document_title: Seven-digit dialing

question_text: when did the 7 digit phone number start

question_tokens: when did the 7 digit phone number start

text: Seven-digit dialing

text: History[edit]

text: Originally, telephone exchanges consisted of manual boards operated by switchboard operators. Numbers were typically four digits or fewer for local calls within an exchange due to practical limitations (if each line had a jack on the switchboard, four digits or 10000 possible numbers filled a 100 x 100 board). As the number of subscribers grew, multiple exchanges served individual neighborhoods of large cities. A city telephone number consisted of an exchange name and four digits, such as "Pennsylvania 5000". A rural telephone number, often party line, was often up to four digits plus a letter or letter and digits to indicate which of the multiple parties on the line was desired.

text: Various schemes were used to convert these to dialable numbers as dial replaced manual switchboards; many moderately-large cities used a 2L+4N format where "ADelaide 1234" would be dialled as AD-1234 (23-1234, a six-digit local call). A few of the largest cities, such as New York, used seven dial pulls ("PENnsylvania 5000" became PEN-5000 and later PEnnsylvania 6-5000, dialled PE6-5000 or 736-5000).

text: The initial 86 area codes were assigned in 1947 as routing codes for operator calls; the first cross-country Bell System direct distance dial call was made in 1951. The system was based on fixed-length numbers; a direct-dial long distance call consisted of a three-digit area code and a seven-digit local number. Numbers in 2L+4N cities (such as Montréal and Toronto) were systematically lengthened to seven digits in the 1950's, a few exchanges at a time, so that all local numbers were seven digits when direct distance dialling finally came to town.

text: Exchange prefixes were added to small-town numbers to extend four or five-digit local numbers to the standardised seven-digit length, matching in length the then-longest local numbers in the largest major US markets.

text: Structure[edit]

text: Within the multinational calling area administered by the North American Numbering Plan, telephone numbers are composed of three fixed-length fields: a three-digit numbering plan area (NPA) code (area code), indicating a geographical area, a three-digit (NXX) central office code, and a four-digit (XXXX) station number.

text: In seven-digit dialing only the central office code and the station number is dialed, indicating that the call destination is within the local area code. This was the standard in most of North America from the 1950s onward. In some small villages with only one local exchange, it may have been permissible to dial only the four-digit station number.

text: A long distance call within the same area code could often be dialed as 1+7D, without using an area code. The scheme relied on the second digit of an area code being 0-1 and the second digit of a local exchange being 2-9. This dialing plan was broken by the introduction of area code 334 and area code 360 in 1995.

text: Office code protection[edit]

text: Traditionally, identical central office codes in adjacent Numbering Plan Areas (NPAs) would be assigned as far apart from each other as possible, so that callers living near an NPA boundary would not confuse numbers in the adjacent NPAs. Central office code protection made it possible in some low density areas to use seven digits to reach areas in another area code, such as Hull from Ottawa before 2006, as every Ottawa-Hull local number originally was reserved in both area code 613 and 819.[1]

text: Limitations[edit]

text: Area code overlay plans introduced a requirement in most areas that all calls, even local, must include the area code, resulting in the term 10-digit dialing. Seven-digit calling is still possible in those numbering plan areas of North America not subject to an overlay plan.

text: Traditionally, calling from one area code to another, specifically for long distance calls, requires the caller to dial the trunk digit "1" before the code and number. More recently, with the increasing number and decreasing geographic size of area codes, it is increasingly possible to call a number in another area code that is not long distance where such a call does require the area code, but not the trunk digit (initial "1").

text: An individual area code can accommodate about 7.8 million numbers if used efficiently (based on seven digits, restricted so that a local number cannot begin with 0 or 1, N-1-1, or a reserved code like 950, 958, 959 or an exchange prefix duplicating an in-region area code). This may not be enough for New York City (pop 8,405,837 in 2013) if every resident wants their own mobile telephone; multiple area codes will be needed and seven-digit calls between area codes will inevitably break.

text: There is no legitimate technical need to require that a call within the same area code use more than seven digits, although telephone companies in both the US and Canada have successfully lobbied federal regulators to impose this arbitrary requirement on the assumption that no new subscriber would want a ten-digit local number while existing subscribers in the original area code could still reach other with seven-digit local calls.

text: In theory, an area code that covers two large but distant cities, such as Windsor, Ontario and London, Ontario in area code 519 (175 km apart), could be overlaid without breaking any seven-digit local calls if exchange prefixes are carefully assigned so that no two numbers with the last seven digits are placed in the same town's local calling area and if long distance calls require 1+area code before the number. In practice, this is never done; in one-town area codes, such as 212 (Manhattan), it is not possible.

text: If the subscriber controls the dial plan, there is no way to force the use of ten digits within the home area code. Many modern cellular phones automatically prepend the telephone's own area code if the user enters only seven digits, sending a total of ten digits. In many voice-over-IP services, users can configure default handling of seven-digit dialing.


document_title: The Lion Guard

question_text: what is the cheetahs name in lion guard

question_tokens: what is the cheetahs name in lion guard

root

text: The Lion Guard

text: Plot[edit]

text: Kion is the son of King Simba and Queen Nala, the younger brother of Kiara and the prince of the Pride Lands. As the second-born of the Lion King, he is gifted with a power called the Roar of the Elders and becomes the leader of the Lion Guard, a team of animals who protect the Pride Lands and defend the Circle of Life. Kion, along with his friends Bunga the honey badger, Beshte the hippopotamus, Fuli the cheetah and Ono the egret, sets out to keep the Pride Lands safe and protected from animals who do not respect the Circle of Life.

tag: p

text: Characters[edit]

text: The Lion Guard[edit]

text: Kion (voiced by Max Charles[1]) – A lion cub who is Simba and Nala's son, Mufasa's grandson, Kiara's younger brother, the Prince of the Pride Lands, and the leader of the Lion Guard as well as its fiercest member. He serves as the main protagonist of the series. He often exclaims "Hevi kabisa!". His battlecry for the Lion Guard is "Till the Pride Lands end, Lion Guard defend!".

tag: ul

text: Bunga (voiced by Joshua Rush[1]) – A honey badger who is the bravest member of the Lion Guard. He is Timon and Pumbaa's adoptive nephew and Kion's best friend.[7] His battlecry is "Zuka Zama!".

text: Fuli (voiced by Diamond White[1]) – A cheetah who is the fastest member of the Lion Guard, the only female member, Kion's friend and second in command. She is also the first female animal to ever serve in the Guard as mentioned in The Rise of Scar. Her battlecry is "Huwezi!".

text: Ono (voiced by Atticus Shaffer[1]) – A cattle egret who is the keenest of sight of the Lion Guard and Kion's friend. He often exclaims "Hapana!".

text: Beshte (voiced by Dusan Brown[1]) – A hippopotamus who is the strongest member of the Lion Guard and Kion's friend. He often exclaims "Poa!". His battlecry is "Twende Kiboko!".

text: The Lion King alumni[edit]

text: The following characters from The Lion King movies appear in this series:

text: Simba (voiced by Rob Lowe[1]) – A lion who is Mufasa's son, Nala's mate, Scar's nephew, and Kion and Kiara's father. He is the King of the Pride Lands and the leader of his Pride.[8] Simba and Bunga share a history of having lived with Timon and Pumbaa.

text: Nala (voiced by Gabrielle Union[1]) – A lioness who is Simba's mate, and Kion and Kiara's mother. She is the Queen of the Pride Lands.[8]

text: Kiara (voiced by Eden Riegel[1]) – A lion cub who is Simba and Nala's daughter, Mufasa's granddaughter, Kion's older sister, the Princess of the Pride Lands and its future queen.

text: Timon (voiced by Kevin Schon[1]) – Simba and Pumbaa's wisecracking meerkat friend.[7] Timon is Bunga's adoptive uncle. Schon previously voiced Timon in Timon & Pumbaa.[8]

text: Pumbaa (voiced by Ernie Sabella[1]) – Simba and Timon's warm-hearted common warthog friend.[7] Pumbaa is Bunga's other adoptive uncle. Sabella reprises his role from The Lion King and its spin-offs.

text: Rafiki (voiced by Khary Payton[9]) – A wise old mandrill who serves as a Royal Mjuzi (a Pride Lands word for knowledge keeper and advisor) for the Royal Family of Pride Rock. In The Rise of Scar, Rafiki takes on an apprentice named Makini.

text: Zazu (voiced by Jeff Bennett[1]) – A red-billed hornbill and Simba's majordomo who supplies news via the morning report of the Pride Lands.

text: Mufasa (voiced by James Earl Jones in Return of the Roar, reprising his role from The Lion King,[1] Gary Anthony Williams in later episodes) – Simba's father, and Kion and Kiara's paternal grandfather who was killed in the original film by a wildebeest stampede orchestrated by his younger brother Scar. Since his death, he lives on as a spirit that gives Kion advice on how to get through any tough plight.

text: Scar (voiced by David Oyelowo[10]) – Simba's deceased uncle, Kion and Kiara's great-uncle, and Mufasa's younger brother. He is the main antagonist of the second season. Scar was once the leader of a Lion Guard before Kion and also had the Roar of the Elders, but the power went to his head and he began to believe that he should be king instead of Mufasa. He lost the Roar after he used it to destroy his fellow Lion Guard members when they refused to help him overthrow Mufasa. Later in life, he orchestrated his brother's death with the help of his hyena henchmen. After being defeated by Simba in a vicious fight, he was mauled to death by the hyenas when he tried to pin the blame of Mufasa's death on them. By the end of The Rise of Scar, Kion unknowingly summons Scar back as a fiery spirit in the Outlands' volcano after he uses the Roar in anger when Janja provokes him. In "Let Sleeping Crocs Lie," Scar takes in Kiburi's float and announces his plans to unite all the animals in the Outlands to takeover the Pride Lands and defeat the new Lion Guard and Simba, who were unaware that Scar had returned. In "Divide and Conquer", Kion briefly witnesses Scar's spirit in the flames of a fire before it vanishes, but is unsure of what to make of it. Only a strange scorch mark remains, which Rafiki recognizes as a sign of terrible evil. In the following episode "The Scorpion's Sting", Scar reveals himself to the Lion Guard while they are in the Outlands collecting volcanic ash needed to cure Simba from a scorpion sting.

text:
The Outsiders – A pride of offshoot lions that were loyal to Scar. After a failed takeover following Scar's death, Simba banished them to the Outlands where they tried to invade the territory that Jasiri's clan lives in. Kion defeated them with the Roar of the Elders which sent them flying to the Outlands' termite mound area which became their base of operations.
Zira (voiced by Nika Futterman) – A lioness who is the mother of Kovu, Vitani and Nuka and the leader of the Outsiders. She was a loyal follower of Scar. After a failed takeover following Scar's death, Zira and her family were banished to the Outlands by Simba.
Kovu (voiced by Jason Marsden) – A lion cub who is the chosen successor of Scar, Zira's youngest son and the younger brother of Nuka and Vitani. Prior to the series, he briefly befriended Kiara. Marsden previously voiced adult Kovu in The Lion King II: Simba's Pride.
Nuka (voiced by Andy Dick) – An adolescent lion who is the oldest son of Zira, the older brother of Kovu and Vitani, and a member of the Outsiders. Dick reprises his role from Simba's Pride.
Vitani (voiced by Lacey Chabert) – A lion cub who is Zira's daughter and the sister of Nuka and Kovu. Chabert reprises her role from Simba's Pride.

text: Supporting characters[edit]

text: Pride Landers[edit]

text: Tiifu (voiced by Sarah Hyland[9]) – A lion cub friend of Kiara and a member of Simba's Pride who is somewhat more sensible than her constant companion Zuri.

text: Zuri (voiced by Madison Pettis[9]) – Another lion cub friend of Kiara and a member of Simba's Pride who is somewhat vain and hates getting dirty.

text: Makini (voiced by Landry Bender) – A young mandrill who becomes Rafiki's apprentice. She is one of a few characters who knows that Kion speaks to the spirit of Mufasa.

text:
Big Baboon's Troop – A troop of olive baboons that resides in Nyani Grove.
Big Baboon (voiced by Ford Riley in Return of the Roar, Dee Bradley Baker in later appearances) – An olive baboon who is the leader his troop.
Gumba (voiced by Jacquez Swanigan) – A young olive baboon who is a part of Big Baboon's troop.

text: Pua (voiced by Gerald C. Rivers) – The former leader of the local Nile crocodile float. He was challenged by Makuu to a "mashindano" (a fight for dominance in the crocodile float where the winner becomes the new leader of the float and the loser has to leave the float). Upon being defeated by Makuu, Pua left the float.

text: Makuu (voiced by Blair Underwood) – A Nile crocodile who is the leader of his float after he defeated Pua in a "mashindano". In the first season, Makuu and his float antagonized the Lion Guard and caused trouble. In season 2, Makuu has reformed from his trouble-making ways as he works to become a better leader for his float and the Pride Lands.

text: Basi (voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson) – A hippopotamus who is Beshte's father and leader of his pod.

text:
Thurston's Herd – A herd of plains zebras that resides in the Pride Lands.
Thurston (voiced by Kevin Schon) – A handsome yet dimwitted plains zebra who is the leader of the herd.
Kwato (voiced by Lyons Luke Mathias) – A young plains zebra foal who is part of Thurston's herd.

text: Mbeya (voiced by Howy Parkins) – An old black rhinoceros who is the leader of his crash.

text:
Ma Tembo's Herd – A herd of African bush elephants that resides in the Pride Lands. They resided in Kilio Valley until it was destroyed by a fire caused by the Outlanders in "The Kilio Valley Fire."
Ma Tembo (voiced by Lynette DuPree) – An African bush elephant with a broken right tusk who is the leader of the herd and the daughter of Amanifu, an old friend of Simba's who dies early in the series.
Mtoto (voiced by Natalie Coughlin in "Bunga the Wise," Justin Felbinger in later episodes) – A young African bush elephant calf who is part of Ma Tembo's herd.
Mtoto’s mom (voiced by Virginia Watson) – An unnamed African bush elephant who is part of Ma Tembo’s herd.
Zito (voiced by Nick Watt) – A grouchy and impatient African bush elephant who is part of Ma Tembo's herd.
Johari (voiced by Ace Gibson) – An African bush elephant who is part of Ma Tembo’s herd.
Zigo (voiced by Marieve Herington) – An African bush elephant who is part of Ma Tembo’s herd.

text:
Twiga's Herd – A herd of Masai giraffes that resides in Acacia Grove.
Twiga (voiced by Alex Cartana) – A Masai giraffe who is the leader of the herd.
Juhudi (voiced by Ivy Bishop) – A young Masai giraffe calf who is Twiga's daughter.
Shingo (voiced by Phil LaMarr) – A Masai giraffe who is part of Twiga's herd.

text:
Mbuni's Flock – A flock of ostritches that resides in the Pride Lands.
Mbuni (voiced by Russi Taylor) – A cheerful ostrich who is the leader of her flock.
Kambuni (voiced by Mckenna Grace) – A young ostrich chick.

text: Muhanga (voiced by Russi Taylor) – An aardvark.

text: Muhangus (voiced by Khary Payton) – An aardvark who is Muhanga's mate.

text: Shauku (voiced by Jacob Guenther) – A young banded mongoose pup.

text: Tamaa (voiced by CJ Byrnes) – A fork-tailed drongo who can imitate the voice of any animal.

text:
Muhimu's Herd – A herd of plains zebras that resides in the Pride Lands.
Muhimu (voiced by Kari Wahlgren, Emma Bunton in the UK version of "The Mbali Fields Migration"[11]) – A plains zebra who is the leader of the herd.
Hamu (voiced by Lyons Luke Mathias) – A young plains zebra foal who is Muhimu's son. Shortly after being born, he helped the Lion Guard fend off Janja, Cheezi and Chungu.

text: Swala (voiced by Tunisia Hardison) – A Thomson's gazelle who is the leader of her herd.

text: Ajabu (voiced by Ron Funches) – An okapi who travels to the Pride Lands to get away from Makucha.

text:
Mjomba's Pack – A pack of aardwolves that resides in the Pride Lands and only come out at night. The Lion Guard accidentally mistook them for hyenas until Kion cleared things up and fended off Reirei and Goigoi. The aardwolves are known for keeping the termite population down.
Mjomba (voiced by Charlie Adler) – A grumpy and impatient aardwolf who is the leader of the pack.
Ogopa (voiced by Marieve Herington) – A bright and bubbly aardwolf.
Haya (voiced by Ogie Banks) – A nervous and shy aardwolf.

text: Laini (voiced by Meghan Strange) – A galago who is the leader of her group in Ndefu Grove.

text: Vuruga Vuruga (voiced by Virginia Watson) – An African buffalo who is the leader of her herd. Kiara once presided over their Royal Buffalo Wallow.

text: Young Rhino (voiced by Kari Wahlgren) – A young black rhinoceros calf.

text: Hadithi (voiced by John O'Hurley) – A legendary African hawk-eagle who faked having invented the Hadithi Spin.

text:
Bupu's Herd – A herd of sable antelopes that resides in the Pride Lands.
Bupu (voiced by Michael Dorn) – A stubborn sable antelope who is the leader of the herd and values polite behavior.
Boboka (voiced by Erica Luttrell) – A sable antelope who is part of Bupu's herd

text: Chura (voiced by Meghan Strange) – An African toad.

text:
Kifaru (voiced by Maurice LaMarche) – A poor-sighted white rhinoceros.
Mwenzi (voiced by Rhys Darby) – A red-billed oxpecker who is Kifaru's tickbird and best friend.

text: Kulinda (voiced by Elise Allen) – A hamerkop who leaves her egg in Ono's nest while she builds a new nest that is safe from predators. She later names her baby Ona, in honor of Ono.

text: Tumbili (voiced by Ace Gibson) – A Zanzibar red colobus who is the leader of his troop. He grew tired of Furaha's antics and sent him away.

text: Chama (voiced by Jacob Bertrand) – A young fun-loving African bush elephant who used to be part of Ma Tembo's herd. He, Mzaha, and Furaha are best friends and share a tree together near Big Springs.

text: Mzaha (voiced by Cade Sutton) – A young fun-loving sable antelope who used to be part of Bupu's herd.

text: Furaha (voiced by Mekai Curtis) – A young fun-loving Zanzibar red colobus who used to be part of Tumbili's troop.

text: Nyuni (voiced by Nolan North) – A western yellow wagtail who temporarily becomes an unofficial member of Bupu's herd.

text: Hodari (voiced by Justin Hires) – An electric blue gecko who dreamed of being in a crocodile float. Makuu made him an honorary member of his float due to his bravery when confronting Kiburi.

text: Kongwe (voiced by CCH Pounder) – An African spurred tortoise who is the oldest and wisest animal in the Pride Lands.

text: Kinyonga (voiced by Meghan Strange) – A veiled chameleon who helped the Lion Guard by spying on Scar in the Outlands.

text: Outlanders[edit]

text:
Jasiri's Clan – A clan of friendly spotted hyenas that resides in the Outlands. Unlike Janja's clan, Jasiri and her hyena clan respect the Circle of Life and mostly scavenge for food.
Jasiri (voiced by Maia Mitchell[5]) – A spotted hyena living in the Outlands who is the leader of her clan and allies with Kion.
Madoa (voiced by Maisie Klompus) – A spotted hyena who is Jasiri's sister and is part of her clan.
Tunu (voiced  by Crimson Hart) – A spotted hyena cub and brother of Wema who is part of Jasiri's clan.
Wema (voiced by Fiona Hart) – A spotted hyena cub and sister of Tunu who is part of Jasiri's clan.

text: Back Landers[edit]

text: Badilli (voiced by Jack McBrayer) – A friendly cream-colored African leopard from Mirihi Forest in the Back Lands who was driven out of his territory by Mapigano. The Lion Guard trained him to have enough courage to drive off Mapigano.

text:
Dhahabu's Herd – A herd of plains zebras that resides in Dhahabu Grove in the Back Lands.
Dhahabu (voiced by Renée Elise Goldsberry) – A plains zebra with golden stripes who is the leader of the herd. Bunga admires her greatly. Dhahabu is modeled after the late Zoe the Golden Zebra who resided in Hawaii's Three Ring Ranch.[12][13]
Raha (voiced by Rico Rodriguez) – A plains zebra who is Starehe's brother and part of Dhahabu's herd.
Starehe (voiced by Raini Rodriguez) – A plains zebra who is Raha's sister and part of Dhahabu's herd.

text: Other characters[edit]

text:
King Sokwe's Troop - A troop of mountain gorillas who live in the Theluji Mountains.
King Sokwe (voiced by John Rhys-Davies) – A mountain gorilla and friend of Simba who is Majinuni and Hafifu's father.
Hafifu (voiced by Phil Lester) - A mountain gorilla prince, brother of Majinuni, and son of King Sokwe who came to the Pride Lands to deliver a message to Simba.
Majinuni (voiced by Dan Howell) – A mountain gorilla prince, brother of Hafifu, and son of King Sokwe who came to the Pride Lands to deliver a message to Simba.

text:
The Traveling Baboon Show - A trio of yellow baboons who steal food from around the Pride Lands, but later saw the error of their ways when the Lion Guard saved them from Janja's clan. In "Timon and Pumbaa's Christmas," the Traveling Baboon Show is among the animals that assist in "The Twelve Ways of Christmas" song.
Uroho (voiced by Sinbad) – A yellow baboon who is the leader of Traveling Baboon show.
Mwevi (voiced by Dee Bradley Baker) – A yellow baboon who's a member of the Traveling Baboon Show.
Mwizi (voiced by Dee Bradley Baker) – A yellow baboon who's a member of the Traveling Baboon Show.

text: Antagonists[edit]

text: Outlanders[edit]

text:
Janja's Clan – A clan of male spotted hyenas that live in the Outlands and do not respect the Circle of Life.
Janja (voiced by Andrew Kishino) – A cunning and ruthless spotted hyena who is the leader of the clan.
Cheezi (voiced by Vargus Mason) – An excitable spotted hyena and one of Janja's right-hand henchmen.
Chungu (voiced by Kevin Schon) – An unintelligent spotted hyena with a slightly heavier build than the other hyenas who is the other of Janja’s right-hand henchmen.
Nne (voiced by Beau Black) – A sly and stout but smart spotted hyena.
Tano (voiced by Dee Bradley Baker) – A devious and sloping but smart spotted hyena.

text:
Mzingo's Parliament – A flock of white-backed vultures that live in the Outlands and is allied with Janja's clan.
Mzingo (voiced by Greg Ellis) – A calculative white-backed vulture who is the leader of his parliament. He sometimes serves as Janja's spy and scout.
Mwoga (voiced by Cam Clarke) – A foolish and clumsy white-backed vulture who is a member of the parliament.

text: Ushari (voiced by Christian Slater) – An Egyptian cobra who often conflicted with Bunga and would get disturbed whenever the Lion Guard was near him. In the season 2 special The Rise of Scar, Ushari finally gets fed up with the Lion Guard disturbing his peace and inadvertently finds out that Kion talks to Mufasa's spirit. He informs Janja of this which leads to the two of them orchestrating events that enable them to summon Scar's spirit. Upon Scar's spirit being unleashed, Ushari becomes a second-in-command to him in Scar's plot to unite all the animals of the Outlands in a plot to get revenge on the Pride Lands.

text:
Reirei's Pack – A pack of black-backed jackals that live in the Outlands.
Reirei (voiced by Ana Gasteyer) – A clever and manipulative black-backed jackal who is the leader of the pack.
Goigoi (voiced by Phil LaMarr) – A greedy and dimwitted black-backed jackal who is Reirei's mate.
Dogo (voiced by Jacob Guenther) – A black-backed jackal pup who is one of Reirei and Goigoi's sons. He has blue eyes compared to the other pups who have brown eyes.
Kijana (voiced by Amber Hood) – A black-backed jackal pup who is Reirei and Goigoi's daughter and Dogo's sister.

text:
Shupavu's Group – A group of skinks who are friends with Ushari and serve as his spies in the Pride Lands.
Shupavu (voiced by Meghan Strange) – A sneaky fire skink who is the leader of her group. She dislikes being close to Pride Rock.
Njano (voiced by Ford Riley) – A crafty, blue-tongued rainbow skink who works with Shupavu and is her second-in-command.
Nyeusi (voiced by Dee Bradley Baker) – A stealthy black western rock skink who works with Shupavu.
Waza – An observant blue skink who works with Shupavu.
Nyata – A swift purple skink who works with Shupavu.

text:
Kiburi's Float – Former members of Makuu's float who were kicked out and banished from the Pride Lands for their treachery towards Makuu and Simba.
Kiburi (voiced by Common) – An arrogant Nile crocodile who was part of Makuu's float. He and his followers defied Makuu's orders which led to them working with Ushari. While Kiburi challenged Makuu to a "mashindano", his three followers tried to attack Simba from behind only for the Lion Guard to intervene. Kiburi and his followers were kicked out of Makuu's float upon his loss and were exiled to the Outlands by Simba, with Kiburi vowing to have his revenge someday. Upon running into Ushari again, Kiburi and his followers were led to Scar's spirit in the hyenas' volcano and formed an alliance with him.
Tamka (voiced by Nolan North) – An overconfident and unintelligent Nile crocodile who is one of Kiburi's followers.
Nduli (voiced by Jorge Diaz) – A Nile crocodile who is one of Kiburi's followers.

text: Kenge (voiced by Kristofer Hivju) – An enormous and ferocious rock monitor, and acquaintance of Ushari who dislikes being called "little" or else it will drive him berserk. His venomous bite induces temporary paralysis.

text: Sumu (voiced by Ford Riley) – A venomous scorpion who was ordered by Scar to sting Simba.

text: Back Landers[edit]

text: Makucha (voiced by Steven Blum) – A cream-colored African leopard from the Back Lands who tracks Ajabu to the Pride Lands since okapis are rare creatures. Makucha is later revealed to be the leader of his leap which is first shown when the Lion Guard was looking for water in the Back Lands during a water shortage in the Pride Lands.

text: Mapigano (voiced by Jorge Diaz) – A cream-colored African leopard who bullied Badilli upon invading his territory in Mirihi Forest in the Back Lands.

text: Other characters[edit]

text: Mpishi (voiced by Carla Hall) – An African harrier-hawk who leaves her hunting grounds from an unknown land and travels to the Pride Lands looking for a rare meal. She teamed up with Mwoga to target Kulinda's newly-hatched chick.

text: Production[edit]

text: The series was announced by Disney on June 9, 2014, on the run up to the first film's 20th anniversary. Disney Junior general manager Nancy Kanter stated: "It's kind of like The Lion King meets The Avengers."[14] The series' announcement came after a meeting between Kanter and Disney chief executive Robert Iger. Iger suggested to Kanter that Disney Junior should consider producing content to celebrate the 20th anniversary of The Lion King in 2014. Disney had shown early footage to young test audiences, who were able to make suggestions, such as adjusting the look of the hyenas.[15] Disney Consumer Products launched a line of toys to tie into the television series, as well at book titles based on the series such as Return of the Roar, Can't Wait to be Queen, Bunga the Wise, Meet the New Guard, Fuli Finds Her Place, Join the Lion Guard! and Kion's Animal Alphabet.[16] A sneak peek of The Lion Guard was shown at the 2015 D23 Expo.[17] On August 12, 2015, a sneak peek was shown, with new information that the television movie was scheduled to air in November 2015 to be titled The Lion Guard: Return of the Roar.[18] On October 9, 2015, it was announced that Return of the Roar would premiere on November 22, 2015, on Disney Channel.[4]

text: On coming up with the idea, the series' creator and executive producer Ford Riley noted that in The Lion King II: Simba's Pride Kiara is introduced and will be future queen. Riley was interested in the idea of a second-born cub and what his role would be if Kiara is destined to become queen. Additionally, he was inspired by his 8-year-old son. "Every Thursday he and his buddies go to the park and they have this imaginary superhero team and they have all these imaginary adventures. That’s when it hit me. Let’s have a group of superheroes in the Pride Lands – The Avengers meets The Lion King!"[6][19]

text: Riley confirmed the timeline of the series; in Simba's Pride there is a years-long time gap, The Lion Guard takes place during the years in-between Kiara's first meeting with Kovu as a cub and her first hunt as an adult.[6]

text: Riley also noted the inclusion of Swahili into the series; "[W]e’ve actually hired Sarah Mirza, who literally wrote the book on English-Swahili translations. We’ve been using Swahili not just in names of characters and places but also in the language of the show itself."[6]

text: Classic mythology is used as inspiration for the show. In reference to Return of the Roar, Riley noted; "The whole laying on hands where Kion gives the mark of the guard to the rest of the team, that goes back to the Bible." Riley noted that protecting the Circle of Life is the main theme of the series; "The animals who respect it don’t eat too much, allow for the grass to grow, and larger animals to eat smaller animals. Our bad guys come from those that don’t respect the Circle of Life. They just want to eat and wreak havoc."[19]

text: In terms of giving The Lion Guard the same look as the original film, director Howy Parkins stated that they were mindful to keep the essence of The Lion King. To that end, the crew did extensive research on the look of the backgrounds and characters and were able to obtain some original model sheets. In addition, Barry Atkinson and Mike Surrey, background painter and supervising animator for Timon on the original film respectively, were brought in to consult with the series' background artists, animators and storyboard artists.[20]

text: Speaking on the show's educational aspect, Parkins stated that research was done on animals and habitats in the Serengeti, and that this information is woven into storylines without being overt.[20]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast airedPilotNovember 22, 2015 (2015-11-22)126January 15, 2016 (2016-01-15)April 21, 2017 (2017-04-21)229July 7, 2017 (2017-07-07)TBA

tag: table

text: Spin-off[edit]

text: A short-form series called It's UnBungalievable starring Bunga and Ono premiered on Disney Junior and Disneynature on January 9, 2016. In the series, Bunga and Ono pick two animals to compete in contests such as "Who's Quicker?" "Who Has Better Hair?" and "Who's Hungrier?" The series features live-action animal footage provided by Disneynature.[21]

text:
"Who's Quicker?"
"Who's Mightier?"
"Who Has Better Hair?"
"Who's Hungrier?"
"Who's the Better Babysitter?"
"Who's Cuter?"
"Who's Sillier?"
"Who's Louder?"
"Who's Brainier?"
"Who's a Better Flyer?"

tag: ol

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Like its American counterpart, Return of the Roar premiered on November 22, 2015, on Disney Channel in Canada, while the series premiered on January 17, 2016, on Disney Junior, two days after its American premiere.[22][23] In the United Kingdom and Ireland, Return of the Roar premiered on Disney Junior on February 8, 2016, while the series premiered on April 13, 2016.[24][25] In Australia and New Zealand, the pilot debuted on February 6, 2016, and the series began airing on February 28 on Disney Junior.[26] In Southeast Asia, Return of the Roar premiered on March 20, 2016, on Disney Channel (April 11, 2016, on Disney Junior) and the series premiered on April 17, 2016, on Disney Junior block in Disney Channel.[27][28] It aired in TVNZ in New Zealand and 7flix in Australia. E-Junior in the United Arab Emirates and MiniMini+ in Poland.

text: Home media[edit]

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment.

text:
Title

Release Date

Episodes

Additional Features

The Lion Guard: Return of the Roar[29]

February 23, 2016

Television movie

Music video of Beau Black performing "Here Comes the Lion Guard."
Talking Lion Guard Backpack Clip

The Lion Guard: Unleash the Power[30]

September 20, 2016

"Fuli's New Family" (Season 1, Episode 7)
"Bunga the Wise" (Season 1, Episode 3)
"Eye of the Beholder" (Season 1, Episode 5)
"Follow That Hippo!" (Season 1, Episode 9)
"The Search for Utamu" (Season 1, Episode 8)
"Never Judge a Hyena by Its Spots" (Season 1, Episode 1)

Lion Guard Power Necklace

The Lion Guard: Life in the Pride Lands[31]

January 10, 2017

"The Rise of Makuu" (Season 1, Episode 2)
"The Kupatana Celebration" (Season 1, Episode 6)
"Bunga and the King" (Season 1, Episode 13)
"Never Roar Again" (Season 1, Episode 21)
"The Imaginary Okapi" (Season 1, Episode 14)

Music videos: "A Trail to Hope", "Teke Ruka Teleza"
It's UnBungalievable shorts
Five Lion Guard Wristbands

The Lion Guard: The Rise of Scar[32]

January 9, 2018

"The Rise of Scar" (Season 2, Episode 5/Television movie)
"The Trouble With Galagos" (Season 1, Episode 16)
"Janja's New Crew" (Season 1, Episode 17)
"Baboons!" (Season 1, Episode 18)
"Lions of the Outlands" (Season 1, Episode 20)

text: Soundtracks[edit]

text:
The Lion Guard (Music from the TV Series)
Soundtrack album by Various artistsReleased
January 8, 2016Genre
Children, pop, Pop rock, world, soundtrackLength
34:43Label
Walt Disney

text: The Lion Guard (Music from the TV Series)[33]No.TitlePerformer(s)Length1."Call of the Guard (The Lion Guard Theme)"The Lion Guard Chorus1:032."A Beautiful Day (Ni Siku Nzuri)"Beau Black2:163."Zuka Zama"Bunga1:574."Tonight We Strike"Janja, Mzingo & Hyenas1:565."Kion's Lament"Kion3:246."Here Comes the Lion Guard"Beau Black2:287."We're the Same (Sisi Ni Sawa)"Kion & Jasiri2:338."Outta the Way"Janja, Cheezi & Chungu2:009."Duties of the King"Simba & Zazu2:0110."Bunga the Wise"Timon, Pumbaa & Bunga1:4111."My Own Way"Fuli2:1812."Jackal Style"Reirei2:1013."Panic and Run"Janja, Cheezi, & Chungu1:3414."It Is Time"Beau Black3:0115."Call of the Guard (Full Version)"The Lion Guard Chorus4:21Total length:34:43

text: A second soundtrack release entitled The Lion Guard: Disney Junior Music was released digitally on September 1, 2017.


document_title: Chinese dragon

question_text: how many toes does a japanese dragon have

question_tokens: how many toes does a japanese dragon have

text: Chinese dragon

text: Symbolic value[edit]

text: Historically, the East Asian dragon was associated with the Emperor of China and used a symbol to represent imperial power. The founder of Han dynasty Liu Bang claimed that he was conceived after his mother dreamt of a dragon.[2] During the Tang dynasty, Emperors wore robes with dragon motif as an imperial symbol, and high officials might also be presented with dragon robes.[3] In the Yuan dynasty, the two-horned five-clawed dragon was designated for use by the Son of Heaven or Emperor only, while the four-clawed dragon was used by the princes and nobles.[4] Similarly during the Ming and Qing dynasty, the five-clawed dragon was strictly reserved for use by the Emperor only. The dragon in the Qing dynasty appeared on the first Chinese national flag.[5]

text: The dragon is sometimes used in the West as a national emblem of China though such use is not commonly seen in the People's Republic of China or the Republic of China. Instead, it is generally used as the symbol of culture. In Hong Kong, the dragon was a component of the coat of arms under British rule. It was later to become a feature of the design of Brand Hong Kong, a government promotional symbol.[6]

text: The Chinese dragon has very different connotations to European dragon – in European cultures, the dragon is a fire-breathing creature with aggressive connotations, whereas the Chinese dragon is a spiritual and cultural symbol that represents prosperity and good luck, as well as a rain deity that fosters harmony. It was reported that the Chinese government decided against using the dragon as its official 2008 Summer Olympics mascot because of the aggressive connotations that dragons have outside of China, and chose more "friendly" symbols instead.[7]

text: Sometimes Chinese people use the term "Descendants of the Dragon" (simplified Chinese: 龙的传人; traditional Chinese: 龍的傳人) as a sign of ethnic identity, as part of a trend started in the 1970s when different Asian nationalities were looking for animal symbols as representations, for example, the wolf may be used by the Mongols as it is considered to be their legendary ancestor.[2][5][8]

text: State symbol[edit]

text: The dragon was the symbol of the Chinese emperor for many dynasties. During the Qing dynasty, the Azure Dragon was featured on the first Chinese national flag. It featured shortly again on the Twelve Symbols national emblem, which was used during the Republic of China, from 1913 to 1928.

text: Dragon worship[edit]

text: Origin[edit]

text: The ancient Chinese self-identified as "the descendants of the dragon" because the Chinese dragon is an imagined reptile that represents evolution from the ancestors and qi energy.[9] The presence of dragons within Chinese culture dates back several thousands of years with the discovery of a dragon statue dating back to the fifth millennium BC from the Yangshao culture in Henan in 1987,[10] and jade badges of rank in coiled form have been excavated from the Hongshan culture circa 4700-2900 BC.[11] Some of the earliest Dragon artifacts are the pig dragon carvings from the Hongshan culture.

text: The coiled dragon or snake form played an important role in early Chinese culture. The character for "dragon" in the earliest Chinese writing has a similar coiled form, as do later jade dragon amulets from the Shang period.[12]

text: Ancient Chinese referred to unearthed dinosaur bones as dragon bones and documented them as such. For example, Chang Qu in 300 BC documents the discovery of "dragon bones" in Sichuan.[13] The modern Chinese term for dinosaur is written as 恐龍/恐龙("terror dragon"), and villagers in central China have long unearthed fossilized "dragon bones" for use in traditional medicines, a practice that continues today.[14]

text: The binomial name for a variety of dinosaurs discovered in China, Mei long, in Chinese (寐 mèi and 龙 lóng) means "sleeping dragon." Fossilized remains of Mei long have been found in China in a sleeping and coiled form, with the dinosaur nestling its snout beneath one of its forelimbs while encircling its tail around its entire body.[15]

text:
The C-shaped jade totem of Hongshan culture (c. 4700–2920 B.C.)

Jade-carved dragon garment ornament from the Warring States period (403 BC–221 BC).

Gilded-bronze handle in the shape of a dragon head and neck, made during the Eastern Han period (25–220 AD)

text: Mythical creature[edit]

text: From its origins as totems or the stylized depiction of natural creatures, the Chinese dragon evolved to become a mythical animal. The Han dynasty scholar Wang Fu recorded Chinese myths that long dragons had nine anatomical resemblances.

text: The people paint the dragon's shape with a horse's head and a snake's tail. Further, there are expressions as 'three joints' and 'nine resemblances' (of the dragon), to wit: from head to shoulder, from shoulder to breast, from breast to tail. These are the joints; as to the nine resemblances, they are the following: his antlers resemble those of a stag, his head that of a camel, his eyes those of a demon, his neck that of a snake, his belly that of a clam (shen, 蜃), his scales those of a carp, his claws those of an eagle, his soles those of a tiger, his ears those of a cow. Upon his head he has a thing like a broad eminence (a big lump), called [chimu] (尺木). If a dragon has no [chimu], he cannot ascend to the sky.[16]

text: Further sources give variant lists of the nine animal resemblances. Sinologist Henri Doré lists these characteristics of an authentic dragon: "The antlers of a deer. The head of a crocodile. A demon's eyes. The neck of a snake. A tortoise's viscera. A hawk's claws. The palms of a tiger. A cow's ears. And it hears through its horns, its ears being deprived of all power of hearing."[17] He notes that, "Others state it has a rabbit's eyes, a frog's belly, a carp's scales." The anatomy of other legendary creatures, including the chimera and manticore, is similarly amalgamated from fierce animals.

text: Chinese dragons were considered to be physically concise. Of the 117 scales, 81 are of the yang essence (positive) while 36 are of the yin essence (negative). Initially, the dragon was benevolent, wise, and just, but the Buddhists introduced the concept of malevolent influence among some dragons. Just as water destroys, they said, so can some dragons destroy via floods, tidal waves, and storms. They suggested that some of the worst floods were believed to have been the result of a mortal upsetting a dragon.

text: Many pictures of East Asian dragons show a flaming pearl under their chin or in their claws. The pearl is associated with spiritual energy, wisdom, prosperity, power, immortality, thunder, or the moon. Chinese art often depicts a pair of dragons chasing or fighting over the flaming pearl.

text: Chinese dragons are occasionally depicted with bat-like wings growing out of the front limbs, but most do not have wings, as their ability to fly (and control rain/water, etc.) is mystical and not seen as a result of their physical attributes.

text: This description accords with the artistic depictions of the dragon down to the present day. The dragon has also acquired an almost unlimited range of supernatural powers. It is said to be able to disguise itself as a silkworm, or become as large as our entire universe. It can fly among the clouds or hide in water (according to the Guanzi). It can form clouds, can turn into water, can change color as an ability to blend in with their surroundings, as an effective form of camouflage or glow in the dark (according to the Shuowen Jiezi).

text: In many other countries, folktales speak of the dragon having all the attributes of the other 11 creatures of the zodiac, this includes the whiskers of the Rat, the face and horns of the Ox, the claws and teeth of the Tiger, the belly of the Rabbit, the body of the Snake, the legs of the Horse, the goatee of the Goat, the wit (or brain) of the Monkey, the crest of the Rooster, the ears of the Dog and the snout of the Pig.

text: In some circles, it is considered bad luck to depict a dragon facing downwards, as it is seen as disrespectful to place a dragon in such manner that it cannot ascend to the sky. Also, depictions of dragons in tattoos are prevalent as they are symbols of strength and power, especially criminal organisations where dragons hold a meaning all on their own. As such, it is believed that one must be fierce and strong enough, hence earning the right to wear the dragon on his skin, lest his luck be consumed by the dragons.[citation needed]

text: Ruler of weather and water[edit]

text: Chinese dragons are strongly associated with water and weather in popular religion. They are believed to be the rulers of moving bodies of water, such as waterfalls, rivers, or seas. The Dragon God is the dispenser of rain as well as the zoomorphic representation of the yang masculine power of generation.[18] In this capacity as the rulers of water and weather, the dragon is more anthropomorphic in form, often depicted as a humanoid, dressed in a king's costume, but with a dragon head wearing a king's headdress.

text: There are four major Dragon Kings, representing each of the Four Seas: the East Sea (corresponding to the East China Sea), the South Sea (corresponding to the South China Sea), the West Sea (sometimes seen as the Qinghai Lake and beyond), and the North Sea (sometimes seen as Lake Baikal).

text: Because of this association, they are seen as "in charge" of water-related weather phenomena. In premodern times, many Chinese villages (especially those close to rivers and seas) had temples dedicated to their local "dragon king". In times of drought or flooding, it was customary for the local gentry and government officials to lead the community in offering sacrifices and conducting other religious rites to appease the dragon, either to ask for rain or a cessation thereof.

text: The King of Wuyue in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period was often known as the "Dragon King" or the "Sea Dragon King" because of his extensive hydro-engineering schemes which "tamed" the sea.

text: Symbol of imperial authority[edit]

text: According to Chinese legend, both Chinese primogenitors, the earliest Door and the Yellow Emperor (Huangdi), were closely related to 'Long' (Chinese dragon). At the end of his reign, the first legendary ruler, the Yellow Emperor, was said to have been immortalized into a dragon that resembled his emblem, and ascended to Heaven. The other legendary ruler, the Yan Emperor, was born by his mother's telepathy with a mythical dragon. Since the Chinese consider the Yellow Emperor and the Yan Emperor as their ancestors, they sometimes refer to themselves as "the descendants of the dragon". This legend also contributed towards the use of the Chinese dragon as a symbol of imperial power.[citation needed]

text: Dragons (usually with five claws on each foot) were a symbol for the emperor in many Chinese dynasties. During the Qing dynasty, the imperial dragon was colored yellow or gold, and during the Ming dynasty it was red.[19] The imperial throne was referred to as the Dragon Throne. During the late Qing dynasty, the dragon was even adopted as the national flag. Dragons are featured in carvings on the stairs and walkways of imperial palaces and imperial tombs, such as at the Forbidden City in Beijing.

text: In some Chinese legends, an emperor might be born with a birthmark in the shape of a dragon. For example, one legend tells the tale of a peasant born with a dragon birthmark who eventually overthrows the existing dynasty and founds a new one; another legend might tell of the prince in hiding from his enemies who is identified by his dragon birthmark.[citation needed]

text: In contrast, the Empress of China was often identified with the Chinese phoenix.

text: Modern belief[edit]

text: Worship of the Dragon God is celebrated throughout China with sacrifices and processions during the fifth and sixth moons, and especially on the date of his birthday the thirteenth day of the sixth moon.[18] A folk religious movement of associations of good-doing in modern Hebei is primarily devoted to a generic Dragon God whose icon is a tablet with his name inscribed, for which it has been named the "movement of the Dragon Tablet".[20]

text: Depictions of the dragon[edit]

text: Neolithic depictions[edit]

text: Dragons or dragon-like depictions have been found extensively in neolithic-period archaeological sites throughout China. The earliest depiction of dragons was found at Xinglongwa culture sites. Yangshao culture sites in Xi'an have produced clay pots with dragon motifs. A burial site Xishuipo in Puyang which is associated with the Yangshao culture shows a large dragon mosaic made out of clam shells.[22] The Liangzhu culture also produced dragon-like patterns. The Hongshan culture sites in present-day Inner Mongolia produced jade dragon objects in the form of pig dragons which are the first 3-dimensional representations of Chinese dragons.[23]

text: One such early form was the pig dragon. It is a coiled, elongated creature with a head resembling a boar.[24] The character for "dragon" in the earliest Chinese writing has a similar coiled form, as do later jade dragon amulets from the Shang dynasty.

text: Classical depictions[edit]

text: Chinese literature and myths refer to many dragons besides the famous long. The linguist Michael Carr analyzed over 100 ancient dragon names attested in Chinese classic texts.[25] Many such Chinese names derive from the suffix -long:

text:
Tianlong (Chinese: 天龍; pinyin: tiānlóng; Wade–Giles: t'ien-lung; literally: "heavenly dragon"), celestial dragon that guards heavenly palaces and pulls divine chariots; also a name for the constellation Draco
Shenlong (Chinese: 神龍; pinyin: shénlóng; Wade–Giles: shen-lung; literally: "god dragon"), thunder god that controls the weather, appearance of a human head, dragon's body, and drum-like stomach
Fucanglong (Chinese: 伏藏龍; pinyin: fúcánglóng; Wade–Giles: fu-ts'ang-lung; literally: "hidden treasure dragon"), underworld guardian of precious metals and jewels, associated with volcanoes
Dilong (Chinese: 地龍; pinyin: dìlóng; Wade–Giles: ti-lung; literally: "earth dragon"), controller of rivers and seas; also a name for earthworm
Yinglong (Chinese: 應龍; pinyin: yìnglóng; Wade–Giles: ying-lung; literally: "responding dragon"), winged dragon associated with rains and floods, used by Yellow Emperor to kill Chi You
Jiaolong (Chinese: 蛟龍; pinyin: jiāolóng; Wade–Giles: chiao-lung; literally: "crocodile dragon"), hornless or scaled dragon, leader of all aquatic animals
Panlong (Chinese: 蟠龍; pinyin: pánlóng; Wade–Giles: p'an-lung; literally: "coiled dragon"), lake dragon that has not ascended to heaven
Huanglong (Chinese: 黃龍; pinyin: huánglóng; Wade–Giles: huang-lung; literally: "yellow dragon"), hornless dragon symbolizing the emperor
Feilong (Chinese: 飛龍; pinyin: fēilóng; Wade–Giles: fei-lung; literally: "flying dragon"), winged dragon that rides on clouds and mist; also a name for a genus of pterosaur (compare Feilong kick and Fei Long character)
Qinglong (Chinese: 青龍; pinyin: qīnglóng; Wade–Giles: ch'ing-lung; literally: "Azure Dragon"), the animal associated with the East in the Chinese Four Symbols, mythological creatures in the Chinese constellations
Qiulong (Chinese: 虯龍; pinyin: qíulóng; Wade–Giles: ch'iu-lung; literally: "curling dragon"), contradictorily defined as both "horned dragon" and "hornless dragon"
Zhulong (Chinese: 燭龍; pinyin: zhúlóng; Wade–Giles: chu-lung; literally: "torch dragon") or Zhuyin (Chinese: 燭陰; pinyin: zhúyīn; Wade–Giles: chu-yin; literally: "illuminating darkness") was a giant red draconic solar deity in Chinese mythology. It supposedly had a human's face and snake's body, created day and night by opening and closing its eyes, and created seasonal winds by breathing. (Note that this zhulong is different from the similarly named Vermilion Dragon or the Pig dragon).
Chilong (Chinese: 螭龍 or 魑龍; pinyin: chīlóng; Wade–Giles: ch'ih-lung; literally: "demon dragon"), a hornless dragon or mountain demon

text: Fewer Chinese dragon names derive from the prefix long-:

text:
Longwang (Chinese: 龍王; pinyin: lóngwáng; Wade–Giles: lung-wang; literally: "Dragon Kings") divine rulers of the Four Seas
Longma (Chinese: 龍馬; pinyin: lóngmǎ; Wade–Giles: lung-ma; literally: "dragon horse"), emerged from the Luo River and revealed ba gua to Fu Xi

text: Some additional Chinese dragons are not named with long 龍, for instance,

text:
Hong (Chinese: 虹; pinyin: hóng; Wade–Giles: hung; literally: "rainbow"), a two-headed dragon or rainbow serpent
Shen (Chinese: 蜃; pinyin: shèn; Wade–Giles: shen; literally: "giant clam"), a shapeshifting dragon or sea monster believed to create mirages
Bashe (Chinese: 巴蛇; pinyin: bāshé; Wade–Giles: pa-she; literally: "ba snake") was a giant python-like dragon that ate elephants
Teng (Chinese: 螣; pinyin: téng; Wade–Giles: t'eng) or Tengshe (simplified Chinese: 腾蛇; traditional Chinese: 騰蛇; pinyin: téngshé; Wade–Giles: t'eng-she; lit. "soaring snake") is a flying dragon without legs

text: Chinese scholars have classified dragons in diverse systems. For instance, Emperor Huizong of the Song dynasty canonized five colored dragons as "kings".

text:
The Azure Dragon [Qinglong 青龍] spirits, most compassionate kings.
The Vermilion Dragon [Zhulong 朱龍 or Chilong 赤龍] spirits, kings that bestow blessings on lakes.
The Yellow Dragon [Huanglong 黃龍] spirits, kings that favorably hear all petitions.
The White Dragon [Bailong 白龍] spirits, virtuous and pure kings.
The Black Dragon [Xuanlong 玄龍 or Heilong 黑龍] spirits, kings dwelling in the depths of the mystic waters.[26]

text: With the addition of the Yellow Dragon of the Center to Azure Dragon of the East, these Vermilion, White, and Black Dragons coordinate with the Four Symbols, including the Vermilion Bird of the South, White Tiger of the West, and Black Tortoise of the North.

text: Nine sons of the dragon[edit]

text: Several Ming dynasty texts list what were claimed as the Nine Offspring of the Dragon (龍生九子), and subsequently these feature prominently in popular Chinese stories and writings. The scholar Xie Zhaozhe (謝肇淛, 1567–1624) in his work Wu Za Zu (五雜俎, c. 1592) gives the following listing, as rendered by M.W. de Visser:

text: A well-known work of the end of the sixteenth century, the Wuzazu 五雜俎, informs us about the nine different young of the dragon, whose shapes are used as ornaments according to their nature.

text:
The [pulao 蒲牢], dragons which like to cry, are represented on the tops of bells, serving as handles.
The [qiuniu 囚牛], which like music, are used to adorn musical instruments.
The [chiwen 螭吻/鴟吻], which like swallowing, are placed on both ends of the ridgepoles of roofs (to swallow all evil influences).
The [chaofeng 嘲風], lion-like beasts which like precipices, are placed on the four corners of roofs.
The [yazi 睚眦/睚眥], which like to kill, are engraved on sword guards.
The [bixi 贔屭], which have the shape of the [chilong 螭龍], and are fond of literature, are represented on the sides of grave-monuments.
The [bi'an 狴犴], which like litigation, are placed over prison gates (in order to keep guard).
The [suanni 狻猊], which like to sit down, are represented upon the bases of Buddhist idols (under the Buddhas' or Bodhisattvas' feet).
The [baxia 𧈢𧏡], finally, big tortoises which like to carry heavy objects, are placed under grave-monuments.

text: Further, the same author enumerates nine other kinds of dragons, which are represented as ornaments of different objects or buildings according to their liking prisons, water, the rank smell of newly caught fish or newly killed meat, wind and rain, ornaments, smoke, shutting the mouth (used for adorning key-holes), standing on steep places (placed on roofs), and fire.[27]

text: The Sheng'an waiji (升庵外集) collection by the poet Yang Shen (楊慎, 1488–1559) gives different 5th and 9th names for the dragon's nine children: the taotie (饕餮), which loves to eat and is found on food-related wares, and the jiaotu (椒圖), which looks like a conch or clam, does not like to be disturbed, and is used on the front door or the doorstep. Yang's list is bixi, chiwen or cháofēng, pulao, bi'an, taotie, qiuniu, yazi, suanni, and jiaotu.[28]

text: Oldest known attestation of the "children of the dragon" list is found in the Shuyuan Zaji (椒园杂记, Miscellaneous records from the bean garden) by Lu Rong (1436–1494); however, he noted that the list enumerates mere synonyms of various antiques, not children of a dragon.[29] The nine sons of the dragon were commemorated by the Shanghai Mint in 2012's year of the dragon with two sets of coins, one in silver, and one in brass. Each coin in the sets depicts one of the 9 sons, including an additional coin for the father dragon, which depicts the nine sons on the reverse.[30]

text: Dragon claws[edit]

text: The early Chinese dragons can be depicted with two to five claws. Different countries that adopted the Chinese dragon have different preferences; in Mongolia and Korea, the four-clawed dragons are used, while in Japanese dragon three-clawed dragons are common.[31] By the Yuan dynasty, the five-clawed dragons became reserved for use by the emperor while the princes used four-clawed dragons.[4] The usage of the dragon motif was codified during the Yuan dynasty, and phoenixes and five-clawed two-horned dragons may not be used on the robes of officials and other objects such as plates and vessels.[4][32] It was further stipulated that for commoners, "it is forbidden to wear any cloth with patterns of Qilin, Male Fenghuang (Chinese phoenix), White rabbit, Lingzhi, Five-Toe Two-Horn Dragon, Eight Dragons, Nine Dragons, 'Ten thousand years', Fortune-longevity character and Golden Yellow etc."[33]

text: The Hongwu Emperor of the Ming dynasty emulated the Yuan dynasty rules on the use of the dragon motif and decreed that the dragon would be his emblem and that it would have five claws. The four-clawed dragon would become typically for imperial nobility and certain high-ranking officials. The three clawed dragon was used by lower ranks and the general public (widely seen on various Chinese goods in the Ming dynasty). The dragon, however, was only for select royalty closely associated with the imperial family, usually in various symbolic colors, while it was a capital offense for anyone—other than the emperor himself—to ever use the completely gold-colored, five-clawed Long dragon motif. Improper use of claw number or colors was considered treason, punishable by execution of the offender's entire clan. The convention was carried into the Qing dynasty, and portraits of the Qing emperors were usually depicted with five-clawed dragons.

text: In works of art that left the imperial collection, either as gifts or through pilfering by court eunuchs (a long-standing problem) where practicable one claw was removed from each set, as in several pieces of carved lacquerware,[34] for example the well known Chinese lacquerware table in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.[35]

text: Cultural references[edit]

text: Number nine[edit]

text: The number nine is special in China as it is seen as number of the heaven, and Chinese dragons are frequently connected with it. For example, a Chinese dragon is normally described in terms of nine attributes and usually has 117 (9x13) scales—81 (9x9) Yang and 36 (9x4) Yin. This is also why there are nine forms of the dragon and there are 9 sons of the dragon (see Classical depictions above). The Nine-Dragon Wall is a spirit wall with images of nine different dragons, and is found in imperial Chinese palaces and gardens. Because nine was considered the number of the emperor, only the most senior officials were allowed to wear nine dragons on their robes—and then only with the robe completely covered with surcoats. Lower-ranking officials had eight or five dragons on their robes, again covered with surcoats; even the emperor himself wore his dragon robe with one of its nine dragons hidden from view.

text: There are a number of places in China called "Nine Dragons", the most famous being Kowloon (in Cantonese) in Hong Kong. The part of the Mekong in Vietnam is known as Cửu Long, with the same meaning.

text: Chinese zodiac[edit]

text: The Dragon is one of the 12 animals in the Chinese zodiac which is used to designate years in the Chinese calendar. It is thought that each animal is associated with certain personality traits. Dragon years are usually the most popular to have children. There are more people born in Dragon years than in any other animal years of the zodiac.[citation needed]

text: Constellations[edit]

text: The Azure Dragon (Qing Long, 青龍) is considered to be the primary of the four celestial guardians, the other three being the Zhu Que—朱雀 (Vermilion Bird), Bai Hu—白虎 (White Tiger), Xuan Wu—玄武 (Black Tortoise-like creature). In this context, the Azure Dragon is associated with the East and the element of Wood.

text: Dragonboat racing[edit]

text: At special festivals, especially the Duanwu Festival, dragon boat races are an important part of festivities. Typically, these are boats paddled by a team of up to 20 paddlers with a drummer and steersman. The boats have a carved dragon as the head and tail of the boat. Dragon boat racing is also an important part of celebrations outside of China, such as at Chinese New Year. A similar racing is popular in India in the state of Kerala called Vallamkali and there are records on Chinese traders visiting the seashores of Kerala centuries back (Ibn Batuta).

text: Dragon dancing[edit]

text: On auspicious occasions, including Chinese New Year and the opening of shops and residences, festivities often include dancing with dragon puppets. These are "life sized" cloth-and-wood puppets manipulated by a team of people, supporting the dragon with poles. They perform choreographed moves to the accompaniment of drums, drama, and music. They also wore good clothing made of silk.

text: Dragons and nāgas[edit]

text: In many Buddhist countries, the concept of the nāga has been merged with local traditions of great and wise serpents or dragons, as depicted in this stairway image of a multi-headed nāga emerging from the mouth of a Makara in the style of a Chinese dragon at Phra Maha Chedi Chai Mongkol on the premises of Wat Pha Namthip Thep Prasit Vararam in Thailand's Roi Et Province Nong Phok District.

text: Dragons and tigers[edit]

text: The tiger is considered to be the eternal rival to the dragon, thus various artworks depict a dragon and tiger fighting an epic battle. A well used Chinese idiom to describe equal rivals (often in sports nowadays) is "Dragon versus Tiger". In Chinese martial arts, "Dragon style" is used to describe styles of fighting based more on understanding movement, while "Tiger style" is based on brute strength and memorization of techniques.[citation needed]

text: Dragons and botany[edit]

text: The elm cultivar Ulmus pumila 'Pendula', from northern China, called 'Weeping Chinese Elm' in the West, is known locally as Lung chao yü shu (: 'Dragon's-claw elm') owing to its branching.[36][37]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
As a part of traditional folklore, dragons appear in a variety of mythological fiction. In the classical novel Journey to the West, the son of the Dragon King of the West was condemned to serve as a horse for the travelers because of his indiscretions at a party in the heavenly court. Sun Wukong's staff, the Ruyi Jingu Bang, was robbed from Ao Guang, the Dragon King of the East Sea. In Fengshen Yanyi and other stories, Nezha, the boy hero, defeats the Dragon Kings and tames the seas. Chinese dragons also appear in innumerable Japanese anime movies and television shows, manga, and in Western political cartoons as a personification of the People's Republic of China. The Chinese respect for dragons is emphasized in Naomi Novik's Temeraire novels, where they were the first people to tame dragons and are treated as equals, intellectuals, or even royalty, rather than beasts solely bred for war in the West. Manda is a large Chinese dragon that appears in the Godzilla storyline. A golden three-headed dragon also appears in the comic book series God Is Dead.
Red dragon is a symbol of China which appears in many Mahjong games.
A Chinese Water-Dragon is used as the main antagonist in Season 3 of the Australian television series Mako Mermaids. The Dragon is heavily based on Chinese mythology to coincide with a new Chinese mermaid on the show.
In The Lego Ninjago Movie, Lloyd, the green ninja, has a robotic Chinese dragon as his main vehicle.

text: Regional variations across Asia[edit]

text: While depictions of the dragon in art and literature are consistent throughout the cultures in which it is found, there are some regional differences.

text: For more information on peculiarities in the depiction of the dragon in other Asian cultures, see:

text: Dragons related to the Chinese dragon:

text:
Druk, the Thunder Dragon of Bhutanese mythology
Japanese dragon
Korean dragon
Nāga, a Hindu and Buddhist creature in South Asian and Southeast Asian mythology.
Vietnamese dragon

text: Dragons similar to the Chinese dragon:

text:
Makara, a sea Dragon in Hindu and Buddhist mythology
Yaazhi, a South Indian or Tamil mythical creature
Nepalese dragon as depicted with Bahirav
Bakunawa, a moon-eating sea dragon depicted in Philippine mythology.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Non-Imperial Chinese dragon in Shanghai

Nine-Dragon Wall, Datong (detail)

Mini-Sculpture of a Dragon on top of a temple in Hsinchu, Taiwan

Giant dragon statues surrounded by the sea at Sanggar Agung Temple, Surabaya, Indonesia

The Chinese dragon statue at Vihara Dharmayana Kuta, Bali


document_title: Star of Life

question_text: what symbol displayed on ambulances was replaced with the star of life in the 1970's

question_tokens: what symbol displayed on ambulances was replaced with the star of life in the 1970 's

text: Star of Life

text: History[edit]

text: Originally, many ambulances used a safety orange cross on a square background of reflectorized white to designate them as emergency medical units. This logo was used before national standards for Emergency Medical Personnel or ambulances were established. Designed by Leo R. Schwartz, Chief of the EMS Branch, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA),[2] the Star of Life was created after the American Red Cross complained in 1973 that the orange cross too closely resembled their logo, the red cross on a white background; such usage was restricted by the Geneva Conventions.[3]

text: The newly designed Star of Life was adapted from the Medical Identification Symbol of the American Medical Association,[4] which was trademarked by the American Medical Association (AMA) in 1967. The newly designed logo was trademarked on February 1, 1977 with the Commissioner of Patents and Trade-marks in the name of the National Highway Traffic Safety and Administration (registration number 1058022). The logo was "given" to the National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians (NREMT) for use as the emergency medical technicians (EMT) logo after the trademark expired in 1997.[5][citation needed]

text: The snake emblem[edit]

text: The snake emblem is a symbol from the biblical account of the bronze snake found in Numbers 21:4-9. The Israelites grumbled against God and Moses for bringing them out of slavery in Egypt and into the desert. Specifically, the text says, "the people grew impatient on the way." As a result of their ungratefulness, God sent venomous snakes among them and many that were bitten died.

text: However, the people came to Moses and repented of their sin and God had mercy upon them. He commanded Moses to make a snake, put it upon a pole, and all who looked upon it would be healed. So Moses fashioned a bronze snake and put it up on a pole for all to see it and live. It was thereafter seen as symbol of healing.

text: Hundreds of years later, King Hezekiah of Judah (2 Kings 18:4), destroyed the idols and sacred stones the Israelites had come to worship. He took the bronze snake Moses had made and broke it into pieces because the people burned incense to it. The staff was called Nehushtan.

text: In the Gospel of John, a New Testament biography of Jesus of Nazareth, John the Disciple would record Jesus saying, "Just as Moses lifted up the snake in the desert, so the Son of Man must be lifted up, that everyone who believes in him may have eternal life." (John 3:14-15). Clearly Jesus saw the snake being lifted up to bring life to many as a type, or foreshadowing, of his own crucifixion.

text: The snake emblem also reflects the Rod of Asclepius, widely used as the symbol of medical care worldwide. There are several theories as to its development; it is named for the Greek mythological figure Asclepius, who was said to have possessed healing power.

text: It is often incorrectly depicted as a caduceus (a staff with two snakes and a pair of wings), a wand carried by Hermes that, in Greek mythology, saw two serpents entwined in mortal combat. Separating them with his wand he brought about peace between them, and as a result the wand with two serpents came to be seen as a sign of peace and negotiation (not healing).[6]

text: Alternative theories for this symbol include it being a reference to a traditional treatment of a parasitic nematode called Dracunculus medinensis or Guinea worm. The worm was considered quite painful, as it causes blisters on whatever limb it takes up residence in. To remove the parasite, doctors would cut a slit in the skin right in its path and, when it poked its head from the wound, take a small stick and slowly wrap the worm around it until it was fully removed.[7]

text: Symbolism[edit]

text: The six branches of the star are symbols of the six main tasks executed by rescuers all through the emergency chain:[8]

text:
Detection: The first rescuers on the scene, usually untrained civilians or those involved in the incident, observe the scene, understand the problem, identify the dangers to themselves and the others, and take appropriate measures to ensure their safety on the scene (environmental, electricity, chemicals, radiation, etc.).
Reporting: The call for professional help is made and dispatch is connected with the victims, providing emergency medical dispatch.
Response: The first rescuers provide first aid and immediate care to the extent of their capabilities.
On scene care: The EMS personnel arrive and provide immediate care to the extent of their capabilities on-scene.
Care in transit: The EMS personnel proceed to transfer the patient to a hospital via an ambulance or helicopter for specialized care. They provide medical care during the transportation.
Transfer to definitive care: Appropriate specialized care is provided at the hospital.

text: Common use[edit]

text: While no agency is tasked solely with enforcing its use as a mark of certification, the Star of Life has traditionally been used as a means of identification for medical personnel, equipment, and vehicles. Many ambulance services mark the symbol on their vehicles, and ambulance crews often wear the design as part of their uniform. It appears on various medical textbooks as well as on a wide range of merchandise aimed at the medic market. In hospitals and other buildings, elevators that are marked with the symbol indicate that the elevator is large enough to hold a stretcher.[9]


document_title: Timeline of the introduction of color television in countries

question_text: when did color tv come out in nz

question_tokens: when did color tv come out in nz

text: This is a list of when the first color television broadcasts were transmitted to the general public. Non-public field tests and closed-circuit demonstrations are not included.

text: Countries and territories which never had black and white television (i.e. the first broadcasts were in color), such as Zanzibar, Brunei, Botswana, Laos, South Africa, Grenada, Namibia, Macau, Sri Lanka, Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Saint Lucia, Palau, Bhutan, Vanuatu, Faroe Islands, Malawi, Antigua and Barbuda, The Gambia, Tonga, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Liechtenstein, San Marino, Somalia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Dominica, Tanzania and Nepal are not included in this list.

text:
Country

Year

Network or channel

Color system

Notes

 Afghanistan

1977/1983

RTA

PAL

First experimental color broadcasts in late 1977 and stalled in 1979 due to the Soviet War in Afghanistan. Returned by at least 1983 in full service.

 Albania

1981

RTSH

PAL

Color broadcasts had been available from Yugoslavia since 1971, and Italy since 1977, Frequencies have been occasionally jammed due to censorship of some programs in Albania in that time.

 Algeria

1973

RTA

PAL

RTA was transmitted in the older French 819-line standard System E, until 1973 when it started broadcasting in 625-line standard System B.[1]

 American Samoa

1969

KVZK-2

NTSC

KVZK-2 was a National Educational Television affiliate.

 Angola

1983

TPA

PAL

 Argentina

1978/1980

LS 82 Canal 7

PAL-N

Introduced for the 1978 FIFA World Cup. Regular full color transmission began at midnight on Thursday 1 May 1980. In 1969, Canal 13 made experimental transmissions in NTSC, but did not receive government approval. Subsequently, the project was cancelled.

 Armenian SSR

1973/1978

Armenia 1

SECAM/PAL

First transmission was the May Day Parade in Yerevan. Full-time color transmissions since Christmas Eve 1978.

 Australia

1967/1972 (original launch date)/1974-75

ATV-0 (now ATV-10).

PAL

Permanent color telecasts since Saturday, March 1, 1975, having been originally scheduled for 1972. First closed-circuit color test broadcast on Thursday, June 15, 1967 with live coverage of the Pakenham races.[2] Many television shows were produced and broadcast in color between 1972–1974, with limited color telecasts from mid-1974 on.

 Austria

1969/1975

ORF

PAL

First transmission was the Eurovision broadcast of New Year Concert from Vienna on Wednesday, January 1, 1969. Full-time color transmissions since January 15, 1975.

 Azerbaijan SSR

1973/1978

AzTV

SECAM/PAL

First color broadcasts in Azerbaijan started in 1973 using the SECAM standard. Full color service started in 1978.

 Bahamas

1983

ZNS-TV

NTSC

Color transmissions had been available from Miami since 1954 (WTVJ) and West Palm Beach since the late-1950s[3]

 Bahrain

1972

Bahrain TV

PAL

 Bangladesh

1980

BTV

PAL

 Barbados

1971

CBC

NTSC

 Belize

1984

Channel 7

NTSC

Color broadcasts have been available from Mexico since 1967.

 Benin

1982

OTRB

PAL

 Byelorussian SSR

1961

Belteleradio

SECAM

The first Soviet Bloc country and first country in Eastern Europe to introduce color television in 1961. Full color service came around 1979.

 Belgium

1967/1971

RTB/BRT

PAL

Color broadcasts from France (SECAM), Germany and Netherlands (PAL) were available since 1967. Early receivers were very costly owing to multiple standards: PAL/SECAM/625 lines and monochrome/819 lines

 Bermuda

1968

ZBM-TV

NTSC

ZBM was an affiliate of the U.S. network CBS. Color broadcasts have been available from the United States since 1958.

 Bolivia

1977/1980

TV Boliviana

NTSC

Experimental color broadcasts began in 1977. Full-time color arrived in 1980. Color broadcasts have been available from Brazil since 1970, but were PAL.

 Bosnia and Herzegovina

1971/1972/1973–1978

Televizija Sarajevo

PAL

First color transmission came from Belgrade in 1971, local service began in 1972 and in 1973.

 Brazil

1970/1972/1973–1978

Bandeirantes/Globo

PAL-M

First transmissions (unofficial and just for specific programs) were made between 1962 and 1963 in the city of São Paulo by Rede Tupi and also by Rede Excelsior, both using NTSC. Tests for the regular transmissions began in 1970 with the Mexico's FIFA World Cup, and the first official transmission was the coverage of the 12th Caxias do Sul Grape Festival in February 19, 1972. Limited color transmissions from 1973 to 1978. Full-time color transmissions since 1978.

 Bulgaria

1970/1977

BNT

SECAM

Full color transmissions achieved by 1977.

 Burma

1984

MRTV

NTSC

The last country in Southeast Asia to introduce color television.

 Burundi

1983

RTNB

SECAM

 Kampuchea

1981/1985

National Television of Kampuchea

SECAM/  PAL

Full-time color transmissions started in 1985, switched to PAL from 1991.

 Canada

1966

(CBC, SRC), CTV

NTSC

Officially launched in both English and French at 12:01 a.m. on July 1, 1966, at the beginning of Canada's 100th year as a nation. Color broadcasts from the United States had been available since the mid-1950s. A mandatory transition to color for all transmitters took place between 1969 and 1976 on all English and French channels. CBC began Full-time color broadcasts in 1974. Full-time color officially achieved between 1976–1977.

 Central African Republic

1982

RTC

SECAM

 Chad

1982

Télé Tchad

SECAM

 Chile

1978

TVN, Canal 13

NTSC

First transmission in color was in the 13th Viña del Mar Festival, but only for export until the 18th edition. First nationwide color show transmitted was Esta noche fiesta of Canal 13 on Monday, April 10, 1978.[4] First news report in color was shown at Teletrece on April 12, 1978.[5] Full-time color transmissions since mid 1979.

 China

1973

CCTV

PAL

Full-time color transmissions since 1984.

 Colombia

1979[6]/1982

Inravisión

NTSC

Test broadcasts in SECAM were held in 1966.[7] Test for the regular transmissions began in 1971 with the coverage of that year's Pan American Games held in Cali. In 1974, the inauguration of West Germany's FIFA World Cup was aired in color in closed circuit at two colosseums in Bogota and Cali.[8] Regular color transmissions since Saturday, December 1, 1979.[6] Full-time color transmissions since 1982.

 Congo (Brazzaville)

1975

TeleCongo

SECAM

 Costa Rica

1973

TICA-TV

NTSC

 Croatia

1972

Televizija Zagreb

PAL

 Cuba

1958/1975

Tele-Color, S.A.Tele Rebelde (1975)

NTSC

Ended in 1959 as a result of the Cuban Revolution; returned in 1975.

 Cyprus

1976

CyBC

SECAM

 Czechoslovakia/ Czech Republic

1973

ČST

SECAM PAL

Regular colour broadcasts started in May 9, 1973 on second channel and in May 9, 1975 on first channel. Full color transition in late 1970's, switched to PAL broadcasting in 1993. ČST started color experiments in late 60's in PAL. After Russian invasion in 1968 SECAM was chosen for broadcasting, but not for production. TV studios worked in PAL and than it was transcoded for SECAM broadcasting till 1993.

 Denmark

1968/1970[9]

Danmarks Radio

PAL

First introduced for the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, France.[9] The national broadcaster's programming transitioned to color throughout 1969 and "color tests" were officially ended on Wednesday, April 1, 1970.[9] Color broadcasts had been available from Germany since 1967.

 Djibouti

1974

RTD

SECAM

 Dominican Republic

1969

Color Visión

NTSC

 Ecuador

1974

EcuavisaTeleamazonas

NTSC

 Egypt

1973

ETV

PAL

 Equatorial Guinea

1976

RNGE

SECAM

 El Salvador

1973

YSU-TV

NTSC

 Estonian SSR

1967/1972

ETV

SECAM/  PAL

First color broadcasts came from Moscow; first local color program was transmitted on Saturday, December 30, 1972. Transitioned from SECAM to PAL 1992–1999.

 Ethiopia

1979

ETV

PAL

 Finland

1970/1977

YLE/MTV

PAL

First test broadcast in color was the President Urho Kekkonen's New Year speech in 1969. First experimental color broadcast in 1970. Full-time color broadcasts since 1977. Color Broadcasts have been available from the Åland Islands since 1969 where there is a Sveriges Television AB (Sweden Television) transmitter on the islands, and the Soviet Union since 1967 but transmissions were in SECAM.

 France

1967/1976/1983

ORTF

SECAM

Introduced on La Deuxième Chaîne at 2:15pm (14:15) on Sunday, October 1, 1967. The first channel TF1 remained B&W for years due to being transmitted in the older 819-line standard: its transition to color 625-line began on Thursday, January 1, 1976 and the full nationwide color coverage was only achieved in 1983.[10]

 French Polynesia

1971

RFO (Télé Tahiti, now Polynésie la Première)

SECAM

 French Guiana

1974

RFO (Guyane RFO TV)

SECAM

 Gabon

1973

RTG

SECAM

 Georgian SSR

1975–1976/1984

Georgian Public Broadcaster

SECAM

Early color broadcasts came from Moscow since at least 1975 and 1976 during certain events. The last Soviet Bloc country to introduce color television in 1984.

 East Germany

1969

DFF

SECAM

Introduced on Friday, October 3, 1969 on the new second television channel launched for that purpose with a symbolic launch button pressed by Walter Ulbricht on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the GDR on Tuesday, October 7. The television tower in East Berlin was also opened that day.

 West Germany

1967

ARD/ZDF

PAL

Introduced on both channels simultaneously at 9:30am on Friday, August 25, 1967 with a symbolic launch button pressed by Willy Brandt on the International Radio and Television Fair in West Berlin.

 Ghana

1980

GTV

PAL

 Gibraltar

1969

GBC

PAL

 Greece

1976/1977–1979

ERT

SECAM

Test color broadcasts began in 1976. Full color broadcasts started on 1977 to 1979. ERT switched to PAL in 1992.

 Greenland

1984/1987/1990

KNR

PAL

Color broadcasts from Canada had been available since 1972, but were NTSC. Private transmitters were built to receive TV signals from Canada long before Greenland had their native TV service which came into broadcast in 1982. Full-time color service came in 1984, remote areas continued to broadcast in black and white until c. 1987–1990.

 Guadeloupe

1972

RFO (Guadeloupe 1ère)

SECAM

 Guinea

1971

RTG

PAL

Color broadcasts from the Ivory Coast had been available since 1970, but were SECAM.

 Guinea-Bissau

1981

RTGB

PAL

 Guatemala

1970

RTG

NTSC

First Central American country to introduce color television; color broadcasts available from Mexico since 1967.

 Guam

1970

KUAM-TV

NTSC

KUAM was a primary NBC affiliate that also carried some programming from ABC and CBS.

 Haiti

1971

Télé Haïti[11]

NTSC

 Honduras

1973

Canal 3 Honduras

NTSC

 Hong Kong

1969/1975

TVB

PAL

Introduced for the Festival of Hong Kong in December 1969. Full-time color broadcasts since 1975.

 Hungary

1971/1975

Magyar Televízió

SECAM

Full color broadcasts introduced in 1975.

 Iceland

1974–1976

RÚV (Sjónvarpið)

PAL

Full-time color broadcasts since 1974 to 1976.

 India

1978/1979–1981/1982

Doordarshan

PAL

Experimental color broadcasts began in 1978. Color broadcasts from Pakistan had been available since 1977. Full color broadcasts were introduced in 1979  and 1981 to 1982.

 Indonesia

1977

TVRI

PAL

Full-time color broadcasts began on Tuesday 24 August 1982.

 Iran

1973

NIRT

SECAM

 Iraq

1968

RTI

SECAM

First Muslim country to introduce color television.

 Ireland

1971

RTÉ

PAL

Introduced for the Eurovision Song Contest 1971 in Dublin on Saturday, April 3, 1971; color broadcasts from United Kingdom available since 1967–69.
Full-time color broadcasts began in 1976.

 Israel

1977/1983

IBA/IETV

PAL

Introduced for the coverage of the Egyptian president's visit to Israel in November 1977, then reintroduced for the Eurovision Song Contest 1979 in Jerusalem on Saturday, March 31, 1979. Gradual transition to full-time color transmissions from 1980 to 1983. Full-time color transmissions since February 1983. Color broadcasts from Jordan and Egypt had been available since 1974 and Lebanon since 1975. Since color TVs were considered more expensive, the government ordered removing the color signals, in the name of public equality. Engineers have managed to produce a device that extrapolates the colors from programs that were originally shot in color, and such devices were sold to the thousands. Major television networks in Israel have been filming programs in color for foreign audiences since at least 1974.

 Italy

1972/1977

RAI

PAL

Introduction temporarily stalled by political turmoil. Color broadcasts from France (SECAM) had been available since 1967, and from Austria (PAL) since 1969. Privately operated transmitter chains made these signals available as far as Rome. First color test was in 1972 Summer Olympic Games. The Sanremo Music Festival began to be broadcast in color in 1973, as well as, in the same year, the Jeux Sans Frontières. Full-time color transmissions started on Tuesday, February 1, 1977.

 Ivory Coast

1970

RTI

SECAM

 Jamaica

1975

JBC

NTSC

Color broadcasts have been available from Haiti since 1971.

 Japan

1960

NHK/NTVTBSYTV ABC

NTSC-J

The first Asian country to introduce color television, on Saturday, September 10, 1960.

 Jordan

1974

JTV

PAL

 Kazakh SSR

1977

Kazakhstan

SECAM/  PAL

Full color transmissions introduced in the 1980s.

 Kenya

1978

KBC

PAL

 North Korea

1977–1980

KCTV

PAL

Full color broadcasts were introduced by 1977 to 1980.

 South Korea

1975/1981

KBS/MBC

NTSC

Test color broadcasts began in 1975. Full-time color broadcasts since 1981. Color broadcasts have been available from North Korea since 1974.

 Kuwait

1974

KTV

PAL

 Kirghiz SSR

1981

Kyrgyz Television

SECAM

Experimental color broadcast for the 1980 Summer Olympics.

 Latvian SSR

1968/1974

LTV

SECAM/  PAL

First color broadcasts came from Moscow. First local color program was transmitted on Monday, January 28, 1974. Switched from SECAM to PAL on February 2, 1998.

 Lebanon

1967/1975

CLT/Télé Liban

SECAM

In 1967, CLT became the third television station in the world after the Soviet Union and France to broadcast in color, utilizing the French SECAM technology. [12]

 Liberia

1975

LBS

PAL

 Libya

1976

Al-Libyah TV

PAL

 Lithuanian SSR

1968

LRT

SECAM/  PAL

Used SECAM as part of the USSR 1968–1990, and 1990–1997. PAL has been in use since 1997.

 Luxembourg

1972

Compangnie Luxembourgeoise de Télédiffusion

PAL  SECAM

The then only channel for audiences in Luxembourg, France and Belgium originally used the French/Belgian 819-line B&W standard. After Belgium and France opted for different color systems, Luxembourg broadcast two versions of the same channel. All later RTL channels aimed at French-, German- and Dutch-speaking audiences in Europe adopted the standards of their target markets.

 Macedonia

1974

Televizija Skopje

PAL

 Madagascar

1977

MBS

SECAM

 Malaysia

1978/1979–1981/1982

RTM

PAL

Introduced in Peninsular Malaysia on Thursday 28 December 1978 and in Sabah and Sarawak on Sunday 31 August 1980. Color had been available from Southern Thailand since 1972 and Singapore since 1974.  Full-time color broadcasts began on 1979 to 1981 to Friday 1 January 1982.

 Maldives

1984

TVM

PAL

Color had been available from India since 1982.

 Mali

1984

ORTM

SECAM

 Malta

1981

TVM

PAL

Color broadcasts from Italy had been available since 1977, full color service began in 1981

 Martinique

1969

RFO (Martinique 1ère)

SECAM

 Mauritania

1984

TV de Mauritanie

PAL

 Mauritius

1978

MBC

SECAM

Color television arrived on a full-time schedule in 1978.

 Mexico

1963

Canal 5 Telesistema Mexicano (now Televisa)

NTSC

Launched Friday, February 8, 1963 with the program Paraiso Infantil.  Color had been available previously in a few border cities from the United States, on a limited basis.  Full-time color transmissions started with the 1968 Summer Olympic Games. Curiously, Mexico had its own system of color television, invented by Guillermo González, prior to NTSC adoption, which would be used in the 1964 Olympic Games.

 Moldavian SSR

1978

TeleRadio-Moldova

SECAM/  PAL

 Monaco

1973

TMC

PAL /  SECAM

Color broadcasts from France had been available since 1967.

 Mongolia

1975

MNB

SECAM

 Montenegro

1974

JRT/Televizija Titograd (now TV CG 1)

PAL

 Morocco

1973

RTM

SECAM

First test transmission was in 1972.

 Mozambique

1984

TVM

PAL

 Netherlands

1967

NPO

PAL

Introduced on both national channels on Thursday, September 21, 1967.

 Netherlands Antilles

1973

TeleCuraçao

NTSC

 New Caledonia

1972

RFO (France Ô - New Caledonia)

SECAM

New Caledonia first broadcast in color for the 1972 Munich Olympic Games and a Chinese program in 1973, full color broadcasts became official in 1978.[citation needed]

 New Zealand

1973/1975

NZBC

PAL

Introduced in November 1973, as part of preparations for the 1974 British Commonwealth Games, held in Christchurch in February 1974.[13] Full-time color was achieved by December 1975.[14] Color broadcasts have been available from Australia in parts of New Zealand since the early 1970s.

 Nicaragua

1973

Televicentro Canal 2

NTSC

 Niger

1979

Télé Sahel

SECAM

Color broadcasts had been available from Nigeria from 1974, but were PAL.

 Nigeria

1974

WNTV (now called the NTA)

PAL

 Norway

1972/1975

NRK

PAL

Experimental color broadcasts introduced for the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, France. Regular test transmissions from Saturday, January 1, 1972. Full-time color broadcasts since Wednesday, January 1, 1975. Color broadcasts had been available from Sweden since 1970, in parts of Norway and Finland since 1969.

 Oman

1984

Oman TV

PAL

 Pakistan

1977

PTV

PAL

Full-time color transmissions since 1982.

 Panama

1972

NTP

NTSC

 Paraguay

1979

TV Cerro Corá

PAL-N

 Peru

1978

TV PerúAmérica TelevisiónPanamericana Televisión

NTSC

First color test transmission was done in 1967 by Panamericana Televisión for a soap opera but for economic and political reasons the project was canceled. Channel 7 made test broadcasts with their own content since 1977 that became official on January 17, 1978 when color standard adopted and official broadcasts were authorised. The first color broadcast was the coverage of the 1978 election. América Televisión and Panamericana Televisión began their regular color broadcasting with the broadcast of the 1978 Argentina's FIFA World Cup. Transition completed on October 1, 1980.

 Philippines

1966

ABS-CBN

NTSC

First color test transmission was in 1963. Commercial launch in June 1966 using RCA color; and full-time color transmissions began in 1971 when color sets became more widespread in the Manila area and suburbs.

 Poland

1971

TVP

SECAM

First time color program was broadcast on March 16, 1971 & regular broadcasting began on December 6, 1971 for 6th PUWP congress. The 1972 Munich Olympic Games Use Color in SECAM. Transitioned to PAL on January 1, 1994 for all TVP channels except for TVP1 which transitioned on January 1, 1995.

 Portugal

1976/1980

RTP

PAL

First experimental broadcasts for the coverage of the 1976 election and The 1976 Montreal Olympic Games. Introduced for the Portuguese version of Jeux Sans Frontières on Wednesday, September 5, 1979; color broadcasts from Spain available since 1972. Full-color transmissions started March 7, 1980[15].

 Puerto Rico

1979

All

PAL

Introduced for the Eurovision Song Contest 1979 in Jerusalem on March 31, 1979.  Full-time color transmissions since 1985.

 Qatar

1974

QBS

PAL

Color broadcasts from Bahrain had been available since 1973.

 Réunion

1972

RFO (1ère Réunion)

SECAM

Introduced for the 1972 Munich Summer Olympics.

 Romania

1985

TVR

PAL

Despite being in the Eastern Bloc, Romania used PAL and chose not to adopt SECAM, unlike the other Warsaw Pact countries, and was introduced in time for the 39th anniversary of King Michael's Coup in 1983.  Full-time color broadcasts since 1984 and 1985 to 1990. Romania became the last country to introduce color television.

 Rwanda

1982

ORINFOR

SECAM

 Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla

1982

ZIZ-TV

NTSC

Color broadcasts have been available from Guadeloupe since 1972, but were SECAM.

 Saint Pierre and Miquelon

1971

RFO (1eré SPM TV; Previously known as ORTF)

SECAM

Color transmissions had been available from Newfoundland and Labrador since 1967, but were NTSC. There are transmitters in SPM that can carry a signal from Newfoundland and Labrador which converts it to SECAM from NTSC and in some cases, In Fortune, Newfoundland, 1eré is converted to NTSC by a transmitter that is placed there.

 Saudi Arabia

1973

SAGTS

SECAM

 Senegal

1975

RTS

SECAM

 Sierra Leone

1978[16]

SLBS

PAL

 Singapore

1974–1975

Radio Television Singapore (RTS)

PAL

Test transmissions began for the 1974 Tehran Asian Games and officially introduced on 8 July for the 1974 World Cup Final. Full-time color broadcasts began on 1 November 1975 and from 1976 to 1977.

 Slovakia

1970/1973

ČST

SECAM PAL

First color transmission in 1970 during World Ski Championship which was broadcast in PAL. Adopted SECAM in 1973 with full color transition in late 1970s. Switched to PAL in 1993.

 Slovenia

1976/1976

Televizija Ljubljana

PAL

First Testing The 1976 Montreal Olympic Games, Full Tine Color Transition in 1977

 Spain

1973

RTVE

PAL

Color broadcasts had been available from France since 1967, but were SECAM.  First color test was in 1972. Full-time color broadcasts since 1977, although monochrome commercials continued to be made until 1978. The Eurovision Song Contest 1969 in Madrid was a color production, but it was televised in black-and-white to the local audience.

 Sudan

1976

Sudan TV

PAL

 Suriname

1977

STVS

NTSC

 Sweden

1970

Sveriges Radio TV

PAL

Test transmissions started on Wednesday, December 14, 1966. Regular color service and color license fee introduced Wednesday, April 1, 1970.

  Switzerland

1968

SBC

PAL

Switzerland used PAL to broadcast the 1968 Mexico City Olympic Games, color transmissions had been available from France and Germany since 1967.

 Syria

1980

STV

PAL

 Taiwan

1975

CTV

NTSC

Full-time color transmissions since 1975.

 Tajik SSR

1982

TVT

SECAM

Experimental color broadcast for the 1980 Summer Olympics.

 Thailand

1969

Channel 7

PAL

Although television in Thailand originally employed a 525-line screen (System M, US standard at the time), the country opted for PAL color, which necessitated a conversion to system B (625 lines), starting with Channel 7 in November 1967. Regional stations converted between 1972 and 1975.

 Togo

1979

TVT

SECAM

 Trinidad and Tobago

1969

TTT

NTSC

 Tunisia

1976

RTT

PAL

Color broadcasts have been available from Italy since 1972.

 Turkey

1984[17]

TRT

PAL

Test transmissions started with the New Year's Eve celebrations on Thursday, December 31, 1981 and 1 January 1982; full color television did not start until Sunday, July 1, 1984. Color broadcasts from Greece had been available since 1976 and Bulgaria since at least 1971.

 Turkmen SSR

1970

Turkmen Television

SECAM

First Central Asian country to introduce color television. Introduced on Saturday, October 31, 1970 in preparation for the start of Ramadan.

 Uganda

1975

UTV

PAL

 Ukrainian SSR

1967/1975

UT-1

SECAM/  PAL

First transmission came from Moscow in 1967, Ukraine uses SECAM in for the 1968 Mexico City Olympic Games. Local color broadcasts began in 1968 and 1969 to 1975.

 United Arab Emirates

1974

UAE-TV

PAL

 United Kingdom

1967/1969/1976

BBC 2 (1967) BBC 1 (1969) ITV (1969)

PAL

Introduced on BBC 2 for Wimbledon coverage on Saturday, July 1, 1967. The launch of the BBC 2 "full" color service took place on December 2, 1967. Some British TV programs, however, had been produced in color even before the introduction of color television in 1967, for the purpose of sales to American, Canadian, and Filipino networks. Full-time color broadcasts since 1969.[18] Full nationwide color broadcasting achieved in 1976, when BBC East (Norwich) became the last region to adopt colour for regional broadcasts and locally-produced programmes.

 United States

1950

CBS

CBS

Field-sequential color system; experimental; ended 1951.[19] The first country with black and white transmission to introduce color television.

 United States

1953

NBCCBS

NTSC

Dot sequential system.[20] The US began a gradual transition to color in late 1953. The first color TV sets were very expensive and the audience for color was accordingly very small, so only specials and a handful of regularly scheduled shows aired in color during the 1950s. Market penetration slowly increased as more affordable sets and more color programming became available. A tipping point came in 1965, when the commercial networks first aired the majority of their prime-time shows in color. By the end of 1966, prime-time was all-color, but an ever-dwindling number of daytime, local and educational programs continued in black-and-white for a few more years.

 United States - Alaska

1966

KENI-TV (now KTUU)

NTSC

First program in color, on Monday, September 19, 1966, was the premiere episode of That Girl, an ABC show.  KENI was a primary affiliate of both NBC and ABC. Transitioned to full color service by 1972. Color broadcasts have been available from the USSR since 1967 but were SECAM.

 United States - Hawaii

1965

KONA-TV, now KHON-TV; KHVH-TV, now KITV; KGMB

NTSC

KHVH was an ABC affiliate, KGMB was CBS, and KONA was NBC. Transitioned to full color service around 1969.

 Soviet Union Russia

1967/1975

Soviet Central Television (Now Channel One (Russia))

SECAM

Introduced specifically for the 50th Golden Jubilee Anniversary of the October Revolution. Full-time colorcasts began with the Revolution's 58th anniversary, in 1975. Some parts of the USSR received color from Alaska since 1966 in some circumstances when signals were not jammed in some parts and was received by contraband receivers to pick up signals.

 Upper Volta

1976

Volta Vision

SECAM

This country is now known as Burkina Faso.

 Uruguay

1981

CXB-10

PAL-N

Introduced for the 1980 Mundialito but locally broadcast in B&W. Local color broadcasting started in 1981.

 Uzbek SSR

1984

MTRK

SECAM

Experimental color broadcast for the 1980 Summer Olympics. The last Central Asian country to introduce color television.

 Venezuela

1974–1980

RCTVVenevision

NTSC

Color tests were made during the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich, West Germany. Color television arrived on a full-time schedule on Monday 1 January 1973 and 1974 to Saturday 1 December 1979 by TVN5. Transition completed on Sunday 1 June 1980. Color broadcasts have been available from Trinidad and Tobago since 1969.

 Vietnam

1977

VTV

SECAM/  PAL

The first color television program aired on Tết.[21] Color televisions were available only in big cities until the late 1980s. Switched to PAL from 1990.

 U.S. Virgin Islands

1968

WBNB-TV

NTSC

WBNB was a CBS affiliate whose first color broadcasts took place during the 1968 Summer Olympic Games in Mexico City, Mexico.  This station was destroyed by Hurricane Hugo in 1989.

 North Yemen

1979

NYRTC

PAL

 South Yemen

1981

SYRTC

PAL

Color broadcasts had been available from North Yemen since 1979.

 Yugoslavia Serbia

1971

JRT/Televizija Beograd (now RTS1)

PAL

Introduced on the launch of the second TVB channel (TVB 2), as it was the first Yugoslav channel to start in color. From the late 1970s, TVB 1 switches to color, thus making all channels broadcast in color. (both TVB 1 and TVB 2, as they were only the channels available in that time) Full-time color broadcasts in SR Serbia began on May 25, 1979.

 Zaire

1980

OZRT

SECAM

 Zambia

1977

ZNBC

PAL

 Zimbabwe

1984[22]

ZBC

PAL

The last country in Africa to introduce color television. Color broadcasts have been available from Zambia since 1977 and South Africa since 1976.