document_title: One-child policy

question_text: who implemented the one child policy in china

text: One-child policy

text: Introduction[edit]

text: During the period of Mao Zedong's leadership in China, the birth rate fell from 37 per thousand to 20 per thousand.[8] Infant mortality declined from 227 per thousand births in 1949 to 53 per thousand in 1981, and life expectancy dramatically increased from around 35 years in 1948 to 66 years in 1976.[8][9]  Until the 1960s, the government encouraged families to have as many children as possible[10] because of Mao's belief that population growth empowered the country, preventing the emergence of family planning programs earlier in China's development.[11]  The population grew from around 540 million in 1949 to 940 million in 1976.[12] Beginning in 1970, citizens were encouraged to marry at later ages and have only two children.

text: Although the fertility rate began to decline, the Chinese government observed the global debate over a possible overpopulation catastrophe suggested by organizations such as Club of Rome and Sierra Club.  It thus began to encourage one-child families in 1978, and then announced in 1979 its intention to advocate for one-child families.  In 1980, the central government organized a meeting in Chengdu to discuss the speed and scope of one-child restrictions.[13]

text: One participant at the Chengdu meeting had read two influential books about population concerns, The Limits to Growth and A Blueprint for Survival while visiting Europe in 1979.  That official, Song Jian, along with several associates, determined that the ideal population of China was  700 million, and that a universal one-child policy for all would be required to meet that goal.  [14] In spite of some criticism inside the party, the plan (also referred to as the Family Planning Policy[15]) was formally implemented as a temporary measure on September 18, 1980.[16][17][18][19] The plan called for families to have one child each in order to curb a then-surging population and alleviate social, economic, and environmental problems in China.[20][21]

text: Although a recent and often-repeated interpretation claims that Song Jian was the central architect of the one-child policy and that he "hijacked" the policymaking process,[22] central officials had already decided in 1979 to advocate for one-child restrictions before knowing of Song's work and, upon learning of his work in 1980, seemed sympathetic.[23]  Moreover, even if his work convinced them to proceed with universal one-child restrictions in 1980, the policy was loosened to a "1.5"-child policy just five years later, and it is that policy which has been misnomered since as the "one-child policy."  Thus, it is misleading to suggest that Song Jian was either the inventor or architect of the policy that China had in place from 1985-2015.

text: History[edit]

text: The one-child policy was originally designed to be a One-Generation Policy.[24] It was enforced at the provincial level and enforcement varied; some provinces had more relaxed restrictions. The one-child limit was most strictly enforced in densely populated urban areas.[25]

text: Beginning in 1980, the official policy granted local officials the flexibility to make exceptions and allow second children in the case of "practical difficulties" (such as cases in which the father is a disabled serviceman) or when both parents are single children,[26] and some provinces had other exemptions worked into their policies as well. In most areas, families were allowed to apply to have a second child if their first-born is a daughter.[27][28] Furthermore, families with children with disabilities have different policies and families whose first child suffers from physical disability, mental illness, or intellectual disability were allowed to have more children.[29] However, second children were sometimes subject to birth spacing (usually 3 or 4 years). Children born in overseas countries were not counted under the policy if they do not obtain Chinese citizenship. Chinese citizens returning from abroad were allowed to have a second child.[30] Sichuan province allowed exemptions for couples of certain backgrounds.[31] By one estimate there were at least 22 ways in which parents could qualify for exceptions to the law towards the end of the one-child policy's existence.[32] As of 2007, only 36% of the population were subjected to a strict one-child limit. 53% were permitted to have a second child if their first was a daughter; 9.6% of Chinese couples were permitted two children regardless of their gender; and 1.6% – mainly Tibetans – had no limit at all.[33]

text: Following the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, a new exception to the regulations was announced in Sichuan province for parents who had lost children in the earthquake.[34][35] Similar exceptions had previously been made for parents of severely disabled or deceased children.[36] People have also tried to evade the policy by giving birth to a second child in Hong Kong, but at least for Guangdong residents, the one-child policy was also enforced if the birth was given in Hong Kong or abroad.[37]

text: In accordance with China's affirmative action policies towards ethnic minorities, all non-Han ethnic groups are subjected to different laws and were usually allowed to have two children in urban areas, and three or four in rural areas. Han Chinese living in rural towns were also permitted to have two children.[38] Because of couples such as these, as well as who simply pay a fine (or "social maintenance fee") to have more children,[39] the overall fertility rate of mainland China was close to 1.4 children per woman as of  2011[update].[40]

text: Implementation[edit]

text: The Family Planning Policy was enforced through a financial penalty in the form of the "social child-raising fee", sometimes called a "family planning fine" in the West, which was collected as a fraction of either the annual disposable income of city dwellers or of the annual cash income of peasants, in the year of the child's birth.[41] For instance, in Guangdong, the fee is between 3 and 6 annual incomes for incomes below the per capita income of the district, plus 1 to 2 times the annual income exceeding the average. Both members of the couple need to pay the fine.[42]

text: As part of the policy, women were required to have  a contraceptive intrauterine device (IUD) surgically installed after having a first child, and to be sterilized by tubal ligation after having a second child. From 1980 to 2014, 324 million Chinese women were fitted with IUDs in this way and 108 million were sterilized. Women who refused these procedures – which many resented – could lose their government employment and their children could lose access to education or health services. The IUDs installed in this way were modified such that they could not be removed manually, but only through surgery. In 2016, following the abolition of the one-child policy, the Chinese government announced that IUD removals would now be paid for by the government.[43]

text: Relaxation[edit]

text: In 2013, Deputy Director Wang Peian of the National Health and Family Planning Commission said that "China's population will not grow substantially in the short term".[44] A survey by the commission found that only about half of eligible couples wish to have two children, mostly because of the cost of living impact of a second child.[45]

text: In November 2013, following the Third Plenum of the 18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, China announced the decision to relax the one-child policy. Under the new policy, families could have two children if one parent, rather than both parents, was an only child.[46][47]  This mainly applied to urban couples, since there were very few rural only children due to long-standing exceptions to the policy for rural couples.[48] The coastal province of Zhejiang, one of China's most affluent, became the first area to implement this "relaxed policy" in January 2014.[49] The relaxed policy has been implemented in 29 out of the 31 provinces, with the exceptions of Xinjiang and Tibet. Under this policy, approximately 11 million couples in China are allowed to have a second child; however, only "nearly one million" couples applied to have a second child in 2014,[50] less than half the expected number of 2 million per year.[51] By May 2014, 241,000 out of 271,000 applications had been approved. Officials of China's National Health and Family Planning Commission claimed that this outcome was expected, and that "second-child policy" would continue progressing with a good start.[52]

text: In 2016, 433 births and 211 deaths were recorded in Wulipu, Hubei. The birth rate was 8.9‰ and death rate was 4.3‰ resulting in a natural population increase of 4.6‰.[53] In the results of a separate survey published by the Shayang County government, Wulipu's population had increased from 48,044 to 48,132 during a survey period. 424 children were born during the survey period resulting in a birth rate of 8.82‰. During the same period, 63 people died, resulting in death rate of 1.31‰. Of the births in the survey, 406 (95.75%) were in compliance with the family planning policy of China. 312 (73.58%) of the births were the firstborn in the family. (All of these births were in compliance with the family planning policy of China.) Among the firstborn children, 157 were female. 107 (25.24%) of the births were the second-born child in the family. 90 of these births were in compliance with the family planning policy of China. Among the second-born children, 47 were female. Five (1.18%) of the births surveyed were neither the firstborn nor second-born child in the family. Four of these births were in compliance with the family planning policy of China. Among the children born who were neither firstborn nor second-born, two were female.[54]

text: Abolition[edit]

text: In October 2015, the Chinese news agency Xinhua announced plans of the government to abolish the one-child policy, now allowing all families to have two children, citing from a communiqué issued by the Communist Party "to improve the balanced development of population" – an apparent reference to the country's female-to-male sex ratio – and to deal with an aging population according to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.[20][55][56][57][58][59][60][61] The new law took effect on 1 January 2016 after it was passed in the standing committee of the National People's Congress on 27 December 2015.[62][63]

text: The rationale for the abolition was summarized by former Wall Street Journal reporter Mei Fong: "The reason China is doing this right now is because they have too many men, too many old people, and too few young people.  They have this huge crushing demographic crisis as a result of the one-child policy. And if people don't start having more children, they're going to have a vastly diminished workforce to support a huge aging population."[64]  China's ratio is about five working adults to one retiree; the huge retiree community must be supported, and that will dampen future growth, according to Fong.

text: Since the citizens of China are living longer and having fewer children, the growth of the population imbalance is expected to continue, as reported by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation which referred to a United Nations projections forecast that "China will lose 67 million working-age people by 2030, while simultaneously doubling the number of elderly. That could put immense pressure on the economy and government resources."[20]  The longer term outlook is also pessimistic, based on an estimate by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, revealed by Cai Fang, deputy director.  "By 2050, one-third of the country will be aged 60 years or older, and there will be fewer workers supporting each retired person."[65]

text: Although many critics of China's reproductive restrictions approve of the policy's abolition, Amnesty International said that the move to the two-child policy would not end forced sterilizations, forced abortions, or government control over birth permits.[66][67] Others also stated that the abolition is not a sign of the relaxation of authoritarian control in China. A reporter for CNN said, "It was not a sign that the party will suddenly start respecting personal freedoms more than it has in the past.  No, this is a case of the party adjusting policy to conditions.  ... The new policy, raising the limit to two children per couple, preserves the state's role."[68][69]

text: The abolition may not achieve a significant benefit, as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation analysis indicated: "Repealing the one-child policy may not spur a huge baby boom, however, in part because fertility rates are believed to be declining even without the policy's enforcement. Previous easings of the one-child policy have spurred fewer births than expected, and many people among China's younger generations see smaller family sizes as ideal."[20] The CNN reporter adds that China's new prosperity is also a factor in the declining[65] birth rate, saying, "Couples naturally decide to have fewer children as they move from the fields into the cities, become more educated, and when women establish careers outside the home."[68]

text: Administration[edit]

text: The one-child policy was managed by the National Population and Family Planning Commission under the central government since 1981. The Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China and the National Health and Family Planning Commission were made defunct and a new single agency National Health and Family Planning Commission took over national health and family planning policies in 2013. The agency reports to the State Council.

text: The policy was enforced at the provincial level through fines that were imposed based on the income of the family and other factors. "Population and Family Planning Commissions" existed at every level of government to raise awareness and carry out registration and inspection work.[70]

text: Effects[edit]

text: Fertility rates[edit]

text: According to a 2017 study in the Journal of Economic Perspectives, it is complicated to evaluate the effects of the one-child policy on family outcomes because the Chinese government had already enacted aggressive family planning policy before the introduction of the one-child policy; seen a sharp drop in fertility rates before the enactment of the one-child policy; the one-child policy coincided with Chinese economic reform which would have contributed to reduced fertility rates; and other developing East Asian countries also experienced sharp declines in fertility rates.[71] According to the study, "In general, very different views exist on how the one-child policy affected fertility: one group of studies argued that the one-child policy had a significant or decisive effect on fertility in China, while another group argued that socioeconomic development played a key role in China's fertility decline. A plausible reconciliation of these views is that the one-child policy accelerated the already-occurring drop in fertility for a few years, but in the longer term, economic development played a more fundamental role in leading to and maintaining China's low fertility level. To put it more bluntly, China's fertility might well have dropped to the current low level with rapid economic development, even without the one-child policy, although the timeline of the decline would not appear quite the same."[71]

text: Continuation of demographic transition[edit]

text: The fertility rate in China continued its fall from 2.8 births per woman in 1979 (already a sharp reduction from more than five births per woman in the early 1970s) to 1.5 in 2010.[1] This is similar to demographic transition seen in Thailand, Indian states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu which have undergone similar changes in fertility rates without a one-child policy.[1][72][4][73]  China's one-child policy significantly accelerated the advent of an aging society, radically altered the structure of the population, and helped create an aging population.[74] While the policy may have achieved the stated demographic goals of preventing an estimated 200 million or more births (the official claim is 400 million), it produced many unintended and far-reaching consequences. These include a deficit of 40 million female babies, mostly as a direct consequence of illegal sex-selective abortions, and a population with an artificially large elderly demographic.[75]

text: Disparity in sex ratio at birth[edit]

text: The sex ratio of a newborn infant (between male and female births) in mainland China reached 117:100, and stabilized between 2000 and 2013, substantially higher than the natural baseline, which ranges between 103:100 and 107:100. It had risen from 108:100 in 1981—at the boundary of the natural baseline—to 111:100 in 1990.[76] According to a report by the National Population and Family Planning Commission, there will be 30 million more men than women in 2020, potentially leading to social instability, and courtship-motivated emigration.[77]

text: The disparity in the gender ratio at birth increases dramatically after the first birth, for which the ratios remained steadily within the natural baseline over the 20 year interval between 1980 and 1999. Thus, a large majority of couples appear to accept the outcome of the first pregnancy, whether it is a boy or a girl. If the first child is a girl, and they are able to have a second child, then a couple may take extraordinary steps to assure that the second child is a boy. If a couple already has two or more boys, the sex ratio of higher parity births swings decidedly in a feminine direction. This demographic evidence indicates that while families highly value having male offspring, a secondary norm of having a girl or having some balance in the sexes of children often comes into play. Zeng 1993 reported a study based on the 1990 census in which they found sex ratios of just 65 or 70 boys per 100 girls for births in families that already had two or more boys.[78]  A study by Anderson & Silver (1995) found a similar pattern among both Han and non-Han nationalities in Xinjiang Province: a strong preference for girls in high parity births in families that had already borne two or more boys.[79]  This tendency to favour girls in high parity births to couples who had already borne sons was later also noted by Coale and Banister, who suggested as well that once a couple had achieved its goal for the number of males, it was also much more likely to engage in "stopping behavior", i.e., to stop having more children.[80]

text: The long-term disparity has led to a significant gender imbalance or skewing of the sex ratio. As reported by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, China has between 32 million and 36 million more males than would be expected naturally, and this has led to social problems.  "Because of a traditional preference for baby boys over girls, the one-child policy is often cited as the cause of China's skewed sex ratio ... Even the government acknowledges the problem and has expressed concern about the tens of millions of young men who won't be able to find brides and may turn to kidnapping women, sex trafficking, other forms of crime or social unrest."[20] The situation will not improve in the near future. According to the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, there will be 24 million more men than women of marriageable age by 2020.[81]

text: Education[edit]

text: According to a 2017 study in the Journal of Economic Perspectives, "existing studies indicate either a modest or minimal effect of the fertility change induced by the one-child policy on children education".[71]

text: Adoption[edit]

text: The one-child policy of China made it more expensive for parents with children to adopt, which may have had an effect upon the numbers of children living in state-sponsored orphanages. However, in the 1980s and early 1990s, poor care and high mortality rates in some state institutions generated intense international pressure for reform.[82][83]

text: In the 1980s, adoptions accounted for half of the so-called "missing girls".[84] Through the 1980s, as the one-child policy came into force, parents who desired a son but had a daughter often failed to report or delayed reporting female births to the authorities. Some parents may have offered up their daughters for formal or informal adoption. A majority of children who went through formal adoption in China in the later 1980s were girls, and the proportion who were girls increased over time.[84]

text: In an interview with National Public Radio on October 30, 2015, Adam Pertman,[85] president and CEO of the National Center on Adoption and Permanency, indicated that many young girls were adopted by citizens of other countries, particularly the United States, a trend which has been declining for some years. "The infant girls of yesteryear have not been available, if you will, for five, seven years. China has been ... trying to keep the girls within the country ... And the consequence is that, today, rather than those young girls who used to be available – primarily girls – today, it's older children, children with special needs, children in sibling groups. It's very, very different."[86]

text: Twins[edit]

text: Since there are no penalties for multiple births, it is believed that an increasing number of couples are turning to fertility medicines to induce the conception of twins. According to a 2006 China Daily report, the number of twins born per year was estimated to have doubled.[timeframe?][87]

text: Quality of life for women[edit]

text: The one-child policy has played a major role in improving the quality of life for women in China.  For thousands of years, girls have held a lower status in Chinese households. However, the one-child policy's limit on the number of children has prompted parents of women to start investing money in their well-being. As a result of being an only child, women have increased opportunity to receive an education, and support to get better jobs. One of the side effects of the one-child policy is to have liberated women from heavy duties in terms of taking care of many children and the family in the past; instead women had a lot of spare time for themselves to pursue their career or hobbies. The other major "side effect" of the one child policy is that the traditional concepts of gender roles between men and women have weakened. Being one and the only "chance" the parents have, women are expected to compete with peer men for better educational resources or career opportunities. Especially in cities where one-child policy was much more regulated and enforced, expectations on women to succeed in life are no less than on men.[88]

text: Healthcare improvements[edit]

text: It is reported that the focus of China on population planning helps provide a better health service for women and a reduction in the risks of death and injury associated with pregnancy. At family planning offices, women receive free contraception and pre-natal classes that contributed to the policy's success in two respects. First, the average Chinese household expends fewer resources, both in terms of time and money, on children, which gives many Chinese people more money with which to invest. Second, since Chinese adults can no longer rely on children to care for them in their old age, there is an impetus to save money for the future.[89]

text: "Four-two-one" problem[edit]

text: As the first generation of law-enforced only-children came of age for becoming parents themselves, one adult child was left with having to provide support for his or her two parents and four grandparents.[90][91] Called the "4-2-1 Problem", this leaves the older generations with increased chances of dependency on retirement funds or charity in order to receive support. If personal savings, pensions, or state welfare fail, most senior citizens would be left entirely dependent upon their very small family or neighbours for assistance. If, for any reason, the single child is unable to care for their older adult relatives, the oldest generations would face a lack of resources and necessities. In response to such an issue, all provinces have decided[when?] that couples are allowed to have two children if both parents were only children themselves. By 2007, all provinces in the nation except Henan had adopted this new policy;[92][93] Henan followed in 2011.[94]

text: Unregistered children[edit]

text: Heihaizi (Chinese: 黑孩子; pinyin: hēiháizi) or "black child" is a term denoting children born outside the one-child policy, or generally children who are not registered in the Chinese national household registration system.

text: Being excluded from the family register means they do not possess a Hukou, which is "an identifying document, similar in some ways to the American social security card."[95]  In this respect they do not legally exist and as a result cannot access most public services, such as education and health care, and do not receive protection under the law.[96][97][98]

text: Potential social problems[edit]

text: Some parents may over-indulge their only child. The media referred to the indulged children in one-child families as "little emperors".[99] Since the 1990s, some people have worried that this will result in a higher tendency toward poor social communication and cooperation skills amongst the new generation, as they have no siblings at home. No social studies have investigated the ratio of these over-indulged children and to what extent they are indulged. With the first generation of children born under the policy (which initially became a requirement for most couples with first children born starting in 1979 and extending into the 1980s) reaching adulthood, such worries were reduced.[100]

text: However, the "little emperor syndrome" and additional expressions, describing the generation of Chinese singletons are very abundant in the Chinese media, Chinese academia and popular discussions. Being over-indulged, lacking self-discipline and having no adaptive capabilities are traits that are highly associated with Chinese singletons.[101]

text: Some 30 delegates called on the government in the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference in March 2007 to abolish the one-child rule, citing "social problems and personality disorders in young people". One statement read, "It is not healthy for children to play only with their parents and be spoiled by them: it is not right to limit the number to two children per family, either."[102] The proposal was prepared by Ye Tingfang, a professor at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, who suggested that the government at least restore the previous rule that allowed couples to have up to two children. According to a scholar, "The one-child limit is too extreme. It violates nature's law. And in the long run, this will lead to mother nature's revenge."[102][103]

text: Birth tourism[edit]

text: Reports surfaced of Chinese women giving birth to their second child overseas, a practice known as birth tourism. Many went to Hong Kong, which is exempt from the one-child policy. Likewise, a Hong Kong passport differs from China mainland passport by providing additional advantages. Recently though, the Hong Kong government has drastically reduced the quota of births set for non-local women in public hospitals.  As a result, fees for delivering babies there have surged. As further admission cuts or a total ban on non-local births in Hong Kong are being considered, mainland agencies that arrange for expectant mothers to give birth overseas are predicting a surge in those going to North America.[104]

text: As the United States practises birthright citizenship, all children born in the US will automatically have US citizenship. The closest US location from China is Saipan in the Northern Mariana Islands, a US dependency in the western Pacific Ocean that allows Chinese visitors without visa restrictions. As of 2012, the island was experiencing an upswing in Chinese births, since birth tourism there had become cheaper than to Hong Kong. This option is used by relatively affluent Chinese who often have secondary motives as well, wishing their children to be able to leave mainland China when they grow older or bring their parents to the US. Canada, compared to US, is less achievable as their government denies many visa requests.[105][106]

text: Sex-selective abortion[edit]

text: Due to the preference in Rural Chinese society to give birth to a son,[107] pre-natal sex determination and sex-selective abortions are illegal in China.[108]  Often argued as one of the key factors in the imbalanced sex-ratio in China, as excess female infant mortality and underreporting of female births cannot solely explain this gender disparity.[109]   Researchers have found that the gender of the firstborn child in rural parts of China impact whether or not the mother will seek an ultrasound for the second child.  40% of women with a firstborn son seek an ultrasound for their second pregnancy, versus 70% of women with firstborn daughters.  This clearly depicts a desire for women to birth a son if one has not yet been birthed.[110]  In response to this, the Chinese government made sex-selective abortions illegal in 2005.[110]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: The policy is controversial outside China for many reasons, including accusations of human rights abuses in the implementation of the policy, as well as concerns about negative social consequences.[111]

text: Statement of the effect of the policy on birth reduction[edit]

text: The Chinese government, quoting Zhai Zhenwu, director of Renmin University's School of Sociology and Population in Beijing, estimates that 400 million births were prevented by the one-child policy as of 2011, while some demographers challenge that number, putting the figure at perhaps half that level, according to CNN.[112] Zhai clarified that the 400 million estimate referred not just to the one-child policy, but includes births prevented by predecessor policies implemented one decade before, stating that "there are many different numbers out there but it doesn't change the basic fact that the policy prevented a really large number of births".[113]

text:
This claim is disputed by Wang Feng, director of the Brookings-Tsinghua Center for Public Policy, and Cai Yong from the Carolina Population Center at University of North Carolina Chapel Hill[113] Wang claims that "Thailand and China have had almost identical fertility trajectories since the mid 1980s", and "Thailand does not have a one-child policy."[113]
China's Health Ministry has also disclosed that at least 336 million abortions were performed on account of the policy.[114]

text: According to a report by the US Embassy, scholarship published by Chinese scholars and their presentations at the October 1997 Beijing conference of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population seemed to suggest that market-based incentives or increasing voluntariness is not morally better but that it is in the end more effective.[115] In 1988, Zeng Yi and Professor T. Paul Schultz of Yale University discussed the effect of the transformation to the market on Chinese fertility, arguing that the introduction of the contract responsibility system in agriculture during the early 1980s weakened family planning controls during that period.[116] Zeng contended that the "big cooking pot" system of the People's Communes had insulated people from the costs of having many children. By the late 1980s, economic costs and incentives created by the contract system were already reducing the number of children farmers wanted.

text: A long-term experiment in a county in Shanxi Province, in which the family planning law was suspended, suggested that families would not have many more children even if the law were abolished.[32] A 2003 review of the policy-making process behind the adoption of the one-child policy shows that less intrusive options, including those that emphasized delay and spacing of births, were known but not fully considered by China's political leaders.[117]

text: Unequal enforcement[edit]

text: Corrupted government officials and especially wealthy individuals have often been able to violate the policy in spite of fines.[118] Filmmaker Zhang Yimou had three children and was subsequently fined 7.48 million yuan ($1.2 million).[119] For example, between 2000 and 2005, as many as 1,968 officials in central China's Hunan province were found to be violating the policy, according to the provincial family planning commission; also exposed by the commission were 21 national and local lawmakers, 24 political advisors, 112 entrepreneurs and 6 senior intellectuals.[118]

text: Some of the offending officials did not face penalties,[118] although the government did respond by raising fines and calling on local officials to "expose the celebrities and high-income people who violate the family planning policy and have more than one child".[118] Also, people who lived in the rural areas of China were allowed to have two children without punishment, although the family is required to wait a couple of years before having another child.[120]

text: Human rights violations[edit]

text: The one-child policy has been challenged for violating a human right to determine the size of one's own proper  family. According to a 1968 proclamation of the International Conference on Human Rights, "Parents have a basic human right to determine freely and responsibly the number and the spacing of their children."[121][122]

text: According to the UK newspaper The Daily Telegraph, a quota of 20,000 abortions and sterilizations was set for Huaiji County in Guangdong Province in one year due to reported disregard of the one-child policy. According to the article local officials were being pressured into purchasing portable ultrasound devices to identify abortion candidates in remote villages. The article also reported that women as far along as 8.5 months pregnant were forced to abort, usually by an injection of saline solution.[123] A 1993 book by social scientist, Steven W. Mosher, reported that women in their ninth month of pregnancy, or already in labour, were having their children killed whilst in the birth canal or immediately after birth.[124]

text: According to a 2005 news report by Australian Broadcasting Corporation correspondent, John Taylor, China outlawed the use of physical force to make a woman submit to an abortion or sterilization in 2002 but ineffectively enforces the measure.[125] In 2012, Feng Jianmei, a villager from central China's Shaanxi province was forced into an abortion by local officials after her family refused to pay the fine for having a second child. Chinese authorities have since apologized and two officials were fired, while five others were sanctioned.[126]

text: In the past, China promoted eugenics as part of its population planning policies, but the government has backed away from such policies, as evidenced by China's ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which compels the nation to significantly reform its genetic testing laws.[127] Recent[when?] research has also emphasized the necessity of understanding a myriad of complex social relations that affect the meaning of informed consent in China.[128] Furthermore, in 2003, China revised its marriage registration regulations and couples no longer have to submit to a pre-marital physical or genetic examination before being granted a marriage license.[129]

text: The United Nations Population Fund's (UNFPA) support for family planning in China, which has been associated with the One-Child policy in the United States, led the United States Congress to pull out of the UNFPA during the Reagan administration,[130] and again under George W. Bush's presidency, citing human rights abuses[131] and stating that the right to "found a family" was protected under the Preamble in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.[132] President Obama resumed U.S. government financial support for the UNFPA shortly after taking office in 2009, intending to "work collaboratively to reduce poverty, improve the health of women and children, prevent HIV/AIDS and provide family planning assistance to women in 154 countries".[133][134]

text: Effect on infanticide rates[edit]

text: Sex-selected abortion, abandonment, and infanticide are illegal in China. Nevertheless, the United States Department of State,[135] the Parliament of the United Kingdom,[136] and the human rights organization Amnesty International[137] have all declared that infanticide still exists.[138][139][140] A writer for the Georgetown Journal of International Affairs wrote, "The 'one-child' policy has also led to what Amartya Sen first called 'Missing Women', or the 100 million girls 'missing' from the populations of China (and other developing countries) as a result of female infanticide, abandonment, and neglect".[141]

text: The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation offered the following summary as to the long term effects of sex-selective abortion and abandonment of female infants:

text: Multiple research studies have also found that sex-selective abortion – where a woman undergoes an ultrasound to determine the sex of her baby, and then aborts it if it's a girl – was widespread for years, particularly for second or subsequent children. Millions of female fetuses have been aborted since the 1970s.  China outlawed sex selective abortions in 2005, but the law is tough to enforce because of the difficulty of proving why a couple decided to have an abortion. The abandonment, and killing, of baby girls has also been reported, though recent research studies say it has become rare, in part due to strict criminal prohibitions.[20]

text: Anthropologist G. William Skinner at the University of California, Davis and Chinese researcher Yuan Jianhua have claimed that infanticide was fairly common in China before the 1990s.[142]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
Ball, David (2002). China Run. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-74322743-3.  A novel about an American woman who travels to China to adopt an orphan of the one-child policy, only to find herself a fugitive when the Chinese government informs her that she has been given "the wrong baby".
The prevention of a state-imposed abortion during labor to conform with the one child policy is a key plot point in Tom Clancy's novel The Bear and the Dragon.
The difficulties of implementing the one-child policy are dramatized in Mo Yan's novel Frog (2009; English translation by Howard Goldblatt, 2015).
Avoiding the family-planning enforcers is at the heart of Ma Jian's novel The Dark Road (translated by Flora Drew, 2013).
Novelist Lu Min writes about her own family's experience with the One Child Policy in her essay "A Second Pregnancy, 1980" (translated by Helen Wang, 2015).[143]
Xue, Xinran (2015). Buy Me the Sky. Rider (imprint). ISBN 978-1-8460-4471-7.  Tells the stories of the children brought up under China's one-child policy and the effect that has had on their lives, families and ability to deal with life's challenges.
Fong, Mei (2016). One Child: The Story of China's Most Radical Experiment. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 9780544275393.


document_title: List of VFL/AFL players to have scored 500 goals

question_text: who has kicked the most goals in the afl

root

text: In the sport of Australian rules football, a goal is scored by kicking the football between the two middle goalposts at either end of the field and is worth six points. In the Australian Football League (AFL), the premier Australian rules football league, a total of 59 players have scored 500 goals or more in senior matches (not including pre-season, Night Series, interstate and exhibition matches). The overall leading goalscorer is Tony Lockett, who kicked a total of 1,360 goals in 281 games for the St Kilda Football Club and the Sydney Swans between 1983 and 2002. The first 1000-goal player was Gordon Coventry, also of Collingwood, whose record of 1299 career goals stood for 61 years until it was broken by Lockett in 1999.[1]

tag: p

text: List[edit]

text: Current players are highlighted in blue:

text:
№
Player
Goals
Games
Average
Career
Club(s)
Ref

1
Tony Lockett
1360
281
4.84
1983–2002
St Kilda (1983–1994; 183 games, 898 goals)Sydney (1995–2002; 98 games, 462 goals)
[2]

2
Gordon Coventry
1299
306
4.25
1920–1937
Collingwood (1920–1937; 306 games, 1299 goals)
[1]

3
Jason Dunstall
1254
269
4.66
1985–1998
Hawthorn (1985–1998; 269 games, 1254 goals)
[3]

4
Doug Wade
1057
267
3.96
1961–1975
Geelong (1961–1972; 208 games, 834 goals)North Melbourne (1973–1975; 59 games, 223 goals)
[4]

5
Gary Ablett, Sr.
1030
248
4.15
1982–1996
Hawthorn (1982; 6 games, 9 goals)Geelong (1984–1996; 242 games, 1021 goals)
[5]

6
Jack Titus
970
294
3.30
1926–1943
Richmond (1926–1943; 294 games, 970 goals)
[6]

7
Matthew Lloyd
926
270
3.43
1995–2009
Essendon (1995–2009; 270 games, 926 goals)
[7]

8
Leigh Matthews
915
332
2.76
1969–1985
Hawthorn (1969–1985; 332 games, 915 goals)
[8]

9
Lance Franklin
899
283
3.18
2005–
Hawthorn (2005–2013; 182 games, 580 goals)
Sydney (2014–; 101 games, 319 goals)

[9]

10
Peter McKenna
874
191
4.58
1965–1977
Collingwood (1965–1975; 180 games, 838 goals)Carlton (1977; 11 games, 36 goals)
[9]

11
Bernie Quinlan
817
366
2.23
1969–1986
Footscray (1969–1977; 177 games, 241 goals)Fitzroy (1978–1986; 189 games, 576 goals)
[10]

12
Matthew Richardson
800
282
2.84
1993–2009
Richmond (1993–2009; 282 games, 800 goals)
[11]

13
Kevin Bartlett
778
403
1.93
1965–1983
Richmond (1965–1983; 403 games, 778 goals)
[12]

14
Saverio Rocca
748
257
2.91
1992–2006
Collingwood (1992–2000; 156 games, 514 goals)Kangaroos (2001–2006; 101 games, 234 goals)
[13]

15
Barry Hall
746
289
2.58
1996–2011
St Kilda (1996–2001; 88 games, 144 goals)Sydney (2002–2009; 162 games, 467 goals)Western Bulldogs (2010–2011; 39 games, 135 goals)
[14]

16
Stephen Kernahan
738
251
2.94
1986–1997
Carlton (1986–1997; 251 games, 738 goals)
[15]

17
Bill Mohr
735
195
3.77
1929–1941
St Kilda (1929–1941; 195 games, 735 goals)
[16]

18
Peter Hudson
727
129
5.64
1967–1977
Hawthorn (1967–1977; 129 games, 727 goals)
[17]

19
Wayne Carey
727
272
2.67
1989–2004
North Melbourne (1989–2001; 244 games, 671 goals)Adelaide (2002–2004; 28 games, 46 goals)
[18]

20
Harry Vallence
722
204
3.54
1926–1938
Carlton (1926–1938; 204 games, 722 goals)
[19]

21
Nick Riewoldt
718
336
2.14
2001–2017
St Kilda (2001–2017; 336 games, 718 goals)
[20]

22
Dick Lee
707
230
3.07
1906–1922
Collingwood (1906–1922; 230 games, 707 goals)
[21]

23
Matthew Pavlich
700
353
1.98
2000–2016
Fremantle (2000–2016; 353 games, 700 goals)
[22]

24
Bob Pratt
681
158
4.31
1930–1946
South Melbourne (1930–1946; 158 games, 681 goals)
[23]

25
Jack Moriarty
662
170
3.89
1922–1933
Essendon (1922; 13 games, 36 goals)Fitzroy (1924–1933; 157 games, 626 goals)
[24]

26
Alastair Lynch
633
306
2.07
1988–2004
Fitzroy (1988–1993; 120 games, 173 goals)Brisbane Bears (1994–1996; 32 games, 89 goals)Brisbane Lions (1997–2004; 154 games, 371 goals)
[25]

27
David Neitz
631
306
2.06
1993–2008
Melbourne (1993–2008; 306 games, 631 goals)
[26]

28
Michael Moncrieff
629
224
2.81
1971–1983
Hawthorn (1971–1983; 224 games, 629 goals)
[27]

29
Brendan Fevola
623
204
3.05
1999–2010
Carlton (1999–2009; 187 games, 575 goals)Brisbane Lions (2010; 17 games, 48 goals)
[28]

30
Michael Roach
607
200
3.04
1977–1989
Richmond (1977–1989; 200 games, 607 goals)
[29]

31
Jonathan Brown
594
256
2.32
2000–2014
Brisbane Lions (2000–2014; 256 games, 594 goals)
[30]

32
Stewart Loewe
594
321
1.85
1986–2002
St Kilda (1989–2002; 321 games, 594 goals)
[31]

33
Kelvin Templeton
593
177
3.35
1974–1985
Footscray (1974–1982; 143 games, 494 goals)Melbourne (1983–1985; 34 games, 99 goals)
[32]

34
Tony Modra
588
165
3.56
1992–2001
Adelaide (1992–1998; 118 games, 440 goals)Fremantle (1999–2001; 47 games, 148 goals)
[33]

35
Simon Madden
575
378
1.52
1974–1992
Essendon (1974–1992; 378 games, 575 goals)
[34]

36
Simon Beasley
575
154
3.73
1982–1989
Footscray (1982–1989; 154 games, 575 goals)
[35]

37
Richard Osborne
574
283
2.03
1982–1998
Fitzroy (1982–1992; 187 games, 411 goals)Sydney (1993–1993; 16 games, 39 goals)Footscray (1994–1996; 51 games, 98 goals)Collingwood (1997–1998; 29 games, 26 goals)
[36]

38
Stephen Milne
574
275
2.09
2001–2013
St Kilda (2001–2013; 275 games, 574 goals)
[37]

39
Jack Riewoldt
572
240
2.4
2007–
Richmond (2007–; 240 games, 572 goals)
[38]

39
Norm Smith
572
227
2.52
1935–1950
Melbourne (1935–1948; 210 games, 546 goals)Fitzroy (1949–1950; 17 games, 26 goals)
[39]

40
Paul Salmon
561
324
1.73
1983–2002
Essendon (1983–2002; 224 games, 520 goals)Hawthorn (1996–2000; 100 games, 41 goals)
[40]

41
Brad Johnson
558
364
1.53
1994–2010
Footscray (1994–2010; 364 games, 558 goals)
[41]

42
Chris Grant
554
341
1.62
1990–2007
Footscray (1990–2007; 341 games, 554 goals)
[42]

43
Warren Tredrea
549
255
2.15
1997–2010
Port Adelaide (1997–2010; 255 games, 549 goals)
[43]

44
Fraser Gehrig
549
260
2.11
1995–2008
West Coast (1995–2000; 115 games, 159 goals)St Kilda (2001–2008; 145 games, 390 goals)
[44]

45
Peter Daicos
549
250
2.20
1979–1993
Collingwood (1979–1993; 250 games, 549 goals)
[45]

46
Dick Harris
548
196
2.80
1934–1944
Richmond (1934–1944; 196 games, 548 goals)
[46]

48
Lindsay White
540
142
3.80
1941–1950
Geelong (1941–1950; 117 games, 429 goals)South Melbourne (1942–1943; 25 games, 111 goals)
[47]

49
John Coleman
537
98
5.48
1949–1954
Essendon (1949–1954; 98 games, 537 goals)
[48]

51
Jarryd Roughead
554
268
2.1
2005–
Hawthorn (2005–; 268 games, 554 goals)
[49]

50
Eddie Betts
553
288
1.91
2005–
Carlton (2005–2013; 184 games, 290 goals)Adelaide (2014–; 104 games, 263 goals)
[50]

52
Brian Taylor
527
140
3.76
1980–1990
Richmond (1980–1984; 43 games, 156 goals)Collingwood (1985–1990; 97 games, 371 goals)
[51]

53
Daniel Bradshaw
524
231
2.27
1996–2010
Brisbane Bears (1996; 3 games, 0 goals)Brisbane Lions (1997–2009; 219 games, 496 goals)Sydney (2010–2010; 9 games, 28 goals)
[52]

54
Michael O'Loughlin
521
303
1.72
1995–2009
Sydney (1995–2009; 303 games, 521 goals)
[53]

55
Josh Kennedy
548
216
2.5
2006–
Carlton (2006–2007; 22 games, 11 goals)West Coast (2008–; 194 games, 537 goals)
[54]

56
Brent Harvey
518
432
1.20
1996–2016
North Melbourne (1996–2016; 432 games, 518 goals)
[55]

57
Steve Johnson
516
293
1.75
2002–2017
Geelong (2002–2015; 253 games, 452 goals)Greater Western Sydney (2016–2017; 40 games, 64 goals)
[56]

58
Peter Sumich
514
150
3.43
1989–1997
West Coast (1989–1997; 150 games, 514 goals)
[57]

59
John Longmire
511
200
2.56
1988–1999
North Melbourne (1988–1999; 200 games, 511 goals)
[58]

tag: table


document_title: Civil service commission

question_text: what is the meaning of civil service commission

text: Civil service commission

text: A civil service commission is a government agency that is constituted by legislature to regulate the employment and working conditions of civil servants, oversee hiring and promotions, and promote the values of the public service. Its role is roughly analogous to that of the human resources department in corporations. Civil service commissions are often independent from elected politicians-

text: In Fiji for example, the PSC reviews government statutory powers to ensure efficiency and effectiveness in meeting public sector management objectives. It also acts as the human relations department, or central personnel authority, for the citizens interaction with the government.

text: The origin of the Public Service Commission in many jurisdictions was the White Paper Colonial 197 issued in 1950, which set out measures which were proposed to improve the quality and efficiency of the Colonial Service of the British Administration. The setting up of Public Service Commission was proposed in its paragraph 21(xi) which mentioned that:[1]

text:
“
Public Service Commissions should be established in the Colonies. Subject to the general overriding powers of the Secretary of State, the selection and appointment of candidates in the Colonies to posts in the local service will lie with the Governor of the Colony. It is desirable that the Governor should be advised in these matters by a Public Service Commission appointed by him and so composed as to command the confidence of the Service and the public;
”

text: and that:

text:
“
such Commissions should be established in the Colonies to advise the Governor on the selection and appointment of candidates to posts in the local service, and should be so composed as to command the confidence of the Service and the public.
”

text: List[edit]

text:
Australian Public Service Commission[2]
Bangladesh Public Service Commission[3]
Brunei Public Service Commission[4]
Burma Union Civil Service Board[5]
Public Service Commission of Canada[6]
Examination Yuan of the Republic of China [7]
Fiji Public Service Commission[8]
Hong Kong Public Service Commission[9]
Kenya Public Service Commission[10]
India:

Union Public Service Commission
Karnataka Public Service Commission[11]
Bihar Public Service Commission[12]
Kerala Public Service Commission
Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission[13]

Ireland: Office of the Civil Service and Local Appointments Commissioners abolished 2004; succeeded by:

Commission for Public Service Appointments
Public Appointments Service

Malaysia Public Service Commission (Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Awam)[14]
Mauritius Public Service Commission[15]
Public Service Commission
Nigeria:

Federal Civil Service Commission
Rivers State Civil Service Commission

Pakistan: Federal Public Service Commission
Civil Service Commission of the Philippines[16]
Samoa Public Service Commission[17]
Sri Lanka Public Service Commission[18]
South Africa Public Service Commission[19]
Singapore Public Service Commission
United Kingdom Civil Service Commissioners[20]
United States

United States Civil Service Commission (defunct)
Office of Personnel Management (current)

Zimbabwe Public Service Commission

tag: ul


document_title: Southwest Airlines

question_text: which was the first airline to begin code-sharing agreements with southwest airlines

text: Southwest Airlines

text: History

text: In 1966 Southwest Airlines was founded by Herbert Kelleher and Rollin King, and in 1967 it was incorporated as Air Southwest Company. It was not until 1971 that the airline began scheduled flights from Dallas Love Field. The same year the organization adopted the name Southwest Airlines. The expansion of flights started in 1975, to cities throughout Texas, and in 1978 Southwest began flying to neighboring states. Service to the East and the Southeast started in the 1990s.[7]

text: Corporate identity

text: Advertising

text: The company has always employed humor in its advertising. Former slogans include "Love Is Still Our Field," "Just Plane Smart," "The Somebody Else Up There Who Loves You," "You're Now Free To Move About The Country," "THE Low Fare Airline," "Grab your bag, It's On!" and "Welcome Aboard." The airline's current slogan is "Low fares. Nothing to hide."[when?]

text: In March 1992, shortly after Southwest started using the "Just Plane Smart" motto, Stevens Aviation, which had been using "Plane Smart" for its motto, advised Southwest that it was infringing on its trademark.[8][9]

text: Instead of a lawsuit, the CEOs for both companies staged an arm wrestling match. Held at the now-demolished Dallas Sportatorium (the famed wrestling facility) and set for two out of three rounds, the loser of each round was to pay $5,000 to the charity of his choice, with the winner gaining the use of the trademarked phrase. A promotional video was created showing the CEOs "training" for the bout (with CEO Herb Kelleher being helped up during a sit up where a cigarette and glass of whiskey (Wild Turkey 101) was waiting) and distributed among the employees and also as a video press release along with the video of the match itself. Herb Kelleher lost the match for Southwest, with Stevens Aviation winning the rights to the phrase. Kurt Herwald, CEO of Stevens Aviation, immediately granted the use of "Just Plane Smart" to Southwest Airlines. The net result was both companies having use of the trademark, $15,000 going to charity, and good publicity for both companies.[10]

text: Honor Flight Network

text: Southwest Airlines is the official commercial airline of the Honor Flight Network.[11] Honor Flights are dedicated to bringing aging and ailing veterans to visit the national monuments in Washington, D.C., devoted to the wars in which they served.[12]

text: Corporate affairs

text: Headquarters

text: The Southwest Airlines headquarters is located on the grounds of Dallas Love Field in the Love Field neighborhood of Dallas, Texas.[4][13]

text: On September 17, 2012, Southwest broke ground on a new Training and Operational Support (TOPS) building.[14] The TOPS Building is across the street from its current headquarters building. The property includes a two-story, 100,000-square-foot operations building that can withstand an EF3 tornado. It also includes a four-story, 392,000-square-foot office and training facility with two levels devoted to each function. The new facilities house 24-hour coordination and maintenance operations, customer support and services, and training. The project was completed in late 2013, with occupancy beginning in 2014.

text: On June 2, 2016, Southwest broke ground on its new training facility known as "Wings." The newest addition to the corporate campus will have more than 400,000 square feet of space and be home to more flight simulators, flight operations training centers, and much more.

text: Employment

text: As of September 30, 2017, Southwest Airlines has more than 56,000 employees.[15]

text: Gary C. Kelly is Chairman and CEO of Southwest Airlines. Kelly replaced former CEO Jim Parker on July 15, 2004 and assumed the title of "President" on July 15, 2008, replacing former President Colleen Barrett. In July 2008, Herb Kelleher resigned his position as Chairman. Colleen Barrett left her post on the Board of Directors and as Corporate Secretary in May 2008 and as President in July 2008. Kelleher was President and CEO of Southwest from September 1981-June 2001.[16]

text: On January 10, 2017, Southwest announced changes to the Company's executive Leadership ranks with Thomas M. Nealon named as President and Michael G. Van de Ven named as the airline's Chief Operating Officer.[17]

text: Labor relations

text: Southwest employees are generally members of a union. The Southwest Airline Pilots' Association, a union not affiliated with the Air Line Pilots Association, represents the airline's pilots.[18] The Aircraft Maintenance Technicians are represented by the Aircraft Mechanics Fraternal Association (AMFA).[19] Customer Service Agents and Reservation Agents are represented by the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers Union (IAM). Flight Dispatchers, Flight Attendants, Ramp agents and Operations agents are represented by the Transport Workers Union (TWU).

text: Sponsorships

text: Southwest Airlines is the official airline for four Major League Baseball teams - the Baltimore Orioles, the Milwaukee Brewers, the San Diego Padres, and the Texas Rangers - five NBA teams - the Denver Nuggets, the Houston Rockets, the Indiana Pacers, the Orlando Magic, and the Phoenix Suns - three WNBA teams - the Dallas Wings, Indiana Fever & Phoenix Mercury - and the NFL's Baltimore Ravens[20] in addition to being the official airline for the Super Bowl.

text: Southwest Airlines is the title sponsor of the annual Southwest Airlines San Francisco Chinese New Year Festival and Parade.[21][22]

text: There were two aircraft painted to resemble Orcas to promote SeaWorld but they were repainted to standard Southwest livery following the end of their 26-year partnership.

text: Impact on carriers

text: Southwest has been a major inspiration to other low-cost carriers, and its business model has been repeated many times around the world. The competitive strategy combines high level of employee and aircraft productivity with low unit costs by reducing aircraft turn around time particularly at the gate.[23] Europe's EasyJet and Ryanair are two of the best known airlines to follow Southwest's business strategy in that continent. Other airlines with a business model based on Southwest's system include Canada's WestJet, Malaysia's AirAsia (the first and biggest LCC in Asia), India's IndiGo, Australia's Jetstar, a subsidiary of Qantas (although Jetstar now operates three aircraft types), Philippines's Cebu Pacific, Thailand's Nok Air, Mexico's Volaris, Indonesia's Lion Air and Turkey's Pegasus Airlines. Although Southwest has been a major inspiration to many other airlines, including Ryanair, AirAsia, Lion Air and Jetstar, the management strategies, for example, of Ryanair, AirAsia, Lion Air and Jetstar differ significantly from those of Southwest.[23] All these different management strategies can be seen as means of differentiation from other competitors in order to gain competitive advantages.[24]

text: Lobbying Texas rail

text: Southwest has fought against the development of a high-speed rail system in Texas.

text: In 1991, a plan was made to connect the Texas Triangle (Houston – Dallas – Fort Worth – San Antonio) with a privately financed high speed train system that would quickly take passengers from one city to the next. This was the same model Southwest Airlines used 20 years earlier to break into the Texas market where it served the same cities.

text: Southwest Airlines, with the help of lobbyists, created legal barriers to prohibit the consortium from moving forward and the entire project was eventually scuttled in 1994, when the State of Texas withdrew the franchise.[25] This was also aided by lobbying from hotels and fast food restaurants. [25]

text: Destinations

text: As of May 2018[update], Southwest Airlines has scheduled flights to 100 destinations in 40 states, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean.[26] It operates crew bases at the following airports: Atlanta, Baltimore, Chicago–Midway, Dallas–Love, Denver, Houston–Hobby, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Oakland, Orlando, and Phoenix–Sky Harbor.[27] Southwest does not use the "hub and spoke" system of other major airlines, preferring the "point-to-point" system, combined with a "rolling hub" model in its larger cities.

text: Top cities

text:
Southwest Airlines top served cities (as of January 25, 2018)[28][29][30]

City
Daily departures
Number of gates
Cities served nonstop
Service began
Ref.

Chicago–Midway
259
32
69
1985
[31]

Baltimore–Washington
227
32
64
1993
[32]

Las Vegas
219
24
57
1982
[33]

Denver
208
24
65
2006
[34]

Phoenix–Sky Harbor
188
24
53
1982
[35]

Orlando
186
20
54
1996
[36]

Dallas–Love Field
180
18
57
1971
[37]

Houston–Hobby
168
25
57
1971
[38]

Los Angeles
133
15
32
1982
[39]

Oakland
126
15
35
1989
[40]

Atlanta
125
18
39
2012
[41]

Tampa
122
13
43
1996
[42]

St. Louis
119
15
49
1985
[43]

San Diego
115
11
33
1982
[44]

Nashville
111
12
38
1986
[45]

Fort Lauderdale
96
12
45
1996
[46]

San Jose (CA)
92
8
24
1993
[47]

Sacramento
85
11
22
1991
[48]

Kansas City
80
9
31
1982
[49]

New Orleans
71
6
29
1979
[50]

Austin
70
6
34
1977
[51]

text: Airline partnerships

text: Present

text: Southwest does not currently partner with any other airline.

text: Past

text:
Icelandair: In 1997, Southwest and Icelandair entered into interline and marketing agreements allowing for joint fares, coordinated schedules, transfer of passenger luggage between the two airlines in Baltimore and a place connecting passengers between several U.S. cities and several European cities.[52] The frequent flyer programs were not included in the agreement. This arrangement lasted for several years but ended when Icelandair's service from BWI to KEF ended in January 2007.[53]
ATA Airlines: In a departure from its traditional "go it alone" strategy, Southwest entered into its first domestic codesharing arrangement with ATA, which enabled Southwest Airlines to serve ATA markets in Hawaii, Washington, D.C. and New York City.

text:
WestJet Airlines: On July 8, 2008, Southwest Airlines signed a codeshare agreement with WestJet of Canada, giving the two airlines the ability to sell seats on each other's flights.[55] Originally, the partnership was to be finalized by late 2009, but had been postponed due to economic conditions.[56] On April 16, 2010, Southwest and WestJet airlines amicably agreed to terminate the implementation of a codeshare agreement between the two airlines.
Volaris: Southwest signed its second international codeshare agreement on November 10, 2008, with Mexican low-cost carrier Volaris. The agreement allowed Southwest to sell tickets on Volaris flights.[57] However, on February 22, 2013, the connecting agreement was terminated. It was said to be mutual between the airlines. Most industry experts believe that the expansion of the subsidiary of Southwest, AirTran Airways, into more Mexican markets, as a main reason for the termination of the agreement.[58]
AirTran Airways: After acquiring AirTran Airways in 2011, Southwest Airlines and AirTran Airways took the first step in connecting their networks on January 26, 2013, by offering a small number of shared itineraries in five markets. The agreement ended after AirTran became fully integrated into Southwest on December 28, 2014.

text: Fleet

text: Since its inception Southwest Airlines has almost exclusively operated Boeing 737 aircraft (except for a brief period when it leased and flew some Boeing 727-200 aircraft). Southwest is the world's largest operator of the Boeing 737, and was the launch customer of the 737-300, 737-500, and 737-700. Southwest Airlines is also poised to be the launch customer for the 737 MAX 7.

text: Southwest Airlines was operating the following aircraft as of April 15, 2018:[59]

text:
Southwest Airlines fleet

Aircraft
Current
Orders
Passengers
Notes

Boeing 737-700
512
—
143

Boeing 737-800
194
4
175
Deliveries through 2018.[60]

Boeing 737 MAX 7
—
30
150
Launch customer; scheduled to be delivered from 2019.[61][62] 24 aircraft deferred past 2023.[63]

Boeing 737 MAX 8
14
266
175
Entered revenue service on October 1, 2017. Received the 10,000th 737[62]

Total
720
300

text: Southwest added the Boeing 737-700 to its fleet on December 17, 1997. Southwest added the Boeing 737-800 to its fleet on April 11, 2012. The aircraft has 175 seats, 32 more than the former largest 737s in Southwest's fleet.[64]

text: After completing the purchase of AirTran Airways, Southwest Airlines acquired AirTran's existing fleet of Boeing 717 aircraft. However, Southwest elected not to integrate them into its fleet and currently leases them to Delta Air Lines.[65][66]

text: On December 13, 2011, Southwest placed a firm order for 150 Boeing 737 MAX 8 aircraft, becoming the launch customer for the type (although the launch customer of the 737 MAX 8 has since been switched to Malindo Air).[67][67]

text: On May 15, 2013, Southwest became the launch customer for the Boeing 737 MAX 7 aircraft and now has 30 MAX 7 aircraft on order. The first delivery is expected in 2019.[68]

text: On August 29, 2017, Southwest Airlines took delivery of its first Boeing 737 MAX 8, making it the first airline in United States to do so. The airline was also the first in the United States to operate the aircraft on scheduled revenue passenger flights, which began October 1, 2017.[69] On January 2, 2018, Southwest converted 40 options into firm orders for the Boeing 737 MAX 8, bringing total orders of the variant to 210 aircraft.[70] On the same day, the airline also announced that it was deferring 23 deliveries of the Boeing 737 MAX 7 to 2023-2024 and beyond.[63] On April 26, 2018, Southwest exercised a further 40 options on the Boeing 737 MAX 8, converting them to firm orders. This establishes the airline as the largest 737 MAX customer with 280 total orders for the MAX 8 variant, and 310 aircraft total for the 737 MAX family. [71]

text: On March 13, 2018, Southwest Airlines took delivery of the 10,000th Boeing 737, setting the Guinness World Record for Boeing which started producing the 737 in January 1967. This beat the previous record of 5,000 set back in 2006. This will be flown under tail number N8717M. There are no special markings on it at this time to commemorate it and it will fly under the standard Southwest color scheme.[72]

text: Historical fleet

text:
Southwest Airlines fleet history

Aircraft
Introduction
Retired
Replacement(s)
Notes

Boeing 727-200
1979
1987
Boeing 737-300
Leased from Braniff International Airways, and People Express Airlines.

Boeing 737-200
1971
2005
Boeing 737-700
Southwest's first aircraft type.

Boeing 737-500
1990
2016
Boeing 737-700
Launch customer.

Boeing 737-300
1984
2017
Boeing 737-700/-800/MAX 8
North American launch customer.

text: Livery/paint

text: Southwest's original primary livery was "Desert Gold" (Gold, Red and Orange, with pinstripes of white separating each section of color). The word Southwest appeared in white on the gold portion of the tail. On the original three 737-200s, from June 1971, on the left side of the aircraft, the word Southwest was placed along the upper rear portion of the fuselage, with the word Airlines painted on the tail N21SW. On the right side, the word Southwest was on the tail, but also had the word Airlines painted on the upper rear portion of the fuselage.N20SW. This was later revised to simply include "Southwest" on both sides of the tail. The airline's Boeing 727-200s, operated briefly in the late 1970s and early 1980s, featured other variations on the livery; one was painted in a shade of ochre instead of gold with stylized titles on the forward fuselage and an "S" logo on the tail, while others bore the standard livery (albeit in metallic gold) with the word "Southwest" moved from the tail to the forward fuselage.[73][74]

text: Southwest introduced the canyon blue livery on January 16, 2001, the first primary livery change in Southwest's then-30-year history. Spirit One was the first aircraft painted in the canyon blue fleet color scheme. The second livery replaces the former primary color, "Desert Gold", with "Canyon Blue" and changes the Southwest text and pinstripes to gold. The orange and red stripes continued to be used. The pinstripe along the aircraft was drawn in a more curved pattern instead of the straight horizontal line separating the colors in the original. For aircraft equipped with blended winglets, the blended winglets were painted to include the text Southwest.com. Southwest completed repainting its entire fleet with the new "Canyon Blue" livery in early 2010; however, The Colleen Barrett Classic (N714CB), The Herbert D. Kelleher One (N711HK) and The Metallic Gold One (N792SW, now repainted to Heart livery), which are Boeing 737–700 aircraft, retained a simplified version of the original "Desert Gold" livery.

text: A new livery, named "Heart One" and developed with firms GSD&M, Lippincott, VML, Razorfish, and Camelot Communications, was unveiled on September 8, 2014.[75] The new livery uses a darker shade of blue. The orange stripe on the tail is changed to yellow; both the red and yellow stripes are now enlarged in reverse pattern; and the belly of the aircraft is now in blue and features a heart, which has been a symbol for Southwest during its 43-year history. Additionally, the pinstripes are changed to a silver-gray; and the Southwest text, now white, has been moved to the front of the fuselage. Lettering is in a font custom designed by Monotype, Southwest Sans. The web address was moved from the winglets to the engines.

text: Special liveries and decals

text: Some Southwest aircraft feature special liveries or are named with special decals. Southwest gives these aircraft special names, usually ending in "One." All special liveries painted prior to Spirit One originally wore the standard Desert Gold, red and orange colors on the vertical stabilizer and rudder. Subsequent special liveries featured tails painted with the canyon blue livery, with all earlier specials repainted with the Spirit livery tail. Aircraft painted in special liveries have white painted blended winglets with two exceptions: Warrior One, which added the split scimitar winglet in May 2014, and Missouri One. Missouri One was the first special livery to feature a modified version of the Heart tail design, with the red and yellow ribbons shrunk in order to fit the Southwest wordmark as it is too large to be used on the fuselage as on other aircraft. Previous special livery aircraft are currently being repainted with the new tail design.[4]

text:
[show]Table of Southwest Airlines' Special Liveries[76]
(including photos)

Name
Year
Description
Registration
Photo

Active

2,000th "Next Generation" 737
2006
Southwest received the 2,000th "Next Generation" 737 produced on July 27, 2006. It is marked with decals behind the nose and a commemorative placard on the upper part of the inside entry door frame.[77]
N248WN

35th Anniversary
2006
Combined the original primary livery with the canyon blue livery.[78]
N238WN

500th 737
2007
The plane also includes a dedication to Southwest's loyal customers on the right side cabinet at the front entry door.
N281WN

Arizona One
1994
The flag of the state of Arizona applied across the aircraft.
N383SW (previous)
N955WN (current)

California One
1995
The flag of the state of California applied across the aircraft.
N609SW (previous)
N943WN (current)

Charles E. Taylor One
2007
Named in honor of Charles E. Taylor, the first aviation mechanic, who worked with the Wright brothers and who built the engine used on the Wright Flyer.[80]
N289CT (previous)
N906WN(current)

Colleen Barrett Classic/Heroine of The Heart
2008
Named in tribute to Colleen Barrett, the company's former Executive Vice President. N714CB is painted in Southwest's original livery and marked with a "Southwest Classic" decal. N266WN wears a special decal in honor of Colleeen Barrett.[81]
Colleen Barrett Classic (N714CB)
Heroine of the Heart (N266WN)

Colorado One
2012
The flag of the state of Colorado applied across the aircraft. This aircraft is also the 5,000th 737 produced; it has a placard stating that it is the 5,000th 737 on the upper part of the inside entry door frame.[82]
N230WN

Florida One
2010
The flag of the state of Florida applied across the aircraft.
N945WN

The Fred J. Jones
1984
In honor of Fred J. Jones, one of Southwest's original employees.[83] Signature on the nose. It later became Southwest's only 737–200 to be painted in the Canyon Blue livery when it was applied in 2001. The aircraft was retired in 2005 and replaced in the same year with a 737–700 with the same signature on the nose.[citation needed]
N96SW (previous)
N201LV (current)

Green Plane
2009
Served as a test aircraft for new environmentally responsible materials and customer comfort products. When combined, the initiatives equated to weight savings of about five pounds per seat, saving fuel and reducing emissions, along with adding recyclable elements to the cabin interior and reducing waste. The aircraft also included a decal rendition of the Southwest corporate logo in green on the side of the fuselage.[81]
N222WN

Heart One & Heart Two
2014
The first two aircraft painted in the new Southwest Heart livery.
N8642E (One), N8645A (Two)

The Herbert D. Kelleher One
2008
Named in honor of Herbert D. Kelleher, the company's former CEO and Chairman and painted in Southwest's original livery.[84]
N711HK

Illinois One
2008
The flag of the state of Illinois applied across the aircraft. In February 2015, the tail of the aircraft was repainted to the Heart livery tail, but the aircraft fuselage remained the same.[81]
N918WN

Lone Star One
1990
The flag of the state of Texas applied across the aircraft. The livery was applied to a 737-700 (N931WN) on July 13, 2016 with the new Heart tail.[85] This is because N352SW was retired on May 16, 2016 at Dallas Love Field.[86]
N352SW (previous)
N931WN (current)

Louisiana One
2018
The flag of the state of Louisiana applied across the aircraft. In spirit and recognition of the Pelican State, several pelicans are painted across the aircraft.[87]
N946WN

Maryland One
2005
The flag of the state of Maryland applied across the aircraft.
N214WN

Missouri One
2015
The flag of the state of Missouri applied across the aircraft. The first special livery with the Heart tail (not counting Heart One and Heart Two). This aircraft was formerly painted in the Penguin One livery.
N280WN

Nevada One
1999
The flag of the state of Nevada applied across the aircraft.
N727SW

New Mexico One
2000
The flag of the state of New Mexico applied across the aircraft.
N781WN

The Spirit of Hope
2004
Overhead bins are covered in artwork from kids at a Ronald McDonald House in Washington State.[81]
N443WN

The Spirit of Kitty Hawk
1984
Livery and title introduced the first three Boeing 737–300 aircraft to the Southwest Airlines fleet. All three aircraft (N300SW, N301SW, N302SW) have been retired since. N448WN, a 737-700, was delivered on the 100th Anniversary of the Wright brothers' first flight.[88]
N300SW (previous)
N301SW (previous) N302SW (previous) N448WN (current)

Tennessee One
2016
The flag of the state of Tennessee applied across the aircraft. This aircraft honors the airline's 30-year presence in Nashville. This aircraft was formerly painted in the Sports Illustrated One livery.[89]
N922WN

Triple Crown One
1997
Livery dedicated to the employees of Southwest, in recognition of Southwest receiving five Triple Crown airline industry awards (best on-time record, best baggage handling, and fewest customer complaints). The overhead bins in Triple Crown One are inscribed with the names of all employees that worked for Southwest at the time, in honor of their part in winning the award. On May 22, 2015, Southwest announced on its blog that N409WN has been repainted in Triple Crown One livery with a special Heart livery tail.[90] N647SW was retired August 15, 2017. Final flight for this -300 was from BWI-VCV for storage prior to disposition.[91]
N647SW (previous)
N409WN (current)

Warrior One
2012
Named in salute of the Southwest Employees' Warrior Spirit, and was the first Boeing 737–800 to enter Southwest service. It will keep the Southwest Spirit (Canyon Blue) livery.[92]
N8301J

Retired

Beats by Dre
2015
Beats headphones painted making it look like the plane is wearing it. Used to promote Apple's streaming subscription service on Southwest's WIFI equipped aircraft. Headphones were removed in 2016
N909WN

Coco
2017
Painted to promote the premiere of Disney/Pixar's Coco
N7816B

Jack Vidal One
1995
First flew on February 27, 1995. It was delivered to Southwest on March 10, 1995.[81] Retired September 4, 2017. Final flight was into Victorville, CA for storage.[93]
N601WN

June M. Morris
1994
In honor of June Morris (founder of Morris Air), Signature and Morris Air logo on the nose.[81][94] Retired - Final flight August 14, 2017 DAL-VCV for storage prior to disposition.[95]
N607SW

Kidd's Kids
2014
Painted to celebrated the 25th anniversary of the Kraddick Foundation. Thanks to the generosity of the Kidd Kraddick Morning Show listeners, 54 kids and their families went to Disney World on the Kidd's Kids plane
N905WN

Live In The Vineyard
2012
Painted to promote Southwest and Live In The Vineyard's partnership
N240WN
N241WN N950WN N798SW

Metallic Gold One
2007
The last aircraft delivered to Southwest in the original livery. This aircraft is currently in the Heart livery.[citation needed]
N792SW

Nolan Ryan Express
1999
Commemorative sticker dedicated to famous Texas pitcher Nolan Ryan who is MLB's all-time strikeout leader with 5,714 strikeouts. The decal was removed, and the plane was repainted to the standard Heart livery.[81]
N742SW

Penguin One
2013
To commemorate the 25th year of Southwest Airlines' partnership with SeaWorld, an aircraft was painted with penguins and advertisements for SeaWorld. This aircraft was repainted into the Missouri One livery because Southwest's partnership with SeaWorld has come to an end.[96]
N280WN

Silver One
1996
25th Anniversary aircraft. Originally polished bare metal, it was later painted silver for easier maintenance. It was then re-painted with a silver metallic paint. This aircraft also featured silver seats, which were replaced to conform with the rest of the fleet for simplicity. Silver One also featured silver heart shaped drink stirrers. Most recently Silver One was repainted in the fleet standard Canyon Blue theme due to the silver paint looking dingy and the company felt it did not fit the company's cheerful, bright personality. The Silver One nose logo remained but the interior was replaced with the fleet standard blue and tan.[97] Retired - Final flight August 15, 2017 ATL-VCV for storage prior to disposition.[98]
N629SW

Shamu
1988
Five aircraft (a Boeing 737-300, two 737-500s, and later two 737-700s) were painted to look like an orca at various times, with advertisements for SeaWorld.1 The 737-300 was retired in 2012, and 737-700s were repainted to the standard Southwest heart livery following the end of Southwest's partnership with SeaWorld.[96]
N334SW (One)
N507SW (Two) N501SW (Three) N713SW (Two) N715SW (Three)

Shark Week
2016
Painted to promote Discovery Channel's shark week. Both planes were painted to the normal heart livery.
N422WN
N944WN

Slam Dunk One
2005
Basketball superimposed on side of aircraft and a different NBA team logo on each overhead bin in the cabin, recognizing Southwest's partnership with the National Basketball Association. On October 11, 2010 Southwest Airlines and the National Basketball Association ended their partnership and the aircraft was repainted to standard canyon blue livery.[99]
N224WN

Spirit One
2001
30th Anniversary aircraft, first aircraft in canyon blue paint scheme. This aircraft is currently in the Heart livery.
N793SA

Sports Illustrated One
2009
A large decal of Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue cover model Bar Refaeli adorned the fuselage of N922WN for the month of February 2009. This aircraft was painted in the Tennessee One livery seven years later.
N922WN

Tinker Bell One
2008
Includes the logo of the Tinker Bell movie and a sticker featuring the phrase "Powered by Pixie Dust."[100]
N912WN

Notes
* ^1 Subsequent to the retirement of Southwest's 737-200s, the 737-500s began to stay within a smaller geographic area formerly operated by the 737-200s and as such, Sea World was no longer getting the optimal national exposure from these two aircraft. Consequently, the livery was applied to the two 737-700s in 2005. The artwork on the nose of each aircraft stated "Shamu", and ads for Sea World were displayed on the overhead bins.

text: Passenger experience

text: The neutrality of this section is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Southwest offers free in-flight non-alcoholic beverages and offers alcoholic beverages for sale for $6-7/beverage, with Rapid Rewards members eligible to receive drinks vouchers with their tickets. Free alcoholic drinks are offered on popular holidays such as New Year's Day, Valentine's Day and Mardi Gras, provided the passenger is at least 21. Southwest has complimentary peanuts or pretzels on all flights, and most flights have free Nabisco snacks. Southwest is known for colorful boarding announcements and crews that burst out in song, which is quite popular among passengers.[101][102][103][104]

text: Southwest maintains excellent customer satisfaction ratings; according to the Department of Transportation (DOT) Southwest ranks number one (lowest number of complaints) of all U.S. airlines for customer complaints. Southwest Airlines has consistently received the fewest ratio of complaints per passengers boarded of all major U.S. carriers that have been reporting statistics to the DOT since 1987, which is when the DOT began tracking customer satisfaction statistics and publishing its Air Travel Consumer Report.

text: Prior to 2007, Southwest boarded passengers by grouping the passengers into three groups, labeled A, B and C. Passengers would line up at their specified letter and board.[105]

text: In 2007, Southwest modified their boarding procedure by introducing a number. Each passenger receives a letter (A, B or C) and a number 1 through 60. Passengers line up in numerical order within each letter group and choose any open seat on the aircraft as part of Southwest's open seating policy.[105] According to a 2012 study by Mythbusters, this is the fastest method currently in use for non-first class passengers to board a plane; on average, it is 10 minutes faster than the standard method used by most airlines of boarding from the back frontward.[106]

text: In-flight entertainment

text: All Southwest Airlines aircraft are equipped with Wi-Fi, free streaming live television, and movies on demand for a fee. After completing a testing phase that began in February 2009, Southwest announced on August 21, 2009 that it would begin rolling out in-flight Wi-Fi Internet connectivity via Global Eagle Entertainment's satellite-broadband based product. Southwest began adding Wi-Fi to its aircraft in the first quarter of 2010. The airline began testing streaming live television in the summer of 2012 and video on demand in January 2013.[107][108] As of 2017, live in-flight video and realtime flight tracking information via Wi-Fi are available for free to all passengers, with full Internet access available at a fee for regular passengers and free to A-List Preferred Rapid Rewards members.

text: Evolve interior

text: On January 17, 2012, Southwest introduced a plan to retrofit its fleet with a new interior. Improvements include a modern cabin design, lighter and more comfortable seats made of eco-friendly products, increased under-seat space, new netted seatback pockets to provide more knee room, a new fixed-wing headrest and improved ergonomics. All Boeing 737-700s, 115 -800s and 30 737-300s have the Evolve Interior.[109] Though not originally planned, because of space saved, Southwest was able to fit an extra row of seats on its planes. All Boeing 737-800s have the Boeing Sky Interior, which features sculpted sidewalls and redesigned window housings, along with increased headroom and LED mood lighting.

text: Heart interior

text: On June 20, 2016, Southwest introduced its newest interior, called the Heart Interior. It includes the widest seat to fit a Boeing 737 that provides additional space for passengers and also includes a new galley.[110] The seat is being delivered on all new 737-800s and 737 MAX aircraft.[111] All current evolve equipped 737s will be retrofitted with new bulkheads and bold blue seat cushions to match the look of the heart interior.

text: Rapid Rewards

text: Southwest first began to offer a frequent-flyer program on June 20, 1987, calling it The Company Club. Unlike some competitors' programs that were based on miles flown (but not Northwest Airlines), The Company Club credited for trips flown regardless of distance.[112] Southwest Airlines renamed its frequent flyer program Rapid Rewards on April 25, 1996.[113]

text: The original Rapid Rewards program offered one credit per one-way flight from an origin to a destination including any stops or connections on Southwest Airlines. When 16 credits were accumulated in a 24-month period, Southwest awarded one free round-trip ticket that was valid for 12 months.[114]

text: On March 1, 2011, Rapid Rewards changed to a points system based on ticket cost. Members earn and redeem points based on a three-tier fare scale multiplier and the cost of the ticket. Changes also included no blackout dates, seat restrictions or expiring credits. It also adds more options to use points.[115][116][117]

text: Southwest Vacations

text: Southwest Vacations is the vacation package provider for Southwest Airlines. Southwest Vacations was founded May 14, 1989, and has since been operated by The Mark Travel Corporation (TMTC). The parent company of TMTC is La Macchia Enterprises, which was founded in 1983. Southwest Vacations’ products primarily focus on flight and hotel vacation packages to destinations within the U.S., Mexico, the Caribbean, and Central America.[118][119]

text: Incidents

text: Southwest Airlines incidents include 3 deaths: 1 accidental passenger death inflight, 1 non-passenger death on the ground, 1 passenger death from injuries he sustained when he was subdued while breaking into the cockpit.

text: Southwest has had 8 accidents; including 2 aircraft hull losses. The airline was considered among the 10 safest in the world in 2012.[120]

text:
Southwest Airlines incidents and accidents

Flight
Date
Aircraft
Location
Description
Injuries

1455
March 5, 2000
Boeing 737-300
Burbank, California
The aircraft overran the runway upon landing at Burbank-Glendale-Pasadena Airport, now called Hollywood Burbank Airport, Burbank, California, injuring 43.[121] The incident resulted in the dismissal of the Captain. The aircraft was damaged beyond repair.
43 injuries

1763
August 11, 2000
Boeing 737-700
In flight
Passenger Jonathan Burton broke through the cockpit door aboard Southwest Airlines Flight 1763 while en route from Las Vegas to Salt Lake City. In self-defense, the other passengers restrained Burton, who later died of the resulting injuries.[122]
1 death

1248
December 8, 2005
Boeing 737-700
Chicago, Illinois
The aircraft overran the runway during landing at Chicago Midway International Airport in heavy snow conditions. A six-year-old boy died in a car struck by the plane after it slid into a street. Passengers on board the aircraft and on the ground reported several minor injuries. The aircraft involved, N471WN, became N286WN after repairs.
1 death (on ground); Several injuries

2294
July 13, 2009
Boeing 737-300
Charleston, West Virginia
The flight from Nashville International Airport to Baltimore-Washington International Airport was forced to divert to Yeager Airport in Charleston, West Virginia, after a hole formed on the top of the plane's fuselage near the tail, resulting in depressurization of the cabin and deployment of the oxygen masks. The aircraft landed safely.[123]
None

812
April 1, 2011
Boeing 737-300
Yuma, Arizona
The flight from Phoenix Sky Harbor Airport to Sacramento International Airport operated with a Boeing 737–300 aircraft registered N632SW, was forced to declare an emergency and divert to Yuma International Airport after a hole appeared in the top of the aircraft fuselage. The aircraft landed approximately 40 minutes after takeoff from Phoenix.[124]
2 minor injuries

345
July 22, 2013
Boeing 737-700
Queens, New York
The flight from Nashville International Airport crash-landed at New York's LaGuardia Airport after touching down hard, nose-gear first. "[T]he nose gear gave away so violently that the jet's electronics bay was penetrated by the landing gear with only the right axle still attached."[125] The Boeing 737 traveled 633 metres (2,077 ft) down the runway with its nose scraping, generating a shower of sparks, coming to rest slightly off the runway.[126][127] Damage to the 13-year-old aircraft, registered N753SW, was substantial.[128] The captain of Flight WN345 was fired, and the aircraft was ultimately removed by barge for scrapping in Albany, New York.[129]
10 minor injuries

3472
August 27, 2016
Boeing 737-700
Pensacola, Florida
The flight from Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport to Orlando International Airport suffered an uncontained engine failure while at cruising altitude. The engine cowling suffered major damage, with the inlet being completely torn off. Fragments from the engine also caused a gash in the fuselage. The 16-year-old Boeing 737-700 diverted and landed without incident at Pensacola International Airport. Passengers say that they "heard a loud boom and smoke trailing from the left engine, and saw metal flapping after the smoke cleared."[130] The NTSB is currently investigating the incident as an "uncontained engine failure" event.
None

1380
April 17, 2018
Boeing 737-700
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
The flight from New York-LaGuardia to Dallas made an emergency landing at Philadelphia International Airport after the left engine exploded. The resulting shrapnel smashed a passenger window. The resulting depressurization pushed a passenger partially out of the window, causing critical injuries which led to her death.[131][132][133]
1 death; 7 minor injuries[134][132]

text: Controversies and passenger incidents

text: On June 22, 2011, a March 25 recording of an in-flight transmission of Southwest pilot Captain James Taylor apparently unintentionally broadcasting a conversation with his first officer was released to the press. The conversation was peppered with foul language directed at gay, overweight, and older flight attendants. According to Southwest, the pilot was reprimanded and temporarily suspended without pay and received diversity education before being reinstated. Captain Taylor also sent an e-mail apology to all of Southwest's employees, especially the crew members who were criticized.[135][136][137]

text: On September 26, 2017, a woman was removed from a Southwest flight after claiming to have a life-threatening allergy to dogs, two of which were present on the aircraft, and having to be removed by law enforcement after failing to follow the instructions of airline staff. Only one of the two dogs present was a service animal though. After learning about the woman's allergy, Southwest employees requested that she prove her condition with the correct documentation. When she failed to do so, staff asked her to exit the aircraft multiple times. She refused, which prompted law enforcement to step in and remove the passenger. The interactions between the woman and the officers were recorded and posted online to many social media platforms, and gained much attention.[138][139]

text: On December 29, 2017, a family was kicked off a flight from Chicago Midway Airport to Santa Ana, California because of an unconfirmed lice accusation. The family did not have lice after all, and was rebooked on the next flight.[140]