document_title: List of Dinosaur Train characters

question_text: what species is the conductor on dinosaur train

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text: List of Dinosaur Train characters

text: Main characters[edit]

text:
Buddy (voiced by Phillip Corlett in Season 1 and 2, by Sean Thomas in Season 3 and by Dayton Wall in Season 4) — Buddy is the protagonist of the series. He is a male Tyrannosaurus that was adopted by the Pteranodon family while still in an egg, as was explained in the show's opening credits. Buddy is friendly and precocious, much like his siblings, and his main trait is his inquisitive nature, wherein he likes to ask questions and form hypotheses. Since Buddy is incapable of flight, the family accommodates his differences by carrying him to when the others are going somewhere that requires flight. His sharp eyesight allows him to be the spotter for the Pteranodon family when they go fishing; he spots the fish underwater and tells the other members of the family where to fish. Buddy's color is orange in his family. He also tends to be quite curious.[1] In early episodes, whenever they went through the Time Tunnel, Buddy would feel nauseous.
Tiny (voiced by Claire Corlett) — Tiny is a female Pteranodon. Her favorite hobby is rhyming and during the series, she approaches each of the dinosaurs with the confidence of a news reporter. She is Buddy's best friend as well as his adopted sister. Her color is green, much like Don and her parents. When she meets a new dinosaur, she introduces herself and her family. Among her siblings, she is the only one who looks exactly like her mother. She is the smallest of the family, and sometimes likes to hide in holes and crevices in the trees, which she calls her "Tiny Place", and at times takes her smallness very seriously, especially when dealing with dinosaurs smaller than her.
Don (voiced by Alexander Matthew Marr in Season 1 and 2 and by Joey Silva in Season 3) — Don is a male Pteranodon. He is known for his singing his catchphrase jingle "La la LOO!" when something fancies him the right way, and appears to be a silly and somewhat dim-witted comic relief when compared to his rest of his family. He enjoys dancing, digging holes, observing (and then eating) insects, and collecting objects for his nature collection. He's a little wider than Shiny and Tiny as he has a larger chin, very similar to his grandfather.
Shiny (voiced by Erika-Shaye Gair) — Shiny is the second female Pteranodon who is less tomboyish than Tiny and loves roleplaying with her siblings. Shiny's color differs from the Pteranodon members of her immediate family as she is aqua green, while the other Pteranodons are a grass or leaf green, although her grandmother is a similar shade of cyan. She enjoys collecting shells and shiny objects, something she has an affinity for given her namesake. In most episodes, she can be seen hanging out with Mr. Conductor's nephew Gilbert Troodon, with whom she is infatuated with. Though Shiny goes along with her siblings on their various adventures, she is more timid and reserved, especially when dealing with something she finds potentially scary or unfamiliar (at times responding to such trepidation by hiding behind or next to either parent, though usually her father, whom she appears the closest to among her parents). Whenever something tickles her fancy or she feels especially proud and beaming, her beak will glisten with a single "shine," another trait per her name.
Mr. Conductor (voiced by Ian James Corlett) — A male Troodon who operates the Dinosaur Train. Personality-wise he is friendly, warm, playful and charming to everyone he meets, and is a special friend to Buddy (often postscripting his name with "my buddy!"). He is also very wise in all things flora and fauna, usually being the first person the Pteranodon clan turns to whenever they need of learn something specific about a certain dinosaur or species, in which he is all to happy to oblige and teach. Although he prefers to be called Mr. Conductor by everyone except his mother (Mrs. Conductor, who usually refers to him as "Sonny boy") and Don (who calls him "Mr. The Conductor" by mistake, to which the Conductor will playfully call him "Mr. The Don" in response). Whenever the Dinosaur Train approaches a time tunnel, the conductor says, "Time Tunnel, Time Tunnel Approaching!" He also hides his feathers under his hat. Mr. Conductor also tends to get shy around his mother whenever she visits. He also serves as the host of the series as he shows the viewers what will happen in today's episode before each episode.
Mrs. Pteranodon (voiced by Ellen Kennedy) — The mother of Tiny, Shiny, Don, and Buddy. She is a teacher, companion, and thinks of herself as the ultimate tour guide.[1] Unlike most other adult female characters in the series, her first name is never revealed in the series; her children introduce her to other dinosaurs as "Our Mom, 'Mom'," and other dinosaurs (the Conductor included) simply refer to her as "Mrs. Pteranodon."
Mr. Pteranodon (voiced by Colin Murdock) — The father of Tiny, Shiny, Don, and Buddy, and the husband of Mrs. Pteranodon. He likes to think of himself as the family's coach, evidenced by the fact that he can make a squawking sound that sounds vaguely of a coach's whistle (a trait he seems to have inherited from his mother) and refers to his family as "Team Pteranodon", or simply "Team." One of his interests is taking Don and Shiny on fishing expeditions while Buddy and Tiny ride the Dinosaur Train with his wife. Like his wife, his children sometimes introduce him as "Our Dad, Dad." Mr. Pteranodon also suffers from a few phobias, namely based off any additional Dinosaur Train technology; when it comes to the Dinosaur Train Zeppelin, he gets a little airsick at first, but he overcomes it by trying steering it, and with the Dinosaur Drill Train he becomes panicky when thinking about the prospect of being stuck underground.

tag: ul

text: Secondary characters[edit]

text: In order of appearance, characters that have significant appearances in more than one episode.

tag: p

text:
Spikey Stygimoloch (voiced by Tabitha St. Germain) — a young male Stygimoloch, he is a Junior conductor.
Cory Corythosaurus (voiced by Erika-Shaye Gair) — a young female pink Corythosaurus who performs in a choir using her crest.
Tank Triceratops (voiced by Alexander Matthew Marr) — a young male blue Triceratops who loves eating leaves. His appetite is, comically, almost insatiable and he is almost always seeking out something to snack on. He is a good friend to the Pteranodon kids and is taken care of by his mother, Trudy, and his herd (two young members are named Truman and Todd and one grownup member is named Trenton). (He calls him Little Horns.) In the episode "Tank's Baby Brother", a baby brother named Tuck is added to the family, whom the Pteranodons help him accept.
Morris Stegosaurus (voiced by Ian James Corlett) — a male Stegosaurus who speaks like a surfer and explains how his plates can be used.
Alvin Allosaurus (voiced by Brian Drummond) — a male Allosaurus.
Boris Tyrannosaurus, Dolores Tyrannosaurus and Annie Tyrannosaurus (voiced by Trevor Devall, Kathleen Barr and Erika Shaye-Gair) — a family of Tyrannosaurus. Annie is a friend of Buddy's, is fairly hyperactive and has a habit of running up and playfully tackling/knocking her friends over. They were the first T. rex that Buddy met (aside from himself), identifying his species. They migrate during the summer. Dolores's husband Boris was introduced in the episode "T. Rex Migration".
Ned Brachiosaurus (voiced by Kathleen Barr) — a teenage male Brachiosaurus who is a regular on the train and has been given the title of Junior Conductor. His herd is visited in "Dinosaur Poop".
Mrs. Conductor (voiced by Tabitha St. Germain) — the Conductor's mother and former conductor of the train. She has a voice that sounds like an older female version of the Conductor's. Despite her age she maintains a childishly playful personality (in contrast to her son's more sophisticated and grown up demeanor and to his chagrin), and gets on very well with the Pteranodon children. She usually appears without being introduced or heard (a trait Troodons possess), almost always with a loud and blustery "Bw-AHHHH!"
Petey Peteinosaurus (voiced by Cedric Payne) — A male Peteinosaurus that eats insects. Unlike the Pteranodons, he has teeth. He joins the Pterosaur Flying club in the eponymous episode. He and Tiny are close friends, the two of them being small for their species, and both claiming to have "Tiny Power" (strength in spite of their size) when interacting or playing.
Derek Deinonychus — A young male Deinonychus first met by Tiny Pteranodon and her family in his debut episode "Derek the Deinonychus".
Oren and Ollie Ornithomimus (voiced by Ashleigh Ball and Kathleen Barr) — Two male twin Ornithomimus, who move and talk very fast.
Velma Velociraptor (voiced by Kathleen Barr) — A female Velociraptor, who has feathers and lives with her daughter Valerie.
Perry Parasaurolophus — a young Parasaurolophus with a jazzy personality. He once mentions his parents who commonly appear in cameos.
Jack Einiosaurus — a green Einiosaurus who appears to be the cousin of the Triceratops. He supposedly has a child named Ernie who also has the same color.
Arnie Argentinosaurus (voiced by Ashleigh Ball) — A young male Argentinosaurus, who lives with his father. In a later episode, Arnie has a flatcar set up for him to ride on the train.
Hank Ankylosaurus (voiced by Colin Murdock) — A male Ankylosaurus and a star Dinoball player. Both Mr. Pteranodon and The Conductor are big fans of his.
Laura the Giganotosaurus (voiced by Kathleen Barr) — A female Giganotosaurus who usually resides in the Observation Car. She uses her large size and height to be a lookout and turn the train (and an occasional obstruction) around. She has an Argentine accent, reflecting the location of her species's discovery. She has an affinity for bird watching and drawing, namely species of birds she discovers both on the train and off.
Pauline Proganochelys — A female Proganochelys (prehistoric turtle) from Pangea during the Triassic period. She is a heavily armored turtle; with spikes on her neck, a tough shell and a hard tail she is capable of defending herself, though the spikes on her neck prevent her head from retracting into her shell like other turtles. She is also a mother, but unlike other mothers, she leaves her children to defend for themselves thanks to their own defenses, but she is still proud of her offspring. Her tone of voice and method of speaking is based heavily off Julia Sweeney's Pat character.
Travis Troodon (voiced by Ian James Corlett) — A male Troodon that comes from the Arctic. He has more plumage than the other Troodons. He plays hockey with a frozen gourd and stick. He has a Canadian accent.
King Cryolophosaurus (voiced by Phil Hayes) — a male Cryolophosaurus that talks and sings like Elvis Presley. He is afraid of crowds and often needs to be convinced to do concerts as a result. Eventually he retires from performing in order to live a quiet life in the Jurassic Antarctic.
Crystal Cryolophosaurus (voiced by Ashleigh Ball) — a female Cryolophosaurus singer with a crooning, country music style of singing. King ends up infatuated with her, which is easily reciprocated (as she is also a big fan of his) and she ends up living with him in the Jurassic Antarctic, though unlike King she still has the urge to sing and perform.
Henry Hermit Crab — a hermit crab Shiny befriends on a beach at the Big Pond. Like any crab in his habitat, he is in frequent need of a new shell as he consistently outgrows them. He speaks in an animated New Jersey accent.
Erma Eoraptor (voiced by Kathleen Barr) — a female Eoraptor that lives at the start of the rail line. She speaks in a pioneer accent. The Conductor (despite being a different species) has a crush on her
Iggy Iguanodon — a blue iguanodon first met by Buddy and his Pteranodon family when going on a would tour.
Gilbert (voiced by Ashleigh Ball) — a young male Troodon who is the Conductor's nephew. He wears a miniature version of the Conductor's uniform. He is notable for energetic greetings upon entering a room or within a group of people ("Helllllooo, everyone!"). Shiny has a crush on him.
Larry Lambeosaurus (voiced by Brian Drummond) — a male Lambeosaurus, the Pteranodons' neighbor. He has a wife named Lorraine and kids, Leroy and Lily. While friendly and amiable as a neighbor to the Pteranodons, Mr. Pteranodon finds him irritating, yet doesn't have the heart to tell him so. Larry also has a habit of eating leaves from Mr. Pteranodon's favorite tree, which irks him all the more.
Cindy Cimolestes (voiced by Tabitha St. Germain) — a female Cimolestes that lived in Tiny's Tiny Place, until Buddy found her a home up high. She is a good friend to Tiny and has a squeaky voice.
Elmer Elasmosaurus — a young male Elasmosaurus, who catches fish and plays under the sea. In "Elmer Visits the Desert", he journeys to a desert, and learns of its underwater past.
Grandpa and Grandma Pteranodon (voiced by Colin Murdock and Ellen Kennedy) — Don, Tiny, Shiny and Buddy's grandfather and grandmother on their father's side. Grandma Pteranodon is aqua like Shiny, and looks like an older version of Shiny except for a less tapered beak. She is also capable of squawking in a tone akin to a coach's whistle much like her son (who, in turn, inherited for his own use).

text: Grandpa Pteranodon enjoys fishing trips and collecting. He resembles an older Don, complete with a worn down version of his humming. They were not seen for a long time because they had been on a fishing tour.[2]

text:
Kenny Kentrosaurus — a purple Kentrosaurus with green plates and spikes. He has a Jamaican accent.
Thurston Troodon (voiced by Trevor Devall) — a male Troodon and conductor of the Rocket Train, and later captain of the Dinosaur Train Zeppelin, and as such is seen as a rival to the Conductor. He and the Conductor went to the same Conductor School and attended many of he same classes together (namely the ones taught by Mrs. Conductor) and had a rivalry between them even back then, with Thurston playfully referencing them as being on friendly terms (most of the time...). He is a brash but proud Troodon who views his Rocket Train as superior to the original Dinosaur Train due to its innate on board computer and higher rate of speed and isn't beneath attempting to rub its supposed superiority in the Conductor's face.
Tricia Troodon (voiced by Diana Kaarina and Rebecca Shoichet) — a female Troodon who is the conductor of the solar train.
Troodon Waiter (voiced by Ian James Corlett) — a male troodon who is the waitress of the dinosaur train.
Troodon Official (voiced by Ian James Corlett) — a male troodon who works at troodon town roudhouse.
Troodon Mom (voiced by Tabitha St. Germain) — a female troodon who is the wife of troodon waiter.

text: Dinosaurs gathered for the "A" to "Z" big idea[edit]

text:
Fanny Fabrosaurus — she is a small theropod whose voice is high-pitched and has a light yellow body with blue feet and teal spots.
Gabby Gallimimus — she is a mix between a bird and a dinosaur. Her body is cerulean while her beak is yellow and her claws are pink.
Hattie Hadrosaurus — she is a reddish-pink hadrosaur whose crest doesn't seem to hoot.
Jacklyn Jaxartosaurus — she is a purple hadrosaur with green lips.
Manny Megalosaurus — he is a Megalosaurus who is a type of theropod with an Australian accent.
Norm Nodosaurus — he is Manny's bright red neighbor who appears to be Hank Ankylosaurus' cousin.
Quincy Qantassaurus — he is another small dinosaur who has an Australian accent as well as a green body.
Reba Rhabdodon — she is Morris Stegosaurus' neighbor whose skin is chartreuse and lime green colored.
Ulysses Utahraptor — he is an indigo theropod with periwinkle triangular stripe patterns on his skin.
Juan Wannanosaurus — he is a green-skinned small stygimoloch who has a British accent.
Xavier Xenotarsosaurus — he is a red theropod who has an Argentinian accent.
Yang Yangchuanosaurus — he is a mint green theropod who has a wise personality and a Chinese accent.
Ziong Zigongosaurus — he is a red sauropod who feels uncertain about Tiny's big idea.

text: Other characters[edit]

text:
Allen Alamosaurus — a great big acquaintance of the families of Pteranodon, T-Rex and Lambeosaurus. He is first thought to be a cave, but he just moves, just to meet those he unexpectedly protects from rainstorms.
Chung Confuciusornis — a sapphire blue Confuciusornis with yellow streaks and a wise personality. He is first met by Buddy and his Pteranodon family who's going on a Dinosaur Train World Tour.
Paulie Pliosaurus — known as the T-Rex of the ocean by the Troodon conductor, Paulie becomes friends with Buddy who is a land T-Rex. His mother once meets Buddy and his Pteranodon family at one point. According to Paulie's wish, he is also the first volunteer to go into the Aqua Car.
Rick Oryctodromeus — a small friend whom Buddy and his Pteranodon family meets during sunset.
Fossil Fred — a deceased theropod in the Big Pond, species not yet confirmed
Jess Hesperornis — a purple bird who catches fish like a penguin.
Vlad Volaticotherium — a purple ancestor of the flying squirrel from the Jurassic time period who has a Romanian accent.
Stella Sea Star — a pink starfish who becomes friends with Henry Hermit Crab. She speaks in a shrill, nasally New Jersey accent.
Aiden Adocus — a turtle who came to Pteranodon Terrace on a raft. He speaks a little slow.
Tommy Ptilodus — Aiden's little partner who speaks a little fast
The Changyuraptor Family consists of Chester Jr., a turquoise colored kid and the grownups, his parents (unseen) and grandparents.
Igor Ichthyosaur has a Russian accent. He was beached with his friend during the storm until the Pteranodon family and conductor Troodon come to help.
The Michelinoceras Brothers are named Mitch and Max. Mitch is pink while Max is green and purple.
Soren Saurornitholestes — a lucky mother who stays potentially in her nest at the North Pole.
Frankie Fruitafossor — a furry desert inhabitant who the Pteranodon Family (except Mrs. Pteranodon) visits.
Natasha Necrolestes — a white furry mammal who the Pteranodon Family visits when going deep into the Earth, except Mrs. Pteranodon who's just relaxing at home.
Percy Percemedes — a back-striped lizard whom Buddy, his Pteranodon family and Elmer meets in a desert that used to be an ocean.
The Troglobites consist of Bernie the Beetle, Crockett the Cricket, Sylvester the Spider...
Olivia Oviraptor — a pink oviraptor with yellow accents. She was first thought to be the egg thief, but it turns out that she is a good mother. She states that the rose pink eggs are hers.
Shoshana Shonisaurus — she is a periwinkle giant with cyan spots.
Cassie Castorocauda — a new friend whom Cindy, Tiny, Buddy and Mr. Pteranodon meet. She is a fishing mammal who's shown to be a mother because she already laid her eggs in her nest they found earlier.
The Dilophosaurus Twins are named Dylan and Devlin. They both have cyan skin, but Dylan has a chartreuse crest and his brother Devlin has a dark blue one.
Deon Dimetrodon — the first Permian friend met by Buddy the T-Rex, Tiny Pteranodon and her mother, the Conductor and Erma Eoraptor.
Emperor Globidens — a green aquatic giant who talks like Louis Armstrong.
Otto Ophthalmosaurus — he is one of the aquatic giants with a French accent.
Quenton Qianzhousaurus — a V-snouted relative of Buddy Tyrannosaurus. Just like him, he can compare an contrast features, but Quenton only eats fish.


document_title: New York Stock Exchange

question_text: where did traders in new york originally meet

text: New York Stock Exchange

text: History[edit]

text: The earliest recorded organization of securities trading in New York among brokers directly dealing with each other can be traced to the Buttonwood Agreement. Previously securities exchange had been intermediated by the auctioneers who also conducted more mundane auctions of commodities such as wheat and tobacco.[13] On May 17, 1792 twenty four brokers signed the Buttonwood Agreement which set a floor commission rate charged to clients and bound the signers to give preference to the other signers in securities sales. The earliest securities traded were mostly governmental securities such as War Bonds from the Revolutionary War and First Bank of the United States stock,[13] although Bank of New York stock was a non-governmental security traded in the early days.[14] The Bank of North America along with the First Bank of the United States and the Bank of New York were the first shares traded on the New York Stock Exchange.[15]

text: In 1817 the stockbrokers of New York operating under the Buttonwood Agreement instituted new reforms and reorganized. After sending a delegation to Philadelphia to observe the organization of their board of brokers, restrictions on manipulative trading were adopted as well as formal organs of governance.[13] After re-forming as the New York Stock and Exchange Board the broker organization began renting out space exclusively for securities trading, which previously had been taking place at the Tontine Coffee House. Several locations were used between 1817 and 1865, when the present location was adopted.[13]

text: The invention of the electrical telegraph consolidated markets, and New York's market rose to dominance over Philadelphia after weathering some market panics better than other alternatives.[13] The Open Board of Stock Brokers was established in 1864 as a competitor to the NYSE. With 354 members, the Open Board of Stock Brokers rivaled the NYSE in membership (which had 533) "because it used a more modern, continuous trading system superior to the NYSE’s twice-daily call sessions." The Open Board of Stock Brokers merged with the NYSE in 1869. Robert Wright of Bloomberg writes that the merger increased the NYSE's members as well as trading volume, as "several dozen regional exchanges were also competing with the NYSE for customers. Buyers, sellers and dealers all wanted to complete transactions as quickly and cheaply as technologically possible and that meant finding the markets with the most trading, or the greatest liquidity in today’s parlance. Minimizing competition was essential to keep a large number of orders flowing, and the merger helped the NYSE to maintain its reputation for providing superior liquidity."[16] The Civil War greatly stimulated speculative securities trading in New York. By 1869 membership had to be capped, and has been sporadically increased since. The latter half of the nineteenth century saw rapid growth in securities trading.[17]

text: Securities trade in the latter nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was prone to panics and crashes. Government regulation of securities trading was eventually seen as necessary, with arguably the most dramatic changes occurring in the 1930s after a major stock market crash precipitated an economic depression.

text: The Stock Exchange Luncheon Club was situated on the seventh floor from 1898 until its closure in 2006.[18]

text: The main building, located at 18 Broad Street, between the corners of Wall Street and Exchange Place, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978,[19] as was the 11 Wall Street building.[5][20][21]

text: The NYSE announced its plans to merge with Archipelago on April 21, 2005, in a deal intended to reorganize the NYSE as a publicly traded company. NYSE's governing board voted to merge with rival Archipelago on December 6, 2005, and became a for-profit, public company. It began trading under the name NYSE Group on March 8, 2006. A little over one year later, on April 4, 2007, the NYSE Group completed its merger with Euronext, the European combined stock market, thus forming NYSE Euronext, the first transatlantic stock exchange.

text: Wall Street is the leading US money center for international financial activities and the foremost US location for the conduct of wholesale financial services. "It comprises a matrix of wholesale financial sectors, financial markets, financial institutions, and financial industry firms" (Robert, 2002). The principal sectors are securities industry, commercial banking, asset management, and insurance.

text: Prior to the acquisition of NYSE Euronext by the ICE in 2013, Marsh Carter was the Chairman of the NYSE and the CEO was Duncan Niederauer. Presently,[when?] the chairman is Jeffrey Sprecher.[22] In 2016, NYSE owner Intercontinental Exchange Inc. earned $419 million in listings-related revenues.[23]

text: Notable events[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The exchange was closed shortly after the beginning of World War I (July 31, 1914), but it partially re-opened on November 28 of that year in order to help the war effort by trading bonds,[24] and completely reopened for stock trading in mid-December.

text: On September 16, 1920, a bomb exploded on Wall Street outside the NYSE building, killing 33 people and injuring more than 400. The perpetrators were never found. The NYSE building and some buildings nearby, such as the JP Morgan building, still have marks on their façades caused by the bombing.

text: The Black Thursday crash of the Exchange on October 24, 1929, and the sell-off panic which started on Black Tuesday, October 29, are often blamed for precipitating the Great Depression. In an effort to try to restore investor confidence, the Exchange unveiled a fifteen-point program aimed to upgrade protection for the investing public on October 31, 1938.

text: On October 1, 1934, the exchange was registered as a national securities exchange with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, with a president and a thirty-three-member board. On February 18, 1971, the non-profit corporation was formed, and the number of board members was reduced to twenty-five.

text: One of Abbie Hoffman's well-known publicity stunts took place in 1967, when he led members of the Yippie movement to the Exchange's gallery. The provocateurs hurled fistfuls of dollars toward the trading floor below. Some traders booed, and some laughed and waved. Three months later the stock exchange enclosed the gallery with bulletproof glass.[25] Hoffman wrote a decade later, "We didn't call the press; at that time we really had no notion of anything called a media event."[26]

text: On October 19, 1987, the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) dropped 508 points, a 22.6% loss in a single day, the second-biggest one-day drop the exchange had experienced. Black Monday was followed by Terrible Tuesday, a day in which the Exchange's systems did not perform well and some people had difficulty completing their trades.

text: Subsequently, there was another major drop for the Dow on October 13, 1989—the Mini-Crash of 1989. The crash was apparently caused by a reaction to a news story of a $6.75 billion leveraged buyout deal for UAL Corporation, the parent company of United Airlines, which broke down. When the UAL deal fell through, it helped trigger the collapse of the junk bond market causing the Dow to fall 190.58 points, or 6.91 percent.

text: Similarly, there was a panic in the financial world during the year of 1997; the Asian Financial Crisis. Like the fall of many foreign markets, the Dow suffered a 7.18% drop in value (554.26 points) on October 27, 1997, in what later became known as the 1997 Mini-Crash but from which the DJIA recovered quickly. This was the first time that the "circuit breaker" rule had operated.

text: On January 26, 2000, an altercation during filming of the music video for "Sleep Now in the Fire," which was directed by Michael Moore, caused the doors of the exchange to be closed and the band Rage Against the Machine to be escorted from the site by security[27] after band members attempted to gain entry into the exchange.

text: In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, the NYSE was closed for 4 trading sessions, resuming on Monday, September 17, one of the rare times the NYSE was closed for more than one session and only the third time since March 1933. On the first day, the NYSE suffered a 7.1% drop in value (684 points), after a week, it dropped by 14% (1370 points). An estimated of $1.4 trillion was lost within five days of trading.[28] The NY Stock Exchange is only 5 blocks from Ground Zero.

text: On May 6, 2010, the Dow Jones Industrial Average posted its largest intraday percentage drop since the October 19, 1987, crash, with a 998-point loss later being called the 2010 Flash Crash (as the drop occurred in minutes before rebounding). The SEC and CFTC published a report on the event, although it did not come to a conclusion as to the cause. The regulators found no evidence that the fall was caused by erroneous ("fat finger") orders.[29]

text: On October 29, 2012, the stock exchange was shut down for 2 days due to Hurricane Sandy.[30] The last time the stock exchange was closed due to weather for a full two days was on March 12 and 13 in 1888.[31]

text: On May 1, 2014, the stock exchange was fined $4.5 million by the Securities and Exchange Commission to settle charges it violated market rules.[32]

text: On August 14, 2014, Berkshire Hathaway's A Class shares, the highest priced shares on the NYSE, hit $200,000 a share for the first time.[33]

text: On July 8, 2015, technical issues affected the stock exchange, halting trading at 11:32 am ET. The NYSE reassured stock traders that the outage was "not a result of a cyber breach," and the Department of Homeland Security confirmed that there was "no sign of malicious activity."[34] Trading eventually resumed at 3:10 pm ET the same day.

text: Official holidays[edit]

text: The New York Stock Exchange is closed on New Years Day, Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, Washington's Birthday, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Fourth of July, Labor Day, Thanksgiving and Christmas. When those holidays occur on a weekend, the holiday is observed on the closest weekday. In addition, the Stock Exchange closes early on the day before Independence Day, the day after Thanksgiving, and the day before Christmas.[35]

text: Trading[edit]

text: The New York Stock Exchange (sometimes referred to as "the Big Board"[36]) provides a means for buyers and sellers to trade shares of stock in companies registered for public trading. The NYSE is open for trading Monday through Friday from 9:30 am – 4:00 pm ET, with the exception of holidays declared by the Exchange in advance.

text: The NYSE trades in a continuous auction format, where traders can execute stock transactions on behalf of investors. They will gather around the appropriate post where a specialist broker, who is employed by a NYSE member firm (that is, he/she is not an employee of the New York Stock Exchange), acts as an auctioneer in an open outcry auction market environment to bring buyers and sellers together and to manage the actual auction. They do on occasion (approximately 10% of the time) facilitate the trades by committing their own capital and as a matter of course disseminate information to the crowd that helps to bring buyers and sellers together. The auction process moved toward automation in 1995 through the use of wireless hand held computers (HHC). The system enabled traders to receive and execute orders electronically via wireless transmission. On September 25, 1995, NYSE member Michael Einersen, who designed and developed this system, executed 1000 shares of IBM through this HHC ending a 203-year process of paper transactions and ushering in an era of automated trading.

text: As of January 24, 2007, all NYSE stocks can be traded via its electronic hybrid market (except for a small group of very high-priced stocks). Customers can now send orders for immediate electronic execution, or route orders to the floor for trade in the auction market. In the first three months of 2007, in excess of 82% of all order volume was delivered to the floor electronically.[37] NYSE works with US regulators like the SEC and CFTC to coordinate risk management measures in the electronic trading environment through the implementation of mechanisms like circuit breakers and liquidity replenishment points.[38]

text: Until 2005, the right to directly trade shares on the exchange was conferred upon owners of the 1366 "seats." The term comes from the fact that up until the 1870s NYSE members sat in chairs to trade. In 1868, the number of seats was fixed at 533, and this number was increased several times over the years. In 1953, the number of seats was set at 1,366. These seats were a sought-after commodity as they conferred the ability to directly trade stock on the NYSE, and seat holders were commonly referred to as members of the NYSE. The Barnes family is the only known lineage to have five generations of NYSE members: Winthrop H. Barnes (admitted 1894), Richard W.P. Barnes (admitted 1926), Richard S. Barnes (admitted 1951), Robert H. Barnes (admitted 1972), Derek J. Barnes (admitted 2003). Seat prices varied widely over the years, generally falling during recessions and rising during economic expansions. The most expensive inflation-adjusted seat was sold in 1929 for $625,000, which, today, would be over six million dollars. In recent times, seats have sold for as high as $4 million in the late 1990s and as low as $1 million in 2001. In 2005, seat prices shot up to $3.25 million as the exchange entered into an agreement to merge with Archipelago and became a for-profit, publicly traded company. Seat owners received $500,000 in cash per seat and 77,000 shares of the newly formed corporation. The NYSE now sells one-year licenses to trade directly on the exchange. Licenses for floor trading are available for $40,000 and a license for bond trading is available for as little as $1,000 as of 2010.[39] Neither are resell-able, but may be transferable during a change of ownership of a corporation holding a trading license.

text: Following the Black Monday market crash in 1987, NYSE imposed trading curbs to reduce market volatility and massive panic sell-offs. Following the 2011 rule change, at the start of each trading day, the NYSE sets three circuit breaker levels at levels of 7% (Level 1), 13% (Level 2), and 20% (Level 3) of the average closing price of the S&P 500 for the preceding trading day. Level 1 and Level 2 declines result in a 15-minute trading halt unless they occur after 3:25 pm, when no trading halts apply. A Level 3 decline results in trading being suspended for the remainder of the day.[40] (The biggest one-day decline in the S&P 500 since 1987 was the 9.0% drop on October 15, 2008.)

text: NYSE Composite Index[edit]

text: In the mid-1960s, the NYSE Composite Index (NYSE: NYA) was created, with a base value of 50 points equal to the 1965 yearly close.[41] This was done to reflect the value of all stocks trading at the exchange instead of just the 30 stocks included in the Dow Jones Industrial Average. To raise the profile of the composite index, in 2003 the NYSE set its new base value of 5,000 points equal to the 2002 yearly close. Its close at the end of 2013 was 10,400.32.

text: Timeline[edit]

text:
In 1792, NYSE acquires its first traded securities.[42][43]
In 1817, the constitution of the New York Stock and Exchange Board is adopted, it had also been established by the New York brokers as a formal organization.[44]
In 1865, New York Gold Exchange was acquired by the NYSE.[45]
In 1867, Stock tickers were first introduced.[46]
In 1885, the 400 NYSE members in the Consolidated Stock Exchange withdraw from Consolidated over disagreements on exchange trade areas.[47]
In 1896, DJIA first published in The Wall Street Journal.[46]
In 1903, NYSE moves into new quarters at 18 Broad Street.
In 1906, DJIA exceeds 100 on January 12.
In 1907, Panic of 1907.
In 1909, Trading in bonds.
In 1914, World War I causes the longest exchange shutdown: four months, two weeks; re-opening December 12 brings the largest one-day percentage drop in the DJIA (24.4%).
In 1915, Basis of quoting and trading in stocks changed from % of par value to dollars.
In 1920, a bomb exploded on Wall Street outside the NYSE building. Thirty killed and over 100 injured.
In 1929, central quote system established; Black Thursday, October 24 and Black Tuesday, October 29 signal the end of the Roaring Twenties bull market.
In 1943, trading floor is opened to women.[48]
In 1949, the longest (eight-year) bull market begins.[49]
In 1954, DJIA surpasses its 1929 peak in inflation-adjusted dollars.
In 1956, DJIA closes above 500 for the first time on March 12.
In 1966, NYSE begins a composite index of all listed common stocks. This is referred to as the "Common Stock Index" and is transmitted daily. The starting point of the index is 50. It is later renamed the NYSE Composite Index.[50]
In 1967, Muriel Siebert becomes the first female member of the New York Stock Exchange.[51]
In 1967, protesters led by Abbie Hoffman throw mostly fake dollar bills at traders from gallery, leading to the installation of bullet-proof glass.
In 1970, Securities Investor Protection Corporation established.
In 1971, NYSE incorporated and recognized as Not-for-Profit organization.[50]
In 1972, DJIA closes above 1,000 for the first time on November 14.
In 1977, foreign brokers are admitted to NYSE.
In 1980, New York Futures Exchange established.
In 1987, Black Monday, October 19, sees the second-largest one-day DJIA percentage drop (22.6%, or 508 points) in history.
In 1991, DJIA exceeds 3,000.
In 1995, DJIA exceeds 5,000.
In 1996, real-time ticker introduced.[52]
In 1997, on October 27, a sell-off in Asia's stock markets hurts the U.S. markets as well; DJIA sees the largest one-day point drop of 554 (or 7.18%) in history.[53]
In 1999, DJIA exceeds 10,000 on March 29.
In 2000, DJIA peaks at 11,722.98 on January 14; first NYSE global index is launched under the ticker NYIID.

Security after the September 11 attacks

In 2001, trading in fractions (n⁄16) ends, replaced by decimals (increments of $0.01, see Decimalization); September 11 attacks occur causing NYSE to close for four sessions.
In 2003, NYSE Composite Index relaunched and value set equal to 5,000 points.
In 2006, NYSE and ArcaEx merge, creating NYSE Arca and forming the publicly owned, for-profit NYSE Group, Inc.; in turn, NYSE Group merges with Euronext, creating the first trans-Atlantic stock exchange group; DJIA tops 12,000 on October 19.
In 2007, US President George W. Bush shows up unannounced to the Floor about an hour and a half before a Federal Open Market Committee interest-rate decision on January 31;[54] NYSE announces its merger with the American Stock Exchange; NYSE Composite closes above 10,000 on June 1; DJIA exceeds 14,000 on July 19 and closes at a peak of 14,164.53 on October 9.
In 2008, DJIA loses more than 500 points on September 15 amid fears of bank failures, resulting in a permanent prohibition of naked short selling and a three-week temporary ban on all short selling of financial stocks; in spite of this, record volatility continues for the next two months, culminating at 5½-year market lows.
In 2009, DJIA closes at 6,547.05 on March 9 reaching a 12-year low; DJIA returns to 10,015.86 on October 14.
In 2013, DJIA closes above 2007 highs on March 5; DJIA closes above 16,500 to end the year.
In 2014, DJIA closes above 17,000 on July 3 and above 18,000 on December 23.
In 2015, DJIA achieved an all-time high of 18,351.36 on 19 May.[55]
In 2015, DJIA dropped over 1,000 points to 15,370.33 soon after open on August 24, 2015, before bouncing back and closing at 15,795.72, a drop of over 669 points.
In 2016, DJIA hits an all-time high of 18,873.6.
In 2017, DJIA reaches 20,000 for the first time (on 25 January).

text: Merger, acquisition, and control[edit]

text: In October 2008 NYSE Euronext completed acquisition of the American Stock Exchange (AMEX) for $260 million in stock.[56]

text: On February 15, 2011, NYSE and Deutsche Börse announced their merger to form a new company, as yet unnamed, wherein Deutsche Börse shareholders will have 60% ownership of the new entity, and NYSE Euronext shareholders will have 40%.

text: On February 1, 2012, the European Commission blocked the merger of NYSE with Deutsche Börse, after commissioner Joaquin Almunia stated that the merger "would have led to a near-monopoly in European financial derivatives worldwide."[57] Instead, Deutsche Börse and NYSE will have to sell either their Eurex derivatives or LIFFE shares in order to not create a monopoly. On February 2, 2012, NYSE Euronext and Deutsche Börse agreed to scrap the merger.[58]

text: In April 2011, Intercontinental Exchange (ICE), an American futures exchange, and NASDAQ OMX Group had together made an unsolicited proposal to buy NYSE Euronext for approximately US$11,000,000,000, a deal in which NASDAQ would have taken control of the stock exchanges.[59] NYSE Euronext rejected this offer twice, but it was finally terminated after the United States Department of Justice indicated their intention to block the deal due to antitrust concerns.[59]

text: In December 2012, ICE had proposed to buy NYSE Euronext in a stock swap with a valuation of $8 billion.[9][59] NYSE Euronext shareholders would receive either $33.12 in cash, or $11.27 in cash and approximately a sixth of a share of ICE. The chairman and CEO of ICE, Jeffrey Sprecher, will retain those positions, but four members of the NYSE board of directors will be added to the ICE board.[9]

text: Opening and closing bells[edit]

text: The NYSE's opening and closing bells mark the beginning and the end of each trading day. The 'opening bell' is rung at 9:30 am ET to mark the start of the day's trading session. At 4 pm ET the 'closing bell' is rung and trading for the day stops. There are bells located in each of the four main sections of the NYSE that all ring at the same time once a button is pressed.[60] There are three buttons that control the bells, located on the control panel behind the podium which overlooks the trading floor. The main bell, which is rung at the beginning and end of the trading day, is controlled by a green button. The second button, colored orange, activates a single-stroke bell that is used to signal a moment of silence. A third, red button controls a backup bell which is used in case the main bell fails to ring.[61]

text: History[edit]

text: The signal to start and stop trading was not always a bell. The original signal was a gavel (which is still in use today along with the bell), but during the late 1800s, the NYSE decided to switch the gavel for a gong to signal the day's beginning and end. After the NYSE changed to its present location at 18 Broad Street in 1903, the gong was switched to the bell format that is currently being used.

text: A common sight today is the highly publicized events in which a celebrity or executive from a corporation stands behind the NYSE podium and pushes the button that signals the bells to ring. Many consider the act of ringing the bells to be quite an honor and a symbol of a lifetime of achievement. Furthermore, due to the amount of coverage that the opening/closing bells receive, many companies coordinate new product launches and other marketing-related events to start on the same day as when the company's representatives ring the bell. This daily tradition wasn't always this highly publicized either. In fact, it was only in 1995 that the NYSE began having special guests ring the bells on a regular basis. Prior to that, ringing the bells was usually the responsibility of the exchange's floor managers.[60]

text: Notable bell-ringers[edit]

text: Many of the people who ring the bell are business executives whose companies trade on the exchange. However, there have also been many famous people from outside the world of business that have rung the bell. Athletes such as Joe DiMaggio of the New York Yankees and Olympic swimming champion Michael Phelps, entertainers such as rapper Snoop Dogg, singer and actress Liza Minnelli[62] and members of the band Kiss, and politicians such as Mayor of New York City Rudy Giuliani and President of South Africa Nelson Mandela have all had the honor of ringing the bell. Two United Nations Secretaries General have also rung the bell. On April 27, 2006, Secretary-General Kofi Annan rang the opening bell to launch the United Nations Principles for Responsible Investment.[63] On July 24, 2013, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon rang the closing bell to celebrate the NYSE joining the United Nations Sustainable Stock Exchanges Initiative.[64]

text: In addition there have been many bell-ringers who are famous for heroic deeds, such as members of the New York police and fire departments following the events of 9/11, members of the United States Armed Forces serving overseas, and participants in various charitable organizations.

text: There have also been several fictional characters that have rung the bell, including Mickey Mouse, the Pink Panther, Mr. Potato Head, the Aflac Duck, and Darth Vader.[65]


document_title: Pan (god)

question_text: where is the name pan flute derived from

text: Pan (god)

text: Origins[edit]

text: Many modern scholars consider Pan to be derived from the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European god *Péh2usōn, whom these scholars believe to have been an important pastoral deity[5] (*Péh2usōn shares an origin with the modern English word "pasture").[6] The Rigvedic god Pushan is believed to be a cognate of Pan. The connection between Pan and Pushan was first identified in 1924 by the German scholar Hermann Collitz.[7][8] According to Edwin L. Brown, the name Pan is probably a cognate with the Greek word ὀπάων "companion".[9]

text: In his earliest appearance in literature, Pindar's Pythian Ode iii. 78, Pan is associated with a mother goddess, perhaps Rhea or Cybele; Pindar refers to maidens worshipping Cybele and Pan near the poet's house in Boeotia.[10]

text: Worship[edit]

text: The worship of Pan began in Arcadia which was always the principal seat of his worship. Arcadia was a district of mountain people, culturally separated from other Greeks. Arcadian hunters used to scourge the statue of the god if they had been disappointed in the chase.[11]

text: Being a rustic god, Pan was not worshipped in temples or other built edifices, but in natural settings, usually caves or grottoes such as the one on the north slope of the Acropolis of Athens. These are often referred to as the Cave of Pan. The only exceptions are the Temple of Pan on the Neda River gorge in the southwestern Peloponnese – the ruins of which survive to this day – and the Temple of Pan at Apollonopolis Magna in ancient Egypt.[12] In the 4th century BC Pan was depicted on the coinage of Pantikapaion.[13]

text: Mythology[edit]

text: Parentage[edit]

text: The parentage of Pan is unclear;[14] generally he is the son of Hermes, although occasionally in some myths he is the son of Zeus, or Dionysus, with whom his mother is said to be a wood nymph, sometimes Dryope or, even in the 5th-century AD source Dionysiaca by Nonnus (14.92), Penelope of Mantineia in Arcadia. In some early sources such as Pindar, his father is Apollo via Penelope, the wife of Odysseus.[15] Herodotus (2.145), Cicero (ND 3.22.56), Apollodorus (7.38) and Hyginus (Fabulae 224) all make Hermes and Penelope his parents. Pausanias 8.12.5 records the story that Penelope had in fact been unfaithful to her husband, who banished her to Mantineia upon his return. Other sources (Duris of Samos; the Vergilian commentator Servius) report that Penelope slept with all 108 suitors in Odysseus' absence, and gave birth to Pan as a result.[16] This myth reflects the folk etymology that equates Pan's name (Πάν) with the Greek word for "all" (πᾶν).[17]

text: In the mystery cults of the highly syncretic Hellenistic era,[18] Pan is made cognate with Phanes/Protogonos, Zeus, Dionysus and Eros.[19]

text: Accounts of Pan's genealogy are so varied that it must lie buried deep in mythic time. Like other nature spirits, Pan appears to be older than the Olympians, if it is true that he gave Artemis her hunting dogs and taught the secret of prophecy to Apollo. Pan might be multiplied as the Pans (Burkert 1985, III.3.2; Ruck and Staples, 1994, p. 132[20]) or the Paniskoi. Kerenyi (p. 174) notes from scholia that Aeschylus in Rhesus distinguished between two Pans, one the son of Zeus and twin of Arcas, and one a son of Cronus. "In the retinue of Dionysos, or in depictions of wild landscapes, there appeared not only a great Pan, but also little Pans, Paniskoi, who played the same part as the Satyrs".

text: Battle with Typhon[edit]

text: The goat-god Aegipan was nurtured by Amalthea with the infant Zeus in Crete. In Zeus' battle with Typhon, Aegipan and Hermes stole back Zeus' "sinews" that Typhon had hidden away in the Corycian Cave.[21] Pan aided his foster-brother in the battle with the Titans by letting out a horrible screech and scattering them in terror. According to some traditions, Aegipan was the son of Pan, rather than his father.

text: Nymphs[edit]

text: One of the famous myths of Pan involves the origin of his pan flute, fashioned from lengths of hollow reed. Syrinx was a lovely wood-nymph of Arcadia, daughter of Landon, the river-god. As she was returning from the hunt one day, Pan met her. To escape from his importunities, the fair nymph ran away and didn't stop to hear his compliments. He pursued from Mount Lycaeum until she came to her sisters who immediately changed her into a reed. When the air blew through the reeds, it produced a plaintive melody. The god, still infatuated, took some of the reeds, because he could not identify which reed she became, and cut seven pieces (or according to some versions, nine), joined them side by side in gradually decreasing lengths, and formed the musical instrument bearing the name of his beloved Syrinx. Henceforth Pan was seldom seen without it.

text: Echo was a nymph who was a great singer and dancer and scorned the love of any man. This angered Pan, a lecherous god, and he instructed his followers to kill her. Echo was torn to pieces and spread all over earth. The goddess of the earth, Gaia, received the pieces of Echo, whose voice remains repeating the last words of others. In some versions, Echo and Pan had two children: Iambe and Iynx. In other versions, Pan had fallen in love with Echo, but she scorned the love of any man but was enraptured by Narcissus. As Echo was cursed by Hera to only be able to repeat words that had been said by someone else, she could not speak for herself. She followed Narcissus to a pool, where he fell in love with his own reflection and changed into a narcissus flower. Echo wasted away, but her voice could still be heard in caves and other such similar places.

text: Pan also loved a nymph named Pitys, who was turned into a pine tree to escape him.

text: Panic[edit]

text: Disturbed in his secluded afternoon naps, Pan's angry shout inspired panic (panikon deima) in lonely places.[22][23] Following the Titans' assault on Olympus, Pan claimed credit for the victory of the gods because he had frightened the attackers. In the Battle of Marathon (490 BC), it is said that Pan favored the Athenians and so inspired panic in the hearts of their enemies, the Persians.[24]

text: Erotic aspects[edit]

text: Pan is famous for his sexual powers, and is often depicted with a phallus. Diogenes of Sinope, speaking in jest, related a myth of Pan learning masturbation from his father, Hermes, and teaching the habit to shepherds.[25]

text: Pan's greatest conquest was that of the moon goddess Selene. He accomplished this by wrapping himself in a sheepskin[26] to hide his hairy black goat form, and drew her down from the sky into the forest where he seduced her.

text: Music[edit]

text: In two late Roman sources, Hyginus[27] and Ovid,[28] Pan is substituted for the satyr Marsyas in the theme of a musical competition (agon), and the punishment by flaying is omitted.

text: Pan once had the audacity to compare his music with that of Apollo, and to challenge Apollo, the god of the lyre, to a trial of skill. Tmolus, the mountain-god, was chosen to umpire. Pan blew on his pipes and gave great satisfaction with his rustic melody to himself and to his faithful follower, Midas, who happened to be present. Then Apollo struck the strings of his lyre. Tmolus at once awarded the victory to Apollo, and all but Midas agreed with the judgment. Midas dissented and questioned the justice of the award. Apollo would not suffer such a depraved pair of ears any longer and turned Midas' ears into those of a donkey.

text: In another version of the myth, the first round of the contest was a tie, so the competitors were forced to hold a second round. In this round, Apollo demanded that they play their instruments upside-down. Apollo, playing the lyre, was unaffected. However, Pan's pipe could not be played while upside down, so Apollo won the contest.

text: Capricornus[edit]

text: The constellation Capricornus is traditionally depicted as a sea-goat, a goat with a fish's tail (see "Goatlike" Aigaion called Briareos, one of the Hecatonchires). A myth reported as "Egyptian" in Hyginus' Poetic Astronomy[29] that would seem to be invented to justify a connection of Pan with Capricorn says that when Aegipan — that is Pan in his goat-god aspect —[30] was attacked by the monster Typhon, he dove into the Nile; the parts above the water remained a goat, but those under the water transformed into a fish.

text: Epithets[edit]

text: Aegocerus "goat-horned" was an epithet of Pan descriptive of his figure with the horns of a goat.[31]

text: All of the Pans[edit]

text: Pan could be multiplied into a swarm of Pans, and even be given individual names, as in Nonnus' Dionysiaca, where the god Pan had twelve sons that helped Dionysus in his war against the Indians. Their names were Kelaineus, Argennon, Aigikoros, Eugeneios, Omester, Daphoenus, Phobos, Philamnos, Xanthos, Glaukos, Argos, and Phorbas.

text: Two other Pans were Agreus and Nomios. Both were the sons of Hermes, Agreus' mother being the nymph Sose, a prophetess: he inherited his mother's gift of prophecy, and was also a skilled hunter. Nomios' mother was Penelope (not the same as the wife of Odysseus). He was an excellent shepherd, seducer of nymphs, and musician upon the shepherd's pipes. Most of the mythological stories about Pan are actually about Nomios, not the god Pan. Although, Agreus and Nomios could have been two different aspects of the prime Pan, reflecting his dual nature as both a wise prophet and a lustful beast.

text: Aegipan, literally "goat-Pan," was a Pan who was fully goatlike, rather than half-goat and half-man. When the Olympians fled from the monstrous giant Typhoeus and hid themselves in animal form, Aegipan assumed the form of a fish-tailed goat. Later he came to the aid of Zeus in his battle with Typhoeus, by stealing back Zeus' stolen sinews. As a reward the king of the gods placed him amongst the stars as the Constellation Capricorn. The mother of Aegipan, Aix (the goat), was perhaps associated with the constellation Capra.

text: Sybarios was an Italian Pan who was worshipped in the Greek colony of Sybaris in Italy. The Sybarite Pan was conceived when a Sybarite shepherd boy named Krathis copulated with a pretty she-goat amongst his herds.

text: "The Great God Pan is dead"[edit]

text: According to the Greek historian Plutarch (in De defectu oraculorum, "The Obsolescence of Oracles"),[32] Pan is the only Greek god (other than Asclepius) who actually dies. During the reign of Tiberius (A.D. 14–37), the news of Pan's death came to one Thamus, a sailor on his way to Italy by way of the island of Paxi. A divine voice hailed him across the salt water, "Thamus, are you there? When you reach Palodes,[33] take care to proclaim that the great god Pan is dead." Which Thamus did, and the news was greeted from shore with groans and laments.

text: Christian apologists such as G. K. Chesterton have repeated and amplified the significance of the "death" of Pan, suggesting that with the "death" of Pan came the advent of theology. To this effect, Chesterton once said, "It is said truly in a sense that Pan died because Christ was born. It is almost as true in another sense that men knew that Christ was born because Pan was already dead. A void was made by the vanishing world of the whole mythology of mankind, which would have asphyxiated like a vacuum if it had not been filled with theology."[34][35][36] It was interpreted with concurrent meanings in all four modes of medieval exegesis: literally as historical fact, and allegorically as the death of the ancient order at the coming of the new.[original research?] Eusebius of Caesarea in his Praeparatio Evangelica (book V) seems[dubious – discuss] to have been the first Christian apologist to give Plutarch's anecdote, which he identifies as his source[citation needed], pseudo-historical standing, which Eusebius buttressed with many invented passing details that lent verisimilitude.[citation needed]

text: In more modern times, some have suggested a possible a naturalistic explanation for the myth. For example, Robert Graves (The Greek Myths) reported a suggestion that had been made by Salomon Reinach[37] and expanded by James S. Van Teslaar[38] that the sailors actually heard the excited shouts of the worshipers of Tammuz, Thamus Panmegas tethneke, "All-great Tammuz is dead!", and misinterpreted them as a message directed to an Egyptian sailor named 'Thamus': "Great Pan is Dead!" Van Teslaar explains, "[i]n its true form the phrase would have probably carried no meaning to those on board who must have been unfamiliar with the worship of Tammuz which was a transplanted, and for those parts, therefore, an exotic custom."[39] Certainly, when Pausanias toured Greece about a century after Plutarch, he found Pan's shrines, sacred caves and sacred mountains still very much frequented. However, a naturalistic explanation might not be needed. For example, William Hansen[40] has shown that the story is quite similar to a class of widely known tales known as Fairies Send a Message.

text: The cry "Great Pan is dead" has appealed to poets, such as John Milton, in his ecstatic celebration of Christian peace, On the Morning of Christ's Nativity line 89,[41] and Elizabeth Barrett Browning.[42]

text: One remarkable commentary of Herodotus[43] on Pan is that he lived 800 years before himself (c. 1200 BCE), this being already after the Trojan War.

text: Influence[edit]

text: Revivalist imagery[edit]

text: In the late 18th century, interest in Pan revived among liberal scholars. Richard Payne Knight discussed Pan in his Discourse on the Worship of Priapus (1786) as a symbol of creation expressed through sexuality. "Pan is represented pouring water upon the organ of generation; that is, invigorating the active creative power by the prolific element."[44]

text: In the English town of Painswick in Gloucestershire, a group of 18th-century gentry, led by Benjamin Hyett, organised an annual procession dedicated to Pan, during which a statue of the deity was held aloft, and people shouted 'Highgates! Highgates!" Hyett also erected temples and follies to Pan in the gardens of his house and a "Pan's lodge", located over Painswick Valley. The tradition died out in the 1830s, but was revived in 1885 by the new vicar, W. H. Seddon, who mistakenly believed that the festival had been ancient in origin. One of Seddon's successors, however, was less appreciative of the pagan festival and put an end to it in 1950, when he had Pan's statue buried.[45]

text: John Keats's "Endymion" opens with a festival dedicated to Pan where a stanzaic hymn is sung in praise of him. "Keats's account of Pan's activities is largely drawn from the Elizabethan poets. Douglas Bush notes, 'The goat-god, the tutelary divinity of shepherds, had long been allegorized on various levels, from Christ to "Universall Nature" (Sandys); here he becomes the symbol of the romantic imagination, of supra-mortal knowledge.'"[46]

text: In the late 19th century Pan became an increasingly common figure in literature and art. Patricia Merivale states that between 1890 and 1926 there was an "astonishing resurgence of interest in the Pan motif".[47] He appears in poetry, in novels and children's books, and is referenced in the name of the character Peter Pan.[48] In the Peter Pan stories, Peter represents a golden age of pre-civilisation in both the minds of very young children, before enculturation and education, and in the natural world outside the influence of humans. Peter Pan’s character is both charming and selfish emphasizing our cultural confusion about whether human instincts are natural and good, or uncivilised and bad. J. M. Barrie describes Peter as ‘a betwixt and between’, part animal and part human, and uses this device to explore many issues of human and animal psychology within the Peter Pan stories.[49]

text: He is the eponymous "Piper at the Gates of Dawn"[50] in the seventh chapter of Kenneth Grahame's The Wind in the Willows (1908). Grahame's Pan, unnamed but clearly recognisable, is a powerful but secretive nature-god, protector of animals, who casts a spell of forgetfulness on all those he helps. He makes a brief appearance to help the Rat and Mole recover the Otter's lost son Portly.

text: Arthur Machen's 1894 novella "The Great God Pan" uses the god's name in a simile about the whole world being revealed as it really is: "seeing the Great God Pan". The novella is considered by many (including Stephen King) as being one of the greatest horror stories ever written.

text: Pan entices villagers to listen to his pipes as if in a trance in Lord Dunsany's novel The Blessing of Pan published in 1927. Although the god does not appear within the story, his energy certainly invokes the younger folk of the village to revel in the summer twilight, and the vicar of the village is the only person worried about the revival of worship for the old pagan god.

text: Pan is also featured as a prominent character in Tom Robbins' Jitterbug Perfume (1984). Aeronautical engineer and occultist Jack Parsons invoked Pan before test launches at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

text: The British writer and editor Mark Beech of Egaeus Press published in 2015 the limited-edition anthology Soliloquy for Pan[51] which includes essays and poems such as "The Rebirthing of Pan" by Adrian Eckersley, "Pan's Pipes" by Robert Louis Stevenson, "Pan with Us" by Robert Frost, and "The Death of Pan" by Lord Dunsany. Some of the detailed illustrated depictions of Pan included in the volume are by the artists Giorgio Ghisi, Sir James Thornhill, Bernard Picart, Agostino Veneziano, Vincenzo Cartari, and Giovanni Battista Tiepolo.

text: Identification with Satan[edit]

text: Pan's goatish image recalls[citation needed] conventional faun-like depictions of Satan. Although Christian use of Plutarch's story is of long standing,[original research?][citation needed] Ronald Hutton[52] has argued that this specific association is modern and derives from Pan's popularity in Victorian and Edwardian neopaganism. Medieval and early modern images of Satan tend, by contrast, to show generic semi-human monsters with horns, wings, and clawed feet.

text: Neopaganism[edit]

text: In 1933, the Egyptologist Margaret Murray published the book, The God of the Witches, in which she theorised that Pan was merely one form of a horned god who was worshipped across Europe by a witch-cult.[53] This theory influenced the Neopagan notion of the Horned God, as an archetype of male virility and sexuality. In Wicca, the archetype of the Horned God is highly important, as represented by such deities as the Celtic Cernunnos, Hindu Pashupati, and Greek Pan.

text: A modern account of several purported meetings with Pan is given by Robert Ogilvie Crombie in The Findhorn Garden (Harper & Row, 1975) and The Magic of Findhorn (Harper & Row, 1975). Crombie claimed to have met Pan many times at various locations in Scotland, including Edinburgh, on the island of Iona and at the Findhorn Foundation.


document_title: List of countries by military expenditures

question_text: who spends the most money on their military in the world

text: List[edit]

text:
List by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
2017 Fact Sheet (for 2016)[1]
SIPRI Military Expenditure Database[3]
List by the International Institute for Strategic Studies
Top 15 Defence Budgets 2015[4]

Rank
Country
Spending
($ Bn.)
 % of GDP

World total
1,686
2.2

01
 United States
611.2
3.3

02
 China[a]
215.7
1.9

03
 Russia
69.2
5.3

04
 Saudi Arabia[a][b]
63.7
10

05
 India
55.9
2.5

06
 France
55.7
2.3

07
 United Kingdom
48.3
1.9

08
 Japan
46.1
1.0

09
 Germany
41.1
1.2

10
 South Korea
36.8
2.7

11
 Italy
27.9
1.5

12
 Australia
24.3
2.0

13
 Brazil
22.8
1.3

14
 United Arab Emirates[c]
22.8
5.7

15
 Israel
17.8
5.8

16
 Canada
15.5
1.0

17
 Spain
14.9
1.2

18
 Turkey
14.9
2.0

19
 Iran
12.3
3.0

20
 Algeria
10.6
6.7

21
 Singapore
9.9
3.4

22
 Taiwan
9.9
1.9

23
 Pakistan
9.9
3.4

24
 Colombia
9.9
3.4

25
 Poland
9.7
2.0

26
 Netherlands
9.2
1.2

27
 Oman
9.0
16.7

28
 Indonesia
7.7
0.9

29
 Mexico
6.8
0.6

30
 Kuwait
6.3
6.5

Rank
Country
Spending
($ Bn.)

01
 United States
597.5

02
 China
145.8

03
 Saudi Arabia
81.9

04
 Russia
65.6

05
 United Kingdom
56.2

06
 India
48.0

07
 France
46.8

08
 Japan
41.0

09
 Germany
36.7

10
 South Korea
33.5

11
 Brazil
24.3

12
 Australia
22.8

13
 Italy
21.6

14
 Iraq
21.1

15
 Israel
18.6

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b SIPRI estimate.
Jump up ^ The figures for Saudi Arabia include expenditure for public order and safety and might be slightly overestimated.
Jump up ^ Data from 2014.

tag: ol


document_title: Gerald's Game

question_text: how does jessie free herself gerald's game

question_tokens: how does jessie free herself gerald 's game

text: Gerald's Game

text: Plot[edit]

text: Jessie Burlingame and her husband Gerald have gone to a secluded cabin in western Maine for an off-beat romantic day off. Gerald, a successful lawyer with an aggressive personality, has been able to reinvigorate the couple's sex life by handcuffing Jessie to the bed. Jessie has enjoyed the game before, but suddenly balks. As Gerald starts to crawl on top of her, knowing her protests are real but ignoring them anyway, she kicks him in the stomach and in the groin. He falls from the bed to the floor, cracks his head, has a heart attack, and dies. Jessie is alone in the cabin, unable to move off the bed, or summon help.

text: A stray dog named Prince starts feeding on Gerald's body. Jessie is troubled by a terrifying, deformed apparition, whom she initially mistakes for the ghost of her long-dead father. Jessie begins to think of this visitor as the "Space Cowboy" (after a line from a Steve Miller song, "The Joker"), saying out loud that he is "not anyone," and that he was only "made of moonlight." A combination of panic and thirst causes Jessie to hallucinate. She hears voices in her head, each ostensibly the voice of a person in her life, primarily "The Goodwife" or "Goody Burlingame" (a Puritanical version of Jessie), Ruth Neary (an old college friend), and Nora Callighan (her ex-psychiatrist), neither of whom Jessie has spoken to in years. These voices represent different parts of her personality which help her extract a painful childhood memory she has kept suppressed for many years. She was sexually abused by her father at age ten during a solar eclipse that occurred in her Maine hometown. She also begins to realize how unhappy her marriage had been, and that she sacrificed a potentially happy life for the security of Gerald's paycheck by being a trophy wife without children.

text: Jessie makes increasingly desperate attempts to escape, first by trying to break the headboard she is cuffed to, then by trying to slip off the bed and push it to the bureau where the keys are placed. One of the voices in her head tells her that if she stays another night, the Space Cowboy will take a part of her to add to its trophy "fishing creel" filled with jewelry and human bones. Jessie escapes the handcuffs by slicing her wrist open on a piece of broken glass, giving herself a degloving injury to lubricate her skin enough for the cuffs to slide off her right hand. She is then able to move behind the bed, push it to the bureau and use one of the keys to unlock her left handcuff. She passes out from blood loss. When she awakens, the Space Cowboy has made his way back into the house. Jessie confronts him and throws her wedding ring at his box of jewelry and bones, thinking that is what he wanted all along, then turns and runs out of the house. She makes it into her car and escapes the house, but is terrified to discover the Space Cowboy sitting in the back seat. Jessie crashes and is knocked unconscious.

text: Months later, Jessie is recuperating and being looked after by a nurse. An ambitious associate attorney at Gerald's law firm assists her in covering up the incident to protect her and the law firm from scandal, as well as assisting her in her recuperation. Jessie writes to Ruth Neary, detailing what happened after the incident and her recuperation process. She details a serial necrophile and murderer named Raymond Andrew Joubert making his way through Maine; he was the Space Cowboy, confirmed when Jessie confronted him in a court hearing and Joubert mimicked Jessie's arm positions while she was in the handcuffs. He also repeats her frightened exclamations, when she thought he was the Space Cowboy apparition, that Joubert was "not anyone" and "made of moonlight." Jessie also mentions that Prince, having been abandoned, was shot and killed by the police.

text: Film adaptation[edit]

text: In May 2014, Deadline.com reported that Mike Flanagan was set to direct a film adaptation.[2] In an interview with Rue Morgue in September 2016, Mike Flanagan said that the film adaptation would premiere on Netflix. He did not state when the film would premiere or whether Stephen King would be involved.[3] In October 2016, Deadline reported that Carla Gugino and Bruce Greenwood will star in the film as Jessie and Gerald Burlingame.[4] On October 17, 2016, Flanagan tweeted indicating the first day of production had begun.[5]

text: The film premiered on Netflix on September 29, 2017.


document_title: Kentucky Derby

question_text: what is the fastest horse to win the kentucky derby

text: Kentucky Derby

text: History[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In 1872, Col. Meriwether Lewis Clark, Jr., grandson of William Clark of the Lewis and Clark expedition, traveled to England, visiting Epsom in Surrey where The Derby had been running annually since 1780.[5] From there, Clark went on to Paris, France, where in 1863, a group of racing enthusiasts had formed the French Jockey Club and had organized the Grand Prix de Paris at Longchamp, which at the time was the greatest race in France.

text: Returning home to Kentucky, Clark organized the Louisville Jockey Club for the purpose of raising money to build quality racing facilities just outside the city. The track would soon become known as Churchill Downs, named for John and Henry Churchill, who provided the land for the racetrack.[6] Officially, the racetrack was incorporated as Churchill Downs in 1937.[7]

text: The Kentucky Derby was first run at 1 1/2 miles (12 furlongs; 2.4 km) the same distance as the Epsom Derby. The distance was changed in 1896 to its current 1 1/4 miles (10 furlongs; 2 km). On May 17, 1875, in front of an estimated crowd of 10,000 people, a field of 15 three-year-old horses contested the first Derby. Under jockey Oliver Lewis, a colt named Aristides, who was trained by future Hall of Famer Ansel Williamson, won the inaugural Derby. Later that year, Lewis rode Aristides to a second-place finish in the Belmont Stakes.

text: Although the first race meeting proved a success, the track ran into financial difficulties and in 1894 the New Louisville Jockey Club was incorporated with new capitalization and improved facilities. Despite this, the business floundered until 1902 when Col. Matt Winn of Louisville put together a syndicate of businessmen to acquire the facility. Under Winn, Churchill Downs prospered and the Kentucky Derby then became the preeminent stakes race for three-year-old thoroughbred horses in North America.

text: Thoroughbred owners began sending their successful Derby horses to compete later in the Preakness Stakes at the Pimlico Race Course, in Baltimore, Maryland, followed by the Belmont Stakes in Elmont, New York. The three races offered large purses and in 1919 Sir Barton became the first horse to win all three races. However, the term Triple Crown didn't come into use for another eleven years. In 1930, when Gallant Fox became the second horse to win all three races, sportswriter Charles Hatton brought the phrase into American usage. Fueled by the media, public interest in the possibility of a "superhorse" that could win the Triple Crown began in the weeks leading up to the Derby. Two years after the term was coined, the race, which had been run in mid-May since inception, was changed to the first Saturday in May to allow for a specific schedule for the Triple Crown races. Since 1931, the order of Triple Crown races has been the Kentucky Derby first, followed by the Preakness Stakes and then the Belmont Stakes. Prior to 1931, eleven times the Preakness was run before the Derby. On May 12, 1917 and again on May 13, 1922, the Preakness and the Derby were run on the same day. On eleven occasions the Belmont Stakes was run before the Preakness Stakes.

text: On May 16, 1925, the first live radio broadcast of the Kentucky Derby was originated by WHAS and was also carried by WGN in Chicago.[8] On May 7, 1949, the first television coverage of the Kentucky Derby took place, produced by WAVE-TV, the NBC affiliate in Louisville. This coverage was aired live in the Louisville market and sent to NBC as a kinescope newsreel recording for national broadcast. On May 3, 1952, the first national television coverage of the Kentucky Derby took place, aired from then-CBS affiliate WHAS-TV.[9] In 1954, the purse exceeded $100,000 for the first time. In 1968, Dancer's Image became the first (and to this day the only) horse to win the race and then be disqualified after traces of phenylbutazone, an analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug, were found in the horse's urinalysis; Forward Pass won after a protracted legal battle by the owners of Dancer's Image (which they lost). Forward Pass thus became the eighth winner for Calumet Farm. Unexpectedly, the regulations at Kentucky thoroughbred race tracks were changed some years later, allowing horses to run on phenylbutazone. In 1970, Diane Crump became the first female jockey to ride in the Derby, finishing 15th aboard Fathom.[10]

text: The fastest time ever run in the Derby was set in 1973 at 1:59.4 minutes when Secretariat broke the record set by Northern Dancer in 1964. Not only has Secretariat's record time yet to be topped, in the race itself, he did something unique in Triple Crown races: each successive quarter, his times were faster. Though times for non-winners were not recorded, in 1973 Sham finished second, two and a half lengths behind Secretariat in the same race. Using the thoroughbred racing convention of one length equaling one-fifth of a second to calculate Sham's time, he also finished in under two minutes. Another sub-two-minute finish, only the third, was set in 2001 by Monarchos at 1:59.97.[11]

text: In 2005, the purse distribution for the Derby was changed, so that horses finishing fifth would henceforth receive a share of the purse; previously only the first four finishers did so.[12]

text: Attendance[edit]

text: Since the Kentucky Derby is the biggest race in the world, millions of people from around the world bet at various live tracks and online sportsbooks.[13] In 2017, a crowd of 158,070 watched Always Dreaming win the Derby, making it the seventh biggest attendance in the history of the racetrack. The track reported a wagering total of $209.2 million from all the sources on all the races on the Kentucky Derby Day program. It was a 9 percent increase compared to the total of $192.6 million in 2016 and an increase of 8 percent over the previous record set in 2015 of $194.3 million.[14] TwinSpires, a platform for betting online and a partner of the Kentucky Derby and the Breeders' Cup, recorded $32.8 million in handle on the Churchill Down races for the Kentucky Derby Day program. This was a 22 percent increase over the preceding year. On the Kentucky Derby race alone, the handle of TwinSpires was $20.1 million, which is a 22 percent rise compared to the prior year.[15]

text: The race often draws celebrities. HM Queen Elizabeth II, on a visit to the United States, joined the racegoers at Churchill Downs in 2007.[16]

text: Sponsorship[edit]

text: The 2004 Derby marked the first time that jockeys—as a result of a court order—were allowed to wear corporate advertising logos on their clothing.[17][18]

text: Norman Adams has been the designer of the Kentucky Derby Logo since 2002. On February 1, 2006, the Louisville-based fast-food company Yum! Brands, Inc. announced a corporate sponsorship deal to call the race "The Kentucky Derby presented by Yum! Brands."[19] In 2018, Woodford Reserve replaced Yum Brands as the presenting sponsor.[20]

text: Traditions[edit]

text: In addition to the race itself, a number of traditions play a large role in the Derby atmosphere. The mint julep—an iced drink consisting of bourbon, mint, and a sugar syrup—is the traditional beverage of the race. The historic drink can be served in an ice-frosted silver julep cup, but most Churchill Downs patrons sip theirs from souvenir glasses (first offered in 1939 and available in revised form each year since) printed with all previous Derby winners.[21] Also, burgoo, a thick stew of beef, chicken, pork, and vegetables, is a popular Kentucky dish served at the Derby.[citation needed]

text: The infield—a spectator area inside the track—offers general admission prices but little chance of seeing much of the race, particularly prior to the jumbotron installation in 2014.[22][23] Instead, revelers show up in the infield to party with abandon. By contrast, "Millionaire's Row" refers to the expensive box seats that attract the rich, the famous and the well-connected. Women appear in fine outfits lavishly accessorized with large, elaborate hats. Following the Call to the Post, as the horses are paraded before the grandstands, the University of Louisville Cardinal Marching Band plays Stephen Foster's "My Old Kentucky Home," a tradition which began in 1921.[24] The event attracts spectators from a large area, flying in hundreds of private aircraft to Louisville International Airport.[25]

text: The Derby is frequently referred to as "The Run for the Roses," because a lush blanket of 554 red roses is awarded to the Kentucky Derby winner each year. The tradition originated in 1883 when New York socialite E. Berry Wall presented roses to ladies at a post-Derby party that was attended by Churchill Downs founder and president, Col. M. Lewis Clark. This gesture is believed to have led Clark to the idea of making the rose the race's official flower. However, it was not until 1896 that any recorded account referred to roses being draped on the Derby winner. The Governor of Kentucky awards the garland and the Kentucky Derby Trophy. Pop vocalist Dan Fogelberg composed the song "Run for the Roses" which was released in time for the 1980 running of the race.[26]

text: Riders Up![edit]

text: “Riders Up!” is the traditional command from the Paddock Judge for jockeys to mount their horses in advance of the upcoming race. Since 2012, it was recited by a dignitary or celebrity attendee.

text: Festival[edit]

text: In the weeks preceding the race, numerous activities are held for the Kentucky Derby Festival. Thunder Over Louisville—an airshow and fireworks display—generally begins the festivities in earnest two weeks prior to the Derby.

text: Records[edit]

text: Most wins by a jockey

text:
5 – Eddie Arcaro (1938, 1941, 1945, 1948, 1952)
5 – Bill Hartack (1957, 1960, 1962, 1964, 1969)

text: Most wins by a trainer

text: 6 – Ben A. Jones (1938, 1941, 1944, 1948, 1949, 1952)

text: Most wins by an owner

text: 8 – Calumet Farm (1941, 1944, 1948, 1949, 1952, 1957, 1958, 1968)

text: Stakes record

text:
Mile and a Quarter: 1:592⁄5 – Secretariat (1973)
Mile and a Half: 2:341⁄2 - Spokane (1889)

text: Record victory margin

text:
8 lengths – Old Rosebud (1914)
8 lengths – Johnstown (1939)
8 lengths – Whirlaway (1941)
8 lengths – Assault (1946)

text: Longest shot to win the Derby

text: 91 to 1 – Donerail (1913)

text: Miscellaneous

text: In 2018, Justify broke 136-year old record, to win the race without racing at the age of 2. The last time it was done was in 1882.[27]

text: In 2010, Calvin Borel set a new record, being the first jockey to win 3 out of 4 consecutive Kentucky Derbys.[28]

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Kentucky Derby winners[29]

Year
Winner
Jockey
Trainer
Owner
Distance (miles)
Track Condition
Time[a]

2018
Justify
Mike Smith
Bob Baffert
China Horse Club, Head of Plains Partners, Starlight Racing and WinStar Farm
1 ¼
Sloppy
2:04.20

2017
Always Dreaming
John Velazquez
Todd Pletcher
MeB Racing, Brooklyn Boyz, Teresa Viola, St. Elias, Siena Farm and West Point
1 ¼
Wet Fast (sealed)
2:03.59

2016
Nyquist
Mario Gutierrez
Doug O'Neill
J. Paul Reddam
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.31

2015
American Pharoah
Victor Espinoza
Bob Baffert
Zayat Stables, LLC
1 ¼
Fast
2:03.02

2014
California Chrome
Victor Espinoza
Art Sherman
Steve Coburn & Perry Martin
1 ¼
Fast
2:03.66

2013
Orb
Joel Rosario
Claude McGaughey III
Stuart S. Janney III & Phipps Stable
1 ¼
Sloppy
2:02.89

2012
I'll Have Another
Mario Gutierrez
Doug O'Neill
J. Paul Reddam
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.83

2011
Animal Kingdom
John Velazquez
H. Graham Motion
Team Valor International
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.04

2010
Super Saver
Calvin Borel
Todd Pletcher
WinStar Farm
1 ¼
Sloppy
2:04.45

2009
Mine That Bird
Calvin Borel
Bennie L. Woolley, Jr.
Double Eagle Ranch et al.
1 ¼
Sloppy
2:02.66

2008
Big Brown
Kent Desormeaux
Richard E. Dutrow, Jr.
IEAH Stables / P. Pompa
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.82

2007
Street Sense
Calvin Borel
Carl Nafzger
James B. Tafel
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.17

2006
Barbaro
Edgar Prado
Michael R. Matz
Lael Stables
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.36

2005
Giacomo
Mike E. Smith
John Shirreffs
Jerry & Ann Moss
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.75

2004
Smarty Jones
Stewart Elliott
John Servis
Someday Farm
1 ¼
Sloppy
2:04.06

2003
Funny Cide
José A. Santos
Barclay Tagg
Sackatoga Stable
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.19

2002
War Emblem
Victor Espinoza
Bob Baffert
Thoroughbred Corp.
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.13

2001
Monarchos
Jorge F. Chavez
John T. Ward, Jr.
John C. Oxley
1 ¼
Fast
1:59.97

2000
Fusaichi Pegasus
Kent Desormeaux
Neil Drysdale
Fusao Sekiguchi
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.00

1999
Charismatic
Chris Antley
D. Wayne Lukas
Bob & Beverly Lewis
1 ¼
Fast
2:03.20

1998
Real Quiet
Kent Desormeaux
Bob Baffert
Michael E. Pegram
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.20

1997
Silver Charm
Gary Stevens
Bob Baffert
Bob & Beverly Lewis
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.40

1996
Grindstone
Jerry Bailey
D. Wayne Lukas
Overbrook Farm
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.00

1995
Thunder Gulch
Gary Stevens
D. Wayne Lukas
Michael Tabor
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.20

1994
Go for Gin
Chris McCarron
Nick Zito
William J. Condren & Joseph M. Cornacchia
1 ¼
Sloppy
2:03.60

1993
Sea Hero
Jerry Bailey
MacKenzie Miller
Rokeby Stables
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.40

1992
Lil E. Tee
Pat Day
Lynn S. Whiting
W. Cal Partee
1 ¼
Fast
2:03.00

1991
Strike the Gold
Chris Antley
Nick Zito
BCC Stable
1 ¼
Fast
2:03.00

1990
Unbridled
Craig Perret
Carl Nafzger
Frances A. Genter
1 ¼
Good
2:02.00

1989
Sunday Silence
Pat Valenzuela
Charlie Whittingham
H-G-W Partners
1 ¼
Muddy
2:05.00

1988
Winning Colors
Gary Stevens
D. Wayne Lukas
Eugene V. Klein
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.20

1987
Alysheba
Chris McCarron
Jack Van Berg
D. & P. Scharbauer
1 ¼
Fast
2:03.40

1986
Ferdinand
Bill Shoemaker
Charlie Whittingham
Elizabeth A. Keck
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.80

1985
Spend A Buck
Angel Cordero, Jr.
Cam Gambolati
Dennis Diaz
1 ¼
Fast
2:00.20

1984
Swale
Laffit Pincay, Jr.
Woody Stephens
Claiborne Farm
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.40

1983
Sunny's Halo
Eddie Delahoussaye
David C. Cross, Jr.
D. J. Foster Stable
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.20

1982
Gato Del Sol
Eddie Delahoussaye
Edwin J. Gregson
Hancock & Peters
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.40

1981
Pleasant Colony
Jorge Velasquez
John P. Campo
Buckland Farm
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.00

1980
Genuine Risk
Jacinto Vasquez
LeRoy Jolley
Diana M. Firestone
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.00

1979
Spectacular Bid
Ronnie Franklin
Bud Delp
Hawksworth Farm
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.40

1978
Affirmed
Steve Cauthen
Laz Barrera
Harbor View Farm
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.20

1977
Seattle Slew
Jean Cruguet
William H. Turner, Jr.
Karen L. Taylor
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.20

1976
Bold Forbes
Angel Cordero, Jr.
Laz Barrera
E. Rodriguez Tizol
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.60

1975
Foolish Pleasure
Jacinto Vasquez
LeRoy Jolley
John L. Greer
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.00

1974
Cannonade
Angel Cordero, Jr.
Woody Stephens
John M. Olin
1 ¼
Fast
2:04.00

1973
Secretariat
Ron Turcotte
Lucien Laurin
Meadow Stable
1 ¼
Fast
1:59.40

1972
Riva Ridge
Ron Turcotte
Lucien Laurin
Meadow Stud
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.80

1971
Canonero II
Gustavo Avila
Juan Arias
Edgar Caibett
1 ¼
Fast
2:03.20

1970
Dust Commander
Mike Manganello
Don Combs
Robert E. Lehmann
1 ¼
Good
2:03.40

1969
Majestic Prince
Bill Hartack
Johnny Longden
Frank M. McMahon
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.80

1968
Forward Pass[b]
Ismael Valenzuela
Henry Forrest
Calumet Farm
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.20

1967
Proud Clarion
Bobby Ussery
Loyd Gentry, Jr.
Darby Dan Farm
1 ¼
Fast
2:00.60

1966
Kauai King
Don Brumfield
Henry Forrest
Ford Stable
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.00

1965
Lucky Debonair
Bill Shoemaker
Frank Catrone
Ada L. Rice
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.20

1964
Northern Dancer
Bill Hartack
Horatio Luro
Windfields Farm
1 ¼
Fast
2:00.00

1963
Chateaugay
Braulio Baeza
James P. Conway
Darby Dan Farm
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.80

1962
Decidedly
Bill Hartack
Horatio Luro
El Peco Ranch
1 ¼
Fast
2:00.40

1961
Carry Back
Johnny Sellers
Jack A. Price
Katherine Price
1 ¼
Good
2:04.00

1960
Venetian Way
Bill Hartack
Victor J. Sovinski
Sunny Blue Farm
1 ¼
Good
2:02.40

1959
Tomy Lee
Bill Shoemaker
Frank E. Childs
Fred & Juliette Turner
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.20

1958
Tim Tam
Ismael Valenzuela
Jimmy Jones
Calumet Farm
1 ¼
Muddy
2:05.00

1957
Iron Liege
Bill Hartack
Jimmy Jones
Calumet Farm
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.20

1956
Needles
David Erb
Hugh L. Fontaine
D & H Stable
1 ¼
Fast
2:03.40

1955
Swaps
Bill Shoemaker
Mesh Tenney
Rex C. Ellsworth
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.80

1954
Determine
Raymond York
William Molter
Andrew J. Crevolin
1 ¼
Fast
2:03.00

1953
Dark Star
Henry E. Moreno
Eddie Hayward
Cain Hoy Stable
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.00

1952
Hill Gail
Eddie Arcaro
Ben A. Jones
Calumet Farm
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.60

1951
Count Turf
Conn McCreary
Sol Rutchick
Jack J. Amiel
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.60

1950
Middleground
William Boland
Max Hirsch
King Ranch
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.60

1949
Ponder
Steve Brooks
Ben A. Jones
Calumet Farm
1 ¼
Fast
2:04.20

1948
Citation
Eddie Arcaro
Ben A. Jones
Calumet Farm
1 ¼
Sloppy
2:05.40

1947
Jet Pilot
Eric Guerin
Tom Smith
Maine Chance Farm
1 ¼
Slow
2:06.80

1946
Assault
Warren Mehrtens
Max Hirsch
King Ranch
1 ¼
Slow
2:06.60

1945
Hoop Jr.
Eddie Arcaro
Ivan H. Parke
Fred W. Hooper
1 ¼
Muddy
2:07.00

1944
Pensive
Conn McCreary
Ben A. Jones
Calumet Farm
1 ¼
Good
2:04.20

1943
Count Fleet
Johnny Longden
Don Cameron
Fannie Hertz
1 ¼
Fast
2:04.00

1942
Shut Out
Wayne D. Wright
John M. Gaver, Sr.
Greentree Stable
1 ¼
Fast
2:04.40

1941
Whirlaway
Eddie Arcaro
Ben A. Jones
Calumet Farm
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.40

1940
Gallahadion
Carroll Bierman
Roy Waldron
Milky Way Farm
1 ¼
Fast
2:05.00

1939
Johnstown
James Stout
Jim Fitzsimmons
Belair Stud
1 ¼
Fast
2:03.40

1938
Lawrin
Eddie Arcaro
Ben A. Jones
Herbert M. Woolf
1 ¼
Fast
2:04.80

1937
War Admiral
Charley Kurtsinger
George Conway
Glen Riddle Farm
1 ¼
Fast
2:03.20

1936
Bold Venture
Ira Hanford
Max Hirsch
Morton L. Schwartz
1 ¼
Fast
2:03.60

1935
Omaha
Willie Saunders
Jim Fitzsimmons
Belair Stud
1 ¼
Good
2:05.00

1934
Cavalcade
Mack Garner
Bob Smith
Brookmeade Stable
1 ¼
Fast
2:04.00

1933
Brokers Tip
Don Meade
Herbert J. Thompson
Edward R. Bradley
1 ¼
Good
2:06.80

1932
Burgoo King
Eugene James
Herbert J. Thompson
Edward R. Bradley
1 ¼
Fast
2:05.20

1931
Twenty Grand
Charley Kurtsinger
James G. Rowe, Jr.
Greentree Stable
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.80

1930
Gallant Fox
Earl Sande
Jim Fitzsimmons
Belair Stud
1 ¼
Good
2:07.60

1929
Clyde Van Dusen
Linus McAtee
Clyde Van Dusen
Herbert P. Gardner
1 ¼
Muddy
2:10.80

1928
Reigh Count
Chick Lang
Bert S. Michell
Fannie Hertz
1 ¼
Heavy
2:10.40

1927
Whiskery
Linus McAtee
Fred Hopkins
Harry P. Whitney
1 ¼
Slow
2:06.00

1926
Bubbling Over
Albert Johnson
Herbert J. Thompson
Edward R. Bradley
1 ¼
Fast
2:03.80

1925
Flying Ebony
Earl Sande
William B. Duke
Gifford A. Cochran
1 ¼
Sloppy
2:07.60

1924
Black Gold
J. D. Mooney
Hanley Webb
Rosa M. Hoots
1 ¼
Fast
2:05.20

1923
Zev
Earl Sande
David J. Leary
Rancocas Stable
1 ¼
Fast
2:05.40

1922
Morvich
Albert Johnson
Fred Burlew
Benjamin Block
1 ¼
Fast
2:04.60

1921
Behave Yourself
Charles Thompson
Herbert J. Thompson
Edward R. Bradley
1 ¼
Fast
2:04.20

1920
Paul Jones
Ted Rice
William M. Garth
Ral Parr
1 ¼
Slow
2:09.00

1919
Sir Barton
Johnny Loftus
H. Guy Bedwell
J. K. L. Ross
1 ¼
Heavy
2:09.80

1918
Exterminator
Willie Knapp
Henry McDaniel
Willis Sharpe Kilmer
1 ¼
Muddy
2:10.80

1917
Omar Khayyam
Charles Borel
Charles T. Patterson
Billings & Johnson
1 ¼
Fast
2:04.60

1916
George Smith
Johnny Loftus
Hollie Hughes
John Sanford
1 ¼
Fast
2:04.00

1915
Regret
Joe Notter
James G. Rowe, Sr.
Harry P. Whitney
1 ¼
Fast
2:05.40

1914
Old Rosebud
John McCabe
Frank D. Weir
Hamilton C. Applegate
1 ¼
Fast
2:03.40

1913
Donerail
Roscoe Goose
Thomas P. Hayes
Thomas P. Hayes
1 ¼
Fast
2:04.80

1912
Worth
Carroll H. Shilling
Frank M. Taylor
Henry C. Hallenbeck
1 ¼
Muddy
2:09.40

1911
Meridian
George Archibald
Albert Ewing
Richard F. Carman
1 ¼
Fast
2:05.00

1910
Donau
Frederick Herbert
George Ham
William Gerst
1 ¼
Fast
2:06.40

1909
Wintergreen
Vincent Powers
Charles Mack
Jerome B. Respess
1 ¼
Slow
2:08.20

1908
Stone Street
Arthur Pickens
J. W. Hall
C. E. & J. W. Hamilton
1 ¼
Heavy
2:15.20

1907
Pink Star
Andy Minder
William H. Fizer
J. Hal Woodford
1 ¼
Heavy
2:12.60

1906
Sir Huon
Roscoe Troxler
Pete Coyne
Bashford Manor Stable
1 ¼
Fast
2:08.80

1905
Agile
Jack Martin
Robert Tucker
Samuel S. Brown
1 ¼
Heavy
2:10.75

1904
Elwood
Shorty Prior
Charles E. Durnell
Mrs. C. E. Durnell
1 ¼
Fast
2:08.50

1903
Judge Himes
Hal Booker
John P. Mayberry
Charles R. Ellison
1 ¼
Fast
2:09.00

1902
Alan-a-Dale
Jimmy Winkfield
Thomas C. McDowell
Thomas C. McDowell
1 ¼
Fast
2:08.75

1901
His Eminence
Jimmy Winkfield
Frank B. Van Meter
Frank B. Van Meter
1 ¼
Fast
2:07.75

1900
Lieut. Gibson
Jimmy Boland
Charles Hughes
Charles H. Smith
1 ¼
Fast
2:06.25

1899
Manuel
Fred Taral
Robert J. Walden
A. H. & D. H. Morris
1 ¼
Fast
2:12.00

1898
Plaudit
Willie Simms
John E. Madden
John E. Madden
1 ¼
Good
2:09.00

1897
Typhoon II
Buttons Garner
J. C. Cahn
J. C. Cahn
1 ¼
Heavy
2:12.50

1896
Ben Brush
Willie Simms
Hardy Campbell, Jr.
Mike F. Dwyer
1 ¼
Dusty
2:07.75

1895
Halma
Soup Perkins
Byron McClelland
Byron McClelland
1 ½
Fast
2:37.50

1894
Chant
Frank Goodale
H. Eugene Leigh
Leigh & Rose
1 ½
Fast
2:41.00

1893
Lookout
Eddie Kunze
William McDaniel
Cushing & Orth
1 ½
Fast
2:39.25

1892
Azra
Alonzo Clayton
John H. Morris
Bashford Manor Stable
1 ½
Heavy
2:41.50

1891
Kingman
Isaac Murphy
Dud Allen
Jacobin Stable
1 ½
Fast
2:52.25

1890
Riley
Isaac Murphy
Edward Corrigan
Edward Corrigan
1 ½
Muddy
2:45.00

1889
Spokane
Thomas Kiley
John Rodegap
Noah Armstrong
1 ½
Fast
2:34.50

1888
Macbeth II
George Covington
John Campbell
Chicago Stable
1 ½
Fast
2:38.00

1887
Montrose
Isaac Lewis
John McGinty
Labold Brothers
1 ½
Fast
2:39.25

1886
Ben Ali
Paul Duffy
Jim Murphy
J. B. A. Haggin
1 ½
Fast
2:36.50

1885
Joe Cotton
Erskine Henderson
Abe Perry
James T. Williams
1 ½
Good
2:37.25

1884
Buchanan
Isaac Murphy
William Bird
William Cottrill
1 ½
Good
2:40.25

1883
Leonatus
Billy Donohue
Raleigh Colston
Chinn & Morgan
1 ½
Heavy
2:43.00

1882
Apollo[c]
Babe Hurd
Green B. Morris
Morris & Patton
1 ½
Fast
2:40.00

1881
Hindoo
Jim McLaughlin
James G. Rowe, Sr.
Dwyer Bros. Stable
1 ½
Fast
2:40.00

1880
Fonso
George Lewis
John Henry "Dutch" Rolfes
J. Snell Shawhan
1 ½
Dusty
2:37.50

1879
Lord Murphy
Charlie Shauer
George Rice
Darden & Co
1 ½
Fast
2:37.00

1878
Day Star
Jimmy Carter
Lee Paul
T. J. Nichols
1 ½
Dusty
2:37.25

1877
Baden-Baden
Billy Walker
Edward D. Brown
Daniel Swigert
1 ½
Fast
2:38.00

1876
Vagrant
Bobby Swim
James Williams
William Astor, Jr.
1 ½
Fast
2:38.25

1875
Aristides
Oliver Lewis
Ansel Williamson
Hal P. McGrath
1 ½
Fast
2:37.75

text:
designates a Triple Crown Winner.
 designates a filly.

text:
Jump up ^ The race was timed to 1⁄4 second from 1875 to 1905, to 1⁄5 second from 1906 to 2000, and to 0.01 second since 2001.
Jump up ^ Dancer's Image, ridden by Bobby Ussery, trained by Lou Cavalaris, Jr., and owned by Peter Fuller, finished first, but was disqualified after a post-race urine sample revealed traces of a banned drug in the horse. The drug in question – phenylbutazone – is now legal for use on racehorses in many states, including Kentucky.
Jump up ^ Apollo (1882) was the only horse to have won the Derby without having raced at age two, until Justify in 2018.[30]