document_title: Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry

question_text: when is the last time michigan beat ohio state

text: Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry

text: Series history[edit]

text: Early years (1897–1949)[edit]

text: When the University of Michigan and Ohio State met for the first time in 1897, the Toledo War was within the memories of some still living, and the short-lived border war may have fueled the rivalry between the two opposing teams.[12] The inaugural game, held at Ann Arbor, resulted in a lopsided victory for Michigan, with the Wolverines posting a 34–0 win over Ohio State's Buckeyes.[13] The teams did not meet in 1898 or 1899, but played again in 1900.

text: The first game foretold a long Michigan winning streak, with Michigan winning or tying every game from 1897 to 1912 and thereby compiling a 12–0–2 record before the contest was postponed for several years. The Ohio State Alma Mater "Carmen Ohio" was written on the train ride home to Columbus following the 1902 contest, which saw Ohio State lose to Michigan 86–0. The lyrics and melody (Spanish Chant) have remained largely unchanged since its conception.

text: Ohio State became a member of the Big Ten Conference in 1912. In 1917, Michigan rejoined the conference after a ten-year absence. In 1918, the teams played their first conference matchup, with Michigan prevailing 14–0 and lodging its eleventh shutout over the Buckeyes. The rivalry has been renewed annually every year since then. In 1919, the Buckeyes (led by legendary halfback Chic Harley) won their first game in the series, beating the Wolverines 13–3. The Buckeyes won the following two contests as well, to bring the series record to 13–3–2.

text: Harley's prowess spurred the university to campaign to build a stadium for Ohio State football. The stadium was completed in 1922, and the first of many historic games in Ohio Stadium took place on October 21, 1922, the day the stadium was dedicated in Columbus. In front of a record 71,000 fans, the Wolverines posted another shutout of the home team Buckeyes, 19–0. According to lore, there was a wager on the outcome of this game, and yellow flowers on a blue background still exist today in the upper part of the stadium's rotunda.[14] Michigan won the next five games before OSU picked up the final two victories of the decade. At the end of the 1920s, the series stood at 19–5–2 in favor of Michigan.

text: Michigan won three of four contests between 1930 and 1933, claiming the national championship twice. In 1934, Francis Schmidt came on as the head coach for Ohio State. The team had lost nine of the previous 12 Michigan-OSU contests, and when a reporter asked Schmidt if Ohio State could beat Michigan that year, he replied, "Of course we can win, Michigan puts their pants on one leg at a time just like we do". The Buckeyes thereupon ran off four straight shutout victories against Michigan, outscoring the Wolverines 114–0 from 1934 to 1937. Schmidt's quote spawned an OSU tradition—since 1934, every Ohio State player receives a gold pants pendant after a victory against Michigan.

text: Michigan won the three games from 1938 to 1940. The 1940 game, won by Michigan, 40–0, was the benchmark performance of what some consider to be the greatest Michigan team in history, and was the final collegiate game of the legendary tailback tandem of Tom Harmon and Paul Kromer.

text: In 1941, Michigan and Ohio State met for the first time with each team ranked in the AP Poll, which had started in 1936. The 14th-ranked Buckeyes played the 5th-ranked Wolverines to a 20–20 tie in Ann Arbor.

text: In 1945, Michigan quarterback Howard Yerges led Michigan to a 7-3 victory over Ohio State. Yerges played for Ohio State in 1943 as a freshmen (freshmen were eligible to play during wartime) and then transferred to Michigan in 1944 making one of three players to play on both sides in the rivalry. Five more times during the 1940s, the teams were both ranked for their annual matchup. Michigan won five of the next seven games before playing to their second tie of the decade in 1949. The series record stood at 30–12–4 at the mid-century mark.

text: "Snow Bowl" and Woody Hayes (1950–68)[edit]

text: One of the more famous games in the rivalry is the 1950 contest, colloquially known as the Snow Bowl. Eighth-ranked Ohio State, coached by Wes Fesler, was scheduled to host the game on November 25 in Columbus amidst one of the worst blizzards on Ohio record. The Buckeyes, who led the Big Ten, were granted the option to cancel the game against Michigan, which would have, by default, given the Buckeyes the Big Ten title outright. Ohio State refused, and the game was set to be played. Amid howling snow and wind, in a famous example of a "field position" game, the teams exchanged 45 punts, often on first down, in hopes that the other team would fumble the ball near or into their own end zone. Ohio State's Vic Janowicz, who would claim the Heisman Trophy that year, punted 21 times for 685 yards and also kicked a field goal in the first quarter for the Buckeyes' only points. Michigan capitalized on two blocked punts, booting one out of the back of the end zone for a safety and recovering another one in the end zone for a touchdown just before halftime. Despite failing to gain a single first down or complete a single forward pass, Michigan gained a 9–3 victory, securing the Big Ten title and a Rose Bowl berth. Heavy criticism of Fesler's play calling led to his resignation and the hiring of Woody Hayes as his successor.

text: Between 1951 and 1968 under Hayes, the Buckeyes won 12 of 18 contests, including a 1957 victory in Michigan Stadium, the first game in the series attended by over 100,000 fans. In 1958, Ohio State had a 20–14 lead towards the end of the game. On the final play, Michigan fullback Gene Sisinyak ran the ball from the one-yard line for what might have been a game-winning touchdown, but Ohio State defensive tackle Dick Schafrath hit Sisinyak, forcing a fumble. In the 1968 game, Ohio State won 50–14, outscoring its foe 29–0 in the second half and attempting an unsuccessful two-point conversion attempt on its final touchdown. In the post-game interview Hayes was asked why he went for two points with an already insurmountable 50–14 lead and he replied, "because I couldn't go for three". The victory gave top-ranked Ohio State the Big Ten title for the first time in seven years en route to an AP national championship. The Buckeyes had also narrowed the series margin to 37–24–4.

text: "Ten-Year War": Hayes vs Schembechler (1969–78)[edit]

text: Wolverines coach Bump Elliott resigned after the 1968 loss and Michigan hired Miami (Ohio) head coach Bo Schembechler, who had previously been an assistant at Ohio State under Hayes, to revitalize its football program. On November 22, 1969, Hayes led his top-ranked Buckeyes into Michigan Stadium to face Schembechler's Wolverines in the first matchup between two coaches who would come to define the rivalry between the two programs. The Buckeyes brought a 22-game winning streak into Ann Arbor, but behind an inspiring 60-yard punt return by Barry Pierson that set up a Wolverine touchdown in the second quarter, and a defense that intercepted Ohio State six times (three by Pierson), the Wolverines won a defensive battle (both teams were scoreless in the second half) for a 24–12 upset.

text: The contest was the first in the famous "Ten-Year War" between Hayes and Schembechler, which pitted some of OSU's and UM's strongest teams against one another. Four times between 1970 and 1975, Ohio State and Michigan were both ranked in the top five of the AP Poll before their matchup. The Wolverines entered every game during those years undefeated and won only once, a 10–7 victory in Ann Arbor on November 20, 1971. The Michigan graduating class of 1975 shared or won the Big Ten championship every season, yet went to the Rose Bowl only once, in 1972. They only lost or tied with Ohio State during the regular season in that period.

text: In 1973, both teams entered undefeated, with the winner guaranteed a trip to the Rose Bowl. The rivals played to a 10–10 tie in Ann Arbor on November 24, and the athletic directors of the other Big Ten institutions were forced to vote on the Big Ten representative for the bowl game. In a secret ballot, Ohio State won the vote, to the outrage of Michigan athletic officials and fans. Schembechler argued that Michigan was robbed of its on-field achievements, and for months afterward, Ohio State newspapers were flooded with angry Wolverine letters and threats of lawsuits.

text: Woody coined the phrase "That state up north" and "That team up north", so he would not have to say the word "Michigan". He was famous for his intense hatred of all things Michigan and according to legend, once refused to get gas in an empty tank, saying: "No, goddammit! We do NOT pull in and fill up. And I'll tell you exactly why we don't. It's because I don't buy one goddam drop of gas in the state of Michigan! We'll coast and PUSH this goddam car to the Ohio line before I give this state a nickel of my money!"[15]

text: During the "Ten-Year War," Ohio State and Michigan shared the Big Ten title six times. Between 1976 and 1978, Michigan won the game each year, and Ohio State failed to score a touchdown in each of those contests. Woody Hayes was fired at the end of the 1978 season after punching an opposing player during the Gator Bowl, which ended the "War." The 1978 game was won by Michigan, 14–3, giving Schembechler a record of 5–4–1 against Hayes. At the end of the Hayes tenure, the series stood at 42–28–5.

text: Schembechler vs Bruce (1979–87)[edit]

text: Earle Bruce took over for Hayes and led the Buckeyes to a 5–4 record against Schembechler's Wolverines between 1979 and 1987, perhaps the most balanced stretch of the rivalry, during which neither team won more than two consecutive games. In 1987, Bruce was fired in the week before the Michigan game due to a poor season record, but was allowed to coach anyway, and the inspired Buckeyes (each wearing a sweatband labeled "Earle") won an upset over the heavily favored Wolverines. After the game, Bo Schembechler told Bruce, "I always mind losing to Ohio State but I didn't mind so much today."[16] After 1987, the series stood at 46–33–5 in favor of UM.

text: John Cooper era (1988–2000)[edit]

text: The 13 games during John Cooper's tenure as Buckeye coach were dominated by Michigan, as the Wolverines went 10–2–1 during the stretch. Schembechler coached Michigan through the 1989 season and then turned over the reins to one of his assistants, Gary Moeller, who led the team for five seasons before another longtime Michigan assistant, Lloyd Carr, became the head coach in 1995.

text: The most notorious matchups of the era took place in 1993, 1995, and 1996, in which Ohio State entered the game each year undefeated. The Buckeyes had a 9–0–1 record heading into the 1993 game and were looking to claim an outright Big Ten title against a Michigan team that had already lost four times. Michigan receiver Mercury Hayes and running backs Jon Ritchie, Che Foster, and Ed Davis each scored a touchdown as the Wolverines shocked the Buckeyes, 28–0. After the game, Cooper said: "This is one of the most embarrassing games I've ever been involved with." "They outplayed us on offense, on defense, and in the kicking game. If you'd told me we would come up here and get beat 28–0, I'd have probably stayed home."[17]

text: In 1995, #2 Ohio State was led by eventual Heisman Trophy winner Eddie George and future National Football League (NFL) stars Orlando Pace, Terry Glenn, Mike Vrabel, Shawn Springs, and Rickey Dudley. Glenn insisted there wasn't anything special about the Wolverines: "Michigan's nothing," he said.[18] Perhaps inspired by this remark, the Wolverines manhandled the Buckeyes at the line of scrimmage from the very first play. Michigan senior running back Tim Biakabutuka amassed 313 yards rushing in Michigan's 31–23 upset.

text: The Buckeyes had high expectations again entering the 1996 contest. They boasted an unblemished 10–0 record and were ranked #2 in the nation as they entered the finale with 7–3 Michigan. When Ohio State jumped to a 9–0 halftime lead, the OSU crowd sensed a special finish and perhaps a rise to #1. The Wolverines' defense shut the Buckeyes out in the second half while Brian Griese replaced the struggling Scott Dreisbach and led Michigan to 13 unanswered points and another victory over their rivals, 13–9. The game would turn out to be the Buckeyes' only loss of the season and ended up costing them a chance of the national championship.

text: In 1997, Ohio State hoped to return the favor: the 10–0 Wolverines sat atop the AP Poll entering their matchup with the 10–1 Buckeyes, who were ranked #4. Spearheaded by the play of eventual Heisman winner Charles Woodson, who ran a punt back for a touchdown, intercepted a pass in the Ohio State end zone, and caught a 37-yard pass that set up freshman running back Anthony Thomas' touchdown run, the Wolverines prevailed, 20–14. The Wolverines then defeated Washington State in the Rose Bowl by a 21–16 score, winning their first national championship since 1948.

text: Ohio State came back with a win in the 1998 contest, but Michigan went on to win in 1999 and 2000. Senior quarterback Tom Brady hit sophomore receiver Marquise Walker for the game-winning touchdown pass with five minutes to go to for a 24–17 victory in 1999. In the 2000 game, Michigan grabbed a 31–12 lead and held on to win, 38–26. Michigan junior quarterback Drew Henson went 14 for 25 passing for 303 yards and three scores and added a touchdown run. At the end of the 2000 season, Cooper was fired. While he consistently fielded strong teams, his 2–10–1 record against Michigan, including his failure to ever win in Ann Arbor, was, along with disciplinary problems and a losing record in bowl games, a major contributor to his dismissal. Michigan students held a "John Cooper Day" celebration in Ann Arbor on February 10, 2001 in mock celebration of Cooper's record in the rivalry.[citation needed]

text: Enter Jim Tressel (2001–07)[edit]

text: In 2001, Youngstown State head football coach Jim Tressel took over as Buckeye head coach. Unlike his predecessor John Cooper, Tressel put a special emphasis on the rivalry. In his introductory speech at halftime of a January basketball game, against Michigan, he said "I can assure you that you will be proud of our young people, in the classroom, in the community, and most especially in 310 days in Ann Arbor, Michigan on the football field." In his first year, Tressel registered the Buckeyes' first defeat of the Wolverines in Ann Arbor in 14 years, by a 26–20 score. Led by senior running back Jonathan Wells, the Buckeyes raced to a 23–0 halftime lead. With Wells out, Michigan mounted a second half comeback that fell just short. The next year, Tressel achieved what Cooper could not: Beating Michigan in consecutive years with a 14–9 victory. The game was decided on the last play when defensive back Will Allen intercepted a pass at the two yard line as time expired to clinch the victory. The Buckeyes were led by freshman running back Maurice Clarett, who ran for 119 yards and one touchdown. He also had a key reception to set up Maurice Hall's game-winning score. The Buckeyes went on to win the national championship that season, as they defeated Miami in the Fiesta Bowl.

text: In 2003, Michigan struck back and won the 100th meeting between the historical rivals by a score of 35–21 in Ann Arbor. Senior running back Chris Perry, a Heisman finalist, had 154 yards rushing and two touchdowns to lead the Wolverines to the victory. Braylon Edwards contributed seven catches for 130 yards and two big touchdowns. The game's attendance was 112,118, the largest crowd ever for an NCAA football game at the time.[19] In 2004, the 6–4 Buckeyes defeated the heavily favored 9–1 Wolverines, 37–21, behind the leadership of quarterback Troy Smith and true freshman receiver Ted Ginn, Jr. The Buckeyes added another win in the 2005 game by overcoming a 21–12 deficit with less than eight minutes in the game. In the closing minutes of the game, the Buckeye offense scored two touchdowns to claim a 25–21 victory. Smith threw for 300 yards and completed 73% of his passes. Ginn had a game high nine catches for 89 yards.

text: 2006: No. 1 vs. No. 2[edit]

text:
Game of the Century (in 2006)

Michigan Wolverines
Ohio State Buckeyes

(11–0)
(11–0)

39
42

Head coach:
Lloyd Carr
Head coach:
Jim Tressel

AP
Coaches
BCS

2
2
2

AP
Coaches
BCS

1
1
1

1
2
3
4
Total

Michigan
7
7
10
15
39

Ohio State
7
21
7
7
42

Date
November 18, 2006

Season
2006

Stadium
Ohio Stadium

Location
Columbus, Ohio

text: On November 18, 2006, Ohio State and Michigan met for their annual showdown, each carrying an 11–0 record. For the first time in the history of the rivalry, the two rivals faced off while holding the top two spots in the Bowl Championship Series rankings. Ohio State won the game by a score of 42–39 and became the outright Big Ten champion, earning the right to play for a national championship at the BCS National Championship Game in Glendale, Arizona. Michigan struck first with a touchdown run by junior running back Mike Hart, but the Buckeyes then scored 21 unanswered points, and at halftime, they were up 28–14. Thanks to an interception and a fumble recovery by junior defensive tackle Alan Branch, Michigan made it 35–31 Ohio State with 14 minutes to go in the fourth quarter. But after appearing to have forced Ohio State into a fourth-down situation with six minutes to go, junior outside linebacker Shawn Crable was called for roughing the passer, giving the Buckeyes a fresh set of downs. Ohio State quarterback Troy Smith then passed to Brian Robiskie for a touchdown, increasing the Buckeyes' lead to 42–31 with five minutes remaining in the game. After Ohio State was called for pass interference on a failed fourth-down attempt, giving Michigan an automatic first down, junior quarterback Chad Henne found senior tight end Tyler Ecker for a 16-yard touchdown with two minutes to go to cut the OSU lead to 42–37. Senior wide receiver Steve Breaston caught the two-point conversion to bring the Wolverines within a field goal. Michigan needed to recover the ensuing onside kick, but they failed to do so. The Buckeyes ran out the clock for the victory, and a trip to the BCS national championship game. Troy Smith completed 71% of his passes for 316 yards and four touchdowns, essentially clinching the Heisman trophy. Ginn caught eight passes for 104 yards and a touchdown. Ohio State running back Antonio Pittman ran for 139 yards on 18 carries for a 7.7 yards-per-carry average. Michigan running back Mike Hart carried the ball 23 times for 142 yards and three touchdowns against a stout Buckeye defense. Chad Henne had 267 yards, two touchdowns, and no turnovers on a 60% completion percentage. Neither performance was, however, sufficient to turn the tide in favor of the Wolverines. The game was highly touted by ESPN/ABC (there was a game countdown clock for a week before kickoff) and was viewed by the largest television audience for a regular-season college football game since 1993, averaging 21.8 million viewers.[20] The victory marked the first time in 43 years that the Buckeyes had won three consecutive games in the series. The game gained even more significance when, on the eve of the meeting, Michigan head coach and former Ohio State assistant coach Bo Schembechler died. Schembechler was honored with a video tribute at Ohio Stadium as well as a moment of silence before kickoff.[21] Half an hour after the game ended, the Ohio Lottery PICK 4 evening drawing was 4–2–3–9, matching the final score of the game and paying out up to $5,000 per winner, for a total payout of $2.2 million.[22]

text: Following the game, there was a chance of a rematch in the 2007 BCS National Championship Game, but Florida was chosen over Michigan to be Ohio State's opponent.

text: Sea change at Michigan (2008–10)[edit]

text: Lloyd Carr retired as coach at Michigan following the 2007 season and another loss to Ohio State. Tressel had compiled a 6–1 record against Carr's Michigan teams, leaving Carr with a 6–7 career record against Ohio State. In December 2007, Michigan hired West Virginia head coach Rich Rodriguez to take over the football program. Rodriguez, known for his expertise in the spread offense, represented a significant departure from the Wolverines' traditional offensive style. Furthermore, both Carr and his predecessor Gary Moeller had been apprenticed by the now-legendary Schembechler, and Rodriguez's hiring marked the first time in 40 years that a Michigan football team would not be coached by a member of the "Schembechler school."

text: The 2008 game, Rodriguez's first against the Buckeyes, featured an Ohio State team that needed a win to secure at least a share of the Big Ten championship for the fourth straight year. Michigan by contrast entered the game with a 3–8 record, having already suffered more losses than in any other season in its history. The Buckeyes posted a 42–7 win, and scored their largest margin of victory over Michigan since 1968.

text: Ohio State won 21–10 in the 2009 game to extend their winning streak against Michigan to six games, their longest in the rivalry's history, and improve Jim Tressel's record versus Michigan to 8–1. Ohio State wore throwback uniforms to commemorate their 1954 national championship team. The 2009 meeting also saw Buckeye guard Justin Boren, who had transferred to Ohio State from Michigan in 2008, become the third player in school history to play for both teams (J. T. White and Howard Yerges, Jr. being the others)[23] and only the second to play for both teams in the rivalry game. In 2010, Ohio State again prevailed, 37–7.[24]

text: A carousel of coaches (2011–present)[edit]

text: Rodriguez was fired following Michigan's 2010 season, ending Michigan's flirtation with the spread—and with non-"Michigan Man" coaches. Rodriguez was succeeded by Brady Hoke, who served as Michigan's defensive line coach from 1995 to 2002. Hoke held head coaching positions at Ball State from 2003 to 2008 and San Diego State from 2009 to 2010 before returning to Michigan. Meanwhile, in Columbus, the Ohio State football program came under NCAA investigation in early 2011 for an incident in which several prominent players were discovered to have traded memorabilia for tattoos. Evidence surfaced that Tressel had known about the situation but had not reported it to school compliance officials, and that the abuses were more widespread and longstanding than originally reported.[25] On May 30, 2011, Tressel resigned as head coach and former Buckeye player and assistant coach Luke Fickell was appointed interim head coach for the 2011 season. In July 2011, in response to the ongoing NCAA investigation, Ohio State vacated all wins from the 2010 season, including the win over Michigan, leaving Tressel with a final record against Michigan of 8–1, with a win streak of six.[1]

text: Michigan won the 2011 meeting, 40–34, which was the first between two first-year coaches since the 1929 match-up of Harry Kipke and Sam Willaman. The Wolverines were led by junior quarterback Denard Robinson who accounted for 337 total yards rushing and passing, and five touchdowns.

text: On November 28, 2011, Urban Meyer, who had served as an assistant at Ohio State from 1986 to 1987, was named the 24th head coach for the Buckeyes, replacing Fickell.[26] In the 2012 matchup, OSU's junior running back Carlos Hyde ran for 146 yards and the fourth-ranked Buckeyes, trailing at halftime, shut down No. 20 Michigan's offense in the second half to prevail 26–21 and cap a 12–0 season.[27]

text: In 2013, Ohio State came to Michigan Stadium with an 11–0 record (7–0 Big Ten) and ranked #3 in the BCS standings. Michigan was a disappointing 7–4 (3–4 Big Ten). In spite of the seeming mismatch, the game remained close and with 32 seconds remaining Michigan scored to bring the score to 42–41. Michigan attempted a two-point conversion for the lead, but Devin Gardner's pass was intercepted in the end zone by Tyvis Powell, and Ohio State escaped with the win.

text: Michigan entered the 2014 contest with a 5–6 record and needed a win against Ohio State to become bowl eligible. Ohio State had a 10–1 record (7–0 in the Big Ten), and was holding onto hope that they would be selected as one of the top four teams in the nation and gain a spot in the first ever College Football Playoff. The game was tied at 21 until the fourth quarter when Ohio State scored three touchdowns (two on offense and one on defense) to go up 42–21. The Game ended 42–28. During the contest, OSU quarterback J. T. Barrett suffered a broken ankle and left the game in favor of third-string sophomore quarterback, Cardale Jones. Ohio State would go on to win the inaugural College Football Playoff and national championship.

text: Three days after the game, Michigan head coach Brady Hoke was fired and Michigan began searching for Hoke's successor. On December 30, 2014, Jim Harbaugh, former quarterback for Michigan from 1983 to 1986, was introduced by the University of Michigan as the school's new head football coach.

text: The 2015 game in Ann Arbor marked Harbaugh's first game as a head coach in the rivalry. His Michigan team was 9–2 coming into the game and Ohio State was 10–1. For the first time since 2006, both teams were ranked in the top 10, with Ohio State at #8 and Michigan at #10.[28] The first half was close, with Michigan scoring a touchdown shortly before halftime to narrow Ohio State's lead to 14–10. Ohio State, however, scored touchdowns on each of its first 4 possessions in the second half, while Michigan could only muster a single field goal. The final score was 42–13, in favor of Ohio State.

text: The 2016 game pitted the third-ranked Wolverines against the second-ranked Buckeyes, only the second time that the matchup featured programs both ranked in the nation's top three. Michigan led 10–7 at halftime and extended its lead to 17–7 early in the third quarter. An Ohio State touchdown cut the deficit to 17–14 heading to the fourth quarter. The Buckeyes kicked a field goal in the final seconds of regulation to tie the game and force overtime. The game marked the first overtime in the series between the two teams. Ohio State defeated Michigan for the fifth consecutive time, winning, 30–27, in double overtime.

text: Big Ten expansion[edit]

text: In 2010, the Big Ten Conference announced that the University of Nebraska would be joining the Big Ten the following year, and that the Big Ten would be split into two divisions. When rumors surfaced that Ohio State and Michigan would be placed in different divisions, concerns arose that the teams might no longer play the last game of the regular season to avoid potential back-to-back games if each team won their division and earned the right to play in the Big Ten Championship Game. Fans bombarded the athletic directors of both schools, as well as the Big Ten commissioner with emails, creating pressure to keep The Game as the regular season finale. Ultimately, Michigan was placed in the Legends Division and Ohio State in the Leaders Division. The Michigan–Ohio State game became a "protected crossover" game, to be played every year at the end of the regular season.

text: The game became a division matchup in 2014 under the Big Ten's geographical realignment. Michigan and Ohio State were both placed in the East Division.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: During the mid-2000s, ESPN aired several commercials describing certain situations that would be "normal, if it wasn't for sports". One commercial featured a man in an Ohio State shirt making out with a woman wearing a Michigan shirt.[29] An ESPNU commercial air portrayed a couple on a blind date that appears to be successful until it becomes clear that she is from Michigan and he is a fan of Ohio State.[30]

text: In 2006, as part of their "Midwest Midterm Midtacular", The Daily Show visited Ohio State University and made fun of the rivalry on the final night by having correspondent Rob Riggle report while wearing a Michigan sweatshirt. This brought boos, jeers, and a few laughs from the OSU audience. After the sketch was over, Jon Stewart compared the rivalry to the disputes between Sunni and Shiite Muslims.[31]

text: The 2007 HBO documentary Michigan vs. Ohio State: The Rivalry focused on the rivalry, chiefly the "Ten-Year War" through the present.[32]

text: The book Myth Directions by Robert Asprin, who attended Michigan, features a thinly veiled version of the Ohio State vs. Michigan game, parodying both sides and their fanaticism regarding the event.

text: The 1942 movie The Male Animal, based on a play of the same name by Ohio State alumni James Thurber and Elliott Nugent, also features a version of the game.

text: In 2011, 10-year-old Grant Reed of Columbus was diagnosed with a malignant brain tumor. Not liking to use the word "cancer", Reed (whose parents are both Ohio State alums and himself is an Ohio State fan) decided to call his cancer "Michigan", since "Ohio State is always going to beat Michigan". The move of calling his cancer "Michigan" got the support of his parents, Ohio State head coach Urban Meyer (who Reed later got to meet), and even some Michigan fans, including Michigan head coach Brady Hoke.[33] After his last chemotherapy treatment in 2013 which placed him in remission, Reed now tells people that he "beat Michigan".[34]

text: Accomplishments by the two rivals[edit]

text:
Team
Michigan[35]
Ohio State[36]

National titles[37]
11
8

Bowl appearances[38][39]
45
47[n 1]

CFP appearances
0
2

Postseason bowl record
21–24
22–25[n 1]

Rose Bowl appearances
20
14

Rose Bowl wins
8
7

Big Ten Division titles[40]
0
3

Big Ten titles
42
35[n 1]

Consensus All-Americans[41][42]
81
83

Heisman Trophies[43]
3
7

All-time program record
935–334–36
886–322–53[n 1]

All-time win percentage
.730
.724[n 1]

text: Game results[edit]

text: Rankings are from the AP Poll.[n 1]

text:
Michigan victories
Ohio State victories
Tie games
Vacated wins

text:
No.
Date
Location
Winner
Score

1
1897
Ann Arbor
Michigan
34–0

2
1900
Ann Arbor
Tie
0–0

3
1901
Columbus
Michigan
21–0

4
1902
Ann Arbor
Michigan
86–0

5
1903
Ann Arbor
Michigan
36–0

6
1904
Columbus
Michigan
31–6

7
1905
Ann Arbor
Michigan
40–0

8
1906
Columbus
Michigan
6–0

9
1907
Ann Arbor
Michigan
22–0

10
1908
Columbus
Michigan
10–6

11
1909
Ann Arbor
Michigan
33–6

12
1910
Columbus
Tie
3–3

13
1911
Ann Arbor
Michigan
19–0

14
1912
Columbus
Michigan
14–0

15
1918
Columbus
Michigan
14–0

16
1919
Ann Arbor
Ohio State
13–3

17
1920
Columbus
Ohio State
14–7

18
1921
Ann Arbor
Ohio State
14–0

19
1922
Columbus
Michigan
19–0

20
1923
Ann Arbor
Michigan
23–0

21
1924
Columbus
Michigan
16–6

22
1925
Ann Arbor
Michigan
10–0

23
1926
Columbus
Michigan
17–16

24
1927
Ann Arbor
Michigan
21–0

25
1928
Columbus
Ohio State
19–7

26
1929
Ann Arbor
Ohio State
7–0

27
1930
Columbus
Michigan
13–0

28
1931
Ann Arbor
Ohio State
7–0

29
1932
Columbus
Michigan
14–10

30
1933
Ann Arbor
Michigan
13–0

31
1934
Columbus
Ohio State
34–0

32
1935
Ann Arbor
Ohio State
38–0

33
1936
Columbus
Ohio State (#18)
21–0

34
1937
Ann Arbor
Ohio State (#19)
21–0

35
1938
Columbus
Michigan (#17)
18–0

36
1939
Ann Arbor
Michigan
21–14

37
1940
Columbus
Michigan (#7)
40–0

38
1941
Ann Arbor
Tie
20–20

39
1942
Columbus
Ohio State (#5)
21–7

40
1943
Ann Arbor
Michigan (#4)
45–7

41
1944
Columbus
Ohio State (#3)
18–14

42
1945
Ann Arbor
Michigan (#8)
7–3

43
1946
Columbus
Michigan (#8)
58–6

44
1947
Ann Arbor
Michigan (#1)
21–0

45
1948
Columbus
Michigan (#1)
13–3

46
1949
Ann Arbor
Tie
7–7

47
1950
Columbus
Michigan
9–3

48
1951
Ann Arbor
Michigan
7–0

49
1952
Columbus
Ohio State
27–7

50
1953
Ann Arbor
Michigan
20–0

51
1954
Columbus
Ohio State (#1)
21–7

52
1955
Ann Arbor
Ohio State (#9)
17–0

53
1956
Columbus
Michigan (#9)
19–0

54
1957
Ann Arbor
Ohio State (#3)
31–14

55
1958
Columbus
Ohio State (#11)
20–14

56
1959
Ann Arbor
Michigan
23–14

57
1960
Columbus
Ohio State (#10)
7–0

58
1961
Ann Arbor
Ohio State (#2)
50–20

No.
Date
Location
Winner
Score

59
1962
Columbus
Ohio State
28–0

60
1963
Ann Arbor
Ohio State
14–10

61
1964
Columbus
Michigan (#6)
10–0

62
1965
Ann Arbor
Ohio State
9–7

63
1966
Columbus
Michigan
17–3

64
1967
Ann Arbor
Ohio State
24–14

65
1968
Columbus
Ohio State (#2)
50–14

66
1969
Ann Arbor
Michigan (#12)
24–12

67
1970
Columbus
Ohio State (#5)
20–9

68
1971
Ann Arbor
Michigan (#3)
10–7

69
1972
Columbus
Ohio State (#9)
14–11

70
1973
Ann Arbor
Tie
10–10

71
1974
Columbus
Ohio State (#4)
12–10

72
1975
Ann Arbor
Ohio State (#1)
21–14

73
1976
Columbus
Michigan (#4)
22–0

74
1977
Ann Arbor
Michigan (#5)
14–6

75
1978
Columbus
Michigan (#6)
14–3

76
1979
Ann Arbor
Ohio State (#2)
18–15

77
1980
Columbus
Michigan (#10)
9–3

78
1981
Ann Arbor
Ohio State
14–9

79
1982
Columbus
Ohio State
24–14

80
1983
Ann Arbor
Michigan (#8)
24–21

81
1984
Columbus
Ohio State (#11)
21–6

82
1985
Ann Arbor
Michigan (#6)
27–17

83
1986
Columbus
Michigan (#6)
26–24

84
1987
Ann Arbor
Ohio State
23–20

85
1988
Columbus
Michigan (#12)
34–31

86
1989
Ann Arbor
Michigan (#3)
28–18

87
1990
Columbus
Michigan (#15)
16–13

88
1991
Ann Arbor
Michigan (#4)
31–3

89
1992
Columbus
Tie
13–13

90
1993
Ann Arbor
Michigan
28–0

91
1994
Columbus
Ohio State (#22)
22–6

92
1995
Ann Arbor
Michigan (#18)
31–23

93
1996
Columbus
Michigan (#21)
13–9

94
1997
Ann Arbor
Michigan (#1)
20–14

95
1998
Columbus
Ohio State (#7)
31–16

96
1999
Ann Arbor
Michigan (#10)
24–17

97
2000
Columbus
Michigan (#19)
38–26

98
2001
Ann Arbor
Ohio State
26–20

99
2002
Columbus
Ohio State (#2)
14–9

100
2003
Ann Arbor
Michigan (#5)
35–21

101
2004
Columbus
Ohio State
37–21

102
2005
Ann Arbor
Ohio State (#9)
25–21

103
2006
Columbus
Ohio State (#1)
42–39

104
2007
Ann Arbor
Ohio State (#7)
14–3

105
2008
Columbus
Ohio State (#10)
42–7

106
2009
Ann Arbor
Ohio State (#9)
21–10

107
2010[1]
Columbus
Ohio State (#12)
37–7

108
2011
Ann Arbor
Michigan (#15)
40–34

109
2012
Columbus
Ohio State (#4)
26–21

110
2013
Ann Arbor
Ohio State (#3)
42–41

111
2014
Columbus
Ohio State (#6)
42–28

112
2015
Ann Arbor
Ohio State (#8)
42–13

113
2016
Columbus
Ohio State (#2)
30–272OT

114
2017
Ann Arbor

Series: Michigan leads 58–48–6

text: Big Ten games[edit]

text: In Big Ten Conference play, Ohio State leads the series 48–46–4 through the 2016 meeting.[44][45] Michigan was a charter member of the Big Ten in 1896 before leaving the league after the 1906 football season. Ohio State began league play with the 1913 season, and Michigan returned for the 1917 season.[46] The 1918 matchup between the two schools was the first between them with both as Big Ten members.

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Ohio State has vacated all 12 of its victories and its Big Ten Conference championship from the 2010 season. These 12 wins are not included in Ohio State's all-time record, nor is the 2010 Michigan–Ohio State contest counted in the series record between the two teams.[1][2] See Wikipedia:WikiProject College football/Vacated victories for an explanation of how vacated victories are recorded.[3][4][5]


document_title: Pineapple

question_text: where is pineapple grown in the united states

root

text: Pineapple

text: Etymology

text: The word "pineapple" in English was first recorded to describe the reproductive organs of conifer trees (now termed pine cones). When European explorers encountered this tropical fruit in the Americas, they called them "pineapples" (first referenced in 1664, for resemblance to pine cones).[9][10]

tag: p

text: In the scientific binomial Ananas comosus, ananas, the original name of the fruit, comes from the Tupi word nanas, meaning "excellent fruit",[11] as recorded by André Thevet in 1555, and comosus, "tufted", refers to the stem of the fruit. Other members of the Ananas genus are often called pine, as well, in other languages. In Spanish, pineapples are called piña ("pine cone"), or ananá (ananás) (for example, the piña colada drink).[citation needed]

text: Botany

text: The pineapple is a herbaceous perennial, which grows to 1.0 to 1.5 m (3.3 to 4.9 ft) tall, although sometimes it can be taller. In appearance, the plant has a short, stocky stem with tough, waxy leaves. When creating its fruit, it usually produces up to 200 flowers, although some large-fruited cultivars can exceed this. Once it flowers, the individual fruits of the flowers join together to create what is commonly referred to as a pineapple. After the first fruit is produced, side shoots (called 'suckers' by commercial growers) are produced in the leaf axils of the main stem. These may be removed for propagation, or left to produce additional fruits on the original plant.[5] Commercially, suckers that appear around the base are cultivated. It has 30 or more long, narrow, fleshy, trough-shaped leaves with sharp spines along the margins that are 30 to 100 cm (1.0 to 3.3 ft) long, surrounding a thick stem. In the first year of growth, the axis lengthens and thickens, bearing numerous leaves in close spirals. After 12 to 20 months, the stem grows into a spike-like inflorescence up to 15 cm (6 in) long with over 100 spirally arranged, trimerous flowers, each subtended by a bract. Flower colors vary, depending on variety, from lavender, through light purple to red.[citation needed]

text: The ovaries develop into berries, which coalesce into a large, compact, multiple fruit. The fruit of a pineapple is arranged in two interlocking helices, eight in one direction, 13 in the other, each being a Fibonacci number.[12]

text: The pineapple carries out CAM photosynthesis,[13] fixing carbon dioxide at night and storing it as the acid malate, then releasing it during the day aiding photosynthesis.

text: Pollination

text: Seed formation needs pollination, but the presence of seeds harms the quality of the fruit. In Hawaii, where pineapple is cultivated on an agricultural scale, importation of hummingbirds is prohibited for this reason.[14] Certain bat-pollinated wild pineapples open their flowers only at night.[15]

text: Culinary uses

text:
Pineapple, raw

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)

Energy
209 kJ (50 kcal)

Carbohydrates

13.12 g

Sugars
9.85 g

Dietary fiber
1.4 g

Fat

0.12 g

Protein

0.54 g

Vitamins

Thiamine (B1)

(7%)
0.079 mg

Riboflavin (B2)

(3%)
0.032 mg

Niacin (B3)

(3%)
0.5 mg

Pantothenic acid (B5)

(4%)
0.213 mg

Vitamin B6

(9%)
0.112 mg

Folate (B9)

(5%)
18 μg

Choline

(1%)
5.5 mg

Vitamin C

(58%)
47.8 mg

Minerals

Calcium

(1%)
13 mg

Iron

(2%)
0.29 mg

Magnesium

(3%)
12 mg

Manganese

(44%)
0.927 mg

Phosphorus

(1%)
8 mg

Potassium

(2%)
109 mg

Sodium

(0%)
1 mg

Zinc

(1%)
0.12 mg

Other constituents

Water
86.00 g

Link to USDA Database entry

Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units

Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.

tag: table

text: The flesh and juice of the pineapple are used in cuisines around the world. In many tropical countries, pineapple is prepared and sold on roadsides as a snack. It is sold whole or in halves with a stick inserted. Whole, cored slices with a cherry in the middle are a common garnish on hams in the West. Chunks of pineapple are used in desserts such as fruit salad, as well as in some savory dishes, including pizza toppings, or as a grilled ring on a hamburger. Crushed pineapple is used in yogurt, jam, sweets, and ice cream. The juice of the pineapple is served as a beverage, and it is also the main ingredient in cocktails such as the piña colada and in the drink tepache.

text: Nutrition

text: In a 100-gram serving, raw pineapple is an excellent source of manganese (44% Daily Value [DV]) and vitamin C (58% DV), but otherwise contains no essential nutrients in significant quantities (see table).[16]

text: Bromelain

text: Present in all parts of the pineapple plant,[17] bromelain is a mixture of proteolytic enzymes. Bromelain is under preliminary research for a variety of clinical disorders, but to date has not been adequately defined for its effects in the human body.[18] Bromelain may be unsafe for some users, such as in pregnancy, allergies, or anticoagulation therapy.[18]

text: If having sufficient bromelain content, raw pineapple juice may be useful as a meat marinade and tenderizer.[19] Although pineapple enzymes can interfere with the preparation of some foods or manufactured products, such as gelatin-based desserts or gel capsules,[20] their proteolytic activity responsible for such properties may be degraded during cooking and canning. The quantity of bromelain in a typical serving of pineapple fruit is probably not significant, but specific extraction can yield sufficient quantities for domestic and industrial processing.[19][21]

text: The bromelain content of raw pineapple is responsible for the sore mouth feeling often experienced when eating it, due to the enzymes breaking down the proteins of sensitive tissues in the mouth. Also, raphides, needle-shaped crystals of calcium oxalate that occur in pineapple fruits and leaves, likely cause microabrasions, contributing to mouth discomfort.[22][23][24]

text: History

text: The plant is indigenous to South America and is said to originate from the area between southern Brazil and Paraguay;[2] however, little is known about the origin of the domesticated pineapple (Pickersgill, 1976). MS Bertoni (1919)[25] considered the Paraná–Paraguay River drainages to be the place of origin of A. comosus.[26] The natives of southern Brazil and Paraguay spread the pineapple throughout South America, and it eventually reached the Caribbean, Central America, and Mexico, where it was cultivated by the Mayas and the Aztecs. Columbus encountered the pineapple in 1493 on the leeward island of Guadeloupe. He called it piña de Indes, meaning "pine of the Indians", and brought it back with him to Spain, thus making the pineapple the first bromeliad to be introduced by humans outside of the New World.[27] The Spanish introduced it into the Philippines, Hawaii (introduced in the early 19th century, first commercial plantation 1886), Zimbabwe, and Guam. The fruit is said to have been first introduced in Hawaii when a Spanish ship brought it there in the 1500s.[28] The Portuguese took the fruit from Brazil and introduced it into India by 1550.[29]

text: The pineapple was brought to northern Europe by the Dutch from their colony in Surinam. The first pineapple to be successfully cultivated in Europe, is said to have been grown by Pieter de la Court at Meerburg in 1658.[30] In England, a huge "pineapple stove" needed to grow the plants had been built at the Chelsea Physic Garden in 1723.[31] In France, King Louis XV was presented with a pineapple that had been grown at Versailles in 1733. Catherine the Great ate pineapples grown on her own estates before her death in 1796.[32] Because of the expense of direct import and the enormous cost in equipment and labour required to grow them in a temperate climate, using hothouses called "pineries", pineapples soon became a symbol of wealth. They were initially used mainly for display at dinner parties, rather than being eaten, and were used again and again until they began to rot.[33] By the second half of the 18th century, the production of the fruit on British estates had become the subject of great rivalry between wealthy aristocrats.[33] John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore built a hothouse on his estate surmounted by a huge stone cupola 14 metres tall in the shape of the fruit; it is known as the Dunmore Pineapple.[34]

text: John Kidwell is credited with the introduction of the pineapple industry to Hawaii; large-scale pineapple cultivation by US companies began in the early 1900s. Among the most famous and influential pineapple industrialists was James Dole, who moved to Hawaii in 1899[35] and started a pineapple plantation in 1900.[36] The companies Dole and Del Monte began growing pineapples on the island of Oahu in 1901 and 1917, respectively. Dole's pineapple company began with the acquisition of 60 acres (24 ha) of land in 1901, and grew into a major company, the Dole Food Company. Maui Pineapple Company began pineapple cultivation on the island of Maui in 1909.[37]

text: In the US, in 1986, the Pineapple Research Institute was dissolved and its assets divided between Del Monte and Maui Land and Pineapple. Del Monte took cultivar '73–114', dubbed 'MD-2', to its plantations in Costa Rica, found it to be well-suited to growing there, and launched it publicly in 1996 as 'Gold Extra Sweet', while Del Monte also began marketing '73–50', dubbed 'CO-2', as 'Del Monte Gold'.[38]

text: Dole ceased its cannery operations in Honolulu in 1991, and in 2008, Del Monte terminated its pineapple-growing operations in Hawaii.[39] In 2009, the Maui Pineapple Company reduced its operations to supply pineapples only locally on Maui,[40] and by 2013, only the Dole Plantation on Oahu grew pineapples in a volume of about 0.1 percent of the world's production.[39]

text: Production

text:
Pineapple production – 2014

Country
(millions of tonnes)

 Costa Rica

2.9

 Brazil

2.6

 Philippines

2.5

 Thailand

1.9

 Indonesia

1.8

 India

1.7

World

25.4

Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations[41]

text: In 2014, world production was 25.4 million tonnes, a 2% increase over 2013 totals.[41] The top countries were led by Costa Rica with 11% of global production.[41]

text: Cultivation

text: In commercial farming, flowering can be induced artificially, and the early harvesting of the main fruit can encourage the development of a second crop of smaller fruits. Once removed during cleaning, the top of the pineapple can be planted in soil and a new plant will grow. Slips and suckers are planted commercially.[2]

text: Ethical and environmental concerns

text: Three-quarters of the pineapples sold in Europe are grown in Costa Rica, where pineapple production is highly industrialised. Growers typically use 20 kg (44 lb) of pesticides per hectare in each growing cycle,[42] a process that may affect soil quality and biodiversity. The pesticides—organophosphates, organochlorines, and hormone disruptors—have the potential to affect workers' health and can contaminate local drinking water supplies.[42] Many of these chemicals have potential to be carcinogens, and may be related to birth defects.[42]

text: Because of commercial pressures, many pineapple workers—60% of whom are Nicaraguan—in Costa Rica are paid low wages.[quantify] European supermarkets' price-reduction policies have lowered growers' incomes.[42] One major pineapple producer contests these claims.[43]

text: Cultivars

text: Many cultivars are known.[2] The leaves of the commonly grown "smooth cayenne" are smooth[44] and it is the most commonly grown worldwide. Many cultivars have become distributed from its origins in Paraguay and the southern part of Brazil, and later improved stocks were introduced into the Americas, the Azores, Africa, India, Malaysia and Australia.[2] Varieties include:[citation needed]

text:
'Hilo' is a compact, 1.0– to 1.5-kg (2– to 3-lb) Hawaiian variant of smooth cayenne; the fruit is more cylindrical and produces many suckers, but no slips.
'Kona sugarloaf', at : 2.5 to 3.0 kg (5–6 lb), has white flesh with no woodiness in the center, is cylindrical in shape, and has a high sugar content but no acid; it has an unusually sweet fruit.
'Natal queen', at 1.0 to 1.5 kg (2 to 3 lb), has golden yellow flesh, crisp texture, and delicate mild flavor; well-adapted to fresh consumption, it keeps well after ripening. It has spiny leaves, and is grown in Australia, Malaysia, and South Africa.
'Pernambuco' ('eleuthera') weighs 1–2 kg (2–4 lb), and has pale yellow to white flesh. It is sweet, melting in texture, and excellent for eating fresh; it is poorly adapted for shipping, has spiny leaves, and is grown in Latin America.
'Red Spanish', at 1–2 kg (2–4 lb), has pale yellow flesh with a pleasant aroma, is squarish in shape, and well-adapted for shipping as fresh fruit to distant markets; it has spiny leaves and is grown in Latin America.
'Smooth cayenne', with 2.5– to 3.0-kg (5– to 6-lb), pale yellow- to yellow-fleshed, cylindrical fruit with high sugar and acid content, is well-adapted to canning and processing; its leaves are without spines. It is an ancient cultivar developed by Amerind peoples.[38] Until recently, this was the variety from Hawaii, and the most easily obtainable in US grocery stores, but has been replaced by 'MD-2'.[38] It is one of the ancestors of cultivars '73–114' (also called 'MD-2') and '73-50' (also called 'MD-1' and 'CO-2').[38]
Some Ananas species are grown as ornamentals for color, novel fruit size, and other aesthetic qualities.

tag: ul

text:
Abacaxi

Tropical Gold

Victoria

Pineapple plant in Bangladesh

text: Pests and diseases

text: Pineapples are subject to a variety of diseases, the most serious of which is wilt disease vectored by mealybugs[45] typically found on the surface of pineapples, but possibly in the closed blossom cups.[2] Other diseases include pink disease, bacterial heart rot, anthracnose,[45] fungal heart rot, root rot, black rot, butt rot, fruitlet core rot, and yellow spot virus.[46] Pink disease is characterized by the fruit developing a brownish to black discoloration when heated during the canning process. The causal agents of pink disease are the bacteria Acetobacter aceti, Gluconobacter oxydans, and Pantoea citrea.[47]

text: Some pests that commonly affect pineapple plants are scales, thrips, mites, mealybugs, ants, and symphylids.[46]

text: Heart-rot is the most serious disease affecting pineapple plants. The disease is caused by Phytophthora Cinnamoni and P. parasitica, fungi that often affect pineapples grown in wet conditions. Since it is difficult to treat, it is advisable to guard against infection by planting resistant cultivars where these are available; all suckers that are required for propagation should be dipped in a fungicide, since the fungus enters through the wounds.[48]

text: Storage and transport

text: Some buyers prefer green fruit, others ripened or off-green. A plant growth regulator, Ethephon, is typically sprayed onto the fruit one week before harvest, developing ethylene, which turns the fruit golden yellow. After cleaning and slicing, a pineapple is typically canned in sugar syrup with added preservative.[2]

text: A pineapple never becomes any riper than it was when harvested.[49] A fully ripe pineapple can bruise and rot quickly.[citation needed]

text: The fruit itself is quite perishable[2] and if it is stored at room temperature, it should be used within two days; however, if it is refrigerated, the time span extends to 5–7 days.[50]

text: Symbolism and cultural history

text: Mimi Sheller writes: "The pineapple entered European iconography as a symbol of welcome and hospitality, and also eventually found its way into botanical gardens such as the Chelsea Physic Garden, where it was grown in heated pits."[51] The sweet fruit had a "mysterious aura" in the Age of Sail because except for a "small elite with access to glass hothouses", tropical fruits could only be tasted where they were cultivated.[51] Christopher Cumo writes that "The Spanish who followed Columbus delighted in eating pineapple and in writing about it for a European public eager to learn of the flora and fauna of the Americas ... The pineapple was first a luxury because transit from the tropics to Europe was expensive in the age of sail. In this respect, pineapple was much like sugar, a commodity of privilege before it became an item of the masses."[52] Cumo writes that "pineapple was the fruit of colonialism" because the Portuguese, French, Dutch, and British all sought to establish pineapple plantations in the tropics of South America, Central America, and the Caribbean.[52]

text: In architecture, pineapple figures are a decorative element symbolizing hospitality.[53][54][55] Usually in plaster or carved wood,[55] pineapples images occur in finials,[53][55] pendants,[55] and "broken" pediments.[54]

text: Chemistry

text: Pineapple fruits can contain gallic acid, gentisic acid, syringic acid, vanillin, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, isoferulic acid, o-coumaric acid, protocatechuic acid, tyrosine, syringaldehyde, genistin, taxifolin, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, quercitrin, transmethoxycinnamic acid, kaempferol, myricetin, chavicol, tyramine, p-coumaroylquinic acid and arbutin.[56]

text: Gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin and ferulic acid are the main polyphenolics in pineapple peels.[57]

text: Gallery

text:
Play media

A pineapple being prepared by a roadside vendor in Hainan, China

A pineapple

Pineapple detail

Pineapple leaf detail


document_title: Transfer window

question_text: when does the russian football transfer window close

text: Transfer window

text: Current schedules and exceptions[edit]

text: FIFA regulates in general that there shall be two windows, a longer one (max. twelve weeks) in the break between seasons and a shorter one (max. one month) in the middle of a season. The specific periods depend on the league's season cycle and are determined by the national football authorities.[5]

text: Most major European leagues commence in the second half of the year (e.g. August or September) and stretch over two calendar years to the first half of the next year (e.g. May), resulting in a close season window in the Summer ending in August, and a mid-season window in January.

text: The periods are different when a league runs throughout a single calendar year, as in most Nordic countries due to weather constraints, Major League Soccer due to both weather and competition from other locally popular sports (notably basketball and American football), or as the traditional season in the Southern Hemisphere. The first window generally opens from 1 March until midnight of 30 April, followed by the in-season window from 1 to 31 August.

text:
Pre-season window
Mid-season window
Associations

1 January – 31 March
15 July – 15 August
Norway[6]

1 January – 31 March
14 July – 13 August
Brazil[7]

6 January – 31 March
21 July – 18 August
Japan[8]

8 January – 31 March
15 July – 11 August
Sweden[9]

14 February – 8 May
10 July – 9 August
United States and Canada[10]

1 March – 30 April
1–31 August
Finland[11]

1 June – 31 August
1 January – 31 January
Albania[12]

1 June – 31 August
1 January – 2 February
France,[13] Germany,[14] Italy,[15] Spain[16]

17 May – 9 August
1 January – 31 January
England[17] [18][19]

9 June – 1 September
1 January – 1 February
Scotland[20]

11 June – 1 September
5–31 January
Turkey,[21] Denmark[22]

11 June – 2 September
3–31 January
Netherlands[23]

16 June – 8 September
25 January – 22 February
Bulgaria and Romania[24]

17 June – 6 September
28 January – 28 February
Russia[25][not in citation given]

27 July – 18 October
4 January – 2 February
Australia[26]

1 December – 31 January
1–30 June
Kenya[27]

1 December – 31 January
1–30 June
Ethiopia[citation needed]

text: Premier League clubs in England voted to end the summer window on the Thursday before the start of the season - on August 9 in 2018, instead of August 31. Because FIFA demands the window must be open for 12 weeks, the window will open around May 17, shortly after the final games of the season on May 13. Clubs will be able to sell players until August 31 but not buy replacements after the deadline of August 9.

text: Although, in England, transfers between clubs in the same league can take place as soon as the last competitive fixtures for the season have been played, many transfers will not be completed until 1 July because many players' contracts expire on 30 June. International transfers into the English leagues (including the Premier League) cannot be made until the window has opened on 17 May. Outside the transfer window, a club may still sign players on an emergency basis, usually if they have no goalkeeper available. Special dispensation from their competition's governing body, for example the Premier League, is required. The transfer window restriction does not apply to clubs below the National League division.[17][28]

text: If the last day of a transfer window is on a weekend, the deadline can be extended to the following Monday at the request of those involved for business reasons.[29] The first shift of the deadline since its inception took place in summer 2008, when the deadline was extended by 24 hours to fall on Monday 1 September at midnight.[30][31] The transfer deadline in England was similarly extended to 5 pm 1 September 2009, due to the August Bank Holiday. The German football league announced an extension of the January 2009 deadline to 2 February.[32]

text: Free agents can be signed by a club at any time during the season, if they had been released by their previous club before the end of the transfer window.[29] A club can request to sign a player on emergency basis, e.g. if several goalkeepers are injured at the same time.[29] Outside the transfer window in England, once seven days have passed following the end of a transfer window, clubs from the English Football League (Regulation 53.3.4)[33] and (provided the player is not registered with a club from any league below the National League division) National League division[34] (Rule 6.6.4) can loan in players i) in the first half of the season, until 5.00pm on the fourth Thursday in November and ii) in the second half of the season, until 5.00pm on the fourth Thursday in March. An existing loan deal can be made permanent at any time outside the transfer window.[35]

text: The day upon which a window closes is known as transfer deadline day, and is usually one of the busiest days of the window, generating a flurry of transfers, often because a number of interdependent transfers are completed resembling a housing chain, generating much media interest.

text: Calls to end the transfer window[edit]

text: Steve Coppell, former manager of Reading in England's Premier League, and others have called for the transfer window to be scrapped in favour of the previous system, where deals could be struck throughout the season until the closing weeks.[36] Coppell said that the transfer window breeds panic and encourages "scurrilous" transfer activity adding that "I cannot see the logic in a transfer window. It brings on a fire-sale mentality, causes unrest via the media and means clubs buy too many players" adding that "The old system, where if you had a problem you could look at loans or make a short-term purchase, was far better than this system we have at the moment".[37] Former England Manager Sven-Göran Eriksson has also questioned the value of the transfer window, commenting: "You do wonder at times if it is right to have a window, it was easier when it was open all the time and perhaps fairer for the players. I am sure much of the business being done on the last day is a little bit desperate and that is not right. I think it was better before, but then I am old".[38]

text: In January 2013 Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger asked for the January transfer window to be limited to two transfers per window and claimed it is "unfair" in its current form. He cited Newcastle United transfer activity as an example.[39] The following year, Wenger hit out at Manchester United's £37m purchase of Juan Mata from rivals Chelsea. Wenger argued that the transfer was unfair because United and Chelsea had already played each other twice during the season, but United would still have to play Arsenal, and said that "the rules should be adapted more for fairness".[40] Manchester City manager Manuel Pellegrini backed the sentiment of Wenger, disagreeing that a player "can go from one team to another team in the same league at this part of the year" and also said that the winter transfer window was unbalanced in favour of big clubs, saying "a club with money can take the best players from the other teams".[41][42]

text: Former Crystal Palace manager Alan Pardew questioned why the Premier League transfer window remains open after the start of the season after Arsenal made a bid for midfielder Yohan Cabaye during his time as Newcastle United manager in August 2013.[43]

text: In January 2015, FIFPro said that the current transfer window system is "failing football and its players", one of the main issues being that players are released from clubs without explanation or compensation.[44]


document_title: 2018 Kentucky Derby

question_text: who came in second in the 2018 kentucky derby

text: 2018 Kentucky Derby

text: Qualification[edit]

text: The Kentucky Derby is only open to three-year-old Thoroughbreds,[8] thus all entrants in the 2018 race were part of the 2015 North American live foal crop of roughly 22,000.[9] The field was limited to twenty horses who qualified based on points earned in the 2018 Road to the Kentucky Derby, a series of designated races that was first introduced in 2013. This point system replaced the previous graded stakes race earnings system.[10]

text: The top points earner in the 2018 series was Magnum Moon (150 points), winner of the Rebel Stakes and Arkansas Derby. Good Magic, the champion two-year-old from 2017, finished second in the series by winning both the Breeders' Cup Juvenile and the Blue Grass Stakes. The other major prep winners were Audible (Florida Derby), Noble Indy (Louisiana Derby), Vino Rosso (Wood Memorial), Mendelssohn (UAE Derby) and Justify (Santa Anita Derby).[11]

text: Churchill Downs also created separate qualification roads for horses based in Japan and Europe. None of the invitations for qualifiers on the Japan Road were accepted.[11] On the European Road, the connections of Gronkowski accepted after the colt won both the Road to the Kentucky Derby Conditions Stakes and the Burradon Stakes.[12] However, the colt subsequently became ill and had to miss the race.[13]

text: Field[edit]

text: The early favorite was Justify, who had made only three starts before the race but won each time with triple-digit Beyer Speed Figures. In the Derby, he would have to overcome the so-called "Curse of Apollo" – a reference to the fact that no horse had won the Kentucky Derby without racing as a two-year-old since Apollo in 1882. "Justify is a natural and he's still green, just learning how to run. He's so talented," said his trainer Bob Baffert. "But there are a lot of nice horses out there this year."[14]

text: Trainer Todd Pletcher, who won the 2017 Kentucky Derby with Always Dreaming, had four of the leading contenders: Magnum Moon, Audible, Vino Rosso and Noble Indy. Magnum Moon was ranked number two on the NTRA top three-year-old poll of April 16 after his win in the Arkansas Derby. He had made only four starts prior to the Kentucky Derby, like Justified not having raced at age two. Audible was ranked number three, while Vino Rosso and Noble Indy were ranked seventh and eighth respectively.[15][16]

text: The two colts with the best form at age two, Good Magic and Bolt d'Oro, were ranked fourth and fifth respectively on the same poll.[15] They were the winter-book favorites for the Derby, but both suffered training setbacks that delayed their return to the racetrack.[17] They both had one win from two starts at age three going into the Derby.[16]

text: Adding an international element to the field was Mendelssohn, trained in Ireland by Aidan O'Brien. Mendelssohn started his racing career on the turf, and proved his ability to ship well by winning the Breeders' Cup Juvenile Turf at Del Mar in California in 2017. However, O'Brien felt that the colt would be equally suited to racing on the dirt given his pedigree: Mendelssohn is a half brother to multiple Eclipse Award-winner Beholder. Mendelssohn earned his berth by winning the UAE Derby in an "astonishing" performance while setting a track record.[18]

text: Entries for the Kentucky Derby were taken on May 1. Justify drew post position 7 and was installed as the 3-1 morning line favorite by oddsmaker Mike Battaglia.[19][20]

text: Race description[edit]

text: The surface of the track had been sealed earlier in the day to minimize the effect of heavy rain on the footing. However, the track was still labeled as sloppy. By post time, more than 2.8 inches (7.1 cm) of rain had been recorded that day at nearby Louisville International Airport, breaking the Derby Day precipitation record of 2.31 inches (5.9 cm) that had been set in 1918. Despite the rain, a crowd of 157,813 attended the event, the eighth largest in Derby history.[21] A record $149.2 million was bet on the Derby itself from all sources, while the full card earned an all-source handle of $225.7 million, up 8% from the previous year's record.[22]

text: Justify broke well and used his early speed to establish good position near the rail going into the first turn, running a length behind Promises Fulfilled. These two maintained their position for the first three-quarters of a mile, followed closely by Bolt d'Oro, Flameaway and Good Magic. Although the opening fractions (22.24 for the first quarter, 45.77 for the half, 1:11.01 for the three-quarters) were fast, Justify's jockey Mike Smith said the colt felt "very comfortable".[23]

text: Going into the final turn, Promises Fulfilled dropped back while first Bolt d'Oro and then Good Magic were put to a drive. Justify responded to the challenge and opened up a lead of 1 1⁄2 lengths at the top of the stretch, widening to 2 1⁄2 lengths at the finish line. Bolt d'Oro dropped back but Good Magic held on for second while Audible closed late to finish third.[2][23][24]

text: It was the fifth Derby win for Baffert and the second for Smith.[23]

text: Mendelssohn, who went off as the third choice in the betting, broke well from post position 14 but was hit hard shortly after the start by Magnum Moon, who veered over from post position 16. Losing ground and "banged around in traffic", Mendelssohn was eased and finished last. On the other hand, Instilled Regard, who broke from post position 15 and was also involved in the initial bumping incident, rallied from 17th place to finish fourth.[2][23]

text: Results[edit]

text:
Finish
Post
position
Horse
Jockey
Trainer
Qualifying
points
Morning line
odds[20]
Final odds
Winnings

1
7
Justify
Smith, MikeMike Smith
Baffert, BobBob Baffert
100
7000300000000000000♠3-1
2.90
$1,432,000

2
6
Good Magic
Ortiz, JoseJose Ortiz
Brown, ChadChad Brown
134
7001120000000000000♠12-1
9.70
$400,000

3
5
Audible
Castellano, JavierJavier Castellano
Pletcher, ToddTodd Pletcher
110
7000800000000000000♠8-1
7.00
$200,000

4
15
Instilled Regard
Van Dyke, DraydenDrayden Van Dyke
Hollendorfer, JerryJerry Hollendorfer
29
7001500000000000000♠50-1
85.10
$100,000

5
10
My Boy Jack
Desormeaux, KentKent Desormeaux
Desormeaux, J. KeithJ. Keith Desormeaux
52
7001200000000000000♠20-1
6.70
$60,000

6
13
Bravazo
Contreras, LuisLuis Contreras
Lukas, D. WayneD. Wayne Lukas
54
7001500000000000000♠50-1
66.90

7
9
Hofburg
Ortiz Jr., IradIrad Ortiz Jr.
Mott, BillBill Mott
40
7001200000000000000♠20-1
27.00

8
8
Lone Sailor
Graham, JamesJames Graham
Amoss, ThomasThomas Amoss
42
7001500000000000000♠50-1
24.50

9
18
Vino Rosso
Velazquez, JohnJohn Velazquez
Pletcher, ToddTodd Pletcher
107
7001120000000000000♠12-1
14.10

10
17
Solomini
Prat, FlavienFlavien Prat
Baffert, BobBob Baffert
54
7001300000000000000♠30-1
62.90

11
1
Firenze Fire
Lopez, PacoPaco Lopez
Servis, JasonJason Servis
39
7001500000000000000♠50-1
59.70

12
11
Bolt d'Oro
Espinoza, VictorVictor Espinoza
Ruis, MickMick Ruis
104
7000800000000000000♠8-1
8.90

13
4
Flameaway
Lezcano, JoseJose Lezcano
Casse, MarkMark Casse
70
7001300000000000000♠30-1
37.50

14
12
Enticed
Alvarado, JuniorJunior Alvarado
McLaughlin, KiaranKiaran McLaughlin
103
7001300000000000000♠30-1
50.30

15
3
Promises Fulfilled
Lanerie, CoreyCorey Lanerie
Romans, DaleDale Romans
52
7001300000000000000♠30-1
49.00

16
2
Free Drop Billy
Albarado, RobbyRobby Albarado
Romans, DaleDale Romans
44
7001300000000000000♠30-1
45.40

17
19
Noble Indy
Geroux, FlorentFlorent Geroux
Pletcher, ToddTodd Pletcher
110
7001300000000000000♠30-1
59.20

18
20
Combatant
Santana Jr., RicardoRicardo Santana Jr.
Asmussen, SteveSteve Asmussen
32
7001500000000000000♠50-1
70.60

19
16
Magnum Moon
Saez, LuisLuis Saez
Pletcher, ToddTodd Pletcher
150
7000600000000000000♠6-1
13.70

20
14
Mendelssohn
Moore, RyanRyan Moore
O'Brien, AidanAidan O'Brien
100
7000500000000000000♠5-1
6.80

7001210000000000000♠also eligible
Blended Citizen[a]
Frey, KyleKyle Frey
O'Neill, DougDoug O'Neill
22
7001500000000000000♠50-1
SCR

text:
Margins: 2 1⁄2 lengths, head, 1 3⁄4 lengths
Track: Sloppy (sealed)

text:
Times: 1⁄4 mile – 22.24; 1⁄2 mile – 45.77; 3⁄4 mile – 1:11.01; mile – 1:37.35; final – 2:04.20.
Splits for each quarter-mile: (22.24) (23.53) (25.24) (26.34) (26.85)

text: Source: Equibase chart[2]

text: Jump up ^ Blended Citizen was "also eligible", meaning he would have drawn into the field if any of the top 20 had withdrawn before betting began on May 4.[25]

tag: ol

text: Payout[edit]

text: The Kentucky Derby payout schedule[26]

text:
Program
number
Horse name
Win
Place
Show

7
Justify
$7.80
$6.00
$4.40

6
Good Magic
–
$9.20
$6.60

5
Audible
–
–
$5.80

text:
$2 Exacta: (7-6) $69.60
$1 Trifecta: (7-6-5) $141.40
$1 Superfecta: (7-6-5-15) $19,618.20
$1 Super High Five: (7-6-5-15-10) $183,580.20


document_title: Gram-negative bacteria

question_text: how many membranes do gram negative bacteria have

text: Gram-negative bacteria

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: Gram-negative bacteria display these characteristics:

text:
An inner cell membrane is present (cytoplasmic)
A thin peptidoglycan layer is present (This is much thicker in gram-positive bacteria)
Has outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides (LPS, which consists of lipid A, core polysaccharide, and O antigen) in its outer leaflet and phospholipids in the inner leaflet
Porins exist in the outer membrane, which act like pores for particular molecules
Between the outer membrane and the cytoplasmic membrane there is a space filled with a concentrated gel-like substance called periplasm
The S-layer is directly attached to the outer membrane rather than to the peptidoglycan
If present, flagella have four supporting rings instead of two
Teichoic acids or lipoteichoic acids are absent
Lipoproteins are attached to the polysaccharide backbone
Some contain Braun's lipoprotein, which serves as a link between the outer membrane and the peptidoglycan chain by a covalent bond
Most, with very few exceptions, do not form spores

text: Classification[edit]

text:
Along with cell shape, gram-staining is a rapid diagnostic tool and once was used to group species at the subdivision of Bacteria.
Historically, the kingdom Monera was divided into four divisions based on gram-staining: Firmacutes  (+), Gracillicutes (−), Mollicutes (0) and Mendocutes (var.).[3]
Since 1987, the monophyly of the gram-negative bacteria has been disproven with molecular studies.[4] However some authors, such as Cavalier-Smith still treat them as a monophyletic taxon (though not a clade; his definition of monophyly requires a single common ancestor but does not require holophyly, the property that all descendants be encompassed by the taxon) and refer to the group as a subkingdom "Negibacteria".[5]

text: Taxonomy[edit]

text: This section may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details.  (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Bacteria are traditionally divided into the two groups: gram-positive and gram-negative, based on their gram-staining response. Gram-positive bacteria are also referred to as monoderms having one membrane, and gram-negative bacteria are also referred to as diderms, having two membranes. These groups are often thought of as lineages, with gram-negative bacteria more closely related to one another than to gram-positive bacteria. While this is often true, the classification system breaks down in some cases. A given bacteria's staining result, bacterial membrane organization, and lineage groupings do not always match up.[6][7][8][9] Thus, gram-staining cannot be reliably used to assess familial relationships of bacteria. However, staining often gives reliable information about the composition of the cell membrane, distinguishing between the presence or absence of an outer lipid membrane.[6][10]

text: Of these two structurally distinct groups of prokaryotic organisms, monoderm prokaryotes are indicated to be ancestral. Based upon a number of different observations including that the gram-positive bacteria are the major reactors to antibiotics and that gram-negative bacteria are, in general, resistant to them, it has been proposed that the outer cell membrane in gram-negative bacteria (diderms) evolved as a protective mechanism against antibiotic selection pressure.[6][7][10][11] Some bacteria such as Deinococcus, which stain gram-positive due to the presence of a thick peptidoglycan layer, but also possess an outer cell membrane are suggested as intermediates in the transition between monoderm (gram-positive) and diderm (gram-negative) bacteria.[6][11] The diderm bacteria can also be further differentiated between simple diderms lacking lipopolysaccharide; the archetypical diderm bacteria, in which the outer cell membrane contains lipopolysaccharide; and the diderm bacteria, in which the outer cell membrane is made up of mycolic acid (e. g. Mycobacterium).[8][9][11][12]

text: In addition, a number of bacterial taxa (including Negativicutes, Fusobacteria, Synergistetes, and Elusimicrobia) that are either part of the phylum Firmicutes or branches in its proximity are also found to possess a diderm cell structure.[9][11][12] However, a conserved signature indel (CSI) in the HSP60 (GroEL) protein distinguishes all traditional phyla of gram-negative bacteria (e.g., Proteobacteria, Aquificae, Chlamydiae, Bacteroidetes, Chlorobi, Cyanobacteria, Fibrobacteres, Verrucomicrobia, Planctomycetes, Spirochetes, Acidobacteria) from these other atypical diderm bacteria as well as other phyla of monoderm bacteria (e.g., Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Thermotogae, Chloroflexi).[11] The presence of this CSI in all sequenced species of conventional lipopolysaccharide-containing gram-negative bacterial phyla provides evidence that these phyla of bacteria form a monophyletic clade and that no loss of the outer membrane from any species from this group has occurred.[11]

text: Example species[edit]

text: The proteobacteria are a major phylum of gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonella, Shigella, and other Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, Moraxella, Helicobacter, Stenotrophomonas, Bdellovibrio, acetic acid bacteria, Legionella etc. Other notable groups of gram-negative bacteria include the cyanobacteria, spirochaetes, green sulfur, and green non-sulfur bacteria.

text: Medically relevant gram-negative cocci include the four types that cause a sexually transmitted disease (Neisseria gonorrhoeae), a meningitis (Neisseria meningitidis), and respiratory symptoms (Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae).

text: Medically relevant gram-negative bacilli include a multitude of species. Some of them cause primarily respiratory problems (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), primarily urinary problems (Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia marcescens), and primarily gastrointestinal problems (Helicobacter pylori, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhi).

text: Gram-negative bacteria associated with hospital-acquired infections include Acinetobacter baumannii, which cause bacteremia, secondary meningitis, and ventilator-associated pneumonia in hospital intensive-care units.

text: Bacterial transformation[edit]

text: Transformation is one of three processes for horizontal gene transfer, in which exogenous genetic material passes from bacterium to another, the other two being conjugation (transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells in direct contact) and transduction (injection of foreign DNA by a bacteriophage virus into the host bacterium).[13]  In transformation, the genetic material passes through the intervening medium, and uptake is completely dependent on the recipient bacterium.[13]

text: As of 2014 about 80 species of bacteria were known to be capable of transformation, about evenly divided between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria; the number might be an overestimate since several of the reports are supported by single papers.[13]  Transformation has been studied in medically important Gram-negative bacteria species such as Helicobacter pylori, Legionella pneumophila, Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Haemophilus influenzae and Vibrio cholerae.[14]    It has also been studied in gram-negative species found in soil such as Pseudomonas stutzeri, Acinetobacter baylyi, and gram-negative plant pathogens such as Ralstonia solanacearum and Xylella fastidiosa.[14]

text: Medical treatment[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: One of the several unique characteristics of gram-negative bacteria is the structure of the bacterial outer membrane. The outer leaflet of this membrane comprises a complex lipopolysaccharide (LPS) whose lipid portion acts as an endotoxin. If gram-negative bacteria enter the circulatory system, the liposaccharide can cause a toxic reaction. This results in fever, an increased respiratory rate, and low blood pressure. This may lead to life-threatening septic shock.[2]

text: The outer membrane protects the bacteria from several antibiotics, dyes, and detergents that would normally damage either the inner membrane or the cell wall (made of peptidoglycan). The outer membrane provides these bacteria with resistance to lysozyme and penicillin. The periplasmic space (space between the two cell membranes) also contains enzymes which break down or modify antibiotics. Drugs commonly used to treat gram negative infections include amino, carboxy and ureido penicillins (ampicillin, amoxicillin, pipercillin, ticarcillin) these drugs may be combined with beta-lactamase inhibitors to combat the presence of enzymes that can digest these drugs (known as beta-lactamases) in the peri-plasmic space. Other classes of drugs that have gram negative spectrum include cephalosporins, monobactams (aztreonam), aminogylosides, quinolones, macrolides, chloramphenicol, folate antagonists, and carbapenems.[15]

text: The pathogenic capability of gram-negative bacteria is often associated with certain components of their membrane, in particular, the LPS.[1] In humans, the presence of LPS triggers an innate immune response, activating the immune system and producing cytokines (hormonal regulators).  Inflammation is a common reaction to cytokine production, which can also produce host toxicity. The innate immune response to LPS, however, is not synonymous with pathogenicity, or the ability to cause disease.[citation needed]

text: Orthographic note[edit]

text: The adjectives Gram-positive and Gram-negative derive from the surname of Hans Christian Gram, a Danish bacteriologist; as eponymous adjectives, their initial letter can be either capital G or lower-case g, depending on which style guide (e.g., that of the CDC), if any, governs the document being written.[16] This is further explained at Gram staining § Orthographic note.


document_title: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

question_text: who designed the holocaust museum in washington dc

text: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

text: History[edit]

text: On November 1, 1978, President Jimmy Carter established the President’s Commission on the Holocaust, chaired by Elie Wiesel, a prominent author and Holocaust survivor. Its mandate was to investigate the creation and maintenance of a memorial to victims of the Holocaust and an appropriate annual commemoration to them. The mandate was created in a joint effort by Elie Wiesel and Richard Krieger (the original papers are on display at the Jimmy Carter Museum). On September 27, 1979, the Commission presented its report to the President, recommending the establishment of a national Holocaust memorial museum in Washington, D.C. with three main components: a national museum/memorial, an educational foundation, and a Committee on Conscience.[5]

text: After a unanimous vote by the United States Congress in 1980 to establish the museum, the federal government made available 1.9 acres (0.77 ha) of land adjacent to the Washington Monument for construction. Under the original Director Richard Krieger, and subsequent Director Jeshajahu Weinberg and Chairman Miles Lerman, nearly $190 million was raised from private sources for building design, artifact acquisition, and exhibition creation. In October 1988, President Ronald Reagan helped lay the cornerstone of the building, designed by the architect James Ingo Freed. Dedication ceremonies on April 22, 1993 included speeches by American President Bill Clinton, Israeli President Chaim Herzog, Chairman Harvey Meyerhoff, and Elie Wiesel. On April 26, 1993, the Museum opened to the general public. Its first visitor was the 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet.[6]

text: Attacks[edit]

text: The museum has been the target of a planned attack and a fatal shooting. In 2002, a federal jury convicted white supremacists Leo Felton and Erica Chase of planning to bomb a series of institutions associated with American black and Jewish communities, including the USHMM.[7] On June 10, 2009, 88-year-old James von Brunn, an anti-Semite, shot Museum Special Police Officer Stephen Tyrone Johns. Special Police Officer Johns and von Brunn were both seriously wounded and transported by ambulance to the George Washington University Hospital. Special Police Officer Johns later died of his injuries; he is permanently honored in an official memorial at the USHMM. Von Brunn, who had a previous criminal record, had been disowned by his family. He was being tried in federal court[8] when he died on January 6, 2010 in Butner federal prison in North Carolina.[9]

text: Architecture[edit]

text: Designed by the architect James Ingo Freed of Pei Cobb Freed & Partners, in association with Finegold Alexander + Associates Inc, the USHMM is created to be a "resonator of memory". (Born to a Jewish family in Germany, Freed came to the United States at the age of nine in 1939 with his parents, who fled the Nazi regime.) The outside of the building disappears into the neoclassical, Georgian, and modern architecture of Washington, D.C. Upon entering, each architectural feature becomes a new element of allusion to the Holocaust.[10] In designing the building, Freed researched post-World War II German architecture and visited Holocaust sites throughout Europe. The Museum building and the exhibitions within are intended to evoke deception, fear, and solemnity, in contrast to the comfort and grandiosity usually associated with Washington, D.C. public buildings.[11]

text: Other partners in the construction of the USHMM included Weiskopf & Pickworth, Cosentini Associates LLP, Jules Fisher, and Paul Marantz, all from New York City. The structural engineering firm that was chosen for this project was Severud Associates. The Museum's Meyerhoff Theatre and Rubenstein Auditorium were constructed by Jules Fisher Associates of New York City. The Permanent Exhibition was designed by Ralph Appelbaum Associates.[12]

text:
Raoul Wallenberg Place Entrance with Dwight Eisenhower Plaza in the Foreground

Bridges in the USHMM. Blue glass etched with names and places lost during the Holocaust.

Glass bridge over the Hall of Witness.

text: Exhibitions[edit]

text: The USHMM contains two exhibitions that have been open continuously since 1993 and numerous rotating exhibitions that deal with various topics related to the Holocaust and human rights.

text: Hall of Remembrance[edit]

text: The Hall of Remembrance is the USHMM's official memorial to the victims and survivors of the Holocaust. Visitors can memorialize the event by lighting candles, visiting an eternal flame, and reflecting in silence in the hexagonal hall.[13]

text: Permanent Exhibition[edit]

text: Using more than 900 artifacts, 70 video monitors, and four theaters showing historic film footage and eyewitness testimonies, the USHMM’s Permanent Exhibition is the most visited exhibit at the Museum. Upon entering large industrial elevators on the first floor, visitors are given identification cards, each of which tells the story of a random victim or survivor of the Holocaust. Upon exiting these elevators on the fourth floor, visitors walk through a chronological history of the Holocaust, starting with the Nazi rise to power led by Adolf Hitler, 1933-1939. Topics dealt with include Aryan ideology, Kristallnacht, Antisemitism, and the American response to Nazi Germany. Visitors continue walking to the third floor, where they learn about ghettos and the Final Solution, by which the Nazis tried to exterminate all the Jews of Europe, and they killed six million of them, many in gas chambers. The Permanent Exhibition ends on the second floor with the liberation of Nazi concentration camps by Allied forces; it includes a continuously looped film of Holocaust survivor testimony. First-time visitors spend an average of two to three hours in this self-guided exhibition. Due to certain images and subject matter, it is recommended for visitors 11 years of age and older.[14]

text: To enter the Permanent Exhibition between March and August, visitors must acquire free timed passes from the Museum on the day of the visit, or online for a service fee.[15]

text: Remember the Children: Daniel's Story[edit]

text: Remember the Children: Daniel's Story is an exhibition designed to explain the Holocaust to elementary and middle school children. Opened in 1993, following its original inception at the Children's Museum in Washington, D.C. in 1988, and reviewed by psychiatrists, it tells the story of Daniel, a fictional child based on a collection of true stories about children during the Holocaust. Daniel is named after the son of Isaiah Kuperstein who was the original curator of the exhibit. He worked together with Ann Lewin and Stan Woodward to create the exhibit. Because of its popularity with families, it is still open to the public today.[16]

text: Stephen Tyrone Johns Memorial[edit]

text: In October 2009, the USHMM unveiled a memorial plaque in honor of Special Police Officer Stephen Tyrone Johns. In response to the outpouring of grief and support after the shooting on June 10, 2009, it has also established the Stephen Tyrone Johns Summer Youth Leadership Program. Each year, 50 outstanding young people from the Washington, D.C. area will be invited to the USHMM to learn about the Holocaust in honor of Johns' memory.

text: Collections[edit]

text: The Museum’s holdings included art, books, pamphlets, advertisements, maps, film and video historical footage, audio and video oral testimonies, music and sound recordings, furnishings, architectural fragments, models, machinery, tools, microfilm and microfiche of government documents and other official records, personal effects, personal papers, photographs, photo albums, and textiles. This information can be accessed through online databases or by visiting the USHMM. Researchers from all over the world come to the USHMM Library and Archives and the Benjamin and Vladka Meed Registry of Holocaust Survivors.[17]

text: Operations[edit]

text: The USHMM operates on a mixed federal and private revenue budget. For the 2014-2015 fiscal year, the museum reported total revenues of $133.4 million; $81.9 million and $51.4 million from private and public sources, respectively. Nearly the entirety of private funds come from donations. Expenses totaled of $104.6 million, with a total of $53.5 million used to pay 421 employees.[18] Net assets tallied $436.1 million as of September 30, 2015, of which $319.1 million is classified as long-term investments, including the museum's endowment.[2]

text: Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies[edit]

text: In 1998, the USHMM established the Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies (CAHS). Working with the Academic Committee of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council, the CAHS supports research projects and publications about the Holocaust (including a partnership with Oxford University Press to publish the scholarly journal Holocaust and Genocide Studies), helps make accessible collections of Holocaust-related archival material, supports fellowship opportunities for pre- and post- doctoral researchers, and hosts seminars, summer research workshops for academics, conferences, lectures, and symposia. The CAHS’s Visiting Scholars Program and other events have made the USHMM one of the world's principal venues for Holocaust scholarship.[19]

text: Committee on Conscience[edit]

text: The Museum contains the offices of the Committee on Conscience (CoC), a joint United States government and privately funded think tank, which by presidential mandate engages in global human rights research. Using the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, approved by the United Nations in 1948 and ratified by the United States in 1988, the CoC has established itself as a leading non-partisan commenter on the Darfur Genocide, as well as the war-torn region of Chechnya in Russia, a zone that the CoC believes could produce genocidal atrocities. The CoC does not have policy-making powers and serves solely as an advisory institution to the American and other governments.[20]

text: National Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust (DRVH)[edit]

text: In addition to coordinating the National Civic Commemoration, ceremonies and educational programs during the week of the DRVH were regularly held throughout the country, sponsored by Governors, Mayors, veterans groups, religious groups, and military ships and stations throughout the world.

text: Each year, the USHMM designated a special theme for DRVH observances, and prepares materials available at no charge to support observances and programs throughout the nation, and in the United States military. Days of Remembrance themes have included:

text:
2014 – Confronting the Holocaust: American Responses
2013 – Never Again: Heeding the Warning Signs
2012 – Choosing to Act: Stories of Rescue
2011 – Justice and Accountability in the Face of Genocide: What Have We Learned?
2010 – Stories of Freedom: What You Do Matters
2009 – Never Again: What You Do Matters
2008 – Do Not Stand Alone: Remembering Kristallnacht
2007 – Children in Crisis: Voices From the Holocaust
2006 – Legacies of Justice
2005 – From Liberation to the Pursuit of Justice
2004 – For Justice and Humanity
2003 – For Your Freedom and Ours
2002 – Memories of Courage
2001 – Remembering the Past for the Sake of the Future

text: National Institute for Holocaust Education[edit]

text: The USHMM conducted several programs devoted to improving Holocaust education. The Arthur and Rochelle Belfer Conference for Teachers, conducted in Washington, D.C., attracted around 200 middle school and secondary teachers from around the United States each year. The Education Division offered workshops around the United States for teachers to learn about the Holocaust, to participate in the Museum Teacher Fellowship Program (MTFP), and to join a national corps of educators who served as leaders in Holocaust education in their schools, communities, and professional organizations. Some MTFP participants also participated in the Regional Education Corps, an initiative to implement Holocaust education on a national level.[21]

text: Since 1999, the USHMM also provided public service professionals, including law enforcement officers, military personnel, civil servants, and federal judges with ethics lessons based in Holocaust history. In partnership with the Anti-Defamation League, more than 21,000 law enforcement officers from worldwide and local law enforcement agencies such as the FBI and local police departments have been trained to act in a professional and democratic manner.[22]

text: Outreach technology[edit]

text: A large component of the USHMM was directed towards its website and associated accounts. With a majority of interest coming from the virtual world, the USHMM provided a variety of research tools online.

text: On its website, online exhibitions,[23] the Museum published the Holocaust Encyclopedia—an online, multilingual encyclopedia detailing the events surrounding the Holocaust. It was published in all six of the official languages of the United Nations—Arabic, Mandarin, English, French, Russian, and Spanish; as well as in Greek, Portuguese, Persian, Turkish, and Urdu. It contained thousands of entries and includes copies of the identification card profiles that visitors receive at the Permanent Exhibition.[24]

text: The USHMM had partnered with Apple Inc. to publish free podcasts on iTunes about the Holocaust, anti-semitism, and genocide prevention.[25] It also had its own channel on YouTube,[26] an official account on Facebook,[27] a Twitter page,[28] and an e-mail newsletter service.[29]

text: The Genocide Prevention Mapping Initiative was a collaboration between the USHMM and Google Earth. It sought to collect, share, and visually present to the world critical information on emerging crises that may lead to genocide or related crimes against humanity. While this initiative focused on the Darfur Conflict, the Museum wishes to broaden its scope to all human rights violations. The USHMM wanted to build an interactive "global crisis map" to share and understand information quickly, to "see the situation" when dealing with human rights abuses, enabling more effective prevention and response by the world.[30]

text: Traveling exhibitions[edit]

text: Since 1991, the USHMM had created traveling exhibitions to travel all over the United States and the world. These exhibitions have been to over one hundred cities in more than 35 states. It is possible to request and host various subject matters including: "The Nazi Olympics: Berlin 1936", "Nazi Persecution of Homosexuals", and others depending on what a community desires.[31]

text: Governance[edit]

text: The museum is overseen by the United States Holocaust Memorial Council, which includes 55 private citizens appointed by the President of the United States, five members of the United States Senate, and five members of the House of Representatives, and three ex-officio members from the Departments of State, the Education, and the Interior.[32]

text: Since the museum opened, the council has been led by the following officers:[32]

text:
Chairman Miles Lerman and Vice Chairman Ruth B. Mandel, appointed by President Bill Clinton in 1993
Chairman Rabbi Irving Greenberg, appointed by President Clinton in 2000
Chairman Fred S. Zeidman, appointed by President George W. Bush in 2002; and Vice Chairman Joel M. Geiderman, appointed by President Bush in 2005

text: The council has appointed the following as directors of the museum:[32]

text:
Jeshajahu Weinberg, 1987–94
Walter Reich, 1995–98
Sara J. Bloomfield, 1999–

text: Controversy[edit]

text: The museum drew controversy in 2017 when it was reported that the museum had pulled a study of the Syrian Civil War.[33][34]