document_title: Woodwind section

question_text: where does the bassoon sit in the orchestra

text: Woodwind section

text: Orchestra[edit]

text: The woodwind section of the late 19th-century symphony orchestra (for instance, in compositions by Wagner, Brahms, Bruckner, Tchaikovsky, and Richard Strauss) typically includes: flutes (sometimes with one doubling piccolo)[vague], oboes[vague] (sometimes with one doubling cor anglais), clarinets[vague] (sometimes with one doubling bass clarinet and/or another doubling E-flat clarinet), bassoons[vague] (sometimes with one doubling contrabassoon).[1] The section might also on occasion be supplemented with saxophones.[1] In the early part of the 20th century the woodwinds (as well as other sections) were often considerably expanded. For example, Mahler in his Symphony No. 8 (1910) employs 2 piccolos, 4 flutes, 4 oboes, cor anglais, 2 E-flat clarinets, 3 B-flat clarinets, bass clarinet, 4 bassoons, and contrabassoon.[1] After World War I, the number of instruments was often reduced, approaching the size of a chamber orchestra, with individual instrument combinations differing for each composition. The change can be illustrated by comparing two works by Stravinsky: The Rite of Spring (1911–1913) with a large woodwinds section similar to the above and his Histoire du soldat (1918), which only utilizes one clarinet and one bassoon.[1]

text: The woodwind section of the orchestra today, at a minimum consists of:

text:
Two flutes
Two oboes
Two clarinets
Two bassoons

text: For early classical music, the clarinets and/or flutes may be omitted. The principal oboist is traditionally the section leader. The evolution of this section can be seen over Mozart's Symphonies. His earlier symphonies required only the oboes, while his later symphonies required the entire above listing. When emulating the classical style, Sergei Prokofiev used the above combination in his First Symphony.

text: The woodwind section of the orchestra may also include:

text:
Piccolo (often played by the second or third flute)
Alto flute (often played by a flute player)
Bass flute (often played by a flute player)
Oboe d'amore (usually played by an oboist)
Cor anglais or English horn (sometimes played by an oboist but commonly by a specialist cor anglais player)
Bass oboe or Heckelphone (usually played by an oboist)
E-flat clarinet (often played by a clarinet player)
Basset horn (often played by a clarinet player)
Bass clarinet (often played by a clarinet player)
Contrabassoon or double bassoon (often played by a bassoon player)
Soprano saxophone
Alto saxophone
Tenor saxophone
Baritone saxophone

text: Concert band[edit]

text: The woodwind section of the concert band is generally much larger than the woodwind section of the orchestra. Also, the concert band generally has a larger variety of woodwind instruments than the orchestra.

text: The woodwind section of the concert band commonly contains, in normal score order[citation needed]:

text:
Piccolo(s)
Flutes
Oboes
Bassoons
B♭ clarinets
Bass clarinet(s)
Alto saxophones
Tenor saxophone(s)
Baritone saxophone(s)

text: Other woodwinds that are used in the concert band, but not as frequently as the ones listed above, in normal score order[citation needed]:

text:
Cor anglais (usually played by an oboist)
Contrabassoon (usually played by a bassoonist)
E♭ clarinet (usually played by a B♭ clarinetist)
Alto clarinet (usually played by a B♭ clarinetist)
Contra-alto clarinet or contrabass clarinet (usually played by a bass clarinetist)
Soprano saxophone (usually played by the principle alto saxophonist)

text: Woodwinds that are sometimes, but very rarely, used in the concert band:

text:
Alto flute
Bass flute
Basset horn
Bass saxophone

text: Woodwind choir[edit]

text: A woodwind choir, also called woodwind orchestra, or woodwind ensemble is a performing ensemble consisting exclusively of members of the woodwind family of instruments. It typically includes flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons and saxophones, all of varying sizes. The woodwind orchestra has a small repertoire of original music written especially for the ensemble and arrangements of orchestral compositions, light music, and popular tunes.

text: Twisted Skyscape, a recording of the woodwind choir was made with the Czech Philharmonic Wind Ensemble, conducted by Shea Lolin in 2014.[full citation needed]

text: History of the woodwind choir[edit]

text: Civic wind groups in the United Kingdom can be traced back to medieval times. The father of English literature Geoffrey Chaucer wrote in his poem House of Fame:

text: "Then I saw standing behind them, far away and all by themselves, many scores of thousands, who made loud minstrelsy with bagpipes and shawms and many other kinds of pipes, and skilfully played both them of clear and them of reedy sound, such as be played at feasts with the roast-meat, and many a flute and lilting-horn and pipes make of green stalks, such as these little shepherd-lads have who watch over beasts in the broom."

text: Wind music flourished in the courts of Europe. Henry VIII celebrated his coronation in 1509, which included three days of entertainment, with performances from several wind groups. In 1749 Handel's Music for the Royal Fireworks was performed as a piece for winds after King George II ordered Handel to remove the string parts.[citation needed]

text: Harmoniemusik played an equally important role in the eighteenth century for open-air and important social occasions. Together with the string quartet, the ensemble and genre most typifies the Classical era. In 1782, Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, founded his Imperial Wind Ensemble in Vienna. Harmoniemusik had an important influence on the development of the symphony orchestra. Mozart and Beethoven became more daring in the way they wrote for the wind sections in their symphonic works. Anton Reicha and Franz Danzi were two pioneering composers of the wind quintet but by the end of the nineteenth century, interest in this ensemble began to fade.[citation needed]

text: It was around this time that the concert band became an important vehicle for composers to advertise their operas and orchestral works. Rossini, Liszt and Wagner appointed bandmasters to arrange their works to be performed to the masses at bandstand events. Holst, Vaughan Williams and Grainger began writing original works for the concert band at the turn of the twentieth century. These works were the seeds which grew into the now extensive body of repertoire which exists for the medium. Further into the twentieth century came a renewed interest in the wind quintet. Many leading contemporary composers have produced wind quintets which have become standard chamber repertoire.[citation needed]

text: Much has been done to promote wind music through organisations, institutions, music retailers and passionate individuals but this would fall largely into the concert band genre. Indeed it is the development of the concert band which procured an environment whereby music for the woodwind section was required.[citation needed]

text: Original music for woodwind choir[edit]

text:
Ernest Bloch (1880–1959) Prelude and March (for woodwind choir)
Alan Bullard (born 1947) Journey Through Time (2010)
Gary Carpenter Pantomime (2005)
Martin Ellerby (born 1957) Sinfonia Aqua (2015)
Adam Gorb (born 1958) Battle Symphony, Op.26 (1997)
Adam Gorb (born 1958) Suite for Winds (1995)
Patrick Glenn Harper (born 1977) Excursion for Woodwind Ensemble (2006)
Christopher Hussey (born 1974) Dreamtide (2012)
Christopher Hussey (born 1974) Twisted Skyscape (2008)
Shea Lolin (born 1983) Lux Aeterna (2014)
Hamilton G. McLean Promenade for Woodwind Choir
Philip Sparke (born 1951) Overture for Woodwinds (1999)
Josef Tal (1910-2008) Wind Quintet (1966)
Jeffery Wilson (born 1957) Postcards: Play, Sing, Dance (2012)
Ruth Young The Zoo Keeper (2006)


document_title: Languages of Thailand

question_text: what is the official language spoken in thailand

root

text: Languages of Thailand

text: Thai[edit]

text: The official language of Thailand is Thai, a Siamese language closely related to Lao, Shan in Burma, and numerous smaller languages of southern China and northern Vietnam. It is the principal language of education and government and is spoken throughout the country. The standard is written in the Thai alphabet, an abugida that evolved from the Khmer script.

tag: p

text: Several other Tai languages exist: Southern Thai is spoken in the southern provinces, and Lanna is spoken in the provinces that were formerly part of the independent kingdom of Lanna.

text: Minority languages[edit]

text: Thailand is also host to several minority languages. The largest minority language is Lao,[3] a dialect of Isan spoken in the northeastern provinces. The region in where it is traditionally spoken was historically part of the Lao kingdom of Lan Xang.

text: In the far south, Yawi, a dialect of Malay, is the primary language of the Malay Muslims. Varieties of Chinese are also spoken by the large Thai Chinese population, with the Teochew dialect being best represented.

text: Tribal languages[edit]

text: Numerous tribal languages are also spoken, including those belonging to:

text:
The Mon–Khmer family, such as Mon, Khmer, Mlabri, Lawa and Orang Asli.
The Austronesian family, such as Urak Lawoi' and Moken.
The Sino-Tibetan family such as Akhan, and Karen.
Other Tai languages such as Nyaw, Phu Thai, Yoy and Saek.
Hmong is a member of the Hmong–Mien languages, which is now regarded as a language family of its own.

tag: ul

text: Sign language[edit]

text: Several village sign languages are reported among the hill tribes, though it is not clear whether these are independent languages, as only Ban Khor Sign Language has been described. Two related deaf-community sign languages developed in Chiangmai and Bangkok; the national Thai Sign Language developed from these under the influence of American Sign Language.

text: English is a mandatory school subject, but the number of fluent speakers remains very low, especially outside the cities.

text: Most widely spoken language[edit]

text: The following table shows official first languages in Thailand with equal to or more than 400,000 speakers according to the Royal Thai Government's 2011 Country Report to the Committee Responsible for the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination,[1] mainly using the Ethnolinguistic Maps of Thailand data.[2]

text: Official first languages of Thailand with equal to or more than 400,000 speakers[1][not in citation given]

text:
Language
Speakers
Language Family

Central Thai
20.0 million
Tai-Kadai

Lao
15.2 million
Tai-Kadai

Kham Muang (Northern Thai)
6.0 million
Tai-Kadai

Pak Tai (Southern Thai)
4.5 million
Tai-Kadai

Northern Khmer
1.4 million
Austroasiatic

Yawi
1.4 million
Austronesian

Ngaw
0.5 million
Tai-Kadai

Phu Thai
0.5 million
Tai-Kadai

Karen
0.4 million
Sino-Tibetan

Kuy
0.4 million
Austroasiatic

tag: table

text: Languages in Thailand with more than 1 million speakers according to Ethnologue

text:
Language
Code
Speakers
Language Family

Central Thai
mbf
60 million
Tai-Kadai

Isan
tts
23 million
Tai-Kadai

Northern Thai
nod
6 million
Tai-Kadai

Southern Thai
sou
4.5 million
Tai-Kadai

Northern Khmer
kxm
1.4 million
Austroasiatic

Yawi
mfa
1 million
Austronesian

text: The following table employs 2000 census data. Caution should be exercised with Thai census data on first language. In Thai censuses, the four largest Tai-Kadai languages of Thailand (in order, Central Thai, Isan (majority Lao),[3] Kam Mueang, Pak Tai) are not provided as options for language or ethnic group. People stating such a language as a first language, including Lao, are allocated to 'Thai'.[4] This explains the disparity between the two tables. For instance, self-reporting as Lao has been prohibited, due to the prohibition of the Lao ethnonym in the context of describing Thai citizens, for approximately one hundred years.[5][6] This was due to the promotion of a 'Thai' national identity to cement Siamese claims over the Lao city-states of what is now Northern and Northeast Thailand following the 1893 Franco Siamese War and subsequent threat posed by French Indochina to Lao tributary states of Siam. The birth of a homogenizing Thai ethnocentric national identity sufficient to begin transforming Siam from an absolute monarchy into a modern nation-state was achieved by assimilating the Lao within this Thai 'identity', equivalent to what is now known as the Tai–Kadai_languages, under a 'Greater Thai Empire', and can be traced back to at least 1902.[7] This homogenization began affecting the Thai census from 1904 onwards. The 2011 Country Report data is therefore more comprehensive and better differentiates between the large Tai-Kadai languages of Thailand. As a country submission to a UN convention ratified by Thailand, it is also arguably more authoritative.

text:
Population of Thailand above the age of 5 by language (UN statistics 2000)[8]

Language
Language family
No. of speakers

Thai
Tai-Kadai
52,325,037

Khmer
Austroasiatic
1,291,024

Malay
Austronesian
1,202,911

Karen
Sino-Tibetan
317,968

Chinese
Sino-Tibetan
231,350

Miao
Hmong-Mien
112,686

Lahu
Sino-Tibetan
70,058

Burmese
Sino-Tibetan
67,061

Akha
Sino-Tibetan
54,241

English
Indo-European
48,202

Tai
Tai-Kadai
44,004

Japanese
Japonic
38,565

Lawa
Austroasiatic
31,583

Lisu
Sino-Tibetan
25,037

Vietnamese
Austroasiatic
24,476

Yao
Hmong-Mien
21,238

Khmu
Austroasiatic
6,246

Indian
Indo-European
5,598

Haw Yunnanese
Sino-Tibetan
3,247

Htin
Austroasiatic
2,317

Others
33,481

Unknown
325,134

Total:
56,281,538

text: Provincial language data[edit]

text:
Khmer speakers as a percentage of the total population in various provinces of Thailand

Province
Khmer % in 1990
Khmer % in 2000

Buriram[9]
0.3%
27.6%

Chanthaburi[10]
0.6%
1.6%

Maha Sarakham[11]
0.2%
0.3%

Roi Et[12]
0.4%
0.5%

Sa Kaew[13]
N/A
1.9%

Sisaket[14]
30.2%
26.2%

Surin[15]
63.4%
47.2%

Trat[16]
0.4%
2.1%

Ubon Ratchathani[17]
0.8%
0.3%


document_title: Impeachment

question_text: who can be dismissed in a process of impeachment

question_tokens: who can be dismissed in a process of impeachment

text: Impeachment

text: Etymology and history[edit]

text: The word "impeachment" derives from Old French empeechier from Latin impedicare expressing the idea of becoming caught or entrapped, and has analogues in the modern French verb empêcher (to prevent) and the modern English impede. Medieval popular etymology also associated it (wrongly) with derivations from the Latin impetere (to attack). (In its more frequent and more technical usage, impeachment of a witness means challenging the honesty or credibility of that person.)

text: Impeachment was first used in the British political system.[citation needed] Specifically, the process was first used by the English "Good Parliament" against Baron Latimer in the second half of the 14th century. Following the British example, the constitutions of Virginia (1776), Massachusetts (1780) and other states thereafter adopted the impeachment mechanism, but they restricted the punishment to removal of the official from office. As well, in private organizations, a motion to impeach can be used to prefer charges.[2]

text: In various jurisdictions[edit]

text: Austria[edit]

text: The Austrian Federal President can be impeached by the Federal Assembly (Bundesversammlung) before the Constitutional Court. The constitution also provides for the recall of the president by a referendum. Neither of these courses has ever been taken. This is likely because while the President is vested with considerable powers on paper, they act as a largely ceremonial figurehead in practice, and are thus hardly in a position to abuse their powers.

text: Brazil[edit]

text: The President of the Federative Republic of Brazil, state governors and municipal mayors may be impeached by the Chamber of Deputies and tried and removed by the Federal Senate. Upon conviction, the officeholder has his political rights revoked for eight years--which has the effect of barring him from running for any office.

text: Fernando Collor de Mello, the 32nd President of Brazil, resigned in 1992 amidst impeachment proceedings. Despite his resignation, the Senate nonetheless voted to convict him and bar him from holding any office for eight years, due to evidence of bribery and misappropriation.

text: In 2016, the Chamber of Deputies initiated an impeachment case against President Dilma Rousseff on allegations of budgetary mismanagement.[3] Following her conviction, she was replaced by Vice President Michel Temer, who had served as acting president while Rousseff's case was pending.[4]

text: Bulgaria[edit]

text: The President of Bulgaria can be removed only for high treason or violation of the constitution. The process is started by a two-thirds majority vote of the Parliament to impeach the President, whereupon the Constitutional Court decides whether the President is guilty of the crime of which he is charged. If he is found guilty, he is removed from power. No Bulgarian President has ever been impeached. The same procedure can be used to remove the Vice President of Bulgaria, which has also never happened.

text: Croatia[edit]

text: The process of impeaching the President of Croatia can be initiated by a two-thirds majority vote in favor in the Sabor and is thereafter referred to the Constitutional Court, which must accept such a proposal with a two-thirds majority vote in favor in order for the president to be removed from office. This has, however, never occurred in the history of the Republic of Croatia. However, in case of a successful impeachment motion a president's constitutional term of five years would be terminated and an election called within 60 days of the vacancy occurring. During the period of vacancy the presidential powers and duties would be carried out by the Speaker of the Croatian Parliament in his/her capacity as Acting President of the Republic.[5]

text: Czech Republic[edit]

text: The President of the Czech Republic could be impeached only for an act of high treason (which is not defined in the Constitution of the Czech Republic itself). The process has to start in the Senate of the Czech Republic which only has the right to impeach the president, this passes the case to the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic which has to decide whether the President is guilty or not. If the Court decides that the President is guilty then the President loses his office and the ability to be elected President of the Czech Republic ever again.[6] No Czech president has ever been impeached, though, members of the Senate sought to impeach President Vaclav Klaus in 2013.[7] This case was dismissed by the court reasoning that his mandate has expired.[8]

text:
In 2013 the constitution changed; now the process can be started by at least three-fifths of present senators and must be approved by at least
three-fifths of all members of Parliament. Also, the President can be impeached not only for high treason (newly defined in the Constitution) but also for a serious infringement of the Constitution.[9]

text: Germany[edit]

text: The Federal President of Germany can be impeached both by the Bundestag and by the Bundesrat for willfully violating Federal law. Once the Bundestag or the Bundesrat impeaches the president, the Federal Constitutional Court decides whether the President is guilty as charged and, if this is the case, whether to remove him or her from office. The Federal Constitutional Court also has the power to remove federal judges from office for willfully violating core principles of the federal constitution or a state constitution. The impeachment procedure is regulated in Article 61 of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany.

text: Hong Kong[edit]

text: The Chief Executive of Hong Kong can be impeached by the Legislative Council. A motion for investigation, initiated jointly by at least one-fourth of all the legislators charging the Chief Executive with "serious breach of law or dereliction of duty" and refusing to resign, shall first be passed by the Council. An independent investigation committee, chaired by the Chief Justice of the Court of Final Appeal, will then carry out the investigation and report back to the Council. If the Council find the evidence sufficient to substantiate the charges, it may pass a motion of impeachment by a two-thirds majority.[10]:Article 73(9)

text: However, the Legislative Council does not have the power actually to remove the Chief Executive from office, as the Chief Executive is appointed by the Central People's Government. The Council can only report the result to the Central People's Government for its decision.[10]:Article 45

text: India[edit]

text: The president, judges including chief justice of supreme court and high courts can be impeached by the parliament before the expiry of the term for violation of the Constitution. Other than impeachment, no other penalty can be given to a president in position for the violation of the Constitution under Article 361 of the constitution. However a president after his term/removal can be punished for his already proven unlawful activity under disrespecting constitution, etc[11] No president has faced impeachment proceedings. Hence, the provisions for impeachment have never been tested. The president in position cannot be charged and needs to step down in order for that to happen.

text: Iran[edit]

text: The Assembly of Experts can impeach the Supreme Leader of Iran and appoint a new one.

text: The President of Iran can be impeached jointly by the members of the Assembly (Majlis) and the Supreme Leader. A new presidential election is then triggered. Abolhassan Banisadr, Iran's first president, was impeached in June 1981 and removed from the office. Mohammad-Ali Rajai was elected as the new president.

text: Cabinet ministers can be impeached by the members of the Assembly. Presidential appointment of a new minister is subject to a parliamentary vote of confidence. Impeachment of ministers has been a fairly commonly used tactic in the power struggle between the president and the assembly during the last several governments.

text: Ireland[edit]

text: In the Republic of Ireland formal impeachment only applies to the Irish president. Article 12 of the Irish Constitution provides that, unless judged to be "permanently incapacitated" by the Supreme Court, the president can only be removed from office by the houses of the Oireachtas (parliament) and only for the commission of "stated misbehaviour". Either house of the Oireachtas may impeach the president, but only by a resolution approved by a majority of at least two-thirds of its total number of members; and a house may not consider a proposal for impeachment unless requested to do so by at least thirty of its number.

text: Where one house impeaches the president, the remaining house either investigates the charge or commissions another body or committee to do so. The investigating house can remove the president if it decides, by at least a two-thirds majority of its members, both that the president is guilty of the charge, and that the charge is sufficiently serious as to warrant the president's removal. To date no impeachment of an Irish president has ever taken place. The president holds a largely ceremonial office, the dignity of which is considered important, so it is likely that a president would resign from office long before undergoing formal conviction or impeachment.

text: The Republic's Constitution and law also provide that only a joint resolution of both houses of the Oireachtas may remove a judge. Although often referred to as the "impeachment" of a judge, this procedure does not technically involve impeachment. [12]

text: Italy[edit]

text: In Italy, according to Article 90 of the Constitution, the President of the Republic can be impeached through a majority vote of the Parliament in joint session for high treason and for attempting to overthrow the Constitution. If impeached, the President of the Republic is then tried by the Constitutional Court integrated with sixteen citizens older than forty chosen by lot from a list compiled by the Parliament every nine years.

text: Italian press and political forces made use of the term "impeachment" for the attempt by some members of parliamentary opposition to initiate the procedure provided for in Article 90 against Presidents Francesco Cossiga (1991)[13], Giorgio Napolitano (2014)[14] and Sergio Mattarella (2018)[15].

text: Liechtenstein[edit]

text: Members of the Liechtenstein Government can be impeached before the State Court for breaches of the Constitution or of other laws.[16]:Article 62 As a hereditary monarchy the Sovereign Prince can not be impeached as he "is not subject to the jurisdiction of the courts and does not have legal responsibility".[16]:Article 7 The same is true of any member of the Princely House who exercises the function of head of state should the Prince be temporarily prevented or in preparation for the Succession.[16]:Article 7

text: Lithuania[edit]

text: In the Republic of Lithuania, the President may be impeached by a three-fifths majority in the Seimas.[17] President Rolandas Paksas was removed from office by impeachment on April 6, 2004 after the Constitutional Court of Lithuania found him guilty of having violated his oath and the constitution. He was the first European head of state to have been impeached.[18]

text: Norway[edit]

text: Members of government, representatives of the national assembly (Stortinget) and Supreme Court judges can be impeached for criminal offenses tied to their duties and committed in office, according to the Constitution of 1814, §§ 86 and 87. The procedural rules were modeled after the US rules and are quite similar to them. Impeachment has been used eight times since 1814, last in 1927. Many argue that impeachment has fallen into desuetude. In cases of impeachment, an appointed court (Riksrett) takes effect.

text: Pakistan[edit]

text: The country's ruling coalition said on August 7, 2008, that it would seek the impeachment of President Pervez Musharraf, alleging the U.S.-backed former general had "eroded the trust of the nation" and increasing pressure on him to resign. He resigned on August 18, 2008. Another kind of impeachment in Pakistan is known as the vote of less-confidence or vote of mis-understanding and has been practiced by provincial assemblies to weaken the national assembly.

text: Impeaching a president requires a two-thirds majority support of lawmakers in a joint session of both houses of Parliament.

text: Philippines[edit]

text: Impeachment in the Philippines follows procedures similar to the United States. Under Sections 2 and 3, Article XI, Constitution of the Philippines, the House of Representatives of the Philippines has the exclusive power to initiate all cases of impeachment against the President, Vice President, members of the Supreme Court, members of the Constitutional Commissions (Commission on Elections, Civil Service Commission and the Commission on Audit), and the Ombudsman. When a third of its membership has endorsed the impeachment articles, it is then transmitted to the Senate of the Philippines which tries and decide, as impeachment tribunal, the impeachment case.[19]

text: A main difference from US proceedings however is that only one third of House members are required to approve the motion to impeach the President (as opposed to a simple majority of those present and voting in their US counterpart). In the Senate, selected members of the House of Representatives act as the prosecutors and the Senators act as judges with the Senate President presiding over the proceedings (the Chief Justice jointly presides with the Senate President if the President is on trial). Like the United States, to convict the official in question requires that a minimum of two thirds (i.e. 16 of 24 members) of all the Members of the Senate vote in favor of conviction. If an impeachment attempt is unsuccessful or the official is acquitted, no new cases can be filed against that impeachable official for at least one full year.

text: Impeachable offenses and officials[edit]

text: The 1987 Philippine Constitution says the grounds for impeachment include culpable violation of the Constitution, bribery, graft and corruption, and betrayal of public trust. These offenses are considered "high crimes and misdemeanors" under the Philippine Constitution.

text: The President, Vice President, Supreme Court justices, and members of the Constitutional Commission and Ombudsman are all considered impeachable officials under the Constitution.

text: Impeachment proceedings and attempts[edit]

text: President Joseph Estrada was the first official impeached by the House in 2000, but the trial ended prematurely due to outrage over a vote to open an envelope where that motion was narrowly defeated by his allies. Estrada was deposed days later during the 2001 EDSA Revolution.

text: In 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008, impeachment complaints were filed against President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, but none of the cases reached the required endorsement of 1/3 of the members for transmittal to, and trial by, the Senate.

text: In March 2011, the House of Representatives impeached Ombudsman Merceditas Gutierrez, becoming the second person to be impeached. In April, Gutierrez resigned prior to the Senate's convening as an impeachment court.

text: In December 2011, in what was described as "blitzkrieg fashion", 188 of the 285 members of the House of Representatives voted to transmit the 56-page Articles of Impeachment against Supreme Court Chief Justice Renato Corona.

text: To date, three officials had been successfully impeached by the House of Representatives, and two were not convicted. The latter, Chief Justice Renato C. Corona, on May 29, 2012 has been convicted by the Senate guilty under Article II of the Articles of Impeachment (of betraying public trust), with 20-3 votes from the Senator Judges.

text: Peru[edit]

text: Poland[edit]

text: In Polish law there is no impeachment procedure defined, as it is present in the other countries. Infringements of the law can be investigated only by special Parliament's Committee or (if accusations involve people holding the highest offices of state) by the State Tribunal. The State Tribunal is empowered to rule for the removal of individuals from public office but it is not a common practice.

text: Romania[edit]

text: The President can be impeached by Parliament and is then suspended. A referendum then follows to determine whether the suspended President should be removed from office. President Traian Băsescu was impeached twice by the Parliament: in 2007 and more recently in July 2012. A referendum was held on May 19, 2007 and a large majority of the electorate voted against removing the president from office. For the most recent suspension a referendum was held on July 29, 2012, but was invalidated due to low turnout, however the results were heavily against the president ([20][better source needed])

text: Russia[edit]

text: The President of Russia can be impeached if both the State Duma (which initiates the impeachment process through the formation of a special investigation committee) and the Federation Council of Russia vote by a two-thirds majority in favor of impeachment and, additionally, the Supreme Court finds the President guilty of treason or a similarly heavy crime against the nation and the Constitutional Court confirms that the constitutional procedure of the impeachment process was correctly observed. In 1995–1999, the Duma made several attempts to impeach then-President Boris Yeltsin, but they never had a sufficient number of votes for the process to reach the Federation Council.

text: South Korea (Republic of Korea)[edit]

text: According to the Article 65 Clause 1 of Constitution of South Korea, if President, Prime Minister, or other state council members including Supreme Court and Constitutional court members, violate the Constitution or other laws of official duty, the National Assembly can impeach them. Clause 2 states the impeachment bill may be proposed by one third or more of the total members of the National Assembly, and shall require majority voting and approved by two thirds or more of the total members of the National Assembly. This article also states that any person against whom a motion for impeachment has been passed shall be suspended from exercising his power until the impeachment has been adjudicated and shall not extend further than removal from public office. Provided, That it shall not exempt the person impeached from civil or criminal liability.

text: Two presidents have been impeached since the foundation of the Sixth Republic of Korea and adoption of the new Constitution of South Korea in 1987. Roh Moo-hyun in 2004 was impeached by the National Assembly but was overturned by the Constitutional Court. Park Geun-hye in 2016 was impeached by the National Assembly, and the impeachment was confirmed by the Constitutional Court on March 10, 2017.

text: Taiwan[edit]

text: In Taiwan, according to the Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China, impeachment of the president or the vice president by the Legislative Yuan shall be initiated upon the proposal of more than one-half of the total members of the Legislative Yuan and passed by more than two-thirds of the total members of the Legislative Yuan, whereupon it shall be presented to the grand justices of the Judicial Yuan for adjudication.

text: Ukraine[edit]

text: During the crisis which started in November 2013, the increasing political stress of the face-down between the protestors occupying Independence Square in Kiev and the State Security forces under the control of President Yanukovych led to deadly armed force being used on the protestors. Following the negotiated return of Kiev's City Hall on February 16, 2014, occupied by the protesters since November 2013, the security forces thought they could also retake "Maidan", Independence Square. The ensuing fighting on 17th through 21st of February 2014 resulted in a considerable number of deaths and a more generalised alienation of the population, and the withdrawal of President Yanukovych to his support area in the East of Ukraine.

text: In the wake of the President's departure, Parliament convened on February 22; it reinstated the 2004 Constitution, which reduced Presidential authority, and voted impeachment of President Yanukovych as de facto recognition of his departure from office as President of an integrated Ukraine. The President riposted that Parliament's acts were illegal as they could pass into law only by Presidential signature.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In the United Kingdom, at least in theory, all persons, whether peers or commoners, may be prosecuted and tried by the two Houses of Parliament for any crimes whatsoever.[21] The first recorded impeachment is that of William Latimer, 4th Baron Latimer during the Good Parliament of 1376. The last was that of Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville in 1806.[21]

text: Procedure[edit]

text: In the United Kingdom, it is the House of Commons that holds the power of initiating an impeachment. Any member may make accusations of any crime. The member must support the charges with evidence and move for impeachment. If the Commons carries the motion, the mover receives orders to go to the bar at the House of Lords and to impeach the accused "in the name of the House of Commons, and all the commons of the United Kingdom."

text: The mover must tell the Lords that the House of Commons will, in due time, exhibit particular articles against the accused, and make good the same. The Commons then usually selects a committee to draw up the charges and create an "Article of Impeachment" for each. (In the case of Warren Hastings, however, the drawing up of the articles preceded the formal impeachment.) Once the committee has delivered the articles to the Lords, replies go between the accused and the Commons via the Lords. If the Commons have impeached a peer, the Lords take custody of the accused; otherwise, custody goes to Black Rod. The accused remains in custody unless the Lords allow bail. The Lords set a date for the trial while the Commons appoints managers, who act as prosecutors in the trial. The accused may defend by counsel.

text: The House of Lords hears the case. The procedure used to be that the Lord Chancellor presided (or the Lord High Steward if the defendant was a peer); but this was when the Lord Chancellor was both the Lords' presiding officer and head of the judiciary of England and Wales. Since both these roles were removed from that office by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, which created the Lord Speaker to preside over the Lords and made the Lord Chief Justice head of the judiciary, it is not certain who would preside over an impeachment trial today. If Parliament is not in session, then the trial is conducted by a "Court of the Lord High Steward" instead of the House of Lords (even if the defendant is not a peer). The differences between this court and the House of Lords are that in the House all of the peers are judges of both law and fact, whereas in the Court the Lord High Steward is the sole judge of law and the peers decide the facts only; and the bishops are not entitled to sit and vote in the Court.[22] Traditionally, peers would wear their parliamentary robes during the hearings.

text: The hearing resembles an ordinary trial: both sides may call witnesses and present evidence. At the end of the hearing the lords vote on the verdict, which is decided by a simple majority, one charge at a time. Upon being called, a peer must rise and declare "guilty, upon my honour" or "not guilty, upon my honour". After voting on all of the articles has taken place, and if the Lords find the defendant guilty, the Commons may move for judgment; the Lords may not declare the punishment until the Commons have so moved. The Lords may then decide whatever punishment they find fit, within the law. A royal pardon cannot excuse the defendant from trial, but a pardon may reprieve a convicted defendant. However, a pardon cannot override a decision to remove the defendant from the public office they hold.

text: History[edit]

text: Parliament has held the power of impeachment since medieval times. Originally, the House of Lords held that impeachment could only apply to members of the peerage, as the nobility (the Lords) would try their own peers, while commoners ought to try their peers (other commoners) in a jury. However, in 1681, the Commons declared that they had the right to impeach whomsoever they pleased, and the Lords have respected this resolution. Offices held "during good behaviour" are terminable by the writ of either quo warranto[23] or scire facias, which has even been employed by and against well-placed judges.[24]

text: After the reign of Edward IV, impeachment fell into disuse, the bill of attainder becoming the preferred form of dealing with undesirable subjects of the Crown. However, during the reign of James I and thereafter, impeachments became more popular, as they did not require the assent of the Crown, while bills of attainder did, thus allowing Parliament to resist royal attempts to dominate Parliament. The most recent cases of impeachment dealt with Warren Hastings, Governor-General of India between 1773 and 1786 (impeached in 1788; the Lords found him not guilty in 1795), and Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville, First Lord of the Admiralty, in 1806 (acquitted). The last attempted impeachment occurred in 1848, when David Urquhart accused Lord Palmerston of having signed a secret treaty with Imperial Russia and of receiving monies from the Tsar. Palmerston survived the vote in the Commons; the Lords did not hear the case.

text: Queen Caroline[edit]

text: Queen Caroline, consort of King George IV, was tried by the House of Commons and acquitted. This began as impeachment proceedings, but then became a different procedure as a bill of pains and penalties.

text: Modern politics[edit]

text: The procedure has, over time, become rarely used and some legal authorities (such as Halsbury's Laws of England) consider it to be probably obsolete. The principles of "responsible government" require that the Prime Minister and other executive officers answer to Parliament, rather than to the Sovereign. Thus the Commons can remove such an officer through a motion of no confidence without a long, drawn-out impeachment. However, it is argued by some that the remedy of impeachment remains as part of British constitutional law, and that legislation would be required to abolish it. Furthermore, impeachment as a means of punishment for wrongdoing, as distinct from being a means of removing a minister, remains a valid reason for accepting that it continues to be available, at least in theory.

text: The Select Committee on Parliamentary Privilege in 1967 recommended "that the right to impeach, which has long been in disuse, be now formally abandoned".[25] Their recommendation not having been implemented in the meantime, the Select Committee on Privileges in 1977 declared it "to be of continuing validity" and again urged that it be adopted.[26] Shortly before this report was issued, in April 1977 the Young Liberals' annual conference unanimously passed a motion calling on Liberal Party leader David Steel to move for the impeachment of Ronald King Murray QC, the Lord Advocate, over his handling of the Patrick Meehan miscarriage of justice affair.[27] Steel did not move any such motion but Murray (now Lord Murray, a former Senator of the College of Justice of Scotland) agreed that the power still existed.

text: The Joint Committee on Parliamentary Privilege in 1999 noted the previous recommendations to formally abandon the power impeachment, and stated that "The circumstances in which impeachment has taken place are now so remote from the present that the procedure may be considered obsolete".[28] Notwithstanding, on August 25, 2004, Plaid Cymru MP Adam Price announced his intention to move for the impeachment of Tony Blair for his role in involving Britain in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. He asked the Leader of the House of Commons Peter Hain whether he would confirm that the power to impeach was still available, reminding Hain that as President of the Young Liberals he had supported the attempted impeachment of Murray. Hain responded by quoting the 1999 Joint Committee's report, and the advice of the Clerk of the House of Commons that impeachment "effectively died with the advent of full responsible Parliamentary government".[29]

text: The election court has some of the powers associated with impeachment cases in other countries, and can remove elected officials from office in the case of electoral fraud. Lutfur Rahman was the directly elected mayor of Tower Hamlets, in London until he was removed from office for breaching electoral rules.[30]

text: United States[edit]

text: Similar to the British system, Article One of the United States Constitution gives the House of Representatives the sole power of impeachment and the Senate the sole power to try impeachments of officers of the U.S. federal government. (Various state constitutions include similar measures, allowing the state legislature to impeach the governor or other officials of the state government.) In contrast to the British system, in the United States impeachment is only the first of two stages, and conviction during the second stage requires "the concurrence of two thirds of the members present."[31] Impeachment does not necessarily result in removal from office; it is only a legal statement of charges, parallel to an indictment in criminal law. An official who is impeached faces a second legislative vote (whether by the same body or another), which determines conviction, or failure to convict, on the charges embodied by the impeachment. Most constitutions require a supermajority to convict. Although the subject of the charge is criminal action, it does not constitute a criminal trial; the only question under consideration is the removal of the individual from office, and the possibility of a subsequent vote preventing the removed official from ever again holding political office in the jurisdiction where he or she was removed. Impeachment with respect to political office should not be confused with witness impeachment.

text: Impeachable offenses[edit]

text:
The Constitution defines impeachment at the federal level and limits impeachment to "The President, Vice President, and all civil officers of the United States" who may be impeached and removed only for "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors".[32] Several commentators have suggested that Congress alone may decide for itself what constitutes a "high crime or misdemeanor", especially since Nixon v. United States stated that the Supreme Court did not have the authority to determine whether the Senate properly "tried" a defendant.[33]
In 1970, then-House Minority Leader Gerald R. Ford defined the criterion as he saw it: "An impeachable offense is whatever a majority of the House of Representatives considers it to be at a given moment in history."[34]

text: Officials subject to impeachment[edit]

text: The central question regarding the Constitutional dispute about the impeachment of members of the legislature is whether members of Congress are officers of the United States. The Constitution grants the House the power to impeach "The President, the Vice President, and all civil Officers of the United States."[32] It has been suggested that members of Congress are not officers of the United States[35]. Others, however, believe that members are civil officers and are subject to impeachment[36].

text: The House of Representatives impeached Senator William Blount in 1798,[37] resulting in his expulsion. However, after initially hearing his impeachment, charges were dismissed for lack of jurisdiction.[38][page needed] Left unsettled was the question whether members of Congress were civil officers of the United States. The House has not impeached a Member of Congress since Blount. As each House has the authority to expel its own members without involving the other chamber, expulsion has been the method used for removing Members of Congress.

text: Jefferson's Manual, which is integral to the Rules of the House of Representatives,[39] states that impeachment is set in motion by charges made on the floor, charges proferred by a memorial, a member's resolution referred to a committee, a message from the president, or from facts developed and reported by an investigating committee of the House. It further states that a proposition to impeach is a question of high privilege in the House and at once supersedes business otherwise in order under the rules governing the order of business.

text: Process[edit]

text: At the federal level, the impeachment process is a two-step procedure. The House of Representatives must first pass, by a simple majority of those present and voting, articles of impeachment, which constitute the formal allegation or allegations. Upon passage, the defendant has been "impeached". Next, the Senate tries the accused. In the case of the impeachment of a president, the Chief Justice of the United States presides over the proceedings. For the impeachment of any other official, the Constitution is silent on who shall preside, suggesting that this role falls to the Senate's usual presiding officer, the President of the Senate who is also the Vice President of the United States.

text: In theory at least, as President of the Senate, the Vice President of the United States could preside over the impeachment of him/herself, although legal theories suggest that allowing a defendant to be the judge in his own case would be a blatant conflict of interest. If the Vice President did not preside over an impeachment (of anyone besides the President), the duties would fall to the President pro tempore of the Senate.

text: To convict an accused, "the concurrence of two thirds of the members present" is required.[40] Conviction removes the defendant from office. Following conviction, the Senate may vote to further punish the individual by barring him or her from holding future federal office, elected or appointed. Conviction by the Senate does not bar criminal prosecution. Even after an accused has left office, it is possible to disqualify the person from future office or from certain emoluments of his prior office (such as a pension). If there is no charge for which a two-thirds majority of the senators present vote "guilty", the defendant is acquitted and no punishment is imposed.

text: History of federal impeachment proceedings in the United States[edit]

text: Congress regards impeachment as a power to be used only in extreme cases; the House of Representatives has initiated impeachment proceedings only 64 times since 1789 (most recently the 2010 impeachment, then removal from office, of Judge Thomas Porteous of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana) with only the following 19 of these proceedings actually resulting in the House's passing Articles of Impeachment:

text:
Two presidents:
Andrew Johnson, Democrat/National Union, was impeached on  February 24, 1868 by the House of Representatives after violating the then-newly created Tenure of Office Act by a  126 to 47 vote. President Johnson was acquitted by the Senate, which voted 35–19 in favor of conviction, but falling one vote short of the necessary two-thirds needed to remove him from office. The Tenure of Office Act would later be found unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States in dicta.
Bill Clinton, Democrat, was impeached on December 19, 1998, by the House of Representatives on articles charging perjury (specifically, lying to a federal grand jury) by a 228–206 vote and obstruction of justice by a 221–212 vote. The House rejected other articles: one was a count of perjury in a civil deposition in Paula Jones' sexual harassment lawsuit against Clinton (by a 205–229 vote), the second accused Clinton of abuse of power (by a 148–285 vote). President Clinton was acquitted by the Senate. The votes to remove him from office fell short of the necessary two-thirds: 45–55 on obstruction of justice and 50–50 on perjury.
Impeachment proceedings against Richard Nixon were referred to the full House of Representatives for consideration and ended with his resignation.
In 1876, cabinet officer William W. Belknap (former Secretary of War), resigned before his trial and was later acquitted. Allegedly, most of those who voted to acquit him believed that his resignation had removed their jurisdiction.[citation needed]
One Senator, William Blount, in 1797. He was expelled by the Senate, which declined to try the impeachment. This established the precedent that Members of Congress are not subject to impeachment, as they can be removed by action of the House of which they are members without impeachment or any other action being necessary.
One Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, Samuel Chase, impeached in 1804, was acquitted by the Senate.
Fourteen other federal judges. Seven of these have been convicted by the Senate and removed,[41] including Alcee Hastings, who was impeached and convicted in 1989 for taking over $150,000 in bribe money in exchange for sentencing leniency. The Senate did not bar Hastings from holding future office, and Hastings won election to the House of Representatives in Florida. Hastings' name was mentioned as a possible Chairman of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence but was passed over by House Speaker-designate Nancy Pelosi, presumably because of his previous impeachment and removal.[42]

text: There have been unsuccessful attempts to initiate impeachment proceedings against Richard Nixon, George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump.

text: State governors[edit]

text: Three state governors  have been impeached and removed from office:

text:
Jack C. Walton, Democratic Governor of Oklahoma, was impeached for a variety of crimes including illegal collection of campaign funds, padding the public payroll, suspension of habeas corpus, excessive use of the pardon power, and general incompetence. In November 1923, Walton was convicted and removed from office.[43]
Evan Mecham, Republican Governor of Arizona, was impeached for obstruction of justice and misusing government funds[44] and removed from office in April 1988.
Rod Blagojevich, Democratic Governor of Illinois, was impeached for abuse of power and corruption, including an attempt to sell the appointment to the United States Senate seat vacated by the resignation of Barack Obama.[45] He was removed from office in January 2009.


document_title: List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions

question_text: who holds the record for the most formula 1 drivers champion titles

text: By season[edit]

text:
Season
Driver
Age
Car
No.
Team
Engine
Tyres
Poles
Wins
Podiums
Fastest Laps
Points
Clinched
Race
Point Margin

1950
 Giuseppe Farina[1]
44

 Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
P
2
3
3
3
30
Race 7 of 7
Italian Grand Prix
3

1951
 Juan Manuel Fangio[2]
40

 Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo
P
4
3
5
5
31
Race 8 of 8
Spanish Grand Prix
6

19521
 Alberto Ascari[3]
34

 Ferrari
Ferrari
F P
5
6
6
6
36
Race 6 of 8
German Grand Prix
12

19531
 Alberto Ascari[3]
35

 Ferrari
Ferrari
P
6
5
5
4
34.5
Race 8 of 9
Swiss Grand Prix
6.5

1954
 Juan Manuel Fangio[2]
43

 Maserati2
Maserati
P
5
6
7
3
42
Race 7 of 9
Swiss Grand Prix
16.86

 Mercedes2
Mercedes
C

1955
 Juan Manuel Fangio[2]
44

 Mercedes
Mercedes
C
3
4
5
3
40
Race 6 of 7
British Grand Prix
16.5

1956
 Juan Manuel Fangio[2]
45

 Ferrari
Ferrari
E
6
3
5
4
30
Race 8 of 8
Italian Grand Prix
3

1957
 Juan Manuel Fangio[2]
46

 Maserati
Maserati
P
4
4
6
2
40
Race 6 of 8
German Grand Prix
15

1958
 Mike Hawthorn[4]
29

 Ferrari
Ferrari
E
4
1
7
5
42
Race 11 of 11
Moroccan Grand Prix
1

1959
 Jack Brabham[5]
33

 Cooper
Climax
D
1
2
5
1
31
Race 9 of 9
United States Grand Prix
4

1960
 Jack Brabham[5]
34

 Cooper
Climax
D
3
5
5
3
43
Race 8 of 10
Italian Grand Prix
9

1961
 Phil Hill[6]
34

 Ferrari
Ferrari
D
5
2
6
2
34
Race 7 of 8
Italian Grand Prix
1

1962
 Graham Hill[7]
33

 BRM
BRM
D
1
4
6
3
42
Race 9 of 9
South African Grand Prix
12

1963
 Jim Clark[8]
27

 Lotus
Climax
D
7
7
9
6
54
Race 7 of 10
Italian Grand Prix
21

1964
 John Surtees[9]
30

 Ferrari
Ferrari
D
2
2
6
2
40
Race 10 of 10
Mexican Grand Prix
1

1965
 Jim Clark[8]
29

 Lotus
Climax
D
6
6
6
6
54
Race 7 of 10
German Grand Prix
14

1966
 Jack Brabham[5]
40

 Brabham
Repco
G
3
4
5
1
42
Race 7 of 9
Italian Grand Prix
14

1967
 Denny Hulme[10]
31

 Brabham
Repco
G
0
2
8
2
51
Race 11 of 11
Mexican Grand Prix
5

1968
 Graham Hill[7]
39

 Lotus
Ford
F
2
3
6
0
48
Race 12 of 12
Mexican Grand Prix
12

1969
 Jackie Stewart[11]
30

 Matra
Ford
D
2
6
7
5
63
Race 8 of 11
Italian Grand Prix
26

1970
 Jochen Rindt[12]
28

 Lotus
Ford
F
3
5
5
1
45
Race 12 of 133
United States Grand Prix
5

1971
 Jackie Stewart[11]
32

 Tyrrell
Ford
G
6
6
7
3
62
Race 8 of 11
Austrian Grand Prix
29

1972
 Emerson Fittipaldi[13]
25

 Lotus
Ford
F
3
5
8
0
61
Race 10 of 12
Italian Grand Prix
16

1973
 Jackie Stewart[11]
34

 Tyrrell
Ford
G
3
5
8
1
71
Race 13 of 15
Italian Grand Prix
16

1974
 Emerson Fittipaldi[13]
27
5
 McLaren
Ford
G
2
3
7
0
55
Race 15 of 15
United States Grand Prix
3

1975
 Niki Lauda[14]
26
12
 Ferrari
Ferrari
G
9
5
8
2
64.5
Race 13 of 14
Italian Grand Prix
19.5

1976
 James Hunt[15]
29
11
 McLaren
Ford
G
8
6
8
2
69
Race 16 of 16
Japanese Grand Prix
1

1977
 Niki Lauda[14]
28
11
 Ferrari
Ferrari
G
2
3
10
3
72
Race 15 of 17
United States Grand Prix East
17

1978
 Mario Andretti[16]
38
5
 Lotus
Ford
G
8
6
7
3
64
Race 14 of 16
Italian Grand Prix
13

1979
 Jody Scheckter[17]
29
11
 Ferrari
Ferrari
M
1
3
6
0
51
Race 13 of 15
Italian Grand Prix
4

1980
 Alan Jones[18]
34
27
 Williams
Ford
G
3
5
10
5
67
Race 13 of 14
Canadian Grand Prix
13

1981
 Nelson Piquet[19]
29
5
 Brabham
Ford
M G
4
3
7
1
50
Race 15 of 15
Caesars Palace Grand Prix
1

1982
 Keke Rosberg[20]
34
6
 Williams
Ford
G
1
1
6
0
44
Race 16 of 16
Caesars Palace Grand Prix
5

1983
 Nelson Piquet[19]
31
5
 Brabham
BMW
M
1
3
8
4
59
Race 15 of 15
South African Grand Prix
2

1984
 Niki Lauda[14]
35
8
 McLaren
TAG
M
0
5
9
5
72
Race 16 of 16
Portuguese Grand Prix
0.5

1985
 Alain Prost[21]
30
2
 McLaren
TAG
G
2
5
11
5
73
Race 14 of 16
European Grand Prix
20

1986
 Alain Prost[21]
31
1
 McLaren
TAG
G
1
4
11
2
72
Race 16 of 16
Australian Grand Prix
2

1987
 Nelson Piquet[19]
35
6
 Williams
Honda
G
4
3
11
4
73
Race 15 of 16
Japanese Grand Prix
12

1988
 Ayrton Senna[22]
28
12
 McLaren
Honda
G
13
8
11
3
90
Race 15 of 16
Japanese Grand Prix
3

1989
 Alain Prost[21]
34
2
 McLaren
Honda
G
2
4
11
5
76
Race 15 of 16
Japanese Grand Prix
16

1990
 Ayrton Senna[22]
30
27
 McLaren
Honda
G
10
6
11
2
78
Race 15 of 16
Japanese Grand Prix
7

1991
 Ayrton Senna[22]
31
1
 McLaren
Honda
G
8
7
12
2
96
Race 15 of 16
Japanese Grand Prix
24

1992
 Nigel Mansell[23]
39
5
 Williams
Renault
G
14
9
12
8
108
Race 11 of 16
Hungarian Grand Prix
52

1993
 Alain Prost[21]
38
2
 Williams
Renault
G
13
7
12
6
99
Race 14 of 16
Portuguese Grand Prix
26

1994
 Michael Schumacher[24]
25
5
 Benetton
Ford
G
6
8
10
8
92
Race 16 of 16
Australian Grand Prix
1

1995
 Michael Schumacher[24]
26
1
 Benetton
Renault
G
4
9
11
8
102
Race 15 of 17
Pacific Grand Prix
33

1996
 Damon Hill[25]
36
5
 Williams
Renault
G
9
8
10
5
97
Race 16 of 16
Japanese Grand Prix
19

1997
 Jacques Villeneuve[26]
26
3
 Williams
Renault
G
10
7
8
3
81
Race 17 of 17
European Grand Prix
39 (3)4

1998
 Mika Häkkinen[27]
30
8
 McLaren
Mercedes
B
9
8
11
6
100
Race 16 of 16
Japanese Grand Prix
14

1999
 Mika Häkkinen[27]
31
1
 McLaren
Mercedes
B
11
5
10
6
76
Race 16 of 16
Japanese Grand Prix
2

2000
 Michael Schumacher[24]
31
3
 Ferrari
Ferrari
B
9
9
12
2
108
Race 16 of 17
Japanese Grand Prix
19

2001
 Michael Schumacher[24]
32
1
 Ferrari
Ferrari
B
11
9
14
3
123
Race 13 of 17
Hungarian Grand Prix
58

2002
 Michael Schumacher[24]
33
1
 Ferrari
Ferrari
B
7
11
17
7
144
Race 11 of 17
French Grand Prix
67

2003
 Michael Schumacher[24]
34
1
 Ferrari
Ferrari
B
5
6
8
5
93
Race 16 of 16
Japanese Grand Prix
2

2004
 Michael Schumacher[24]
35
1
 Ferrari
Ferrari
B
8
13
15
10
148
Race 14 of 18
Belgian Grand Prix
34

2005
 Fernando Alonso[28]
24
5
 Renault
Renault
M
6
7
15
2
133
Race 17 of 19
Brazilian Grand Prix
21

2006
 Fernando Alonso[28]
25
1
 Renault
Renault
M
6
7
14
5
134
Race 18 of 18
Brazilian Grand Prix
13

2007
 Kimi Räikkönen[29]
28
6
 Ferrari
Ferrari
B
3
6
12
6
110
Race 17 of 17
Brazilian Grand Prix
1

2008
 Lewis Hamilton[30]
23
22
 McLaren
Mercedes
B
7
5
10
1
98
Race 18 of 18
Brazilian Grand Prix
1

2009
 Jenson Button[31]
29
22
 Brawn
Mercedes
B
4
6
9
2
95
Race 16 of 17
Brazilian Grand Prix
11

2010
 Sebastian Vettel[32]
23
5
 Red Bull
Renault
B
10
5
10
3
256
Race 19 of 19
Abu Dhabi Grand Prix
4

2011
 Sebastian Vettel[32]
24
1
 Red Bull
Renault
P
15
11
17
3
392
Race 15 of 19
Japanese Grand Prix
122

2012
 Sebastian Vettel[32]
25
1
 Red Bull
Renault
P
6
5
10
6
281
Race 20 of 20
Brazilian Grand Prix
3

2013
 Sebastian Vettel[32]
26
1
 Red Bull
Renault
P
9
13
16
7
397
Race 16 of 19
Indian Grand Prix
155

2014
 Lewis Hamilton[30]
29
44
 Mercedes
Mercedes
P
7
11
16
7
384
Race 19 of 19
Abu Dhabi Grand Prix
67

2015
 Lewis Hamilton[30]
30
44
 Mercedes
Mercedes
P
11
10
17
8
381
Race 16 of 19
United States Grand Prix
59

2016
 Nico Rosberg[33]
31
6
 Mercedes
Mercedes
P
8
9
16
6
385
Race 21 of 21
Abu Dhabi Grand Prix
5

2017
 Lewis Hamilton
32
44
 Mercedes
Mercedes
P
11*
9*
12*
7*
333*
Race 18 of 20
Mexican Grand Prix
56*

text: Notes[edit]

text: * Season still in progress.

text: Bold indicates the team also won the Constructors' Championship (awarded since 1958).

text:
^ The 1952 and 1953 championships were run to Formula Two regulations.
^ Fangio competed in the 1954 Argentine and Belgian Grands Prix with Maserati, then completed the season with Mercedes.
^ Rindt's championship was confirmed two rounds after he had been killed in an accident during qualifying for the Italian Grand Prix.
^ Michael Schumacher scored 78 points during the 1997 season, 3 points behind Villeneuve, but was disqualified from the championship for deliberately colliding with Villeneuve in the final race of the season, the European Grand Prix. This left Villeneuve with a 39-point margin over Heinz-Harald Frentzen with 42 points.

tag: ol

text: By driver[edit]

text:
Driver
Total
Season(s)
Championship Winner

 Michael Schumacher
7
1994, 1995, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004
24th

 Juan Manuel Fangio
5
1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957
2nd

 Alain Prost
4
1985, 1986, 1989, 1993
21st

 Sebastian Vettel
4
2010, 2011, 2012, 2013
32nd

 Lewis Hamilton
4
2008, 2014, 2015, 2017
30th

 Jack Brabham
3
1959, 1960, 1966
5th

 Jackie Stewart
3
1969, 1971, 1973
11th

 Niki Lauda
3
1975, 1977, 1984
14th

 Nelson Piquet
3
1981, 1983, 1987
19th

 Ayrton Senna
3
1988, 1990, 1991
22nd

 Alberto Ascari
2
1952, 1953
3rd

 Graham Hill
2
1962, 1968
7th

 Jim Clark
2
1963, 1965
8th

 Emerson Fittipaldi
2
1972, 1974
13th

 Mika Häkkinen
2
1998, 1999
27th

 Fernando Alonso
2
2005, 2006
28th

 Giuseppe Farina
1
1950
1st

 Mike Hawthorn
1
1958
4th

 Phil Hill
1
1961
6th

 John Surtees
1
1964
9th

 Denny Hulme
1
1967
10th

 Jochen Rindt
1
1970
12th

 James Hunt
1
1976
15th

 Mario Andretti
1
1978
16th

 Jody Scheckter
1
1979
17th

 Alan Jones
1
1980
18th

 Keke Rosberg
1
1982
20th

 Nigel Mansell
1
1992
23rd

 Damon Hill
1
1996
25th

 Jacques Villeneuve
1
1997
26th

 Kimi Räikkönen
1
2007
29th

 Jenson Button
1
2009
31st

 Nico Rosberg
1
2016
33rd

text: Drivers in bold have competed in the 2017 World Championship.

text: By nationality[edit]

text:
Country
Total
Drivers
Seasons
Drivers by Name (titles)

 United Kingdom
17
10
1958, 1962–1965, 1968–1969, 1971, 1973, 1976, 1992, 1996, 2008–2009, 2014–2015, 2017
Mike Hawthorn (1)

Graham Hill (2)

Jim Clark (2)

John Surtees (1)

Jackie Stewart (3)

James Hunt (1)

Nigel Mansell (1)

Damon Hill (1)

Lewis Hamilton (4)

Jenson Button (1)

 Germany
12
3
1994–1995, 2000–2004, 2010–2013, 2016
Michael Schumacher (7)

Sebastian Vettel (4)

Nico Rosberg (1)

 Brazil
8
3
1972, 1974, 1981, 1983, 1987–1988, 1990–1991
Emerson Fittipaldi (2)

Nelson Piquet (3)

Ayrton Senna (3)

 Argentina
5
1
1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957
Juan Manuel Fangio (5)

 Finland
4
3
1982, 1998–1999, 2007
Keke Rosberg (1)

Mika Häkkinen (2)

Kimi Räikkönen (1)

 Australia
4
2
1959–1960, 1966, 1980
Jack Brabham (3)

Alan Jones (1)

 Austria
4
2
1970, 1975, 1977, 1984
Jochen Rindt (1)

Niki Lauda (3)

 France
4
1
1985–1986, 1989, 1993
Alain Prost (4)

 Italy
3
2
1950, 1952–1953
Giuseppe Farina (1)

Alberto Ascari (2)

 United States
2
2
1961, 1978
Phil Hill (1)

Mario Andretti (1)

 Spain
2
1
2005–2006
Fernando Alonso (2)

 New Zealand
1
1
1967
Denny Hulme (1)

 South Africa
1
1
1979
Jody Scheckter (1)

 Canada
1
1
1997
Jacques Villeneuve (1)

text: By driver in home car[edit]

text:
Season
Country
Driver
Constructor
Note

1950
 Italy
Giuseppe Farina
Alfa Romeo
Also engine (Alfa Romeo) and tyres (Pirelli)

1952
 Italy
Alberto Ascari
Ferrari
Also engine (Ferrari) and tyres (Pirelli)

1953
 Italy
Alberto Ascari
Ferrari
Also engine (Ferrari) and tyres (Pirelli)

1962
 United Kingdom
Graham Hill
BRM
Also engine (BRM) and tyres (Dunlop)

1963
 United Kingdom
Jim Clark
Lotus
Also engine (Climax) and tyres (Dunlop)

1965
 United Kingdom
Jim Clark
Lotus
Also engine (Climax) and tyres (Dunlop)

1968
 United Kingdom
Graham Hill
Lotus
Also engine (Ford made by Cosworth)

1971
 United Kingdom
Jackie Stewart
Tyrrell
Also engine (Ford made by Cosworth)

1973
 United Kingdom
Jackie Stewart
Tyrrell
Also engine (Ford made by Cosworth)

1976
 United Kingdom
James Hunt
McLaren
Also engine (Ford made by Cosworth)

1992
 United Kingdom
Nigel Mansell
Williams

1996
 United Kingdom
Damon Hill
Williams

2008
 United Kingdom
Lewis Hamilton
McLaren

2009
 United Kingdom
Jenson Button
Brawn

2016
 Germany
Nico Rosberg
Mercedes
Also engine (Mercedes)

text: Note[edit]

text: In 1966 Australian Jack Brabham won the world championship driving his own car powered by the Australian engine Repco, but the car was built by his team registered in Britain.[34][35]

text: By constructor[edit]

text:
Constructor
Country
Total

Ferrari
 Italy
15

McLaren
 United Kingdom
12

Williams
 United Kingdom
7

Lotus
 United Kingdom
6

Mercedes1
 Germany
6

Red Bull
 Austria
4

Brabham
 United Kingdom
4

Renault
 France
2

Cooper
 United Kingdom
2

Benetton
 United Kingdom
2

Tyrrell
 United Kingdom
2

Alfa Romeo
 Italy
2

Maserati1
 Italy
2

BRM
 United Kingdom
1

Matra
 France
1

Brawn
 United Kingdom
1

text: Constructors in bold have competed in the 2017 World Championship.

text: ^ Fangio competed in the 1954 Argentine and Belgian Grands Prix with Maserati, then completed the season with Mercedes. This shared championship is counted for each of these constructors.

text: By constructor nationality[edit]

text:
Nationality
Total

 United Kingdom
37

 Italy
19

 Germany
6

 Austria
4

 France
3

text: By engine[edit]

text:
Engine
Country
Total

Ferrari
 Italy
15

Ford *
 United States
13

Renault
 France
11

Mercedes **
 West Germany/Germany
10

Honda
 Japan
5

Climax
 United Kingdom
4

TAG ***
 Luxembourg
3

Alfa Romeo
 Italy
2

Maserati
 Italy
2

Repco
 Australia
2

BMW
 West Germany
1

BRM
 United Kingdom
1

text:
Engine manufacturers in bold have competed in the 2017 World Championship.
^ * Built by  Cosworth

text: ^ ** In 1998 and 1999 built by  Ilmor

text: ^ *** Built by  Porsche

text: By tyre manufacturer[edit]

text:
Pos
Manufacturer
Country
Total
Seasons

1
G
Goodyear
 United States
24 (7)1
1966–1967, 1971, 1973–1978, 1980, 1982, 1985–1997

2
P
Pirelli
 Italy
13 (7)2
1950–19544 5, 1957, 2011–2017

3
B
Bridgestone
 Japan
11 (6)3
1998–2004, 2007–2010

4
D
Dunlop
 United Kingdom
8
1959–1965, 1969

5
M
Michelin
 France
6
1979, 1981, 1983–1984, 2005–2006

6
F
Firestone
 United States
4
19525, 1968, 1970, 1972

7
C
Continental
 West Germany
2
19544–1955

E
Englebert
 Belgium
2
1956, 1958

text: Tyre manufacturers in bold have competed in the 2017 World Championship. Numbers in parentheses indicate championships won as the sole tyre supplier.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Goodyear was the sole tyre supplier for the 1987, 1988 & 1992–1996 seasons
^ Pirelli was the sole tyre supplier for the 2011–2017 seasons
^ Bridgestone was the sole tyre supplier for the 1999, 2000 & 2007–2010 seasons
^ Fangio competed in the 1954 Argentine and Belgian Grands Prix on Pirelli with Maserati, then completed the season on Continental with Mercedes
^ Ascari competed in the 1952 Indianapolis 500 on Firestone tyres, then completed the season on Pirelli

text: Records[edit]

text: Youngest Drivers' Champion[edit]

text:
Driver*
Age**
Season

1
 Sebastian Vettel
23 years, 134 days
2010

2
 Lewis Hamilton
23 years, 300 days
2008

3
 Fernando Alonso
24 years, 58 days
2005

4
 Emerson Fittipaldi
25 years, 273 days
1972

5
 Michael Schumacher
25 years, 314 days
1994

6
 Niki Lauda
26 years, 197 days
1975

7
 Jacques Villeneuve
26 years, 200 days
1997

8
 Jim Clark
27 years, 188 days
1963

9
 Kimi Räikkönen
28 years, 4 days
2007

10
 Jochen Rindt
28 years, 140 days
1970 (posthumously)

text:
* Bold text indicates driver was still active in the 2017 World Championship
** Measured at the race where the driver secured the championship (except for Rindt, measured at the day of his death)

text: Oldest Drivers' Champion[edit]

text:
Driver
Age
Season

1
 Juan Manuel Fangio
46 years, 41 days
1957

2
 Giuseppe Farina
43 years, 308 days
1950

3
 Jack Brabham
40 years, 155 days
1966

4
 Graham Hill
39 years, 262 days
1968

5
 Nigel Mansell
39 years, 8 days
1992

6
 Alain Prost
38 years, 214 days
1993

7
 Mario Andretti
38 years, 193 days
1978

8
 Damon Hill
36 years, 26 days
1996

9
 Niki Lauda
35 years, 242 days
1984

10
 Michael Schumacher
35 years, 239 days
2004

text: Consecutive Drivers' Championships[edit]

text: Ten drivers have achieved consecutive wins in the Formula One Drivers' Championship. Of those, Michael Schumacher is the only driver to have won two sets of consecutive Formula One Drivers' Championships.

text:
Championships
Driver
Seasons

5
 Michael Schumacher
2000–2004

4
 Juan Manuel Fangio
1954–1957

 Sebastian Vettel
2010–2013

2
 Alberto Ascari
1952–1953

 Jack Brabham
1959–1960

 Alain Prost
1985–1986

 Ayrton Senna
1990–1991

 Michael Schumacher
1994–1995

 Mika Häkkinen
1998–1999

 Fernando Alonso
2005–2006

 Lewis Hamilton
2014–2015

text: Bold text indicates driver has competed in the 2017 World Championship.