document_title: Federal Reserve Board of Governors

question_text: current board of governors of the federal reserve

text: Federal Reserve Board of Governors

text: Description[edit]

text: By law, the appointments must yield a "fair representation of the financial, agricultural, industrial, and commercial interests and geographical divisions of the country".[1][2] As stipulated in the Banking Act of 1935, the Chair and Vice Chair of the Board are two of seven members of the Board of Governors who are appointed by the President from among the sitting Governors.[1][2]

text: The Board of Governors does not receive funding from Congress, and the terms of the seven members of the Board span multiple presidential and congressional terms. Once a member of the Board of Governors is appointed by the president, he or she functions mostly independently. The Board is required to make an annual report of operations to the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives.[3] It also supervises and regulates the operations of the Federal Reserve Banks, and the U.S. banking system in general.

text: Membership is by statute limited in term, and a member that has served for a full 14 year term is not eligible for reappointment.[4] There are numerous occasions where an individual was appointed to serve the remainder of another member's uncompleted term, and has been reappointed to serve a full 14-year term.[4] Since "upon the expiration of their terms of office, members of the Board shall continue to serve until their successors are appointed and have qualified",[4] it is possible for a member to serve for significantly longer than a full term of 14 years. The law provides for the removal of a member of the Board by the President "for cause".[4]

text: The Chair and Vice Chair of the Board of Governors are appointed by the President from among the sitting Governors. They both serve a four-year term and they can be renominated as many times as the President chooses, until their terms on the Board of Governors expire.[1]

text: Records of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors are found in the Record Group n. 82 at the National Archives of the United States[5].

text: Current members[edit]

text: The current members of the Board of Governors are as follows:[6]

text:
Governor
Political Party
Entered office
Term expires

Jerome Powell
(Chairman)
Republican
February 5, 2018 (as Chairman)
May 25, 2012 (as Governor)
June 16, 2014 (new term)
February 5, 2022 (as Chairman)
January 31, 2028 (as Governor)

Vacant
(Vice Chairman)

N/A (as Vice Chairman)
January 31, 2022* (as Governor)

Randal Quarles
(Vice Chairman for Supervision)
Republican
October 13, 2017 (as Vice Chairman for Supervision)
October 13, 2017
October 13, 2021 (as Vice Chairman for Supervision)
January 31, 2018 (as Governor)

Lael Brainard
Democratic
June 16, 2014
January 31, 2026

Vacant

January 31, 2020*

Vacant

January 31, 2024*

Vacant

January 31, 2030*

text: *Indicates the date of term expiration for the individual nominated to this vacant position.

text: Committees[edit]

text:
Committee on Board Affairs

Governor Powell, Chairman
Vice Chairman (vacant)

Committee on Consumer and Community Affairs

Governor Brainard, Chair
Vacant

Committee on Economic and Financial Monitoring and Research

Chairman (vacant)
Governor Brainard

Committee on Financial Stability

Chairman (vacant)
Governor Brainard
Vacant

Committee on Federal Reserve Bank Affairs

Governor Powell, Chairman
Governor Brainard

Committee on Bank Supervision

Vacant, Chairman
Governor Powell
Governor Brainard

Subcommittee on Smaller Regional and Community Banking

Governor Powell, Chairman
Governor Brainard

Committee on Payments, Clearing, and Settlement

Governor Powell, Chairman
Vacant

text: Source: [7]

text: List of governors[edit]

text:
Name
Bank
Begin
End
Term (Years)
Notes

Frederic A. Delano
Chicago
000000001914-08-10-0000August 10, 1914
000000001918-07-21-0000July 21, 1918
4

Paul M. Warburg
New York
000000001914-08-10-0000August 10, 1914
000000001918-08-09-0000August 9, 1918
4

William P.G. Harding
Atlanta
000000001914-08-10-0000August 10, 1914
000000001922-08-09-0000August 9, 1922
8
Chairman (1916–1922)

Adolph C. Miller
San Francisco
000000001914-08-10-0000August 10, 1914
000000001936-02-03-0000February 3, 1936
12

Charles S. Hamlin
Boston
000000001914-08-10-0000August 10, 1914
000000001936-02-03-0000February 3, 1936
12
Chairman (1914–1916)

Albert Strauss
New York
000000001918-10-26-0000October 26, 1918
000000001920-03-15-0000March 15, 1920
2

Henry A. Moehlenpah
Chicago
000000001919-11-10-0000November 10, 1919
000000001920-08-09-0000August 9, 1920
1

Edmund Platt
New York
000000001920-06-20-0000June 20, 1920
000000001930-09-14-0000September 14, 1930
10

David C. Wills
Cleveland
000000001920-09-20-0000September 20, 1920
000000001921-03-04-0000March 4, 1921
1

John R. Mitchell
Minneapolis
000000001921-05-12-0000May 12, 1921
000000001923-05-12-0000May 12, 1923
2

Milo D. Campbell
Chicago
000000001923-03-14-0000March 14, 1923
000000001923-03-22-0000March 22, 1923
<1
Died in office

Daniel R. Crissinger
Cleveland
000000001923-05-01-0000May 1, 1923
000000001927-09-15-0000September 15, 1927
4
Chairman (1923–1927)

Edward H. Cunningham
Chicago
000000001923-05-14-0000May 14, 1923
000000001930-11-28-0000November 28, 1930
7
Died in office

George R. James
St. Louis
000000001923-05-14-0000May 14, 1923
000000001936-02-03-0000February 3, 1936
13

Roy A. Young
Minneapolis
000000001927-10-04-0000October 4, 1927
000000001930-08-31-0000August 31, 1930
3
Chairman (1927–1930)

Eugene Meyer
New York
000000001930-09-16-0000September 16, 1930
000000001933-05-10-0000May 10, 1933
3
Chairman (1930–1933)

Wayland W. Magee
Kansas City
000000001931-05-18-0000May 18, 1931
000000001933-01-24-0000January 24, 1933
2

Eugene R. Black
Atlanta
000000001933-05-19-0000May 19, 1933
000000001934-08-15-0000August 15, 1934
1
Chairman (1933–1934)

J.J. Thomas
Kansas City
000000001933-06-14-0000June 14, 1933
000000001936-02-10-0000February 10, 1936
3

M.S. Szymczak
Chicago
000000001933-06-14-0000June 14, 1933
000000001961-05-31-0000May 31, 1961
28

Marriner S. Eccles
San Francisco
000000001934-11-15-0000November 15, 1934
000000001951-07-14-0000July 14, 1951
17
Chairman (1934–1948)

Joseph A. Broderick
New York
000000001936-02-03-0000February 3, 1936
000000001937-09-30-0000September 30, 1937
2

John K. McKee
Cleveland
000000001936-02-03-0000February 3, 1936
000000001946-04-04-0000April 4, 1946
10

Ronald Ransom
Atlanta
000000001936-02-03-0000February 3, 1936
000000001947-12-02-0000December 2, 1947
12
Died in office

Ralph W. Morrison
Dallas
000000001936-02-10-0000February 10, 1936
000000001936-07-09-0000July 9, 1936
<1

Chester C. Davis
Richmond
000000001936-06-25-0000June 25, 1936
000000001941-04-15-0000April 15, 1941
5

Ernest G. Draper
New York
000000001938-03-30-0000March 30, 1938
000000001950-09-01-0000September 1, 1950
12

Rudolph M. Evans
Richmond
000000001942-03-14-0000March 14, 1942
000000001954-08-13-0000August 13, 1954
12

James K. Vardaman, Jr.
St. Louis
000000001946-04-04-0000April 4, 1946
000000001958-11-30-0000November 30, 1958
12

Lawrence Clayton
Boston
000000001947-02-14-0000February 14, 1947
000000001949-12-04-0000December 4, 1949
3
Died in office

Thomas B. McCabe
Philadelphia
000000001948-04-15-0000April 15, 1948
000000001951-03-31-0000March 31, 1951
3
Chairman (1948–1951)

Edward L. Norton
Atlanta
000000001950-09-01-0000September 1, 1950
000000001952-01-31-0000January 31, 1952
1

Oliver S. Powell
Minneapolis
000000001950-09-01-0000September 1, 1950
000000001952-06-30-0000June 30, 1952
2

William McChesney Martin
New York
000000001951-04-02-0000April 2, 1951
000000001970-01-31-0000January 31, 1970
19
Chairman (1951–1970)

A.L. Mills, Jr.
San Francisco
000000001952-02-18-0000February 18, 1952
000000001965-02-28-0000February 28, 1965
13

J.L. Robertson
Kansas City
000000001952-02-18-0000February 18, 1952
000000001973-04-30-0000April 30, 1973
21

C. Canby Balderston
Philadelphia
000000001954-08-12-0000August 12, 1954
000000001966-02-28-0000February 28, 1966
12

Paul E. Miller
Minneapolis
000000001954-08-13-0000August 13, 1954
000000001954-10-21-0000October 21, 1954
<1
Died in office

Charles N. Shepardson
Dallas
000000001955-03-17-0000March 17, 1955
000000001967-04-30-0000April 30, 1967
12

G.H. King, Jr.
Atlanta
000000001959-03-25-0000March 25, 1959
000000001963-09-18-0000September 18, 1963
4

George W. Mitchell
Chicago
000000001961-08-31-0000August 31, 1961
000000001976-02-13-0000February 13, 1976
14

J. Dewey Daane
Richmond
000000001963-11-29-0000November 29, 1963
000000001974-03-08-0000March 8, 1974
11

Sherman J. Maisel
San Francisco
000000001965-04-30-0000April 30, 1965
000000001972-05-31-0000May 31, 1972
7

Andrew F. Brimmer
Philadelphia
000000001966-03-09-0000March 9, 1966
000000001974-08-31-0000August 31, 1974
8

William W. Sherrill
Dallas
000000001967-05-01-0000May 1, 1967
000000001971-11-15-0000November 15, 1971
5

Arthur F. Burns
New York
000000001970-01-31-0000January 31, 1970
000000001978-03-31-0000March 31, 1978
8
Chairman (1970–1978)

John E. Sheehan
St. Louis
000000001972-01-04-0000January 4, 1972
000000001975-06-01-0000June 1, 1975
3

Jeffrey M. Bucher
San Francisco
000000001972-06-05-0000June 5, 1972
000000001976-01-02-0000January 2, 1976
4

Robert C. Holland
Kansas City
000000001973-06-11-0000June 11, 1973
000000001976-05-15-0000May 15, 1976
3

Henry C. Wallich
Boston
000000001974-03-08-0000March 8, 1974
000000001986-12-15-0000December 15, 1986
12

Philip E. Coldwell
Dallas
000000001974-10-29-0000October 29, 1974
000000001980-02-29-0000February 29, 1980
6

Philip C. Jackson, Jr.
Atlanta
000000001975-07-14-0000July 14, 1975
000000001978-11-17-0000November 17, 1978
3

J. Charles Partee
Richmond
000000001976-01-05-0000January 5, 1976
000000001986-02-07-0000February 7, 1986
10

Stephen S. Gardner
Philadelphia
000000001976-02-13-0000February 13, 1976
000000001978-11-19-0000November 19, 1978
3
Died in office

David M. Lilly
Minneapolis
000000001976-06-01-0000June 1, 1976
000000001978-02-24-0000February 24, 1978
2

G. William Miller
San Francisco
000000001978-03-08-0000March 8, 1978
000000001979-08-06-0000August 6, 1979
1
Chairman (1978–1979)

Nancy H. Teeters
Chicago
000000001978-09-18-0000September 18, 1978
000000001984-06-27-0000June 27, 1984
6

Emmett J. Rice
New York
000000001979-06-20-0000June 20, 1979
000000001986-12-31-0000December 31, 1986
8

Frederick H. Schultz
Atlanta
000000001979-07-27-0000July 27, 1979
000000001982-02-11-0000February 11, 1982
3

Paul A. Volcker
Philadelphia
000000001979-08-06-0000August 6, 1979
000000001987-08-11-0000August 11, 1987
8
Chairman (1979–1987)

Lyle E. Gramley
Kansas City
000000001980-05-28-0000May 28, 1980
000000001985-09-01-0000September 1, 1985
5

Preston Martin[8]
San Francisco
000000001982-03-31-0000March 31, 1982
000000001986-04-30-0000April 30, 1986
4

Martha R. Seger
Chicago
000000001984-07-02-0000July 2, 1984
000000001991-03-11-0000March 11, 1991
7

Manuel H. Johnson
Richmond
000000001986-02-07-0000February 7, 1986
000000001990-08-03-0000August 3, 1990
4

Wayne D. Angell
Kansas City
000000001986-02-07-0000February 7, 1986
000000001994-02-09-0000February 9, 1994
8

H. Robert Heller
San Francisco
000000001986-08-19-0000August 19, 1986
000000001989-07-31-0000July 31, 1989
3

Edward W. Kelley, Jr.
Dallas
000000001987-05-26-0000May 26, 1987
000000002001-12-31-0000December 31, 2001
14

Alan Greenspan
New York
000000001987-08-11-0000August 11, 1987
000000002006-01-31-0000January 31, 2006
19
Chairman (1987–2006)

John P. LaWare
Boston
000000001988-08-15-0000August 15, 1988
000000001995-04-30-0000April 30, 1995
7

David W. Mullins, Jr.
St. Louis
000000001990-05-21-0000May 21, 1990
000000001994-02-14-0000February 14, 1994
4

Lawrence B. Lindsey
Richmond
000000001991-11-26-0000November 26, 1991
000000001997-02-05-0000February 5, 1997
5

Susan M. Phillips
Chicago
000000001991-12-02-0000December 2, 1991
000000001998-06-30-0000June 30, 1998
7

Alan S. Blinder
Philadelphia
000000001994-06-27-0000June 27, 1994
000000001996-01-31-0000January 31, 1996
2

Janet Yellen
San Francisco
000000001994-08-12-0000August 12, 1994
000000001997-02-17-0000February 17, 1997
3

Laurence H. Meyer
St. Louis
000000001996-06-24-0000June 24, 1996
000000002002-01-31-0000January 31, 2002
6

Alice M. Rivlin
Philadelphia
000000001996-06-25-0000June 25, 1996
000000001999-07-16-0000July 16, 1999
3

Edward M. Gramlich
Richmond
000000001997-11-05-0000November 5, 1997
000000002005-08-31-0000August 31, 2005
8

Roger W. Ferguson, Jr.
Boston
000000001997-11-05-0000November 5, 1997
000000002006-04-28-0000April 28, 2006
8

Mark W. Olson
Minneapolis
000000002001-12-07-0000December 7, 2001
000000002006-06-30-0000June 30, 2006
5

Susan S. Bies
Chicago
000000002001-12-07-0000December 7, 2001
000000002007-03-30-0000March 30, 2007
5

Ben S. Bernanke
Atlanta
000000002002-08-05-0000August 5, 2002
000000002005-06-21-0000June 21, 2005
3

Donald L. Kohn
Kansas City
000000002002-08-05-0000August 5, 2002
000000002010-09-01-0000September 1, 2010
8

Ben S. Bernanke
Atlanta
000000002006-02-01-0000February 1, 2006
000000002014-01-31-0000January 31, 2014
8
Chairman (2006–2014)

Kevin M. Warsh
New York
000000002006-02-24-0000February 24, 2006
000000002011-04-02-0000April 2, 2011
5

Randall S. Kroszner
Richmond
000000002006-03-01-0000March 1, 2006
000000002009-01-21-0000January 21, 2009
3

Frederic S. Mishkin
Boston
000000002006-09-05-0000September 5, 2006
000000002008-08-31-0000August 31, 2008
2

Elizabeth A. Duke
Philadelphia
000000002008-08-05-0000August 5, 2008
000000002013-08-31-0000August 31, 2013
5

Daniel Tarullo
Boston
000000002009-01-28-0000January 28, 2009
000000002017-04-05-0000April 5, 2017
8

Janet Yellen
San Francisco
000000002010-10-04-0000October 4, 2010
000000002018-02-03-0000February 3, 2018
7
Chair (2014–2018)

Sarah Bloom Raskin
Richmond
000000002010-10-04-0000October 4, 2010
000000002014-03-13-0000March 13, 2014
3

Jerome Powell
New York
000000002012-05-25-0000May 25, 2012
000000002028-01-31-0000January 31, 2028 (Incumbent)

Chairman (2018–present)

Jeremy C. Stein
Chicago
000000002012-05-30-0000May 30, 2012
000000002014-05-28-0000May 28, 2014
2

Stanley Fischer
New York
000000002014-05-28-0000May 28, 2014
000000002017-10-13-0000October 13, 2017
3

Lael Brainard
Richmond
000000002014-06-16-0000June 16, 2014
000000002026-01-31-0000January 31, 2026 (Incumbent)

Randal Quarles
Kansas City
000000002017-10-13-0000October 13, 2017
000000002018-01-31-0000January 31, 2018 (Incumbent)

Vice Chairman for Supervision (2017–present)

text: Source: [9]


document_title: List of amendments of the Constitution of India

question_text: how many amendments are there to the constitution till 2018

root

text: List[edit]

text:
No.
Amendments
Enforced since
Objectives
Prime Minister

President

1
15, 19, 85, 87, 174, 176, 341, 342, 372 and 376.Insert articles 31A and 31B.Insert schedule 9.[3]
18 June 1951

Added special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes or for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes. To fully secure the constitutional validity of zamindari abolition laws and to place reasonable restriction on freedom of speech. A new constitutional device, called Schedule 9 introduced to protect laws that are contrary to the Constitutionally guaranteed fundamental rights. These laws encroach upon property rights, freedom of speech and equality before law.

Jawaharlal Nehru

Rajendra Prasad

2
Amend article 81(1)(b).[4]
1 May 1953

Removed the upper population limit for a parliamentary constituency by amending Article 81(1)(b).

3
Amend schedule 7.[5]
22 February 1955

Re-enacted entry 33 of the Concurrent List in the Seventh Schedule with relation to include trade and commerce in, and the production, supply and distribution of 4 classes of essential commodities, viz., foodstuffs, including edible oil seeds and oils; cattle fodder, including oilcakes and other concentrates; raw cotton whether ginned or unginned, and cotton seeds; and raw jute.

4
Amend articles 31, 35 band 305.Amend schedule 9.[6]
27 April 1955

Restrictions on property rights and inclusion of related bills in Schedule 9 of the constitution.

5
Amend article 3.[7]
24 December 1955

Empowered the President to prescribe a time limit for a State Legislature to convey its views on proposed Central laws relating to the formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States. Also permitted the President to extend the prescribed limit, and prohibited any such bill from being introduced in Parliament until after the expiry of the prescribed or extended period.

6
Amend articles 269 and 286.Amend schedule 7.[8]
11 September 1956

Amend the Union and State Lists with respect to raising of taxes.

7
Amend articles 1, 3, 49, 80, 81, 82, 131, 153, 158, 168, 170, 171, 216, 217, 220, 222, 224, 230, 231 and 232.Insert articles 258A, 290A, 298, 350A, 350B, 371, 372A and 378A.Amend part 8.Amend schedules 1, 2, 4 and 7.[9]
1 November 1956

Reorganization of states on linguistic lines, abolition of Class A, B, C, D states and introduction of Union Territories.

8
Amend article 334.[10]
5 January 1960

Extended the period of reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies till 1970.

9
Amend schedule 1.[11]
28 December 1960

Minor adjustments to territory of Indian Union consequent to agreement with Pakistan for settlement of disputes by demarcation of border villages, etc.

10
Amend article 240.Amend schedule 1.[12]
11 August 1961

Incorporation of Dadra, Nagar and Haveli as a Union Territory, consequent to acquisition from Portugal.

11
Amend articles 66 and 71.[13]
19 December 1961

Election of Vice President by Electoral College consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament, instead of election by a Joint Sitting of Parliament. Indemnify the President and Vice President Election procedure from challenge on grounds of existence of any vacancies in the electoral college.

12
Amend article 240.Amend schedule 1.[14]
20 December 1961

Incorporation of Goa, Daman and Diu as a Union Territory, consequent to acquisition from Portugal.

13
Amend article 170.Insert new article 371A.[15]
1 December 1963

Formation of State of Nagaland, with special protection under Article 371A.

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

14
Amend articles 81 and 240.Insert article 239A.Amend schedules 1 and 4.[16]
28 December 1962

Incorporation of Pondicherry into the Union of India and creation of Legislative Assemblies for Himachal Pradesh, Tripura, Manipur and Goa.

15
Amend articles 124, 128, 217, 222, 224, 226, 297, 311 and 316.Insert article 224A.Amend schedule 7.[17]
5 October 1963

Raise retirement age of High court judges from 60 to 62 and other minor amendments for rationalizing interpretation of rules regarding judges etc.

16
Amend articles 19, 84 and 173.Amend schedule 3.[18]
5 October 1963

Make it obligatory for seekers of public office to swear their allegiance to the Indian Republic and prescribe the various obligtory templates.

17
Amend article 31A.Amend schedule 9.[19]
20 June 1964

To secure the constitutional validity of acquisition of Estates and place land acquisition laws in Schedule 9 of the constitution.

18
Amend article 3.[20]
27 August 1966

Technical Amendment to include Union Territories in Article 3 and hence permit reorganisation of Union Territories.

Lal Bahadur Shastri

19
Amend article 324.[21]
11 December 1966

Abolish Election Tribunals and enable trial of election petitions by regular High Courts.

20
Insert article 233A.[22]
22 December 1966

Indemnify & validate  judgments, decrees, orders and sentences passed by  judges and  to validate  the  appointment,  posting, promotion and transfer of judges  barring  a few who  were not eligible  for appointment under article 233. Amendment needed to overcome the effect of judgment invalidating appointments of certain judges in the state of Uttar Pradesh.

21
Amend schedule 8.[23]
10 April 1967

Include Sindhi as an Official Language.

Indira Gandhi

22
Amend article 275.Insert articles 244A and 371B.[24]
25 September 1969

Provision to form Autonomous states within the State of Assam.

V. V. Giri

23
Amend articles 330, 332, 333 and 334.[25]
23 January 1970

Discontinued reservation of seats for the Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, both in the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assembly and stipulated that not more than one Anglo-Indian could be nominated by the Governor to any State Legislative Assembly. Extend reservation for SC/ST and Anglo Indian members in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for another ten years, i.e. up to 1980.

24
Amend articles 13 and 368.[26]
5 November 1971

Enable parliament to dilute fundamental rights through amendments to the constitution.

25
Amend article 31.Insert article 31C.[27]
20 April 1972

Restrict property rights and compensation in case the state takes over private property. However, the Supreme Court quashed a part of Article 31C, to the extent it took away the power of judicial review. This was done in the landmark case of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973) 4 SCC 225 which for the first time enunciated the Basic structure doctrine.

26
Amend article 366.Insert article 363A.Remove articles 291 and 362.[28]
28 December 1971

Abolition of privy purse paid to former rulers of princely states which were incorporated into the Indian Republic.

27
Amend articles 239A and 240.Insert articles 239B and 371C.[29]
15 February 1972

Reorganization of Mizoram into a Union Territory with a legislature and council of ministers.

28
Insert article 312A.Remove article 314.[30]
29 August 1972

Rationalize Civil Service rules to make it uniform across those appointed prior to Independence and post independence.

29
Amend schedule 9.[31]
9 June 1972

Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution.

30
Amend article 133.[32]
27 February 1973

Change the basis for appeals in Supreme Court of India in case of Civil Suits from value criteria to one involving substantial question of law.

31
Amend articles 81, 330 and 332.[33]
17 October 1973

Increase size of Parliament from 525 to 545 seats. Increased seats going to the new states formed in North East India and minor adjustment consequent to 1971 Delimitation exercise.

32
Amend article 371.Insert articles 371D and 371E.Amend schedule 7.[34]
1 July 1974

Protection of regional rights in Telangana and Andhra regions of State of Andhra Pradesh.

33
Amend articles 101 and 190.[35]
19 May 1974

Prescribes procedure for resignation by members of parliament and state legislatures and the procedure for verification and acceptance of resignation by house speaker.

34
Amend schedule 9.[36]
7 September 1974

Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution.

Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed

35
Amend articles 80 and 81.Insert article 2A.Insert schedule 10.[37]
1 March 1975

Terms and Conditions for the Incorporation of Sikkim into the Union of India.

36
Amend articles 80 and 81.Insert article 371F.Remove article 2A.Amend schedules 1 and 4.Remove schedule 10.[38]
26 April 1975

Formation of Sikkim as a State within the Indian Union.

37
Amend articles 239A and 240.[39]
3 May 1975

Formation of Arunachal Pradesh legislative assembly.

38
Amend articles 123, 213, 239B, 352, 356, 359 and 360.[40]
1 August 1975

Enhances the powers of President and Governors to pass ordinances.

39
Amend articles 71 and 329.Insert article 329A.Amend schedule 9.[41]
10 August 1975

Amendment designed to negate the judgement of Allahabad High Court invalidating Prime Minister Indira  Gandhi's election to parliament. Amendment placed restrictions on judicial scrutiny of post of Prime Minister. The amendment  was introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha on August 7, 1975 and again introduced and passed in the Rajya Sabha on August 8, 1975. As many as 17 State Assemblies, summoned on Saturday, August 9 ratified this amendment and President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmad gave his assent on Sunday, August 10 and the civil servants issued gazette notification on Sunday, August 10, 1975. As a consequence of this amendment to the Constitution of India, Supreme Court of India's scheduled hearing on August 11, 1975 of Petition challenging Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's election became infructuous.[42]
Later however, Article 329A was struck down by the Supreme Court in case of Indira Nehru Gandhi vs Shri Raj Narain 1976 (2) SCR 347, for being in violation of basic structure.

40
Amend article 297.Amend schedule 9.[43]
27 May 1976

Enable Parliament to make laws with respect to Exclusive Economic Zone and vest the mineral wealth with Union of India.
Place land reform & other acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution.

41
Amend article 316.[44]
7 September 1976

Raise Retirement Age Limit of Chairmen and Members of Joint Public Service Commissions and State Public Service Commissions from sixty to sixty two.

42
Amend articles 31, 31C, 39, 55, 74, 77, 81, 82, 83, 100, 102, 103, 105, 118, 145, 150, 166, 170, 172, 189, 191, 192, 194, 208, 217, 225, 226, 227, 228, 311, 312, 330, 352, 353, 356, 357, 358, 359, 366, 368 and 371F.Insert articles 31D, 32A, 39A, 43A, 48A, 131A, 139A, 144A, 226A, 228A and 257A.Insert parts 4A and 14A.Amend schedule 7.[45]
2 November 1976

Amendment passed during internal emergency by Indira Gandhi. Provides for curtailment of fundamental rights, imposes fundamental duties and changes to the basic structure of the constitution by making India a "Socialist Secular" Republic.
However, the Supreme Court, in Minerva Mills v. Union of India, quashed the amendments to Articles 31C and 368 as it was in contravention with the basic structure of the Constitution.

43
Amend articles 145, 226, 228 and 366.Remove articles 31D, 32A, 131A, 144A, 226A and 228A.[46]
13 April 1978

Amendment passed after revocation of internal emergency in the Country. Repeals some of the more 'Anti-Freedom' amendments enacted through Amendment Bill 42.

Morarji Desai

Neelam Sanjiva Reddy

44
Amend articles 19, 22, 30, 31A, 31C, 38, 71, 74, 77, 83, 103, 105, 123, 132, 133, 134, 139A, 150, 166, 172, 192, 194, 213, 217, 225, 226, 227, 239B, 329, 352, 356, 358, 359, 360 and 371F.Insert articles 134A and 361A.Remove articles 31, 257A and 329A.Amend part 12.Amend schedule 9.[47]
6 September 1978

Amendment passed after revocation of internal emergency in the Country. Provides for human rights safeguards and mechanisms to prevent abuse of executive and legislative authority. Annuls some Amendments enacted in Amendment Bill 42.

45
Amend article 334.[48]
25 January 1980

Extend reservation for SC / ST and nomination of Anglo Indian members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years i.e. up to 1990.

Indira Gandhi

46
Amend articles 269, 286 and 366.Amend schedule 7.[49]
2 February 1983

Amendment to negate judicial pronouncements on scope and applicability on Sales Tax.

Zail Singh

47
Amend schedule 9.[50]
26 August 1984

Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution.

48
Amend article 356.[51]
26 August 1984

Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to two years in the state of Punjab.

49
Amend article 244.Amend schedules 5 and 6.[52]
11 September 1984

Recognize Tripura as a Tribal State and enable the creation of a Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council.

50
Amend article 33.[53]
11 September 1984

Technical Amendment to curtailment of Fundamental Rights as per Part III as prescribed in Article 33 to cover Security Personnel protecting property and communication infrastructure.

51
Amend articles 330 and 332.[54]
29 April 1984

Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh in Loksabha, similarly for Meghalaya and Arunachal in their Legislative Assemblies.

52
Amend articles 101, 102, 190 and 191.Insert schedule 10.[55]
15 February 1985

Anti Defection Law - Provide disqualification of members from parliament and assembly in case of defection from one party to other. However, parts of the 10th Schedule to the Constitution of India was struck down by the Supreme Court in the case of Kihoto Hollohan v. Zachillhu 1992 SCR (1) 686, for being in contravention with Article 368 of the Constitution.

Rajiv Gandhi

53
Insert article 371G.[56]
20 February 1986

Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram.

54
Amend articles 125 and 221.Amend schedule 2.[57]
1 April 1986

Increase the salary of Chief Justice of India & other Judges and to provide for determining future increases without the need for constitutional amendment.

55
Insert article 371H.[58]
20 February 1987

Special powers to Governor consequent to formation of state of Arunachal Pradesh.

56
Insert article 371I.[59]
30 May 1987

Transition provision to enable formation of state of Goa.

57
Amend article 332.[60]
21 September 1987

Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assemblies.

R. Venkataraman

58
Insert article 394A.Amend part 22.[61]
9 December 1987

Provision to publish authentic Hindi translation of constitution as on date and provision to publish authentic Hindi translation of future amendments.

59
Amend article 356.Insert article 359A.[62]
30 March 1988

Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to three years in the state of Punjab, Articles 352 and Article 359A amended to permit imposing emergency in state of Punjab or in specific districts of the state of Punjab.

60
Amend article 276.[63]
20 December 1988

Profession Tax increased from a minimum of Rs. 250/- to a maximum of Rs. 2500/-.

61
Amend article 326.[64]
28 March 1989

Reduce age for voting rights from 21 to 18.

62
Amend article 334.[65]
20 December 1989

Extend reservation for SC / ST and nomination of Anglo Indian members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years i.e. up to 2000.

V. P. Singh

63
Amend article 356.Remove article 359A.[66]
6 January 1990

Emergency powers applicable to State of Punjab, accorded in Article 359A as per amendment 59 repealed.

64
Amend article 356.[67]
16 April 1990

Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to three years and six months in the state of Punjab.

65
Amend article 338.[68]
12 March 1990

National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes formed and its statutory powers specified in The Constitution.

66
Amend schedule 9.[69]
7 June 1990

Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution.

67
Amend article 356.[70]
4 October 1990

Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to four years in the state of Punjab.

68
Amend article 356.[71]
12 March 1991

Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to five years in the state of Punjab.

69
Insert articles 239AA and 239AB.[72]
1 February 1992

To provide for a legislative assembly and council of ministers for Federal National Capital of Delhi. Delhi continues to be a Union Territory.

P. V. Narasimha Rao

70
Amend articles 54 and 239AA.[73]
21 December 1991

Include National Capital of Delhi and Union Territory of Pondicherry in electoral college for Presidential Election.

71
Amend schedule 8.[74]
31 August 1992

Include Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali as Official Languages.

Shankar Dayal Sharma

72
Amend article 332.[75]
5 December 1992

Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Tripura State Legislative Assembly.

73
Insert part 9.[76]
24 April 1992

Statutory provisions for Panchyat Raj as third level of administration in villages.

74
Insert part 9A, amend article 280.[77]
1 June 1992

Statutory provisions for Local Administrative bodies as third level of administration in urban areas such as towns and cities.

75
Amend article 323B.[78]
15 May 1994

Provisions for setting up Rent Control Tribunals.

76
Amend schedule 9.[79]
31 August 1994

Enable continuance of 69% reservation in Tamil Nadu by including the relevant Tamil Nadu Act under 9th Schedule of the constitution.

77
Amend article 16.[80]
17 June 1995

A technical amendment to protect reservation to SC/ST Employees in promotions.

78
Amend schedule 9.[81]
30 August 1995

Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution.

79
Amend article 334.[82]
25 January 2000

Extend reservation for SC / ST and nomination of Anglo Indian members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years i.e. up to 2010.

Atal Bihari Vajpayee

K. R. Narayanan

80
Amend articles 269 and 270.Remove article 272.[83]
9 June 2000

Implement Tenth Finance Commission recommendation to simplify the tax structures by pooling and sharing all taxes between states and The Centre.

81
Amend article 16.[84]
9 June 2000

Protect SC / ST reservation in filling backlog of vacancies.

82
Amend article 335.[85]
8 September 2000

Permit relaxation of qualifying marks and other criteria in reservation in promotion for SC / ST candidates.

83
Amend article 243M.[86]
8 September 2000

Exempt Arunachal Pradesh from reservation for Scheduled Castes in Panchayati Raj institutions.

84
Amend articles 55, 81, 82, 170, 330 and 332.[87]
21 February 2002

Extend the usage of 1971 national census population figures for statewise distribution of parliamentary seats.

85
Amend article 16.[88]
4 January 2002

A technical amendment to protect Consequential seniority in case of promotions of SC/ST Employees.

86
Amend articles 45 and 51A.Insert article 21A.[89]
12 December 2002

Provides Right to Education until the age of fourteen and Early childhood care until the age of six.

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

87
Amend articles 81, 82, 170 and 330.[90]
22 June 2003

Extend the usage of 2001 national census population figures for statewise distribution of parliamentary seats.

88
Amend article 270.Insert article 268A.Amend schedule 7.[91]
15 January 2004

To extend statutory cover for levy and utilization of Service Tax.

89
Amend article 338.Insert article 338A.[92]
28 September 2003

The National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was bifurcated into The National Commission for Scheduled Castes and The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.

90
Amend article 332.[93]
28 September 2003

Reservation in Assam Assembly relating to Bodoland Territory Area.

91
Amend articles 75 and 164.Insert article 361B.Amend schedule 10.[94]
1 January 2004

Restrict the size of council of ministers to 15% of legislative members & to strengthen Anti Defection laws.

92

Amend schedule 8.[95]

7 January 2004

Include Bodo, Dogri, Santali and Maithali as official languages.

93

Amend article 15.[96]

20 January 2006

1To enable provision of reservation(27%) for other backward classes (OBC) in government as well as private educational institutions.

Manmohan Singh

94

Amend article 164.[97]

12 June 2006

To provide for a Minister of Tribal Welfare in newly created Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh States including Madhya Pradesh, Orissa.

95

Amend article 334.[98]

25 January 2010

To extend the reservation of seats for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha and states assemblies from Sixty years to Seventy years.

Pratibha Patil

96

Amend schedule 8.[99]

23 September 2011

Substituted "Odia" for "Oriya".

97

Amend Art 19 and added Part IXB.[100]
12 January 2012
Added the words "or co-operative societies" after the word "or unions" in Article 19(l)(c) and insertion of article 43B i.e., Promotion of Co-operative Societies and added Part-IXB i.e., The Co-operative Societies.
The amendment objective is to encourage economic activities of cooperatives which in turn help progress of rural India. It is expected to not only ensure autonomous and democratic functioning of cooperatives, but also the accountability of the management to the members and other stakeholders.[101]

98

To insert Article 371J in the Constitution[102]

2 January 2013

To empower the Governor of Karnataka to take steps to develop the Hyderabad-Karnataka Region.[102]

Pranab Mukherjee

99

Insertion of new articles 124A, 124B and 124C. Amendments to Articles 127, 128, 217, 222, 224A, 231.[103]

13 April 2015[104]

Formation of a National Judicial Appointments Commission. 16 State assemblies out of 29 States including Goa, Rajasthan, Tripura, Gujarat and Telangana ratified the Central Legislation, enabling the President of India to give assent to the bill.[105] The amendment was struck down by the Supreme Court on 16 October 2015.

Narendra Modi

100

Amendment of First Schedule to Constitution[106]

1 August 2015

Exchange of certain enclave territories with Bangladesh and conferment of citizenship rights to residents of enclaves consequent to signing of  Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) Treaty between India and Bangladesh.

101

Addition of articles 246A, 269A, 279A. Deletion of Article 268A.
Amendment of articles 248, 249, 250, 268, 269, 270, 271, 286, 366, 368, Sixth Schedule, Seventh Schedule.[107]

1 July 2017

Introduced the Goods and Services Tax.

tag: table


document_title: Far from the Madding Crowd (2015 film)

question_text: where was the film far from the madding crowd filmed

text: Far from the Madding Crowd (2015 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1870 Victorian England, Bathsheba Everdene (Carey Mulligan) is working on her aunt's farm in Dorset. Gabriel Oak (Matthias Schoenaerts), a new neighbour, sees Bathsheba riding her horse and falls in love with her. He proposes, but the headstrong Bathsheba declines, saying she is too independent and he would grow to despise her. One night a new sheepdog chases Gabriel's entire flock off a cliff. He settles his debts and is left penniless. He leaves in search of work. In contrast, Bathsheba inherits a farm from her uncle and leaves to take charge of it.

tag: p

text: While Gabriel is at a fair trying to find employment, local soldiers attempt to recruit him and other townsmen. A young girl, Fanny Robin, notices him and points out one of the soldiers, Sergeant Frank Troy, her sweetheart. She suggests Gabriel seek employment at a farm in Weatherbury. Gabriel arrives to find several buildings on fire and saves the barn from destruction. At dawn the next day he is introduced to the farm's new mistress: Bathsheba. She hires him as a shepherd. In the meantime, Fanny goes to the wrong church for her wedding and Troy, apparently jilted, is devastated.

text: In town, Bathsheba proves to be a shrewd trader when selling her seed. She immediately is drawn to her neighbour William Boldwood (Michael Sheen), a prosperous and mature bachelor. Bathsheba sends Boldwood a Valentine as a joke, and he, both offended and intrigued, soon proposes marriage. Bathsheba says she does share his feelings but delays giving him a final answer. Gabriel admonishes Bathsheba for being foolish and unkind by playing with Boldwood's affections. She is stung by his criticism, and fires him, but the next day, given a crisis with the sheep that only he can manage, she sends after him and then pursues him to ask him to return. After her personal appeal, he comes back, saves some of the sheep, and stays on the farm.

text: One night while walking around her land, Bathsheba meets Frank Troy, who is mesmerized by her beauty. Uncomfortable, she tells him he should not be there, but the next day he returns to help with the harvest. Bathsheba learns he is of a noble family, but tells him to leave. He flirts with her and flatters her, and arranges a secret meeting. At their rendezvous in the woods, he shows off his swordplay, telling her not to flinch as he swings his sword around her head and body. He finally embraces her in a passionate kiss and Bathsheba is left in a daze. Gabriel warns her that Frank is dangerous and dishonourable, but she nevertheless elopes with him, and they share their wedding night together.

text: Returning to the farm, the newly married couple celebrate with all the workers. Gabriel warns of an approaching storm, but the belligerent and drunk Frank interrupts him and insists that the party will not allow it to rain. Gabriel attempts by himself to cover the harvest with tarpaulins and Bathsheba, ashamed of Frank's drunken behavior with the other men, comes out into the wind and rain to help. Chastened, she tells Gabriel that she was a fool to fall prey to Frank's flattery.

text: One day in town, Frank sees Fanny begging. She tells him she had gone to the wrong church, and that she is pregnant with his baby. He promises her he will find a home for them, and that she should stay in the workhouse in the meantime. Frank, a degenerate gambler, asks Bathsheba for £20 and she refuses, saying the money is for farm expenses. Fanny and her baby die in childbirth; their coffin is delivered to Bathsheba's farm, which was her last known address. Bathsheba recognizes the name as one of her uncle's loyal servants and says the coffin should be brought inside for mourning. The words "Fanny Robin and child" are written on the coffin, but Gabriel surreptitiously erases "and child" from the slate while bringing it in. Bathsheba reads the erasure, opens the coffin, and discovers the mother and baby within. Frank, upon seeing Fanny and his dead baby, bends over the coffin and kisses Fanny's lips. Bathsheba protests that she is still his wife, but he coldly responds that even in death Fanny means more to him than Bathsheba ever had meant or ever could mean. In grief Frank goes to the beach, where he strips off his uniform and swims far into the ocean. The next day the constable arrives to inform Bathsheba that Frank has apparently drowned.

text: Left with Frank's gambling debts, Bathsheba worries she may lose the farm. Boldwood offers to buy it and merge it with his property, offering Gabriel a position as bailiff, and again proposes marriage. Bathsheba agrees to consider his offer. On the eve of the Christmas party he plans to throw, Boldwood shares with Gabriel that he knows of the affection he feels for Bathsheba, but adds he appreciates that he has been such a gentleman in the entire matter, and shows Gabriel the engagement ring he plans to offer her.

text: At the party, Boldwood graciously invites Gabriel and Bathsheba to share at least one dance. As they dance, she again asks Gabriel what she should do, and he answers simply to "Do what is right". She breaks off the dance and leaves, only to discover Frank, alive and well, slumbering up the pathway, outside. He was rescued from drowning but has faked his death for some weeks, preferring the idea of being 'dead.' Regretting his decision, he has returned and demands money from Bathsheba, claiming it was unfair that he gave up his profession for her and now lives off nothing while she has money and a house. When she insists she has no money, Frank demands that she sell the farm and grabs her roughly, screaming that she is still his wife and must obey him. Enraged, Boldwood emerges from the house and kills Frank with a single blast from his rifle, for which he is promptly imprisoned. As Gabriel witnesses all the finery, many dresses and jewellery, that Boldwood had already laid out upstairs in anticipation of Bathsheba's 'yes' answer, Bathsheba is remorseful and guiltridden. Gabriel tells her that if it's any consolation Boldwood is bound to be spared his life, for acting in a 'crime of passion'.

text: Some time later, Gabriel announces that since the farm is now secure, he'll be emigrating to America in four days time. As he leaves on foot early in the morning, Bathsheba stays at the farm battling her feelings and stubbornness. Finally, she chases after him on horseback and begs him not to leave, thanking him for all he's done for her, and always believing in her. Gabriel tells her, if only she would accept his love, then asks her if she would agree were he to propose again. Bathsheba smiles and tells him he needs ask once more. Gabriel kisses her passionately in response, and they walk back hand in hand.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Carey Mulligan as Bathsheba Everdene
Matthias Schoenaerts as Gabriel Oak
Michael Sheen as William Boldwood
Tom Sturridge as Sergeant Frank Troy
Juno Temple as Fanny Robin
Jessica Barden as Liddy
Sam Phillips as Sergeant Doggett
Tilly Vosburgh as Mrs. Hurst
Rowan Hedley as Maryann Money
Chris Gallarus as Billy Smallbury
Connor Webb as Merchant
Penny-Jane Swift as Mrs. Coggan
Rosie Masson as Soberness Miller
Alex Channon as Temperance Miller
Shaun Ward as Farmer
Roderick Swift as Everdene farmer
Don J. Whistance as Constable
Jamie Lee-Hill as Laban Tall

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: David Nicholls became attached to the film in 2008.[7] In April 2013, it was reported that Matthias Schoenaerts had been offered the role of Gabriel Oak alongside Carey Mulligan as Bathsheba Everdene.[8] Their casting was official in May 2013 with the participation of director Thomas Vinterberg.[9]

text: Principal photography started on 16 September 2013.[10] The film was shot in Dorset (Sherborne, Mapperton, and Beaminster),[11][12] Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire and London.[10]

text: Mulligan claimed, in an appearance on The Graham Norton Show, that she hand-picked Schoenaerts to play Gabriel Oak after she saw him in the French film Rust and Bone.[13]

text: Thomas Vinterberg invented the scene in which Sergeant Troy clutches Bathsheba's crotch after the sword tricks because he wanted it to get more drastically sexual.[14] The British crew called it 'the Danish handshake'.[15] Vinterberg suggested that he would have gone much further if it had been a Danish film.[16]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was released on 1 May 2015.[17][18]

text: The first teaser trailer debuted on 23 November 2014. It features the song "Let No Man Steal Your Thyme" performed by Carey Mulligan and Michael Sheen. A teaser poster was also revealed to mark the 140th anniversary of the novel of the same name.[19]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Far from the Madding Crowd grossed $12.2 million in North America and $17.9 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $30.2 million.[4]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Far from the Madding Crowd received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 85%, based on 176 reviews, with the site's critical consensus reading, "Far from the Madding Crowd invites tough comparisons to Thomas Hardy's classic novel – and its previous adaptation – but stands on its own thanks to strong direction and a talented cast."[20] Metacritic gave the film a score of 71 out of 100, based on 40 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[21]

text: Carey Mulligan's performance was critically praised and some considered it better than the 1967 adaptation starring Julie Christie.[22][23] Rolling Stone's Peter Travers, in his three out of four star review, said "Vinterberg may rush the final act, but he brings out the wild side in Mulligan, who can hold a close-up like nobody's business. She's a live wire in a movie that knows how to stir up a classic for the here and now."[24]