document_title: Cell theory

question_text: who discovered that cells originate from division of existing cells

text: Cell theory

text: Microscopes

text: The discovery of the cell was made possible through the invention of the microscope. In the first century BC, Romans were able to make glass, discovering that objects appeared to be larger under the glass. In Italy during the 12th century, Salvino D’Armate made a piece of glass fit over one eye, allowing for a magnification effect to that eye. The expanded use of lenses in eyeglasses in the 13th century probably led to wider spread use of simple microscopes (magnifying glasses) with limited magnification.[2] Compound microscope, which combine an objective lens with an eyepiece to view a real image achieving much higher magnification, first appeared in Europe around 1620[3][4] In 1665, Robert Hooke used a microscope about six inches long with two convex lenses inside and examined specimens under reflected light for the observations in his book Micrographia. Hooke also used a simpler microscope with a single lens for examining specimens with directly transmitted light, because this allowed for a clearer image.[5]

text: Extensive microscopic study was done by Anton van Leeuwenhoek, a draper who took the interest in microscopes after seeing one while on an apprenticeship in Amsterdam in 1648. At some point in his life before 1668, he was able to learn how to grind lenses. This eventually led to Leeuwenhoek making his own unique microscope. His were a single lens simple microscope, rather than a compound microscope. This was because he was able to use a single lens that was a small glass sphere but allowed for a magnification of 270x. This was a large progression since the magnification before was only a maximum of 50x. After Leeuwenhoek, there was not much progress for the microscopes until the 1850s, two hundred years later. Carl Zeiss, a German engineer who manufactured microscopes, began to make changes to the lenses used. But the optical quality did not improve until the 1880s when he hired Otto Schott and eventually Ernst Abbe.[6]

text: Optical microscopes can focus on objects the size of a wavelength or larger, giving restrictions still to advancement in discoveries with objects smaller than the wavelengths of visible light. Later in the 1920s, the electron microscope was developed, making it possible to view objects that are smaller than optical wavelengths, once again, changing the possibilities in science.[6]

text: Discovery of cells

text: The cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665, which can be found to be described in his book Micrographia. In this book, he gave 60 ‘observations’ in detail of various objects under a coarse, compound microscope.[5] One observation was from very thin slices of bottle cork. Hooke discovered a multitude of tiny pores that he named "cells". This came from the Latin word Cella, meaning ‘a small room’ like monks lived in and also Cellulae, which meant the six sided cell of a honeycomb. However, Hooke did not know their real structure or function.[7] What Hooke had thought were cells, were actually empty cell walls of plant tissues. With microscopes during this time having a low magnification, Hooke was unable to see that there were other internal components to the cells he was observing. Therefore, he did not think the "cellulae" were alive.[8] His cell observations gave no indication of the nucleus and other organelles found in most living cells. In Micrographia, Hooke also observed mould, bluish in color, found on leather. After studying it under his microscope, he was unable to observe “seeds” that would have indicated how the mould was multiplying in quantity. This led to Hooke suggesting that spontaneous generation, from either natural or artificial heat, was the cause. Since this was an old Aristotelian theory still accepted at the time, others did not reject it and was not disproved until Leeuwenhoek later discovers generation is achieved otherwise.[5]

text: Anton van Leeuwenhoek is another scientist who saw these cells soon after Hooke did. He made use of a microscope containing improved lenses that could magnify objects almost 300-fold, or 270x.[8] Under these microscopes, Leeuwenhoek found motile objects. In a letter to The Royal Society on October 9, 1676, he states that motility is a quality of life therefore these were living organisms. Over time, he wrote many more papers in which described many specific forms of microorganisms. Leeuwenhoek named these “animalcules,” which included protozoa and other unicellular organisms, like bacteria.[6] Though he did not have much formal education, he was able to identify the first accurate description of red blood cells and discovered bacteria after gaining interest in the sense of taste that resulted in Leeuwenhoek to observe the tongue of an ox, then leading him to study "pepper water" in 1676. He also found for the first time the sperm cells of animals and humans. Once discovering these types of cells, Leeuwenhoek saw that the fertilization process requires the sperm cell to enter the egg cell. This put an end to the previous theory of spontaneous generation. After reading letters by Leeuwenhoek, Hooke was the first to confirm his observations that were thought to be unlikely by other contemporaries.[5]

text: The cells in animal tissues were observed after plants were because the tissues were so fragile and susceptible to tearing, it was difficult for such thin slices to be prepared for studying. Biologists believed that there was a fundamental unit to life, but were unsure what this was. It would not be until over a hundred years later that this fundamental unit was connected to cellular structure and existence of cells in animals or plants.[9] This conclusion was not made until Henri Dutrochet. Besides stating “the cell is the fundamental element of organization”,[10] Dutrochet also claimed that cells were not just a structural unit, but also a physiological unit.

text: In 1804, Karl Rudolphi and J.H.F. Link were awarded the prize for "solving the problem of the nature of cells", meaning they were the first to prove that cells had independent cell walls by the Königliche Societät der Wissenschaft (Royal Society of Science), Göttingen.[11] Before, it had been thought that cells shared walls and the fluid passed between them this way.

text: Cell theory

text: Credit for developing cell theory is usually given to two scientists: Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden.[12] While Rudolf Virchow contributed to the theory, he is not as credited for his attributions toward it. In 1839, Schleiden suggested that every structural part of a plant was made up of cells or the result of cells. He also suggested that cells were made by a crystallization process either within other cells or from the outside.[13] However, this was not an original idea of Schleiden. He claimed this theory as his own, though Barthelemy Dumortier had stated it years before him. This crystallization process is no longer accepted with modern cell theory. In 1839, Theodor Schwann states that along with plants, animals are composed of cells or the product of cells in their structures.[14] This was a major advancement in the field of biology since little was known about animal structure up to this point compared to plants. From these conclusions about plants and animals, two of the three tenets of cell theory were postulated.[9]

text: 1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells

text: 2. The cell is the most basic unit of life

text: Schleiden's theory of free cell formation through crystallization was refuted in the 1850s by Robert Remak, Rudolf Virchow, and Albert Kolliker.[6] In 1855, Rudolf Virchow added the third tenet to cell theory. In Latin, this tenet states Omnis cellula e cellula.[9] This translated to:

text: 3. All cells arise only from pre-existing cells

text: However, the idea that all cells come from pre-existing cells had in fact already been proposed by Robert Remak; it has been suggested that Virchow plagiarized Remak and did not give him credit.[15] Remak published observations in 1852 on cell division, claiming Schleiden and Schawnn were incorrect about generation schemes. He instead said that binary fission, which was first introduced by Dumortier, was how reproduction of new animal cells were made. Once this tenet was added, the classical cell theory was complete.

text: Modern interpretation

text: The generally accepted parts of modern cell theory include:

text:
All known living things are made up of one or more cells[16]
All living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division.
The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms.[17]
The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of independent cells.[citation needed]
Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells.[citation needed]
Cells contain DNA which is found specifically in the chromosome and RNA found in the cell nucleus and cytoplasm.[18]
All cells are basically the same in chemical composition in organisms of similar species .[citation needed]

tag: ol

text: The modern version of the cell theory

text: The modern version of the cell theory includes the ideas that:

text:
Energy flow occurs within cells.[19]
Heredity information (DNA) is passed on from cell to cell.[19]
All cells have the same basic chemical composition.[19]

text: Opposing concepts in cell theory: history and background

text: The cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 using a microscope. The first cell theory is credited to the work of Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden in the 1830s. In this theory the internal contents of cells were called protoplasm and described as a jelly-like substance, sometimes called living jelly. At about the same time, colloidal chemistry began its development, and the concepts of bound water emerged. A colloid being something between a solution and a suspension, where Brownian motion is sufficient to prevent sedimentation. The idea of a semipermeable membrane, a barrier that is permeable to solvent but impermeable to solute molecules was developed at about the same time. The term osmosis originated in 1827 and its importance to physiological phenomena realized, but it wasn’t until 1877, when the botanist Pfeffer proposed the membrane theory of cell physiology. In this view, the cell was seen to be enclosed by a thin surface, the plasma membrane, and cell water and solutes such as a potassium ion existed in a physical state like that of a dilute solution. In 1889 Hamburger used hemolysis of erythrocytes to determine the permeability of various solutes. By measuring the time required for the cells to swell past their elastic limit, the rate at which solutes entered the cells could be estimated by the accompanying change in cell volume. He also found that there was an apparent nonsolvent volume of about 50% in red blood cells and later showed that this includes water of hydration in addition to the protein and other nonsolvent components of the cells.

text: Evolution of the membrane and bulk phase theories

text: Two opposing concepts developed within the context of studies on osmosis, permeability, and electrical properties of cells.[20] The first held that these properties all belonged to the plasma membrane whereas the other predominant view was that the protoplasm was responsible for these properties. The membrane theory developed as a succession of ad-hoc additions and changes to the theory to overcome experimental hurdles. Overton (a distant cousin of Charles Darwin) first proposed the concept of a lipid (oil) plasma membrane in 1899. The major weakness of the lipid membrane was the lack of an explanation of the high permeability to water, so Nathansohn (1904) proposed the mosaic theory. In this view, the membrane is not a pure lipid layer, but a mosaic of areas with lipid and areas with semipermeable gel. Ruhland refined the mosaic theory to include pores to allow additional passage of small molecules. Since membranes are generally less permeable to anions, Leonor Michaelis concluded that ions are adsorbed to the walls of the pores, changing the permeability of the pores to ions by electrostatic repulsion. Michaelis demonstrated the membrane potential (1926) and proposed that it was related to the distribution of ions across the membrane.[21] Harvey and Danielli (1939) proposed a lipid bilayer membrane covered on each side with a layer of protein to account for measurements of surface tension. In 1941 Boyle & Conway showed that the membrane of frog muscle was permeable to both K+ and Cl-, but apparently not to Na+, so the idea of electrical charges in the pores was unnecessary since a single critical pore size would explain the permeability to K+, H+, and Cl- as well as the impermeability to Na+, Ca+, and Mg++. Over the same time period, it was shown (Procter & Wilson, 1916) that gels, which do not have a semipermeable membrane, would swell in dilute solutions. Loeb (1920) also studied gelatin extensively, with and without a membrane, showing that more of the properties attributed to the plasma membrane could be duplicated in gels without a membrane. In particular, he found that an electrical potential difference between the gelatin and the outside medium could be developed, based on the H+ concentration. Some criticisms of the membrane theory developed in the 1930s, based on observations such as the ability of some cells to swell and increase their surface area by a factor of 1000. A lipid layer cannot stretch to that extent without becoming a patchwork (thereby losing its barrier properties. Such criticisms stimulated continued studies on protoplasm as the principal agent determining cell permeability properties. In 1938, Fischer and Suer proposed that water in the protoplasm is not free but in a chemically combined form—the protoplasm represents a combination of protein, salt and water—and demonstrated the basic similarity between swelling in living tissues and the swelling of gelatin and fibrin gels. Dimitri Nasonov (1944) viewed proteins as the central components responsible for many properties of the cell, including electrical properties. By the 1940s, the bulk phase theories were not as well developed as the membrane theories. In 1941, Brooks & Brooks published a monograph The Permeability of Living Cells, which rejects the bulk phase theories.

text: The emergence of the steady-state membrane pump concept

text: With the development of radioactive tracers, it was shown that cells are not impermeable to Na+. This was difficult to explain with the membrane barrier theory, so the sodium pump was proposed to continually remove Na+ as it permeates cells. This drove the concept that cells are in a state of dynamic equilibrium, constantly using energy to maintain ion gradients. In 1935, Karl Lohmann discovered ATP and its role as a source of energy for cells, so the concept of a metabolically-driven sodium pump was proposed. The tremendous success of Hodgkin, Huxley, and Katz in the development of the membrane theory of cellular membrane potentials, with differential equations that modeled the phenomena correctly, provided even more support for the membrane pump hypothesis.

text: The modern view of the plasma membrane is of a fluid lipid bilayer that has protein components embedded within it. The structure of the membrane is now known in great detail, including 3D models of many of the hundreds of different proteins that are bound to the membrane. These major developments in cell physiology placed the membrane theory in a position of dominance and stimulated the imagination of most physiologists, who now apparently accept the theory as fact—there are, however, a few dissenters.[citation needed]

text: The reemergence of the bulk phase theories

text: In 1956, Afanasy S. Troshin published a book, The Problems of Cell Permeability, in Russian (1958 in German, 1961 in Chinese, 1966 in English) in which he found that permeability was of secondary importance in determination of the patterns of equilibrium between the cell and its environment. Troshin showed that cell water decreased in solutions of galactose or urea although these compounds did slowly permeate cells. Since the membrane theory requires an impermanent solute to sustain cell shrinkage, these experiments cast doubt on the theory. Others questioned whether the cell has enough energy to sustain the sodium/potassium pump. Such questions became even more urgent as dozens of new metabolic pumps were added as new chemical gradients were discovered.

text: In 1962, Gilbert Ling became the champion of the bulk phase theories and proposed his association-induction hypothesis of living cells.

text: Types of cells

text: Cells can be subdivided into the following subcategories:

text:
Prokaryotes: Prokaryotes are relatively small cells surrounded by the plasma membrane, with a characteristic cell wall that may differ in composition depending on the particular organism.[22] Prokaryotes lack a nucleus (although they do have circular or linear DNA) and other membrane-bound organelles (though they do contain ribosomes). The protoplasm of a prokaryote contains the chromosomal region that appears as fibrous deposits under the microscope, and the cytoplasm.[22] Bacteria and Archaea are the two domains of prokaryotes.
Eukaryotes: Eukaryotic cells are also surrounded by the plasma membrane, but on the other hand, they have distinct nuclei bound by a nuclear membrane or envelope. Eukaryotic cells also contain membrane-bound organelles, such as (mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles).[23] In addition, they possess organized chromosomes which store genetic material.[citation needed]

text: Animals have evolved a greater diversity of cell types in a multicellular body (100–150 different cell types), compared with 10–20 in plants, fungi, and protoctista.[24]


document_title: Grand slam (baseball)

question_text: who has most grand slams in mlb history

question_tokens: who has most grand slams in mlb history

root

text: Grand slam (baseball)

text: Notable highlights[edit]

text: Roger Connor is believed to have been the first major league player to hit a grand slam, on September 10, 1881, for the Troy Trojans.  Although Charlie Gould hit one for the Boston Red Stockings (now the Atlanta Braves) in the National Association (NA) on September 5, 1871,[1] the NA is not recognized by MLB as a major league.

tag: p

text: Alex Rodriguez has 25 career grand slams, the most by any player in Major League Baseball history, passing Lou Gehrig's 23 on September 20, 2013. Don Mattingly set the one-season record with six grand slams in 1987 – remarkably, the only grand slams of his major league career. Travis Hafner tied Mattingly's Major League record in 2006, while in 2009, Albert Pujols tied the one-season National League record of five grand slams set by Ernie Banks in 1955.[2]

text: Several grand slams, the first being Connor's in 1881, consisted of a player hitting a walk-off grand slam for a one-run victory; some baseball observers call this an "ultimate grand slam".[3] Roberto Clemente is the only player to have hit a walk-off inside-the-park grand slam in a one-run victory;[citation needed] the Pittsburgh Pirates defeated the Chicago Cubs 9–8 on July 25, 1956 at Forbes Field, a park known for its spacious outfield.

text: On April 10, 1980 – on Opening Day, the Milwaukee Brewers' Sixto Lezcano hit a walk-off Grand Slam, reportedly the first such feat on an Opening Day. (Lezcano also has the distinction of hitting a Grand Slam the previous year, also on Opening Day.)

text: During the 2005 major league season, grand slams accounted for 132 of the 5017 home runs hit (2.6%). On June 13–14, 2006, the Minnesota Twins hit grand slams in consecutive games against the Boston Red Sox, including a walk-off grand slam by Jason Kubel in the 12th inning on June 13.

text: In 2006, the Chicago White Sox hit grand slams in three consecutive games against the Houston Astros (June 23–25). Scott Podsednik hit the only grand slam of his career in the series opener.  Joe Crede followed up with a slam of his own on Saturday, and Tadahito Iguchi hit a game tying grand slam in the bottom of the ninth with two outs in the series finale.  (This followed a three run blast by Iguchi in the bottom of the eighth.) The White Sox became the first team to accomplish this since the Detroit Tigers in 1993. On the other hand, the 2007 Kansas City Royals surrendered grand slams in three straight games; two against the Baltimore Orioles (April 13–14) and one against the Tigers (April 16).

text: Also in 2006, Travis Hafner of the Cleveland Indians set a major league record by hitting five grand slams prior to the All-Star break, on his way to tying Mattingly for one season (his sixth was on August 13.) On July 16, Carlos Beltrán and Cliff Floyd of the New York Mets hit grand slams during an 11-run sixth inning against the Chicago Cubs, marking the eighth time two grand slams were hit in a team's at-bat (the fourth time in National League history).

text: Four players hit a grand slam in their first Major League at-bat: Bill Duggleby (1898), Jeremy Hermida (2005), Kevin Kouzmanoff (2006), and Daniel Nava (2011). Kouzmanoff, Nava, and Duggleby hit theirs on the first pitch; Hermida's grand slam was in a pinch-hit at bat.

text: Tony Cloninger is the only pitcher to hit two grand slams in one game, for the Atlanta Braves in a 1966 contest against the San Francisco Giants.

text: Félix Hernández of the Seattle Mariners became the first American League pitcher since the designated hitter rule went into effect in 1973 to hit a grand slam when he did so on June 23, 2008, off New York Mets ace Johan Santana in an interleague game.[4]

text: The only major leaguer to hit two grand slams in one inning is Fernando Tatís of the St. Louis Cardinals, on April 23, 1999 at Dodger Stadium, with both grand slams coming off Los Angeles' Chan Ho Park in the third inning. Tatis was only the second National League player to hit two grand slams in one game, joining Cloninger. Park was only the second pitcher in major league history to give up two grand slams in one inning; Bill Phillips of the Pittsburgh Pirates did it on August 16, 1890, one to Tom Burns and one to Malachi Kittridge, but Park was the first to give up both to the same batter. Tatis had never hit a grand slam before in his career. Bill Mueller is the only player to hit grand slams from both sides of the plate in the same game, when he hit 2 on July 29, 2003 for the Boston Red Sox vs. the Texas Rangers. Robin Ventura is the only player to hit a grand slam in both games of a doubleheader, when he did so on May 20, 1999 for the New York Mets against the Milwaukee Brewers.

text: In Japan's professional league, the feat of multiple grand slams in a single inning by a team has been accomplished three times; most recently on April 1, 2007 by José Fernández and Takeshi Yamasaki of the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles. The Daiei Hawks accomplished the feat in 1999.[5]

text: On August 25, 2011, the New York Yankees, hosting the Oakland A's, became the first team in MLB history to hit three grand slams in one game. Robinson Canó, Russell Martin and Curtis Granderson took pitchers Rich Harden, Fautino de los Santos, and Bruce Billings deep, with each grand slam being hit in a different inning. Coming back from a 7–1 deficit, the second grand slam gave the Yankees their first lead of the game; they went on to win 22–9.[6][7][8]

text: On July 13, 2014, Buster Posey and batterymate Madison Bumgarner of the San Francisco Giants hit grand slams against the Arizona Diamondbacks. It marked the first time in Major League Baseball history that batterymates hit grand slams in the same game.[9]

text: On June 3, 2017, a record-breaking seven grand slams were hit on one day: one each for the Los Angeles Dodgers, Milwaukee Brewers, Atlanta Braves, Colorado Rockies, Chicago Cubs, Seattle Mariners, and most notably, by the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim whose Albert Pujols hit his 600th career home run.

text: Walk-off grand slams[edit]

text: A player on the home team that hits a grand slam in the ninth or subsequent inning, which wins his team the game, is known as a Walk-off grand slam.

text: Starting in the 1990s, a walk-off grand slam that erases a three-run deficit has come to be known as an ultimate grand slam.[10][11][12] There have been 30 such instances documented in major league history – all taking place during the regular season,[13] 15 of those coming with two outs.[14] Of the 30 home runs, only Roberto Clemente's was hit inside the park, at spacious Forbes Field on July 25, 1956.[a] Pirates manager/third base coach Bobby Bragan instructed him to stop at third, but Clemente ran through the stop sign to score the winning run.[17] Alan Trammell's June 21, 1988[18] and Chris Hoiles' May 17, 1996 grand slams occurred under the cliché situation: bases loaded, two outs, full count, bottom of the ninth inning, and down by three runs. The most recent ultimate grand slam was hit by Chicago Cubs' infielder David Bote on August 12, 2018.[19]

text: Three players have hit two walk-off grand slams in a season, Cy Williams in 1926, Jim Presley in 1986, and Steve Pearce in 2017. Pearce's first was on July 27 (an 8–4 victory over the Oakland Athletics).[20] followed by his second on July 30 (an ultimate grand slam, for an 11–10 win over the Los Angeles Angels), becoming the first player in MLB history to hit multiple walk-off grand slams within the span of a single week.[21][22]

text: Only five pitchers in major league history have surrendered two game-ending grand slam home runs in one season, according to the Elias Sports Bureau:

text:
Satchel Paige of the St. Louis Browns, in 1952, to Sammy White of the Boston Red Sox on June 30, and to Eddie Joost of the Philadelphia Athletics on July 15.
Lindy McDaniel of the Chicago Cubs, in 1963, to Bob Aspromonte of the Houston Colt .45s on June 11, and to Jim Hickman of the New York Mets on August 9.
Lee Smith of the California Angels, in 1995, to Mark McGwire of the Oakland Athletics, on June 30, and to Albert Belle of the Cleveland Indians on July 18.
Francisco Rodríguez of the New York Mets, in 2009, to rookies Everth Cabrera of the San Diego Padres, on August 7, and Justin Maxwell of the Washington Nationals on September 30. Rodríguez is the only pitcher to surrender two game-winning grand slams to two rookies.
Bud Norris of the Los Angeles Angels, in 2017, to Edwin Encarnación of the Cleveland Indians, on July 25, and Steve Pearce of the Toronto Blue Jays on July 30. Norris surrendered both in the same week, and it was the second game-winning walk-off grand slam by Pearce in the same week.

tag: ul

text: Notable calls[edit]

text: "Get out the rye bread and mustard, Grandma, it is grand salami time!"- used by longtime Seattle Mariners lead commentator Dave Niehaus from the 1995 season until his death in November 2010.[23] Currently used by Niehaus' longtime partner Rick Rizzs.

text: However, archives have surfaced showing Milwaukee Brewers longtime announcer Bob Uecker using the term "Grand Salami" back in 1982, when the offense-tending team were dubbed "Harvey's Wallbangers" (a reference to manager Harvey Kuenn, and a takeoff of the cocktail Harvey Wallbanger).

text: World Series[edit]

text:
Year

Game

Batter

Site

Pitcher

Inning

Score after HR

Final score

Series standing

Notes

1920

Game 5, October 10

Elmer Smith, Cleveland

League Park

Burleigh Grimes, Brooklyn

1st

4–0

8–1, W

3–2 CLE

The first slam in Series history, hit with none out in the 1st, is overshadowed when, in the 5th inning, Bill Wambsganss turns the only unassisted triple play ever in the Series.

1936

Game 2, October 2

Tony Lazzeri, New York (AL)

Polo Grounds

Dick Coffman, New York (NL)

3rd

9–1

18–4, W

1–1

With President Roosevelt in attendance, Lazzeri hits a 2–2 pitch with one out to give the Yankees a sizable lead.

1951

Game 5, October 9

Gil McDougald, New York (AL)

Polo Grounds

Larry Jansen, New York (NL)

3rd

5–1

13–1, W

3–2 NYY

McDougald puts the Yankees up with 2 out in the 3rd. McDougald became the first rookie to get a postseason grand slam.

1953

Game 5, October 4

Mickey Mantle, New York

Ebbets Field

Russ Meyer, Brooklyn

3rd

6–1

11–7, W

3–2 NYY

After a two-out error by Gil Hodges, a hit batter and a walk, Mantle hits reliever Meyer's first pitch out of the park.

1956

Game 2, October 5

Yogi Berra, New York

Ebbets Field

Don Newcombe, Brooklyn

2nd

6–0

13–8, L

2–0 BKN

Berra's blast with 2 out is not enough to hold off the Dodgers in what becomes, at 3 hours 26 minutes, the longest 9-inning game in Series history until 1993.

1956

Game 7, October 10

Moose Skowron, New York

Ebbets Field

Roger Craig, Brooklyn

7th

9–0

9–0, W

4–3 NYY

The Yankees score all their runs on 4 HRs to seal the Series, with Skowron's wallop on the first pitch with none out ending the scoring.

1960

Game 3, October 8

Bobby Richardson, New York

Yankee Stadium

Clem Labine, Pittsburgh

1st

6–0

10–0, W

2–1 NYY

Richardson's HR with 1 out in the 1st starts him toward a Series-record 6 RBI.

1962

Game 4, October 8

Chuck Hiller, San Francisco

Yankee Stadium

Marshall Bridges, New York

7th

6–2

7–3, W

2–2

With 2 out, Hiller hits the first grand slam by a National Leaguer in the Series.

1964

Game 4, October 11

Ken Boyer, St. Louis

Yankee Stadium

Al Downing, New York

6th

4–3

4–3, W

2–2

With men on 1st and 2nd, Bobby Richardson's error with 1 out while seeking a double play opens the gate for Boyer to hit his pivotal blast.

1964

Game 6, October 14

Joe Pepitone, New York

Sportsman's Park

Gordie Richardson, St. Louis

8th

8–1

8–3, W

3–3

With 2 out, Pepitone hits one onto the roof of the right field pavilion to help force Game 7.

1968

Game 6, October 9

Jim Northrup, Detroit

Busch Stadium

Larry Jaster, St. Louis

3rd

8–0

13–1, W

3–3

Northrup's HR with none out is the highlight of a 10-run inning which puts the Tigers ahead 12–0.

1970

Game 3, October 13

Dave McNally, Baltimore

Memorial Stadium

Wayne Granger, Cincinnati

6th

8–1

9–3, W

3–0

Besides his 2-out HR, McNally also pitches a complete game to put Baltimore within one win of the title.

1987

Game 1, October 17

Dan Gladden, Minnesota

Metrodome

Bob Forsch, St. Louis

4th

7–1

10–1, W

1–0 MIN

Gladden's HR with none out caps a 7-run inning which ends the Cardinals' 25-inning shutout streak.

1987

Game 6, October 24

Kent Hrbek, Minnesota

Metrodome

Ken Dayley, St. Louis

6th

10–5

11–5, W

3–3

With 2 out, Hrbek hits reliever Dayley's first pitch out of the park.

1988

Game 1, October 15

José Canseco, Oakland

Dodger Stadium

Tim Belcher, Los Angeles

2nd

4–2

5–4, L

1–0 LAD

With 2 out, Canseco hits his first major league grand slam on a 1–0 pitch; but Kirk Gibson's walk-off home run wins it for the Dodgers.

1992

Game 5, October 22

Lonnie Smith, Atlanta

SkyDome

Jack Morris, Toronto

5th

7–2

7–2, W

3–2 TOR

With 2 out, Smith's HR helps keep the Braves alive in the Series.

1998

Game 1, October 17

Tino Martinez, New York

Yankee Stadium

Mark Langston, San Diego

7th

9–5

9–6, W

1–0 NYY

Martinez' 2-out HR follows Chuck Knoblauch's 3-run game-tying shot earlier in the inning.

2005

Game 2, October 23

Paul Konerko, Chicago

U.S. Cellular Field

Chad Qualls, Houston

7th

6–4

7–6, W

2–0 CHW

Konerko's 2-out shot to left on reliever Qualls' first pitch gives the White Sox a 6–4 lead, but Scott Podsednik later wins it with a walk-off home run, after Houston tied it at 6 with two outs in the top of the 9th.

2016

Game 6, November 1

Addison Russell, Chicago

Progressive Field

Dan Otero, Cleveland

3rd

7–0

9–3, W

3–3

With the grand slam Russell tied the MLB record of 6 RBI in a World Series game, as well as the most on a team facing elimination from the World Series. This is the first MLB grand slam to happen in November.[24]

tag: table

text: Other major league postseason grand slams[edit]

text:
Series

Game

Batter

Site

Pitcher

Inning

Score after HR

Final score

Series standing

Notes

1970 ALCS

Game 1, October 3

Mike Cuellar, Baltimore

Metropolitan Stadium

Jim Perry, Minnesota

4th

7–2

10–6, W

1–0 BAL

In the first grand slam in the history of the LCS, Cuellar, who batted only .089 in the regular season, pulls the ball down the right field line with one out; clearly foul when passing first base, the 29 mph wind carries it fair. Cuellar himself does not last through the fifth inning.

1977 NLCS

Game 1, October 4

Ron Cey, Los Angeles

Dodger Stadium

Steve Carlton, Philadelphia

7th

5–5

7–5, L

1–0 PHI

With two out, Cey fouls off three full-count pitches before tying the game, but three singles and a balk in the 9th give the Phillies the win.

1977 NLCS

Game 2, October 5

Dusty Baker, Los Angeles

Dodger Stadium

Jim Lonborg, Philadelphia

4th

5–1

7–1, W

1–1

After Steve Garvey is walked intentionally with one out, Baker gives the Dodgers their second grand slam in as many nights.

1982 ALCS

Game 4, October 9

Don Baylor, California

Milwaukee County Stadium

Moose Haas, Milwaukee

8th

5–7

9–5, L

2–2

After Haas takes a no-hitter into the 6th in a game delayed twice by rain, Baylor brings the Angels within two runs with one out in the 8th.

1989 NLCS

Game 1, October 4

Will Clark, San Francisco

Wrigley Field

Greg Maddux, Chicago

4th

8–3

11–3, W

1–0 SF

With two out, Clark hits the first pitch for his second HR of the game; he also singles, doubles and walks, picking up an NLCS-record 6 RBI.

1992 NLCS

Game 2, October 7

Ron Gant, Atlanta

Fulton County Stadium

Bob Walk, Pittsburgh

5th

8–0

13–5, W

2–0 ATL

With two out, Gant hits his first career grand slam to double the Braves' lead.

1995 NLDS

Game 3, October 6

Mark Lewis, Cincinnati

Riverfront Stadium

Mark Guthrie, Los Angeles

6th

7–1

10–1, W

3–0 CIN

After Guthrie enters the game with none out, Lewis hits the first pinch-hit grand slam in postseason history, propelling the Reds to their eighth straight playoff victory and their eighth NLCS.

1995 ALDS

Game 4, October 7

Edgar Martínez, Seattle

Kingdome

John Wetteland, New York

8th

10–6

11–8, W

2–2

After hitting a 3-run HR in the 3rd to cut NY's lead to two runs, Martinez hits another to center field to take the lead for good, finishing with a postseason-record 7 RBI. A walk, bunt single and hit batter had loaded the bases with none out.

1996 ALDS

Game 1, October 1

Bobby Bonilla, Baltimore

Camden Yards

Paul Shuey, Cleveland

6th

9–3

10–4, W

1–0 BAL

After two walks, a single, a sacrifice fly and a hit batter, Shuey enters the game and is greeted by Bonilla's blast with two out.

1996 ALDS

Game 3, October 4

Albert Belle, Cleveland

Jacobs Field

Armando Benítez, Baltimore

7th

8–4

9–4, W

2–1 BAL

After Orioles starter Mike Mussina is controversially pulled after six innings, Jesse Orosco walks the bases loaded and is replaced; Belle crushes an 0–2 pitch with none out to keep the Indians alive in the series. It would be Belle's final hit as an Indian.

1996 NLCS

Game 2, October 10

Gary Gaetti, St. Louis

Fulton County Stadium

Greg Maddux, Atlanta

7th

8–3

8–3, W

1–1

In an inning featuring two walks, an error and a wild pitch, Gaetti wallops the first pitch with two out. Maddux surrenders his second grand slam in 34.2 NLCS innings after allowing only one in 2365.2 regular season innings.

1997 NLDS

Game 3, October 3

Devon White, Florida

3Com Park

Wilson Álvarez, San Francisco

6th

4–1

6–2, W

3–0 FLA

With two out, Florida gets a pair of singles and a walk before White hits Alvarez' 113th pitch to left field. The Marlins advance to their first NLCS, in their fifth year of play.

1997 ALDS

Game 3, October 4

Paul O'Neill, New York

Jacobs Field

Chad Ogea, Cleveland

4th

6–1

6–1, W

2–1 NYY

After starter Charles Nagy walks the bases loaded, O'Neill greets Ogea with a blast to center field with two out as rain begins to fall.

1998 NLDS

Game 1, September 30

Ryan Klesko, Atlanta

Turner Field

Matt Karchner, Chicago

7th

7–0

7–1, W

1–0 ATL

Klesko's homer with two out, following three walks, secures the win for the Braves.

1998 NLDS

Game 3, October 3

Eddie Pérez, Atlanta

Wrigley Field

Rod Beck, Chicago

8th

6–0

6–2, W

3–0 ATL

After Andruw Jones is walked intentionally, Pérez hits a homer with one out to wrap up the series for the Braves, sending the Cubs to their sixth straight playoff loss.

1998 NLCS

Game 4, October 11

Andrés Galarraga, Atlanta

Qualcomm Stadium

Dan Miceli, San Diego

7th

8–3

8–3, W

3–1 SD

After Miceli enters the game, Galarraga caps a 6-run inning with a 459-foot blast to left-center with two out, helping to force a Game 5.

1998 ALCS

Game 6, October 13

Jim Thome, Cleveland

Yankee Stadium

David Cone, New York

5th

5–6

9–5, L

4–2 NYY

Thome's shot into the third deck with one out pulls the Indians within a run, but it isn't enough for the defending AL champions as the Yankees advance to the World Series.

1999 NLDS

Game 1, October 5

Edgardo Alfonzo, New York

Bank One Ballpark

Bobby Chouinard, Arizona

9th

8–4

8–4, W

1–0 NYM

Alfonzo hits his second HR of the game inside the left field foul pole with two out, after Robin Ventura was forced out at the plate one play earlier.

1999 ALDS

Game 2, October 7

Jim Thome, Cleveland

Jacobs Field

John Wasdin, Boston

4th

11–1

11–1, W

2–0 CLE

After a 6-run 3rd inning highlighted by Harold Baines' 3-run HR, Thome makes it a blowout, ending a 5-run inning with a two-out shot and becoming the first player to hit two postseason grand slams.

1999 ALDS

Game 5, October 11

Troy O'Leary, Boston

Jacobs Field

Charles Nagy, Cleveland

3rd

7–5

12–8, W

3–2 BOS

O'Leary homers with one out to give Boston the lead, and later hits a 3-run HR in the 7th to break an 8–8 tie and send the Red Sox to the ALCS; both homers come after intentional walks to Nomar Garciaparra.

1999 ALCS

Game 4, October 17

Ricky Ledée, New York

Fenway Park

Rod Beck, Boston

9th

9–2

9–2, W

3–1 NYY

Ledee hits a pinch-hit HR with one out to wrap up a 6-run inning and the victory. Ledee became the second rookie to hit a postseason grand slam.

1999 NLCS

Game 5, October 17

Robin Ventura, New York

Shea Stadium

Kevin McGlinchy, Atlanta

15th

4–3

4–3, W

3–2 ATL

The Mets tie the score at 3–3 with a bases-loaded walk with one out, bringing up Ventura, who with 13 career grand slams is tied for the lead among active players with Harold Baines and Mark McGwire. He comes through with the first walk-off grand slam – and the first grand slam in extra innings – in postseason history, clearing the right-center field wall, but is officially credited with only a 1-run single after being mobbed by teammates upon passing first base.

2003 NLCS

Game 4, October 11

Aramis Ramírez, Chicago

Pro Player Stadium

Dontrelle Willis, Florida

1st

4–0

8–3, W

3–1 CHC

After Willis walks the bases loaded with one out, Ramírez gets the Cubs off to an early lead by hitting a 2–2 pitch into the left field seats. This was the first time in Cubs history, that a player hit a grand slam in the postseason

2004 ALDS

Game 3, October 8

Vladimir Guerrero, Anaheim

Fenway Park

Mike Timlin, Boston

7th

6–6

8–6, L

3–0 BOS

Guerrero ties the score with a two-out HR to right on a 0–1 pitch, but the Red Sox score two in the 10th to advance to the ALCS.

2004 ALCS

Game 7, October 20

Johnny Damon, Boston

Yankee Stadium

Javier Vázquez, New York

2nd

6–0

10–3, W

4–3 BOS

Damon homers to right on reliever Vázquez' first pitch with one out, staking Boston to an early lead; he homers again in the 4th for an 8–1 lead as the Red Sox complete their comeback after being down 3 games to 0.

2005 NLDS

Game 1, October 4

Reggie Sanders, St. Louis

Busch Stadium

Jake Peavy, San Diego

5th

8–0

8–5, W

1–0 STL

With one out, Sanders homers on a 3–0 fastball from Peavy, who was unknowingly pitching with a fractured rib.

2005 NLDS

Game 4, October 9

Adam LaRoche, Atlanta

Minute Maid Park

Brandon Backe, Houston

3rd

4–0

7–6, L

3–1 HOU

LaRoche, battling stomach flu, homers with two out, after two walks and a hit batter, to give the Braves an early lead, but the Astros tie the game 6–6 in the 9th and win in 18 innings to advance to the NLCS.

2005 NLDS

Game 4, October 9

Lance Berkman, Houston

Minute Maid Park

Kyle Farnsworth, Atlanta

8th

5–6

7–6, W

3–1 HOU

With one out, Berkman hits an opposite-field homer to left on a 2–1 pitch to bring the Astros within a run; it is the first time that two grand slams are hit in the same postseason game. After tying the game in the 9th, the Astros win the series on Chris Burke's walk-off homer in the 18th, making it the second longest game in postseason history.

2007 NLDS

Game 2, October 4

Kaz Matsui, Colorado Rockies

Citizens Bank Park

Kyle Lohse, Philadelphia Phillies

4th

6–3

10–5, W

2–0 COL

Matsui's slam gives the Rockies a 6–3 lead on the way to winning the game 10–5 and giving Colorado a 2–0 series lead.

2007 ALCS

Game 6, October 20

J. D. Drew, Boston Red Sox

Fenway Park

Fausto Carmona, Cleveland Indians

1st

4–0

12–2  W

3–3

Drew gave the Red Sox an early lead in the must-win game as the Red Sox tied the series.

2008 NLDS

Game 1, October 1

James Loney, Los Angeles Dodgers

Wrigley Field

Ryan Dempster, Chicago Cubs

5th

4–2

7–2, W

1–0 LAD

After Dempster walked the bases loaded, Loney hits it to center to give the Dodgers a 4–2 lead.

2008 NLDS

Game 2, October 2

Shane Victorino, Philadelphia Phillies

Citizens Bank Park

CC Sabathia, Milwaukee Brewers

2nd

5–1

5–2, W

2–0 PHI

Victorino's slam, the first in Phillies postseason history, broke a 1–1 tie after pitcher Brett Myers drew a two-out walk in a nine-pitch at-bat.

2011 ALDS

Game 1, October 1

Robinson Canó, New York Yankees

Yankee Stadium

Al Alburquerque, Detroit Tigers

6th

8–1

9–3, W

1–0 NYY

Gardner singled, Jeter stole second, Granderson walked. After a pitching change, Robinson Canó hit a 375-foot blast to give the Yankees an 8–1 lead over the Tigers. Cano hit six RBIs this game, barely missing another homer in the previous inning. He tied the Yankees post-season single game record. This was the first home run hit off of Alburquerque this season.

2011 NLDS

Game 3, October 4

Paul Goldschmidt, Arizona Diamondbacks

Chase Field

Shaun Marcum, Milwaukee Brewers

5th

7–1

8–1, W

2–1 MIL

Back-to-back singles to Josh Collmenter and Willie Bloomquist.  Two outs later, with first base open, Marcum intentionally walked Miguel Montero, who had two RBIs to that point in the game, to get to Goldschmidt. Marcum jumped ahead of Goldschmidt, 1–2, before leaving a fastball out over the plate. Goldschmidt drove the ball the opposite way and over the wall in right to give Arizona a 7–1 lead. Goldschmidt became the third rookie to hit a postseason grand slam.

2011 NLDS

Game 4, October 5

Ryan Roberts, Arizona Diamondbacks

Chase Field

Randy Wolf, Milwaukee Brewers

1st

4–1

10–6, W

2–2

Bloomquist singled out in centerfield. Aaron Hill fouled out to first base. Justin Upton walked, while Montero singled out in the right field. Goldschmidt, who hit a grand slam a day earlier, struck out looking. Wolf jumped behind of Roberts, 2–1, before leaving a 79 mph changeup out over the plate. Roberts drove the ball to opposite and over the wall in left to give Arizona a 4–1 lead. Moments later, Chris Young hit a home run out to centerfield.

2011 ALCS

Game 2, October 10

Nelson Cruz, Texas Rangers

Rangers Ballpark in Arlington

Ryan Perry, Detroit Tigers

11th

7–3

7–3, W

2–0 TEX

In the 11th, after Perry came in to replace Valverde, Michael Young singles on a sharp ground ball to left fielder Ryan Raburn. Adrián Beltré singles on a line drive to center fielder Austin Jackson. Michael Young to 2nd.
Coaching visit to mound. Mike Napoli singles on a fly ball to center fielder Austin Jackson, loading the bases. Nelson Cruz hits a grand slam (3) to left field. Young, Beltre, and Napoli score on the home run. First official (see Grand Slam Single) walk-off grand slam in post season history. "[25]

2012 NLDS

Game 5, October 11

Buster Posey, San Francisco Giants

Great American Ball Park

Mat Latos, Cincinnati Reds

5th

6–0

6–4, W

3–2 SF

After the Giants scored two runs in the inning, the bases were loaded for Posey. He hit a home run off the upper deck, giving the Giants a 6–0 lead they did not relinquish. The runs proved to be critical, as the Reds rallied to make the game close, but the Giants held on to win 6–4. The win completed the Giants' comeback from being down 2 games to 0 in the series, the first time that happened in NL Divisional play. The Giants won all three on the road, as the series became the second five-game series to not have a single win by a home team (after the 2010 ALDS between the Rangers and Rays).

2013 ALCS

Game 2, October 13

David Ortiz, Boston Red Sox

Fenway Park

Joaquín Benoit, Detroit Tigers

8th

5–5

6–5, W

1–1

With the Red Sox trailing 5–1 in the bottom of the eighth, David Ortiz came up with the bases loaded and two out. Ortiz lined Benoit's first pitch into the right field bullpen sending outfielder Torii Hunter flying over the wall, tying the game at 5. The Red Sox would go on to win the game 6–5 in the bottom of the ninth on a walk off single by Jarrod Saltalamacchia.

2013 ALCS

Game 6, October 19

Shane Victorino, Boston Red Sox

Fenway Park

José Veras, Detroit Tigers

7th

5–2

5–2,  W

4–2 BOS

In the bottom of the seventh inning, with the Tigers ahead 2–1 and Victorino down in the count 0–2 on well placed curve balls, he sent the third pitch (also a curve ball, but up in the zone) over the Green Monster. Victorino ended a 2 for 23 slump with this blast becoming only the second player ever, alongside Jim Thome, to have hit two post-season grand slams.

2014 NLWCG

n/a
October 1

Brandon Crawford, San Francisco Giants

PNC Park

Edinson Vólquez, Pittsburgh Pirates

4th

4–0

8–0, W

n/a

After singles by Pablo Sandoval and Hunter Pence and a walk to Brandon Belt, Crawford unloaded the bases with a 362-foot grand slam to right field, opening the game's scoring. His grand slam was the first to be hit by a shortstop in postseason history.

2016 NLCS

Game 1, October 15

Miguel Montero, Chicago Cubs

Wrigley Field

Joe Blanton, Los Angeles Dodgers

8th

7–3

8–4, W

1–0 CHC

After the Dodgers tied it in the top of the eighth, Montero's pinch hit grand slam breaks the tie.

2017 ALDS

Game 2, October 6

Francisco Lindor, Cleveland Indians

Progressive Field

Chad Green, New York Yankees

6th

7–8

9–8, W

2–0 CLE

With two outs in the 6th, Lonnie Chisenhall was grazed by a 2-strike pitch that appeared to have possibly struck the knob of his bat before landing in the catcher's mitt for an inning-ending foul-tip strikeout. The Yankees chose not to challenge the umpire's call that Chisenhall was hit by the pitch to load the bases. Lindor then blasted a towering fly ball high off the right field foul pole to cut the Yankees' 5-run lead down to 1. The Indians later finished their comeback with a walk-off single by Yan Gomes in the 13th inning.

2017 NLDS

Game 4, October 11

Michael A. Taylor, Washington Nationals

Wrigley Field

Wade Davis, Chicago Cubs

8th

5–0

5–0, W

2–2

After inheriting Daniel Murphy on first base from Jon Lester, Carl Edwards Jr. issued back-to-back 2-out walks to Anthony Rendon and Matt Wieters to load the bases. Davis was then brought in to face Taylor with the hope of holding the Nationals' lead at 1–0. Taylor hit a 1–1 fastball from Davis into the chain link net at the top of the right center field wall to clear the bases and expand the lead to 5–0.

2017 NLCS

Game 5, October 19

Kiké Hernández, Los Angeles Dodgers

Wrigley Field

Hector Rondon, Chicago Cubs

3rd

7–0

11–1, W

4–1 LAD

Hernández's grand slam on a fly ball to right field was the second of his three home runs on the night, which made Hernández the 10th player ever to hit 3 homers in a postseason game. In this close-out game, Hernández drove in 7 runs to tie the Major League record for RBI in a postseason game and help send the Dodgers to the World Series for the first time since 1988.

text: All-star game[edit]

text:
Year

Batter

Date and Site

Pitcher

Inning

Score after HR

Final score

Notes

1983

Fred Lynn, AL (California)

July 6, Comiskey Park

Atlee Hammaker, NL (San Francisco)

3rd

9–1

13–3, W

In the 50th anniversary game, Lynn hits the first grand slam in All-Star history to right field on a 2–2 pitch with two out, capping a 7-run inning and virtually ensuring the AL's first victory since 1971 and second since 1962.  Just before the pitch, NBC put on-screen a graphic indicating that there had never been a grand slam hit in All-Star history.

text: Career grand slam leaders[edit]

text:
Alex Rodriguez currently holds the record for most career grand slams with 25.

 With 23 grand slams, Lou Gehrig held the all-time record until 2013.[26]

text: Players in bold are currently active (as of September 22, 2017).[27]

text:
* Alex Rodriguez
25

* Lou Gehrig
23

* Manny Ramírez
21

* Eddie Murray
19

* Willie McCovey
18 [1]

* Robin Ventura
18

* Carlos Lee
17

* Jimmie Foxx
17

* Ted Williams
17

* Hank Aaron
16

* Dave Kingman
16

* Babe Ruth
16

*Ryan Howard
15

* Ken Griffey, Jr.
15

* Richie Sexson
15

* Jason Giambi
14

* Gil Hodges
14

* Mark McGwire
14

* Mike Piazza
14

text: 1 – National League record

text: Single-season grand slam leaders[edit]

text: [citation needed]

text:
* Don Mattingly
6
   1987 (a)

* Travis Hafner
6
  2006 (a)

* Ernie Banks
5
   1955 (n)

* Jim Gentile
5
   1961 (a)

* Jim Northrup
5
  1968 (a)

* Albert Pujols
5
  2009 (n)

* Richie Sexson
5
   2006 (a)

* Albert Belle
4
   1997 (a)

* Ray Boone
4
   1953 (a)

* Robinson Canó
4
   2011 (a)

* Vince DiMaggio
4
  1945 (n)

* Lou Gehrig
4
  1934 (a)

* Scooter Gennett
4
  2017 (n)

* Jason Giambi
4
  2000 (a)

* Sid Gordon
4
  1950 (n)

* Tommy Henrich
4
  1948 (a)

* Ralph Kiner
4
  1949 (n)

* Edgar Martínez
4
  2000 (a)

* Phil Nevin
4
  2001 (n)

* Mike Piazza
4
  1998 (n)

* Alexei Ramírez
4
  2008 (a)

* Al Rosen
4
  1951 (a)

* Babe Ruth
4
  1919 (a)

* Wildfire Schulte
4
  1911 (n)

* Rudy York
4
  1938 (a)

text: a – American Leaguen – National League


document_title: Joseph Kearns

question_text: who played uncle ned on dennis the menace

text: Joseph Kearns

text: Early life[edit]

text: Born in Salt Lake City, Utah, Kearns moved with his family to California when he was very young. His mother was Cordelia M. Kearns (née Peterson; 1877–1962), a concert pianist, from whom Kearns derived his love of music.[1] He and his family were strict Mormons, whose ancestors were Mormon pioneers.[2] His acting career began in 1916 when he joined 'The Rising Generation", a vaudeville troupe of eleven children that toured for 14 months.[1] He briefly tried his hand at wool buying and worked for his father for a year. Kearns traveled the West as a representative of Howell, Jones and Donnell of Boston. His wool-buying career came to an abrupt end when Kearns purchased five boxcars full of black wool from a breed called Karakul for $8,000. The problem was that black wool could not be dyed and no one knew how to use it in those days. After this fiasco, Kearns gladly gave up the wool business and pursued a show business career.[1]

text: Career[edit]

text: Radio[edit]

text: Kearns joined the staff of radio station KSL in Salt Lake City in 1930 remaining there until 1936 when he moved to Los Angeles. Kearns began his acting career in radio in the 1930s (playing the Crazyquilt Dragon in the serial The Cinnamon Bear), becoming active during the 1940s, with appearances on the shows The Adventures of Sam Spade, Burns and Allen, The Whistler, and dozens of other shows. On Suspense, he was almost a mainstay, heard regularly as the host "The Man in Black" in the early years, announcing many episodes in the later run, and playing supporting and occasional lead roles in hundreds of shows throughout the series' tenure in Hollywood, from judges to kindly old-timers to cowards.[citation needed]He also appeared on The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, playing various different characters including Professor Moriarty and even Dr. Watson.[3]

text: Kearns played Ed, the security guard for Jack Benny's underground money vault, on The Jack Benny Program. The 'running gag' was that Benny had kept Ed on duty at the vault's door so long that the guard was not conversant with current events. When Benny informed him that "The War (World War II) had ended," Ed asked whether the "North" or the "South" had won, assuming that the American Civil War was the war Benny referred to.[citation needed] He played numerous parts on the Benny show, including an IRS Agent. ('NO ONE yells at a tax collector, Mr. Benny!") He appeared in regular roles on The Mel Blanc Show (as the cantankerous father of Mel's on-air girl friend, Betty, played by Mary Jane Croft) and The Harold Peary Show as Old Doc Yak-Yak. He also played numerous comedic parts on Judy Canova's radio show, including her "dumb boyfriend", Lukey.[4]

text: Film career[edit]

text: Kearns made his film debut in Hard, Fast and Beautiful (1951). He was the voice of the Doorknob in Disney's animated film, Alice in Wonderland (1951). Kearns appeared in other movies, making his final film appearance as the crime photographer in Anatomy of a Murder (1959).[4]

text: Television[edit]

text: On television, Kearns reprised his radio roles on The Jack Benny Program and also appeared with Eve Arden and Richard Crenna in Our Miss Brooks (1953–55), first as Assistant Superintendent Michaels and later (in eight episodes) as Superintendent Stone, a role that he had played on radio.[4]

text: He appeared on The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show a total of 11 times, Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet a total of 16 times, I Love Lucy, My Little Margie, Perry Mason, I Married Joan, December Bride, It's a Great Life, Angel, Gunsmoke, and General Electric Theater. Kearns played Fred on Professional Father. In 1959 Kearns appeared as criminologist Edward Langley in the Perry Mason episode, "The Case of the Perjured Parrot".[4]

text: Dennis the Menace[edit]

text: Kearns' final role was as George Wilson, the grouchy, cantankerous neighbor in CBS's Dennis the Menace based on the comic strip by Hank Ketcham. After his death, Kearns was replaced in the cast by Gale Gordon, who played George Wilson's brother John. Kearns and Gordon had worked together prior to Dennis the Menace, on the old radio show The Cinnamon Bear.[4]

text: In the last episode that aired before Kearns' death, episode 89 entitled "Where There's a Will", the story dealt with Mr. Wilson making out a will and explaining that Dennis would inherit his gold watch when he dies. The last episode Kearns filmed was titled "The Man Next Door", episode 100, and shown on May 6, 1962. Sylvia Field as George's wife, Martha, remained for a few more broadcasts, with John Wilson appearing in episode 103, "John Wilson's Cushion", which aired on May 27, 1962. There were references to George being 'back east' in subsequent shows. While Kearns was still filming episodes, the show introduced Edward Everett Horton as George's Uncle Ned, beginning with episode 90. Horton subsequently appeared twice more. In season four, Field was replaced in the cast by Sara Seegar, playing John Wilson's wife, Eloise.[citation needed]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Kearns never married nor had any children. Describing himself as a night owl who hated to get up early in the morning, Kearns enjoyed cooking, reading novels, writing, traveling, going to the movies, and playing cards in his spare time. He was a member of the exclusive Societe des Gentilhommes Chefs de Cuisine, a club for the gentlemen chefs. The members traded original recipes with other club members. Kearns also wrote plays and scripts for his various radio shows. His favorite hobby was playing the organ. Kearns, who was musically trained by his mother, had played the pipe organ for a Los Angeles theatre in the 1930s. Kearns purchased a Hammond organ and installed it in a studio apartment he designed and built in the 1940s.[5] He later purchased a larger 26 rank Wurlizter organ that had been designed for Warner Brothers in 1929. He then designed and built a soundproof 2-1/2 story home around the organ. Kearns delighted in playing the organ for his guests.[1]

text: Death[edit]

text: Kearns suffered a cerebral hemorrhage[6] on February 11, 1962, during the third season of Dennis the Menace. He was hospitalized but never regained consciousness and died on February 17, 1962, five days after he had turned 55. He was buried at the Forest Lawn, Hollywood Hills Cemetery in Los Angeles.

text: Selected filmography[edit]

text:
The Hucksters (1947) - Radio Voice (uncredited)
Hard, Fast and Beautiful (1951) - J.R. Carpenter
Alice in Wonderland (1951) - Doorknob (voice)
Daddy Long Legs (1955) - Guide (uncredited)
Our Miss Brooks (1956) - Mr. Stone
Storm Center (1956) - Mr. Morrisey
The Girl Most Likely (1958) - Mr. Schlom, Bank Manager (uncredited)
The Gift of Love (1958) - Mr. Rynicker
Anatomy of a Murder (1959) - Lloyd Burke
How to Marry a Millionaire (1957–1959, TV series) - Mr. Augustus P. Tobey


document_title: List of Presidents of the United States by time in office

question_text: who was the president that served 4 terms

text: Presidents by time in office[edit]

text:
Rank
President
Length
in days
Order of presidency
Number of terms

1
Franklin D. Roosevelt
7003442200000000000♠4,422[a]
32 !32nd • March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945[b]
Three full terms; died 2 months and 23 days into fourth term

2
tie
Thomas Jefferson
7003292200000000000♠2,922
03 !3rd • March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1809
Two full terms

James Madison
7003292200000000000♠2,922
04 !4th • March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817
Two full terms

James Monroe
7003292200000000000♠2,922
05 !5th • March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825
Two full terms

Andrew Jackson
7003292200000000000♠2,922
07 !7th • March 4, 1829 – March 4, 1837
Two full terms

Ulysses S. Grant
7003292200000000000♠2,922
18 !18th • March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877
Two full terms[c]

Grover Cleveland
2,922[d]
22 !22nd • March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1889
Two full terms (non-consecutive)[e]

24 !24th • March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897

Woodrow Wilson
7003292200000000000♠2,922
28 !28th • March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921
Two full terms

Dwight D. Eisenhower
7003292200000000000♠2,922
34 !34th • January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961
Two full terms

Ronald Reagan
7003292200000000000♠2,922
40 !40th • January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989
Two full terms

Bill Clinton
7003292200000000000♠2,922[f]
42 !42nd • January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001
Two full terms

George W. Bush
7003292200000000000♠2,922
43 !43rd • January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009
Two full terms

Barack Obama
7003292200000000000♠2,922
44 !44th • January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017
Two full terms

14
George Washington
7003286500000000000♠2,865[g]
01 !1st • April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797
Two full terms

15
Harry S. Truman
7003284000000000000♠2,840
33 !33rd • April 12, 1945[h] – January 20, 1953
One partial term (3 years, 9 months, and 8 days), followed by one full term

16
Theodore Roosevelt
7003272800000000000♠2,728
26 !26th • September 14, 1901[h] – March 4, 1909
One partial term (3 years, 5 months, and 18 days), followed by one full term[i]

17
Calvin Coolidge
7003204100000000000♠2,041
30 !30th • August 2, 1923[h] – March 4, 1929
One partial term (1 year, 7 months, and 2 days), followed by one full term

18
Richard Nixon
7003202700000000000♠2,027
37 !37th • January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974[j]
One full term; resigned 1 year, 6 months, and 20 days into second term

19
Lyndon B. Johnson
7003188600000000000♠1,886
36 !36th • November 22, 1963[h] –January 20, 1969
One partial term (1 year, 1 month, and 29 days), followed by one full term

20
William McKinley
7003165400000000000♠1,654[f]
25 !25th • March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901[b]
One full term; assassinated 6 months and 2 days into second term, dying 8 days later, 6 months and 10 days into that term

21
Abraham Lincoln
7003150300000000000♠1,503
16 !16th • March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865[b]
One full term; assassinated 1 month and 10 days into second term, dying 1 day later, 1 month and 11 days into that term

22
tie
John Quincy Adams
7003146100000000000♠1,461
06 !6th • March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829
One full term[e]

Martin Van Buren
7003146100000000000♠1,461
08 !8th • March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841
One full term[e][k]

James K. Polk
7003146100000000000♠1,461
11 !11th • March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849
One full term

Franklin Pierce
7003146100000000000♠1,461
14 !14th • March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857
One full term

James Buchanan
7003146100000000000♠1,461
15 !15th • March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861
One full term

Rutherford B. Hayes
7003146100000000000♠1,461
19 !19th • March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881
One full term

Benjamin Harrison
7003146100000000000♠1,461
23 !23rd • March 4, 1889 – March 4, 1893
One full term[e]

William Howard Taft
7003146100000000000♠1,461
27 !27th • March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913
One full term[e]

Herbert Hoover
7003146100000000000♠1,461
31 !31st • March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933
One full term[e]

Jimmy Carter
7003146100000000000♠1,461
39 !39th • January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981
One full term[e]

George H. W. Bush
7003146100000000000♠1,461
41 !41st • January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993
One full term[e]

33
John Adams
7003146000000000000♠1,460[f]
02 !2nd • March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801
One full term[e]

34
John Tyler
7003143000000000000♠1,430
10 !10th • April 4, 1841[h] – March 4, 1845
One partial term (3 years and 11 months)

35
Andrew Johnson
7003141900000000000♠1,419
17 !17th • April 15, 1865[h] – March 4, 1869
One partial term (3 years, 10 months, and 17 days)

36
Chester A. Arthur
7003126200000000000♠1,262
21 !21st • September 19, 1881[h] – March 4, 1885
One partial term (3 years, 5 months, and 13 days)

37
John F. Kennedy
7003103600000000000♠1,036
35 !35th • January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963[b]
Assassinated 2 years, 10 months, and 2 days into term

38
Millard Fillmore
7002969000000000000♠969
13 !13th • July 9, 1850[h] – March 4, 1853
One partial term (2 years, 7 months, and 23 days)

39
Gerald Ford
7002895000000000000♠895
38 !38th • August 9, 1974[h] – January 20, 1977
One partial term (2 years, 5 months, and 11 days)[l]

40
Warren G. Harding
7002881000000000000♠881
29 !29th • March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923[b]
Died 2 years, 4 months, and 29 days into term

41
Zachary Taylor
7002492000000000000♠492
12 !12th • March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850[b]
Died 1 year, 4 months, and 5 days into term

42
Donald Trump
7002453000000000000♠453[m]
45 !45th • January 20, 2017 – Incumbent
Serving first term

43
James A. Garfield
7002199000000000000♠199
20 !20th • March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881[b]
Assassinated 3 months and 28 days into term, dying 79 days later, 6 months and 15 days into term

44
William Henry Harrison
7001310000000000000♠31
09 !9th • March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841[b]
Died 31 days into term

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The 20th Amendment (ratified in 1933) moved Inauguration Day from March 4 to January 20. The 1937 presidential inauguration was the first to take place on the new date. As a result, Franklin D. Roosevelt's first term in office (1933–1937) was only 7003141800000000000♠1,418 days long, 1 month and 12 days shorter than a normal term.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Died in office
Jump up ^ Did not seek re-election in 1876. He sought a non-consecutive third term in 1880, but was defeated for renomination at the Republican National Convention.
Jump up ^ Each of Grover Cleveland's two non-consecutive terms in office was 1,461 days long.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Incumbent president who sought a second term but was defeated in a quadrennial presidential election.
^ Jump up to: a b c Of years evenly divisible by 100, only those evenly divisible by 400 are leap years. The years 1800 and 1900 are divisible by 100, but not by 400. Thus, John Adams's term and McKinley's first term did not include a 366-day leap year, so those terms were one day shorter than a normal full term. The year 2000 is divisible by 400 and so did include one, thus Clinton's second term was not shorter than his first.
Jump up ^ Due to logistical delays, Washington's first inauguration was held 1 month and 26 days after the scheduled start of operations of the new government under the Constitution. As a result, his first term was only 7003140400000000000♠1,404 days long, and was the shortest term for a U.S. president who neither died in office nor resigned.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Succeeded to presidency.
Jump up ^ Did not seek re-election in 1908. In 1912, he ran for a non-consecutive second full term, this time on the Progressive Party ticket, but was defeated.
Jump up ^ Resigned from office
Jump up ^ Subsequently sought a non-consecutive second term, first in 1844, but was defeated for renomination at the Democratic National Convention, and then again in 1848 (this time on the Free Soil Party ticket), but was defeated.
Jump up ^ The only incumbent president who had never been elected to national office, he sought election to a full term in 1976, but was defeated.
Jump up ^ As of April 18, 2018.


document_title: List of wealthiest historical figures

question_text: who was the richest person in us history adjusted for inflation

text: List of wealthiest historical figures

text: Early modern to modern period[edit]

text: Listed individuals are thought to have had a net worth of at least the equivalent of 100 billion United States dollars. Therefore, it excludes figures such as Andrew W. Mellon, Richard B. Mellon, Stephen Van Rensselaer, A.T. Stewart, Heshen, J.P. Morgan, and others.

text:
Name
Portrait
Lifetime
Net worth (billion 2010 USD)
Description

Jakob Fugger

1459–1525
(66 years)

400[4]
German merchant, mining entrepreneur and banker. He expanded Fugger family's assets by making their operations European wide. At one point, Fugger & family had an almost monopolistic hold on the European copper market.[10] At his death, Jakob Fugger bequeathed to his nephew Anton Fugger company assets totaling 2,032,652 guilders.[11] Referred to as "Fugger the Rich".

John D. Rockefeller

1839–1937
(97 years)

336[3]
On September 29, 1916, Rockefeller became the first person ever to reach a nominal personal fortune of US$1 billion (equivalent to US$16 billion in 2016).[12] Rockefeller amassed his fortune from the Standard Oil company, of which he was a founder, chairman and major shareholder. By the time of his death in 1937, estimates place his net worth in the range of US$300 billion to US$400 billion in adjusted dollars for the late 2000s (decade). When considering the real value of his wealth, Rockefeller is widely held to have been the wealthiest American, as well as the richest person in modern history.[13][14][15][16][17][18]

Andrew Carnegie

1835–1919
(84 years)

310[3]
Carnegie founded the Carnegie Steel Company, which was the most extensive integrated iron and steel operations in the United States; in 1901, Carnegie sold his company for US$480 million to J.P. Morgan, who then merged his company into U.S. Steel.[19] Capitalized at US$1.4 billion at the time, U.S. Steel was the first billion dollar company in the world. In his final years, Carnegie's net worth was US$475 million, but by the time of his death in 1919 he had donated most of his wealth to charities and other philanthropic endeavors and had only US$30 million left to his personal fortune. Carnegie's hundreds of millions accounted for about 0.60% of the U.S. annual GDP and has a real value estimated at about US$75 billion adjusted for the late 2000s (decade).[13][14]

Nicholas II of Russia

1868–1918
(50 years)

250–300
Emperor of All Russia from 1894 to 1917. Estimates of the wealth of Nicholas II remain wildly speculative. As emperor, and an autocrat, the resources under Nicholas II's command were virtually incalculable. However, the vast majority of this was officially owned by the State as Crown property. From this, supplemented by an annuity from the Treasury, he derived an annual income of 24 million roubles, from which he had to fund staff, the upkeep of imperial palaces and imperial theatres, annuities for the royal family, pensions, bequests, and other outgoings.[20] "Before the end of the year, the Tsar was usually penniless; sometimes he reached this embarrassing state by autumn."[20] According to the Grand Marshall of the Court, Count Paul Benckendorff, his personal wealth only amounted to between 12.5 and 17.5 million roubles.[21]

Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII

1886–1967
(81 years)

210
The last Nizam of Hyderabad State in British India. Regarded as the wealthiest person in the world during his lifetime, his portrait was on the cover of Time magazine in 1937.[22] As a semi-autonomous monarch, he had his own mint, printing his own currency, the Hyderabadi rupee, and had a private treasury that was said to contain £100m in gold and silver bullion, and a further £400m of jewels (in 2008 terms). Among them was the Jacob Diamond, valued at some £50m (in 2008 terms),[23][24][25] and used by the Nizam as a paperweight.[26]

Henry Ford

1863–1947
(84 years)

188–199
Henry Ford was an American automotive engineer, entrepreneur, and founder of the Ford Motor Company. Through his designing of the Model T Ford and employing the assembly line means of rapid production, he was able to lower the base price of his product in order to reach a wider market. As production increased, Ford further reduced prices and increased salaries to reduce worker turnover. This resulted in a rapid increase in output, with Ford production rising from roughly 18,000 cars in 1909 to over 1 million cars in 1920. Despite Ford stating that his focus was increasing Ford Motor Company's benefit to society and to its employees, even at one point being sued by the Dodge brothers based on this premise, his company was massively profitable. His highest earnings were recorded at age 57 and he died at the age of 83 in 1947 at a net worth of US$188.1 billion (inflation-adjusted value in 2008 dollars).

John Jacob Astor

1763–1848
(85 years)

120–138[27]
American businessman, merchant, opium smuggler, fur trader, and investor. In 1801, Astor's nominal wealth was some US$250,000, and by the time of his death in 1848 his fortune had grown to US$20 million, making him America's first multi-millionaire.[13][14][15]

Cornelius Vanderbilt

1794–1877
(83 years)

105[28]–205[29]
American business magnate and philanthropist who built his wealth in railroads and shipping.

Stephen Girard

1750–1831
(81 years)

105[30]–120[31]
French-born American banker. Before becoming a banker, he was a merchant and owned a fleet of trading ships.

William Henry Vanderbilt

1821–1885
(64 years)

52–239[32]
Railroad owner. Inherited much of his wealth from his father, Cornelius Vanderbilt,[30] who initiated the Vanderbilt family's involvement in railroad and shipping business. He doubled his father's fortune, to an amount estimated between $52 billion and $239 billion.[32]

text: Middle Ages[edit]

text: Absolute rulers or conquerors are sometimes listed for the territory they controlled rather than for their immediate personal wealth (Davidson (2015) for TIME.com listed Akbar I, Genghis Khan and Emperor Shenzong of Song for their imperial possessions, while Alan Rufus is listed for his immediate possessions within the feudal system of Norman England).[3]

text:
Name
Photograph/Portrait
Lifetime
Description

Musa I of Mali

c. 1280 – c. 1337
Mansa Musa, or Musa I of Mali is considered one of the richest men in history. Musa was the tenth emperor of the Mali Empire, one of the prosperous Sahelian kingdoms that developed along the Saharan slave trade routes in the later medieval period. Mansa Musa made his fortune by exploiting his country’s salt and gold production.[3][33][34] Musa is said to have brought several tonnes of gold to Mecca when he made a pilgrimage there in 1324. Reported as being inconceivably rich by contemporaries, "There’s really no way to put an accurate number on his wealth."[35]

William the Conqueror

d. 1087
William the Conqueror became personally enormously wealthy from spoils of war during the Norman Conquest of England.[36]

Basil II

958–1025
Byzantine emperor from 960 to 1025 at the time of the Eastern Roman Empire's greatest medieval territorial extent, also a time of considerable prosperity for the Empire.

Alan Rufus

c. 1040–1093
Alan Rufus, 1st Lord of Richmond, was a relative and companion of William the Conqueror (Duke William II of Normandy) during the Norman Conquest of England. By 1086 he had become one of the richest and most powerful men of England.[36]

William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey

d. 1088
Fought alongside William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings and was rewarded with considerable land holdings in England.[30][36][37]

Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel

c. 1306–1376
English nobleman and admiral. Succeeded to the Earldom of Surrey in 1347.

John of Gaunt

1340–1399
Third son of King Edward III of England. Duke of Lancaster. Owned land in almost every county in England, with a household comparable to that of a monarch.[38]

text: Antiquity[edit]

text: For Classical Antiquity, even more than for the High Middle Ages, the definition of personal wealth becomes difficult to compare with the modern period; especially in the case of divine kings, where an entire empire might be considered the personal property of a deified emperor.

text:
Name
Lifetime
Description

Marcus Licinius Crassus
c. 115 BC – 53 BC
Crassus inherited a fortune of 7 million sesterces after the death of his father in 87 BC. After several years of exile, Crassus was able to rebuild his family fortune by seizing the property of executed convicts for himself.[39] Crassus also expanded his wealth by trading in slaves and by purchasing whole neighborhoods of Rome as they burned, for drastically less than market value. Crassus was known in Rome as Dives, meaning "The Rich". It is believed that Crassus expanded his personal fortune to 170 million sesterces, while Pliny the Elder surmised his fortune to be valued even higher, at 200 million sesterces. This would place Crassus's net worth equal to the total annual budget of the Roman treasury.
Crassus has often been listed among the "wealthiest individuals in history", although depending on the estimate of the "adjusted value" of a Roman sesterce, his net worth may also be placed in the range of US$200 million to US$20 billion.[40]

Augustus Caesar
63 BC – 19 August 14 AD
Listed by Time Magazine with "$4.6 trillion" because he "personally owned all of Egypt".[3]

Croesus
died c. 546 BC
The name of Croesus, a historical king of Lydia, was proverbial for wealth already in antiquity; this is probably due to his being the first ruler to issue true gold coins with a standardised purity for general circulation and not necessarily for his personal wealth.