document_title: Agriculture in China

question_text: how much of china's land is good for farming

question_tokens: how much of china 's land is good for farming

text: Agriculture in China

text: History[edit]

text: The development of farming over the course of China's history has played a key role in supporting the growth of what is now the largest population in the world. Analysis of stone tools by Professor Liu Li and others has shown that the origins of Chinese agriculture is rooted in the pre-agricultural Paleolithic. During this time, hunter-gatherers harvested wild plants with the same tools that would later be used for millet and rice.[2]

text: Remains of domesticated millet have been found in northern China at Xinglonggou, Yuezhang, Dadiwan, Cishan, and several Peiligang sites. These sites cover a period over 6250-5050 BCE.[3] The amount of domesticated millet eaten at these sites was proportionally quite low compared to other plants. At Xinglonggou, millet made up only 15% of all plant remains around 6200-5400 BCE; a ratio that changed to 99% by 2050-1550 BCE.[4] Experiments have shown that millet requires very little human intervention to grow, which means that obvious changes in the archaeological record that could demonstrate millet was being cultivated do not exist.[3]

text: Excavations at Kuahuqiao, the earliest known Neolithic site in eastern China, have documented rice cultivation 7,700 years ago.[5] Approximately half of the plant remains belonged to domesticated japonica species, whilst the other half were wild types of rice. It is possible that the people at Kuahuqiao also cultivated the wild type.[3] Finds at sites of the Hemudu Culture (c.5500-3300 BCE) in Yuyao and Banpo near Xi'an include millet and spade-like tools made of stone and bone. Evidence of settled rice agriculture has been found at the Hemudu site of Tianluoshan (5000-4500 BCE), with rice becoming the backbone of the agricultural economy by the Majiabang culture in southern China.[6]

text: There is also a long tradition involving agriculture in Chinese mythology. In his book Permanent Agriculture: Farmers of Forty Centuries (1911), Professor Franklin Hiram King described and extolled the values of the traditional farming practices of China.[7]

text: Farming method improvements[edit]

text: Due to China's status as a developing country and its severe shortage of arable land, farming in China has always been very labor-intensive. However, throughout its history, various methods have been developed or imported that enabled greater farming production and efficiency. They also utilized the seed drill to help improve on row farming.

text: During the Spring and Autumn period (722–481 BC), two revolutionary improvements in farming technology took place. One was the use of cast iron tools and beasts of burden to pull plows, and the other was the large-scale harnessing of rivers and development of water conservation projects. The engineer Sunshu Ao of the 6th century BC and Ximen Bao of the 5th century BC are two of the oldest hydraulic engineers from China, and their works were focused upon improving irrigation systems.[8] These developments were widely spread during the ensuing Warring States period (403–221 BC), culminating in the enormous Du Jiang Yan Irrigation System engineered by Li Bing by 256 BC for the State of Qin in ancient Sichuan.

text: For agricultural purposes the Chinese had invented the hydraulic-powered trip hammer by the 1st century BC, during the ancient Han Dynasty (202 BC-220 AD).[9] Although it found other purposes, its main function was to pound, decorticate, and polish grain that otherwise would have been done manually. The Chinese also innovated the square-pallet chain pump by the 1st century AD, powered by a waterwheel or an oxen pulling on a system of mechanical wheels.[10] Although the chain pump found use in public works of providing water for urban and palatial pipe systems,[11] it was used largely to lift water from a lower to higher elevation in filling irrigation canals and channels for farmland.[12]

text: During the Eastern Jin (317–420) and the Northern and Southern Dynasties (420–589), the Silk Road and other international trade routes further spread farming technology throughout China. Political stability and a growing labor force led to economic growth, and people opened up large areas of wasteland and built irrigation works for expanded agricultural use. As land-use became more intensive and efficient, rice was grown twice a year and cattle began to be used for plowing and fertilization.

text: By the Tang Dynasty (618–907), China had become a unified feudal agricultural society. Improvements in farming machinery during this era included the moldboard plow and watermill. Later during the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368), cotton planting and weaving technology were extensively adopted and improved.

text: While around 750, 75% of China's population lived north of the river Yangtze, by 1250, 75% of the population lived south of the river. Such large-scale internal migration was possible due to the introduction of quick-ripening strains of rice from Vietnam suitable for multi-cropping.[13]

text: The Qing, Ming and Yuan dynasties had seen the rise of collective help organizations between farmers.[14]

text: In 1909 US Professor of Agriculture Franklin Hiram King made an extensive tour of China (as well as Japan and briefly Korea) and he described contemporary agricultural practices. He favourably described the farming of China as 'permanent agriculture' and his book 'Farmers of Forty Centuries', published posthumously in 1911, has become an agricultural classic and has been a favoured reference source for organic farming advocates.

text: People's Republic of China[edit]

text: Following the Communist Party of China's victory in the Chinese Civil War, control of the farmlands was taken away from landlords and redistributed to the 300 million peasant farmers.[15] In 1952, gradually consolidating its power following the civil war, the government began organizing the peasants into teams. Three years later, these teams were combined into producer cooperatives, enacting the Socialist goal of collective land ownership. In the following year, 1956, the government formally took control of the land, further structuring the farmland into large government-operated collective farms.

text: In the 1958 "Great Leap Forward" campaign initiated by Mao Zedong, land use was placed under closer government control in an effort to improve agricultural output. In particular, the Great sparrow campaign had a direct negative impact on agriculture. Collectives were organized into communes, private food production was banned, and collective eating was required. Greater emphasis was also put on industrialization instead of agriculture. The farming inefficiencies created by this campaign led to The Great Chinese Famine, resulting in the deaths of somewhere between the government estimate of 14 million to scholarly estimates of 20 to 43 million.[16] Although private plots of land were re-instated in 1962 due to this failure, communes remained the dominant rural unit of economic organization during the Cultural Revolution, with Mao championing the "Learn from Tachai" campaign. Tachai's semiliterate party secretary Chen Yonggui was among those outmaneuvered by Deng Xiaoping after the death of Mao: from 1982–1985, the Dazhai-style communes were gradually replaced by townships.

text: Beginning in 1978, as part of the Four Modernizations campaign, the Family Production Responsibility System was created, dismantling communes and giving agricultural production responsibility back to individual households. Households are now given crop quotas that they were required to provide to their collective unit in return for tools, draft animals, seeds, and other essentials. Households, which now lease land from their collectives, are free to use their farmland however they see fit as long as they meet these quotas. This freedom has given more power to individual families to meet their individual needs. In addition to these structural changes, the Chinese government also engages in irrigation projects (such as the Three Gorges Dam), runs large state farms, and encourages mechanization and fertilizer use.[17]

text: By 1984, when about 99% of farm production teams had adopted the Family Production Responsibility System, the government began further economic reforms, aimed primarily at liberalizing agricultural pricing and marketing. In 1984, the government replaced mandatory procurement with voluntary contracts between farmers and the government. Later, in 1993, the government abolished the 40-year-old grain rationing system, leading to more than 90 percent of all annual agricultural produce to be sold at market-determined prices.

text: Since 1994, the government has instituted a number of policy changes aimed at limiting grain importation and increasing economic stability. Among these policy changes was the artificial increase of grain prices above market levels. This has led to increased grain production, while placing the heavy burden of maintaining these prices on the government. In 1995, the "Governor’s Grain Bag Responsibility System" was instituted, holding provincial governors responsible for balancing grain supply and demand and stabilizing grain prices in their provinces. Later, in 1997, the "Four Separations and One Perfection" program was implemented to relieve some of the monetary burdens placed on the government by its grain policy.[18]

text: As China continues to industrialize, vast swaths of agricultural land is being converted into industrial land. Farmers displaced by such urban expansion often become migrant labor for factories, but other farmers feel disenfranchised and cheated by the encroachment of industry and the growing disparity between urban and rural wealth and income.[19]

text: The most recent innovation in Chinese agriculture is a push into organic agriculture.[20] This rapid embrace of organic farming simultaneously serves multiple purposes, including food safety, health benefits, export opportunities, and, by providing price premiums for the produce of rural communities, the adoption of organics can help stem the migration of rural workers to the cities.[20] In the mid-1990s China became a net importer of grain, since its unsustainable practises of groundwater mining has effectively removed considerable land from productive agricultural use.[citation needed]

text: Major agricultural products[edit]

text: Crop distribution[edit]

text: Although China's agricultural output is the largest in the world, only about 15% of its total land area can be cultivated. China's arable land, which represents 10% of the total arable land in the world, supports over 20% of the world's population. Of this approximately 1.4 million square kilometers of arable land, only about 1.2% (116,580 square kilometers) permanently supports crops and 525,800 square kilometers are irrigated.[21] The land is divided into approximately 200 million households, with an average land allocation of just 0.65 hectares (1.6 acres).

text: China's limited space for farming has been a problem throughout its history, leading to chronic food shortage and famine. While the production efficiency of farmland has grown over time, efforts to expand to the west and the north have met with limited success, as such land is generally colder and drier than traditional farmlands to the east. Since the 1950s, farm space has also been pressured by the increasing land needs of industry and cities.

text: Peri-urban agriculture[edit]

text: Such increases in the sizes of cities, such as the administrative district of Beijing's increase from 4,822 km² in 1956 to 16,808 km² in 1958, has led to the increased adoption of peri-urban agriculture. Such "suburban agriculture" led to more than 70% of non-staple food in Beijing, mainly consisting of vegetables and milk, to be produced by the city itself in the 1960s and 1970s. Recently, with relative food security in China, periurban agriculture has led to improvements in the quality of the food available, as opposed to quantity. One of the more recent experiments in urban agriculture is the Modern Agricultural Science Demonstration Park in Xiaotangshan.[22]

text: Food crops[edit]

text: About 75% of China's cultivated area is used for food crops. Rice is China's most important crop, raised on about 25% of the cultivated area. The majority of rice is grown south of the Huai River, in the Zhu Jiang delta, and in the Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan provinces.

text: Wheat is the second most-prevalent grain crop, grown in most parts of the country but especially on the North China Plain, the Wei and Fen River valleys on the Loess plateau, and in Jiangsu, Hubei, and Sichuan provinces. Corn and millet are grown in north and northeast China, and oat is important in Inner Mongolia and Tibet.

text: Other crops include sweet potatoes in the south, white potatoes in the north, and various other fruits and vegetables. Tropical fruits are grown on Hainan Island, apples and pears are grown in northern Liaoning and Shandong.

text: Oil seeds are important in Chinese agriculture, supplying edible and industrial oils and forming a large share of agricultural exports. In North and Northeast China, Chinese soybeans are grown to be used in tofu and cooking oil. China is also a leading producer of peanuts, which are grown in Shandong and Hebei provinces. Other oilseed crops are sesame seeds, sunflower seeds, rapeseed, and the seeds of the tung tree.

text: Citrus is a major cash crop in southern China, with production scattered along and south of the Yangtze River valley. Mandarins are the most popular citrus in China, with roughly double the output of oranges.[23]

text: Other important food crops for China include green and jasmine teas (popular among the Chinese population), black tea (as an export), sugarcane, and sugar beets. Tea plantations are located on the hillsides of the middle Yangtze Valley and in the southeast provinces of Fujian and Zhejiang. Sugarcane is grown in Guangdong and Sichuan, while sugar beets are raised in Heilongjiang province and on irrigated land in Inner Mongolia. Lotus is widely cultivated throughout southern China.[24][25] Arabica coffee is grown in the southwestern province of Yunnan.[26]

text: Fiber crops[edit]

text: China is the leading producer of cotton, which is grown throughout, but especially in the areas of the North China Plain, the Yangtze river delta, the middle Yangtze valley, and the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Other fiber crops include ramie, flax, jute, and hemp. Sericulture, the practice of silkworm raising, is also practiced in central and southern China.

text: Livestock[edit]

text: China has a large livestock population, with pigs and fowls being the most common. China’s pig population and pork production mainly lie along the Yangtze River. In 2011, Sichuan province had 51 million pigs (11% of China’s total supply).[27] In rural western China, sheep, goats, and camels are raised by nomadic herders.[28] In Tibet, yaks are raised as a source of food, fuel, and shelter. Cattle, water buffalo, horses, mules, and donkeys are also raised in China, and dairy has recently been encouraged by the government, even though approximately 92.3% of the adult population is affected by some level of lactose intolerance.

text: As demand for gourmet foods grows, production of more exotic meats increases as well. Based on survey data from 684 Chinese turtle farms (less than half of the all 1,499 officially registered turtle farms in the year of the survey, 2002), they sold over 92,000 tons of turtles (around 128 million animals) per year; this is thought to correspond to the industrial total of over 300 million turtles per year.[29]

text: Increased incomes and increased demand for meat, especially pork, has resulted in demand for improved breeds of livestock, breeding stock imported particularly from the United States. Some of these breeds are adapted to factory farming.[30]

text: Fishing[edit]

text: China accounts for about one-third of the total fish production of the world. Aquaculture, the breeding of fish in ponds and lakes, accounts for more than half of its output. The principal aquaculture-producing regions are close to urban markets in the middle and lower Yangtze valley and the Zhu Jiang delta.

text: Production[edit]

text: In its first fifty years, the People's Republic of China greatly increased agricultural production through organizational and technological improvements.

text:
Crop[31]
1949 Output (tons)
1978 Output (tons)
1999 Output (tons)

1.
Grain
113,180,000
304,770,000
508,390,000

2.
Cotton
444,000
2,167,000
3,831,000

3.
Oil-bearing crops
2,564,000
5,218,000
26,012,000

4.
Sugarcane
2,642,000
21,116,000
74,700,000

5.
Sugarbeet
191,000
2,702,000
8,640,000

6.
Flue-cured tobacco
43,000
1,052,000
2,185,000

7.
Tea
41,000
268,000
676,000

8.
Fruit
1,200,000
6,570,000
62,376,000

9.
Meat
2,200,000
8,563,000
59,609,000

10.
Aquatic products
450,000
4,660,000
41,220,000

text: However, since 2000 the depletion of China's main aquifers has led to an overall decrease in grain production, turning China into a net importer. The trend of Chinese dependence on imported food is expected to accelerate as the water shortage worsens.[32] Despite their potential, desalination plants find few customers because it is still cheaper to over-utilize rivers, lakes and aquifers, even as these are depleted.[33]

text: Today, China is both the world's largest producer and consumer of agricultural products.[34][35] However, the researcher Lin Erda has stated a projected fall of possibly 14% to 23% by 2050 due to water shortages and other impacts by climate change; China has increased the budget for agriculture by 20% in 2009, and continues to support energy efficiency measures, renewable technology, and other efforts with investments, such as the over 30% green component of the $586bn fiscal stimulus package announced in November 2008.[36]

text: Challenges[edit]

text: Inefficiencies in the agricultural market[edit]

text: Despite rapid growth in output, the Chinese agricultural sector still faces several challenges. Farmers in several provinces, such as Shandong, Zhejiang, Anhui, Liaoning, and Xinjiang often have a hard time selling their agricultural products to customers due to a lack of information about current conditions.[37]

text: Between the producing farmer in the countryside and the end-consumer in the cities there is a chain of intermediaries.[37] Because a lack of information flows through them, farmers find it difficult to foresee the demand for different types of fruits and vegetables. In order to maximize their profits they, therefore, opt to produce those fruits and vegetables that created the highest revenues for farmers in the region in the previous year. If, however, most farmers do so, this causes the supply of fresh products to fluctuate substantially year on year. Relatively scarce products in one year are produced in excess the following year because like of expected higher profit margins. The resulting excess supply, however, forces farmers to reduce their prices and sell at a loss. The scarce, revenue creating products of one year become the over-abundant, loss-making products in the following, and vice versa.[38]

text: Efficiency is further impaired in the transportation of agricultural products from the farms to the actual markets. According to figures from the Commerce Department, up to 25% of fruits and vegetables rot before being sold, compared to around 5% in a typical developed country. As intermediaries cannot sell these rotten fruits they pay farmers less than they would if able to sell all or most of the fruits and vegetables. This reduces farmer’s revenues although the problem is caused by post-production inefficiencies, which they are not themselves aware of during price negotiations with intermediaries.[39]

text: These information and transportation problems highlight inefficiencies in the market mechanisms between farmers and end consumers, impeding farmers from taking advantage of the fast development of the rest of the Chinese economy. The resulting small profit margin does not allow them to invest in the necessary agricultural inputs (machinery, seeds, fertilizers, etc.) to raise productivity and improve their standards of living, from which the whole of the Chinese economy would benefit. This in turn increases the exodus of people from the countryside to the cities, which already face urbanization issues.[40]

text: International trade[edit]

text: China is the world's largest importer of soybeans and other food crops,[41] and is expected to become the top importer of farm products within the next decade.[42] In 2017, farmers in the providence of Donggaozhuang began selling yarn in an online marketplace owned by Alibaba Group. Many farmers later sold their farmland to focus on online sales as the access to global consumers yielded much more income then traditional farming. [43]

text: While most years China's agricultural production is sufficient to feed the country, in down years, China has to import grain. Due to the shortage of available farm land and an abundance of labor, it might make more sense to import land-extensive crops (such as wheat and rice) and to save China's scarce cropland for high-value export products, such as fruits, nuts, or vegetables. In order to maintain grain independence and ensure food security, however, the Chinese government has enforced policies that encourage grain production at the expense of more-profitable crops. Despite heavy restrictions on crop production, China's agricultural exports have greatly increased in recent years.[44]

text: Governmental influence[edit]

text: One important motivator of increased international trade was China's inclusion in the World Trade Organization (WTO) on December 11, 2001, leading to reduced or eliminated tariffs on much of China's agricultural exports. Due to the resulting opening of international markets to Chinese agriculture, by 2004 the value of China's agricultural exports exceeded $17.3 billion (US). Since China's inclusion in the WTO, its agricultural trade has not been liberalized to the same extent as its manufactured goods trade. Markets within China are still relatively closed-off to foreign companies. Due to its large and growing population, it is speculated that if its agricultural markets were opened, China would become a consistent net importer of food, possibly destabilizing the world food market. The barriers enforced by the Chinese government on grains are not transparent because China’s state trading in grains is conducted through its Cereal, Oil, and Foodstuffs Importing and Exporting Corporation (COFCO).[45]

text: Food safety[edit]

text: As a developing nation, China has relatively low sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) standards for its agricultural goods. Corruption in the government, such as the bribery of the former head of the State Food and Drug Administration Zheng Xiaoyu, has also complicated China's regulation difficulties.[46] Excessive pesticide residues, low food hygiene, unsafe additives, contamination with heavy metals and other contaminants, and misuse of veterinary drugs have all led to trade restrictions with developed nations such as Japan, the United States, and the European Union.[47] These problems have also led to public outcry, such as in the melamine-tainted dog food scare and the carcinogenic-tainted seafood import restriction, leading to measures such as the "China-free" label.[48]

text: About one tenth of China's farmland is contaminated with heavy metals, according to the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China.[49]

text: Organic food products[edit]

text: Suppliers[edit]

text: China has developed a Green Food program where produce is certified for low pesticide input.[20] This has been articulated into Green food Grade A and Grade AA. This Green Food AA standard has been aligned with IFOAM international standards for organic farming and has formed the basis of the rapid expansion of organic agriculture in China.[20]


document_title: Kansas Legislature

question_text: when did the bogus legislature meet for the first time

root

text: Kansas Legislature

text: History[edit]

text: Pre-statehood[edit]

text: The Kansas Territory was created out of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854.[1] In several of the provisions of the act, the law allowed the settlers of the newly created territory to determine, by vote, whether Kansas, once statehood was achieved, would be entered as either a free or a slave state.[2] The act created a rush of both abolitionist Northern and pro-slavery Southern immigrants to the territory, hoping that strength through numbers would place Kansas in their camp. Animosities between the newly arrived sides quickly turned into open violence and guerrilla warfare, giving name to this period known as Bleeding Kansas.[2]

tag: p

text: During Kansas' first elections for a territorial government on March 30, 1855, nearly 5,000 Missouri men, led by United States Senator David Rice Atchison and other prominent pro-slavery Missourians, entered the territory, took over the polling places, and elected pro-slavery candidates.[3] The elections resulted in 13 pro-slavery members of the upper house of the territorial legislature and one free-state member, who resigned.[4] The lower house ended up with 25 pro-slavery members and one free-state member.[4] Free-Staters immediately cried foul, naming the new Kansas Territorial Legislature the Bogus Legislature.[5] After meeting for one week in Pawnee at the direction of Territorial Governor Andrew Reeder, the thirty-eight pro-slavery legislators reconvened at the Shawnee Manual Labor School between July 16 and August 30, 1855,[4] and began crafting over a thousand pages of laws aimed at making Kansas a slave state.

text: Free-Staters convened their own unauthorized shadow legislature and territorial government in Topeka, crafting their own Topeka Constitution in late 1855. While the document was debated and submitted to a vote in the territory, it was never accepted by Congress.[6] The pro-slavery territorial legislature's response to the Free-Staters and growing violence was the Lecompton Constitution in 1857. Due to an electoral boycott by abolitionist groups and the questions regarding the validity of the legislature itself, it never officially became law.

text: While the Lecompton Constitution was debated, new elections for the territorial legislature in 1857 gave the Free-Staters a majority government, caused in part by a boycott by pro-slavery groups. With this new mandate, the legislature convened to write the Leavenworth Constitution, a radically progressive document for the Victorian era in its wording of rights for women and African-Americans. The constitution was adopted in 1858, though it too suffered the same fate as previous documents when Congress refused to ratify it.

text: Following the Leavenworth Constitution's defeat, the territorial legislature again crafted a new document the following year, dubbed the Wyandotte Constitution. A compromise of sorts, it outlawed slavery in the territory, while removing progressive sections on Native Americans, women, and blacks. The territorial legislature passed the document, and submitted it to public referendum. It was ratified by the Kansas electorate on October 4, 1859.

text: Statehood-present[edit]

text: Following long debates in both the U.S. House of Representatives and the Senate, on January 29, 1861, President James Buchanan authorized Kansas to become the 34th state of United States. It had entered into the Union as a free state. Only six days later, the Confederate States of America formed between seven Southern states that had seceded from the United States in the previous two months.

text: The first Kansas impeachments occurred in 1862, brought about in part by United States Republican Party infighting in the state.[7]

text: The election of state officers under the Wyandotte Constitution took place in December 1859, and because of a delay in the Kansas path to statehood, those officers did not assume office until February 1861.[7] The lapse of time created a constitutional question as to the expiration of the two-year terms for which Governor Charles L. Robinson and the chief administrative officers were elected, with Robinson's opponents calling for a November 1861 election.[7] Robinson refused to permit the canvassing of votes for the offices in the 1861 election and his position was upheld by the Kansas Supreme Court.[7]

text: The state legislature brought impeachment trials against the governor, Kansas Secretary of State J. W. Robinson, and State Auditor George S. Hillyer over what they believed to be the unlawful sale of state bonds.[7] They convicted J. W. Robinson and Hillyer of selling state bonds in a manner in direct violation of the laws of the state, but failed to convict the two officials on conspiracy and other articles of impeachment.[7] Only three state senators voted to impeach the governor, who was less directly involved in the sale of the bonds.[7]

text: In 1867, a constitutional amendment was sent to voters to allow women to vote, but failed.[8]

text: State offices began to move from the Old Constitutional Hall to the east wing of the Kansas State Capitol in 1869, which was still undergoing construction.[9] The state legislature first met there in 1870, though the east wing was not completed until 1873.[9] Work would continue on the building until March 24, 1903.[9]

text: On February 19, 1881, Kansas became the first state to amend its constitution to prohibit all alcoholic beverages.[10] This action was spawned by the temperance movement, and was enforced by the ax-toting Carrie A. Nation beginning in 1888.[10] After 1890, prohibition was joined with progressivism to create a reform movement.[10] Kansas did not repeal prohibition until 1948, and even then it continued to prohibit public bars until 1987.[10]

text: The Populist Party was a significant third party movement in Kansas during the 1890s and peaked in the fall elections of 1892, when the ticket won the governor's office, four congressional seats, and control of the Kansas Senate.[11] Populists and Republicans both claimed control of the Kansas House of Representatives, with the Populists accusing the Republican Party of election fraud.[11] The dispute at led to separate Populist-led and Republican-led Houses in 1893 that at first shared the chamber, but later met in separate locations in the Kansas State Capitol after the Republican-led House took control of the chamber on February 15, 1893.[11] The Kansas Supreme Court eventually sided with the Republicans and the Populist-led House disbanded.[11]

text: The state legislature was a leader in child labor reform, enacting a law in 1905 to restrict children under 14 from working in factories, meatpacking houses, or mines.[12]

text: Kansas was a center of the Progressive Movement, with support from the middle classes, editors such as William Allen White of the Emporia Gazette, and the prohibitionists.[13] With the help of progressive state legislators, women gained the right to vote through a constitutional amendment approved by Kansans on November 5, 1912.[8]

text: Between 1922 and 1927, there were several legal battles Kansas against the Ku Klux Klan, resulting in their expulsion from the state.[14]

text: The Kansas Legislature adopted the flag of Kansas in 1927.

text: Since 1966 the legislature holds annual general sessions. Previously, the session in odd-numbered years was of unlimited duration while in even-numbered years the session was limited to 60 calendar days (unless two-thirds of the elected members of each house voted to extend it). A constitutional amendment adopted at the 1974 general election extended the duration of the session held in the even-numbered years to 90 calendar days, still subject to extension by a vote of two-thirds of the elected membership of each house.[15]

text: Legislative procedure[edit]

text: The Kansas Legislature is composed of 165 part-time legislators, meeting normally once a year. Meetings begin in January and usually will last for a period of 90 days. The Governor of Kansas retains the power to call a special legislative session if needed.

text: Bills[edit]

text: A proposed law is introduced in the state legislature as a bill. There are seven basic steps to the life of a bill: the introduction, standing committee action, a vote by the Committee of the Whole, floor passage, action by the second house, action by the governor and publication of the law.[16]

text: When a bill is introduced its title is read, it is printed and distributed to members of the house of origin, and it is referred to a standing committee.[16] Standing committee chairs decide whether or not to hear a bill and members of the committee can submit amendments to the bill.[16] After consideration and discussion, the committee votes on whether or not to send a committee report to the Committee of the Whole.[16] While under consideration by the Committee of the Whole, amendments can be submitted by state legislators in the house of origin.[16] The final action in the house of origin is a vote by the full membership.[16]

text: Bills go through an identical process in the opposite house of the state legislature.[16] After passage by both houses, a bill is submitted to the governor, who either signs it into law or vetos it. If vetoed, the bill only becomes law if both houses of the legislature vote to override the veto with a two-thirds majority of their membership.[16]


document_title: Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award

question_text: who was the mlb rookie of the year

question_tokens: who was the mlb rookie of the year

text: Qualifications and voting[edit]

text: From 1947 through 1956, each BBWAA voter used discretion as to who qualified as a rookie. In 1957, the term was first defined as someone with fewer than 75 at bats or 45 innings pitched in any previous Major League season.[1] This guideline was later amended to 90 at bats, 45 innings pitched, or 45 days on a Major League roster before September 1 of the previous year.[1] The current standard of 130 at bats, 50 innings pitched or 45 days on the active roster of a Major League club (excluding time in military service or on the disabled list) before September 1 was adopted in 1971.[1][5]

text: Since 1980, each voter names three rookies: a first-place choice is given five points, a second-place choice three points, and a third-place choice one point. The award goes to the player who receives the most overall points.[1][6] Edinson Vólquez received three second-place votes in 2008 balloting despite no longer being a rookie under the award's definition.[7][8]

text: The award has drawn criticism in recent years because several players with experience in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) have won the award, such as Hideo Nomo in 1995, Kazuhiro Sasaki in 2000, and Ichiro Suzuki in 2001. The current definition of rookie status for the award is based only on Major League experience, but some feel that past NPB players are not true rookies because of their past professional experience. Others, however, believe it should make no difference since the first recipient and the award's namesake played for the Negro Leagues prior to his MLB career and thus could also not be considered a "true rookie".[9][10] This issue arose in 2003 when Hideki Matsui narrowly lost the AL award to Ángel Berroa. Jim Souhan of the Minneapolis Star Tribune said he did not see Matsui as a rookie in 2003 because "it would be an insult to the Japanese league to pretend that experience didn't count."[9] The Japan Times ran a story in 2007 on the labeling of Daisuke Matsuzaka, Kei Igawa, and Hideki Okajima as rookies, saying "[t]hese guys aren't rookies."[10] Past winners such as Jackie Robinson, Don Newcombe, and Sam Jethroe had professional experience in the Negro Leagues.

text: Winners[edit]

text: Key[edit]

text:
Year
Links to the article about the corresponding Major League Baseball season

†
Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

^
Denotes player who is still active

*
Denotes year in which the award was shared

§
Unanimous selection

tag: table

text: Major Leagues combined (1947–48)[edit]

text:
Year
Player
Team
Position
Selected statistics
Ref

1947
Robinson, JackieJackie Robinson†
Brooklyn Dodgers
1B

.297 batting average
125 runs scored
29 stolen bases

[11]

1948
Dark, AlvinAlvin Dark
Boston Braves
SS

.322 batting average
3 home runs
48 runs batted in

[12]

text: American League winners (1949–present)[edit]

text:
Year
Player
Team
Position
Selected statistics
Ref

1949
Sievers, RoyRoy Sievers
St. Louis Browns
OF

.306 batting average
16 home runs
91 runs batted in

[13]

1950
Dropo, WaltWalt Dropo
Boston Red Sox
1B

.322 batting average
34 home runs
144 runs batted in

[14]

1951
McDougald, GilGil McDougald
New York Yankees
3B

.306 batting average
14 home runs
63 runs batted in

[15]

1952
Byrd, HarryHarry Byrd
Philadelphia Athletics
P

3.31 earned run average
15 complete games
15–15 record in 37 appearances (28 games started)

[16]

1953
Kuenn, HarveyHarvey Kuenn
Detroit Tigers
SS

.308 batting average
94 runs scored
209 hits

[17]

1954
Grim, BobBob Grim
New York Yankees
P

3.26 earned run average
199 innings pitched
20–6 record in 37 appearances (20 games started)

[18]

1955
Score, HerbHerb Score
Cleveland Indians
P

2.85 earned run average
2271⁄3 innings pitched
16–10 record in 32 games started

[19]

1956
Aparicio, LuisLuis Aparicio†
Chicago White Sox
SS

.266 batting average
21 stolen bases
69 runs scored

[20]

1957
Kubek, TonyTony Kubek
New York Yankees
SS

.297 batting average
56 runs scored
39 runs batted in

[21]

1958
Pearson, AlbieAlbie Pearson
Washington Senators
OF

.275 batting average
3 home runs
63 runs scored

[22]

1959
Allison, BobBob Allison
Washington Senators
OF

.261 batting average
30 home runs
85 runs batted in

[23]

1960
Hansen, RonRon Hansen
Baltimore Orioles
SS

.255 batting average
22 home runs
86 runs batted in

[24]

1961
Schwall, DonDon Schwall
Boston Red Sox
P

3.22 earned run average
1782⁄3 innings pitched
15–7 record in 25 games started

[25]

1962
Tresh, TomTom Tresh
New York Yankees
SS

.286 batting average
20 home runs
93 runs batted in

[26]

1963
Peters, GaryGary Peters
Chicago White Sox
P

2.33 earned run average
243 innings pitched
19–8 record in 41 appearances (30 games started)

[27]

1964
Oliva, TonyTony Oliva
Minnesota Twins
OF

.323 batting average
32 home runs
94 runs batted in

[28]

1965
Blefary, CurtCurt Blefary
Baltimore Orioles
OF

.260 batting average
22 home runs
70 runs batted in

[29]

1966
Agee, TommieTommie Agee
Chicago White Sox
OF

.273 batting average
44 stolen bases
98 runs scored

[30]

1967
Carew, RodRod Carew†
Minnesota Twins
2B

.292 batting average
8 home runs
66 runs scored

[31]

1968
Bahnsen, StanStan Bahnsen
New York Yankees
P

2.05 earned run average
2671⁄3 innings pitched
17–12 record in 34 games started

[32]

1969
Piniella, LouLou Piniella
Kansas City Royals
OF

.282 batting average
11 home runs
68 runs batted in

[33]

1970
Munson, ThurmanThurman Munson
New York Yankees
C

.302 batting average
53 runs batted in
52% caught stealing percentage in the field

[34]

1971
Chambliss, ChrisChris Chambliss
Cleveland Indians
1B

.275 batting average
9 home runs
48 runs batted in

[35]

1972
Fisk, CarltonCarlton Fisk†§
Boston Red Sox
C

.293 batting average
22 home runs
61 runs batted in

[36]

1973
Bumbry, AlAl Bumbry
Baltimore Orioles
OF

.337 batting average
11 triples
73 runs scored

[37]

1974
Hargrove, MikeMike Hargrove
Texas Rangers
1B

.323 batting average
.395 on-base percentage
66 runs batted in

[38]

1975
Lynn, FredFred Lynn
Boston Red Sox
OF

.331 batting average
47 doubles
105 runs batted in

[39]

1976
Fidrych, MarkMark Fidrych
Detroit Tigers
P

2.34 earned run average
24 complete games
19–9 record in 29 games started

[40]

1977
Murray, EddieEddie Murray†
Baltimore Orioles
DH

.283 batting average
27 home runs
88 runs batted in

[41]

1978
Whitaker, LouLou Whitaker
Detroit Tigers
2B

.285 batting average
3 home runs
58 runs batted in

[42]

1979*
Castino, JohnJohn Castino
Minnesota Twins
3B

.285 batting average
8 triples
52 runs batted in

[43]

1979*
Griffin, AlfredoAlfredo Griffin
Toronto Blue Jays
SS

.287 batting average
10 triples
81 runs scored

[44]

1980
Charboneau, JoeJoe Charboneau
Cleveland Indians
OF

.289 batting average
23 home runs
87 runs batted in

[45]

1981
Righetti, DaveDave Righetti
New York Yankees
P

2.05 earned run average
1051⁄3 innings pitched
8–4 record in 15 games started

[46]

1982
Ripken, CalCal Ripken, Jr.†
Baltimore Orioles
SS

.264 batting average
28 home runs
93 runs batted in

[47]

1983
Kittle, RonRon Kittle
Chicago White Sox
OF

.254 batting average
35 home runs
100 runs batted in

[48]

1984
Davis, AlvinAlvin Davis
Seattle Mariners
1B

.284 batting average
27 home runs
116 runs batted in

[49]

1985
Guillén, OzzieOzzie Guillén
Chicago White Sox
SS

.273 batting average
9 triples
71 runs scored

[50]

1986
Canseco, JoseJose Canseco
Oakland Athletics
OF

.240 batting average
33 home runs
117 runs batted in

[51]

1987
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire§
Oakland Athletics
1B

.289 batting average
49 home runs
118 runs batted in

[52]

1988
Weiss, WaltWalt Weiss
Oakland Athletics
SS

.250 batting average
3 home runs
39 runs batted in

[53]

1989
Olson, GreggGregg Olson
Baltimore Orioles
P

1.69 earned run average
85 innings pitched
27 saves

[54]

1990
Alomar, Jr., SandySandy Alomar, Jr.§
Cleveland Indians
C

.290 batting average
9 home runs
66 runs batted in

[55]

1991
Knoblauch, ChuckChuck Knoblauch
Minnesota Twins
2B

.281 batting average
25 stolen bases
78 runs scored

[56]

1992
Listach, PatPat Listach
Milwaukee Brewers
SS

.290 batting average
54 stolen bases
93 runs scored

[57]

1993
Salmon, TimTim Salmon§
California Angels
OF

.283 batting average
31 home runs
95 runs batted in

[58]

1994
Hamelin, BobBob Hamelin
Kansas City Royals
DH

.282 batting average
24 home runs
65 runs batted in

[59]

1995
Cordova, MartyMarty Cordova
Minnesota Twins
OF

.277 batting average
24 home runs
84 runs batted in

[60]

1996
Jeter, DerekDerek Jeter§
New York Yankees
SS

.314 batting average
10 home runs
104 runs scored

[61]

1997
Garciaparra, NomarNomar Garciaparra§
Boston Red Sox
SS

.306 batting average
30 home runs
122 runs scored

[62]

1998
Grieve, BenBen Grieve
Oakland Athletics
OF

.288 batting average
18 home runs
89 runs batted in

[63]

1999
Beltrán, CarlosCarlos Beltrán
Kansas City Royals
OF

.293 batting average
22 home runs
108 runs batted in

[64]

2000
Sasaki, KazuhiroKazuhiro Sasaki
Seattle Mariners
P

3.16 earned run average
78 strikeouts
37 saves

[65]

2001
Suzuki, IchiroIchiro Suzuki^
Seattle Mariners
OF

.350 batting average
56 stolen bases
127 runs scored

[66]

2002
Hinske, EricEric Hinske
Toronto Blue Jays
3B

.279 batting average
24 home runs
84 runs batted in

[67]

2003
Berroa, ÁngelÁngel Berroa
Kansas City Royals
SS

.287 batting average
21 stolen bases
92 runs scored

[68]

2004
Crosby, BobbyBobby Crosby
Oakland Athletics
SS

.239 batting average
22 home runs
64 runs batted in

[69]

2005
Street, HustonHuston Street^
Oakland Athletics
P

1.72 earned run average
781⁄3 innings pitched
23 saves

[70]

2006
Verlander, JustinJustin Verlander^
Detroit Tigers
P

3.63 earned run average
186 innings pitched
17–9 record in 30 games started

[71]

2007
Pedroia, DustinDustin Pedroia^
Boston Red Sox
2B

.317 batting average
39 doubles
86 runs scored

[72]

2008
Longoria, EvanEvan Longoria^§
Tampa Bay Rays
3B

.272 batting average
27 home runs
85 runs batted in

[73]

2009
Bailey, AndrewAndrew Bailey
Oakland Athletics
P

1.84 earned run average
831⁄3 innings pitched
26 saves

[74]

2010
Feliz, NeftalíNeftalí Feliz^
Texas Rangers
P

2.73 earned run average
691⁄3 innings pitched
40 saves

[75]

2011
Hellickson, JeremyJeremy Hellickson^
Tampa Bay Rays
P

2.95 earned run average
117 strikeouts
13–10 record in 29 games started

[76]

2012
Trout, MikeMike Trout^§
Los Angeles Angels
OF

.326 batting average
30 home runs
129 runs scored
49 stolen bases

[77]

2013
Myers, WilWil Myers^
Tampa Bay Rays
OF

.293 batting average
13 home runs
53 runs batted in

[78]

2014
Abreu, JoséJosé Abreu^§
Chicago White Sox
1B

.317 batting average
36 home runs
107 runs batted in

[79]

2015
Correa, CarlosCarlos Correa^
Houston Astros
SS

.279 batting average
22 home runs
68 runs batted in

[80]

2016
Fulmer, MichaelMichael Fulmer^
Detroit Tigers
P

3.06 earned run average
132 strikeouts
11–7 record in 26 games started

[81]

2017
Judge, AaronAaron Judge^§
New York Yankees
OF

.284 batting average
52 home runs
114 runs batted in
128 runs scored

[82]

text: National League winners (1949–present)[edit]

text:
Year
Player
Team
Position
Selected statistics
Ref

1949
Newcombe, DonDon Newcombe
Brooklyn Dodgers
P

3.17 earned run average
5 shutouts
17–8 record in 31 games started

[83]

1950
Jethroe, SamSam Jethroe
Boston Braves
OF

.273 batting average
35 stolen bases
100 runs scored

[84]

1951
Mays, WillieWillie Mays†
New York Giants
OF

.274 batting average
20 home runs
68 runs batted in

[85]

1952
Black, JoeJoe Black
Brooklyn Dodgers
P

2.15 earned run average
15 saves
15–4 record in 56 appearances

[86]

1953
Gilliam, JimJim Gilliam
Brooklyn Dodgers
2B

.278 batting average
17 triples
125 runs scored

[87]

1954
Moon, WallyWally Moon
St. Louis Cardinals
OF

.304 batting average
12 home runs
106 runs scored

[88]

1955
Virdon, BillBill Virdon
St. Louis Cardinals
OF

.281 batting average
17 home runs
68 runs batted in

[89]

1956
Robinson, FrankFrank Robinson†§
Cincinnati Reds
OF

.290 batting average
38 home runs
122 runs scored

[90]

1957
Sanford, JackJack Sanford
Philadelphia Phillies
P

3.08 earned run average
188 strikeouts
19–8 record in 33 games started

[91]

1958
Cepeda, OrlandoOrlando Cepeda†§
San Francisco Giants
1B

.312 batting average
25 home runs
96 runs batted in

[92]

1959
McCovey, WillieWillie McCovey†§
San Francisco Giants
1B

.354 batting average
13 home runs
38 runs batted in

[93]

1960
Howard, FrankFrank Howard
Los Angeles Dodgers
OF

.268 batting average
23 home runs
77 runs batted in

[94]

1961
Williams, BillyBilly Williams†
Chicago Cubs
OF

.278 batting average
25 home runs
86 runs batted in

[95]

1962
Hubbs, KenKen Hubbs
Chicago Cubs
2B

.260 batting average
90 runs scored
Gold Glove Award

[96]

1963
Rose, PetePete Rose
Cincinnati Reds
2B

.273 batting average
9 triples
101 runs scored

[97]

1964
Allen, DickDick Allen
Philadelphia Phillies
3B

.318 batting average
13 triples
125 runs scored

[98]

1965
Lefebvre, JimJim Lefebvre
Los Angeles Dodgers
2B

.250 batting average
12 home runs
69 runs batted in

[99]

1966
Helms, TommyTommy Helms
Cincinnati Reds
2B

.284 batting average
9 home runs
72 runs scored

[100]

1967
Seaver, TomTom Seaver†
New York Mets
P

2.76 earned run average
251 innings pitched
16–13 record in 34 games started

[101]

1968
Bench, JohnnyJohnny Bench†
Cincinnati Reds
C

.275 batting average
15 home runs
82 runs batted in

[102]

1969
Sizemore, TedTed Sizemore
Los Angeles Dodgers
2B

.271 batting average
4 home runs
69 runs scored

[103]

1970
Morton, CarlCarl Morton
Montreal Expos
P

3.60 earned run average
2842⁄3 innings pitched
18–11 record in 43 appearances (37 games started)

[104]

1971
Williams, EarlEarl Williams
Atlanta Braves
C

.260 batting average
33 home runs
87 runs batted in

[105]

1972
Matlack, JonJon Matlack
New York Mets
P

2.32 earned run average
244 innings pitched
15–10 record in 32 games started

[106]

1973
Matthews, GaryGary Matthews
San Francisco Giants
OF

.300 batting average
12 home runs
74 runs scored

[107]

1974
McBride, BakeBake McBride
St. Louis Cardinals
OF

.309 batting average
30 stolen bases
81 runs scored

[108]

1975
Montefusco, JohnJohn Montefusco
San Francisco Giants
P

2.88 earned run average
215 strikeouts
15–9 record on 34 games started

[109]

1976*
Metzger, ButchButch Metzger
San Diego Padres
P

2.92 earned run average
16 saves
11–4 record in 77 appearances

[110]

1976*
Zachry, PatPat Zachry
Cincinnati Reds
P

2.74 earned run average
204 innings pitched
14–7 record in 38 appearances (28 games started)

[111]

1977
Dawson, AndreAndre Dawson†
Montreal Expos
OF

.282 batting average
19 home runs
65 runs batted in

[112]

1978
Horner, BobBob Horner
Atlanta Braves
3B

.266 batting average
23 home runs
63 runs batted in

[113]

1979
Sutcliffe, RickRick Sutcliffe
Los Angeles Dodgers
P

3.46 earned run average
242 innings pitched
17–10 record in 39 appearances (30 games started)

[114]

1980
Howe, SteveSteve Howe
Los Angeles Dodgers
P

2.66 earned run average
842⁄3 innings pitched
17 saves

[115]

1981
Valenzuela, FernandoFernando Valenzuela
Los Angeles Dodgers
P

2.48 earned run average
8 shutouts
13–7 record in 25 games started

[116]

1982
Sax, SteveSteve Sax
Los Angeles Dodgers
2B

.282 batting average
49 stolen bases
88 runs scored

[117]

1983
Strawberry, DarrylDarryl Strawberry
New York Mets
OF

.257 batting average
26 home runs
74 runs batted in

[118]

1984
Gooden, DwightDwight Gooden
New York Mets
P

2.60 earned run average
276 strikeouts
17–9 record in 31 games started

[119]

1985
Coleman, VinceVince Coleman§
St. Louis Cardinals
OF

.267 batting average
110 stolen bases
107 runs scored

[120]

1986
Worrell, ToddTodd Worrell
St. Louis Cardinals
P

2.08 earned run average
1032⁄3 innings pitched
36 saves

[121]

1987
Santiago, BenitoBenito Santiago§
San Diego Padres
C

.300 batting average
18 home runs
79 runs batted in

[122]

1988
Sabo, ChrisChris Sabo
Cincinnati Reds
3B

.271 batting average
46 stolen bases
74 runs scored

[123]

1989
Walton, JeromeJerome Walton
Chicago Cubs
OF

.293 batting average
24 stolen bases
64 runs scored

[124]

1990
Justice, DavidDavid Justice
Atlanta Braves
OF

.282 batting average
28 home runs
78 runs batted in

[125]

1991
Bagwell, JeffJeff Bagwell†
Houston Astros
1B

.294 batting average
15 home runs
82 runs batted in

[126]

1992
Karros, EricEric Karros
Los Angeles Dodgers
1B

.257 batting average
20 home runs
88 runs batted in

[127]

1993
Piazza, MikeMike Piazza†§
Los Angeles Dodgers
C

.318 batting average
35 home runs
112 runs batted in

[128]

1994
Mondesí, RaúlRaúl Mondesí§
Los Angeles Dodgers
OF

.306 batting average
16 home runs
56 runs batted in

[129]

1995
Nomo, HideoHideo Nomo
Los Angeles Dodgers
P

2.54 earned run average
236 strikeouts
13–6 record in 28 games started

[130]

1996
Hollandsworth, ToddTodd Hollandsworth
Los Angeles Dodgers
OF

.291 batting average
12 home runs
59 runs batted in

[131]

1997
Rolen, ScottScott Rolen§
Philadelphia Phillies
3B

.283 batting average
21 home runs
92 runs batted in

[132]

1998
Wood, KerryKerry Wood
Chicago Cubs
P

3.40 earned run average
233 strikeouts
13–6 record in 26 games started

[133]

1999
Williamson, ScottScott Williamson
Cincinnati Reds
P

2.41 earned run average
19 saves
12–7 record in 62 appearances

[134]

2000
Furcal, RafaelRafael Furcal
Atlanta Braves
SS

.295 batting average
40 stolen bases
87 runs scored

[135]

2001
Pujols, AlbertAlbert Pujols^§
St. Louis Cardinals
3B

.329 batting average
37 home runs
130 runs batted in

[136]

2002
Jennings, JasonJason Jennings
Colorado Rockies
P

4.52 earned run average
1851⁄3 innings pitched
16–8 record in 32 games started

[137]

2003
Willis, DontrelleDontrelle Willis
Florida Marlins
P

3.30 earned run average
1602⁄3 innings pitched
14–6 record in 27 games started

[138]

2004
Bay, JasonJason Bay
Pittsburgh Pirates
OF

.282 batting average
26 home runs
82 runs batted in

[139]

2005
Howard, RyanRyan Howard^
Philadelphia Phillies
1B

.288 batting average
22 home runs
63 runs batted in

[140]

2006
Ramírez, HanleyHanley Ramírez^
Florida Marlins
SS

.292 batting average
51 stolen bases
119 runs scored

[141]

2007
Braun, RyanRyan Braun^
Milwaukee Brewers
3B

.324 batting average
34 home runs
97 runs batted in

[142]

2008
Soto, GeovanyGeovany Soto^
Chicago Cubs
C

.285 batting average
23 home runs
86 runs batted in

[143]

2009
Coghlan, ChrisChris Coghlan^
Florida Marlins
OF

.321 batting average
162 base hits
84 runs scored

[144]

2010
Posey, BusterBuster Posey^
San Francisco Giants
C

.305 batting average
18 home runs
67 runs batted in

[145]

2011
Kimbrel, CraigCraig Kimbrel^§
Atlanta Braves
P

2.10 earned run average
127 strikeouts in 77 innings pitched
46 saves

[146]

2012
Harper, BryceBryce Harper^
Washington Nationals
OF

.270 batting average
22 home runs
59 runs batted in

[147]

2013
Fernández, JoséJosé Fernández
Miami Marlins
P

2.19 earned run average
0.98 WHIP
12 wins

[148]

2014
deGrom, JacobJacob deGrom^
New York Mets
P

2.69 earned run average
1.14 WHIP
9 wins

[149]

2015
Bryant, KrisKris Bryant^§
Chicago Cubs
3B

.275 batting average
26 home runs
99 runs batted in

[150]

2016
Seager, CoreyCorey Seager^§
Los Angeles Dodgers
SS

.308 batting average
26 home runs
72 runs batted in

[151]

2017
Bellinger, CodyCody Bellinger^§
Los Angeles Dodgers
1B

.267 batting average
39 home runs
97 runs batted in

[152]


document_title: The Sound and the Fury

question_text: what do the italics mean in the sound and the fury

text: The Sound and the Fury

text: Overview[edit]

text: The Sound and the Fury is set in Jefferson, Mississippi. The novel centers on the Compson family, former Southern aristocrats who are struggling to deal with the dissolution of their family and its reputation. Over the course of the 30 years or so related in the novel, the family falls into financial ruin, loses its religious faith and the respect of the town of Jefferson, and many of them die tragically.

text: The novel is separated into four distinct sections. The first, April 7, 1928, is written from the perspective of Benjamin "Benjy" Compson, an intellectually disabled 33-year-old man. The characteristics of his impairment are not clear, but it is implied that he has a learning disability. Benjy's section is characterized by a highly disjointed narrative style with frequent chronological leaps. The second section, June 2, 1910, focuses on Quentin Compson, Benjy's older brother, and the events leading up to his suicide.

text: In the third section, set a day before the first, on April 6, 1928, Faulkner writes from the point of view of Jason, Quentin's cynical younger brother. In the fourth and final section, set a day after the first, on April 8, 1928, Faulkner introduces a third person omniscient point of view. The last section primarily focuses on Dilsey, one of the Compsons' black servants. Jason is also a focus in the section, but Faulkner presents glimpses of the thoughts and deeds of everyone in the family.

text: In 1945, Faulkner wrote a "Compson Appendix" to be included with future printings of The Sound and the Fury. It contains a 30-page history of the Compson family from 1699 to 1945.[3]

text: Plot[edit]

text: Part 1: April 7, 1928[edit]

text: The first section of the novel is narrated by Benjamin "Benjy" Compson, a source of shame to the family due to his diminished mental capacity; the only characters who show a genuine care for him are Caddy, his older sister; and Dilsey, a matriarchal servant. His narrative voice is characterized predominantly by its nonlinearity: spanning the period 1898–1928, Benjy's narrative is a series of non-chronological events presented in a stream of consciousness. The presence of italics in Benjy's section is meant to indicate significant shifts in the narrative. Originally Faulkner meant to use different colored inks to signify chronological breaks. This nonlinearity makes the style of this section particularly challenging, but Benjy's style develops a cadence that, while not chronologically coherent, provides unbiased insight into many characters' true motivations. Moreover, Benjy's caretaker changes to indicate the time period: Luster in the present, T.P. in Benjy's teenage years, and Versh during Benjy's infancy and childhood.

text: In this section we see Benjy's three passions: fire, the golf course on land that used to belong to the Compson family, and his sister Caddy. But by 1928 Caddy has been banished from the Compson home after her husband divorced her because her child was not his, and the family has sold his favorite pasture to a local golf club in order to finance Quentin's Harvard education. In the opening scene, Benjy, accompanied by Luster, a servant boy, watches golfers on the nearby golf course as he waits to hear them call "caddie"—the name of his favorite sibling. When one of them calls for his golf caddie, Benjy's mind embarks on a whirlwind course of memories of his sister, Caddy, focusing on one critical scene. In 1898 when their grandmother died, the four Compson children were forced to play outside during the funeral. In order to see what was going on inside, Caddy climbed a tree in the yard, and while looking inside, her brothers—Quentin, Jason and Benjy—looked up and noticed that her underwear was muddy. This is Benjy's first memory, and he associates Caddy with trees throughout the rest of his arc, often saying that she smells like trees. Other crucial memories in this section are Benjy's change of name (from Maury, after his uncle) in 1900 upon the discovery of his disability; the marriage and divorce of Caddy (1910), and Benjy's castration, resulting from an attack on a girl that is alluded to briefly within this chapter when a gate is left unlatched and Benjy is out unsupervised.

text: Readers often report trouble understanding this portion of the novel due to its impressionistic language necessitated by Benjamin's mental abilities, as well as its frequent shifts in time and setting.

text: Part 2: June 2, 1910[edit]

text: Quentin, the most intelligent of the Compson children, gives the novel's best example of Faulkner's narrative technique. We see him as a freshman at Harvard, wandering the streets of Cambridge, contemplating death, and remembering his family's estrangement from his sister Caddy. Like the first section, its narrative is not strictly linear, though the two interweaving threads, of Quentin at Harvard on the one hand, and of his memories on the other, are clearly discernible.

text: Quentin's main obsession is Caddy's virginity and purity. He is obsessed with Southern ideals of chivalry and is strongly protective of women, especially his sister. When Caddy engages in sexual promiscuity, Quentin is horrified. He turns to his father for help and counsel, but the pragmatic Mr. Compson tells him that virginity is invented by men and should not be taken seriously. He also tells Quentin that time will heal all. Quentin spends much of his time trying to prove his father wrong, but is unable to do so. Shortly before Quentin leaves for Harvard in the fall of 1909, Caddy becomes pregnant by a lover she is unable to identify, perhaps Dalton Ames, whom Quentin confronts. The two fight, with Quentin losing disgracefully and Caddy vowing, for Quentin's sake, never to speak to Dalton again. Quentin tells his father that they have committed incest, but his father knows that he is lying: "and he did you try to make her do it and i i was afraid to i was afraid she might and then it wouldn't do any good" (112). Quentin's idea of incest is shaped by the idea that, if they "could just have done something so dreadful that they would have fled hell except us" (51), he could protect his sister by joining her in whatever punishment she might have to endure. In his mind, he feels a need to take responsibility for Caddy's sin.

text: Pregnant and alone, Caddy then marries Herbert Head, whom Quentin finds repulsive, but Caddy is resolute: she must marry before the birth of her child. Herbert finds out that the child is not his and sends mother and daughter away in shame. Quentin's wanderings through Harvard, as he cuts classes, follow the pattern of his heartbreak over losing Caddy. For instance, he meets a small Italian immigrant girl who speaks no English. Significantly, he calls her "sister" and spends much of the day trying to communicate with her, and to care for her by finding her home, to no avail. He thinks sadly of the downfall and squalor of the South after the American Civil War. Tormented by his conflicting thoughts and emotions, Quentin commits suicide by drowning.

text: While many first-time readers report Benjy's section as being difficult to understand, these same readers often find Quentin's section to be near impossible. Not only do chronological events mesh together regularly, but often (especially at the end) Faulkner completely disregards any semblance of grammar, spelling, or punctuation, instead writing in a rambling series of words, phrases, and sentences that have no separation to indicate where one thought ends and another begins. This confusion is due to Quentin's severe depression and deteriorating state of mind, and Quentin is therefore arguably an even more unreliable narrator than his brother Benjy. Because of the staggering complexity of this section, it is often the one most extensively studied by scholars of the novel.

text: Part 3: April 6, 1928[edit]

text: The third section is narrated by Jason, the third child and his mother Caroline's favorite. It takes place the day before Benjy's section, on Good Friday. Of the three brothers' sections, Jason's is the most straightforward, reflecting his single-minded desire for material wealth. By 1928, Jason is the economic foundation of the family after his father's death. He supports his mother, Benjy, and Miss Quentin (Caddy's daughter), as well as the family's servants. His role makes him bitter and cynical, with little of the passionate sensitivity that marks his older brother and sister. He goes so far as to blackmail Caddy into making him Miss Quentin's sole guardian, then uses that role to steal the support payments that Caddy sends for her daughter.

text: This is the first section that is narrated in a linear fashion. It follows the course of Good Friday, a day in which Jason decides to leave work to search for Miss Quentin (Caddy's daughter), who has run away again, seemingly in pursuit of mischief. Here we see most immediately the conflict between the two predominant traits of the Compson family, which Caroline attributes to the difference between her blood and her husband's: on the one hand, Miss Quentin's recklessness and passion, inherited from her grandfather and, ultimately, the Compson side; on the other, Jason's ruthless cynicism, drawn from his mother's side. This section also gives us the clearest image of domestic life in the Compson household, which for Jason and the servants means the care of the hypochondriac Caroline and of Benjy.

text: Part 4: April 8, 1928[edit]

text: April 8, 1928, is Easter Sunday. This section, the only one without a single first-person narrator, focuses on Dilsey, the powerful matriarch of the black family servants. She, in contrast to the declining Compsons, draws a great deal of strength from her faith, standing as a proud figure amid a dying family.

text: On this Easter Sunday, Dilsey takes her family and Benjy to the 'colored' church. Through her we sense the consequences of the decadence and depravity in which the Compsons have lived for decades. Dilsey is mistreated and abused, but nevertheless remains loyal. She, with the help of her grandson Luster, cares for Benjy, as she takes him to church and tries to bring him to salvation. The preacher's sermon inspires her to weep for the Compson family, reminding her that she's seen the family through its destruction, which she is now witnessing.

text: Meanwhile, the tension between Jason and Miss Quentin reaches its inevitable conclusion. The family discovers that Miss Quentin has run away in the middle of the night with a carnival worker, having found the hidden collection of cash in Jason's closet and taken both her money (the support from Caddy, which Jason had stolen) and her money-obsessed uncle's life savings. Jason calls the police and tells them that his money has been stolen, but since it would mean admitting embezzling Quentin's money he doesn't press the issue. He therefore sets off once again to find her on his own, but loses her trail in nearby Mottson, and gives her up as gone for good.

text: After church, Dilsey allows her grandson Luster to drive Benjy in the family's decrepit horse and carriage to the graveyard. Luster, disregarding Benjy's set routine, drives the wrong way around a monument. Benjy's hysterical sobbing and violent outburst can only be quieted by Jason, who understands how best to placate his brother. Jason slaps Luster, turns the carriage around, and, in an attempt to quiet Benjy, hits Benjy, breaking his flower stalk, while screaming "Shut up!" After Jason gets off the carriage and Luster heads home, Benjy suddenly becomes silent. Luster turns around to look at Benjy and sees Benjy holding his drooping flower. Benjy's eyes are "empty and blue and serene again."

text: Appendix: Compson: 1699–1945[edit]

text: In 1945, Faulkner wrote an appendix to the novel to be published in the then-forthcoming anthology The Portable Faulkner. At Faulkner's behest, however, subsequent printings of The Sound and the Fury frequently contain the appendix at the end of the book; it is sometimes referred to as the fifth part. Having been written sixteen years after The Sound and the Fury, the appendix presents some textual differences from the novel, but serves to clarify the novel's opaque story.

text: The appendix is presented as a complete history of the Compson family lineage, beginning with the arrival of their ancestor Quentin Maclachlan in America in 1779 and continuing through 1945, including events that transpired after the novel (which takes place in 1928). In particular, the appendix reveals that Caroline Compson died in 1933, upon which Jason had Benjy committed to the state asylum, fired the black servants, sold the last of the Compson land, and moved into an apartment above his farming supply store. It is also revealed that Jason had himself declared Benjy's legal guardian many years ago, without their mother's knowledge, and used this status to have Benjy castrated.

text: The appendix also reveals the fate of Caddy, last seen in the novel when her daughter Quentin is still a baby. After marrying and divorcing a second time, Caddy moved to Paris, where she lived at the time of the German occupation. In 1943, the librarian of Yoknapatawpha County discovered a magazine photograph of Caddy in the company of a German staff general and attempted separately to recruit both Jason and Dilsey to save her; Jason, at first acknowledging that the photo was of his sister, denied that it was she after realizing the librarian wanted his help, while Dilsey pretended to be unable to see the picture at all. The librarian later realizes that while Jason remains cold and unsympathetic towards Caddy, Dilsey simply understands that Caddy neither wants nor needs to be saved from the Germans, because nothing else remains for her.

text: The appendix concludes with an accounting for the black family who worked as servants to the Compsons. Unlike the entries for the Compsons themselves, which are lengthy, detailed, and told with an omniscient narrative perspective, the servants' entries are simple and succinct. Dilsey's entry, the final in the appendix, consists of two words: "They endured."

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Jason Compson III – father of the Compson family, a lawyer who attended the University of the South: a nihilistic thinker and alcoholic, with cynical opinions that torment his son, Quentin. He also narrates several chapters of Absalom, Absalom!.
Caroline Bascomb Compson – wife of Jason Compson III: a self-absorbed neurotic who has never shown affection for any of her children except Jason, whom she seems to like only because he takes after her side of the family. In her old age she has become an abusive hypochondriac.
Quentin Compson III – the oldest Compson child: passionate and neurotic, he commits suicide as the tragic culmination of the damaging influence of his father's nihilistic philosophy and his inability to cope with his sister's sexual promiscuity. He is also a character in Absalom, Absalom!. The bridge over the Charles River, where he commits suicide in the novel, bears a plaque to commemorate the character's life and death.
Candace "Caddy" Compson – the second Compson child, strong-willed yet caring. Benjy's only real caregiver and Quentin's best friend. According to Faulkner, the true hero of the novel. Caddy never develops a voice, but rather allows her brothers' emotions towards her to develop her character.
Jason Compson IV – the bitter, racist third child who is troubled by monetary debt and sexual frustration. He works at a farming goods store owned by a man named Earl and becomes head of the household in 1912. Has been embezzling Miss Quentin's support payments for years.
Benjamin (nicknamed Benjy, born Maury) Compson – the mentally disabled fourth child, who is a constant source of shame and grief for his family, especially his mother, who insisted on his name change to Benjamin. Caddy is the only family member who shows any genuine love towards him. Luster, albeit begrudgingly, shows care for him occasionally, but usually out of obligation. Has an almost animal-like "sixth sense" about people, as he was able to tell that Caddy had lost her virginity just from her smell.The model for Benjy's character may have had its beginning in the 1925 New Orleans Times Picayune sketch by Faulkner entitled "The Kingdom of God".
Dilsey Gibson – the matriarch of the servant family, which includes her three children—Versh, Frony, and T.P.—and her grandchild Luster (Frony's son); they serve as Benjamin's caretakers throughout his life. An observer of the Compson family's destruction.
Miss Quentin Compson – daughter of Caddy who goes to live with the Compsons under Jason IV's care when Herbert divorces Caddy. She is very wild and promiscuous, and eventually runs away from home. Often referred to as Quentin II or Miss Quentin by readers to distinguish her from her uncle, for whom she was named.

tag: ul

text: Style and structure[edit]

text: The four parts of the novel relate many of the same episodes, each from a different point of view and therefore with emphasis on different themes and events. This interweaving and nonlinear structure makes any true synopsis of the novel difficult, especially since the narrators are all unreliable in their own way, making their accounts not necessarily trustworthy at all times. Also in this novel, Faulkner uses italics to indicate points in each section where the narrative is moving into a significant moment in the past. The use of these italics can be confusing, however, as time shifts are not always marked by the use of italics, and periods of different time in each section do not necessarily stay in italics for the duration of the flashback. Thus, these time shifts can often be jarring and confusing, and require particularly close reading.

text: Title[edit]

text: The title of the novel is taken from Macbeth's famous soliloquy of act 5, scene 5 of William Shakespeare's Macbeth:

text:
Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow,
Creeps in this petty pace from day to day
To the last syllable of recorded time,
And all our yesterdays have lighted fools
The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle!
Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player
That struts and frets his hour upon the stage
And then is heard no more: it is a tale
Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury,
Signifying nothing.

text: Immediately obvious is the notion of a "tale told by an idiot," in this case Benjy, whose view of the Compsons' story opens the novel. The idea can be extended also to Quentin and Jason, whose narratives display their own varieties of idiocy. More to the point, the novel recounts "the way to dusty death" of a traditional upper-class Southern family. The last line is, perhaps, the most meaningful: Faulkner said in his speech upon being awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature that people must write about things that come from the heart, "universal truths." Otherwise, they signify nothing.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The novel has achieved great critical success and a prominent place among the greatest of American novels. It played a role in William Faulkner's receiving the 1949 Nobel Prize in Literature.

text: It is near-unanimously considered a masterpiece by literary critics and scholars, but the novel's unconventional narrative style frequently alienates new readers. Although the vocabulary is generally basic, the frequent switches in time and setting, as well as the occasional lack of regard for sentence structure grammar have proven it to be a difficult read—even for many fans of Faulkner.

text: Literary significance[edit]

text: The Sound and the Fury is a widely influential work of literature. Faulkner has been praised for his ability to recreate the thought process of the human mind. In addition, it is viewed as an essential development in the stream-of-consciousness literary technique. In 1998, the Modern Library ranked The Sound and the Fury sixth on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century.[4]

text: Adaptation[edit]

text:
A film adaptation was released in 1959 directed by Martin Ritt and starring Yul Brynner, Joanne Woodward, Margaret Leighton, Stuart Whitman, Ethel Waters, Jack Warden, and Albert Dekker. The movie bears little resemblance to the novel.
A 2014 film, The Sound and the Fury (2014) was directed by James Franco, and starred Franco as Benjy Compson, Jacob Loeb as Quentin Compson, Joey King as Miss Quentin, Tim Blake Nelson as Mr. Compson, Loretta Devine as Dilsey, Ahna O'Reilly as Caddy Compson, Scott Haze as Jason Compson, Kylen Davis as Luster, Seth Rogen as a Telegraph Operator, Danny McBride as a Sheriff and Logan Marshall-Green as Dalton Ames. It made its premiere at the 71st Venice International Film Festival, where it screened out-of-competition.

text: Limited edition[edit]

text: In 2012, The Folio Society released an edition, limited to 1,480 copies, of The Sound and the Fury. This edition is the first to use colored ink to represent different time sequences for the first section of the novel. This limited edition is also sold with a special commentary volume edited by Faulkner scholars Stephen Ross and Noel Polk. According to The Folio Society, "We can never know if this [edition] is exactly what Faulkner would have envisaged, but the result justifies his belief that coloured inks would allow readers to follow the strands of the novel more easily, without compromising the ‘thought-transference’ for which he argued so passionately."[5]


document_title: Journey to the Center of the Earth (2008 theatrical film)

question_text: journey to the centre if the earth cast

question_tokens: journey to the centre if the earth cast

text: Plot[edit]

text: Max Anderson (Jean-Michel Paré) is being pursued by a Giganotosaurus when he finds a fissure vent. When he tries to jump across, he falls while calling out his brother's name. Ten years later, Max's 13-year-old son, Sean Anderson (Josh Hutcherson), visit Max's brother, volcanologist Trevor Anderson (Brendan Fraser). In a box of items that belonged to Max is a book, Journey to the Center of the Earth by Jules Verne. Notes written by Max are found inside the book.

text: In Trevor's volcanology laboratory, a device shows activity on Snæfell, a dormant volcano in Iceland. Trevor and Sean travel to Iceland to investigate. They try to contact Icelandic volcanologist Sigurbjörn Ásgeirsson, but instead encounter his daughter Hannah Ásgeirsson (Anita Briem) since her father had died some years earlier.[3] It turns out that Sigurbjörn and Max were both Vernians, a group of people who believe the works of Jules Verne to be fact and not fiction.

text: Hannah offers to help them climb the volcano. While the group is hiking up the volcano, a lightning storm forces them to take shelter in a cave. The cave entrance collapses, trapping them in what appears to be an abandoned mine. The trio then rides on out-of-control mine carts, in which the tracks start to branch off in three ways. Hannah and Trevor save each other from dead-ends and Sean reunites with them. They reach the bottom of a volcanic vent, but the floor of the vent breaks, and they begin to fall towards the center of the Earth. The vent eventually becomes a water slide which drops them safely into a lake in the center of the Earth, which turns out to be a completely separate world contained within the Earth.

text: The group starts seeking a way back to the surface. Along the way, they find evidence that someone had been there a hundred years ago. Trevor remarks that some instruments found are Lidenbrock's (the name of a character in the book), suggesting that another group had previously made the journey, somehow returned to the surface and recounted the tale of their adventure to Verne. They find some of Max's things as well. While Trevor and Sean are examining what they've found, Hannah finds Max's body. They bury Max on the beach of the underground ocean and Trevor reads a letter to Sean found in Max's journal. Trevor discovers that his brother died due to dehydration because of hot magma surrounding the center of the Earth.

text: Using information from Max's journal, Trevor determines that they must find a geyser that can send them to the surface before the temperature rises to 200 °F (about 93 °C). Further, they must reach the geyser within 48 hours or the water for the geyser will have evaporated. They build a raft and begin crossing the underground ocean, but soon encounter a pack of Xiphactinus. They use makeshift clubs to bat them away, then a shoal of Elasmosaurus attacks the Xiphactinus, allowing the trio to escape. The raft's sail becomes loose. Sean tries to hold on, but is blown away and separated from the two adults.

text: A little bird guides Sean towards the river. Meanwhile, Trevor and Hannah decide to take a rest, but are attacked by carnivorous plants. Hannah is captured and starts being strangled by the plants. Trevor defeats the plant that is holding Hannah by the neck, and they continue towards the geyser.

text: When they arrive at the river, Trevor calls out to Sean but gets no response. Trevor says he is going to look for Sean, but tells Hannah she should continue on to the geyser and save herself. Before he goes, Hannah kisses Trevor in case he does not return. Meanwhile, Sean has entered an arid, bone-filled land. He hears roars, looks up and sees a 80-foot Giganotosaurus coming after him. Trevor saves him, and the dinosaur falls through the fragile floor while trying to catch them. When they get to a river, they find Hannah sailing a boat fashioned from a Tyrannosaurus skull. They sail to a volcano with magma rising in its crater, but they are too late; the water needed for the geyser has evaporated.

text: Sean notices that the crater walls are wet. Trevor hears water flowing on the other side of the walls and sees that the crater walls contain magnesium. After he uses a flare to ignite the magnesium, the resulting water-magma collision triggers the geyser, shooting them up and out of the center of the Earth through Mount Vesuvius. When they fall, they accidentally destroy some of the vines in a vineyard. To make amends with the vineyard's farmer, Sean gives the owner a diamond that he found while in the center of the Earth. Trevor sees that Sean has many more diamonds in his backpack.

text: After the adventure, Sean visits Trevor and Hannah in their new home, purchased using some of the diamonds Sean took from the cave; Trevor is also using them to fund his late brother's laboratory. Trevor hands Sean a book about another strange land, Atlantis: The Antediluvian World by Ignatius L. Donnelly, and suggests they get together during Sean's Christmas break. Sean reveals that he has brought the little bird back from the center of the Earth to keep as a pet. However, the bird happily flies away.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Brendan Fraser as Professor Trevor 'Trev' Anderson, a volcanologist and Sean's uncle
Josh Hutcherson as Sean Anderson, Trevor's nephew
Anita Briem as Hannah Ásgeirsson
Seth Meyers as Professor Alan Kitzens
Jean-Michel Paré as Maximillion 'Max' Anderson, Sean father and Trevor's brother
Jane Wheeler as Elizabeth 'Liz' Anderson, Sean's mother
Giancarlo Caltabiano as Leonard
Garth Gilker as Sigurbjörn Ásgeirsson

text: Production[edit]

text: Development and filming[edit]

text: On September 22, 2001, Walden Media announced that Eric Brevig was hired and set to direct Journey to the Center of the Earth based on the book of the same name by Jules Verne. Michael D. Weiss, Mark Levin and Jennifer Flackett wrote the script for the film. Beau Flynn and Charlotte Huggins produced the film with the budget of $60 million for release in 2008. On April 16, 2003, it was announced that Brendan Fraser, Anita Briem, Josh Hutcherson, Seth Meyers, Jean-Michel Paré, Jane Wheeler, Giancarlo Caltabiano and Garth Gilker joined the film. On 9 December 2005, it was announced that Andrew Lockington would compose the music for the film. On March 2006, development and filming of the film was completed in Canada and Iceland. On April 20, 2006, principal photography and production began. On January 2, 2007, New Line Cinema acquired distribution rights to the film. Journey to the Center of the Earth was filmed in 2006. The film transposes the novel into the present day and is mostly live action, with only the landscape and creatures supplied by computer-generated graphics.[4] The film is projected using Real D Cinema and Dolby 3D.[5]

text: Josh Hutcherson's character, Sean, is named after the professor and conservation biologist Dr. Sean Anderson.[6]

text: Release[edit]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The first trailer was shown before screenings of Meet the Robinsons, the re-release of The Nightmare Before Christmas and the release of Beowulf, with the Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert, and during the 2008 Kids' Choice Awards. Warner Bros. marketed the film like a theme park attraction.[7] However, the studio had to slightly tweak the campaign (including dropping "3D" from the title) when it became clear that the film would be shown in 3-D in far fewer theaters than anticipated.[8]

text: Theme parks[edit]

text: In May 2009, the film premiered as "Journey to the Center of the Earth 4-D" at Stone Mountain Park in Georgia.[9] It also opened in the motion simulator at Dollywood under the same name on June 12, 2009.[10] It also featured in the new 4D Cinema at the Weston Super-Mare Grand Pier in the U.K. It was also shown in Movieworld on the Gold Coast.

text: Home media[edit]

text: Journey to the Center of the Earth was released on DVD and Blu-ray on October 28, 2008, in standard 2-D format as well as a magenta / green anaglyph. It opened at #2 at the DVD sales chart, selling 843,224 units in the 1st week which translates to $13,238,617 in revenue.[11] As per the latest figures, 1,642,994 DVD units have been sold, bringing in $25,346,260 in revenue. This doesn't include Blu-ray Disc sales / DVD rentals.[11] The 2008 2-disc BD edition of the movie doesn't conform to the – only later established – Blu-ray 3D specifications, which means that this version doesn't take advantage of any dedicated 3D HDTVs, although it can be watched on 3D HDTVs, as well as on any other TV in anaglyph 3D, by using red-cyan paper glasses (four pairs are included). A 3D Blu-ray version was released on January 17, 2012.[citation needed]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response and box office[edit]

text: The film received mixed reviews. It received a 61% "Fresh" rating by Rotten Tomatoes, based on 155 reviews, with 94 "Fresh" reviews and 61 "Rotten". The site's consensus is: "Modern visuals and an old fashioned storyline make this family adventure/comedy a fast-paced, kitschy ride." The performance of Brendan Fraser has been also praised. Prairie Miller, from News Blaze, said: "Brendan Fraser's playful force of personality rules, 3D or no 3D, one of the few funny guys who could grab attention away from a dinosaur in assault mode, in the center of the earth or anywhere else on the planet".[12] Metacritic gave the film a 57, indicating "Mixed or Average reviews."[13] Journey to the Center of the Earth opened at #3 in North America, behind Hellboy II: The Golden Army and Hancock. The film grossed $21,018,141 in 2,811 theaters in its first week of release with an average of $7,477. 57 percent of the opening gross was taken from theaters which showed the film in 3-D. In second weekend it dropped to $12,340,435 and in third to $9,717,217.[7] As of October 2009, the film has grossed $101,704,370 in the US and $139,157,146 foreign sales, with a total of $241,995,151 worldwide. The film has also had strong DVD sales.[14]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Year
Category
Result
Cast/Crew

Teen Choice Awards
2008
Choice Summer Movie: Action Adventure
Nominated

Young Artist Award
2009
Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actor
Nominated
Josh Hutcherson

BMI Film & TV Awards
2009

Won
Andrew Lockington

World Soundtrack Awards
2009
Discovery of the Year
Nominated
Andrew Lockington

text: International releases[edit]

text:
Brazil - July 11, 2008
Canada - July 11, 2008
Ireland - July 11, 2008
United Kingdom - July 11, 2008
United States - July 11, 2008
Chile - August 7, 2008
Singapore - August 7, 2008

text: Sequel[edit]

text: In March 2009, Walden Media announced a sequel to Journey to the Center of the Earth, Journey 2: The Mysterious Island, with Josh Hutcherson, Dwayne Johnson, Michael Caine, Luis Guzman, and Vanessa Hudgens. Jane Wheeler was replaced by Kristin Davis. Journey 2 was filmed between November 2010 and February 2011 and was released in February 2012. Like the first film, the sequel was shot in 3D, and the script is loosely based on a Verne novel – this time The Mysterious Island.

text: Journey to the Center of the Earth: 4-D Adventure[edit]

text: Journey to the Center of the Earth 4-D Adventure is a 15-minute 4D film shown at various 4D theatres all over the world. It retells the condensed story of the film with the help of 3D projection and sensory effects, including moving seats, wind, mist and scents. Produced by SimEx-Iwerks,[15] the 4D experience premiered in 2009. Locations included Warner Bros. Movie World (2010–2012),[16] Dollywood (2009–2012),[17] Enchanted Kingdom (2009–),[18] Stone Mountain, and Rainbows End.