document_title: Death Valley

question_text: where did the name death valley come from

text: Death Valley

text: Geology[edit]

text: Death Valley is one of the best geological examples of a basin and range configuration. It lies at the southern end of a geological trough known as Walker Lane, which runs north into Oregon. The valley is bisected by a right lateral strike slip fault system, represented by the Death Valley Fault and the Furnace Creek Fault. The eastern end of the left lateral Garlock Fault intersects the Death Valley Fault. Furnace Creek and the Amargosa River flow through the valley but eventually disappear into the sands of the valley floor.

text: Death Valley also contains salt pans. According to current geological consensus, at various times during the middle of the Pleistocene era, inland lakes (collectively referred to as Lake Manly) formed in Death Valley. Lake Manly received water overflowing from a chain of other Pleistocene lakes, most of which are now also dry lakebeds. As the area turned to desert, the water evaporated, leaving the abundance of evaporitic salts such as common sodium salts and borax, which were later exploited during the modern history of the region, primarily 1883 to 1907.[8]

text: Climate[edit]

text: Death Valley has a subtropical, hot desert climate (Köppen: BWh), with long, extremely hot summers and short, warm winters, as well as little rainfall. As a general rule, lower altitudes tend to have higher temperatures. When the sun heats the ground, that heat is then radiated upward, but the dense below-sea-level air absorbs some of this radiation and radiates some of it back towards the ground. In addition, the high valley walls trap rising hot air and recycle it back down to the valley floor, where it is heated by compression.[9]

text: This process is especially important in Death Valley, as it provides its specific climate and geography. The valley is surrounded by mountains, while its surface is mostly flat and devoid of plants, so much of the sun's heat can reach the ground, absorbed by soil and rock. When air at ground level is heated, it begins to rise, moving up past steep, high mountain ranges, which then cools slightly, sinking back down towards the valley more compressed. This air is then reheated by the sun to a higher temperature, moving up the mountain again, whereby the air moves up and down in a circular motion in cycles, similar to how a convection oven works. This heated air increases ground temperature markedly, forming the hot wind currents that are trapped by atmospheric pressure and mountains, thus stays mostly within the valley. Such hot wind currents contribute to perpetual drought-like conditions in Death Valley and prevent much cloud formation from passing through the confines of the valley, where precipitation is often in the form of a virga.[10] Death Valley holds temperature records because it has an unusually high number of factors that lead to high atmospheric temperatures.

text: The depth and shape of Death Valley influence its summer temperatures. The valley is a long, narrow basin 282 feet (86 m) below sea level, yet is walled by high, steep mountain ranges. The clear, dry air and sparse plant cover allow sunlight to heat the desert surface. Summer nights provide little relief, as overnight lows may only dip into the 82 to 98 °F (28 to 37 °C) range. Moving masses of super-heated air blow through the valley creating extremely high temperatures.[11]

text: The hottest air temperature ever recorded in Death Valley was 134 °F (56.7 °C) on July 10, 1913, at Furnace Creek,[12] which is the hottest atmospheric temperature ever recorded on earth.[5] During the heat wave that peaked with that record, five consecutive days reached 129 °F (54 °C) or above. Some meteorologists dispute the accuracy of the 1913 temperature measurement.[13]

text: The hottest surface temperature ever recorded in Death Valley was 201.0 °F (93.9 °C) on July 15, 1972, at Furnace Creek, which is the hottest ground surface temperature ever recorded on earth, as well as the only recorded surface temperature of above 200 °F (93.3 °C).[14]

text: The greatest number of consecutive days with a maximum temperature of 100 °F (38 °C) or above was 154 days in the summer of 2001. The summer of 1996 had 40 days over 120 °F (49 °C), and 105 days over 110 °F (43 °C). The summer of 1917 had 52 days where the temperature reached 120 °F (49 °C) or above with 43 of them consecutive. Four major mountain ranges lie between Death Valley and the ocean, each one adding to an increasingly drier rain shadow effect, and in 1929, 1953, and 1989, no rain was recorded for the whole year.[11] The period from 1931 to 1934 was the driest stretch on record with only 0.64 inches (16 mm) of rain over a 40-month period.[10] On June 30, 2013, during the 2013 extreme heat wave, the mercury reached 129 °F (54 °C) at Furnace Creek station, which is the all-time hottest air temperature recorded for June.

text: The mean annual temperature for Death Valley (Furnace Creek Weather Station) is 77.2 °F (25.1 °C) with an average high of 65.2 °F (18 °C) in December, 66.9 °F (19 °C) in January, and 116.5 °F (47 °C) in July.[15] From 1934 to 1961, the weather station at Cow Creek recorded a mean annual temperature of 77.2 °F (25.1 °C).[16]

text: The longest number of consecutive days where temperatures reached 90 °F (32 °C) or more was 205 from April to October 1992.[17] On average, 192 days per year in Death Valley have temperatures that reach 90 °F or more.[18] Before being moved to Furnace Creek, the weather station at Greenland Ranch averaged 194.4 days annually where temperatures reached 90 °F or more.[19]

text: The lowest temperature recorded at Greenland Ranch was 15 °F (−9 °C) in January 1913.[20]

text: The period from July 17–19, 1959, was the longest string of consecutive days where nighttime low temperatures did not drop below 100 °F (38 °C).[21] The highest overnight or low temperature recorded in Death Valley is 110 °F (43 °C), recorded on July 5, 1918, and the current world record for hottest overnight low.[22] As recently as July 12, 2012, the low temperature at Death Valley dropped to just 107 °F (42 °C) after a high of 128 °F (53 °C) on the previous day. The only other location which matches Death Valley's overnight low temperature of 107 °F in recent years is Khasab Airport in Oman, which also recorded a low of 107 °F (42 °C) on June 27, 2012.[23] Also on July 12, 2012 the mean 24-hour temperature recorded at Death Valley was 117.5 °F (47.5 °C), which makes it the world's warmest 24-hour temperature on record.[24]

text: The average annual precipitation in Death Valley is 2.36 inches (60 mm), while the Greenland Ranch station averaged 1.58 in (40 mm).[25] The wettest month on record is January 1995, when 2.59 inches (66 mm) fell on Death Valley.[10] The wettest period on record was mid-2004 to mid-2005, in which nearly 6 inches (150 mm) of rain fell in total, leading to ephemeral lakes in the valley and the region and tremendous wildflower blooms.[26] Snow with accumulation has only been recorded in January 1922, while scattered flakes have been recorded on other occasions.

text:
[hide]Climate data for Death Valley (Furnace Creek Station)

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
87
(31)
97
(36)
102
(39)
113
(45)
122
(50)
129
(54)
134
(57)
127
(53)
123
(51)
113
(45)
98
(37)
89
(32)
134
(57)

Mean maximum °F (°C)
77.0
(25)
83.9
(28.8)
93.4
(34.1)
103.4
(39.7)
112.1
(44.5)
120.4
(49.1)
123.7
(50.9)
121.9
(49.9)
116.0
(46.7)
104.2
(40.1)
88.8
(31.6)
77.0
(25)
124.5
(51.4)

Average high °F (°C)
66.9
(19.4)
73.3
(22.9)
82.1
(27.8)
90.5
(32.5)
100.5
(38.1)
109.9
(43.3)
116.5
(46.9)
114.7
(45.9)
106.5
(41.4)
92.8
(33.8)
77.1
(25.1)
65.2
(18.4)
91.4
(33)

Daily mean °F (°C)
53.4
(11.9)
59.8
(15.4)
68.4
(20.2)
76.3
(24.6)
86.6
(30.3)
95.5
(35.3)
102.2
(39)
100.2
(37.9)
91.1
(32.8)
77.1
(25.1)
62.6
(17)
51.7
(10.9)
77.2
(25.1)

Average low °F (°C)
40.0
(4.4)
46.3
(7.9)
54.8
(12.7)
62.1
(16.7)
72.7
(22.6)
81.2
(27.3)
88.0
(31.1)
85.7
(29.8)
75.6
(24.2)
61.5
(16.4)
48.1
(8.9)
38.3
(3.5)
62.9
(17.2)

Mean minimum °F (°C)
28.4
(−2)
34.4
(1.3)
41.4
(5.2)
48.7
(9.3)
56.6
(13.7)
65.4
(18.6)
75.7
(24.3)
73.5
(23.1)
62.7
(17.1)
48.8
(9.3)
35.5
(1.9)
28.8
(−1.8)
26.3
(−3.2)

Record low °F (°C)
15
(−9)
20
(−7)
26
(−3)
35
(2)
42
(6)
49
(9)
62
(17)
65
(18)
41
(5)
32
(0)
24
(−4)
19
(−7)
15
(−9)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
0.39
(9.9)
0.51
(13)
0.30
(7.6)
0.12
(3)
0.03
(0.8)
0.05
(1.3)
0.07
(1.8)
0.13
(3.3)
0.21
(5.3)
0.07
(1.8)
0.18
(4.6)
0.30
(7.6)
2.36
(59.9)

Mean monthly sunshine hours
217
226
279
330
372
390
403
372
330
310
210
186
3,625

Source #1: NOAA 1981–2010 US Climate Normals[27]

Source #2: weather2travel.com[28]

text:
[hide]Climate data for Death Valley (Cow Creek Station)

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
84
(29)
89
(32)
100
(38)
110
(43)
120
(49)
125
(52)
126
(52)
125
(52)
123
(51)
111
(44)
95
(35)
84
(29)
126
(52)

Average high °F (°C)
64.4
(18)
71.6
(22)
80.6
(27)
90.9
(32.7)
100.0
(37.8)
109.3
(42.9)
116.0
(46.7)
113.8
(45.4)
106.9
(41.6)
92.1
(33.4)
75.4
(24.1)
65.9
(18.8)
90.6
(32.6)

Daily mean °F (°C)
52.5
(11.4)
59.1
(15.1)
67.4
(19.7)
77.5
(25.3)
86.4
(30.2)
95.3
(35.2)
102.1
(38.9)
99.9
(37.7)
92.1
(33.4)
78.1
(25.6)
62.3
(16.8)
54.1
(12.3)
77.2
(25.1)

Average low °F (°C)
40.6
(4.8)
46.6
(8.1)
54.3
(12.4)
64.1
(17.8)
72.7
(22.6)
81.2
(27.3)
88.4
(31.3)
86.0
(30)
77.4
(25.2)
64.0
(17.8)
49.3
(9.6)
42.4
(5.8)
63.9
(17.7)

Record low °F (°C)
19
(−7)
30
(−1)
33
(1)
45
(7)
52
(11)
54
(12)
69
(21)
69
(21)
57
(14)
40
(4)
32
(0)
27
(−3)
19
(−7)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
0.24
(6.1)
0.32
(8.1)
0.20
(5.1)
0.20
(5.1)
0.10
(2.5)
0.02
(0.5)
0.10
(2.5)
0.11
(2.8)
0.12
(3)
0.11
(2.8)
0.20
(5.1)
0.29
(7.4)
2.00
(50.8)

Source: www.wrcc.dri.edu[29]

text: Biodiversity[edit]

text: In spite of the overwhelming heat and sparse rainfall, Death Valley exhibits considerable biodiversity. Wildflowers, watered by snowmelt, carpet the desert floor each spring, continuing into June.[26] Bighorn sheep, red-tailed hawks, and wild burros may be seen. Death Valley has over 600 springs and ponds. Salt Creek, a mile-long shallow depression in the center of the valley, supports pupfish.[30]

text: Darwin Falls, on the western edge of Death Valley Monument, falls 100 feet (30 m) into a large pond surrounded by willows and cottonwood trees. Over 80 species of birds have been spotted around the pond.[31]

text: Lake Badwater and Glacial Lake Manly[edit]

text: In 2005, Death Valley received four times its average annual rainfall of 1.5 inches (38 mm). As it has done before for hundreds of years, the lowest spot in the valley filled with a wide, shallow lake, but the extreme heat and aridity immediately began evaporating the ephemeral lake.

text: The pair of images (seen at right) from NASA's Landsat 5 satellite documents the short history of Death Valley's Lake Badwater: formed in February 2005 (top) and evaporated by February 2007 (bottom). In 2005, a big pool of greenish water stretched most of the way across the valley floor. By May 2005 the valley floor had resumed its more familiar role as Badwater Basin, a salt-coated salt flats. In time, this freshly dissolved and recrystallized salt will darken.

text: The western margin of Death Valley is traced by alluvial fans. During flash floods, rainfall from the steep mountains to the west pours through narrow canyons, picking up everything from fine clay to large rocks. When these torrents reach the mouths of the canyons, they widen and slow, branching out into braided streams. The paler the fans, the younger they are.

text: During the Pleistocene ice age, which ended roughly 10,000–12,000 years ago, the Sierra Nevada was much wetter. During that time, Death Valley was filled with a huge lake, called Glacial Lake Manly, that was nearly 100 miles (160 km) long and 600 feet (180 m) deep, the end-basin in a chain of lakes that began with Mono Lake in the north and continued through multiple basins down the Owens River Valley through Searles and China Lakes and the Panamint Valley to the immediate west.[32] Remnants of this wetter period can still be seen in the region today, including the presence of several isolated populations of pupfish.[30]

text: History[edit]

text: Death Valley is home to the Timbisha tribe of Native Americans, formerly known as the Panamint Shoshone, who have inhabited the valley for at least the past millennium. The Timbisha name for the valley, tümpisa, means "rock paint" and refers to the red ochre paint that can be made from a type of clay found in the valley. Some families still live in the valley at Furnace Creek. Another village was in Grapevine Canyon near the present site of Scotty's Castle. It was called in the Timbisha language maahunu, whose meaning is uncertain, although it is known that hunu means "canyon".

text: The valley received its English name in 1849 during the California Gold Rush. It was called Death Valley by prospectors[33] and others who sought to cross the valley on their way to the gold fields, after 13 pioneers perished from one early expedition of wagon trains.[34] During the 1850s, gold and silver were extracted in the valley. In the 1880s, borax was discovered and extracted by mule-drawn wagons.

text: On the afternoon of July 10, 1913, the United States Weather Bureau recorded a high temperature of 134 °F (56.7 °C) at Greenland Ranch (now Furnace Creek) in Death Valley.[5] This temperature stands as the highest ambient air temperature ever recorded at the surface of the Earth. (A report of a temperature of 58 °C (136.4 °F) recorded in Libya in 1922 was later determined to be inaccurate.)[12]

text: Death Valley National Monument was proclaimed on February 11, 1933, by President Herbert Hoover, placing the area under federal protection. In 1994, the monument was redesignated as Death Valley National Park, as well as being substantially expanded to include Saline and Eureka Valleys.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: A number of movies have been filmed in Death Valley:[35]

text:
Chimmie Fadden Out West
Danger Valley
Death Valley (1927)
Fair Warning
The Border Patrolman
Where Trails Divide (1937)
Twenty Mule Team
Death Valley (1946)
Yellow Sky
3 Godfathers
The Walking Hills
The Gunfighter (1950)
Surrender
Cattle Drive
Westward the Women
Escape from Fort Bravo
Tumbleweed
War Paint
The Law and Jake Wade
One-Eyed Jacks
The Reward (1965)
The Professionals
The Legend of God's Gun (2007)

text: Notable locations[edit]

text:
Badwater Basin
China Ranch
Dante's View
Darwin Falls
Devils Hole
Father Crowley Viewpoint
Furnace Creek
Harmony Borax Works
Hells Gate
Hog Ranch Mountains
Myers Ranch
Oasis at Death Valley
Russell Camp
New Ryan
Upper and Lower Noonday Camp
Shoreline Butte
Stovepipe Wells
Tecopa
Tecopa Hot Springs
West Side Borax Camp
Wilson Ranch
Wildrose Ranger Station


document_title: List of U.S. states and territories by population

question_text: which state in the united states has the largest population

root

text: Methodology[edit]

text: The United States Census counts most persons residing in the United States including citizens, non-citizen permanent residents, and non-citizen long-term visitors.[1] Civilian and military federal employees serving abroad and their dependents are counted in their home state.[2]

tag: p

text: Electoral apportionment[edit]

text: Based on data from the decennial census, each state is allocated a proportion of the 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives, although each state is guaranteed a minimum of one seat, regardless of population. This apportionment is based on the proportion of each state's population to that of the fifty states together (without regard to the populations of the District of Columbia, AS, GU, MP, PR, or VI). The Electoral College is the body that, every four years, elects the President and Vice President of the United States. Each state's representation in the Electoral College is equal to that state's total number of members in both houses of the United States Congress. The Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution effectively grants the District of Columbia, which is separate from any state, three votes. More precisely, the district gets as many votes in the Electoral College as it would have if it were a state, with the caveat that the district can have no more votes than the least populous state (which is currently Wyoming). Currently, this caveat is a moot point since the District of Columbia would only be entitled to one representative if it were a state, and is more populous than only two of the seven states with a single member in the House since 2013. Since the Constitution guarantees every state at least one U.S. Representative and two U.S. Senators, it effectively guarantees every state (and, since the ratification of the 23rd Amendment, the District of Columbia) at least three electoral votes. Thus, the total representation in the Electoral College is 538 members (equal to 100 senators plus 435 representatives, plus 3 members for the District of Columbia).[3]

text: State information[edit]

text:
Rank in the fifty states, 2017
Rank in all states and territories, 2010
State or territory
Population estimate, July 1, 2017[4]
Census population, April 1, 2010
Total seats in the U.S. House of Representatives, 2013–2023
Estimated population per House seat, 2017
Census population per House seat, 2010
Percent of the total U.S. population, 2017[note 1]

7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
 California
39,536,653
37,252,895
7001530000000000000♠53
745,974
702,885
12.14%

7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
 Texas
28,304,596
25,146,105
7001360000000000000♠36
786,238
698,503
8.69%

7000300000000000000♠3
7000400000000000000♠4
 Florida
20,984,400
18,804,623
7001270000000000000♠27
777,200
696,468
6.44%

7000400000000000000♠4
7000300000000000000♠3
 New York
19,849,399
19,378,087
7001270000000000000♠27
735,163
717,707
6.09%

7000500000000000000♠5
7000600000000000000♠6
 Pennsylvania
12,805,537
12,702,887
7001180000000000000♠18
711,419
705,715
3.93%

7000600000000000000♠6
7000500000000000000♠5
 Illinois
12,802,023
12,831,549
7001180000000000000♠18
711,224
712,864
3.93%

7000700000000000000♠7
7000700000000000000♠7
 Ohio
11,658,609
11,536,725
7001160000000000000♠16
728,663
721,032
3.58%

7000800000000000000♠8
9
 Georgia
10,429,379
9,688,681
7001140000000000000♠14
744,956
691,975
3.20%

7000900000000000000♠9
10
 North Carolina
10,273,419
9,535,692
7001130000000000000♠13
790,263
733,498
3.15%

7001100000000000000♠10
8
 Michigan
9,962,311
9,884,129
7001140000000000000♠14
711,594
705,974
3.06%

7001110000000000000♠11
7001110000000000000♠11
 New Jersey
9,005,644
8,791,936
7001120000000000000♠12
750,470
732,658
2.76%

7001120000000000000♠12
7001120000000000000♠12
 Virginia
8,470,020
8,001,045
7001110000000000000♠11
770,002
727,366
2.60%

7001130000000000000♠13
7001130000000000000♠13
 Washington
7,405,743
6,724,543
7001100000000000000♠10
740,574
672,454
2.27%

7001140000000000000♠14
7001160000000000000♠16
 Arizona
7,016,270
6,392,307
7000900000000000000♠9
779,586
710,224
2.15%

7001150000000000000♠15
7001140000000000000♠14
 Massachusetts
6,859,819
6,547,817
7000900000000000000♠9
762,202
727,514
2.11%

7001160000000000000♠16
7001170000000000000♠17
 Tennessee
6,715,984
6,346,275
7000900000000000000♠9
746,220
705,123
2.06%

7001170000000000000♠17
7001150000000000000♠15
 Indiana
6,666,818
6,484,229
7000900000000000000♠9
740,758
720,422
2.05%

7001180000000000000♠18
7001180000000000000♠18
 Missouri
6,113,532
5,988,927
7000800000000000000♠8
764,192
748,615
1.88%

7001190000000000000♠19
7001190000000000000♠19
 Maryland
6,052,177
5,773,785
7000800000000000000♠8
756,522
721,694
1.86%

7001200000000000000♠20
7001200000000000000♠20
 Wisconsin
5,795,483
5,687,289
7000800000000000000♠8
724,435
710,873
1.78%

7001210000000000000♠21
7001220000000000000♠22
 Colorado
5,607,154
5,029,324
7000700000000000000♠7
801,022
720,704
1.72%

7001220000000000000♠22
7001210000000000000♠21
 Minnesota
5,576,606
5,303,925
7000800000000000000♠8
697,076
662,991
1.71%

7001230000000000000♠23
7001240000000000000♠24
 South Carolina
5,024,369
4,625,401
7000700000000000000♠7
717,767
660,766
1.54%

7001240000000000000♠24
7001230000000000000♠23
 Alabama
4,874,747
4,780,127
7000700000000000000♠7
696,392
682,819
1.50%

7001250000000000000♠25
7001250000000000000♠25
 Louisiana
4,684,333
4,533,479
7000600000000000000♠6
780,722
755,562
1.44%

7001260000000000000♠26
7001260000000000000♠26
 Kentucky
4,454,189
4,339,349
7000600000000000000♠6
742,365
723,228
1.37%

7001270000000000000♠27
7001270000000000000♠27
 Oregon
4,142,776
3,831,073
7000500000000000000♠5
828,555
766,215
1.27%

7001280000000000000♠28
7001280000000000000♠28
 Oklahoma
3,930,864
3,751,616
7000500000000000000♠5
786,173
750,270
1.21%

7001290000000000000♠29
7001300000000000000♠30
 Connecticut
3,588,184
3,574,118
7000500000000000000♠5
717,637
714,824
1.10%

7001710000000000000♠ —
7001290000000000000♠29
 Puerto Rico
3,337,177
3,726,157
1 (non-voting)
—
—
1.01%

7001300000000000000♠30
7001310000000000000♠31
 Iowa
3,145,711
3,046,869
7000400000000000000♠4
786,428
761,717
0.97%

7001310000000000000♠31
7001350000000000000♠35
 Utah
3,101,833
2,763,888
7000400000000000000♠4
775,458
690,972
0.95%

7001320000000000000♠32
7001330000000000000♠33
 Arkansas
3,004,279
2,915,958
7000400000000000000♠4
751,070
728,990
0.92%

7001330000000000000♠33
7001360000000000000♠36
 Nevada
2,998,039
2,700,691
7000400000000000000♠4
749,510
675,173
0.92%

7001340000000000000♠34
7001320000000000000♠32
 Mississippi
2,984,100
2,968,103
7000400000000000000♠4
746,025
742,026
0.92%

7001350000000000000♠35
7001340000000000000♠34
 Kansas
2,913,123
2,853,132
7000400000000000000♠4
728,281
713,280
0.89%

7001360000000000000♠36
7001370000000000000♠37
 New Mexico
2,088,070
2,059,192
7000300000000000000♠3
696,023
686,393
0.64%

7001370000000000000♠37
7001390000000000000♠39
 Nebraska
1,920,076
1,826,341
7000300000000000000♠3
640,025
608,780
0.59%

7001380000000000000♠38
7001380000000000000♠38
 West Virginia
1,815,857
1,853,011
7000300000000000000♠3
605,285
617,670
0.56%

7001390000000000000♠39
7001400000000000000♠40
 Idaho
1,716,943
1,567,652
7000200000000000000♠2
858,472
783,826
0.53%

7001400000000000000♠40
7001410000000000000♠41
 Hawaii
1,427,538
1,360,301
7000200000000000000♠2
713,769
680,151
0.44%

7001410000000000000♠41
7001430000000000000♠43
 New Hampshire
1,342,795
1,316,466
7000200000000000000♠2
671,398
658,233
0.41%

7001420000000000000♠42
7001420000000000000♠42
 Maine
1,335,907
1,328,361
7000200000000000000♠2
667,954
664,181
0.41%

7001430000000000000♠43
7001440000000000000♠44
 Rhode Island
1,059,639
1,052,931
7000200000000000000♠2
529,820
526,466
0.33%

7001440000000000000♠44
7001450000000000000♠45
 Montana
1,050,493
989,417
7000100000000000000♠1
1,050,493
989,417
0.32%

7001450000000000000♠45
7001460000000000000♠46
 Delaware
961,939
897,936
7000100000000000000♠1
961,939
897,936
0.30%

7001460000000000000♠46
7001470000000000000♠47
 South Dakota
869,666
814,191
7000100000000000000♠1
869,666
814,191
0.27%

7001470000000000000♠47
7001490000000000000♠49
  North Dakota
755,393
672,591
7000100000000000000♠1
755,393
672,591
0.23%

7001480000000000000♠48
7001480000000000000♠48
 Alaska
739,795
710,249
7000100000000000000♠1
739,795
710,249
0.23%

7001610000000000000♠—
7001510000000000000♠51
 District of Columbia
693,972
601,767
1 (non-voting)
—
—
0.21%

7001490000000000000♠49
7001500000000000000♠50
 Vermont
623,657
625,745
7000100000000000000♠1
623,657
625,745
0.19%

7001500000000000000♠50
7001520000000000000♠52
 Wyoming
579,315
563,767
7000100000000000000♠1
579,315
563,767
0.18%

7001720000000000000♠—
7001530000000000000♠53
 Guam
[note 2]
159,358[5]
1 (non-voting)
—
—
0.06%

7001730000000000000♠—
7001540000000000000♠54
 U.S. Virgin Islands
[note 2]
106,405[6]
1 (non-voting)
—
—
0.04%

7001740000000000000♠—
7001550000000000000♠55
 American Samoa
[note 2]
55,519[7]
1 (non-voting)
—
—
0.01%

7001750000000000000♠—
7001560000000000000♠56
 Northern Mariana Islands
[note 2]
53,883[8]
1 (non-voting)
—
—
0.00%

7001760000000000000♠—
7001570000000000000♠57
 Midway Atoll
40
2,220
0
—
—
0.00%

7001770000000000000♠—
7001580000000000000♠58
 Johnston Atoll
0
1,100
0
—
—
0.00%

7001780000000000000♠—
7001590000000000000♠59
 Wake Island
150
382
0
—
—
0.00%

7001800000000000000♠—
7001600000000000000♠60
 Palmyra Atoll
20
20
0
—
—
0.00%

7001810000000000000♠—
—
 Baker Island
0
0
0
—
—
0.00%

7001820000000000000♠—
—
 Howland Island
0
0
0
—
—
0.00%

7001830000000000000♠—
—
 Jarvis Island
0
0
0
—
—
0.00%

7001840000000000000♠—
—
 Kingman Reef
0
0
0
—
—
0.00%

7001850000000000000♠—
—
Navassa Island
0
0
0
—
—
0.00%

7001860000000000000♠—
—
Serranilla Bank
0
0
0
—
—
0.00%

7001870000000000000♠—
—
Bajo Nuevo Bank
0
0
0
—
—
0.00%

7001870000000000000♠—
7001870000000000000♠—
Contiguous United States
323,551,845
306,687,555
432 (+ 1 non-voting)
—
—
98.18%

7001820000000000000♠—
7001820000000000000♠—
The fifty states
325,025,206
308,156,338
435
737,348
708,376
98.48%

7001830000000000000♠—
7001830000000000000♠—
Fifty states + D.C.
325,719,178
308,758,105
435 (+ 1 non-voting)
—
—
98.67%

7001840000000000000♠—
7001840000000000000♠—
Total U.S. (including D.C. and territories)
329,431,520
312,913,872
435 (+ 6 non-voting)
—
—
100.00%

tag: table

text:
Jump up ^ Because of rounding of the individual percentages, the entries in this column may not sum to 100%.
^ Jump up to: a b c d There is no official population estimate for American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, and United States Virgin Islands between the decennial censuses.

tag: ol

text: Summary of population by region[edit]

text:
Legend

Division totals – 9 divisions for 50 states and D.C.

Region totals – 4 regions ( 2 or 3 divisions each)

Individual territories

Total U.S. Territories

50 States + District of Columbia

Divisions & regions as defined by U.S. Census Bureau

Last col. shows larger region which contains entity in col. 1

text:
Population of states, territories, divisions and regions

State/Territory/
Division/Region
Rank
2017
population
Rank
2010
population
Rank
2000
population
Rank
2000-
2010
change
Geographic
sort

21 ! Massachusetts
14 !15
28 !6,859,819
14 !14
28 !6,547,629
13 !13
27 !6,349,097
43 !43
56 !3.1%
01 !NEng

07 ! Connecticut
29 !29
44 !3,588,184
29 !29
45 !3,574,097
29 !29
45 !3,405,565
35 !35
45 !4.9%
02 !NEng

19 ! Maine
41 !42
56 !1,335,907
41 !41
57 !1,328,361
40 !40
56 !1,274,923
39 !39
49 !4.2%
03 !NEng

29 ! New Hampshire
42 !41
57 !1,342,795
42 !42
58 !1,316,470
41 !41
57 !1,235,786
32 !32
41 !6.5%
04 !NEng

39 ! Rhode Island
43 !43
58 !1,059,639
43 !43
59 !1,052,567
43 !43
59 !1,048,319
49 !49
65 !0.4%
05 !NEng

45 ! Vermont
49 !49
623,657
49 !49
65 !625,741
49 !49
65 !608,827
44 !44
60 !2.8%
06 !NEng

55 !       New England
59 !9
14,810,001
59 !9
18 !14,444,865
59 !9
18 !13,922,517
57 !7
52 !3.8%
07 !NEast

32 ! New York
03 !3
15 !19,849,399
03 !3
15 !19,378,102
03 !3
14 !18,976,457
46 !46
62 !2.1%
08 !MAtl

38 ! Pennsylvania
06 !5
20 !12,805,537
06 !6
20 !12,702,379
06 !6
20 !12,281,054
41 !41
53 !3.4%
09 !MAtl

30 ! New Jersey
11 !11
25 !9,005,644
11 !11
25 !8,791,894
09 !9
23 !8,414,350
37 !37
47 !4.5%
10 !MAtl

53 !       Mid-Atlantic
54 !4
09 !41,660,580
54 !4
09 !40,872,375
54 !4
09 !39,671,861
58 !8
57 !3.0%
11 !NEast

61 !       Northeast
63 !4
06 !56,470,581
63 !4
06 !55,317,240
63 !4
05 !53,594,378
63 !4
55 !3.2%
12 !USA

09 ! Florida
04 !4
16 !19,552,860
04 !4
16 !18,801,310
04 !4
17 !15,982,378
08 !8
09 !17.6%
13 !SAtl

10 ! Georgia
08 !8
22 !9,992,167
09 !9
23 !9,687,653
10 !10
24 !8,186,453
07 !7
08 !18.3%
14 !SAtl

33 ! North Carolina
10 !10
24 !9,848,060
10 !10
24 !9,535,483
11 !11
25 !8,049,313
06 !6
07 !18.5%
15 !SAtl

46 ! Virginia
12 !12
26 !8,260,405
12 !12
26 !8,001,024
12 !12
26 !7,078,515
16 !16
21 !13.0%
16 !SAtl

20 ! Maryland
19 !19
33 !5,928,814
19 !19
33 !5,773,552
19 !19
33 !5,296,486
23 !23
30 !9.0%
17 !SAtl

40 ! South Carolina
24 !24
38 !4,774,839
24 !24
38 !4,625,364
26 !26
41 !4,012,012
10 !10
13 !15.3%
18 !SAtl

48 ! West Virginia
38 !38
53 !1,854,304
37 !37
53 !1,852,994
37 !37
53 !1,808,344
45 !45
61 !2.5%
19 !SAtl

08 ! Delaware
45 !45
60 !925,749
45 !45
61 !897,934
45 !45
61 !783,600
11 !11
14 !14.6%
20 !SAtl

64 ! District of Columbia
64 !--
64 !646,449
64 !--
66 !601,723
64 !--
66 !572,059
64 !--
44 !5.2%
21 !SAtl

57 !       South Atlantic
51 !1
05 !64,705,532
51 !1
05 !59,777,037
51 !1
06 !51,769,160
53 !3
12 !15.5%
22 !South

42 ! Tennessee
17 !17
31 !6,495,978
17 !17
31 !6,346,105
16 !16
30 !5,689,283
19 !19
24 !11.5%
23 !ESC

01 ! Alabama
23 !23
37 !4,833,722
23 !23
37 !4,779,736
23 !23
37 !4,447,100
27 !27
35 !7.5%
24 !ESC

17 ! Kentucky
26 !26
40 !4,395,295
26 !26
40 !4,339,367
25 !25
40 !4,041,769
28 !28
36 !7.4%
25 !ESC

24 ! Mississippi
31 !31
46 !2,991,207
31 !31
47 !2,967,297
31 !31
47 !2,844,658
38 !38
48 !4.3%
26 !ESC

52 !       East South Central
58 !8
17 !19,029,020
58 !8
17 !18,432,505
58 !8
16 !17,022,810
55 !5
32 !8.3%
27 !South

43 ! Texas
02 !2
12 !26,448,193
02 !2
12 !25,145,561
02 !2
12 !20,851,820
05 !5
06 !20.6%
28 !WSC

18 ! Louisiana
25 !25
39 !4,625,470
25 !25
39 !4,533,372
22 !22
36 !4,468,976
48 !48
64 !1.4%
29 !WSC

36 ! Oklahoma
28 !28
42 !3,850,568
28 !28
43 !3,751,351
27 !27
43 !3,450,654
24 !24
31 !8.7%
30 !WSC

04 ! Arkansas
32 !32
47 !2,959,373
32 !32
48 !2,915,918
33 !33
49 !2,673,400
22 !22
29 !9.1%
31 !WSC

59 !       West South Central
55 !5
11 !39,924,072
55 !5
11 !36,346,202
55 !5
11 !31,444,850
52 !2
11 !15.6%
32 !South

62 !       South
60 !1
02 !123,658,624
60 !1
02 !114,555,744
60 !1
02 !100,236,820
60 !1
15 !14.3%
33 !USA

13 ! Illinois
05 !6
19 !12,882,135
05 !5
19 !12,830,632
05 !5
19 !12,419,293
42 !42
54 !3.3%
34 !ENC

35 ! Ohio
07 !7
21 !11,570,808
07 !7
21 !11,536,504
07 !7
21 !11,353,140
47 !47
63 !1.6%
35 !ENC

22 ! Michigan
09 !10
23 !9,895,622
08 !8
22 !9,883,640
08 !8
22 !9,938,444
50 !50
66 !-0.6%
36 !ENC

14 ! Indiana
16 !17
30 !6,570,902
15 !15
29 !6,483,802
14 !14
28 !6,080,485
31 !31
39 !6.6%
37 !ENC

49 ! Wisconsin
20 !20
34 !5,742,713
20 !20
34 !5,686,986
18 !18
32 !5,363,675
34 !34
43 !6.0%
38 !ENC

51 !       East North Central
53 !3
08 !46,885,244
53 !3
08 !46,421,564
52 !2
07 !45,155,037
59 !9
59 !2.8%
39 !MWest

25 ! Missouri
18 !18
32 !6,044,171
18 !18
32 !5,988,927
17 !17
31 !5,595,211
29 !29
37 !7.0%
40 !WNC

23 ! Minnesota
21 !22
35 !5,420,380
21 !21
35 !5,303,925
21 !21
35 !4,919,479
26 !26
34 !7.8%
41 !WNC

15 ! Iowa
30 !30
45 !3,090,416
30 !30
46 !3,046,355
30 !30
46 !2,926,324
40 !40
50 !4.1%
42 !WNC

16 ! Kansas
34 !34
49 !2,893,957
33 !33
49 !2,853,118
32 !32
48 !2,688,418
33 !33
42 !6.1%
43 !WNC

27 ! Nebraska
37 !37
52 !1,868,516
38 !38
54 !1,826,341
38 !38
54 !1,711,263
30 !30
38 !6.7%
44 !WNC

41 ! South Dakota
46 !46
61 !844,877
46 !46
62 !814,180
46 !46
62 !754,844
25 !25
33 !7.9%
45 !WNC

34 !  North Dakota
48 !47
62 !723,393
48 !48
64 !672,591
47 !47
63 !642,200
36 !36
46 !4.7%
46 !WNC

58 !       West North Central
57 !7
14 !21,294,107
57 !7
14 !20,505,437
56 !6
13 !19,237,739
56 !6
40 !6.6%
47 !MWest

60 !       Midwest
62 !3
04 !68,179,351
62 !3
04 !66,927,001
61 !2
03 !64,392,776
62 !3
51 !3.9%
48 !USA

03 ! Arizona
15 !14
29 !7,016,270
16 !16
30 !6,392,017
20 !20
34 !5,130,632
02 !2
02 !24.6%
49 !Mtn

06 ! Colorado
22 !21
36 !5,607,154
22 !22
36 !5,029,196
24 !24
38 !4,301,261
09 !9
10 !16.9%
50 !Mtn

44 ! Utah
33 !31
48 !3,101,833
34 !34
50 !2,763,885
34 !34
50 !2,233,169
03 !3
03 !23.8%
51 !Mtn

28 ! Nevada
35 !33
50 !2,998,039
35 !35
51 !2,700,551
35 !35
51 !1,998,257
01 !1
01 !35.1%
52 !Mtn

31 ! New Mexico
36 !36
51 !2,088,070
36 !36
52 !2,059,179
36 !36
52 !1,819,046
15 !15
20 !13.2%
53 !Mtn

12 ! Idaho
39 !39
54 !1,716,943
39 !39
55 !1,567,582
39 !39
55 !1,293,953
04 !4
05 !21.1%
54 !Mtn

26 ! Montana
44 !44
59 !1,050,493
44 !44
60 !989,415
44 !44
60 !902,195
21 !21
28 !9.7%
55 !Mtn

50 ! Wyoming
50 !50
66 !579,315
50 !50
67 !563,626
50 !50
67 !493,782
12 !12
16 !14.1%
56 !Mtn

54 !       Mountain
56 !6
13 !24,158,117
56 !6
13 !22,065,451
57 !7
15 !18,172,295
51 !1
04 !21.4%
57 !West

05 ! California
01 !1
10 !39,536,653
01 !1
10 !37,253,956
01 !1
10 !33,871,648
20 !20
26 !10.0%
58 !Pac

47 ! Washington
13 !13
27 !7,405,743
13 !13
27 !6,724,540
15 !15
29 !5,894,121
13 !13
17 !14.1%
59 !Pac

37 ! Oregon
27 !27
41 !4,142,776
27 !27
42 !3,831,074
28 !28
44 !3,421,399
18 !18
23 !12.0%
60 !Pac

11 ! Hawaii
40 !40
55 !1,427,538
40 !40
56 !1,360,301
42 !42
58 !1,211,537
17 !17
22 !12.3%
61 !Pac

02 ! Alaska
47 !48
63 !739,795
47 !47
63 !710,231
48 !48
64 !626,932
14 !14
19 !13.3%
62 !Pac

56 !       Pacific
52 !2
07 !53,252,505
52 !2
07 !49,880,102
53 !3
08 !45,025,637
54 !4
25 !10.8%
63 !West

63 !       West
61 !2
03 !77,410,622
61 !2
03 !71,945,553
62 !3
04 !63,197,932
61 !2
18 !13.8%
64 !USA

65 ! 50 states and D.C.
65 !--
01 !325,719,178
65 !--
01 !308,745,538
65 !--
01 !281,421,906
65 !--
27 !9.7%
65 !NAmer

69 ! Puerto Rico
66 !1
43 !3,337,177
66 !1
44 !3,725,789
66 !1
42 !3,808,610
68 !3
68 !-2.2%
66 !Terr.

67 ! Guam
67 !2
68 ![note 1]
67 !2
68 !159,358
67 !2
68 !154,805
66 !1
58 !2.9%
67 !Terr.

70 ! U.S. Virgin Islands
68 !3
69 ![note 1]
68 !3
69 !106,405
68 !3
69 !108,612
67 !2
67 !-2.0%
68 !Terr.

66 ! American Samoa
69 !4
71 ![note 1]
69 !4
70 !55,519
70 !5
71 !57,291
69 !4
70 !-3.1%
69 !Terr.

68 ! Northern Mariana Islands
70 !5
70 ![note 1]
70 !5
71 !53,883
69 !4
70 !69,221
70 !5
71 !-22.2%
70 !Terr.

71 !       Total Territories
71 !--
67 !3,712,342
71 !--
41 !4,100,954
71 !--
39 !4,198,539
71 !--
69 !-2.3%
71 !USA


document_title: Little River Band

question_text: who are the current members of little river band

question_tokens: who are the current members of little river band

text: Little River Band

text: History[edit]

text: 1975–76: Early years[edit]

text: Little River Band was formed in March 1975 in Melbourne as a harmony rock group with Glenn Shorrock on lead vocals, Beeb Birtles on guitar and vocals, Graeham Goble on guitar and vocals, Derek Pellicci on drums and session players Graham Davidge on lead guitar and Dave Orams on bass guitar.[1][2][3] Upon formation they were an Australian super group, with Birtles, Goble, Pellicci and Shorrock each from prominent local bands.[4] Birtles had been the bass guitarist in the 1960s pop-rock band Zoot (which launched the career of singer-guitarist Rick Springfield).[1][2] Goble had led Adelaide-formed folk rock group Allison Gros before forming the harmony country rock band  Mississippi (joined by Birtles and Pellicci) which had chart success in Australia and built up a strong following on the concert and festival circuit. During 1971–72 the original members of Mississippi also recorded as a studio band under the pseudonym Drummond.[5] They achieved a number-one hit, for eight consecutive weeks, on the Go-Set National Top 40 with a novelty cover version of the Rays' song "Daddy Cool".[6]

text: Shorrock had been the lead singer of a 1960s pop band, the Twilights, and an early 1970s country rock group, Axiom (alongside singer-songwriter Brian Cadd).[1][2] Both Axiom and Mississippi had tried to break into the United Kingdom record market without success.[1][2] Axiom disbanded after moving to the UK, and Shorrock sang for a short period with a more progressive rock outfit, Esperanto.[1][2]

text: In 1974 Birtles, Goble, Pellicci and Shorrock met in London with Glenn Wheatley (ex bass player -The Masters Apprentices).[1][2][3] With Wheatley as manager, they agreed to reconvene in Melbourne in early 1975.[3] Due to the indifferent reception they had each received in the UK, they decided their new band would establish itself in the United States.[1][3] Wheatley's first-hand experiences of the rip-offs in the 1960s music scene, combined with his experience working in music management in the UK and the US in the early 1970s, allowed him to help the Little River Band become the first Australian group to enjoy consistent commercial and chart success in the US.[1][3][7]

text: After their return to Australia, the members began rehearsing in February 1975, still using the name of Mississippi. In Wheatley's autobiography, Paper Paradise (1999), he described how they obtained their name: "It was now time to get out of the rehearsal room and play to a live audience – somewhere without any fanfare, somewhere out of the way. I booked the Golfview Hotel in Geelong for the Saturday night of 1 March 1975. While travelling to the venue down the Geelong Road from Melbourne, we passed the turn-off for Little River. From the back of the truck, Glenn Shorrock shouted, 'What about the Little River Band'? And so, that night the Golfview Hotel witnessed the first performance of the Little River Band, albeit advertised on the marquee as Mississippi."[8] On 20 March 1975 they played their first official gig under their new name at Martini's Hotel in Carlton.[9] They played a return gig at the Golfview Hotel five days later.[9][10]

text: Little River Band had recorded their first track, a cover version of the Everly Brothers' song "When Will I Be Loved" in February 1975,[1] at Armstrong Studios, but Linda Ronstadt's version appeared in March 1975 – so LRB did not release theirs.[3] Before the group began playing concerts, Graham Davidge was replaced by Ric Formosa on guitar, and Dave Orams by Roger McLachlan on bass guitar and backing vocals.[8][1][2]

text: It was guitarist Phil Manning, formerly of the band Chain, that was LRB's first choice for lead guitar duties. Manning was busy cultivating a solo career so he recommended Ric Formosa to Wheatley. Formosa had recently travelled to Australia from Canada and working in a music store. He was asked to audition and received a phone call soon after with an invitation to join the band. [11]

text: In May 1975 they signed with EMI Records and started recording their debut self-titled album (November 1975) at Armstrong Studios in June. The album was co-produced by Birtles, Goble, Shorrock and Wheatley.[2] Tony Catterall of The Canberra Times described it as "one of those flawed creations that inevitably draws a more-in-sorrow-than-in-anger response."[12] Little River Band peaked at No. 17 on the Kent Music Report Albums Chart.[13] Their debut single, "Curiosity (Killed the Cat)", had appeared in September, reaching No. 15 on the related Kent Music Report Singles Chart.[13] Two more singles followed, "Emma" (January 1976) and "It's a Long Way There" (November 1976).[13]

text: Wheatley had travelled to Los Angeles in December 1975 and touted the group to various record companies until Rupert Perry of Capitol Records signed them on Christmas Eve.[8] Little River Band issued their second album, After Hours, in May 1976 on EMI. It was produced by the band but was not issued in the US until 1980 and then first as a CD in 1997 on One Way Records, with three bonus tracks.[1][2] After Hours peaked at No. 5 and provided the single "Everyday of My Life", in May, which reached the top 30.

text: 1976–82: Success and changes of personnel[edit]

text: During August 1976, both Formosa and McLachlan were replaced: David Briggs joined on guitar (ex-Cycle, The Avengers, Ram Band) and George McArdle on bass guitar (also ex-Ram Band).[1][2][14] Formosa (according to Wheatley's aforementioned book) not enthusiastic about touring outside of Australia, left the group to pursue other musical interests, working as a session musician and as a composer and arranger. And at the same time, the group decided to also replace bassist Roger McLachlan, who also became a sessions player and subsequently joined the Australian country rock group Stars[2][15][16] Formosa remained in touch with LRB: he conducted and wrote string parts for several tracks on subsequent albums.[17]

text: Encouraged by their Australian success, the band undertook their first international tour.[1] They flew to the UK on 17 September 1976 to play a show in London's Hyde Park supporting Queen. They then opened shows in the rest of Europe for the Hollies during September and October.[1][3] Birtles advised fellow Australian bands that "It's so much easier when you have a product to sell... And the money you make on the club circuit in Australia while establishing yourself is better than anything you can make in Britain, where there is so much competition."[18] In October 1976 they performed their first US concert, at James Madison University (then called Madison College) in Harrisonburg, Virginia, as the opening act for Average White Band.[1][3] Due to their US appearances and support from FM stations, "It's a Long Way There" reached No. 28 on the Billboard Hot 100.[19] This galvanised the commitment of the band members to tackle the US record market.[14]

text: Little River Band's second album, After Hours, was passed over in the US by Capitol. The label selected tracks from it and from their third Australian one, Diamantina Cocktail (April 1977), to create Capitol's second US album, also titled Diamantina Cocktail (June 1977).[1][2] The Australian version was co-produced by the group with John Boylan – who stayed on to co-produce their next two studio albums.[2] During the recording there were "frictions and competition between the band members" such that Birtles, Goble and Shorrock each "recorded separately in the studio... as much as possible."[3]

text: The Canberra Times' Julie Meldrum caught their performance in May 1977, which "moved along at a rapid pace and slowed down only once with a few laid-back tracks towards the middle of the set" and they were "tightly disciplined musicians. All the instruments were played clearly and it was obvious that collectively or individually there was nothing that was not world class."[20] Meldrum also reviewed the album, which had "no references to Australia and it is obvious that the band is trying to ensconce itself in the Los Angeles scene... [its] most dominating influences are David Crosby and Graham Nash, and Little Feat."[21] Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic felt the US release was "laidback, sweet country-rock, the album has a similar sound to the band's debut, but the melodies are a little sharper and catchier, making the album a better, more fully-rounded collection."[22]

text: In Australia Diamantina Cocktail became their highest charting album, peaking at No. 2;[13] the US version reached the top 50 on the Billboard 200.[19] In January 1978 it was certified gold by RIAA for sales of 500,000 copies;[23] and they were the first Australian band to do so.[1] The lead single, "Help Is on Its Way" reached No. 1 in Australia.[13] Both it and the fourth single, "Happy Anniversary", peaked in the top 20 on the US Hot 100.[19]

text: During 1977 the group toured consistently, mostly in the US, headlining in smaller venues, and appearing in stadiums on larger multi-billed shows supporting The Doobie Brothers, Supertramp and America.[1] In August 1977 they co-headlined day two of the Reading Music Festival alongside Thin Lizzy.[24] In November Little River Band supported Fleetwood Mac and Santana at the Rockarena concerts in Sydney and Melbourne.[25]

text: Their fourth studio album, Sleeper Catcher (May 1978), peaked at No. 4 in Australia and No. 16 in the US.[13][19] By May in the following year it was certified platinum by RIAA for sales of 1,000,000 copies,[23] and was the first Australian recorded album to achieve that feat.[3] AllMusic's Mike DeGagne praised Shorrock's vocals, which give the album "the perfect MOR sound, draping the tracks with his cool, breezy style that is much more apparent and effectual here than on the band's earlier efforts."[26] Sleeper Catcher provided four singles with "Shut Down Turn Off" (April 1978) their highest charting in Australia at No. 16,[13] however in the US the highest charting was "Reminiscing" (June 1978), which peaked at No. 3.[19] The album's last single, "Lady" (December 1978), reached No. 10 in the US in early 1979.[19]

text: After Pellicci was hospitalised in May 1978 due to severe burns from an exploding gas grill cylinder, Geoff Cox (ex-Brian Cadd, Bootleg Family Band, Avalanche) substituted on drums, rather than the group cancelling shows for their next US tour.[1][27] On that tour they supported Boz Scaggs, Jimmy Buffett and the Eagles.[1][27] Cox remained with the group through mid-1978 and played alongside Pellicci, after the latter joined the tour at a show supporting the Eagles at C.N.E. Stadium in Toronto on 6 August 1978, until he was healed enough to continue on his own. Mal Logan (ex-the Dingoes, Renée Geyer Band) joined on keyboards for another US tour which began in late December 1978. Logan stayed on as their touring keyboardist through the end of 1981.[1][2][28]

text: By February 1978 "frictions inside the band continued to brew, relieved a little by a sideline album".[3] Birtles & Goble was a side project formed as a duo to showcase their tracks rejected for LRB releases.[1][2][3] They issued three singles, "Lonely Lives" (March 1978), "I'm Coming Home" (March 1979) and "How I Feel Tonight" (June 1980) and an album, The Last Romance (May 1980).[1][2][3] "I'm Coming Home" reached No. 8 in Australia.[13] Shorrock had a solo single with a cover version of Bobby Darin's "Dream Lover" (April 1979), which reached the Australian top 10.[1][13][29]

text: First Under the Wire was issued as LRB's fifth studio album in July 1979, which reached No. 2 in Australia – equal highest position with Diamantina Cocktail.[13] It was also their highest charting album on the Billboard 200 – reaching No. 10.[19] In November 1979 it was certified by RIAA as a platinum album.[23] AllMusic's Mark Allan described how, with their "mix of harmony-drenched pop tunes and unthreatening rockers, they appealed to a wide audience."[30] Both singles, "Lonesome Loser" (July 1979) and "Cool Change" (October 1979) peaked in the US top 10.[19] Briggs wrote "Lonesome Loser" and Shorrock wrote "Cool Change".[31]

text: McArdle left in late January 1979 to enrol in a Bible college and became a Christian minister.[32] In July of that year Barry Sullivan (ex-Chain, Renée Geyer Band) took over on bass guitar.[1][28] He was replaced, in turn, by Wayne Nelson (ex-Jim Messina Band), later LRB's lead singer, who joined in April 1980.[1][2]

text: The group's two 1980 Australian live releases, Backstage Pass and Live in America, were released in the US as a double set, also called Backstage Pass.

text: Goble was also the producer for Australian pop singer John Farnham's solo album, Uncovered (September 1980).[2] Goble wrote or co-wrote nine of its ten tracks and provided vocals. Other LRB alumni used were Briggs, Formosa, Logan, Nelson, Pellicci and Sullivan.[2][33] Farnham had signed with Wheatley's management company.[34]

text: The line-up of Birtles, Briggs, Goble, Nelson, Pellicci and Shorrock recorded Little River Band's sixth studio album,[35] Time Exposure (August 1981), in Montserrat with George Martin (the Beatles) producing.[1][2][3] The Canberra Times' Garry Raffaele felt that the "essence of it all is that it's easy listening, no demands, easing up, slowing down, getting older."[36] By the time it had appeared, Stephen Housden (ex-Stevie Wright Band, the Imports) replaced Briggs on lead guitar.[1][2] It reached No .9 in Australia and No. 21 in the US;[13][19] and in November it was certified gold by RIAA.[23]

text:
In August Nelson provided lead vocals for Time Exposure's lead single, "The Night Owls", which peaked at No. 18 in Australia and No. 6 in the US.[13][19] Raffaele described the track as "the
punchiest thing LRB has done for some time but it's still middle-of-the-road pap, hummable."[36] Nelson also shared vocal duties with Shorrock on the second single, "Take It Easy on Me" (November 1981).[1][3][10] According to Australian music journalist Ed Nimmervoll, Nelson's presence was "adding to the problems within the band"; Nimmervoll opined that Goble "agitated within the band to replace Glenn Shorrock with John Farnham."[3]

text: 1982–87: John Farnham years[edit]

text: In February 1982 Shorrock left Little River Band and resumed his solo career but did not achieve chart success in the US.[10] Farnham replaced Shorrock on lead vocals[37] and "Man on Your Mind", the third single from Time Exposure (with Shorrock's vocals), reached No. 14 in the US.[19]

text: In his 2017 autobiography, Every Day of My Life, Beeb Birtles described the parting of ways with Shorrock and Briggs, "David's confidence had escalated to the extent where he became adamant about what needed to be done. I remember a couple of embarrassing moments in the studio where he was quite rude to George Martin, insisting that his way was better and that he didn't need to be told how or what to play. After our return from recording in Montserrat, during a meeting at Glenn Wheatley's house, Graeham was quite vocal about David's conduct. He confronted Dave and virtually fired him. With Glenn, I would go overboard trying to please him but rarely got anything back from him. I found him hard to read at times as he's a man of few words. After he took his frustration out on me one day during a rehearsal, I spoke my mind and told him in no uncertain terms how I felt and in a meeting with Glenn, Graeham and Wheatley, I said I couldn't work with Glenn anymore. Graeham, who had always been at opposite poles to Shorrock, agreed with me and Wheatley started freaking out saying he thought it was a big mistake. What was Capital Records going to say? But in hindsight, I believe he was right on the money and to me this would be the mistake that cut Little River Band's throat."

text: In September 1982 Farnham told Susan Moore of The Australian Women's Weekly, "Fitting in with the guys hasn't been hard, they have made it so easy for me... But recording and on stage things are quite different from what I've been used to."[37] On covering the previous LRB repertoire he said, "We've had to change the key with a lot of things because Glenn sang in a different register from me."[37]

text: The first single with Farnham as lead vocalist, "The Other Guy" (one of two new offerings on their Greatest Hits album), was released in November 1982, which reached No. 18 in Australia and No. 11 in the US.[13][19] The other track, "Down on the Border", peaked at No. 7 in Australia.[13] The next single, "We Two", from their seventh studio album, The Net (May 1983), reached No. 22 in the US.[19] It had been co-produced by the group and Ernie Rose (Mississippi, Rénee Geyer, Stars).[2][38] DeGagne reviewed the album, which "failed to capture the same success they experienced with Shorrock at the helm. The same type of soft rock fluidity and laid-back charm has been replaced with a sound that seems forced and somewhat strained."[39]

text: In 1983 "You're Driving Me Out of My Mind" became the group's last single to reach the US Top 40.[39] The band moved towards a more 1980s style sound and added a keyboardist, David Hirschfelder (ex-Peter Cupples Band, who had earlier in the year guested on The Net and at some of LRB's shows), in September 1983.[1][2]

text: The pressures of success and constant touring took their toll on the band as line-up changes continued. Birtles left in October because he did not like the harder, more progressive musical path that Goble was taking the group and because he had preferred Shorrock's vocals.[10] Birtles contributed to soundtracks for feature films, From Something Great (1985) and Boulevard of Broken Dreams (1988);[1][2] he also worked as a session musician, eventually relocating to the US and releasing a solo album, Driven By Dreams, in 2000.[2][40] Pellicci left in February 1984 for similar reasons and Steve Prestwich (ex-Cold Chisel) was his replacement on drums.[1][2] Pellicci also became a session musician: including working for Brian Cadd.[2]

text: Their eighth studio album, Playing to Win, was released in January 1985, which delivered a harder sound with producer Spencer Proffer.[2] The change in sound, along with the unofficial shortening of their name to LRB, confused fans and radio programmers. Australian musicologist Ian McFarlane felt it was "a strong album but it failed to halt the band's slide in popularity."[1] It reached No. 38 in Australia and No. 75 on the US charts.[13][19] It is the group's last charting album on the Billboard 200.[19] The title track made No. 59 on the Australian singles chart, No. 15 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart and No. 60 on Hot 100.[13][19][41] The second single, "Blind Eyes", failed to enter the charts.[13][19]

text: In July 1985 Little River Band performed for the Oz for Africa benefit concert (part of the global Live Aid program) including: "Don't Blame Me", "Full Circle", "Night Owls", and "Playing to Win". They were broadcast in Australia (on both Seven Network and Nine Network) and on MTV in the US. American Broadcasting Company broadcast "Don't Blame Me" and "Night Owls" during their Live Aid telecast ("Night Owls" was only partially transmitted).[42] Farnham left the group following the completion of their short Australian tour in April 1986, which had Malcolm Wakeford drumming in Prestwich's place.[43] Their ninth studio album, No Reins, recorded when Farnham was still aboard, appeared in May 1986 and was produced by Richard Dodd.[2] It reached the Kent Music Report top 100.[13]

text: Farnham explained to Pollyanna Sutton of The Canberra Times why he left, "I was up front and had to be the most liked. There was a lot of pressure because it wasn't, perhaps, working as it should, although there were other contributing things like the membership changes and perhaps the material."[44] Nimmervoll wrote of the Farnham years, "The experiment had never worked. Whatever John's talents, America longed for Glenn Shorrock. At the end of 1985, while LRB was seriously contemplating its future, Farnham took the initiative to start work on another solo album."[3] Farnham continued to be managed by Wheatley – who had also left LRB – and his solo career took off with his next album, Whispering Jack (October 1986).[1][2][3] Hirschfelder, McLachlan, Nelson and Pellicci contributed to the album or the related tour.[2]

text: 1987–98: Shorrock's return[edit]

text: After Farnham's departure, Little River Band were essentially in limbo until 1987 when Pellicci and Shorrock returned at the request of Irving Azoff, the head of MCA Records, who wanted the band on his label.[45] The line-up of Goble, Housden, Nelson, Pellicci and Shorrock established a holding company, We Two Pty. Ltd, with all members as directors in equal share.[10][46] In July 1988 Pellicci described the albums after he had left LRB: "It was an overstatement to say the response to No Reins and Playing to Win was lukewarm — there was no response at all."[47] The revamped Little River Band, augmented by keyboardist James Roche,  performed at the opening of World Expo 88 in Brisbane on 30 April, where they were joined by the Eagles' Glenn Frey, who accompanied them that year on tour.[48]

text: The group released their tenth studio album, Monsoon, on MCA in June 1988, which peaked at No. 9 on the Kent Music Report and at No. 13 on the ARIA Albums Chart in Australia.[13][49] It was co-produced by Boylan and Goble.[2] The Canberra Times' Lisa Wallace was disappointed, "I fear the album may not live up to expectations... I was one of the silly ones who expected something more, something new... Pleasant it is, technically precise and solid-gold Top 40 stuff, but nothing's changed. The band is no better, and no worse, than it was all those years ago."[50] Its lead single, "Love Is a Bridge", co-written by Goble and Housden was released in May and peaked at No. 7 on the Kent Music Report and at No. 11 on the ARIA Singles Chart.[13][49][51] It was their second highest charting single in the Australian market,[1] and a moderate Adult Contemporary radio hit in the US.

text: In 1989 the group recorded the Tom Kelly and Billy Steinberg song "Listen to Your Heart" for the movie The Karate Kid Part III.

text: The eleventh studio album, Get Lucky (February 1990), made the top 60 in Australia – their last charting studio album in Australia.[13][49] Mike Boehm of Los Angeles Times caught their gig in May, where "Lead singer Glenn Shorrock was stiff and seemed stuck for words between songs. But he knew what to do when the music started, singing in a comfortably husky voice that resembled Phil Collins in tone and easy pop appeal. Wayne Nelson, the group's Californian, generated more heat in his two lead vocal turns. The three-part harmonies behind Shorrock were exemplary, although the CS&N parallels were unmistakable. Lead guitarist Stephen Housden reinforced the emphasis on melody with his clean, lyrical lines."[52]

text: MCA released a compilation album, Worldwide Love, of tracks from the previous two LPs on their Curb Records imprint in June 1991. Both Get Lucky and Worldwide Love peaked in the top 40 on the Swiss Hitparade;[53] with the latter album also appearing on the Ö3 Austria Top 40.[54]

text: Goble had ceased touring with the group in 1989 and left altogether by 1992[1] as well as signing away his rights to the band's name.[55] Peter Beckett (ex-Player) joined in 1989 to take Goble's place in the line-up. The group went through a series of keyboard players, including Tony Sciuto (1990–1992, 1993–1997) and Richart Bryant (1992–1993, ex-Doobie Brothers).[2]

text: In September 1992 the daughter of bassist Nelson was killed in a traffic collision in San Diego, while her father was on tour with the band in Europe.[56] Nelson immediately returned home and Hal Tupea substituted on bass for the November 1993 New Zealand dates of the band's tour.[57][58] Little River Band subsequently took a break until Nelson's return in 1994 and embarked on a four-and-a-half month 20th Anniversary US tour in 1995.[59][57]

text: Shorrock left again in 1996; he was offered the option to buy out the remaining members of We Two Pty. Ltd[60] He took a one-third share of the monetary value of the company as he did not want to commit to the band's US touring schedule. Shorrock was replaced on lead vocals by Melbourne singer Steve Wade (ex-Dolphin Street).[1][2] Nelson also left in 1996 and Hal Tupea returned on bass guitar.[2] This line-up lasted until late 1997, when everyone, except Wade, started to leave, including Pellicci, who left again early in 1998.[1][2][3] The departure of all original members left Housden as the sole owner of We Two Pty. Ltd and the Little River Band trademark.[46][55][60]

text: 1998–present: Recent years[edit]

text: In 1998 Housden re-established Little River Band with Wade and new contracted members Paul Gildea on vocals and guitars; Kevin Murphy on vocals, drums and percussion; and Adrian Scott on vocals and keyboards (ex-Air Supply) and brought back Roger McLachlan, who returned after 22 years, on bass guitar.[1][2] McLachlan's second tenure was short lived; both he and Scott departed after a year, not accustomed to the band's touring schedule. Nelson returned in early 1999 and Glenn Reither joined on keyboards, sax and backing vocals. Gildea and Wade left next in early 2000 with Australian Greg Hind joining on vocals and guitars and Nelson taking over as lead singer. The line-up of Hind, Housden, Nelson, Murphy and Reither recorded two studio albums, Where We Started From (November 2000) and Test of Time (June 2004).

text: In March 2002 Birtles Shorrock Goble were formed as a soft rock trio, initially as "The Original Little River Band" or "The Voices of Little River Band"; They undertook a series of reunion concerts performing the group's earlier material.[55][61]

text: In June 2002 a legal dispute over the use of the name "Little River Band" reached the Federal Court of Australia. We Two Pty. Ltd., Little River Band's parent company since 1988, lodged an action against Birtles, Goble, Shorrock and Wheatley seeking an injunction to stop the respondents from using the Little River Band trademarks and common law marks, or anything deceptively similar, as a trademark or band name.[62] The Little River Band Pty. Ltd. counterclaimed, seeking the removal of the Little River Band trademark for non-use and return of the trademarks to The Little River Band Pty. Ltd. based on a claim of prior ownership.[62] The matter was heard before Justice Finkelstein. When We Two was able to provide undisputed evidence of their use of the trademark during the statutory period, The Little River Band Pty. Ltd. withdrew their crossclaim and Birtles, Shorrock, Goble and Wheatley sought a settlement with We Two.[62] Documentation showing the assignment of the Little River Band trademarks to We Two, registered by the United States Patent and Trademark Office in 1989,[63] and Birtles' transfer of ownership of the url "littleriverband.com"  to We Two in 2000 were presented during the hearing.[64] When asked to produce the documention on television in 2015, Housden stated: "I have the signatures somewhere at home. I have a photocopy of it but I couldn't find it today to show up on the screen."[65] Of the same court case former band manager Glenn Wheatley said: "I can't even remember signing that document that was presented in court. On the last day, all of a sudden, this photocopy of a document that had my name on it - signature."[65] The parties reached a settlement on 13 June 2002 with their agreement that We Two had ownership of the Little River Band trademark and common law marks including the name, logo, "LRB" and the platypus logo and that Birtles, Goble, Shorrock and Wheatley could reference their past history with the band in advertising separate to their band name and only in a descriptive manner.[61][66][62] The matter of costs was decided by Justice Finkelstein on 12 July 2002. An order was made for Birtles, Goble, Shorrock and Wheatley to pay one half of We Two's taxed costs.[62]

text: A further legal case, which was also settled out of court in mid-2005, allowed the trio to advertise their Little River Band connection but not to perform under that name.[67] Goble, Birtles and Shorrock have shared their frustration through song; Goble recorded "Someone's Taken Our History",[68] Birtles recorded "Revolving Door"[69] and Shorrock put forth "Hear My Voice".[70]

text: At the end of 2004, Murphy and Reither left the current version of LRB and Chris Marion joined on keyboards, while Kip Raines temporarily took on drumming duties until replaced by Billy Thomas in early 2005. Housden left the touring band in 2006, although he still participates in the band's recordings and management. Rich Herring took over lead guitar on tour and Mel Watts replaced Thomas, who had suffered a shoulder injury, on drums in 2007. Ryan Ricks subsequently replaced Watts in 2012. The latter day lineup continued to play tracks written by Birtles, Goble and/or Shorrock as well as newer material.

text: A review of Little River Band was posted in February 2013 on the Leigh Valley music page when the band toured Pennsylvania. Reviewer John Moser wrote: "Little River Band played the hits, for sure, in a 14-song, 75-minute show. Not a single one of the songs it played was released after 1985. But when it tried to update the songs, which was often, it diminished them, and when it tried to play them true to the originals, it fell short."[71]

text: In August 2013 the current line-up of LRB, Nelson, Hind, Marion, Herring and Ricks, put out the album Cuts Like a Diamond on the Frontiers Music Srl label.

text: An appearance by Little River Band, scheduled for 12 January 2015 on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, was cancelled after complaints from earlier members concerning its promotion as a 40th anniversary performance.[72] Permission for any songs written by Birtles, Briggs, Goble or Shorrock was refused.[73] "We've just had enough of it," Shorrock said. "They've been living off our coat-tails for years."[74] "They are promoting a newly recorded album of their own material, or whatever material they have got. They should do that rather than pretend they are the band that sold 30 million albums."[75]

text: In a Facebook announcement titled "Does the truth hurt?" on 19 January 2015, current keyboardist Chris Marion offered his side of the story and exclaimed; "Heck, I’ve now been in the band longer than Beeb Birtles."[76] Little River Band founding member and hit songwriter Graeham Goble responded "LRB's current keys player Chris Marion’s Facebook rant is full of inaccuracies, too many for me to address. I just want to make one retort, concerning his comment that he’s now been in LRB longer than Beeb Birtles. As if length of tenure is any claim to talent or anything. Beeb has a timbre to his voice & a vocal harmony talent that maybe 5 guys in music history can equal. I say the same about Glenn Shorrock’s voice. There are millions of Chris Marions in this World and five of them are in the current touring LRB.[77]

text: In March 2015 an appearance by the group in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, was cancelled after the venue received a cease and desist order from the earlier members regarding the use of their recordings in advertising and the subsequent demands of the present line-up to be paid in full before performing. The venue described this demand as "not only unreasonable, but uncustomary".[78]

text: In March 2015 the controversy over use of the name Little River Band was featured in the Australian current affairs program Sunday Night.[79][80][81] Housden, the legal owner of the Little River Band name, told the Sunday Night program that he would not allow the original members to perform as Little River Band "in this lifetime".[75][82]

text: In September 2015, Little River Band were named as "Casino Musical Entertainer of the Year" at the Annual G2E Awards ceremony at the Hard Rock Hotel in Las Vegas.[83]

text: As of 2017, the Little River Band continued to tour, mostly in the US, performing more than 80 concerts annually,[84] re-recording the original members' material[85] and using original members' images and recordings in promotional material.[86] The current lineup's press releases recount the original members' achievements and awards as if they were their own.[87]

text: When asked about the Hits Revisited album, founding member Beeb Birtles said "That to me is the comedy album ... "They re-arranged all the songs and it's bloody awful. They're nothing more than a tribute band."[88]

text: In 2017 Little River Band blocked all of Australia from viewing its website. They cited Russia and Africa as also being blocked for "different reasons".[89][90]

text: On 13 November 2017, founding member Beeb Birtles was interviewed on Australian news program Studio 10. When asked if the original band would ever reunite he said; "I don't think that's going to happen. We can't do it without the name, that's the problem. We played some shows as Birtles, Shorrock, Goble and had some success with that. Once that folded we all realised it wasn't going to go any further than that. It's unfortunate how we lost the name and everything, but if its ruled in the court that way all you can do is walk away from it."[91] Shorrock offered to bury the hatchet in 2015 saying "Let's get up on stage and play some music. Forget about all this bullshit."[65] When asked to respond to a Little River Band reunion featuring original members, the current owner of the name and trademark, Stephen Housden, responded "Not in this lifetime."[65]

text: On 12 December 2017, the Little River Band headlined the first annual Carols by Candlelight show in Nashville. Even though they had geo blocked Australia from viewing their websites and social media pages, Wayne Nelson stated "We're going to Facebook it live to the world, including to our friends in Australia, because Carols by Candlelight is an Australian tradition. It was started there many years ago during the depression...".[92]

text: In February 2018, in an interview with Everyone Loves Guitar, guitarist Rich Herring stated "We actually re-recorded all the hits and I'll say without any shame that I tried to make it sound as close to the originals as possible by bringing in background singers that actually sounded like those guys did 30-40 years ago. I'm pretty proud of it."[93]

text: Nashville musician Colin Whinnery was recruited to replace Greg Hind on vocals and guitar in 2018.

text: There are no Australians in Little River Band since Hind left the band.[94]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The Little River Band are considered to be among Australia's most significant bands. As of September 2004 they have sold more than 30 million records[66] and scored 13 American Top 40 hits.[95] In May 2001 the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA), as part of its 75th anniversary celebrations, named "Cool Change" as one of the Top 30 Australian songs of all time.[96] At that ceremony Goble and Shorrock reconnected after ten years; they proposed a reunion with Birtles to perform their earlier material, which became the trio Birtles Shorrock Goble.[61]

text: At the ARIA Music Awards of 2004, Little River Band was inducted into the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Hall of Fame.[66][97] The award presentation acknowledged the band's three decade career and thirteen official members and was accepted by "The Classic Lineup of the Little River Band" - the 1976 to 1978 line-up of the band – Birtles, Shorrock, Goble, Pellicci, Briggs and McArdle.[98] They performed "Help Is on Its Way" at the ceremony on 17 October. Shorrock had previously been inducted in 1991 for his work with the Twilights, Axiom and his solo career.[97] Farnham, who had been inducted in 2003 for his solo work, was not involved in the 2004 induction of Little River Band.[97] Farnham's contribution to the band was acknowledged by Graeham Goble in his acceptance speech.[98] Little River Band acknowledges the band's induction, among other past achievements, on its website.[99]

text: With more than five million plays, "Reminiscing", written by Goble, was recognised by BMI as one of the most frequently played songs in the history of American radio, the highest achievement of any Australian pop song internationally.[100] "Lady" has also accumulated more than three million plays.[101] According to Albert Goldman's biography, John Lennon named "Reminiscing" as one of his favourite songs. May Pang, Lennon's erstwhile girlfriend, said they considered "Reminiscing" as "our song".[102]

text: LRB were mentioned in the 2010 film The Other Guys, when the character portrayed by Will Ferrell played "Reminiscing" while driving. The character portrayed by Mark Wahlberg threw the CD out the window, but Ferrell's character played it again later on and said that he always had six identical LRB CDs in his car.

text: Discography[edit]

text:
Little River Band (1975)
After Hours (1976)
Diamantina Cocktail (1977)
Sleeper Catcher (1978)
First Under the Wire (1979)
Time Exposure (1981)
The Net (1983)
Playing to Win (1985)
No Reins (1986)
Monsoon (1988)
Get Lucky (1990)
Where We Started From (2000)
Test of Time (2004)
Re-arranged (2006)
We Call It Christmas (2007)
A Little River Band Christmas (2011)
Cuts Like a Diamond (2013)
The Hits - Revisited (2016)

tag: ul

text: Top 20 U.S. singles[edit]

text: Little River Band had ten Top 20 singles in the Billboard charts between 1977 and 1983.[103]

text:
Song
Highest position
Date reached
Weeks on chart
Lead singer
Songwriter(s)

"Reminiscing"
3
28 October 1978
20
Glenn Shorrock
Graeham Goble

"The Night Owls"
6
7 November 1981
21
Wayne Nelson
Graeham Goble

"Lonesome Loser"
6
29 September 1979
18
Glenn Shorrock
David Briggs

"Take It Easy on Me"
10
6 March 1982
19
Glenn Shorrock
Graeham Goble

"Cool Change"
10
19 January 1980
18
Glenn Shorrock
Glenn Shorrock

"Lady"
10
7 April 1979
20
Glenn Shorrock
Graeham Goble

"The Other Guy"
11
5 February 1983
18
John Farnham
Graeham Goble

"Man on Your Mind"
14
29 May 1982
16
Glenn Shorrock
Glenn Shorrock, Kerryn Tolhurst

"Help Is on Its Way"
14
19 November 1977
22
Glenn Shorrock
Glenn Shorrock

"Happy Anniversary"
16
11 March 1978
18
Glenn Shorrock
Beeb Birtles, David Briggs

text: Little River Band had ten Top 20 singles in the Radio & Records charts between 1978 and 1983.[104]

text:
Song
Highest position
Date reached
Weeks at Peak
Weeks on chart
Lead singer
Songwriter(s)

"Lonesome Loser"
1
31 August 1979
3
13
Glenn Shorrock
David Briggs

"Reminiscing"
2
15 September 1978
2
15
Glenn Shorrock
Graeham Goble

"The Night Owls"
4
9 October 1981
3
13
Wayne Nelson
Graeham Goble

"Lady"
4
16 March 1979
1
15
Glenn Shorrock
Graeham Goble

"Take It Easy on Me"
5
12 February 1982
2
12
Glenn Shorrock
Graeham Goble

"Cool Change"
5
7 December 1979
2
10
Glenn Shorrock
Graeham Goble

"The Other Guy"
5
14 January 1983
1
10
John Farnham
Graeham Goble

"Man on Your Mind"
14
28 May 1982
2
10
Glenn Shorrock
Glenn Shorrock, Kerryn Tolhurst

"Happy Anniversary"
14
10 March 1978
1
8
Glenn Shorrock
Beeb Birtles, David Briggs

"We Two"
15
10 June 1983
2
8
John Farnham
Graeham Goble

text: Personnel[edit]

text: Current members[edit]

text:
Wayne Nelson – bass guitar (1980–96, 1999–present), lead vocals (2000–present)
Chris Marion – keyboards, vocals (2004–present)
Rich Herring – guitar, vocals (2006–present)
Ryan Ricks – drums, vocals (2012–present)
Colin Whinnery – guitar, vocals (2018–present)

text: Former members[edit]

text:
Beeb Birtles – guitar, vocals (1975–83)
Graham Davidge – lead guitar (1975)
Graeham Goble – guitar, vocals (1975–92)
Dave Orams – bass guitar (1975)
Derek Pellicci – drums (1975–84, 1987–98)
Glenn Shorrock – vocals (1975–82, 1987–96)
Ric Formosa – guitar, vocals (1975–76)
Roger McLachlan – bass guitar (1975–76, 1998–99)
David Briggs – guitar (1976–81)
George McArdle – bass guitar (1976–79)
Geoff Cox – drums (1978)
Mal Logan – keyboards (1978–82)
Barry Sullivan – bass guitar (1979–80; died 2003)[105]
Stephen Housden – guitar (1981–2006)
John Farnham – vocals (1982–86)
David Hirschfelder – keyboards, synthesisers, backing vocals (1983–86)

Steve Prestwich – drums (1984–86; died 2011)[106]
Malcolm Wakeford – drums (1986)
James Roche – keyboards (1988–89)
Peter Beckett – guitar, vocals (1989–97)
Tony Sciuto – keyboards, guitar, vocals (1990–92, 1993–97)
Richard Bryant – keyboards, backing vocals (1992–93)
Steve Wade – lead vocals, guitar (1996–2000)
Hal Tupea – bass guitar (1996–97)
Kevin Murphy – drums, vocals (1998–2004)
Paul Gildea – guitar, vocals (1998–2000)
Adrian Scott – keyboards, vocals (1998–99)
Glenn Reither – keyboards, saxophone, backing vocals (1999–2004)
Kip Raines – drums (2004–05)
Billy Thomas – drums (2005–07)
Mel Watts – drums (2007–12)
Greg Hind - vocals, guitar (2000-18)

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: APRA Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Nominee/work

Award

Result

1982
"Reminiscing" – Graeham Goble
Gold Award[107]
Won

"Cool Change" – Glenn Shorrock
Gold Award[107]
Won

1984
"The Other Guy" - Graeham Goble
Most Played Australasian Popular Work[107]
Won

1985
Special Award[107]
Won

2001
"Cool Change" – Glenn Shorrock
Top 30 Australian songs[96]
listed

text: ARIA Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Nominee/work

Award

Result

2004
Little River Band
Hall of Fame[97]
inductee

text: Australian Rock Music Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Nominee/work

Award

Result

1978
Little River Band
Best Live Rock Act[108]
Won

Best Recording Group[108]
Won

Most Popular Group[108]
Won

Glenn Shorrock
Best Male Singer[108]
Won

Best Composer[108]
Nominated

Rock Hero[108]
Won

Beeb Birtles
Best Composer[108]
Nominated

David Briggs
Best Guitarist[108]
Nominated

George McArdle
Best Bassist[108]
Nominated

Derek Pellicci
Best Drummer[108]
Nominated

Diamantina Cocktail
Best Album Cover[108]
Won

Best Album[108]
Won

Glenn Wheatley
Manager of the Year[108]
Nominated

"Help Is on Its Way"
Best Single[108]
Won

text: Grammy Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Nominee/work

Award

Result

1979
"Lonesome Loser"
Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo, Group or Chorus
Nominated

text: TV Week King of Pop Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Nominee/work

Award

Result

1977
"Help Is on Its Way"
Australian Record of the Year[109][110]
Won

Little River Band
Best Australian International Performers[110]
Won

Glenn Shorrock
Best Australian Songwriter[110]
Won

1978
"Reminiscing"
Australian Record of the Year[110]
Won

"Help Is on Its Way" on Paul Hogan Show
Best Australian TV Performer[110]
Won

Sleeper Catcher
Most Popular Australian Album[110]
Won

text: TV Week / Countdown Music Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Nominee/work

Award

Result

1979
First Under the Wire
Best Australian Album[109][110]
Won

"Lonesome Loser"
Best Australian Singles[109]
Nominated

Little River Band
Most Outstanding Achievement[109][110]
Won

Most Popular Group[109][110]
Won

text: Book: Little River Band


document_title: Captain (ice hockey)

question_text: where does the c go on a hockey jersey

question_tokens: where does the c go on a hockey jersey

text: Captain (ice hockey)

text: Responsibilities and importance[edit]

text: According to International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) and National Hockey League (NHL) rules, the only player allowed to speak with referees about rule interpretations is the captain, or, if the captain is not on the ice, an alternate captain.[2][3]

text: Although the rules do not specify any other distinction between the captain and his teammates, the captain has numerous responsibilities to the team, particularly in North American professional hockey. The captain is a dressing room leader, and also represents the players' concerns to management.[4]

text: The captain is often considered the primary representative of the team to the public, and sometimes is responsible for organizing the team's social functions and performing ceremonial on-ice functions, such as award presentations or ceremonial faceoffs.[4]

text: Selection[edit]

text: NHL teams need not designate the same player as captain from game to game, though most teams do. For instance, in the 1985–86, when Boston Bruins captain Terry O'Reilly retired, Ray Bourque and Rick Middleton were named as co-captains of the team. Middleton wore the "C" during home games and Bourque for road games during the season's first half, and the two switched for the second half. This arrangement continued until Middleton retired in 1988 and Bourque became the sole captain. Some teams name two (such as the Buffalo Sabres during the 2005–06 and 2006–07 NHL seasons) or three (such as the Vancouver Canucks during the 1990–91 season) captains for a season. Some teams rotate captains rather than keep one for an extended period of time (the Minnesota Wild rotated captaincy every one or two months until the 2009–10 season, when Mikko Koivu was named the first permanent captain since the franchise's inception). During each NHL game, however, only one player can officially be designated as captain.[3]

text: Captains are usually veteran players, though on occasion younger players are chosen. The selection is often seen as an important moment for a team, and one that can affect the team's (and newly appointed captain's) performance. Captains are selected by different means: in some instances, teams have held votes among their players to choose a team captain, while on other occasions, the choice was made by team management. Captains are often chosen due to their seniority in the game and years of service with their current club. However, franchise players—current or emerging stars—have also been named captains.[1] Though not required, many captains have previously served as alternate captains of their team. Some selections or removals of NHL captaincies have been controversial, more so than the other North American professional sports leagues. For instance, in Canada men's national ice hockey team, then-General Manager Bobby Clarke selected Eric Lindros for the 1998 Olympics, considered somewhat controversial as Lindros was chosen over longer-tenured NHL captains such as Steve Yzerman, Ray Bourque and Wayne Gretzky, Clarke was also General Manager of the Philadelphia Flyers whom Lindros played for professionally. In 2000, when the relationship between Clarke and Lindros deteriorated during contentious contract negotiations and the team's handling of Lindros' injuries, the team captaincy was handed over to Eric Desjardins.[5] Tampa Bay Lightning head coach John Tortorella stripped the captaincy from Vincent Lecavalier for failing to meet on-ice performance expectations. In 1980, Darryl Sittler angrily resigned the captaincy by cutting off the "C" from his jersey with scissors, in protest of Harold Ballard's trade of his best friend Lanny McDonald,[6] Ballard would liken Sittler's actions to burning the Canadian flag.[7]

text: The rules of the IIHF, NHL and Hockey Canada do not permit goaltenders to be designated as on-ice captains,[2][3] due to the logistical challenge of having the goaltender relay rules discussions between referees and coaches and then return to the crease. The NHL introduced a rule prohibiting the goaltender from being a captain following the 1947–48 season (see § Goaltender captains below). In the NCAA, there is no position-based restriction on the team captain.[8]

text: Alternate captains[edit]

text: Teams may designate alternate captains, also often erroneously called "assistant captains". Alternate captains wear the letter "A" on their jerseys in the same manner that team captains wear the "C".

text: In the NHL, teams may appoint a captain and up to two alternate captains, or they may appoint three alternate captains and no captain.[9] A team commonly has three alternate captains when the team has not selected a captain, or when the serving captain is injured and misses a game. International and USA amateur rules do not allow this; they stipulate that "each team shall appoint a Captain and no more than two Alternate Captains."[2] In the Ontario Hockey League (OHL), Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL), Western Hockey League (WHL) and minor leagues under the jurisdiction of Hockey Canada, teams are allowed to have a captain with up to three alternate captains.[10][11][12][13] If the team chooses to not appoint a captain, they are not permitted to appoint a fourth alternate captain. When the captain is off the ice or unavailable for the game, any alternate captain on the ice is responsible for fulfilling the captain's official role as liaison to the referees.

text: NHL teams may choose alternate captains from game to game or appoint regular alternate captains for the season. In North America, alternate captains perform many of the same leadership and team building roles as the captain. In the 1969–70 season, the Boston Bruins had three alternate captains (Johnny Bucyk, Phil Esposito and Ed Westfall) instead of a captain sporting the "C." However, as Bucyk was the most senior of the alternate captains, he was first one to be presented the Stanley Cup when the team won the championship in 1970 and 1972.

text: In the NCAA, a team can designate a single alternate captain to assume the role of captain, should the captain be unavailable due to injury or penalty.[8]

text: Designation on uniform[edit]

text: The letter "C" or "A" is attached to the jersey of the team's captain and alternate captains (commonly sewn at higher levels of play, though removable insignia exist so the "C" or "A" designation can be easily changed). The designation is traditionally placed on the left side of the sweater, though the IIHF, NHL and NCAA rules specify only that it must be in a "conspicuous location on the front" of the player's sweater.[2][3][8] Two teams in the NHL have sweaters where the positioning of the crest on the front leaves insufficient space on the left for the letter: the Detroit Red Wings, who place the letter on the right side of the home and road jerseys since the 2007–08 season, and the Arizona Coyotes, who moved their captains' patches to the right side when they updated their uniforms in 2015-2016.

text: NHL captains[edit]

text: Records[edit]

text: Steve Yzerman served as the captain of the Detroit Red Wings for 20 years (1986–87 to 2005–06) and 1,303 games during that time, the longest term in the history of the NHL by both years and games. The Boston Bruins' Ray Bourque was previously the longest-tenured captain in NHL history from 1985–86 to 1999–00, being co-captain for the first three seasons. Daniel Alfredsson holds the record as the longest-serving European captain serving for 14 years (1999–00 to 2012–13).[14] Brian Bellows was the youngest captain in NHL history, serving as the interim captain of the Minnesota North Stars from January 1984 until May 1984. The youngest permanent NHL captain in history is Connor McDavid, announced as Captain by the Edmonton Oilers on October 5, 2016, at the age of 19 years and 266 days.

text:
Youngest NHL captains

Name
Team
Birth date
Captaincy announced
Age at announcement
First game as captain
Age at first game
Type

Bellows, BrianBrian Bellows
Minnesota North Stars
000000001964-09-01-0000September 1, 1964
000000001984-01-10-0000January 10, 1984†
7003707000000000000♠19 years, 131 days

Interim

Connor McDavid
Edmonton Oilers
000000001997-01-13-0000January 13, 1997
000000002016-10-05-0000October 5, 2016 [15]
7003720500000000000♠19 years, 266 days
October 12, 2016
7003721200000000000♠19 years, 273 days
Permanent

Landeskog, GabrielGabriel Landeskog
Colorado Avalanche
000000001992-11-23-0000November 23, 1992
000000002012-09-04-0000September 4, 2012
7003722500000000000♠19 years, 286 days[16]
January 19, 2013
7003736200000000000♠20 years, 57 days
Permanent

Crosby, SidneySidney Crosby
Pittsburgh Penguins
000000001987-08-07-0000August 7, 1987
000000002007-05-31-0000May 31, 2007[17]
7003723700000000000♠19 years, 297 days[16]
000000002007-10-05-0000October 5, 2007[18]
7003736400000000000♠20 years, 59 days
Permanent

Lecavalier, VincentVincent Lecavalier
Tampa Bay Lightning
000000001980-04-21-0000April 21, 1980
000000002000-03-01-0000March 1, 2000[19]
7003725400000000000♠19 years, 315 days
000000002000-03-01-0000March 1, 2000[20]
7003725400000000000♠19 years, 315 days
Permanent

Toews, JonathanJonathan Toews
Chicago Blackhawks
000000001988-04-29-0000April 29, 1988
000000002008-07-18-0000July 18, 2008[21]
7003738500000000000♠20 years, 80 days
000000002008-10-10-0000October 10, 2008[22][23][24]
7003746900000000000♠20 years, 164 days
Permanent

Yzerman, SteveSteve Yzerman
Detroit Red Wings
000000001965-05-09-0000May 9, 1965
000000001986-10-07-0000October 7, 1986[25]
7003782100000000000♠21 years, 151 days
000000001986-10-09-0000October 9, 1986[26]
7003782300000000000♠21 years, 153 days
Permanent

Schoenfeld, JimJim Schoenfeld
Buffalo Sabres
000000001952-09-04-0000September 4, 1952
000000001974-09-01-0000September 1, 1974[27]
7003803200000000000♠21 years, 362 days
000000001974-10-14-0000October 14, 1974[28]
7003807500000000000♠22 years, 40 days
Permanent

text: Table Notes:

text: † An exact date for Brian Bellows' captaincy has not yet been determined. The previous captain, Craig Hartsburg, was injured on January 3, 1984, and Bellows became interim captain shortly thereafter in January 1984.[29]

text: Stanley Cup Finals[edit]

text: Charlie Gardiner was the first NHL captain born in Europe to lead his team to a Stanley Cup title (1934). Derian Hatcher became the first American-born captain to win the Stanley Cup in 1999. Daniel Alfredsson was the first European-born and trained captain to lead an NHL team to the Stanley Cup Final (2007), while Nicklas Lidström was the first captain born and trained in Europe to lead an NHL team to a Stanley Cup title (2008), followed by Zdeno Chára (2011). Mark Messier was the first NHL player to win the Stanley Cup as captain of two different teams: the Edmonton Oilers in 1990 and the New York Rangers in 1994. Sidney Crosby became the youngest captain in the NHL to win the Stanley Cup in 2009 at 21 years 10 months. The youngest captain to lead his team to the Stanley Cup in the history of the trophy is Mike Grant of the 1895 Montreal Victorias, who was 21 years and 2 months at the time.[citation needed]

text: Minority captains[edit]

text: Dirk Graham became the first NHL captain of African descent when he was named captain of the Chicago Blackhawks in March 1989.[30] Jarome Iginla, who became captain of the Calgary Flames in 2003, has been cited by ESPN as the first black captain in NHL history.[31]

text: Goaltender captains[edit]

text: In NHL history, there have been six goaltenders who served as official team captains:

text:
John Ross Roach (Toronto St. Patricks): 1924–25 season
George Hainsworth (Montreal Canadiens): 1932–33 season
Roy Worters (New York Americans): 1932–33 season
Alex Connell (Ottawa Senators): 1932–33 season
Charlie Gardiner (Chicago Black Hawks): 1933–34 season
Bill Durnan (Montreal Canadiens): latter half of 1947–48 season

text: The Hockey Hall of Fame displays a picture of Toronto Maple Leafs goaltender Turk Broda wearing the captain's "C," but he never actually served in that capacity, and he was actually wearing Toronto team Captain Syl Apps' sweater.[citation needed]

text: Prior to the 1948–49 season, the NHL made a change to the rules, prohibiting goalies from being captains or alternate captains. This was in response to complaints from opponents of the Montreal Canadiens, who complained that Durnan left his crease to argue with the referee at strategic points during games, resulting in unscheduled timeouts. This rule is sometimes referred to as the "Durnan Rule."[32]

text: Although the Canucks appointed goaltender Roberto Luongo as its team captain for the 2008–09 and 2009–10 seasons, since he could not be his team's official captain during games, Willie Mitchell was the on-ice captain, serving as liaison to the officials, and Henrik Sedin and Mattias Öhlund performed ceremonial aspects of the position such as pre-game faceoffs.[33]

text: Japanese goaltender Yutaka Fukufuji is currently designated an alternate captain of an Asia League Ice Hockey team, the Nikkō Ice Bucks.