document_title: List of lakes by area

question_text: where is the longest lake in the world

question_tokens: where is the longest lake in the world

text: List of lakes by area

text: List of lakes[edit]

text:
Continent color

Africa

Asia

Europe

North America

South America

Antarctica

text:
Name

Countries with shoreline

Area

Length

Maximum depth

Water volume

Thumbnail (same scale for all lakes)

Notes

7000100000000000000♠1

Caspian Sea*

 Kazakhstan Russia Turkmenistan Azerbaijan Iran

7011371000000000000♠371,000 km2 (143,000 sq mi)

7006119900000000000♠1,199 km (745 mi)

7003102500000000000♠1,025 m (3,363 ft)

7013782000000000000♠78,200 km3 (18,800 cu mi)

Despite its name, the Caspian Sea is often regarded as the world's largest lake, though it contains an oceanic basin (contiguous with the world ocean until 11 million years ago) rather than being entirely over continental crust.[4][5][6][7][8]

7000200000000000000♠2

Superior[n 1]

 Canada United States

7010821000000000000♠82,100 km2 (31,700 sq mi)[14]

7005616000000000000♠616 km (383 mi)[14]

7002406300000000000♠406.3 m (1,333 ft)[14]

7013121000000000000♠12,100 km3 (2,900 cu mi)[14]

Largest of the Great Lakes by volume, having more water than the other four combined.[15] The largest freshwater lake by surface area.[16]

7000300000000000000♠3

Victoria

 Uganda Kenya Tanzania

7010688700000000000♠68,870 km2 (26,590 sq mi)

7005322000000000000♠322 km (200 mi)

7001840000000000000♠84 m (276 ft)

7012275000000000000♠2,750 km3 (660 cu mi)

The largest lake by area in Africa.[17]

7000400000000000000♠4

Huron[n 1]

 Canada United States

7010596000000000000♠59,600 km2 (23,000 sq mi)[14]

7005332000000000000♠332 km (206 mi)[14]

7002229000000000000♠229 m (751 ft)[14]

7012354000000000000♠3,540 km3 (850 cu mi)[14]

Contains Manitoulin Island, the world's largest lake island.[18]

7000500000000000000♠5

Michigan[n 1]

 United States

7010580000000000000♠58,000 km2 (22,000 sq mi)[14]

7005494000000000000♠494 km (307 mi)[14]

7002281000000000000♠281 m (922 ft)[14]

7012490000000000000♠4,900 km3 (1,200 cu mi)[14]

Largest lake contained within one country.

7000600000000000000♠6

Tanganyika

 Burundi Tanzania Zambia Democratic Republic of the Congo

7010326000000000000♠32,600 km2 (12,600 sq mi)

7005676000000000000♠676 km (420 mi)

7003147000000000000♠1,470 m (4,820 ft)

7013189000000000000♠18,900 km3 (4,500 cu mi)

Longest freshwater lake in the world and second-largest by volume.[19]

7000700000000000000♠7

Baikal

 Russia

7010315000000000000♠31,500 km2 (12,200 sq mi)

7005636000000000000♠636 km (395 mi)

7003163700000000000♠1,637 m (5,371 ft)

7013236000000000000♠23,600 km3 (5,700 cu mi)

Deepest lake in the world and largest volume freshwater lake in the world.[20]

7000800000000000000♠8

Great Bear Lake

 Canada

7010310000000000000♠31,000 km2 (12,000 sq mi)

7005373000000000000♠373 km (232 mi)

7002446000000000000♠446 m (1,463 ft)

7012223600000000000♠2,236 km3 (536 cu mi)

Largest lake entirely within Canada[21]

7000900000000000000♠9

Malawi

 Malawi Mozambique Tanzania

7010295000000000000♠29,500 km2 (11,400 sq mi)

7005579000000000000♠579 km (360 mi)

7002706000000000000♠706 m (2,316 ft)

7012840000000000000♠8,400 km3 (2,000 cu mi)

7001100000000000000♠10

Great Slave Lake

 Canada

7010270000000000000♠27,000 km2 (10,000 sq mi)

7005480000000000000♠480 km (300 mi)

7002614000000000000♠614 m (2,014 ft)

7012156000000000000♠1,560 km3 (370 cu mi)

Deepest lake in North America[22]

7001110000000000000♠11

Erie

 Canada United States

7010257000000000000♠25,700 km2 (9,900 sq mi)[14]

7005388000000000000♠388 km (241 mi)[14]

7001640000000000000♠64 m (210 ft)[14]

7011489000000000000♠489 km3 (117 cu mi)[14]

7001120000000000000♠12

Winnipeg

 Canada

7010245140000000000♠24,514 km2 (9,465 sq mi)

7005425000000000000♠425 km (264 mi)

7001360000000000000♠36 m (118 ft)

7011283000000000000♠283 km3 (68 cu mi)

7001130000000000000♠13

Ontario

 Canada United States

7010189600000000000♠18,960 km2 (7,320 sq mi)[14]

7005311000000000000♠311 km (193 mi)[14]

7002244000000000000♠244 m (801 ft)[14]

7012163900000000000♠1,639 km3 (393 cu mi)[14]

7001140000000000000♠14

Ladoga

 Russia

7010181300000000000♠18,130 km2 (7,000 sq mi)

7005219000000000000♠219 km (136 mi)

7002230000000000000♠230 m (750 ft)

7011908000000000000♠908 km3 (218 cu mi)

Largest lake in Europe[23]

7001150000000000000♠15

Balkhash*

 Kazakhstan

7010164000000000000♠16,400 km2 (6,300 sq mi)

7005605000000000000♠605 km (376 mi)

7001260000000000000♠26 m (85 ft)

7011106000000000000♠106 km3 (25 cu mi)

7001160000000000000♠16

Vostok

 Antarctica

7010125000000000000♠12,500 km2 (4,800 sq mi)

7005250000000000000♠250 km (160 mi)

7002900000000000000♠900–1,000 m (3,000–3,300 ft)

7012540000000000000♠5,400 ± 1,600 km3 (1,300 ± 380 cu mi)

Largest lake in Antarctica

7001170000000000000♠17

Onega

 Russia

7009970000000000000♠9,700 km2 (3,700 sq mi)

7005245000000000000♠245 km (152 mi)

7002127000000000000♠127 m (417 ft)

7011285000000000000♠285 km3 (68 cu mi)

7001180000000000000♠18

Titicaca

 Bolivia Peru

7009837200000000000♠8,372 km2 (3,232 sq mi)

7005177000000000000♠177 km (110 mi)

7002281000000000000♠281 m (922 ft)

7011893000000000000♠893 km3 (214 cu mi)

Largest lake in South America. Has a smaller surface area than the world's largest man-made reservoir, Lake Volta, which has a surface area of 7009848200000000000♠8,482 km2 (3,275 sq mi).

7001190000000000000♠19

Nicaragua

 Nicaragua

7009826400000000000♠8,264 km2 (3,191 sq mi)

7005177000000000000♠177 km (110 mi)

7001260000000000000♠26 m (85 ft)

7011108000000000000♠108 km3 (26 cu mi)

Largest lake in Central America

7001200000000000000♠20

Athabasca

 Canada

7009785000000000000♠7,850 km2 (3,030 sq mi)

7005335000000000000♠335 km (208 mi)

7002243000000000000♠243 m (797 ft)

7011204000000000000♠204 km3 (49 cu mi)

7001210000000000000♠21

Taymyr

 Russia

7009699000000000000♠6,990 km2 (2,700 sq mi)

7005250000000000000♠250 km (160 mi)

7001260000000000000♠26 m (85 ft)

7010128000000000000♠12.8 km3 (3.1 cu mi)

Largest lake entirely north of the Arctic Circle[citation needed]

7001220000000000000♠22

Turkana*

 Ethiopia Kenya

7009640500000000000♠6,405 km2 (2,473 sq mi)

7005248000000000000♠248 km (154 mi)

7002109000000000000♠109 m (358 ft)

7011204000000000000♠204 km3 (49 cu mi)

Largest permanent desert lake and the world's largest alkaline lake.[24]

7001230000000000000♠23

Reindeer Lake

 Canada

7009633000000000000♠6,330 km2 (2,440 sq mi)

7005245000000000000♠245 km (152 mi)

7002337000000000000♠337 m (1,106 ft)

7010952500000000000♠95.25 km3 (22.85 cu mi)

7001240000000000000♠24

Issyk-Kul*

 Kyrgyzstan

7009620000000000000♠6,200 km2 (2,400 sq mi)

7005182000000000000♠182 km (113 mi)

7002668000000000000♠668 m (2,192 ft)

7012173800000000000♠1,738 km3 (417 cu mi)

7001250000000000000♠25

Urmia*

 Iran

7009600100000000000♠6,001 km2 (2,317 sq mi)

7005130000000000000♠130 km (81 mi)

7001160000000000000♠16 m (52 ft)

7001260000000000000♠26

Vänern

 Sweden

7009554500000000000♠5,545 km2 (2,141 sq mi)

7005140000000000000♠140 km (87 mi)

7002106000000000000♠106 m (348 ft)

7011153000000000000♠153 km3 (37 cu mi)

Largest lake in the European Union

7001270000000000000♠27

Winnipegosis

 Canada

7009540300000000000♠5,403 km2 (2,086 sq mi)

7005245000000000000♠245 km (152 mi)

7001180000000000000♠18 m (59 ft)

7001280000000000000♠28

Albert

 Uganda Democratic Republic of the Congo

7009529900000000000♠5,299 km2 (2,046 sq mi)

7005161000000000000♠161 km (100 mi)

7001580000000000000♠58 m (190 ft)

7011280000000000000♠280 km3 (67 cu mi)

7001290000000000000♠29

Mweru

 Zambia Democratic Republic of the Congo

7009512000000000000♠5,120 km2 (1,980 sq mi)

7005131000000000000♠131 km (81 mi)

7001270000000000000♠27 m (89 ft)

7010380000000000000♠38 km3 (9.1 cu mi)

7001300000000000000♠30

Nettilling

 Canada

7009506600000000000♠5,066 km2 (1,956 sq mi)

7005113000000000000♠113 km (70 mi)

7002132000000000000♠132 m (433 ft)

Lake is on Baffin Island and is the largest lake on an island.[25]

7001310000000000000♠31

Nipigon

 Canada

7009484300000000000♠4,843 km2 (1,870 sq mi)

7005116000000000000♠116 km (72 mi)

7002165000000000000♠165 m (541 ft)

7011248000000000000♠248 km3 (59 cu mi)

7001320000000000000♠32

Manitoba

 Canada

7009470600000000000♠4,706 km2 (1,817 sq mi)

7005225000000000000♠225 km (140 mi)

7000700000000000000♠7 m (23 ft)

7010141000000000000♠14.1 km3 (3.4 cu mi)

7001330000000000000♠33

Great Salt Lake*

 United States

7009466200000000000♠4,662 km2 (1,800 sq mi)

7005121000000000000♠121 km (75 mi)

7001100000000000000♠10 m (33 ft)

7010189200000000000♠18.92 km3 (4.54 cu mi)

Largest saltwater lake in the Western Hemisphere; Largest non-Great Lake in the United States.

7001340000000000000♠34

Qinghai Lake*

 China

7009448900000000000♠4,489 km2 (1,733 sq mi) (2007)

7001328000000000000♠32.8 m (108 ft)

7001350000000000000♠35

Saimaa

 Finland

≈ 4,400 km2 (1,700 sq mi)

7001820000000000000♠82 m (269 ft)

7010360000000000000♠36 km3 (8.6 cu mi)

7001360000000000000♠36

Lake of the Woods

 Canada United States

4,350 km2 (1,680 sq mi)

7005110000000000000♠110 km (68 mi)

7001640000000000000♠64 m (210 ft)

7010194000000000000♠19.4 km3 (4.7 cu mi)

Most islands of any lake, with around 14,632 in total.

7001370000000000000♠37

Khanka

 China Russia

4,190 km2 (1,620 sq mi)

7004900000000000000♠90 km (56 mi)

7001106000000000000♠10.6 m (35 ft)

7010183000000000000♠18.3 km3 (4.4 cu mi)

7001380000000000000♠38

Sarygamysh

 Uzbekistan Turkmenistan

3,955 km2 (1,527 sq mi)

7005125000000000000♠125 km (78 mi)

7001400000000000000♠40 m (130 ft)

7010685600000000000♠68.56 km3 (16.45 cu mi)

7001390000000000000♠39

Dubawnt

 Canada

3,833 km2 (1,480 sq mi)

7001400000000000000♠40

Van*

 Turkey

3,755 km2 (1,450 sq mi)

7005119000000000000♠119 km (74 mi)

7002451000000000000♠451 m (1,480 ft)

7011607000000000000♠607 km3 (146 cu mi)

7001410000000000000♠41

Peipus

 Estonia Russia

3,555 km2 (1,373 sq mi)

7001153000000000000♠15.3 m (50 ft)

7010250000000000000♠25 km3 (6.0 cu mi)

7001420000000000000♠42

Uvs*

 Mongolia Russia

3,350 km2 (1,290 sq mi)

7004840000000000000♠84 km (52 mi)

7001430000000000000♠43

Poyang

 China

3,210 km2 (1,240 sq mi)

7005170000000000000♠170 km (110 mi)

7001251000000000000♠25.1 m (82 ft)

7010252000000000000♠25.2 km3 (6.0 cu mi)

7001440000000000000♠44

Tana

 Ethiopia

3,200 km2 (1,200 sq mi)

7004840000000000000♠84 km (52 mi)

7001150000000000000♠15 m (49 ft)

7001450000000000000♠45

Amadjuak

 Canada

3,115 km2 (1,203 sq mi)

7001460000000000000♠46

Melville

 Canada

3,069 km2 (1,185 sq mi)

7001470000000000000♠47

Bangweulu

 Zambia

3,000 km2 (1,200 sq mi)

7004750000000000000♠75 km (47 mi)

7000400000000000000♠4 m (13 ft)

7001480000000000000♠48

Dongting

 China

2,820 km2 (1,090 sq mi)

7001490000000000000♠49

 Khövsgöl

 Mongolia

2,760 km2 (1,070 sq mi)

7005136000000000000♠136 km (85 mi)

7002267000000000000♠267 m (876 ft)

7011480700000000000♠480.7 km3 (115.3 cu mi)

7001500000000000000♠50

Tonlé Sap

 Cambodia

2,700 km2 (1,000 sq mi)

7005250000000000000♠250 km (160 mi)

7001100000000000000♠10 m (33 ft)

7010800000000000000♠80 km3 (19 cu mi)

7001500000000000000♠50

Kivu

 Rwanda Democratic Republic of the Congo

2,700 km2 (1,000 sq mi)

7004890000000000000♠89 km (55 mi)

7002480000000000000♠480 m (1,570 ft)

7011500000000000000♠500 km3 (120 cu mi)

7001520000000000000♠52

Wollaston

 Canada

2,681 km2 (1,035 sq mi)

7001970000000000000♠97 m (318 ft)

7010398000000000000♠39.8 km3 (9.5 cu mi)

7001530000000000000♠53

Alakol*

 Kazakhstan

2,650 km2 (1,020 sq mi)

7001540000000000000♠54 m (177 ft)

7010586000000000000♠58.6 km3 (14.1 cu mi)

7001540000000000000♠54

Iliamna

 United States

2,622 km2 (1,012 sq mi)

7005124000000000000♠124 km (77 mi)

7002301000000000000♠301 m (988 ft)

7011115000000000000♠115 km3 (28 cu mi)

7001550000000000000♠55

Hulun

 China

2,339 km2 (903 sq mi)

7011115000000000000♠115 km3 (28 cu mi)

7001560000000000000♠56

Mistassini

 Canada

2,335 km2 (902 sq mi)

7005161000000000000♠161 km (100 mi)

7002183000000000000♠183 m (600 ft)

7011150000000000000♠150 km3 (36 cu mi)

7001570000000000000♠57

Edward

 Democratic Republic of the Congo Uganda

2,325 km2 (898 sq mi)

7004770000000000000♠77 km (48 mi)

7002112000000000000♠112 m (367 ft)

7010395000000000000♠39.5 km3 (9.5 cu mi)

7001580000000000000♠58

Mai-Ndombe

 Democratic Republic of the Congo

2,300 km2 (890 sq mi)

7001100000000000000♠10 m (33 ft)

7001590000000000000♠59

Nueltin

 Canada

2,279 km2 (880 sq mi)

7005144000000000000♠144 km (89 mi)

7001600000000000000♠60

Tai

 China

2,250 km2 (870 sq mi)

7001610000000000000♠61

Southern Indian Lake

 Canada

2,247 km2 (868 sq mi)

7001300000000000000♠30 m (98 ft)

7010234000000000000♠23.4 km3 (5.6 cu mi)

7001620000000000000♠62

Chany

 Russia

2,000 km2 (770 sq mi)

7004910000000000000♠91 km (57 mi)

7000700000000000000♠7 m (23 ft)

text: * denotes saline lake.

text: Source for the 20 largest lakes (and their areas):[26]

text: This list excludes seasonal lakes such as Lake Eyre (max area 9500 km²), Mar Chiquita Lake (Córdoba) (max area 6000 km²) and Lake Torrens (max area 5745 km²).


document_title: Roscommon GAA

question_text: how many times have roscommon won the all ireland

root

text: Roscommon GAA

text: Gaelic football[edit]

text: History[edit]

text: Roscommon were a glamour team of the 1940s, winning back to back All Irelands, and have contributed some of the great personalities to GAA history including 2 Presidents - Dan O'Rourke (1946–49) and Dr. Donal Keenan (1973–76).

tag: p

text: Roscommon's rise from Junior status to Senior All-Ireland champions in the four years leading up to 1943 was one of the great romances of its time. In the All Ireland final they drew with Cavan before winning the replay with two quick goals from Frankie Kinlough and Jack McQuillan. Kinlough scored the goal and Donal Keenan the points the following year when Roscommon beat Kerry. Roscommon were captained by Jamesie Murray from Knockcroghery.

text: Legend tells how Roscommon lost a six-point lead in the final three minutes of the 1946 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final against Kerry, Tom Gega O'Connor and Paddy Kennedy scoring the goals. Roscommon were beaten in the replay (Gerry Dolan made one of the greatest saves in Croke Park history against Laois in that year's semi-final). The injured team-captain, Jimmy Murray, was having blood wiped from his face to "look right" for the presentation when Kerry struck for two late equalising goals. Defeats in 1947, 1952 and 1953 semi-finals ended the party.

text: The 1940s successes were the pinnacle of Roscommon's achievements. They also reached the final in 1962. That year was memorable for they were losing the Connacht final to Galway by 5 points when Roscommon keeper Aidan Brady swung on the crossbar, breaking it in two. During the 15-minute wait to get it replaced, Roscommon moved the great Gerry O'Malley to midfield in a re-organisation and he inspired their comeback to enable them to win the Connacht Championship. However, Kerry, once again, led by the great Mick O'Connell defeated them in the All-Ireland final thanks in no small way to an off-the-ball incident which led to O'Malley being stretchered off very early in the game. Roscommon's next period of success came in the late 1970s when they won 4 Connacht titles on the trot from 77-80. they reached the final in 1980 against Kerry. They looked like causing an upset when John "Jigger" O'Connor's 35th-second goal helped them to an early 1-2 to 0-0 lead, but this was the Kerry team regarded as the greatest in history, and they eventually won by 1-9 to 1-6. A series of minor championships (1983, 1984, 1989 and 1992), and an All-Ireland Under-21 final in 1982, showed the impact of that success and in 1990 and 1991 Roscommon emerged from Connacht again, succumbing to Meath by a single point in the 1991 All Ireland semi-final.

text: Nine unsuccessful seasons followed before, in 2001, Roscommon regained the Connacht title following a brilliant win and performance over eventual All-Ireland champions Galway and a very dramatic end-of-match victory over Mayo. However, they failed to make any further progress in the 2001 All Ireland Championship and the decade that followed was amongst the least successful in the team's history.

text: On the field, outside of a very exciting run in 2003, the senior team failed to record any notable successes since their 2001 Connacht Championship title win until 2010. The success of the county's Minor team in winning the All-Ireland title in 2006 offered hope, however.

text: In 2010 Roscommon captured their 20th Senior Connacht football title. In the first round they defeated London in Ruislip 0-14 to 0-6. In the semi final played in Dr Hyde Park Roscommon beat Leitrim 1-13 to 0-11. In the final played in McHale Park, Roscommon overcame favourites Sligo on a scoreline of 0-14 to 0-13. Roscommon were subsequently beaten in the All-Ireland Quarter Final in Croke Park by Cork 1-16 to 0-10.

text: Roscommon made their return to Division 1 of the National Football League in 2016 and enjoyed a successful campaign picking up wins against Kerry, Cork, Donegal and Down, before losing a League semi-final to Kerry at Croke Park. However, they endured a disappointing Championship. A draw against Galway in the Connacht Final in terrible conditions brought them to a replay in Castlebar, where Roscommon went on to lose by 11 points. They exited the All-Ireland Championship with a 4th Round Qualifier loss to Clare.

text: Roscommon were subsequently relegated from Division 1 of the League in 2017 after losing all but 1 of their games.

text: Roscommon beat Galway in the 2017 Connacht Senior Football Championship final on a scoreline of 2-15 to 0-12.

text: Kevin McStay is the current manager of the team. McStay won the all Ireland club championship with Roscommon club St Brigids in 2013.

text: Honours[edit]

text:
All-Ireland Senior Football Championships: 2

1943, 1944

All-Ireland Junior Football Championships: 2

1940, 2000

All-Ireland Under-21 Football Championships: 2

1966, 1978

All-Ireland Minor Football Championships: 4

1939, 1941, 1951, 2006

National Football League Div One: 1

1979

National Football League Div Two: 1

2015

National Football League Div Three: 1

2014

Connacht Senior Football Championships: 22

1892, 1905, 1912, 1914, 1943, 1944, 1946, 1947, 1952, 1953, 1961, 1962, 1972, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1990, 1991, 2001, 2010, 2017[1]

Connacht Under-21 Football Championships: 9

1966, 1969, 1978, 1982, 1999, 2010, 2012,[2] 2014,[3] 2015.[4]

Connacht Minor Football Championships: 14

1939, 1941, 1949, 1951, 1965, 1967, 1975, 1981, 1984, 1989, 1992, 2006, 2011, 2012[5]

Connacht Junior Football Championships: 11

1929 (awarded), 1932, 1939, 1940, 1959, 1964, 1999, 2000, 2006, 2008, 2009

Oireachas Football Champions: 1

1943

tag: ul

text: All Stars[edit]

text: Roscommon have 16 All Stars.

text:
1972: M. Freyne
1974: Dermot Earley
1977: P. Lindsay
1978: Harry Keegan
1979: T. Heneghan, D. Murray, Dermot Earley
1980: Harry Keegan, G. Connellan, D. Murray
1985: Paul Earley
1986: Harry Keegan
1989: T. McManus
1991: E. Gavin
2001: F. Grehan

text: Current football squad[edit]

text:
Manager: Kevin McStay
Coach: Liam McHale
Selectors: Ger Dowd

text:
No.
Player
Position
Club

1
Colm Lavin
Goalkeeper
Éire Óg

2
Seán McDermott
Right Corner Back
Western Gaels

3
John McManus
Full Back
Roscommon Gaels

4
David Murray
Left Corner Back
Pádraig Pearses

5
Niall McInerney
Right Half Back
St. Brigids

6
Seán Mullooly
Centre Back
Strokestown

7
Brian Stack
Left Half Back
St. Brigids

8
Tadhg O'Rourke
Midfield
Tulsk

9
Enda Smith
Midfield
Boyle

10
Fintan Cregg
Right Half Forward
Elphin

11
Niall Kilroy
Centre Forward
Fuerty

12
Conor Devaney
Left Half Forward
Kilbride

13
Ciaráin Murtagh (c)
Right Corner Forward
St. Faithleach's

14
Diarmuid Murtagh
Full Forward
St. Faithleach's

15
Cian Connolly
Left Corner Forward
Roscommon Gaels

No.
Player
Position
Club

16
Darren O'Malley
Substitute
Michael Glaveys

17
Brian Murtagh
Substitute
St. Faithleach's

18
Gary Patterson
Substitute
Michael Glaveys

19
Cathal Compton
Substitute
Strokestown

20
David Rooney
Substitute
St. Faithleach's

21
Colin Compton
Substitute
Strokestown

22
Donie Smith
Substitute
Boyle

23
Shane Killoran
Substitute
Elphin

24
Ian Kilbride
Substitute
St. Brigids

25
Ronan Stack
Substitute
St. Brigids

26
Thomas Featherston
Substitute
Oran

tag: table

text: Squad as per Roscommon v Mayo, All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, Quarter Final Replay, 7 August 2017

text: Hurling[edit]

text: History[edit]

text: Roscommon hurlers' one appearance in an All Ireland semi-final was back in 1910, when they were beaten by 10 goals to one point by Tipperary. Their biggest achievements to date are winning the All Ireland Senior B in 1994, the All Ireland Intermediate in 1999, Nicky Rackard Cup Final in 2007 and 2015,both of which were won in Croke Park. Another notable victory was the defeat of Wexford in the 1984 Centenary cup competition in 1984. They competed in the newly formed Christy Ring Cup in 2005 and 2006 but were relegated to the Nicky Rackard cup after poor performances.

text: Honours[edit]

text:
All-Ireland Senior B Hurling Championship: 1

1994
All Ireland Intermediate Championship 1999

All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championships: 3

1965, 1974, 2001

All-Ireland Under 21 B Hurling Championship: 2

2007, 2012

Nicky Rackard Cups: 2

2007, 2015

Connacht Senior Hurling Championships: 2

1906, 1913

All-Ireland Minor Special Hurling Championship: 1

1969

Connacht Minor Hurling Championships: 8

1959, 1960, 1962, 1963, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969

Connacht Under-21 B Hurling Championships

2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

Connacht Intermediate Hurling Championships: 4

1966, 1967, 1968, 2013, 2015

Connacht Junior Hurling Championships: 13

1952, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1970, 1971, 1974

National Hurling League Division 3:

2007

National Hurling League Division 3A:

2011

text: Ladies' Gaelic football[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2008)

text: Honours[edit]

text:
All-Ireland Senior Ladies' Football Championships: 1

1978

All-Ireland Intermediate Ladies' Football Championships: 1

2005

All-Ireland Junior Ladies' Football Championships: 1

2001

text: Camogie[edit]

text: Roscommon won the Nancy Murray Cup in 2009.[6] Four Roads reached the 2004 All Ireland junior club final,[7] and again in 2005.[8] Oran won the Caithlín Ní Thoimín Shield at Féile na nGael in 1980 and 1982, the Division 3 shield in 1989 and 1992 and the Coiste Chontae an Chláir Shield in 2004. Four Roads went on to win the All Ireland junior club final in 2010 beating Corofin of Clare 1-09 to 0-06 and competed in the 2012 All Ireland junior club final.

text: Notable players include Lizzie Glennon and Cait Kenny who are the only players from the county to be nominated for a " All-Star " & soaring star award winner[9] Niamh Coyle.

text: Under Camogie's National Development Plan 2010-2015, "Our Game, Our Passion,"[10] Carlow, Cavan, Laois, Louth and Roscommon are to get a total of 17 new clubs by 2015.[11]


document_title: HTML editor

question_text: what are the two types of html editors

question_tokens: what are the two types of html editors

text: HTML editor

text: Types of editors[edit]

text: There are two main varieties of HTML editors: textual and WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) editors.

text: Text editors[edit]

text: Text editors intended for use with HTML usually provide at least syntax highlighting. Some editors additionally feature templates, toolbars and keyboard shortcuts to quickly insert common HTML elements and structures. Wizards, tooltip prompts and autocompletion may help with common tasks.

text: Text editors commonly used for HTML typically include either built-in functions or integration with external tools for such tasks as version control, link-checking and validation, code cleanup and formatting, spell-checking, uploading by FTP or WebDAV, and structuring as a project. Some functions, such as link checking or validation may use online tools, requiring a network connection.

text: Text editors require user understanding of HTML and any other web technologies the designer wishes to use like CSS, JavaScript and server-side scripting languages.

text: To ease this requirement, some editors allow editing of the markup in more visually organized modes than simple color highlighting, but in modes not considered WYSIWYG. These editors typically include the option of using palette windows or dialog boxes to edit the text-based parameters of selected objects. These palettes allow editing parameters in individual fields, or inserting new tags by filling out an onscreen form, and may include additional widgets to present and select options when editing parameters (such as previewing an image or text styles) or an outline editor to expand and collapse HTML objects and properties.

text: WYSIWYG HTML editors[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: WYSIWYG HTML editors provide an editing interface which resembles how the page will be displayed in a web browser. Because using a WYSIWYG editor may not require any HTML knowledge, they are often easier for an inexperienced computer user to get started with.

text: The WYSIWYG view is achieved by embedding a layout engine. This may be custom-written or based upon one used in a web browser. The goal is that, at all times during editing, the rendered result should represent what will be seen later in a typical web browser.

text: WYSIWYM (what you see is what you mean) is an alternative paradigm to WYSIWYG editors. Instead of focusing on the format or presentation of the document, it preserves the intended meaning of each element. For example, page headers, sections, paragraphs, etc. are labeled as such in the editing program, and displayed appropriately in the browser.

text: Difficulties in achieving WYSIWYG[edit]

text: A given HTML document will have an inconsistent appearance on various platforms and computers for several reasons:

text: Valid HTML markup[edit]

text: HTML is a structured markup language. There are certain rules on how HTML must be written if it is to conform to W3C standards for the World Wide Web. Following these rules means that web sites are accessible on all types and makes of computer, to able-bodied and people with disabilities, and also on wireless devices like mobile phones and PDAs, with their limited bandwidths and screen sizes. However, most HTML documents on the web do not meet the requirements of W3C standards. In a study conducted in 2011 on the 350 most popular web sites (selected by the Alexa index), 94 percent of websites fail the web standards markup and style sheet validation tests, or apply character encoding improperly.[4] Even those syntactically correct documents may be inefficient due to an unnecessary use of repetition, or based upon rules that have been deprecated for some years. Current W3C recommendations on the use of CSS with HTML were first formalised by W3C in 1996[5] and have been revised and refined since then. See CSS, XHTML, W3C's current CSS recommendation and W3C's current HTML recommendation.

text: These guidelines emphasise the separation of content (HTML or XHTML) from style (CSS). This has the benefit of delivering the style information once for a whole site, not repeated in each page, let alone in each HTML element. WYSIWYG editor designers have been struggling ever since with how best to present these concepts to their users without confusing them by exposing the underlying reality. Modern WYSIWYG editors all succeed in this to some extent, but none of them has succeeded entirely.

text: However a web page was created or edited, WYSIWYG or by hand, in order to be successful among the greatest possible number of readers and viewers, as well as to maintain the 'worldwide' value of the Web itself, first and foremost it should consist of valid markup and code.[6] It should not be considered ready for the World Wide Web, until its HTML and CSS syntax have been successfully validated using either the free W3C validator services (W3C HTML Validator and W3C CSS Validator) or some other trustworthy alternatives.[6]

text: Accessibility of web pages by those with physical, eyesight or other disabilities is not only a good idea considering the ubiquity and importance of the web in modern society, but is also mandated by law. In the U.S., the Americans with Disabilities Act and in the U.K., the Disability Discrimination Act place requirement on web sites operated by publicly-funded organizations. In many other countries similar laws either already exist or soon will.[6] Making pages accessible is more complex than just making them valid; that is a prerequisite but there are many other factors to be considered.[7] Good web design, whether done using a WYSIWYG tool or not needs to take account of these too.

text: Whatever software tools are used to design, create and maintain web pages, the quality of the underlying HTML is dependent on the skill of the person who works on the page. Some knowledge of HTML, CSS and other scripting languages as well as a familiarity with the current W3C recommendations in these areas will help any designer produce better web pages, with a WYSIWYG HTML editor and without.[8]


document_title: Ink Master (season 9)

question_text: who was eliminated on ink master season 9 episode 5

text: Ink Master (season 9)

text: Judging and ranking[edit]

text: The judge listing types are:

text: Judging Panel

text: Jury of Peers

text: Shops[edit]

text: Rookies[edit]

text:
Tattoo Shop Name
Located
Contestant 1
Job
Contestant 2
Job

Allegory Arts
Florence, Alabama
Ulyss Blair
Co-Owner/Artist
Eva Huber
Co-Owner/Artist

Artistic Skin Designs
Indianapolis, Indiana
April Nicole
Artist
Dane Smith
Artist

Black Anchor Collective
Hesperia, California
Carlos Rojas
Artist
Aric Taylor
Artist

Classic Trilogy Tattoo
Mattydale, New York
Thom Bulman
Owner/Artist
Derek Zielinski
Artist

The Marked Society Tattoo
McDonough, Georgia
Wes Hogan
Artist
Mike P
Co-Owner/Artist

Pinz & Needlez
Edgewood, Maryland
Jessy Knuckles
Artist
Allisin Riot
Artist

Thicker Than Blood
White Plains, New York
Jhon Campuzano
Artist
Babiery Hernandez
Artist

Tri-Cities Tattoo
Atlanta, Georgia
Chavonna "Bang" Rhodes
Artist
Danger Dave
Artist

Unkindness Art
Richmond, Virginia
Erin Chance
Owner/Artist
Jerrett "Doom Kitten" Querubin
Artist

text: Veterans[edit]

text:
Tattoo Shop Name
Located
Contestant 1
Job
Contestant 2
Job

Basilica Tattoo
Las Vegas, Nevada
Christian Buckingham
Artist
Noelin Wheeler
Artist

Black Cobra Tattoos
Sherwood, Arkansas
Katie McGowan
Artist
Matt O'Baugh
Owner/Artist

Black Spade Tattoo
Las Vegas, Nevada
Yovan "E.S." Barraza
Artist
Josh "King Ruck" Glover
Owner/Artist

Boneface Ink Tattoo Shop
Pensacola, Florida
Anwon "Boneface" Johnson
Owner/Artist
Brandon "Hobo Ink" Allen
Artist

Empire State Studio
Amityville, New York
Tommy Helm
Owner/Artist
Marvin Silva
Artist

Golden Skull Tattoo
Las Vegas, Nevada
Aaron "Aaron Is" Michalowski
Artist
James "Cleen Rock One" Steinke
Owner/Artist

House of Monkey Tattoo
Brooklyn, New York
Lalo Yunda
Artist
Picasso Dular
Artist

Old Town Ink
Scottsdale, Arizona
Aaron "Bubba" Irwin
Owner/Artist
DJ Tambe
Artist

Think Before You Ink
Queens, New York
Richard "Made Rich" Parker
Owner/Artist
Derrick "Dtatstar" Verley
Artist

text: Shop progress[edit]

text:
No.
Shops
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Finale

No.
Flash Challenge
Winner
Allegory Arts
Unkindness Art
Old Town Ink
Unkindness Art
Old Town Ink
Artistic Skin Designs
Old Town Ink
Black Spade Tattoo
Unkindness Art
Black Cobra Tattoos
Black Cobra Tattoos
None
None
None
Golden Skull Tattoo
None
None

1
Old Town Ink

H/L
HIGH
HIGH
WIN
LOW
WIN
IN
LOW
HIGH
F/O
LOW
F/O
WIN
WIN
MASTER SHOP

2
Black Cobra Tattoos

HIGH
HIGH
IN
WIN
HIGH
F/O
LOW
WIN
RUNNER-UP

3
Basilica Tattoo

IN
IN
WIN
IN
F/O
HIGH
WIN
LOW
WIN
OUT

4
Unkindness Art
IMM
IN
IN
WIN
IN
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
IN
LOW
WIN
LOW
WIN
HIGH
OUT

5
Golden Skull Tattoo

WIN
F/O
WIN
F/O
OUT

6
Empire State Studio

LOW
HIGH
WIN
IN
OUT

7
Allegory Arts
IMM
HIGH
IN
LOW
IN
IN
IN
LOW
LOW
LOW
WIN
OUT

8
Artistic Skin Designs
WIN
WIN
HIGH
IN
IN
IN
LOW
WIN
HIGH
LOW
OUT

9
Classic Trilogy Tattoo
IN
IN
IN
IN
LOW
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
OUT

10
Pinz & Needlez
IN
LOW
WIN
HIGH
LOW
WIN
IN
IN
OUT

11
Black Spade Tattoo

LOW
LOW
LOW
OUT

12
Boneface Ink Tattoo Shop

IN
OUT

13
House of Monkey Tattoo

IN
IN
OUT

14
Think Before You Ink

LOW
LOW
OUT

15
Tri-Cities Tattoo
LOW
LOW
LOW
OUT

16
Black Anchor Collective
HIGH
IN
OUT

17
The Marked Society Tattoo
LOW
OUT

18
Thicker Than Blood
OUT

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

109
1
"Fire & Ice"
June 6, 2017 (2017-06-06)
0.90[1]

Flash Challenge – Part 1: After the artists meet Dave, Peck and Nunez at Skylands Stadium, they go into their very first Flash Challenge where they had four hours to create an ice sculpture that represents their respective shop. But that of course is not the only Flash Challenge they faced.

Winner: Allegory Arts

Flash Challenge – Part 2: The rest of the shops, except for Allegory Arts, carve out their custom logo before molding it out of molten lava. Another shop will also be safe from elimination.

Winner: Unkindness Art

Elimination Tattoo: The shops drew one of the animals as their live reference. They will then tattoo their animal in the style they picked. Thicker Than Blood, however, took a different approach and drew their tattoo without incorporating the live snake.

Top Shops: Artistic Skin Designs and Black Anchor Collective
Best Tattoo of the Day: Artistic Skin Designs
Bottom: Tri-Cities Tattoo, The Marked Society Tattoo and Thicker Than Blood
Eliminated: Thicker Than Blood

110
2
"Crossing the Line"
June 13, 2017 (2017-06-13)
0.77[2]

Returning Veteran: Bubba Irwin

Skill of the Week: Fundamentals

Flash Challenge: The shops had five hours to create an original design out of colored Post-it notes.

Winner: Old Town Ink

Elimination Tattoo: The shops put their fundamental skills to the test when they have to tattoo an illustrative blackwork design.

Top Shops: Allegory Arts, Old Town Ink and Artistic Skin Designs.
Best Tattoo of the Day: Artistic Skin Designs
Bottom: Old Town Ink, Tri-Cities Tattoo and The Marked Society Tattoo
Eliminated: The Marked Society Tattoo

111
3
"Unnatural Disasters"
June 20, 2017 (2017-06-20)
0.89[3]

Returning Veteran: Made Rich

Skill of the Week: Detail

Flash Challenge: The shops had five hours to turn one image into another with one artist working on one side while their partner worked on the other.

Winner: Unkindness Art

Elimination Tattoo: The shops must show detail in their natural disaster tattoo.

Best Tattoo of the Day: Pinz & Needlez
Bottom: Think Before You Ink, Black Anchor Collective and Tri-Cities Tattoo
Eliminated: Black Anchor Collective

112
4
"Lend Me Your Ear"
June 27, 2017 (2017-06-27)
0.89[4]

Returning Veterans: Lalo and Picasso

Skill of the Week: Technical Application

Flash Challenge: The shops had two hours to create identical micro ear tattoos. Since winning the last Elimination Tattoo, Pinz and Needles picked their canvas first while the rest of the canvases handled their skull picks.

Winner: Old Town Ink

Elimination Tattoo: The shops tattoo a pair of black and grey cherubs at the same time. Since the judges were divided in choosing the winner, it was clear that one individual from each shop were the standouts in this Elimination Tattoo.

Top Shops: Unkindness Art and Pinz & Needlez
Best Tattoo of the Day: Unkindness Art
Bottom: Think Before You Ink, Tri-Cities Tattoo and Allegory Arts
Eliminated: Tri-Cities Tattoo

113
5
"War and Ink"
July 11, 2017 (2017-07-11)
0.89[5]

Returning Veterans: King Ruck and E.S.

Skill of the Week: Composition

Flash Challenge Inspired by Corona Extra, the shops had four hours to help give the canvas the moment they lived.

Winner: Artistic Skin Designs

Elimination Tattoo: The shops go to war with color realistic battle scenes. But the battle for survival arises near the end when Pinz And Needles' canvas second guessing the design of her tattoo while Classic Trilogy Tattoo's canvas passed out.

Best Tattoo of the Day: Old Town Ink
Bottom: Think Before You Ink, Classic Trilogy Tattoo and Pinz & Needlez
Eliminated: Think Before You Ink

114
6
"Get the Flock Outta Here"
July 18, 2017 (2017-07-18)
N/A

Returning Veteran: Boneface
Skill of the Week: Artistry
Flash Challenge: The shops had five hours to create a work of art by first drawing on a black inhesive board before using one of the colored velvet powder over their design.

Winner: Old Town Ink

Elimination Tattoo: Each shop must show their true artistry by doing a freehand tattoo. Each artist had three hours to draw the design on skin. Then, its respective partner will tattoo the drawn piece for six hours.

Top Shops: Unkindness Art and Pinz & Needlez
Best Tattoo of the Day: Pinz & Needlez
Bottom: Black Spade Tattoo, House of Monkey Tattoo and Classic Trilogy Tattoo
Eliminated: House of Monkey Tattoo

115
7
"On the Bubble"
July 25, 2017 (2017-07-25)
N/A

Returning Veteran: Christian Buckingham

Skill of the Week: Ingenuity

Flash Challenge: The shops had five hours to create a design on a giant sheet of bubble wrap by carefully injecting ink into each bubble

Winner: Black Spade Tattoo

Elimination Tattoo: Each shop worked on a new school tattoo with one artist tattooing the first three hours and the other tattooing the last three hours.

Top Shops: Unkindness Art and Old Town Ink
Best Tattoo of the Day: Old Town Ink
Bottom: Bone Face Ink Tattoo Shop, Black Spade Tattoo and Artistic Skin Designs
Eliminated: Bone Face Ink Tattoo Shop

116
8
"Masterpiece Mayhem"
August 1, 2017 (2017-08-01)
N/A

Returning Veterans: Matt O'Baugh and Katie McGowan

Skill of the Week: Consistency

Flash Challenge: An emotional flash challenge has the shops tattooing a replica of a little loved ones' condition onto its respective human canvas for three hours.

Winner: Unkindness Art

Elimination Tattoo: Matt and Katie's past comes back to haunt them as they and the remaining shops must to use consistency by tattooing a famous work of art.

Top Shops: Classic Trilogy Tattoo and Artistic Skin Designs
Best Tattoo of the Day: Artistic Skin Designs
Bottom: Allegory Arts, Black Spade Tattoo and Unkindness Art
Eliminated: Black Spade Tattoo

117
9
"Pin-Up Panic Attack"
August 8, 2017 (2017-08-08)
N/A

Returning Veteran: Tommy Helm

Skill of the Week: Proportion/Perspectives

Flash Challenge: The shops had five hours to create a sculpture by adding more or less of their own plaster on to a canvas.

Winner: Black Cobra Tattoos

Elimination Tattoo: The shops tackle Tommy's least favorite design that exposed his weakness in proportion, a Pin-Up tattoo. The artist and its partner were each given 30 minutes to tattoo the same canvas. Peck did not co-judge due to medical emergency due to a heart attack.

Top Shops: Basilica Tattoo and Black Cobra Tattoos
Best Tattoo of the Day: Basilica Tattoo
Bottom: Empire State Studio, Allegory Arts and Pinz & Needlez
Eliminated: Pinz & Needlez

118
10
"Drill Baby, Drill"
August 15, 2017 (2017-08-15)
N/A

Guest Judge: Tommy Montoya

Returning Veterans: Cleen Rock One and Aaron Is

Skill of the Week: Precision

Flash Challenge: The shops had five hours to create a design by drilling different holes onto a wooden canvas.

Winner: Black Cobra Tattoos

Elimination Tattoo: The shops get to work tattooing matching portraits on two different canvases.

Top Shops: Golden Skull Tattoo and Empire State Studio
Best Tattoo of the Day: Golden Skull Tattoo
Bottom: Allegory Arts, Classic Trilogy Tattoo and Artistic Skin Designs
Eliminated: Classic Trilogy Tattoo

119
11
"Grim Inker"
August 22, 2017 (2017-08-22)
N/A

Skill of the Week: Adaptability

Elimination Tattoo: The final eight shops fight for survival as four shops must work together to tattoo the Four Horseman of the Apocalypse on the human canvas at the same time. However, only one artist from each shop will do the tattooing. The first team consisted of Tommy Helm from Empire State Tattoo, Erin Chance from Unkindness Art, Ulyss Blair from Allegory Arts and Matt O'Baugh from Black Cobra Tattoos while Noelin Wheeler from Basilica Tattoo, Cleen Rock One from Golden Skull Tattoo, DJ Tambe from Old Town Ink and April Nicole from Artistic Skin Designs round out the second team.

Best Tattoo of the Day: Empire State Studio, Black Cobra Tattoos, Allegory Arts and Unkindness Art

Face Off Tattoo: Golden Skull Tattoo, Basilica Tattoo, Old Town Ink and Artistic Skin Designs have to duke it out. This time, the artist who didn't participate in the elimination tattoo must use the adaptability to tattoo a free handed design.
Eliminated: Artistic Skin Designs

120
12
"Pit Fall"
August 29, 2017 (2017-08-29)
N/A

Skill of the Week: Placement

Elimination Tattoo: The final seven shop deal with armpit tattoos by creating two six-hour coordinating pieces with one artist from each shop tattooing the left armpit and the other tattooing the right armpit the next day. In addition, Peck and Nuñez assigned the human canvases. For the second armpit tattoo, each shop had to switch canvases and finish another's shops tattoo, thus creating a head-to-head comparison.

Best Tattoo of the Day: Golden Skull Tattoo
Bottom: Allegory Arts, Unkindness Art, Old Town Ink
Eliminated: Allegory Arts

121
13
"Sell Out"
September 5, 2017 (2017-09-05)
N/A

Skill of the Week Self Promotion

Elimination Tattoo - Part 1: The power was put in the hands of the human canvases as each canvas had 5 minutes to interview each shop about a tattoo they would like to get. After the interviews, the canvases drew skulls to determine a picking order.

Best Tattoo of the Day: Basilica Tattoo

Elimination Tattoo - Part 2: The human canvases picked a random number on the bottom of the skull. They will then pick one of the tattoos that was done by its respecitve shop in part one of the elimination tattoo. Black Cobra Tattoos was put up for elimination after they were not chosen by neither canvas.

Best Tattoo of the Day: Unkindness Art

Face Off Tattoo: Black Cobra Tattoo, Empire State Studio, Golden Skull Tattoo and Old Town Ink must tag team their respective partner to tattoo the style and subject that were each chosen by the winners of the elimination tattoo. Basilica picked American Traditional while Unkindness Art wants them to incorporate the style into a snake because of the show featured several artists screwing up the design in the previous seasons.

Eliminated: Empire State Studio

122
14
"Casting the First Stone"
September 12, 2017 (2017-09-12)
N/A

Skill of the Week: Cohesion

Flash Challenge: The shops had six hours to paint a nude human canvas onto a two dimensional canvas that looks seamless.

Winner: Golden Skull Tattoo

Elimination Tattoo: Final five shops deal with Asian deities in this tag team elimination tattoo.

Top Shops: Old Town Ink and Unkindness Art
Best Tattoo of the Day: Old Town Ink
Bottom: Golden Skull Tattoo, Balisica Tattoo and Black Cobra Tattoos
Eliminated: Golden Skull Tattoo

123
15
"Marathon to the Finale"
September 19, 2017 (2017-09-19)
N/A

Tattoo Marathon - Round 1: The final four shops compete in a two-part tattoo marathon that will determine who goes to the live finale.

Best Tattoo of the Day: Black Cobra Tattoos and Basilica Tattoo

Tattoo Marathon - Round 2: Old Town Ink and Unkindness Art fight for the last remaining spot in the Ink Master Live Finale.

Best Tattoo of the Day: Old Town Ink
Eliminated: Unkindness Art

124
16
"Shop Wars Finale"
September 26, 2017 (2017-09-26)
N/A

Finale - Round 1: Twitter users voted Black Cobra Tattoos into the final two, based on the live 6-hour tattoo. Judges voted Old Town Ink into the final two based on the 35-hour master canvas black-and-gray tattoo.
Finale - Round 2: Judges voted Old Town Ink as Master Shop based on the 35-hour master canvas color tattoo.


document_title: Lexus NX

question_text: when did the lexus nx 300 come out

question_tokens: when did the lexus nx 300 come out

text: Lexus NX

text: Overview[edit]

text: The NX was revealed at the Beijing International Automotive Exhibition on 20 April 2014.[6] The NX shares a small portion of parts with the Toyota RAV4 primarily related to the structure and wheelbase, while the styling, suspension parts, some engines, interior, and level of luxury and craftsmanship are unique to the Lexus.[7] Lexus NX variants sold in the United States feature slightly altered fascias, which facilitate higher departure angles.[8] US sales began in November 2014.[9] Production commenced on 8 August 2014 at the Miyata plant in Miyawaka, Fukuoka.[1][10]

text: Powertrain[edit]

text: The Lexus NX is available with various powertrains. In the US, it comes in NX 200t (renamed NX 300 starting with MY2018) and NX 300h trims:

text: The Lexus NX 200t features the newly developed 8AR-FTS 2.0L turbocharged inline four cylinder direct injection engine that can run on both Otto and Atkinson cycles. Mated to a 6-speed automatic transmission, this engine produces 235 hp @ 4,800 rpm and 258 lb-ft at 1,650 rpm. The NX is the first Lexus vehicle to feature a turbocharged gasoline engine in the US market.

text: The Lexus NX 300h hybrid comes powered by a 2.5-liter inline-four 2AR-FXE engine mated to an electric motor and CVT that puts out a combined 194 hp (145 kW) and is shared with the Toyota Camry Hybrid.

text: In addition, a 2.0-liter naturally aspirated engine producing 150 hp (110 kW) will be available in Russian markets.[11]

text: Equipment[edit]

text: The Lexus NX is liberally equipped. Notable features include:

text:
Advanced voice command
Remote Touch with Touchpad
Drive Mode Select
Pre-Collision System with Dynamic Radar Cruise Control
Blind spot monitor with Rear Cross-Traffic Alert
Lane Departure Alert
Radar Cruise Control with All-speed Tracking Function
Premium triple-beam LED headlamps
Backup camera
Tire Pressure Monitor System

text: Sales[edit]

text: In its first full year of sales the NX sold over 43,000 units in the USA. It was also successful in Europe where it sold over 28,000 in its first full year of sales, of which more than 17,000 were hybrids. This made it Lexus's best selling model in Europe.[12] Its success was also strong in Russia, where in its first full year of sales it was the best selling luxury vehicle.[13]

text:
Calendar year
US sales (hybrid)
Europe sales (hybrid)

2014
2,927[14] (354)[15]

2015
43,764[14] (2,573)[16]
28,417 (17,278)[12]

2016
54,884[17] (2,842)[18]

2017
59,341[19] (3,323)[citation needed]
27,789 (19,747)[citation needed]

text: Gallery[edit]


document_title: List of most viewed online videos in the first 24 hours

question_text: what is the most viewed video on youtube in 24 hours

text: It has been suggested that portions of this article be split out into another article titled List of most viewed online trailers in the first 24 hours. (Discuss) (September 2017)

text: This list of most viewed online videos in the first 24 hours contains the top 30 online videos that received the most views within 24 hours of release across the world. This list excludes movie trailers, which are featured on the list of most viewed online trailers in the first 24 hours. The most viewed music video in this time period is Taylor Swift's Look What You Made Me Do.

text: Top videos[edit]

text:
Rank
Video name
Views in 24 hours
(millions)
Release date
Ref(s)

1.
"Rings" Prank
200.0
January 23, 2017
[1]

2.
Chewbacca Mask Lady[2]
50.0
May 19, 2016
[3]

3.
Taylor Swift – "Look What You Made Me Do"
43.2
September 5 ,2017
[4]

4.
Massive Pillow Chair[5]
42.0
November 3, 2016
[6]

5.
YouTube Rewind: The Ultimate 2016 Challenge[7]
38.9
December 7, 2016
[8]

6.
Psy – "Gentleman"[9]
38.4
April 13, 2013
[10]

7.
Old Man Strength[11]
28.0
July 5, 2016
[12]

8.
Adele – "Hello"[13]
27.7
October 23, 2015
[14]

9.
Major Lazer – "Sua Cara" featuring Anitta & Pabllo Vittar[15]
25.0
July 30, 2017
[16]

10.
Luis Fonsi, Daddy Yankee – "Despacito" featuring Justin Bieber[17]
23.7
April 16, 2017
[18]

11.
Taylor Swift – "Bad Blood" featuring Kendrick Lamar[19]
20.1
May 17, 2015
[20]

12.
Nicki Minaj – "Anaconda"[21]
19.6
August 19, 2014
[22]

13.
Miley Cyrus – "Wrecking Ball"[23]
19.3
September 9, 2013
[24]

14.
Taylor Swift – "Look What You Made Me Do" (Lyric Video)[25]
19.0
August 25, 2017
[26]

15.
Shakira – "Can't Remember to Forget You" featuring Rihanna[27]
17.1
January 30, 2014
[28]

16.
Katy Perry – "Bon Appétit" featuring Migos[29]
16.4
May 12, 2017
[30]

17.
Katy Perry – "Swish Swish" featuring Nicki Minaj[31]
15.7
August 24, 2017
[32]

18.
J Balvin, Willy William – "Mi Gente"[33]
15.0
June 30, 2017
[34]

19.
Rihanna – "Work" featuring Drake[35]
13.5
February 22, 2016
[36]

20.
BLACKPINK – "As If It's Your Last"[37]
13.3
June 22, 2017
[38]

text: *The number of views accumulated in the video's first 24 hours.


document_title: Black mamba

question_text: where are black mambas found in south africa

text: Black mamba

text: Taxonomy[edit]

text: The black mamba (Dendroaspis polylepis) is an elapid within the genus Dendroaspis. Although it had been known to missionaries[4] and residents,[5] before 1860, by the name "mamba", which was already established in the vernacular and taken from the Zulu word "imamba",[6] the first formal description was made by German-British zoologist Albert Günther in 1864.[2][3] A single specimen was one of many snake species collected by Dr John Kirk, a naturalist who accompanied Dr David Livingstone on the Second Zambesi expedition.[7] In 1873, German naturalist Wilhelm Peters described Dendraspis Antinorii from a specimen in the museum of Genoa, which had been killed by Orazio Antinori in what is now northern Eritrea.[8] This was subsequently regarded as a subspecies,[3] and is no longer held to be distinct.[2] In 1896, George Albert Boulenger combined the species (Dendroaspis polylepis) as a whole with the eastern green mamba (Dendroaspis angusticeps),[9] a lumping diagnosis that remained in force until 1946, when FitzSimons split them again into separate species.[10]

text: Its generic name, Dendroaspis, derives from Ancient Greek dendro (δένδρο), meaning "tree",[11] and aspis (ασπίς), which is understood to mean "shield",[12] but also denotes "cobra" or simply "snake", in particular "snake with hood (shield)". Via Latin aspis, it is the source of the English word "asp". In ancient texts, aspis or asp often referred to the Egyptian cobra (Naja haje), in reference to its shield-like hood.[13] Thus, "Dendroaspis" literally means tree asp, reflecting the arboreal nature of most of the species within the genus. The genus was first described by the German ornithologist and herpetologist Hermann Schlegel in 1848.[14] Evidence suggests that Dendroaspis, Ophiophagus, Bungarus, and Hemibungarus form a solid non-coral snake Afro-Asiatic clade.[15]

text: The specific epithet polylepis is derived from the Ancient Greek poly (πολύ) meaning "many" and lepis (λεπίς) meaning "scale".[16] It apparently refers to the scale count of this species, which is higher than some other species in the genus.

text: A local Ngindo name in Tanzania is ndemalunyayo "grass-cutter" as it supposedly clips grass.[17]

text: Description[edit]

text: Dendroaspis polylepis is a large, round-bodied, slender, but powerful snake. It tapers smoothly towards the tail, and is of markedly more robust build than its distinctly gracile congeners Dendroaspis angusticeps and Dendroaspis viridis.[18] The head is often said to be "coffin-shaped" with a somewhat pronounced brow ridge and a medium-sized eye.[19]  It is a highly proteroglyphous snake, with fangs up to 6.5 millimeters (0.26 in) in length[20] located at the front of the maxilla.[18] The adult snake's length ranges from 2 meters (6.6 ft) to 3 meters (9.8 ft) routinely[18] but, according to some sources, specimens have grown to lengths of 4.3 to 4.5 meters (14.1 to 14.8 ft).[10][18] Black mambas weigh about 1.6 kilograms (3.5 lb)[21][22] on average. A specimen of 1.41 meters (4.6 ft) was found to have weighed 651.7 g (1.437 lb).[23] Dendroaspis polylepis is the second longest venomous snake species, exceeded in length only by the king cobra.[18]

text: Specimens vary considerably in color; some are olive-brown to khaki, many are grey, but none are black.[10][18] Some individuals display dark mottling towards the posterior, which may appear in the form of oblique bars.[18] The underbody is often pale yellow or cream colored and the eyes are dark brown to black with a silver or pale yellow corona surrounding the pupil.[24]  Juvenile snakes are lighter in color than adults, typically grey or olive green in appearance, and they darken with age.

text: Scalation[edit]

text: Like most Elapidae, the scales of the black mamba are smooth and flat, without keels. Most specimens feature 23–25 rows of scales, but rarely as few as 21.[25]

text: The head, body and tail scalation of the black mamba:[25]

text:
Dorsal at midbody: 23–25 (rarely 21)
Ventral: 248–281
Subcaudal: 109–132 (paired)
Anal plate: Divided
Upper labials: 7-8

Upper labials to eye: 4th (3rd and 4th)
Preoculars: 3 (occasionally 4)
Postoculars: 3-4 (occasionally 2–5)
Lower labials: 11-13 (occasionally 10–14)
Temporal: 2+3 (variable)

text: Distribution and habitat[edit]

text: The black mamba has a wide and fragmented range within sub-Saharan Africa. Specifically, it has been observed in north east Democratic Republic of the Congo, south western Sudan to Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, Kenya, eastern Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda, southwards to Mozambique, Swaziland, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Botswana to KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa, and Namibia; then north easterly through Angola to south eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.[20][26] The black mamba's distribution contains gaps within the Central African Republic, Chad, Nigeria and Mali. These gaps may lead physicians to misidentify black mamba bites and administer an inappropriate antivenom.[26]

text: In 1954 the  black mamba was recorded in West Africa, in the Dakar region of Senegal.[26] However, this observation, and a subsequent observation that identified a second specimen in the region in 1956, has not been confirmed and thus the snake's distribution in this area is inconclusive.[26] The black mamba is not commonly found at altitudes above 1,000 metres (3,300 ft), although its distribution does reach 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) in Kenya and 1,650 metres (5,410 ft) in Zambia.[26]

text: It is rated as a species of least concern on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)'s Red List of Endangered species, based on its huge range across sub-Saharan Africa and no documented decline.[1]

text: The black mamba is primarily terrestrial, but occasionally arboreal, especially where it occurs in forest.[27] Typically it inhabits neglected areas of scrub, termite mounds, abandoned burrows and rock crevices.[25] It is adapted to terrain ranging from savannah and woodland to rocky slopes and dense forests.[26] The black mamba prefers moderately dry environments such as light woodland and scrub, rocky outcrops, and semi-arid dry savannah, to dense forest or arid desert.[26]

text: Behaviour and ecology[edit]

text: The black mamba is graceful but skittish and often unpredictable. It is agile and can move quickly.[20][25] It is shy and secretive by nature and, like most snakes, it avoids threats.[25] In the wild, a black mamba seldom tolerates humans approaching more closely than about 40 meters.[25] When confronted it is likely to gape in a threat display, exposing its black mouth and flicking its tongue.[20] It also is likely to form a hood by spreading its neck-flap as cobras do. The mamba's hood however, is narrower than that of a typical cobra.[25] The threat display may be accompanied by audible hissing.[21]

text: During the threat display, any sudden movement by the intruder may provoke the mamba into a series of rapid strikes leading to severe envenomation.[25] Also, the size of the black mamba, plus its ability to raise its head well off the ground, enable it to launch as much as 40% of its body length upwards, so mamba bites in humans quite often are on the upper body.[20][28] This behaviour also permits the snake to land a strike at unexpectedly long range.[25] The black mamba's reputed readiness to attack is often much exaggerated and usually is provoked by perceived threats, such as blocking its intended retreat, accidentally or otherwise.[20]

text: Speed[edit]

text:
For its slender body, the black mamba is deceptively powerful; it is the fastest moving snake indigenous to Africa, and perhaps the fastest anywhere.[29][30][31] It does however, move rather clumsily over soft sand, a surface to which it is not adapted.[32]
There have been many unrealistic stories concerning the black mamba's speed,[33] perhaps partly because the slender body exaggerates the impression of speed.[34] These stories include the myth that it can outrun a galloping horse or a running human. On 23 April 1906, on the Serengeti Plains, an intentionally provoked black mamba was recorded at a speed of 11 km/h (6.8 mph), over a distance of 43 m (141 ft).[35][36][37] A black mamba would almost certainly not be able to exceed 16 km/h (9.9 mph),[33] and like most reptiles it can maintain such relatively high speeds only for short distances.[34]

text: Diet[edit]

text: The black mamba is diurnal and chiefly an ambush predator, though it has been recorded as hunting partly by pursuit, such as catching pigeons at a watering hole before they can fly high enough to escape. It usually goes hunting from a permanent lair, to which it will regularly return, if the hunting is good and it is not disturbed.[20] It hunts mainly by sight and in doing so it commonly will raise much of its length well off the ground.[20] The black mamba does not typically hold onto prey after biting, instead releasing its quarry and waiting for it to succumb to paralysis and die.[24] This however depends on the type of prey; for example, it typically will hold onto a bird till it stops struggling to escape. If prey tries to escape or defend itself, the black mamba often may follow up its initial bite with a rapid series of strikes to incapacitate and quickly kill its prey.[25] The snake has been known to prey on hyrax and rock hyrax, bushbabies, and bats.[10] The black mamba has a potent digestive system and has been observed to digest prey fully within eight to ten hours.[20]

text: Predators[edit]

text: Not many predators challenge an adult black mamba although it does face a few threats such as birds of prey, particularly snake eagles.[38] Although all species of snake eagle commonly prey on snakes, there are two species in particular that do so with high frequency, including preying on black mambas (though eagles have been killed during these attacks).[39] These are the black-chested snake eagle (Circaetus pectoralis) and the brown snake eagle (Circaetus cinereus). The Cape file snake (Mehelya capensis), which is apparently immune to all African snake venoms and preys on other snakes including venomous ones, is a common predator of black mambas (limited only by the size it can swallow).[10][40][41] Mongooses, which also are partially immune to venom, and are often quick enough to evade a bite, will sometimes tackle a young black mamba for prey.[42] Humans do not usually consume black mambas, but they often kill them out of fear.[43]

text: Reproduction[edit]

text: Black mambas breed annually and mating occurs in the early spring, when male mambas locate a female by following her scent trail. After finding a potential mate the male will inspect the female by flicking his tongue over her entire body.[20] As in other species of snakes and many other reptiles, fertilization is internal and the intromittent organs of the males are in the form of hemipenes. Females lay clutches of eggs with an incubation period of some 80 to 90 days. Like most snakes female mambas are both oviparous and iteroparous.[20] Egg-laying typically occurs during the middle of summer and egg clutches range from 6 to 17 eggs.[20]

text: During the mating season rival males may compete by wrestling, not by biting. Opponents attempt to subdue each other by intertwining their bodies and raising their heads high off the ground. Observers have on occasion mistaken such wrestling for mating.[44]

text: The black mamba is generally solitary, but not strictly so; as a rule they interact very little except in male rivalry during the mating season. However, black mambas are well known to share retreats occasionally, either with other mambas, or sometimes with other species of snakes.

text: In hatching, mambas break through the egg shell with an egg tooth and are born with fully developed venom glands; capable of inflicting a potentially lethal bite minutes after hatching. The body of the newly hatched snake contains the residues of the egg yolk, and assimilates them to sustain the young snake until it finds its first prey.[20]

text: Lifespan[edit]

text: There is little information available concerning the lifespan of wild black mambas, but the longest surviving captive example had a recorded lifespan of 11 years.[20][21] It is possible that wild black mambas live significantly longer than this.[20]

text: Venom[edit]

text: The black mamba's venom is composed of neurotoxins (dendrotoxin) and cardiotoxins as well as other toxins such as fasciculins.[20][38][45] In an experiment, the most abundant toxin found in black mamba venom was observed to be able to kill a mouse in as little as 4.5 minutes.[46] Based on the murine median lethal dose (LD50) values, the black mamba's toxicity from all published sources is as follows:

text:
(SC) subcutaneous (most applicable to real bites): 0.32 mg/kg,[44][47][48][49] 0.28 mg/kg.[44][50]
(IV) intravenous: 0.25 mg/kg,[47][48] 0.011 mg/kg.[51]
(IP) intraperitoneal: 0.30 mg/kg (average),[52] 0.941 mg/kg.[47]

text: This venom is extremely toxic. A bite from a black mamba can deliver about 100–120 mg of venom on average and the maximum dose recorded is 400 mg.[38] It is reported that before antivenom was widely available, the mortality rate from a bite was nearly 100%.[21] The bite of a black mamba can potentially cause collapse in humans within 45 minutes, or less.[53] Without effective antivenom therapy, death typically occurs in 7–15 hours.[38] Presently, there is a polyvalent antivenom produced by the South African Institute for Medical Research to treat black mamba bites from many localities,[54] and a new antivenom is currently being developed by the Universidad de Costa Rica's Instituto Clodomiro Picado.[55]

text: A bite from a black mamba causes initial neurological and neuromuscular symptoms that may commonly include headache and a metallic taste in the mouth, which may be accompanied by a triad of paresthesias, profuse perspiration and salivation.[56] Other symptoms may include ptosis and gradual bulbar palsy.[56] Localised pain or numbness around the bite site is common but not typically severe;[57] therefore, application of a tourniquet proximal to the bite site is feasible and may assist in slowing the onset of prominent neurotoxicity.[56] Without appropriate treatment, symptoms typically progress to more severe reactions such as tachydysrhythmias and neurogenic shock, leading to death by asphyxiation, cardiovascular collapse, or respiratory failure.[38][45][56]

text: Pharmaceutical applications[edit]

text: Peptides in black mamba venom have been found to be effective analgesics. These peptides, part of the 'three-finger' family of snake venom toxins (mambalgins), act as inhibitors for acid-sensing ion channels in the central and peripheral nervous system, causing a pain-inihibiting effect. While this effect can be as strong as that of morphine, mambalgins do not have a resistance to naloxone, suffer less from induced tolerance, and cause no respiratory distress.[58]

text: Attacks on humans[edit]

text: The black mamba is popularly regarded as the most dangerous and feared snake in Africa;[46] to South African locals the black mamba's bite is known as the "kiss of death".[59] However, attacks on humans by black mambas are rare, as they usually try to avoid confrontation, and their occurrence in highly populated areas is not very common compared with some other species.[60] Additionally, the ocellated carpet viper is responsible for more human fatalities due to snakebite than all other African species combined.[50] A survey of snakebites in South Africa from 1957 to 1963 recorded over 900 venomous snakebites, but only seven of these were confirmed black mamba bites, at a time when effective antivenom was not widely available. Out of more than 900 bites, only 21 ended in fatalities, including all seven black mamba bites.[61]

text: Reported bite cases[edit]

text: Danie Pienaar, now head of South African National Parks Scientific Services,[62] survived the bite of a black mamba without antivenom in 1998. Although no antivenom was administered, Pienaar was in a serious condition, despite the hospital physicians having declared it a "moderate" black mamba envenomation. At one point, Pienaar lapsed into a coma and his prognosis was declared "poor". Upon arrival at hospital Pienaar was immediately intubated, given supportive drug therapy, put on mechanical ventilation and placed on life support for three days, until the toxins were flushed out of his system. He was released from hospital on the fifth day. Pienaar believes he survived for several reasons. In an article in Kruger Park Times he said "Firstly, it was not my time to go." The article went on to state, "The fact that he stayed calm and moved slowly definitely helped. The tourniquet was also essential."[63]

text: In another case, 28-year-old British student Nathan Layton was bitten by a black mamba and died in March 2008. The black mamba had been found near a classroom at the Southern African Wildlife College in Hoedspruit, where Layton was training to be a safari guide. Layton was bitten by the snake on his index finger while it was being put into a jar, but he didn't realize he'd been bitten. He thought the snake had only brushed his hand. Approximately 30 minutes after being bitten Layton complained of blurred vision. He collapsed and died of a heart attack, nearly an hour after being bitten. Attempts to revive him failed, and he was pronounced dead at the scene.[64][65]

text: In a rare case of survival without treatment, American professional photographer Mark Laita was bitten on the leg by a black mamba during a photo-shoot of a black mamba at a facility in Central America. The bite ruptured an artery in his calf, which bled profusely. Laita did not go to the doctor or the hospital, and except for the swollen fang marks giving him intense pain during the night, he was not affected and was fine physically. This led him to believe that either the snake gave him a "dry bite" (a bite without injecting venom) or the heavy bleeding pushed the venom out. Some commenters on the story suggested that it was a venomoid snake (in which the venom glands are surgically removed), but Laita responded that it was not. Only later did Laita find that he had captured the snake biting his leg in a photograph.[66][67][68]


document_title: Annabel Lee

question_text: in her tomb by the sounding sea poe

question_tokens: in her tomb by the sounding sea poe

text: Annabel Lee

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: The poem's narrator describes his love for Annabel Lee, which began many years ago in a "kingdom by the sea". Though they were young, their love for one another burned with such an intensity that angels became envious. It is for that reason that the narrator believes the seraphim caused her death. Even so, their love is strong enough that it extends beyond the grave and the narrator believes their two souls are still entwined. Every night, he dreams of Annabel Lee and sees the brightness of her eyes in the stars. Every night he lies down by her side in her tomb by the sea.

text: Analysis[edit]

text: Like many other Poe poems including "The Raven", "Ulalume", and "To One in Paradise", "Annabel Lee" follows Poe's favorite theme: the death of a beautiful woman,[2] which Poe called "the most poetical topic in the world".[3] Like women in many other works by Poe, she is struck with illness and marries young.[4] The poem focuses on an ideal love which is unusually strong. In fact, the narrator's actions show that he not only loves Annabel Lee, but he worships her, something he can only do after her death.[5] The narrator admits that he and Annabel Lee were children when they fell in love, but his explanation that angels murdered her is in itself childish, suggesting he has failed to mature since then.[6] His repetition of this assertion suggests he is trying to rationalize his own excessive feelings of loss.[6]

text: Unlike "The Raven", in which the narrator believes he will "nevermore" be reunited with his love, "Annabel Lee" says the two will be together again, as not even demons "can ever dissever" their souls.

text: Poetic structure[edit]

text: "Annabel Lee" consists of six stanzas, three with six lines, one with seven, and two with eight, with the rhyme pattern differing slightly in each one.[2] Though it is not technically a ballad, Poe referred to it as one.[7] Like a ballad, the poem uses repetition of words and phrases purposely to create its mournful effect.[2] The name Annabel Lee emphasizes the letter "L", a frequent device in Poe's female characters such as "Eulalie", "Lenore", and "Ulalume".[8]

text: There is debate on the last line of the poem. The Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore, Maryland has identified 11 versions of "Annabel Lee" that were published between 1849 and 1850.[9] However, the biggest variation is in the final line:

text: Inspiration[edit]

text: It is unclear on whom the eponymous character Annabel Lee is based.[10] Biographers and critics often suggest Poe's frequent use of the "death of a beautiful woman" theme stems from the repeated loss of women throughout his own life, including his mother Eliza Poe and his foster mother Frances Allan.[11] Biographers often interpret that "Annabel Lee" was written for Poe's wife Virginia, who had died two years prior, as was suggested by poet Frances Sargent Osgood, though Osgood is herself a candidate for the poem's inspiration.[10] A strong case can be made for Poe's wife Virginia: She was the one he loved as a child, the only one who had been his bride, and the only one who had died.[12] Autobiographical readings of the poem have also been used to support the theory that Virginia and Poe never consummated their marriage, as "Annabel Lee" was a "maiden".[13] Critics, including T.O. Mabbott, believed that Annabel Lee was merely the product of Poe's gloomy imagination and that Annabel Lee was no real person in particular. A childhood sweetheart of Poe's named Sarah Elmira Royster believed the poem was written with her in mind[14] and that Poe himself said so.[15] Sarah Helen Whitman and Sarah Anna Lewis also claimed to have inspired the poem.[16]

text: Local legend in Charleston, South Carolina tells the story of a sailor who met a woman named Annabel Lee. Her father disapproved of the pairing and the two met privately in a graveyard before the sailor's time stationed in Charleston was up. While away, he heard of Annabel's death from yellow fever, but her father would not allow him at the funeral. Because he did not know her exact burial location, he instead kept vigil in the cemetery where they had often secretly met. There is no evidence that Edgar Allan Poe had heard of this legend, but locals insist it was his inspiration, especially considering Poe was briefly stationed in Charleston while in the army in 1827.[17]

text: Publication history and reception[edit]

text: "Annabel Lee" was likely composed in May 1849.[16] Poe took steps to ensure the poem would be seen in print. He gave a copy to Rufus Wilmot Griswold, his literary executor and personal rival, gave another copy to John Thompson to repay a $5 debt, and sold a copy to Sartain's Union Magazine for publication.[12] Though Sartain's was the first authorized printing in January 1850, Griswold was the first to publish it on October 9, 1849, two days after Poe's death as part of his obituary of Poe in the New York Daily Tribune. Thompson had it published in the Southern Literary Messenger in November 1849.[12]

text: "Annabel Lee" was an inspiration for Vladimir Nabokov, especially for his novel Lolita (1955), in which the narrator, as a child, falls in love with the terminally ill Annabel Leigh "in a princedom by the sea". Originally, Nabokov titled the novel The Kingdom by the Sea.[18] Nabokov would later use this as the title of the Lolita "doppelganger novel" in Look at the Harlequins!.

text: Adaptations[edit]

text:
The English composer Henry David Leslie (1822-96) set this as a ballad for voice and piano, respelling as 'Annabelle Lee'.
The 1914 silent film The Avenging Conscience is based on "Annabel Lee" and Poe's short story "The Tell-Tale Heart."
An adapted version of the poem appears on Sarah Jarosz's 2011 album, Follow Me Down.
Stevie Nicks recorded a version of this poem on her 2011 album, In Your Dreams.
Joan Baez recorded a version of this poem on her 1967 album, Joan, with music by Don Dilworth.
The band Alesana based three albums (The Emptiness, A Place Where the Sun Is Silent and Confessions) on the poem and called it The Annabel Trilogy.
The poem appears on Marissa Nadler's album, Ballads of Living and Dying.
An adaptation appears in the song "Three" by the band La Dispute on their first spoken word EP, Here, Hear. and in the song "Fall Down, Never Get Back Up Again" on their album Somewhere at the Bottom of the River Between Vega and Altair.
The poem was set to music by the English composer Joseph Charles Holbrooke (5 July 1878 – 5 August 1958) as a Ballad for voice and orchestra Op. 41b (1905)
An adapted version of the poem by Spanish group Radio Futura on their album "La canción de Juan Perro", 1987 (music by Luis Auserón, lyric adapted by Santiago Auserón).
The poem was translated to Hebrew by Ze'ev Jabotinsky and performed by various Israeli artists, among them Yossi Banai, Yoni Bloch and Shlomo Artzi (who performed the song both in Hebrew and in the original).
The poem was also the base for Lady Midnight by Cassandra Clare as the first book in the Dark Artifices series. Each chapter title is taken directly from the poem.
The web series "Kissing in the Rain" features a shortened version of the poem with Sean Persaud as Edgar Allan Poe and Mary Kate Wiles as Annabel Lee.


document_title: Grammy Award records

question_text: who has won the most grammy awards in history

question_tokens: who has won the most grammy awards in history

text: Grammy Award records

text: Awards[edit]

text: Most Grammys won[edit]

text: The record for the most Grammy Awards won in a lifetime is held by Sir Georg Solti, a Hungarian-British conductor who conducted the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for twenty-two years. He has won a total of 31 competitive Grammy Awards out of 74 nominations and was awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1996.[1][2]

text:
Rank
Artist
Awards

1
Georg Solti
31

2
Quincy Jones
27

Alison Krauss

4
Pierre Boulez
26

5
Vladimir Horowitz
25

Stevie Wonder

7
John Williams
24

8
U2
22

Chick Corea

Beyoncé

11
Jay-Z
21

Kanye West

Vince Gill

14
Henry Mancini
20

Pat Metheny

Bruce Springsteen

Al Schmitt

text: Most Grammys won by a male artist[edit]

text: Georg Solti has won a total of 31 Grammy Awards.

text:
Rank
Artist
Awards

1
Georg Solti
31

2
Quincy Jones
27

3
Pierre Boulez
26

4
Vladimir Horowitz
25

Stevie Wonder

6
John Williams
24

7
Chick Corea
22

8
Kanye West
21

Vince Gill

Jay Z

11
Henry Mancini
20

Pat Metheny

Al Schmitt

Bruce Springsteen

15
Tony Bennett
18

Jimmy Sturr

Yo-Yo Ma

Paul McCartney

text: Most Grammys won by a female artist[edit]

text: Alison Krauss has, as a solo artist, collaborator and producer, won 27 Grammy Awards.[3]

text:
Rank
Artist
Awards

1
Alison Krauss[note 1]
27

2
Beyoncé[note 2]
22

3
Aretha Franklin
18

4
Adele
15

Alicia Keys

6
Ella Fitzgerald
13

Leontyne Price

Emmylou Harris

9
CeCe Winans
12

10
Shirley Caesar
11

11
Chaka Khan
10

Bonnie Raitt

Linda Ronstadt

Taylor Swift

15
Mary J. Blige
9

Natalie Cole

Sheryl Crow

Norah Jones

Hillary Scott[note 3]

Rihanna

text: Most Grammys won by a group[edit]

text: U2 holds the record for most Grammy Awards won by a group. They have won 22 awards.

text:
Rank
Artists
Awards

1
U2
22

2
Alison Krauss and Union Station
14

3
Dixie Chicks
13

4
Foo Fighters
12

5
Pat Metheny Group
10

6
The Manhattan Transfer
9

The Beatles

Emerson String Quartet

Asleep At The Wheel

10
Blackwood Brothers
8

Metallica

Santana

Take 6

14
Coldplay
7

Kentucky Thunder

Lady Antebellum

Simon & Garfunkel

Los Tigres del Norte

text: Most Grammys won by a producer[edit]

text: Quincy Jones with 27 awards holds the record for most Grammy Awards won by a producer (and eleven of those were awarded for production duties. Jones also received Grammys as an arranger and a performing artist). Some producers have also won awards as engineers, mixers and/or mastering engineers.

text:
Rank
Producer
Awards

1
Quincy Jones
27

2
Kanye West
21

3
David Foster
16

James Mallinson

David Frost

6
Steven Epstein
15

7
Phil Ramone
14

8
T Bone Burnett
13

Robert Woods

Jay David Saks

11
Arif Mardin
11

text: Most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer[edit]

text: Al Schmitt, with 20 awards, has won more Grammy Awards than any other engineer or mixer.

text: Youngest winners[edit]

text: The Peasall Sisters are the youngest Grammy winners, when they were credited artists on the O Brother, Where Art Thou? soundtrack, which won Album of the Year in 2002.[4] LeAnn Rimes is the youngest individual winner. She was 14 years old when she won her first two awards in 1997. She was also the first Country artist to win the Best New Artist Grammy.

text:
Rank
Age
Artist

1
7 years
Leah Peasall

2
9 years
Hannah Peasall

3
13 years
Sarah Peasall

4
14 years, 182 days
LeAnn Rimes

5
14 years, 313 days
Luis Miguel

6
17 years, 81 days
Lorde

7
18 years, 105 days
Daya

8
18 years, 123 days
Monica

9
19 years, 67 days
Christina Aguilera

10
19 years, 112 days
LaTavia Roberson

text: Youngest artists to win Album of the Year[edit]

text: Taylor Swift is the youngest artist to win Album of the Year. She was 20 years old when she won in 2010 for her album Fearless.

text:
Rank
Age
Artist

1
20 years, 49 days
Taylor Swift

2
21 years, 242 days
Alanis Morissette

3
22 years, 18 days
Barbra Streisand

4
23 years, 274 days
Lauryn Hill

5
23 years, 283 days
Adele

6
23 years, 293 days
Stevie Wonder

7
23 years, 330 days
Norah Jones

text: Oldest winners[edit]

text: Pinetop Perkins is the oldest person to win a Grammy. In 2011 he was awarded Best Traditional Blues Album for Joined At The Hip at 97 years of age.

text:
Rank
Age
Artist

1
97 years, 221 days
Pinetop Perkins

2
95 years, 31 days
George Burns

3
91 years, 137 days
Jimmy Carter

4
90 years, 52 days
Elizabeth Cotten

5
90 years, 26 days
Betty White

text: Note: Sources vary on the birth year of Elizabeth Cotten, with some stating it as 1893, while others say 1895. The above information credits it as 1895. With either year, Cotten is the oldest female Grammy winner.

text: Most honored albums[edit]

text: Santana's Supernatural and U2's How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb hold the record for most honoured album having won nine awards. Supernatural won nine awards in 2000 and How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb won three awards in 2005 and won a further six in 2006 giving it a total of nine awards.

text:
Rank
Albums and artists
Awards

1
How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb — U2
9

Supernatural — Santana

3
Come Away With Me — Norah Jones
8

Genius Loves Company — Ray Charles

Thriller — Michael Jackson

6
All That You Can't Leave Behind — U2
7

Back on the Block — Quincy Jones

24K Magic — Bruno Mars

9
21 — Adele
6

Back To Black — Amy Winehouse

The Blueprint 3 — Jay Z

Bridge Over Troubled Water — Simon & Garfunkel

Raising Sand — Robert Plant & Alison Krauss

The Return of Roger Miller — Roger Miller

Taking the Long Way — Dixie Chicks

To Pimp a Butterfly — Kendrick Lamar

Toto IV — Toto

Unforgettable... with Love — Natalie Cole

Unplugged — Eric Clapton

text: Most Album of the Year wins[edit]

text: The record for most Album of the Year wins is four.

text: Tom Coyne, mastering engineer — 21 (2012), 1989 (2016), 25 (2017), 24K Magic (2018)

text: Three recording artists, four record producers, two mastering engineers and three engineer/mixers have won the award three times.

text:
Frank Sinatra, artist — Come Dance with Me! (1960), September of My Years (1966), A Man and His Music (1967)
Stevie Wonder, artist — Innervisions (1974), Fulfillingness' First Finale (1975), Songs in the Key of Life (1977)
Paul Simon, artist — Bridge over Troubled Water (1971), Still Crazy After All These Years (1976), Graceland (1987)
David Foster, producer — Unforgettable… with Love (1992), The Bodyguard: Original Soundtrack Album (1994), Falling into You (1997)
Phil Ramone, producer — Still Crazy After All These Years (1976), 52nd Street (1980), Genius Loves Company (2005)
Daniel Lanois, producer — The Joshua Tree (1988), Time Out of Mind (1998), How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb (2006)
Bob Ludwig, mastering engineer — Babel (2013), Random Access Memories (2014), Morning Phase (2015)
Tom Elmhirst, engineer/mixer — 21 (2012), Morning Phase (2015), 25 (2017)
Ryan Tedder, producer — 21 (2012), 1989 (2016), 25 (2017)
Serban Ghenea, engineer/mixer — 1989 (2016), 25 (2017), 24K Magic (2018)
John Hanes, engineer/mixer — 1989 (2016), 25 (2017), 24K Magic (2018)

text: Most Record of the Year wins[edit]

text: Tom Coyne won Record of the Year four consecutive times as a mastering engineer.

text: Most Grammys won for consecutive albums[edit]

text: Pat Metheny and his band the Pat Metheny Group have won 20 Grammy Awards in total, including seven consecutive awards for seven consecutive albums.[5] Metheny held the record for Grammy wins in the most different categories as of the 2005 Grammy Awards:

text:
Best Jazz Fusion Performance (1983, 1984, 1985, 1988, 1990)
Best Instrumental Composition (1991)
Best Contemporary Jazz Performance/Album (1993, 1994, 1996, 1999, 2003, 2005)
Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Individual or Group (1998, 2000, 2013)
Best Rock Instrumental Performance (1999)
Best Jazz Instrumental Solo (2001)
Best New Age Album (2004, 2012)

text: Most consecutive Grammys won for the same category[edit]

text: Aretha Franklin holds the record for winning the most consecutive Grammys in the same category. She won the Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance every year from 1968 to 1975, for an eight-year winning streak. She also won in this category in 1982, 1986, and 1988, giving her 11 wins in the category.

text: After Franklin, Jimmy Sturr, Bill Cosby and John Williams are tied for second place for consecutive Grammy wins in the same category:

text: Sturr won six years in a row between 1987 and 1992 for Best Polka Album. He also won for three runs of four consecutive years (1996–1999, 2001–2004, and 2006–2009.) He won 18 out of the 24 Best Polka Album Grammys that were awarded since that category was added in 1985. The award was discontinued in 2009.

text: Cosby won six years in a row between 1965 and 1970 for Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album.

text: Williams won six years in a row between 1978 and 1983 for Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media.

text: Lenny Kravitz won the Best Male Rock Vocal Performance award four years in a row (1999, 2000, 2001, 2002).

text: Tom Coyne won Record of the Year four years in a row (2015–2018).

text: Artists who have won all four General Field awards[edit]

text: There have been only two artists who have won all four General Field awards. In 1981, Christopher Cross won Record, Album and Song of the Year as well as Best New Artist.[6] Adele is the second artist to win all four, and the first female to do so. In 2009, she won Best New Artist and in 2012 and 2017, she won Record, Album and Song of the Year.

text: Single ceremony[edit]

text: Most Grammys won in one night[edit]

text: The Record for Most Grammys won in one night is eight. Michael Jackson won eight in 1984 and Santana tied Jackson's record in 2000.[7]

text:
Rank
Artist(s)
Awards

1
Michael Jackson (1984)
8

Santana (2000)

3
Roger Miller (1966)
6

Paul Simon (1971)

Quincy Jones (1991)

Eric Clapton (1993)

Beyoncé (2010)

Adele (2012)

Bruno Mars (2018)

text: Most Grammys won by a male artist in one night[edit]

text: Michael Jackson won eight in 1984.

text:
Rank
Artist(s)
Awards

1
Michael Jackson (1984)
8

2
Roger Miller (1966)
6

Paul Simon (1971)

Quincy Jones (1991)

Eric Clapton (1993)

Bruno Mars (2018)

text: Most Grammys won by a female artist in one night[edit]

text: The record most Grammys won by a female artist in one night is six. Beyoncé and Adele each won six in 2010 and 2012, respectively.

text:
Rank
Artist
Awards

1
Beyoncé (2010)
6

Adele (2012)

3
Lauryn Hill (1999)
5

Alicia Keys (2002)

Norah Jones (2003)

Beyoncé (2004)

Amy Winehouse (2008)

Alison Krauss (2009)

Adele (2017)

text: Most Grammys won by a group in one night[edit]

text: In 2000, Santana was awarded a total of 8 awards. They won the awards for Record of the Year, Album of the Year, Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group With Vocals, Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals, Best Pop Instrumental Performance, Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group With Vocals, Best Rock Instrumental Performance and Best Rock Album.

text:
Rank
Artists
Awards

1
Santana (2000)
8

2
Simon & Garfunkel (1971)
5

U2 (2006)

Dixie Chicks (2007)

Lady Antebellum (2011)

Foo Fighters (2012)

text: Most Grammys won by a record producer in one night[edit]

text: The record for most awards won by a producer in one night is five. Rick Rubin won five awards in 2007 including Record of the Year, Album of the Year and Best Country Album for the Dixie Chicks, Best Rock Album for the Red Hot Chili Peppers as well as Producer of the Year, Non Classical.

text: Most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer in one night[edit]

text: The most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer in one night is six. At the 59th Annual Grammy Awards in 2017, Tom Elmhirst won Record of the Year, Album of the Year, Best Pop Vocal Album, Best Engineered Album Non Classical, Best Alternative Music Album and Best Rock Album for his work on Adele's '25', David Bowie's 'Blackstar' and Cage The Elephant's 'Tell Me I'm Pretty'.

text: Artist who has won all four General Field Awards at a single ceremony[edit]

text: Christopher Cross (1981) received all four General Field awards in one night. Cross won the Record of the Year ("Sailing"), Album of the Year ("Christopher Cross"), Song of the Year ("Sailing"), and Best New Artist Grammys in a single ceremony.[8]

text: Artists who have won Record, Album and Song of the Year in one night[edit]

text: The three biggest Grammy Awards are Record of the Year, Album of the Year and Song of the Year. Seven artists have won all three in one night. Adele is the only artist in Grammy history to accomplish this twice.

text:
Year
Artist

1971
Paul Simon

1972
Carole King

1981
Christopher Cross

1993
Eric Clapton

2007
Dixie Chicks

2012
Adele

2017

2018
Bruno Mars

text: Most Grammys won by an album in one night[edit]

text: The most awards awarded to an album in one night is nine. In 2000 Santana's Supernatural was awarded nine awards. It won Record of the Year, Album of the Year, Song of the Year, Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group With Vocals, Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals, Best Pop Instrumental Performance, Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group With Vocals, Best Rock Instrumental Performance and Best Rock Album.

text: Most posthumous Grammys won in one night[edit]

text: Ray Charles holds the record for most posthumous awards won in one night. He was awarded five Grammy Awards in 2005 including Album of the Year.

text: Nominations[edit]

text: Most Grammy nominations[edit]

text: Quincy Jones holds the record for the most Grammy nominations with 79.[9][10]

text:
Rank
Artist
Nominations

1
Quincy Jones
79

2
Paul McCartney[note 4]
78

3
Georg Solti
74

Stevie Wonder

Jay Z

6
Henry Mancini
72

7
Kanye West
68

8
Pierre Boulez
67

John Williams

10
Chick Corea
64

11
Leonard Bernstein
63

Beyoncé[note 5]

13
Jay David Saks
53

14
Thomas Z. Shepard
50

Bruce Springsteen

16
Willie Nelson
49

James Mallinson

Babyface

text: Most nominations in one night[edit]

text: Michael Jackson holds the record for most Grammy nominations in one night with 12 nominations.

text:
Rank
Artist
Nominations
Year

1
Michael Jackson
12
1984

2
Kendrick Lamar
11
2016

3
Lauryn Hill
10
1999

Kanye West
2005

Beyoncé
2010

Eminem
2011

7
Roger Miller
9
1966

Paul McCartney
1966

The Manhattan Transfer
1986

Jay Z
2014

Beyoncé
2017

text: Most nominations without winning[edit]

text: The record for most Grammy nominations without a win is 24, held by Morten Lindberg.

text:
Rank
Artist
Nominations

1
Morten Lindberg
24

2
Snoop Dogg
17

Brian McKnight

4
Joe Satriani
15

5
Toshiko Akiyoshi
14

Martina McBride

Dierks Bentley

Björk

9
Katy Perry
13

Nas

Spyro Gyra

Musiq Soulchild

13
Diana Ross
12

Alan Parsons

Busta Rhymes

Ledisi

Lenny Gomulka

Fred Hersch

Keith Jarrett

text: Most nominations in one night without winning[edit]

text:
Rank
Artist
Nominations

1
Paul McCartney (1966)
9

2
Kanye West (2017)
8

Rihanna (2017)

Jay-Z (2018)

5
Stevie Wonder (1983)
7

India.Arie (2002)

Kendrick Lamar (2014)

8
Henry Mancini (1959)
6

Thomas Z. Shepard (1970)

Mariah Carey (1996)

50 Cent (2006)

Bruno Mars (2012)

13
Robert M. Jones (1961)
5

Elvis Presley (1961)

Frank Sinatra (1961)

James Taylor (1971)

Eugene Ormandy (1971)

Paul McCartney (1983)

Sting (1986)

Jay David Saks (1986)

Leonard Bernstein (1989)

Joan Osborne (1996)

Avril Lavigne (2003)

50 Cent (2004)

Alicia Keys (2006)

Gwen Stefani (2006)

Prince (2007)

James Blunt (2007)

Jazmine Sullivan (2009)

B.o.B (2011)

Lil Wayne (2012)

Drake (2014, 2016)

Khalid (2018)

No I.D. (2018)

SZA (2018)

text: Grammy nominations in the most fields[edit]

text:
Rank
Artist
Number
Fields

1
Quincy Jones
15
Spoken word, arranging, music video/film, jazz, pop, rap, general field, r&b, children's, musical theatre, disco, composition, gospel/contemporary christian music, music for visual media and production, non-classical

2
Paul McCartney
11
General field, pop, arranging, rock, traditional, music for visual media, music video/film, spoken word, historical, alternative music and rap

3
David Foster
10
R&b, arranging, composition, music for visual media, production, music video/film, pop, traditional, musical theatre and general field

Bob Dylan
Country, general field, gospel/contemporary christian music, rock, music video/film, music for visual media, folk pop, american roots, and traditional

5
Jack White
9
Rock, general field, alternative, country, pop, package, music video/film, american roots and engineered album

Béla Fleck
Country, pop, jazz, american roots, world music, classical, folk, spoken word, composition and arranging

Janet Jackson
General field, pop, r&b, rock, arranging, rap, music video/film, dance and production, non-classical

8
Cyndi Lauper
8
Rock, pop, general field, music video/film, disco, arranging, american roots and musical theatre

Prince
General field, pop, r&b, rock, engineered album, music video/film, music for visual media and production, non-classical

Michael Jackson
General field, pop, r&b, rock, disco, children's, music video/film and production, non-classical

Danger Mouse
General field, pop, r&b, rock, rap, alternative, music video/film and production, non-classical

Herbie Hancock
General field, pop, r&b, rock, jazz, music video/film, music for visual media and composition

Lionel Richie
General field, pop, r&b, music for visual media, dance, arranging, gospel/contemporary christian music and production, non-classical

Justin Timberlake
General field, pop, r&b, country, rap, music for visual media, dance and music video/film

Stevie Wonder
General field, pop, r&b, arranging, composition, music for visual media, music video/film and production, non-classical

Beyoncé
General field, pop, r&b, rock, rap, music for visual media, surround sound and music video/film

Pharrell Williams
General field, pop, r&b, dance, rap, music for visual media, music video/film and production, non-classical

text: Artists who had been nominated for all four General Field awards in one night[edit]

text: Only ten artists have been nominated for all four General Field awards in one night.

text:
Year
Artist

1968
Bobbie Gentry

1980
Christopher Cross

1985
Cyndi Lauper

1989
Tracy Chapman

1991
Mariah Carey

1998
Paula Cole

2002
India.Arie

2008
Amy Winehouse

2013
Fun.

2015
Sam Smith

text: Youngest nominees[edit]

text: Leah Peasall of the Peasall sisters is the youngest ever Grammy nominee (and winner) as one of the credited artists on the O Brother, Where Art Thou? (soundtrack) in 2002.[4] Deleon Richards is the youngest performer to receive an individual nomination, for Best Soul/Gospel performance.[11]

text:
Rank
Age
Artist

1
7 years
Leah Peasall

2
8 years, 161 days
Deleon Richards

3
9 years
Hannah Peasall

4
12 years, 126 days
Zac Hanson

5
12 years, 155 days
Joey Alexander

6
12 years, 199 days
Michael Jackson

7
12 years, 273 days
Billy Gilman

8
13 years
Sarah Peasall

9
14 years, 45 days
Chris "Daddy Mac" Smith

10
14 years, 182 days
LeAnn Rimes

11
14 years, 197 days
Chris "Mac Daddy" Kelly

12
14 years, 313 days
Luis Miguel

13
14 years, 348 days
Taylor Hanson