr. Holland's Opus (1995)

Peter Finch
2
1
Sunday Bloody Sunday (1971), Network (1976)

Colin Firth
2
1
A Single Man (2009), The King's Speech (2010)

Henry Fonda
2
1
The Grapes of Wrath (1940), On Golden Pond (1981)

Jamie Foxx
2
1
Collateral (2004), Ray (2004)

John Gielgud
2
1
Becket (1964), Arthur (1981)

Hugh Griffith
2
1
Ben-Hur (1959), Tom Jones (1963)

Edmund Gwenn
2
1
Miracle on 34th Street (1947), Mister 880 (1950)

Rex Harrison
2
1
Cleopatra (1963), My Fair Lady (1964)

Heath Ledger
2
1
Brokeback Mountain (2005), The Dark Knight (2008)

Karl Malden
2
1
A Streetcar Named Desire (1951), On the Waterfront (1954)

Victor McLaglen
2
1
The Informer (1935), The Quiet Man (1952)

Thomas Mitchell
2
1
The Hurricane (1937), Stagecoach (1939)

Edmond O'Brien
2
1
The Barefoot Contessa (1954), Seven Days in May (1964)

Gary Oldman
2
1
Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (2011), Darkest Hour (2017)

Joe Pesci
2
1
Raging Bull (1980), Goodfellas (1990)

Sidney Poitier
2
1
The Defiant Ones (1958), Lilies of the Field (1963)

Eddie Redmayne
2
1
The Theory of Everything (2014), The Danish Girl (2015)

Frank Sinatra
2
1
From Here to Eternity (1953), The Man with the Golden Arm (1955)

Paul Scofield
2
1
A Man for All Seasons (1966), Quiz Show (1994)

Christopher Walken
2
1
The Deer Hunter (1978), Catch Me if You Can (2002)

John Wayne
2
1
Sands of Iwo Jima (1949), True Grit (1969)

Eddie Albert
2
0
Roman Holiday (1953), The Heartbreak Kid (1972)

Kenneth Branagh
2
0
Henry V (1989), My Week with Marilyn (2011)

Charlie Chaplin[G]
2
0
The Circus (1928), The Great Dictator (1940)

Lee J. Cobb
2
0
On the Waterfront (1954), The Brothers Karamazov (1958)

Tom Courtenay
2
0
Doctor Zhivago (1965), The Dresser (1983)

James Dean
2
0
East of Eden (1955), Giant (1956)

Bruce Dern
2
0
Coming Home (1978), Nebraska (2013)

Robert Downey Jr.
2
0
Chaplin (1992), Tropic Thunder (2008)

Charles Durning
2
0
The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (1982), To Be or Not to Be (1983)

Clint Eastwood
2
0
Unforgiven (1992), Million Dollar Baby (2004)

Peter Falk
2
0
Murder, Inc. (1960), Pocketful of Miracles (1961)

Richard Farnsworth
2
0
Comes a Horseman (1978), The Straight Story (1999)

Michael Fassbender
2
0
12 Years a Slave (2013), Steve Jobs (2015)

Ralph Fiennes
2
0
Schindler's List (1993), The English Patient (1996)

Vincent Gardenia
2
0
Bang the Drum Slowly (1973), Moonstruck (1987)

Ryan Gosling
2
0
Half Nelson (2006), La La Land (2016)

Cary Grant
2
0
Penny Serenade (1941), None but the Lonely Heart (1944)

Richard Harris
2
0
This Sporting Life (1963), The Field (1990)

Ethan Hawke
2
0
Training Day (2001), Boyhood (2014)

Jonah Hill
2
0
Moneyball (2011), The Wolf of Wall Street (2013)

Djimon Hounsou
2
0
In America (2003), Blood Diamond (2006)

Leslie Howard
2
0
Berkeley Square (1933), Pygmalion (1938)

John Hurt
2
0
Midnight Express (1978) The Elephant Man (1980)

Richard Jenkins
2
0
The Visitor (2008), The Shape of Water (2017)

Cecil Kellaway
2
0
The Luck of the Irish (1948), Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967)

Jude Law
2
0
The Talented Mr. Ripley (1999), Cold Mountain (2003)

John Lithgow
2
0
The World According to Garp (1982), Terms of Endearment (1983)

John Malkovich
2
0
Places in the Heart (1984), In the Line of Fire (1993)

Ian McKellen
2
0
Gods and Monsters (1998), The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)

Burgess Meredith
2
0
The Day of the Locust (1975), Rocky (1976)

Sal Mineo
2
0
Rebel Without a Cause (1955), Exodus (1960)

Robert Montgomery
2
0
Night Must Fall (1937), Here Comes Mr. Jordan (1941)

Viggo Mortensen
2
0
Eastern Promises (2007), Captain Fantastic (2016)

Arthur O'Connell
2
0
Picnic (1955), Anatomy of a Murder (1959)

Walter Pidgeon
2
0
Mrs. Miniver (1942), Madame Curie (1943)

Basil Rathbone
2
0
Romeo and Juliet (1936), If I Were King (1938)

Ralph Richardson
2
0
The Heiress (1949), Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes (1984)

Jeremy Renner
2
0
The Hurt Locker (2009), The Town (2010)

Roy Scheider
2
0
The French Connection (1971), All That Jazz (1979)

Peter Sellers
2
0
Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964), Being There (1979)

Michael Shannon
2
0
Revolutionary Road (2008), Nocturnal Animals (2016)

Will Smith
2
0
Ali (2001), The Pursuit of Happyness (2006)

Sylvester Stallone
2
0
Rocky (1976), Creed (2015)

Max von Sydow
2
0
Pelle the Conqueror (1987), Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close (2012)

Akim Tamiroff
2
0
The General Died at Dawn (1936), For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943)

Billy Bob Thornton
2
0
Sling Blade (1996), A Simple Plan (1998)

John Travolta
2
0
Saturday Night Fever (1977), Pulp Fiction (1994)

Jack Warden
2
0
Shampoo (1975), Heaven Can Wait (1978)

James Whitmore
2
0
Battleground (1949), Give 'em Hell, Harry! (1975)

Tom Wilkinson
2
0
In the Bedroom (2001), Michael Clayton (2007)

James Woods
2
0
Salvador (1986), Ghosts of Mississippi (1996)

text: Most nominations for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress combined[edit]

text:
Actress
Total
Wins
Nominated films

Meryl Streep
21
3
The Deer Hunter (1978), Kramer vs. Kramer (1979), The French Lieutenant's Woman (1981), Sophie's Choice (1982), Silkwood (1983), Out of Africa (1985), Ironweed (1987), A Cry in the Dark (1988), Postcards from the Edge (1990), The Bridges of Madison County (1995), One True Thing (1998), Music of the Heart (1999), Adaptation (2002), The Devil Wears Prada (2006), Doubt (2008), Julie and Julia (2009), The Iron Lady (2011), August: Osage County (2013), Into the Woods (2014), Florence Foster Jenkins (2016), The Post (2017)

Katharine Hepburn
12
4
Morning Glory (1933), Alice Adams (1935), The Philadelphia Story (1940), Woman of the Year (1942), The African Queen (1951), Summertme (1955), The Rainmaker (1956), Suddenly, Last Summer (1959), Long Day's Journey into Night (1962), Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967), The Lion in Winter (1968), On Golden Pond (1981)

Bette Davis
10
2
Dangerous (1935), Jezebel (1938), Dark Victory (1939), The Letter (1940), The Little Foxes (1941) Now, Voyager (1942), Mr. Skeffington (1944), All About Eve (1950), The Star (1952), Whatever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962)

Geraldine Page
8
1
Hondo (1953), Summer and Smoke (1961), Sweet Bird of Youth (1962), You're a Big Boy Now (1966), Pete 'n' Tillie (1972), Interiors (1978), The Pope of Greenwich Village (1984), The Trip to Bountiful (1985)

Ingrid Bergman
7
3
For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943), Gaslight (1944), The Bells of St. Mary's (1945), Joan of Arc (1948), Anastasia (1956), Murder on the Orient Express (1974), Autumn Sonata (1978)

Cate Blanchett
7
2
Elizabeth (1998), The Aviator (2004), Notes on a Scandal (2006), I'm Not There (2007), Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007), Blue Jasmine (2013), Carol (2015)

Jane Fonda
7
2
They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (1969), Klute (1971), Julia (1977), Coming Home (1978), The China Syndrome (1979), On Golden Pond (1981), The Morning After (1986)

Judi Dench
7
1
Mrs Brown (1997), Shakespeare in Love (1998), Chocolat (2000), Iris (2001), Mrs Henderson Presents (2005), Notes on a Scandal (2006), Philomena (2013)

Greer Garson
7
1
Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1939), Blossoms in the Dust (1941), Mrs. Miniver (1942), Madame Curie (1943), Mrs. Parkington (1944), The Valley of Decision (1945), Sunrise at Campobello (1960)

Kate Winslet
7
1
Sense and Sensibility (1995), Titanic (1997), Iris (2001), Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004), Little Children (2006), The Reader (2008), Steve Jobs (2015)

Jessica Lange
6
2
Tootsie (1982), Frances (1982), Country (1984), Sweet Dreams (1985), Music Box (1989), Blue Sky (1994)

Maggie Smith
6
2
Othello (1965), The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1969), Travels with My Aunt (1972), California Suite (1978), A Room with a View (1986), Gosford Park (2001)

Ellen Burstyn
6
1
The Last Picture Show (1971), The Exorcist (1973), Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1974), Same Time, Next Year (1978), Resurrection (1980), Requiem for a Dream (2000)

Vanessa Redgrave
6
1
Morgan: A Suitable Case for Treatment (1966), Isadora (1968), Mary, Queen of Scots (1971), Julia (1977), The Bostonians (1984), Howards End (1992)

Sissy Spacek
6
1
Carrie (1976), Coal Miner's Daughter (1980), Missing (1982), The River (1984), Crimes of the Heart (1986), In the Bedroom (2001)

Glenn Close
6
0
The World According to Garp (1982), The Big Chill (1983), The Natural (1984), Fatal Attraction (1987), Dangerous Liaisons (1988), Albert Nobbs (2011)

Deborah Kerr
6
0
Edward, My Son (1949), From Here to Eternity (1953), The King and I (1956), Heaven Knows, Mr Allison (1957), Separate Tables (1958), The Sundowners (1960)

Thelma Ritter
6
0
All About Eve (1950), The Mating Season (1951), With a Song in My Heart (1952), Pickup on South Street (1953), Pillow Talk (1959), Birdman of Alcatraz (1962)

Olivia de Havilland
5
2
Gone with the Wind (1939), Hold Back the Dawn (1941), To Each His Own (1946), The Snake Pit (1948), The Heiress (1949)

Frances McDormand
5
2
Mississippi Burning (1988), Fargo (1996), Almost Famous (2000), North Country (2005), Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2017)

Elizabeth Taylor
5
2
Raintree County (1957), Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958), Suddenly, Last Summer (1959), BUtterfield 8 (1960), Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966)

Anne Bancroft
5
1
The Miracle Worker (1962), The Pumpkin Eater (1964), The Graduate (1967), The Turning Point (1977), Agnes of God (1985)

Susan Hayward
5
1
Smash-Up, the Story of a Woman (1947), My Foolish Heart (1949), With a Song in My Heart (1952), I'll Cry Tomorrow (1955), I Want to Live! (1958)

Audrey Hepburn
5
1
Roman Holiday (1953), Sabrina (1954), The Nun's Story (1959), Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961), Wait Until Dark (1967)

Jennifer Jones
5
1
The Song of Bernadette (1943), Since You Went Away (1944), Love Letters (1945), Duel in the Sun (1946), Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing (1955)

Shirley MacLaine
5
1
Some Came Running (1958), The Apartment (1960), Irma la Douce (1963), The Turning Point (1977), Terms of Endearment (1983)

Julianne Moore
5
1
Boogie Nights (1997), The End of the Affair (1999), The Hours (2002), Far From Heaven (2002), Still Alice (2014)

Susan Sarandon
5
1
Atlantic City (1980), Thelma & Louise (1991), Lorenzo's Oil (1992), The Client (1994), Dead Man Walking (1995)

Norma Shearer
5
1
The Divorcee / Their Own Desire (1930), A Free Soul (1931), The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934), Romeo and Juliet (1936), Marie Antoinette (1938)

Amy Adams
5
0
Junebug (2005), Doubt (2008), The Fighter (2010), The Master (2012), American Hustle (2013)

Irene Dunne
5
0
Cimarron (1931), Theodora Goes Wild (1936), The Awful Truth (1937), Love Affair (1939), I Remember Mama (1948)

Jodie Foster
4
2
Taxi Driver (1976), The Accused (1988), The Silence of the Lambs (1991), Nell (1994)

Glenda Jackson
4
2
Women in Love (1970), Sunday, Bloody Sunday (1971), A Touch of Class (1973), Hedda (1976)

Shelley Winters
4
2
A Place in the Sun (1951), The Diary of Anne Frank (1959), A Patch of Blue (1965), The Poseidon Adventure (1972)

Ethel Barrymore
4
1
None But the Lonely Heart (1944), The Spiral Staircase (1946), The Paradine Case (1947), Pinky (1949)

Julie Christie
4
1
Darling (1965), McCabe & Mrs. Miller (1971), Afterglow (1997), Away from Her (2007)

Lee Grant
4
1
Detective Story (1951), The Landlord (1970), Shampoo (1975), Voyage of the Damned (1976)

Holly Hunter
4
1
Broadcast News (1987), The Firm (1993), The Piano (1993), Thirteen (2003)

Diane Keaton
4
1
Annie Hall (1977), Reds (1981), Marvin's Room (1996), Something's Gotta Give (2003)

Nicole Kidman
4
1
Moulin Rouge! (2001), The Hours (2002), Rabbit Hole (2010), Lion (2016)

Jennifer Lawrence
4
1
Winter's Bone (2010), Silver Linings Playbook (2012), American Hustle (2013), Joy (2015)

Helen Mirren
4
1
The Madness of King George (1994), Gosford Park (2001), The Queen (2006), The Last Station (2009)

Julia Roberts
4
1
Steel Magnolias (1989), Pretty Woman (1990), Erin Brockovich (2000), August: Osage County (2013)

Maureen Stapleton
4
1
Lonelyhearts (1958), Airport (1970), Interiors (1978), Reds (1981)

Emma Thompson
4
1
Howards End (1992), In the Name of the Father (1993), The Remains of the Day (1993), Sense and Sensibility (1995)

Joanne Woodward
4
1
The Three Faces of Eve (1957), Rachel, Rachel (1968), Summer Wishes, Winter Dreams (1973), Mr. and Mrs. Bridge (1990)

Jane Wyman
4
1
The Yearling (1946), Johnny Belinda (1948), The Blue Veil (1951), Magnificent Obsession (1954)

Jane Alexander
4
0
The Great White Hope (1970), All the President's Men (1976), Kramer vs. Kramer (1979), Testament (1983)

Annette Bening
4
0
The Grifters (1990), American Beauty (1999), Being Julia (2004), The Kids Are All Right (2010)

Marsha Mason
4
0
Cinderella Liberty (1973), The Goodbye Girl (1977), Chapter Two (1979), Only When I Laugh (1981)

Agnes Moorehead
4
0
The Magnificent Ambersons (1942), Mrs. Parkington (1944), Johnny Belinda (1948), Hush... Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964)

Rosalind Russell
4
0
My Sister Eileen (1942), Sister Kenny (1946), Mourning Becomes Electra (1947), Auntie Mame (1958)

Barbara Stanwyck
4
0
Stella Dallas (1937), Ball of Fire (1941), Double Indemnity (1944), Sorry, Wrong Number (1948)

Michelle Williams
4
0
Brokeback Mountain (2005), Blue Valentine (2010), My Week with Marilyn (2011), Manchester by the Sea (2016)

Sally Field
3
2
Norma Rae (1979), Places in the Heart (1984), Lincoln (2012)

Dianne Wiest
3
2
Hannah and Her Sisters (1986), Parenthood (1989), Bullets over Broadway (1994)

Julie Andrews
3
1
Mary Poppins (1964), The Sound of Music (1965), Victor Victoria (1982)

Fay Bainter
3
1
White Banners (1938), Jezebel (1938), The Children's Hour (1961)

Kathy Bates
3
1
Misery (1990), Primary Colors (1998), About Schmidt (2002)

Claudette Colbert
3
1
It Happened One Night (1934), Private Worlds (1935), Since You Went Away (1944)

Joan Crawford
3
1
Mildred Pierce (1945), Possessed (1947), Sudden Fear (1952)

Penelope Cruz
3
1
Volver (2006), Vicky Cristina Barcelona (2008), Nine (2009)

Viola Davis
3
1
Doubt (2008), The Help (2011), Fences (2016)

Faye Dunaway
3
1
Bonnie and Clyde (1967), Chinatown (1974), Network (1976)

Joan Fontaine
3
1
Rebecca (1940), Suspicion (1941), The Constant Nymph (1943)

Wendy Hiller
3
1
Pygmalion (1938), Separate Tables (1958), A Man for All Seasons (1966)

Celeste Holm
3
1
Gentleman's Agreement (1947), Come to the Stable (1949), All About Eve (1950)

Anjelica Huston
3
1
Prizzi's Honor (1985), Enemies, A Love Story (1989), The Grifters (1990)

Natalie Portman
3
1
Closer (2004), Black Swan (2010), Jackie (2016)

Anne Revere
3
1
The Song of Bernadette (1943), National Velvet (1944), Gentleman's Agreement (1947)

Octavia Spencer
3
1
The Help (2011), Hidden Figures (2016), The Shape of Water (2017)

Marisa Tomei
3
1
My Cousin Vinny (1992), In the Bedroom (2001), The Wrestler (2008)

Claire Trevor
3
1
Dead End (1937), Key Largo (1948), The High and the Mighty (1954)

Teresa Wright
3
1
The Little Foxes (1941), Mrs. Miniver (1942), The Pride of the Yankees (1942)

Renée Zellweger
3
1
Bridget Jones's Diary (2001), Chicago (2002), Cold Mountain (2003)

Joan Allen
3
0
Nixon (1995), The Crucible (1996), The Contender (2000)

Gladys Cooper
3
0
Now, Voyager (1942), The Song of Bernadette (1943), My Fair Lady (1964)

Edith Evans
3
0
Tom Jones (1963), The Chalk Garden (1964), The Whisperers (1967)

Greta Garbo
3
0
Anna Christie / Romance (1930), Camille (1936), Ninotchka (1939)

Diane Ladd
3
0
Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1974), Wild at Heart (1990), Rambling Rose (1991)

Angela Lansbury
3
0
Gaslight (1944), The Picture of Dorian Gray (1945), The Manchurian Candidate (1962)

Piper Laurie
3
0
The Hustler (1961), Carrie (1976), Children of a Lesser God (1986)

Laura Linney
3
0
You Can Count on Me (2000), Kinsey (2004), The Savages (2007)

Eleanor Parker
3
0
Caged (1950), Detective Story (1951), Interrupted Melody (1955)

Michelle Pfeiffer
3
0
Dangerous Liaisons (1988), The Fabulous Baker Boys (1989), Love Field (1992)

Saoirse Ronan
3
0
Atonement (2007), Brooklyn (2015), Lady Bird (2017)

Gloria Swanson
3
0
Sadie Thompson (1928), The Trespasser (1929), Sunset Boulevard (1950)

Sigourney Weaver
3
0
Aliens (1986), Working Girl (1988), Gorillas in the Mist (1988)

Natalie Wood
3
0
Rebel Without a Cause (1955), Splendor in the Grass (1961), Love with the Proper Stranger (1963)

Debra Winger
3
0
An Officer and a Gentleman (1982), Terms of Endearment (1983), Shadowlands (1993)

Helen Hayes
2
2
The Sin of Madelon Claudet (1932), Airport (1970)

Vivien Leigh
2
2
Gone with the Wind (1939), A Streetcar Named Desire (1950)

Luise Rainer
2
2
The Great Ziegfeld (1936), The Good Earth (1937)

Hilary Swank
2
2
Boys Don't Cry (1999), Million Dollar Baby (2004)

Anne Baxter
2
1
The Razor's Edge (1946), All About Eve (1950)

Juliette Binoche
2
1
The English Patient (1996), Chocolat (2000)

Alice Brady
2
1
My Man Godfrey (1936), In Old Chicago (1938)

Sandra Bullock
2
1
The Blind Side (2009), Gravity (2013)

Cher
2
1
Silkwood (1983), Moonstruck (1987)

Marion Cotillard
2
1
La Vie en Rose (2007), Two Days, One Night (2014)

Geena Davis
2
1
The Accidental Tourist (1988), Thelma & Louise (1991)

Janet Gaynor
2
1
7th Heaven / Street Angel / Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans (1927/28), A Star Is Born (1937)

Whoopi Goldberg
2
1
The Color Purple (1985), Ghost (1990)

Ruth Gordon
2
1
Inside Daisy Clover (1965), Rosemary's Baby (1968)

Gloria Grahame
2
1
Crossfire (1947), The Bad and the Beautiful (1952)

Marcia Gay Harden
2
1
Pollock (2000), Mystic River (2003)

Anne Hathaway
2
1
Rachel Getting Married (2009), Les Misérables (2012)

Goldie Hawn
2
1
Cactus Flower (1969), Private Benjamin (1980)

Eileen Heckart
2
1
The Bad Seed (1956), Butterflies Are Free (1972)

Helen Hunt
2
1
As Good as It Gets (1997), The Sessions (2012)

Angelina Jolie
2
1
Girl, Interrupted (1999), Changeling (2008)

Grace Kelly
2
1
Mogambo (1953), The Country Girl (1954)

Melissa Leo
2
1
Frozen River (2008), The Fighter (2010)

Sophia Loren
2
1
Two Women (1961), Marriage Italian Style (1964)

Anna Magnani
2
1
The Rose Tattoo (1955), Wild Is the Wind (1957)

Mercedes McCambridge
2
1
All the King's Men (1949), Giant (1956)

Liza Minnelli
2
1
The Sterile Cuckoo (1969), Cabaret (1972)

Patricia Neal
2
1
Hud (1963), The Subject Was Roses (1968)

Estelle Parsons
2
1
Bonnie and Clyde (1967), Rachel, Rachel (1968)

Simone Signoret
2
1
Room at the Top (1959), Ship of Fools (1965)

Gale Sondergaard
2
1
Anthony Adverse (1936), Anna and the King of Siam (1946)

Emma Stone
2
1
Birdman (2014), La La Land (2016)

Barbra Streisand
2
1
Funny Girl (1968), The Way We Were (1973)

Jessica Tandy
2
1
Driving Miss Daisy (1989), Fried Green Tomatoes (1991)

Charlize Theron
2
1
Monster (2003), North Country (2005)

Reese Witherspoon
2
1
Walk the Line (2005), Wild (2014)

Loretta Young
2
1
The Farmer's Daughter (1947), Come to the Stable (1949)

Isabelle Adjani
2
0
The Story of Adele H. (1975), Camille Claudel (1989)

Ann-Margret
2
0
Carnal Knowledge (1971), Tommy (1975)

Brenda Blethyn
2
0
Secrets & Lies (1996), Little Voice (1998)

Beulah Bondi
2
0
The Gorgeous Hussy (1936), Of Human Hearts (1938)

Helena Bonham Carter
2
0
The Wings of the Dove (1997), The King's Speech (2010)

Dyan Cannon
2
0
Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice (1969), Heaven Can Wait (1978)

Leslie Caron
2
0
Lili (1953), The L-Shaped Room (1962)

Jessica Chastain
2
0
The Help (2011), Zero Dark Thirty (2012)

Ruth Chatterton[C]
2
0
Madame X (1929), Sarah and Son (1930)

Jill Clayburgh
2
0
An Unmarried Woman (1978), Starting Over (1979)

Joan Cusack
2
0
Working Girl (1988), In & Out (1997)

Judy Davis
2
0
A Passage to India (1984), Husbands and Wives (1992)

Laura Dern
2
0
Rambling Rose (1991), Wild (2014)

Melinda Dillon
2
0
Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977), Absence of Malice (1981)

Mildred Dunnock
2
0
Death of a Salesman (1951), Baby Doll (1956)

Judy Garland
2
0
A Star Is Born (1954), Judgment at Nuremberg (1961)

Sally Hawkins
2
0
Blue Jasmine (2013), The Shape of Water (2017)

Madeline Kahn
2
0
Paper Moon (1973), Blazing Saddles (1974)

Catherine Keener
2
0
Being John Malkovich (1999), Capote (2005)

Shirley Knight
2
0
The Dark at the Top of the Stairs (1960), Sweet Bird of Youth (1962)

Keira Knightley
2
0
Pride & Prejudice (2005), The Imitation Game (2014)

Elsa Lanchester
2
0
Come to the Stable (1949), Witness for the Prosecution (1957)

Rooney Mara
2
0
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011), Carol (2015)

Mary McDonnell
2
0
Dances with Wolves (1990), Passion Fish (1992)

Janet McTeer
2
0
Tumbleweeds (1999), Albert Nobbs (2011)

Bette Midler
2
0
The Rose (1979), For the Boys (1991)

Sylvia Miles
2
0
Midnight Cowboy (1969), Farewell, My Lovely (1975)

Samantha Morton
2
0
Sweet and Lowdown (1999), In America (2003)

Maria Ouspenskaya
2
0
Dodsworth (1936), Love Affair (1939)

Marjorie Rambeau
2
0
Primrose Path (1940), Torch Song (1953)

Lynn Redgrave
2
0
Georgy Girl (1966), Gods and Monsters (1998)

Joyce Redman
2
0
Tom Jones (1963), Othello (1965)

Miranda Richardson
2
0
Damage (1992), Tom & Viv (1994)

Gena Rowlands
2
0
A Woman Under the Influence (1974), Gloria (1980)

Winona Ryder
2
0
The Age of Innocence (1993), Little Women (1994)

Talia Shire
2
0
The Godfather Part II (1974), Rocky (1976)

Jean Simmons
2
0
Hamlet (1948), The Happy Ending (1969)

Kim Stanley
2
0
Séance on a Wet Afternoon (1964), Frances (1982)

Liv Ullmann
2
0
The Emigrants (1972), Face to Face (1976)

Julie Walters
2
0
Educating Rita (1983), Billy Elliot (2000)

Emily Watson
2
0
Breaking the Waves (1996), Hilary and Jackie (1998)

Naomi Watts
2
0
21 Grams (2003), The Impossible (2012)

Jacki Weaver
2
0
Animal Kingdom (2010), Silver Linings Playbook (2012)

May Whitty
2
0
Night Must Fall (1937), Mrs. Miniver (1942)

text: Most nominations by category (actor)[edit]

text: Listed are the actors with three or more nominations plus those with two wins from two nominations.

text:
Best Actor

Actor
Total
Wins
Winning films

Spencer Tracy
9
2
Captains Courageous (1937), Boys Town (1938)

Laurence Olivier
9
1
Hamlet (1948)

Jack Nicholson
8
2
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975), As Good as it Gets (1997)

Paul Newman
8
1
The Color of Money (1986)

Peter O'Toole
8
0
—

Marlon Brando
7
2
On the Waterfront (1954), The Godfather (1972)

Dustin Hoffman
7
2
Kramer vs. Kramer (1979), Rain Man (1988)

Jack Lemmon
7
1
Save the Tiger (1973)

Daniel Day-Lewis
6
3
My Left Foot (1989), There Will Be Blood (2007), Lincoln (2012)

Denzel Washington
6
1
Training Day (2001)

Richard Burton
6
0
—

Gary Cooper
5
2
Seargeant York (1941), High Noon (1952)

Tom Hanks
5
2
Philadelphia (1993), Forrest Gump (1994)

Fredric March
5
2
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931), The Best Years of Our Lives (1946)

Sean Penn
5
2
Mystic River (2003), Milk (2008)

Robert De Niro
5
1
Raging Bull (1980)

Paul Muni
5
1
The Story of Louis Pasteur (1936)

Al Pacino
5
1
Scent of a Woman (1992)

Gregory Peck
5
1
To Kill a Mocking Bird (1962)

James Stewart
5
1
The Philadelphia Story (1940)

Leonardo DiCaprio
4
1
The Revenant (2015)

Burt Lancaster
4
1
Elmer Gantry (1960)

Warren Beatty
4
0
—

Charles Boyer
4
0
—

Michael Caine
4
0
—

Albert Finney
4
0
—

Humphrey Bogart
3
1
The African Queen (1951)

Jeff Bridges
3
1
Crazy Heart (2009)

James Cagney
3
1
Yankee Doodle Dandy (1992)

Ronald Colman
3
1
A Double Life (1947)

Bing Crosby
3
1
Going My Way (1944)

Russell Crowe
3
1
Gladiator (2000)

Robert Duvall
3
1
Tender Mercies (1983)

Clark Gable
3
1
It Happened One Night (1934)

Anthony Hopkins
3
1
The Silence of the Lambs (1991)

William Holden
3
1
Stalag 17 (1953)

William Hurt
3
1
Kiss of the Spider Woman (1985)

Charles Laughton
3
1
The Private Life of Henry VIII (1933)

Jon Voight
3
1
Coming Home (1978)

George Clooney
3
0
—

Montgomery Clift
3
0
—

Johnny Depp
3
0
—

Kirk Douglas
3
0
—

Morgan Freeman
3
0
—

Marcello Mastroianni
3
0
—

William Powell
3
0
—

Robin Williams
3
0
—

text:
Best Supporting Actor

Actor
Total
Wins
Winning films

Walter Brennan
4
3
Come and Get It (1936), Kentucky (1938), The Westerner (1940)

Jack Nicholson
4
1
Terms of Endearment (1983)

Jeff Bridges
4
0
—

Robert Duvall
4
0
—

Arthur Kennedy
4
0
—

Claude Rains
4
0
—

Jason Robards
3
2
All the President's Men (1976), Julia (1977)

Peter Ustinov
3
2
Spartacus (1960), Topkapi (1964)

Charles Coburn
3
1
The More the Merrier (1943)

Gene Hackman
3
1
Unforgiven (1992)

Tommy Lee Jones
3
1
The Fugitive (1993)

Martin Landau
3
1
Ed Wood (1994)

Jack Palance
3
1
City Slickers (1991)

Christopher Plummer
3
1
Beginners (2011)

Gig Young
3
1
They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (1969)

Charles Bickford
3
0
—

Willem Dafoe
3
0
—

Ed Harris
3
0
—

Philip Seymour Hoffman
3
0
—

Al Pacino
3
0
—

Mark Ruffalo
3
0
—

Michael Caine
2
2
Hannah and Her Sisters (1986), The Cider House Rules (1999)

Melvyn Douglas
2
2
Hud (1963), Being There (1979)

Anthony Quinn
2
2
Viva Zapata! (1952), Lust for Life (1956)

Christoph Waltz
2
2
Inglourious Basterds (2009), Django Unchained (2012)

text: Most nominations by category (actress)[edit]

text:
Best Actress

Actress
Total
Wins
Winning films

Meryl Streep
17
2
Sophie's Choice (1982), The Iron Lady (2011)

Katharine Hepburn
12
4
Morning Glory (1933), Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967), The Lion in Winter (1968), On Golden Pond (1981)

Bette Davis
10
2
Dangerous (1935), Jezebel (1938)

Greer Garson
7
1
Mrs. Miniver (1942)

Ingrid Bergman
6
2
Gaslight (1944), Anastasia (1956)

Jane Fonda
6
2
Klute (1971), Coming Home (1978)

Sissy Spacek
6
1
Coal Miner's Daughter (1980)

Deborah Kerr
6
0
—

Elizabeth Taylor
5
2
BUtterfield 8 (1960), Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966)

Anne Bancroft
5
1
The Miracle Worker (1962)

Ellen Burstyn
5
1
Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1974)

Susan Hayward
5
1
I Want to Live! (1958)

Audrey Hepburn
5
1
Roman Holiday (1953)

Jessica Lange
5
1
Blue Sky (1994)

Shirley MacLaine
5
1
Terms of Endearment (1983)

Susan Sarandon
5
1
Dead Man Walking (1995)

Norma Shearer
5
1
The Divorcee (1930)

Judi Dench
5
0
—

Irene Dunne
5
0
—

Olivia de Havilland
4
2
To Each His Own (1946), The Heiress (1949)

Glenda Jackson
4
2
Women in Love (1970), A Touch of Class (1973)

Cate Blanchett
4
1
Blue Jasmine (2013)

Julie Christie
4
1
Darling (1965)

Jennifer Jones
4
1
The Song of Bernadette (1943)

Diane Keaton
4
1
Annie Hall (1977)

Geraldine Page
4
1
The Trip to Bountiful (1985)

Kate Winslet
4
1
The Reader (2008)

Joanne Woodward
4
1
The Three Faces of Eve (1957)

Jane Wyman
4
1
Johnny Belinda (1948)

Vanessa Redgrave
4
0
—

Rosalind Russell
4
0
—

Barbara Stanwyck
4
0
—

Jodie Foster
3
2
The Accused (1988), The Silence of the Lambs (1991)

Julie Andrews
3
1
Mary Poppins (1964)

Claudette Colbert
3
1
It Happened One Night (1934)

Joan Crawford
3
1
Mildred Pierce (1945)

Faye Dunaway
3
1
Network (1976)

Joan Fontaine
3
1
Suspicion (1941)

Nicole Kidman
3
1
The Hours (2002)

Jennifer Lawrence
3
1
Silver Linings Playbook (2012)

Julianne Moore
3
1
Still Alice (2014)

Emma Thompson
3
1
Howards End (1992)

Glenn Close
3
0
—

Greta Garbo
3
0
—

Eleanor Parker
3
0
—

Gloria Swanson
3
0
—

Debra Winger
3
0
—

Sally Field
2
2
Norma Rae (1979), Places in the Heart (1984)

Vivien Leigh
2
2
Gone with the Wind (1939), A Streetcar Named Desire (1951)

Frances McDormand
2
2
Fargo (1996), Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2017)

Luise Rainer
2
2
The Great Ziegfeld (1936), The Good Earth (1937)

Hilary Swank
2
2
Boys Don't Cry (1999), Million Dollar Baby (2004)

text:
Best Supporting Actress

Actress
Total
Wins
Winning films

Thelma Ritter
6
0
—

Ethel Barrymore
4
1
None but the Lonely Heart (1944)

Lee Grant
4
1
Shampoo (1975)

Maggie Smith
4
1
California Suite (1978)

Maureen Stapleton
4
1
Reds (1981)

Meryl Streep
4
1
Kramer vs. Kramer (1979)

Amy Adams
4
0
—

Agnes Moorehead
4
0
—

Geraldine Page
4
0
—

Shelley Winters
3
2
The Diary of Anne Frank (1959), A Patch of Blue (1965)

Dianne Wiest
3
2
Hannah and Her Sisters (1986), Bullets over Broadway (1994)

Cate Blanchett
3
1
The Aviator (2004)

Celeste Holm
3
1
Gentleman's Agreement (1947)

Anne Revere
3
1
National Velvet (1944)

Octavia Spencer
3
1
The Help (2011)

Marisa Tomei
3
1
My Cousin Vinny (1992)

Claire Trevor
3
1
Key Largo (1948)

Glenn Close
3
0
—

Gladys Cooper
3
0
—

Diane Ladd
3
0
—

Angela Lansbury
3
0
—

Frances McDormand
3
0
—

Kate Winslet
3
0
—

text: List of actors with two or more acting nominations who have won Academy Awards in non-acting categories[edit]

text:
TN = Total Nominations.
AN = Acting Nominations.

text:
Actor/Actress
TN
AN
Wins
Winning categories and films

Warren Beatty
14
4
1
Best Director for Reds (1981)

Laurence Olivier
13
10
2
Best Picture (producer) and Best Actor for Hamlet (1948)

Clint Eastwood
10
2
4
Best Picture (producer) for Unforgiven (1992) and Million Dollar Baby (2004)
Best Director for Unforgiven (1992), Million Dollar Baby (2004)

George Clooney
8
4
2
Best Picture (co-producer) for Argo (2012) and Best Supporting Actor for Syriana (2005)

Brad Pitt
6
3
1
Best Picture (co-producer) for 12 Years a Slave (2013)

Charlie Chaplin
5 (9)[G]
1 (2)
1
Best Original Dramatic Score for Limelight (1952) (not released in Los Angeles until 1972)

Barbra Streisand
5
2
2
Best Actress for Funny Girl (1968) and Best Original Song for Evergreen" Love Theme from A Star Is Born (1976)

Emma Thompson
5
4
2
Best Actress for Howards End (1992) and Best Adapted Screenplay for Sense and Sensibility (1995)

Matt Damon
5
3
1
Best Original Screenplay for Good Will Hunting (1997)

Billy Bob Thornton
3
2
1
Best Adapted Screenplay for Sling Blade (1996)


document_title: Five-star rank

question_text: how many 5 star general in us history

question_tokens: how many 5 star general in us history

root

text: Five-star rank

text: Australian five-star ranks[edit]

text:
Admiral of the fleet[nb 1]
Field marshal[nb 1]
Marshal of the Royal Australian Air Force[nb 1]

tag: ul

text: Only one Australian born officer (Sir Thomas Blamey) has held a substantive Australian five-star rank (field marshal).[nb 2] HM King George VI and HRH Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh have held all three Australian five-star ranks in an honorary capacity, and have been the only holders of the Australian ranks of admiral of the fleet and marshal of the RAAF.

tag: p

text:
Australian Army Field Marshal
shoulder board

RAN Admiral of the Fleet
shoulder board

Marshal of the RAAF
sleeve/shoulder insignia

text: Brazilian five-star ranks[edit]

text: Five-star ranks in Brazil are only used in wartime.

text:
Marshal (Brazil) (Marechal)
Grand Admiral (Almirante)
Marshal of the Air (Marechal-do-Ar)

text:
Almirante

Marechal

Marechal-do-Ar

text: Croatian five-star ranks[edit]

text:
Stožerni general (lit. "staff general", usually translated as general of the army) awarded to six men, none of whom are in active duty.
Admiral flote (admiral of the fleet). The rank was called stožerni admiral (lit. "staff admiral") until 1999; only Sveto Letica was awarded this rank – in March 1996, three months before his retirement.

text:
Croatian Armed Forces
(stožerni general) insignia

Croatian Navy
(admiral flote) insignia

text: Indian five-star ranks[edit]

text:
Admiral of the fleet, never been held
Field marshal, held by K. M. Cariappa and Sam Manekshaw
Marshal of the Air Force, held by Arjan Singh

text:
Field marshal epaulette

Marshal of the Indian Air Force shoulder insignia

Marshal of the Indian Air Force sleeve insignia

text: Around 1998, the Indian Air Force introduced gorget patches (or collar tabs) for its air officers. For marshals of the Indian Air Force, the patches display five stars.[2]

text: Indonesian five-star ranks[edit]

text: The Indonesian five star ranks are:

text:
Jenderal besar (grand general) - only held by three people: Jenderal Besar Soedirman, Jenderal Besar Abdul Haris Nasution, Jenderal Besar Soeharto (2nd President of Indonesia)
Laksamana besar (grand admiral) - never awarded
Marsekal besar (grand marshal) - never awarded

text:
Jenderal besar rank insignia

Laksamana besar rank insignia

Marsekal besar rank insignia

text: Italian five-star ranks[edit]

text:
General of the Italian Army - shoulder board

Admiral of the Italian Navy - sleeve

General of the Italian Air Force - sleeve

text: Pakistani five-star ranks[edit]

text: Field marshal (Pakistan Army five-star rank), Ayub Khan

text: The following ranks have never been awarded:

text:
Admiral of the fleet
Marshal of the Pakistan Air Force

text: Polish five-star ranks[edit]

text: Marshal of Poland (Marszałek Polski) is a Polish Army five-star rank. There are today no living marshals of Poland, since this rank is bestowed only on military commanders who have achieved victory in war.

text:
Marshal of Poland cap insignia

Marshal of Poland shoulder-strap insignia

text: Spanish five-star ranks[edit]

text:
Captain general (Army)
Captain general of the Navy
Air captain general (Air Force)

text: These ranks have been reserved for the reigning monarch.

text:
Capitán general ("Captain general")
shoulder board

Capitán general de la Armada ("Captain general of the Navy")
shoulder board and sleeve

Capitán general del Aire ("Air captain general")
shoulder board and sleeve

text: Thai five-star ranks[edit]

text:
Chom Phon (Thai: จอมพล), Royal Thai Army
Chom Phon Ruea (Thai: จอมพลเรือ), Royal Thai Navy
Chom Phon Akat (Thai: จอมพลอากาศ), Royal Thai Air Force

text:
Chom Phon (Field Marshal)

Chom Phon Ruea (Admiral of the Fleet)

Chom Phon Akat (Marshal of the Royal Thai Air Force)

text: The monarch of Thailand is appointed to the three ranks automatically upon accession as he is the constitutional Head of the Royal Thai Armed Forces. Since 1973 the three ranks have been reserved for members of the royal family.

text: UK five-star ranks[edit]

text: The worn insignia of British five-star commanders do not contain stars; the vehicle star plate, mounted on the front of a staff car, does display five stars.[3]

text:
Admiral of the fleet (awarded to 121 men to date)
Field marshal (awarded to 140 men to date)
Marshal of the Royal Air Force (awarded to 27 men to date)
Captain General Royal Marines (awarded to Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh)

text:
Royal Navy admiral of the fleet
shoulder board

Royal Navy admiral of the fleet
sleeve lace

Field marshal and captain general Royal Marines epaulette

Marshal of the RAF
shoulder board

Marshal of the RAF
sleeve insignia

text: Promotion to the ranks of admiral of the fleet and marshal of the Royal Air Force is now generally held in abeyance in peacetime with exceptions for special circumstances. Promotion to the rank of field marshal was generally stopped in 1995 as a cost-cutting measure but is still made in some cases.[4][5] The most recent appointments to five-star ranks are the promotions in 2012 of The Prince of Wales to honorary five-star rank in all three services, and of former Chief of the Defence Staff Lord Guthrie of Craigiebank to the honorary rank of field marshal.[5][6] In 2014 the former Chief of the Defence Staff Lord Stirrup was promoted to the honorary rank of marshal of the RAF.[7]

text: During World War II and (later) serving NATO, a small number of British five-star commanders have held the additional title Supreme Allied Commander, given operational control over all air, land, and sea units led by the four-star commanders of multi-national forces.

text: U.S. five-star ranks[edit]

text:
Fleet admiral (held by four officers)
General of the Army (held by five officers)
General of the Air Force (held by one officer)

text: Before the five-star ranks were established in 1944, two officers had previously been promoted from their four-star ranks to the superior and unique ranks of Admiral of the Navy and General of the Armies: Admiral George Dewey (appointment 1903 retroactive to 1899, died 1917) and General John J. Pershing (appointed 1919, died 1948). In 1944 the Navy and Army specified that these officers were considered senior to any officers promoted to the five-star ranks within their services (but it was not clear if they were senior by rank or by seniority due to an earlier date of rank).

text: Five-star ranks were created in the US military during World War II because of the awkward situation created when some American senior commanders were placed in positions commanding allied officers of higher rank.[8] US officers holding five-star rank never retire; they draw full active duty pay for life.[9] The five-star ranks were retired in 1981 on the death of General of the Army Omar Bradley.[8]

text: Nine Americans have been promoted to five-star rank, one of them, Henry H. Arnold, in two services (US Army then later in the US Air Force). As part of the bicentennial celebration, George Washington was, 177 years after his death, permanently made senior to all other US generals/admirals, with the title General of the Armies, effective on 4 July 1976. The appointment stated he was to have "rank and precedence over all other grades of the Army, past or present".[nb 3]

text: During World War II and (later) serving NATO, a small number of American five-star commanders have also held the additional title of Supreme Allied Commander, given operational control over all air, land, and sea units led by the four-star commanders of multi-national forces.

text:
Fleet admiral collar device, sleeve stripes and shoulder board

General of the Army shoulder strap

General of the Army shoulder epaulet

General of the Air Force shoulder epaulet


document_title: List of ministries, agencies and commissions in Akwa Ibom State

question_text: who is the commissioner of education in akwa ibom state

text: This is a list of the government ministries of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Each ministry is headed by the Commissioner, assisted by a Permanent Secretary.[1][2][3]

text: List of ministries and their commissioners[edit]

text:
MINISTRIES
COMMISSIONERS

Min. Of Culture and Tourism
Hon. Victor Antai

Ministry of Justice, Attorney General
Barr. Uwemdimo Thomas Nwoko

Min. of Finance
Mr.Linus Nkan

Min. of Agricultural Resources
Dr Umoinyang

Ministry of Works
Mr. Ephraim Akparawa Inyangeyen

Ministry of Transport and Petroleum
Orman Esin

Ministry of Education
Hon.Paul Udoufia

Ministry of Health
Dr. Dominic Ukpong

Min. of Lands/Town Planning
Arc Ime Ekpo

Min. of Urban Renewal And Special Duties
Mr. Akan Okon

Min. of Environment and Mineral Resources
Dr. Iniobong Ene Essien

Min. of Information and Strategy
Hon.Charles Udo

Min. of Local Govt. and Chieftaincy Affairs
Hon.Udo Ekpenyong

Min. of Investment and Commerce
Prof. Eno Ikpe

Min. of Rural Development
Rt. Hon. (Barr.) Ekong Sampson

Min. of Economic Planning/Development and Manpower
Idorenyin Sunday Udo

Min. of Science and Technology
Dr. (Mrs.) Elizabeth Donald Obot

Min. of Women Affairs and Social Welfare
Dr. Glory Emmanuel Edet

Min. of Youths and Sports
Sir Monday Ebong Uko

Bureau of Labour, Productivity and Manpower planning
Mr. Enyina Ekpenyong

Bureau of Political & Legislative Affairs
Rt. Hon Anietie Sunday Etuk

Special Adviser
Barr. Ekong Sampson

Special Adviser
Mrs Ekemini Umoh

tag: table


document_title: The Texas Chain Saw Massacre

question_text: where did the texas chainsaw massacre story come from

text: The Texas Chain Saw Massacre

text: Plot

text: Sally Hardesty (Marilyn Burns) and her paraplegic brother, Franklin (Paul A. Partain), travel with three friends, Jerry (Allen Danziger), Kirk (William Vail), and Pam (Teri McMinn), to visit the grave of the Hardestys' grandfather to investigate reports of vandalism and grave robbing. Afterwards, they decide to visit the old Hardesty family homestead. Along the way, they pick up a hitchhiker (Edwin Neal) who talks about his family who worked at the old slaughterhouse. He borrows Franklin's pocket-knife and cuts himself, then takes a Polaroid picture of the others and demands money for it. When they refuse to pay, he burns the photo and slashes Franklin's arm with a straight razor. The group forces him out of the van and drive on. They stop at a gas station to refuel, but the proprietor (Jim Siedow) tells them that the pumps are empty.

text: They continue toward the homestead, intending to return to the gas station once it has received a fuel delivery. When they arrive, Franklin tells Kirk and Pam about a local swimming-hole and the couple head off to find it. They find the swimming-hole dried up but hear a generator running in the distance. They stumble upon a nearby house. Kirk calls out, asking for gas, while Pam waits on a swing in the yard. After Kirk receives no answer, he enters through the unlocked door, whereupon Leatherface (Gunnar Hansen) appears and kills him with a hammer. Pam enters soon after and trips into a room filled with furniture made from human bones. She attempts to flee, but Leatherface catches her and impales her on a meathook, making her watch as he butchers Kirk with a chainsaw. Jerry heads out to look for Pam and Kirk at sunset. He finds the couple's blanket outside the nearby house. He investigates and finds Pam, still alive, inside a freezer. Before he can react, Leatherface kills him and stuffs Pam back into the freezer.

text: With darkness falling, Sally and Franklin set out to find their friends. As they near the neighboring house and call out, Leatherface lunges from the darkness and kills Franklin with a chainsaw. Sally runs toward the house and finds the desiccated remains of an elderly couple in an upstairs room. She escapes from Leatherface by jumping through a second-floor window and flees to the gas station. Leatherface disappears into the night. The proprietor calms her with offers of help but then ties her up, gags her and forces her into his truck. He drives to the house, arriving at the same time as the hitchhiker, now revealed as Leatherface's brother. When the pair bring Sally inside, the hitchhiker recognizes her and taunts her.

text: The men torment the bound and gagged Sally while Leatherface, now dressed as a woman, serves dinner. Leatherface and the hitchhiker bring Grandpa (John Dugan), one of the desiccated bodies seen earlier, down from upstairs. He is revealed to be alive when he sucks blood from a cut in Sally's finger. During the night, they decide that Grandpa, the best killer in the old slaughterhouse, should kill Sally. He tries to hit her with a hammer but is too weak. In the ensuing confusion, she breaks free, leaps through a window, and flees to the road. Leatherface and the hitchhiker give chase, but the latter is run over and killed by a passing semi-trailer truck. Armed with his chainsaw, Leatherface attacks the truck when the driver stops to help; the driver knocks down Leatherface with a pipe wrench, causing the chainsaw to cut his leg. The driver flees, and Sally escapes in the back of a passing pickup truck as Leatherface dances maniacally in the road with his chainsaw.

text: Production

text: Development

text: The concept for The Texas Chain Saw Massacre arose in the early 1970s while Tobe Hooper was working as an assistant film director at the University of Texas at Austin and as a documentary cameraman.[3] He had already developed a story involving the elements of isolation, the woods, and darkness.[4] He credited the graphic coverage of violence by San Antonio news outlets as one inspiration for the film[5] and based elements of the plot on serial killer Ed Gein in 1950s Wisconsin;[6] Gein inspired other horror films such as Psycho (1960) and The Silence of the Lambs (1991).[7][8][9][10] During development, Hooper used the working titles of Headcheese and Leatherface.[11][12]

text:
I definitely studied Gein... but I also noticed a murder case in Houston at the time, a serial murderer you probably remember named Elmer Wayne Henley. He was a young man who recruited victims for an older homosexual man. I saw some news report where Elmer Wayne... said, "I did these crimes, and I'm gonna stand up and take it like a man." Well, that struck me as interesting, that he had this conventional morality at that point. He wanted it known that, now that he was caught, he would do the right thing. So this kind of moral schizophrenia is something I tried to build into the characters.

— Kim Henkel[13][14]

tag: div

text: Hooper has cited changes in the cultural and political landscape as central influences on the film. His intentional misinformation, that the "film you are about to see is true", was a response to being "lied to by the government about things that were going on all over the world", including Watergate, the 1973 oil crisis, and "the massacres and atrocities in the Vietnam War".[5] The "lack of sentimentality and the brutality of things" that Hooper noticed while watching the local news, whose graphic coverage was epitomized by "showing brains spilled all over the road", led to his belief that "man was the real monster here, just wearing a different face, so I put a literal mask on the monster in my film".[8] The idea of using a chainsaw as the murder weapon came to Hooper while he was in the hardware section of a busy store, contemplating how to speed his way through the crowd.[9]

text: Hooper and Kim Henkel cowrote the screenplay and formed Vortex, Inc.[15] with Henkel as president and Hooper as vice president.[16] They asked Bill Parsley, a friend of Hooper, to provide funding. Parsley formed a company named MAB, Inc. through which he invested $60,000 in the production. In return, MAB owned 50% of the film and its profits.[17] Production manager Ron Bozman told most of the cast and crew that he would have to defer part of their salaries until after it was sold to a distributor. Vortex made the idea more attractive by awarding them a share of its potential profits, ranging from 0.25 to 6%, similar to mortgage points. The cast and crew were not informed that Vortex owned only 50%, which meant their points were worth half of the assumed value.[16][18]

text: Casting

text: Many of the cast members at the time were relatively unknown actors—Texans who had played roles in commercials, television, and stage shows, as well as performers whom Hooper knew personally, such as Allen Danziger and Jim Siedow.[19][20][21] Involvement in the film propelled some of them into the motion picture industry. The lead role of Sally was given to Marilyn Burns, who had appeared previously on stage and served on the film commission board at UT Austin while studying there.[20] Teri McMinn was a student who worked with local theater companies, including the Dallas Theater Center.[20] Henkel called McMinn to come in for a reading after he spotted her picture in the Austin American-Statesman.[22] For her last call-back he requested that she wear short shorts, which proved to be the most comfortable of all the cast members' costumes.[20]

text: Icelandic-American actor Gunnar Hansen was selected for the role of Leatherface.[23] He regarded Leatherface as being mentally retarded and having never learned to speak properly. To research his character in preparation for his role, Hansen visited a special needs school and watched how the students moved and spoke.[9][24] John Larroquette performed the narration in the opening credits.[25]

text: Filming

text: The primary filming location was an early 1900s farmhouse located on Quick Hill Road near Round Rock, Texas, where the La Frontera development is now located.[26] The small budget and concerns over high-cost equipment rentals meant the crew filmed seven days a week, up to 16 hours a day. The environment was humid[18][27] and the cast and crew found conditions tough; temperatures peaked at 110°F (43 °C) on July 26.[28] Hansen later recalled, "It was 95, 100 degrees every day during filming. They wouldn't wash my costume because they were worried that the laundry might lose it, or that it would change color. They didn't have enough money for a second costume. So I wore that [mask] 12 to 16 hours a day, seven days a week, for a month."[29]

text: The Texas Chain Saw Massacre was mainly shot using an Eclair NPR 16mm camera[11][30] with fine-grain, low-speed film that required four times more light than modern digital cameras.[31] Most of the filming took place in the farmhouse, which was filled with furniture constructed from animal bones and a latex material used as upholstery to give the appearance of human skin.[32] The house was not cooled, and there was little ventilation. The crew covered its walls with drops of animal blood obtained from a local slaughterhouse.[5] Art director Robert A. Burns drove around the countryside and collected the remains of cattle and other animals in various stages of decomposition, with which he littered the floors of the house.[32]

text: The special effects were simple and limited by the budget.[33] The on-screen blood was real in some cases,[34] such as the scene in which Leatherface feeds "Grandpa". The crew had difficulty getting the stage blood to come out of its tube, so instead Burns's index finger was cut with a razor.[35] Burns's costume was so drenched with stage blood that it was "virtually solid" by the last day of shooting.[20] The scene in which Leatherface decapitates Kirk with a chainsaw worried actor William Vail (Kirk). After telling Vail to stay still lest he really be killed, Hansen brought the running chainsaw to within 3 inches (8 cm) of Vail's face.[30] A real hammer was used for the climactic scene at the end, with some takes also featuring a mock-up. However, the actor playing Grandpa was aiming for the floor rather than his victim's head.[36] Still, the shoot was somewhat dangerous, with Hooper noting at the wrap party that all cast members had obtained some level of injury. He stated that "everyone hated me by the end of the production" and that "it just took years for them to kind of cool off."[36][37]

text: Post-production

text: The production exceeded its original $60,000 budget during editing.[38] Sources differ on the film's final cost, offering figures between $93,000 and $300,000.[23][39][40][41] A film production group, Pie in the Sky, provided $23,532 in exchange for 19% of Vortex.[42] This left Henkel, Hooper and the rest of the cast and crew with a 40.5% stake.[16] Warren Skaaren, then head of the Texas Film Commission, helped secure the distribution deal with Bryanston Pictures.[17] David Foster, producer of the 1982 horror film The Thing, arranged for a private screening for some of Bryanston Pictures' West Coast executives, and received 1.5% of Vortex's profits and a deferred fee of $500.[16]

text: On August 28, 1974, Louis Peraino of Bryanston agreed to distribute the film worldwide, from which Bozman and Skaaren would receive $225,000 and 35% of the profits. Years later Bozman stated, "We made a deal with the devil, [sigh], and I guess that, in a way, we got what we deserved."[16] They signed the contract with Bryanston and, after the investors recouped their money (with interest),—and after Skaaren, the lawyers, and the accountants were paid—only $8,100 was left to be divided among the 20 cast and crew members.[16] Eventually the producers sued Bryanston for failing to pay them their full percentage of the box office profits. A court judgment instructed Bryanston to pay the filmmakers $500,000, but by then the company had declared bankruptcy. In 1983 New Line Cinema acquired the distribution rights from Bryanston and gave the producers a larger share of the profits.[43]

text: Release

text: The Texas Chain Saw Massacre premiered in Austin, Texas on October 1, 1974, almost a year after filming concluded. It screened nationally in the United States as a Saturday afternoon matinée and its false marketing as a "true story" helped it attract a broad audience.[44][45] For eight years after 1976, it was annually reissued to first-run theaters, promoted by full-page ads.[46] The film eventually grossed more than $30 million in the United States and Canada[47] ($14.4 million in rentals), making it the 12th highest-grossing film initially released in 1974, despite its minuscule budget.[48] Among independent films, it was overtaken in 1978 by John Carpenter's Halloween, which grossed $47 million.[49]

text:
The film which you are about to see is an account of the tragedy which befell a group of five youths, in particular Sally Hardesty and her invalid brother, Franklin. [...]

— The opening crawl falsely suggests that the film is based on true events, a conceit that contributed to its success.

text: Hooper reportedly hoped that the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) would give the complete, uncut release print a "PG" rating due to its minimal amount of visible gore.[50][51][52] Instead, it was originally rated "X". After several minutes were cut, it was resubmitted to the MPAA and received an "R" rating. A distributor apparently restored the offending material, and at least one theater presented the full version under an "R".[53] In San Francisco, cinema-goers walked out of theaters in disgust[54] and, in February 1976, two theaters in Ottawa, Canada, were advised by local police to withdraw the film lest they face morality charges.[55]

text: After its initial British release, including a one-year theatrical run in London,[56] The Texas Chain Saw Massacre was initially banned on the advice of British Board of Film Censors (BBFC) Secretary Stephen Murphy, and subsequently by his successor, James Ferman.[57][58] While the British ban was in force the word "chainsaw" itself was barred from movie titles, forcing imitators to rename their films.[59] In 1998, despite the BBFC ban, Camden London Borough Council granted the film a license.[60] The following year the BBFC passed The Texas Chain Saw Massacre for release with an 18 certificate (indicating that it should not be seen or purchased by a person under 18),[61] and it was broadcast a year later on Channel 4.[62][63]

text: The Australian censors refused to classify the 83-minute version of the film in June 1975;[64] the board similarly refused classification of a 77-minute print in December that year.[65] In 1981, an 83-minute version submitted by Greater Union Organization Film Distributors was again refused registration.[66] It was later submitted by Filmways Australia and approved for an "R" rating in 1984.[67][68] It was banned for periods in many other countries, including Brazil, Chile, Finland, France, Iceland, Ireland, Norway, Singapore, Sweden and West Germany.[69][70][71]

text: Reception

text: Critical response

text: The Texas Chain Saw Massacre received a mixed reaction upon its initial release. Linda Gross of the Los Angeles Times called it "despicable" and described Henkel and Hooper as more concerned with creating a realistic atmosphere than with its "plastic script".[72] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times said it was "as violent and gruesome and blood-soaked as the title promises", yet praised its acting and technical execution.[73][74] Patrick Taggart of the Austin American-Statesman hailed it as the most important horror film since George A. Romero's Night of the Living Dead (1968).[75] Variety found the picture to be well-made, despite what it called the "heavy doses of gore".[76] John McCarty of Cinefantastique stated that the house featured in the film made the Bates motel "look positively pleasant by comparison".[77] Revisiting the film in his 1976 article "Fashions in Pornography" for Harper's Magazine, Stephen Koch found its sadistic violence to be extreme and unimaginative.[78]

text:
Horror and exploitation films almost always turn a profit if they're brought in at the right price. So they provide a good starting place for ambitious would-be filmmakers who can't get more conventional projects off the ground. The Texas Chainsaw Massacre belongs in a select company (with Night of the Living Dead and Last House on the Left) of films that are really a lot better than the genre requires. Not, however, that you'd necessarily enjoy seeing it.

— Roger Ebert, writing for the Chicago Sun-Times[73]

text: Critics later frequently praised both the film's aesthetic quality and its power. Observing that it managed to be "horrifying without being a bloodbath (you'll see more gore in a Steven Seagal film)", Bruce Westbrook of the Houston Chronicle called it "a backwoods masterpiece of fear and loathing".[79] TV Guide thought it was "intelligent" in its "bloodless depiction of violence",[80] while Anton Bitel felt the fact that it was banned in the United Kingdom was a tribute to its artistry. He pointed out how the quiet sense of foreboding at the beginning of the film grows, until the viewer experiences "a punishing assault on the senses".[81] In Hick Flicks: The Rise and Fall of Redneck Cinema, Scott Von Doviak commended its effective use of daylight shots, unusual among horror films, such as the sight of a corpse draped over a tombstone in the opening sequence.[82] Mike Emery of The Austin Chronicle praised the film's "subtle touches"—such as radio broadcasts heard in the background describing grisly murders around Texas—and said that what made it so dreadful was that it never strayed too far from potential reality.[83]

text: It has often been described as one of the scariest films of all time.[84] Rex Reed called it the most terrifying film he had ever seen.[85] Empire described it as "the most purely horrifying horror movie ever made" and called it "never less than totally committed to scaring you witless".[86] Reminiscing about his first viewing of the film, horror director Wes Craven recalled wondering "what kind of Mansonite crazoid" could have created such a thing.[87] It is a work of "cataclysmic terror", in the words of horror novelist Stephen King, who declared, "I would happily testify to its redeeming social merit in any court in the country."[88] Critic Robin Wood found it one of the few horror films to possess "the authentic quality of nightmare".[89] Based on 56 reviews published since 2000, the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 88% of critics gave it a positive review, with an average score of 7.9 out of 10.[90]

text: Cultural impact

text: The Texas Chain Saw Massacre is considered one of the greatest—and most controversial—of horror films,[91][92] and a major influence on the genre.[41][93] In 1999 Richard Zoglin of Time commented that it had "set a new standard for slasher films".[94] The Times listed it as one of the 50 most controversial films of all time.[95] Tony Magistrale believes the film paved the way for horror to be used as a vehicle for social commentary.[96] Describing it as "cheap, grubby and out of control", Mark Olsen of the Los Angeles Times declared that it "both defines and entirely supersedes the very notion of the exploitation picture".[97] In his book Dark Romance: Sexuality in the Horror Film, David Hogan called it "the most affecting gore thriller of all and, in a broader view, among the most effective horror films ever made ... the driving force of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre is something far more horrible than aberrant sexuality: total insanity."[98][99] According to Bill Nichols, it "achieves the force of authentic art, profoundly disturbing, intensely personal, yet at the same time far more than personal".[100] Leonard Wolf praised the film as "...an exquisite work of art" and compared it to a Greek tragedy, noting the lack of onscreen violence.[101]

text: Leatherface has gained a reputation as a significant character in the horror genre,[102][103] responsible for establishing the use of conventional tools as murder weapons and the image of a large, silent killer devoid of personality.[104][105] Christopher Null of Filmcritic.com said, "In our collective consciousness, Leatherface and his chainsaw have become as iconic as Freddy and his razors or Jason and his hockey mask."[106] Don Sumner called The Texas Chain Saw Massacre a classic that not only introduced a new villain to the horror pantheon but also influenced an entire generation of filmmakers.[107] According to Rebecca Ascher-Walsh of Entertainment Weekly, it laid the foundations for future horror franchises such as Halloween, The Evil Dead, and The Blair Witch Project.[108] Ridley Scott cited it as an inspiration for his 1979 film Alien.[109][110] French director Alexandre Aja credited it as an early influence on his career.[111] Horror filmmaker and heavy metal musician Rob Zombie sees it as a major influence on his art, most notably his 2003 film House of 1000 Corpses.[112]

text: The Texas Chain Saw Massacre was selected for the 1975 Cannes Film Festival Directors' Fortnight[56] and London Film Festival.[48] In 1976, it won the Special Jury Prize at the Avoriaz Fantastic Film Festival in France.[113] Entertainment Weekly ranked the film sixth on its 2003 list of "The Top 50 Cult Films".[114] In a 2005 Total Film poll, it was selected as the greatest horror film of all time.[91][115] It was named among Time's top 25 horror films in 2007.[116] In 2008 the film ranked number 199 on Empire magazine's list of "The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time".[117] Empire also ranked it 46th in its list of the 50 greatest independent films.[118] In a 2010 Total Film poll, it was again selected as the greatest horror film; the judging panel included veteran horror directors such as John Carpenter, Wes Craven, and George A. Romero.[119] In 2010, as well, The Guardian ranked it number 14 on its list of the top 25 horror films.[120] The Texas Chain Saw Massacre was inducted into the Horror Hall of Fame in 1990, with director Hooper accepting the award,[121] and it is part of the permanent collection of New York City's Museum of Modern Art.[41] In 2012, the film was named by critics in the British Film Institute's Sight & Sound magazine as one of the 250 greatest films.[122]

text: Themes and analysis

text: The underlying themes of the film have been the subject of extensive critical discussion; critics and scholars have interpreted it as a paradigmatic exploitation film in which female protagonists are subjected to brutal, sadistic violence.[123][124] Stephen Prince comments that the horror is "born of the torment of the young woman subjected to imprisonment and abuse amid decaying arms... and mobiles made of human bones and teeth."[125] As with many horror films, it focuses on the "final girl" trope—the heroine and inevitable lone survivor who somehow escapes the horror that befalls the other characters:[126][127] Sally Hardesty is wounded and tortured, yet manages to survive with the help of a male truck driver.[128] Critics argue that even in exploitation films in which the ratio of male and female deaths is roughly equal, the images that linger will be of the violence committed against the female characters.[126][129][130] The specific case of The Texas Chain Saw Massacre provides support for this argument: three men are killed in quick fashion, but one woman is brutally slaughtered—hung on a meathook—and the surviving woman endures physical and mental torture.[131] In 1977, critic Mary Mackey described the meathook scene as probably the most brutal onscreen female death in any commercially distributed film.[132] She placed it in a lineage of violent films that depict women as weak and incapable of protecting themselves.[132]

text: In one study, a group of men were shown five films depicting differing levels of violence against women.[133] On first viewing The Texas Chain Saw Massacre they experienced symptoms of depression and anxiety; however, upon subsequent viewing they found the violence against women less offensive and more enjoyable.[131] Another study, investigating gender-specific perceptions of slasher films, involved 30 male and 30 female university students.[134] One male participant described the screaming, especially Sally's, as the "most freaky thing" in the film.[134]

text: According to Jesse Stommel of Bright Lights Film Journal, the lack of explicit violence in the film forces viewers to question their own fascination with violence that they play a central role in imagining.[135] Nonetheless—citing its feverish camera moves, repeated bursts of light, and auditory pandemonium—Stommel asserts that it involves the audience primarily on a sensory rather than an intellectual level.[135]

text:
Hooper's apocalyptic landscape is... a desert wasteland of dissolution where once vibrant myth is desiccated. The ideas and iconography of Cooper, Bret Harte and Francis Parkman are now transmogrified into yards of dying cattle, abandoned gasoline stations, defiled graveyards, crumbling mansions, and a ramshackle farmhouse of psychotic killers. The Texas Chainsaw Massacre [is]... recognizable as a statement about the dead end of American experience.

— Christopher Sharrett[136]

text: Critic Christopher Sharrett argues that since Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho (1960) and The Birds (1963), the American horror film has been defined by the questions it poses "about the fundamental validity of the American civilizing process",[137] concerns amplified during the 1970s by the "delegitimation of authority in the wake of Vietnam and Watergate".[138] "If Psycho began an exploration of a new sense of absurdity in contemporary life, of the collapse of causality and the diseased underbelly of American Gothic", he writes, The Texas Chain Saw Massacre "carries this exploration to a logical conclusion, addressing many of the issues of Hitchcock's film while refusing comforting closure".[139]

text: Robin Wood characterizes Leatherface and his family as victims of industrial capitalism, their jobs as slaughterhouse workers having been rendered obsolete by technological advances.[140] He states that the picture "brings to focus a spirit of negativity... that seems to lie not far below the surface of the modern collective consciousness".[141] Naomi Merritt explores the film's representation of "cannibalistic capitalism" in relation to Georges Bataille's theory of taboo and transgression.[142] She elaborates on Wood's analysis, stating that the Sawyer family's values "reflect, or correspond to, established and interdependent American institutions... but their embodiment of these social units is perverted and transgressive."[143]

text: In Kim Newman's view, Hooper's presentation of the Sawyer family during the dinner scene parodies a typical American sitcom family: the gas station owner is the bread-winning father figure; the killer Leatherface is depicted as a bourgeois housewife; the hitchhiker acts as the rebellious teenager.[144] Isabel Cristina Pinedo, author of Recreational Terror: Women and the Pleasures of Horror Film Viewing, states, "The horror genre must keep terror and comedy in tension if it is to successfully tread the thin line that separates it from terrorism and parody ... this delicate balance is struck in The Texas Chainsaw Massacre in which the decaying corpse of Grandpa not only incorporates horrific and humorous effects, but actually uses one to exacerbate the other."[145]

text: The Texas Chain Saw Massacre has also been described as "the ultimate pro-vegetarian film" due to its animal rights themes. In a video essay, film critic Rob Ager describes the irony in humans being slaughtered for meat, putting humans in the position of being slaughtered like farm animals. Director Tobe Hooper gave up meat while making the film, and said "In a way I thought the heart of the film was about meat; it’s about the chain of life and killing sentient beings."[146][147]

text: Post-release

text: The Texas Chain Saw Massacre has appeared on various home video formats. In the US, it was first released on videotape and CED in the early 1980s by Wizard Video and Vestron Video.[148][149] The British Board of Film Classification had long since refused a certification for the uncut theatrical version and in 1984 they also refused to certify it for home video, amid a moral panic surrounding "video nasties".[150] After the retirement of BBFC Director James Ferman in 1999, the board passed the film uncut for theatrical and video distribution with an 18 certificate, almost 25 years after the original release.[151] The Texas Chain Saw Massacre was initially released on DVD in October 1998 in the United States,[152] May 2000 in the United Kingdom[153] and 2001 in Australia.

text: In 2005 the film received a 2K scan and full restoration from the original 16mm A/B rolls,[154] which was subsequently released on DVD and Blu-ray. In 2014 an additional, even more extensive 4K restoration, using the original 16mm A/B reversal rolls, was carried out.[155] After a screening in the Directors' Fortnight section of the 2014 Cannes Film Festival,[156] this was also released on DVD and Blu-ray worldwide. Dark Sky Films' US 40th Anniversary Edition was nominated for Best DVD/BD Special Edition Release at the 2015 Saturn Awards.[157]

text: In 1982, shortly after The Texas Chain Saw Massacre established itself as a success on US home video, Wizard Video released a mass-market video game adaptation for the Atari 2600.[158] In the game, the player assumes the role of Leatherface and attempts to murder trespassers while avoiding obstacles such as fences and cow skulls.[158] As one of the first horror-themed video games, The Texas Chainsaw Massacre caused controversy when it was first released due to its violent nature; it sold poorly as a result, because many game stores refused to stock it.[159][160]

text: The film has been followed by seven other films to date, including sequels, prequels and remakes. The first sequel, The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 (1986), was considerably more graphic and violent than the original and was banned in Australia for 20 years before it was released on DVD in a revised special edition in October 2006.[161] Leatherface: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III (1990) was the second sequel to appear, though Hooper did not return to direct due to scheduling conflicts with another film, Spontaneous Combustion.[162] Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Next Generation, starring Renée Zellweger and Matthew McConaughey, was released in 1995. While briefly acknowledging the events of the preceding two sequels, its plot makes it a virtual remake of the 1974 original.[163] A straight remake, The Texas Chainsaw Massacre, was released by Platinum Dunes and New Line Cinema in 2003.[164] It was followed by a prequel, The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning, in 2006. A seventh film, Texas Chainsaw 3D, was released on January 4, 2013.[164] It is a direct sequel to the original 1974 film, with no relation to the 2003 or 2006 films.[165][166] The 2017 prequel, Leatherface will be released exclusively to DirecTV on September 21, 2017, before receiving a wider release on Video on demand and in limited theaters, simultaneously, in North America on October 20, 2017.

text: The Academy Film Archive houses the Texas Chain Saw Massacre collection, which contains over 50 items in a collection representing many original elements of the film.[167]

text: Notes

text: Jump up ^ While the original theatrical release poster and many references to the film render its title as The Texas Chainsaw Massacre, the official spelling is The Texas Chain Saw Massacre, per the film's opening credits. This is also the title under which the film is registered with the U.S. Copyright Office.[2]

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