document_title: List of Cricket World Cup finals

question_text: who has won the first cricket world cup

question_tokens: who has won the first cricket world cup

text: List of Cricket World Cup finals

text: History[edit]

text: The inaugural ICC Cricket World Cup final was held on 21 June 1975 at Lord's, contested by Australia and the West Indies. A man of the match performance,[11] including a century from West Indian captain Clive Lloyd coming in to bat at number five with his team 50/3,[12] formed the basis of a 149-run fourth-wicket partnership with Rohan Kanhai.[13] Keith Boyce added a quick 34 and the Australians were set a target of 292 to win in a 60-over encounter. In reply, Alan Turner hit 40 from 54 deliveries and Australian captain Ian Chappell scored 62 from 93 balls. Australia "contributed to their own destruction" in an innings with five run outs, and the West Indies were crowned the first cricket world champions, winning by 17 runs.[14] Four years later, the West Indies qualified for the final, this time facing England, hosted at Lord's for the second consecutive tournament. An unbeaten 138 from Viv Richards, and support from Collis King in a 139-run partnership for the fifth wicket,[15] saw the West Indies set England a target of 287 runs to win in 60 overs.[16] A profitable yet slow opening partnership between Mike Brearley and Geoffrey Boycott (the latter taking 17 overs to reach double figures)[17] saw England to 129. However, following Brearley's dismissal, only Graham Gooch and Derek Randall made a "brief assault" on the West Indian bowling,[17] before a batting collapse, Joel Garner taking five wickets in eleven balls.[18] England ended 194 all out, and presented the West Indies with their second consecutive title, winning by 92 runs.[17]

text: Lord's re-hosted the third World Cup final in June 1983, and was West Indies' third consecutive final. On this occasion, they faced India in front of 24,609 spectators.[19] Sunil Gavaskar was dismissed early in the innings for two runs, and only Kris Srikkanth scored more than thirty;[20] Andy Roberts took three wickets for the West Indies leaving India all out for 183.[20] Following the dismissals of Viv Richards, Desmond Haynes and Larry Gomes by Madan Lal for six runs between them, the West Indies collapsed to 140 all out, handing the title to India by 43 runs.[19] India and Pakistan co-hosted the 1987 tournament; the final was held at Eden Gardens in Kolkata between Australia and England, both appearing for the second time and vying for their first title. Australia won the toss and elected to bat first; David Boon scored 75 runs from 125 deliveries, while Mike Veletta made a rapid 45 from 31 deliveries taking Australia to a total of 253/5 by the close of play, this time after 50 overs.[21] In front of around 70,000 spectators, England's middle order of Bill Athey, Mike Gatting and Allan Lamb provided some resistance, but with 17 runs required in the final over to win, England fell short and lost by 7 runs.[22]

text: The 1992 tournament was co-hosted by Australia and New Zealand, with the first ever day/night final being held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Australia between England and Pakistan. In their first final appearance, Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat first. Despite two early wickets from Derek Pringle, Pakistani batsmen Imran Khan and Javed Miandad shared a third-wicket partnership of 139. Both Inzamam-ul-Haq and Wasim Akram added over thirty runs each at more than a run-a-ball, leading Pakistan to a total of 249/6 in 50 overs.[23] A crowd of over 87,000 saw man-of-the-match Wasim Akram take three of England's wickets, including that of all-rounder Ian Botham for a duck, after Graeme Hick was "baffled by the googly".[24] England were bowled out for 227, and Pakistan won by 22 runs.[23] India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka hosted the tournament in 1996. Sri Lanka was making their first appearance in the final, and faced 1987 champions Australia in another day/night contest. After winning the toss, Arjuna Ranatunga sent Australia in to bat at the Gaddafi Stadium in Lahore. Captain Mark Taylor and Ricky Ponting added 101 in their second-wicket partnership as Australia completed their 50 overs 241/7.[25] Man of the match Aravinda de Silva's century, assisted by partnerships with Asanka Gurusinha and Ranatunga led Sri Lanka to the total with 22 balls and 7 wickets to spare, and their first win in the final. This was the first time a host won the title, though the final was played in Pakistan. It was also the first time that the team batting second emerged victorious.[25]

text: Australia's "12-year era of World Cup dominance" began with the 1999 tournament,[26] hosted for the fourth time by England. In a "one-sided" final,[27] Shane Warne's four wickets helped to restrict Pakistan to 132 runs, all out with 11 overs yet to bat.[28] A rapid fifty from Adam Gilchrist, and support from Mark Waugh, Ponting and Darren Lehmann, saw Australia reach the total in just over 20 overs, winning by eight wickets.[28] The 2003 tournament had three co-hosts: South Africa, Kenya and Zimbabwe, the final being a day/night match contested between Australia and India at the Wanderers Stadium in Johannesburg. Gilchrist and Matthew Hayden opened the batting, making a century partnership before Ponting and Damien Martin went on to score the highest partnership in any World Cup final with an unbeaten 234.[29] Australia batted out their fifty overs, and ended on the highest score in World Cup final history: 359/2.[30] Player of the tournament Sachin Tendulkar was dismissed in the first over of India's reply but Virender Sehwag and Rahul Dravid combined to score 88 in their fourth wicket partnership. However, following Dravid's dismissal, India's batting collapsed, and they finished on 234 all out with nearly eleven overs remaining, handing Australia a 125-run victory.[30]

text: The 2007 final, held at the Kensington Oval in Barbados, was reduced to 38 overs a side following a two-hour rain delay.[31] Australia's Gilchrist hit the fastest century in a World Cup final at a strike rate of over 143 and his opening stand with Hayden became the largest first-wicket partnership in World Cup history.[29] Australia ended on 281/4, an average of 7.39 runs per over.[32] In reply, Sanath Jayasuriya and Kumar Sangakkara accumulated 116 runs for the second wicket, but with Chamara Silva the only other batsman to score over 20, Sri Lanka capitulated. Despite a revised target, due to a further rain break, calculated using the Duckworth–Lewis method, Sri Lanka scored 215–8 from their allotted overs. With a 53-run victory, Australia won their third consecutive World Cup.[32] Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka co-hosted the 2011 tournament,[33] with the latter pair meeting in the final in the Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai. Scoring 91 runs in their final 10 overs,[34] Sri Lanka's innings ended on 274/6, Mahela Jayawardene top-scoring with an unbeaten 103.[35] Sehwag was out leg before wicket to Lasith Malinga in the second ball of the Indian innings, Tendulkar soon followed him, but 97 from Gautam Gambhir and an unbeaten 91 from MS Dhoni saw India home with 10 balls to spare. By winning the match, India became the first team to win the finals on home soil.[35]

text: List of finals[edit]

text:
Key to list of finals

The final was played as a day/night game.

The final was decided by the Duckworth–Lewis method.

text:
The "Year" column refers to the year the World Cup was held, and links to the article about that tournament.
The links in the "Result" column point to the article about that tournament's final game.
Links in the "Winners" and "Runners-up" columns point to the articles for the national cricket teams of the countries, not the articles for the countries.

text:
List of finals, along with the host nation and location and result of the final

Year
Winner
Result
Runner-up
Final venue
Host nation(s)[2]
Crowd

1975
 West Indies
291/8 (60 overs)
West Indies won by 17 runs[11]
 Australia
274 all out (58.4 overs)
Lord's, London
England
24,000

1979
 West Indies
286/9 (60 overs)
West Indies won by 92 runs[16]
 England
194 all out (51 overs)
Lord's, London
England
32,000

1983
 India
183 all out (54.4 overs)
India won by 43 runs[20]
 West Indies
140 all out (52 overs)
Lord's, London
England
30,000

1987
 Australia
253/5 (50 overs)
Australia won by 7 runs[21]
 England
246/8 (50 overs)
Eden Gardens, Kolkata, India
India, Pakistan
95,000

1992
 Pakistan
249/6 (50 overs)
Pakistan won by 22 runs[23]
 England
227 all out (49.2 overs)
MCG, Melbourne, Australia
Australia, New Zealand
87,182

1996
 Sri Lanka
245/3 (46.2 overs)
Sri Lanka won by 7 wickets[25]
 Australia
241/7 (50 overs)
Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore, Pakistan
India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
62,645

1999
 Australia
133/2 (20.1 overs)
Australia won by 8 wickets[28]
 Pakistan
132 all out (39 overs)
Lord's, London
England, Wales, Ireland, Scotland, Netherlands
30,000

2003
 Australia
359/2 (50 overs)
Australia won by 125 runs[30]
 India
234 all out (39.2 overs)
Wanderers, Johannesburg, South Africa
Kenya, South Africa, Zimbabwe
32,827

2007
 Australia
281/4 (38 overs)
Australia won by 53 runs [32]
 Sri Lanka
215/8 (36 overs)
Kensington Oval, Bridgetown
West Indies
28,108

2011
 India
277/4 (48.2 overs)
India won by 6 wickets[35]
 Sri Lanka
274/6 (50 overs)
Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India
Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka
65,000

2015
 Australia
186/3 (33.1 overs)
Australia won by 7 wickets
 New Zealand
183 all out (45 overs)
MCG, Melbourne, Australia
Australia, New Zealand
93,013

text: Results by country[edit]

text:
National team
Final appearances
Winners
Runners-up
Years won
Years runners-up

 Australia
7
5
2
1987, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2015
1975, 1996

 India
3
2
1
1983, 2011,
2003

 West Indies
3
2
1
1975, 1979
1983

 Sri Lanka
3
1
2
1996
2007, 2011

 Pakistan
2
1
1
1992
1999

 England
3
0
3
–
1979, 1987, 1992

 New Zealand
1
0
1
–
2015


document_title: Shot heard round the world

question_text: who did the shot heard round the world

question_tokens: who did the shot heard round the world

root

text: Shot heard round the world

text: Skirmish at the North Bridge[edit]

text:
By the rude bridge that arched the flood,
Their flag to April’s breeze unfurled,
Here once the embattled farmers stood,
And fired the shot heard round the world.

Emerson, "Concord Hymn"

tag: div

text: The phrase comes from the opening stanza of Ralph Waldo Emerson's "Concord Hymn" (1837) and refers to the first shot of the American Revolutionary War. According to Emerson's poem, this pivotal shot occurred at the North Bridge in Concord, Massachusetts, where the first British soldiers fell in the battles of Lexington and Concord.

tag: p

text: Historically, no single shot can be cited as the first shot of the battle or the war. Shots were fired earlier at Lexington, where eight Americans were killed and a British soldier was slightly wounded, but accounts of that event are confused and contradictory, and it has been characterized as a massacre rather than a battle.[1] The North Bridge skirmish did see the first shots by Americans acting under orders, the first organized volley by Americans, the first British fatalities, and the first British retreat.

text: The question of the point of origin of the Revolutionary War has been debated between Lexington and Concord and their partisans since at least 1824, when the Marquis de Lafayette visited the towns. He was welcomed to Lexington hearing it described as the "birthplace of American liberty", but he was then informed in Concord that the "first forcible resistance" was made there. President Grant considered not attending the 1875 centennial celebrations in the area to evade the issue. In 1894, Lexington petitioned the state legislature to proclaim April 19 as "Lexington Day", to which Concord objected; the current name for the holiday is Patriots' Day.[1]

text: Emerson lived in a house known as the Old Manse at the time when he was composing the "Concord Hymn," from which his grandfather and father (then a young child) had witnessed the skirmish. The house is located approximately 300 feet (91 m) from the North Bridge.

text: "The Shot Heard Round the World" is technically a metaphor for the global upheaval which followed the American Revolutionary War, notably the French, Haitian, and South American revolutions. Though it did not occur prior to Emerson's poem, modern scholars include the 1919 Russian Revolution as well.

text: Assassination of Franz Ferdinand[edit]

text: The phrase "shot heard round the world" has taken on a different meaning in Europe and in the Commonwealth of Nations, countries that were part of the British Empire and formerly known as the British Commonwealth. It has become associated with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914, an event considered to be one of the immediate causes of World War I. Serbian Gavrilo Princip fired two shots, the first hitting Franz Ferdinand's wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, and the second hitting the Archduke himself. The death of Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, propelled Austria-Hungary and the rest of Europe into World War I.

text: Thomson's home run[edit]

text: In American baseball, the "Shot Heard 'Round the World" (usually spelled with an apostrophe) denotes the game-winning walk-off home run by New York Giants outfielder Bobby Thomson off Brooklyn Dodgers pitcher Ralph Branca at the Polo Grounds to win the National League pennant at 3:58 p.m. EST on October 3, 1951. As a result of the "shot", the Giants won the game 5-4, defeating their traditional rivals in their pennant playoff series, 2 games to 1, though they eventually lost the World Series to the Yankees.[2]

text: Widespread idiomatic use[edit]

text: "Shot heard round the world" continues to be a stock phrase in the 21st century, widely used to refer to unusual events in general,[3] and has been applied to numerous dramatic moments in sports. For example, it refers to the winning goal of Paul Henderson in the final seconds of the 8th and final match to secure Team Canada's victory in the 1972 Canada-USSR Summit-series. The goal was made famous by a Frank Lennon photograph.[4]


document_title: Advanced Mobile Phone System

question_text: in cellular mobile communications the forward channel frequency band of amps system is

text: Advanced Mobile Phone System

text: History[edit]

text: The first cellular network efforts began at Bell Labs and with research conducted at Motorola. In 1960, John F. Mitchell,[7][8][9] an electrical engineer who had graduated from the Illinois Institute of Technology, became Motorola's chief engineer for its mobile-communication products. Mitchell oversaw the development and marketing of the first pager to use transistors.

text: Motorola had long produced mobile telephones for automobiles, but these large and heavy models consumed too much power to allow their use without the automobile's engine running. Mitchell's team, which included the gifted Dr. Martin Cooper, developed portable cellular telephony, and Mitchell was among the Motorola employees granted a patent for this work in 1973; the first call on the prototype connected, reportedly, to a wrong number.[10][11]

text: While Motorola was developing a cellular phone, from 1968-1983 Bell Labs worked out a system called Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), which became the first cellular network standard in the United States. The first system was successfully deployed in Chicago, Illinois, in 1979. Motorola and others designed and built the cellular phones for this and other cellular systems.

text: Martin Cooper, a former general manager for the systems division at Motorola, led a team that produced the DynaTAC8000x, the first commercially available cellular phone small enough to be easily carried, and made the first phone call from it, and later introduced the so-called Bag Phone.

text: In 1992 the first smartphone, called IBM Simon, used AMPS. Frank Canova led its design at IBM and it was demonstrated that year at the COMDEX computer-industry trade-show. A refined version of the product was marketed to consumers in 1994 by BellSouth under the name Simon Personal Communicator. The Simon was the first device that can be properly referred to as a "smartphone", even though that term was not yet coined.[12][13]

text: Technology[edit]

text: AMPS is a first-generation cellular technology that uses separate frequencies, or "channels", for each conversation (see frequency-division multiple access (FDMA)). It therefore required considerable bandwidth for a large number of users. In general terms, AMPS was very similar to the older "0G" Improved Mobile Telephone Service, but used considerably more computing power in order to select frequencies, hand off conversations to PSTN lines, and handle billing and call setup.

text: What really separated AMPS from older systems is the "back end" call setup functionality. In AMPS, the cell centers could flexibly assign channels to handsets based on signal strength, allowing the same frequency to be re-used in various locations without interference. This allowed a larger number of phones to be supported over a geographical area. AMPS pioneers coined the term "cellular" because of its use of small hexagonal "cells" within a system.[14][15]

text: AMPS suffered from many weaknesses compared to today's digital technologies. As an analog standard, it was susceptible to static and noise, and there was no protection from 'eavesdropping' using a scanner.

text: Cloning[edit]

text: In the 1990s an epidemic of "cloning" cost the cellular carriers millions of dollars.[citation needed] An eavesdropper with specialized equipment could intercept a handset's ESN (Electronic Serial Number) and MDN or CTN (Mobile Directory Number or Cellular Telephone Number). The Electronic Serial Number, a 12-digit number sent by the handset to the cellular system for billing purposes, uniquely identified that phone on the network. The system then allowed or disallowed calls and or features based on its customer file. A person intercepting an ESN/MDN pair could clone the combination onto a different phone and use it in other areas for making calls without paying.

text: Cellular phone cloning became possible with off-the-shelf technology in the 1990s. Would-be cloners required three key items :

text:
A radio receiver, such as the Icom PCR-1000, that could tune into the Reverse Channel (the frequency on which AMPS phones transmit data to the tower)
A PC with a sound card and a software program called Banpaia
A phone that could easily be used for cloning, such as the Oki 900

tag: ol

text: The radio, when tuned to the proper frequency, would receive the signal transmitted by the cell phone to be cloned, containing the phone's ESN/MDN pair. This signal would feed into the sound-card audio-input of the PC, and Banpaia would decode the ESN/MDN pair from this signal and display it on the screen. The hacker could then copy that data into the Oki 900 phone and reboot it, after which the phone network could not distinguish the Oki from the original phone whose signal had been received. This gave the cloner, through the Oki phone, the ability to use the mobile-phone service of the legitimate subscriber whose phone was cloned - just as if that phone had been physically stolen, except that the subscriber retained his or her phone, unaware that the phone had been cloned—at least until that subscriber received his or her next bill.

text: The problem became so large that some carriers required the use of a PIN before making calls. Eventually, the cellular companies initiated a system called RF Fingerprinting, whereby it could determine subtle differences in the signal of one phone from another and shut down some cloned phones. Some legitimate customers had problems with this though if they made certain changes to their own phone, such as replacing the battery and/or antenna. The Oki 900, the ultimate tool of cell-phone hackers, could listen in to AMPS phone-calls right out-of-the-box with no hardware modifications.[citation needed]

text: Standards[edit]

text: AMPS was originally standardized by American National Standards Institute (ANSI) as EIA/TIA/IS-3. EIA/TIA/IS-3 was superseded by EIA/TIA-553 and TIA interim standard with digital technologies, the cost of wireless service is so low that the problem of cloning has virtually disappeared.

text: Frequency bands[edit]

text: AMPS cellular service operated in the 850 MHz Cellular band. For each market area, the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allowed two licensees (networks) known as "A" and "B" carriers. Each carrier within a market used a specified "block" of frequencies consisting of 21 control channels and 395 voice channels. Originally, the B (wireline) side license was usually owned by the local phone company, and the A (non-wireline) license was given to wireless telephone providers.

text: At the inception of cellular in 1983, the FCC had granted each carrier within a market 333 channel pairs (666 channels total). By the late 1980s, the cellular industry's subscriber base had grown into the millions across America and it became necessary to add channels for additional capacity. In 1989, the FCC granted carriers an expansion from the previous 666 channels to the final 832 (416 pairs per carrier). The additional frequencies were from the band held in reserve for future (inevitable) expansion. These frequencies were immediately adjacent to the existing cellular band. These bands had previously been allocated to UHF TV channels 70–83.

text: Each duplex channel was composed of 2 frequencies. 416 of these were in the 824–849 MHz range for transmissions from mobile stations to the base stations, paired with 416 frequencies in the 869–894 MHz range for transmissions from base stations to the mobile stations. Each cell site used a different subset of these channels than its neighbors to avoid interference. This significantly reduced the number of channels available at each site in real-world systems. Each AMPS channel had a one way bandwidth of 30 kHz, for a total of 60 kHz for each duplex channel.

text: Laws were passed in the US which prohibited the FCC type acceptance and sale of any receiver which could tune the frequency ranges occupied by analog AMPS cellular services. Though the service is no longer offered, these laws remain in force.[16][17]

text: Digital AMPS[edit]

text: Later, many AMPS networks were partially converted to D-AMPS, often referred to as TDMA (though TDMA is a generic term that applies to many 2G cellular systems). D-AMPS, commercial deployed since 1993,[18] was a digital, 2G standard used mainly by AT&T Mobility and U.S. Cellular in the United States, Rogers Wireless in Canada, Telcel in Mexico, Telecom Italia Mobile (TIM) in Brazil, VimpelCom in Russia, Movilnet in Venezuela, and Cellcom in Israel. In most areas, D-AMPS is no longer offered and has been replaced by more advanced digital wireless networks.

text: Successor technologies[edit]

text: AMPS and D-AMPS have now been phased out in favor of either CDMA2000 or GSM, which allow for higher capacity data transfers for services such as WAP, Multimedia Messaging System (MMS), and wireless Internet access. There are some phones capable of supporting AMPS, D-AMPS and GSM all in one phone (using the GAIT standard).

text: Analog AMPS being replaced by digital[edit]

text: In 2002, the FCC decided to no longer require A and B carriers to support AMPS service as of February 18, 2008. All AMPS carriers have converted to a digital standard such as CDMA2000 or GSM. Digital technologies such as GSM and CDMA2000 support multiple voice calls on the same channel and offer enhanced features such as two-way text messaging and data services.

text: Unlike in the United States, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) and Industry Canada have not set any requirement for maintaining AMPS service in Canada. Rogers Wireless has dismantled their AMPS (along with IS-136) network; the networks were shut down May 31, 2007. Bell Mobility and Telus Mobility, who operated AMPS networks in Canada, announced that they would observe the same timetable as outlined by the FCC in the United States, and as a result would not begin to dismantle their AMPS networks until after February 2008.[19]

text: OnStar relied heavily on North American AMPS service for its subscribers because, when the system was developed, AMPS offered the most comprehensive wireless coverage in the US. In 2006, ADT asked the FCC to extend the AMPS deadline due to many of their alarm systems still using analog technology to communicate with the control centers.[20] Cellular companies who own an A or B license (such as Verizon and Alltel) were required to provide analog service until February 18, 2008. After that point, however, most cellular companies were eager to shut down AMPS and use the remaining channels for digital services. OnStar transitioned to digital service with the help of data transport technology developed by Airbiquity, but warned customers who could not be upgraded to digital service that their service would permanently expire on January 1, 2008.[21]

text: Companies that used analog AMPS[edit]

text:
Verizon Wireless—Formerly operating an AMPS network, on February 18, 2008, Verizon has discontinued all AMPS service. Now primarily operates on CDMA2000 technology.
Bell Mobility and Telus Mobility operated AMPS networks in Canada, though they have since been overlaid with digital services. Both Bell Mobility and Telus Mobility had announced that they would observe the same shutdown guidelines as in the United States, and decommissioned their AMPS networks in 2008.[19]
Alltel—In 2005 disclosed that only 15% of their total customer base are still using the existing analog network. The company has posted a three phase turn down schedule,[22] which was completed in September 2008. With the acquisition of Western Wireless, Alltel now took the claim of the "largest network in America." The claim was true, oddly enough because of wide analog coverage in rural areas. All Alltel AMPS and D-AMPS service was discontinued in September 2008
Coastel Offshore Cellular—Operated an AMPS network in the Gulf of Mexico that stretched from south of Corpus Christi, TX to south of Gulf Shores, AL. In 2006 Coastel was the only carrier in the US whose entire customer base was still 100% analog based. In 2007 Coastel was merged with Petrocom and SOLA Communications to form Broadpoint Inc. and the network was converted to GSM.[23]
Moviline (Telefónica Servicios Uno since 1971, Moviline since 1994) was the analogue service provider for the Spanish operator. Moviline has operated an ETACS 900 (mHz) network in Spain. Since 31 December 2003, the system has been closed to new users, at that time, it covered 100% of the Spanish population, but now some antennas have been given to GSM operators. The Moviline brand has been completely replaced by Movistar, the digital brand of Telefónica, since 1992. The network was completely converted to GSM and its in all Spanish territory. Movistar have a 3G network with Universal Mobile Telecommunications System(UMTS) technology, and offer services over GSM in places without 3G coverage.[24]
AT&T Mobility - In areas where AT&T Mobility previously had D-AMPS operating on 1900 MHz frequencies, no analog AMPS network existed, and the D-AMPS network on the 1900 MHz frequency was shut down in mid-2007. Service on the remaining 850 MHz AMPS markets was discontinued along with 850 MHz D-AMPS service on February 18, 2008, except in areas where service was provided by Dobson Communications. The Dobson AMPS and TDMA networks were shut down on March 1, 2008.
Telecom New Zealand (now Spark New Zealand) - operated an AMPS/TDMA network in New Zealand from 1987 until 2007 throughout the whole country and the network was renowned for its superb coverage, In 2000 Telecom announced that they would discontinue the AMPS network within 5 years (2005) to give customers an opportunity to transition to the CDMA2000 and later 1XRTT technologies that replaced it. They later extended that deadline until 6PM 31 March 2007. At approximately 7:15 on March 31, 2007 the AMPS/TDMA network ceased to function.
Telstra (formerly Telecom Australia) - operated an AMPS network in Australia from February 1987 until the end of 2000. As part of the introduction of mobile phone competition in Australia, the Australian government mandated GSM as the new standard for mobile networks, and required that Telstra close the AMPS network by 2000. However, GSM base stations could only serve a limited area. While this was OK for Europe, it meant that GSM could not cover large, sparsely populated rural areas of Australia cost effectively. Telstra deployed a CDMA network, which did not suffer this limitation, and while the AMPS network was closed down at the end of 1999 in the major cities, the closure deadline was extended until the end of 2000 in rural areas to ease the transition to CDMA. The CDMA network has since been replaced by an 850 MHz UMTS network, Next G.
SaskTel - operated an AMPS network in Saskatchewan, Canada. It was the third largest AMPS network, by subscribers, in the world at the time of its turndown.[25] It was officially shutdown site by site starting at 00:00 on January 2, 2010 after twenty-one years of service. SaskTel continues to run UMTS networks.
Etisalat (previously known as Celltel / TIGO) - operated a Motorola TAC network in Sri Lanka. It was the largest analog network in Sri Lanka. The site was officially shutdown on October 31, 2006 after 17 years of service. Etisalat - Sri Lanka continues to run GSM and HSPA+(Evolved High-Speed Packet Access) networks.
Pelephone - began offering nationwide AMPS service in Israel in 1986. In the mid-1990s it converted to CDMA (IS-95 and later EV-DO) and in the mid-2000s converted to UMTS.
Singtel (previously known as Telecommunications Equipment) - operated an AMPS network, marketed as a Cellular Mobile Radio System (CMRS), in Singapore from 1988 until 1994. In 1989, Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) became the first rapid transit system in the world to have full mobile phone coverage inside underground stations and tunnels using AMPS technology.[26] Singtel decommissioned its AMPS network in 1994 after GSM was implemented.[27]
Paktel was granted an AMPS licence in early 1990 to operate a cellular telephone network throughout Pakistan. It was the first company granted a free license to carry out cellular phone services in Pakistan. It carried out AMPS services until 2004, after which it switched to GSM.

tag: ul


document_title: List of NBA champions

question_text: who has the most back to back nba championships

text: List of NBA champions

text: Trophies[edit]

text: Walter A. Brown Trophy[edit]

text: The trophy was originally referred to as the NBA Finals trophy,[14] but was renamed in 1964 after Walter A. Brown, the original owner of the Boston Celtics who was instrumental in merging the BAA and the National Basketball League into the NBA in 1949.[15][16]

text: The original trophy was awarded to the BAA/NBA champions from 1947 to 1976. The trophy was kept by the winning team for one year and given to the winning team of the following year's finals, unless the previous team won again, much like the NHL's Stanley Cup, which continues that tradition to this day.

text: A new trophy design was created for the 1977 NBA Finals, although it retained the Walter A. Brown title. Unlike the original championship trophy, the new trophy was given permanently to the winning team and a new one was made every year.

text: The inaugural winners of the trophy were the Philadelphia Warriors, who defeated the Chicago Stags.[17] From 1957 to 1969, the Celtics won the NBA Finals 11 out of 13 times, including eight consecutive wins. The final winners of the trophy were the Philadelphia 76ers, who defeated the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1983 NBA Finals. In 1984, the trophy was renamed the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy.

text: Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy[edit]

text: In 1984, the trophy was renamed to the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy, in honor of Larry O'Brien, who served as NBA commissioner from 1975 to 1984.[18]

text: The current trophy is made out of 14.5 pounds of sterling silver and vermeil with a 24 karat gold overlay and stands 2 feet (0.61 m) tall. It is designed to look like a basketball about to enter a net. The year and team names are engraved on the trophies, which are often prominently displayed in the winning team's arena.[19][20][21]

text: The Boston Celtics were the inaugural winners of the renamed trophy, defeating the Los Angeles Lakers in seven games (4–3) in the 1984 NBA Finals.[22]

text: Champions[edit]

text: Legend

text:
Bold
Winning team of the NBA Finals

Had or tied for the best regular season record for that season

(#)
Playoff seed

tag: table

text: BAA champions[edit]

text:
Year
Western Champions
Result
Eastern Champions
Reference

1947
Chicago Stags
1–4
Philadelphia Warriors
[23]

1948
Baltimore Bullets
4–2
Philadelphia Warriors
[24]

1949
Minneapolis Lakers
4–2
Washington Capitols
[25]

text: NBA champions[edit]

text:
Year
Western Champions
Result
Eastern Champions
Reference

1950
Minneapolis Lakers[a]
4–2
Syracuse Nationals
[26][27]

1951
Rochester Royals (2)
4–3
New York Knicks (3)
[28]

1952
Minneapolis Lakers (2)
4–3
New York Knicks (3)
[29]

1953
Minneapolis Lakers (1)
4–1
New York Knicks (1)
[30]

1954
Minneapolis Lakers (1)
4–3
Syracuse Nationals (1)
[31]

1955
Fort Wayne Pistons (1)
3–4
Syracuse Nationals (1)
[32]

1956
Fort Wayne Pistons (1)
1–4
Philadelphia Warriors (1)
[33]

1957
St. Louis Hawks (1)
3–4
Boston Celtics (1)
[34]

1958
St. Louis Hawks (1)
4–2
Boston Celtics (1)
[35]

1959
Minneapolis Lakers (2)
0–4
Boston Celtics (1)
[36]

1960
St. Louis Hawks (1)
3–4
Boston Celtics (1)
[37]

1961
St. Louis Hawks (1)
1–4
Boston Celtics (1)
[38]

1962
Los Angeles Lakers (1)
3–4
Boston Celtics (1)
[39]

1963
Los Angeles Lakers (1)
2–4
Boston Celtics (1)
[40]

1964[b]
San Francisco Warriors (1)
1–4
Boston Celtics (1)
[41]

1965
Los Angeles Lakers (1)
1–4
Boston Celtics (1)
[42]

1966
Los Angeles Lakers (1)
3–4
Boston Celtics (2)
[43]

1967
San Francisco Warriors (1)
2–4
Philadelphia 76ers (1)
[44]

1968
Los Angeles Lakers (2)
2–4
Boston Celtics (2)
[45]

1969
Los Angeles Lakers (1)
3–4
Boston Celtics (4)
[46]

1970
Los Angeles Lakers (2)
3–4
New York Knicks (1)
[47]

1971
Milwaukee Bucks (1)
4–0
Baltimore Bullets (1)
[48]

1972
Los Angeles Lakers (1)
4–1
New York Knicks (2)
[49]

1973
Los Angeles Lakers (2)
1–4
New York Knicks (2)
[50]

1974
Milwaukee Bucks (1)
3–4
Boston Celtics (1)
[51]

1975
Golden State Warriors (1)
4–0
Washington Bullets (2)
[52]

1976
Phoenix Suns (3)
2–4
Boston Celtics (1)
[53]

1977[c]
Portland Trail Blazers (3)
4–2
Philadelphia 76ers (1)
[54]

1978
Seattle SuperSonics (4)
3–4
Washington Bullets (3)
[55]

1979
Seattle SuperSonics (1)
4–1
Washington Bullets (1)
[56]

1980
Los Angeles Lakers (1)
4–2
Philadelphia 76ers (3)
[57]

1981
Houston Rockets (6)
2–4
Boston Celtics (1)
[58]

1982
Los Angeles Lakers (1)
4–2
Philadelphia 76ers (3)
[59]

1983
Los Angeles Lakers (1)
0–4
Philadelphia 76ers (1)
[60]

1984[d]
Los Angeles Lakers (1)
3–4
Boston Celtics (1)
[22]

1985
Los Angeles Lakers (1)
4–2
Boston Celtics (1)
[61]

1986
Houston Rockets (2)
2–4
Boston Celtics (1)
[62]

1987
Los Angeles Lakers (1)
4–2
Boston Celtics (1)
[63]

1988
Los Angeles Lakers (1)
4–3
Detroit Pistons (2)
[64]

1989
Los Angeles Lakers (1)
0–4
Detroit Pistons (1)
[65]

1990
Portland Trail Blazers (3)
1–4
Detroit Pistons (1)
[66]

1991
Los Angeles Lakers (3)
1–4
Chicago Bulls (1)
[67]

1992
Portland Trail Blazers (1)
2–4
Chicago Bulls (1)
[68]

1993
Phoenix Suns (1)
2–4
Chicago Bulls (2)
[69]

1994
Houston Rockets (2)
4–3
New York Knicks (2)
[70]

1995
Houston Rockets (6)
4–0
Orlando Magic (1)
[71]

1996
Seattle SuperSonics (1)
2–4
Chicago Bulls (1)
[72]

1997
Utah Jazz (1)
2–4
Chicago Bulls (1)
[73]

1998
Utah Jazz (1)
2–4
Chicago Bulls (1)
[74]

1999[e]
San Antonio Spurs (1)
4–1
New York Knicks (8)
[76]

2000
Los Angeles Lakers (1)
4–2
Indiana Pacers (1)
[77]

2001
Los Angeles Lakers (2)
4–1
Philadelphia 76ers (1)
[78]

2002
Los Angeles Lakers (3)
4–0
New Jersey Nets (1)
[79]

2003
San Antonio Spurs (1)
4–2
New Jersey Nets (2)
[80]

2004
Los Angeles Lakers (2)
1–4
Detroit Pistons (3)
[81]

2005
San Antonio Spurs (2)
4–3
Detroit Pistons (2)
[82]

2006
Dallas Mavericks (4)
2–4
Miami Heat (2)
[83]

2007
San Antonio Spurs (3)
4–0
Cleveland Cavaliers (2)
[84]

2008
Los Angeles Lakers (1)
2–4
Boston Celtics (1)
[85]

2009
Los Angeles Lakers (1)
4–1
Orlando Magic (3)
[86]

2010
Los Angeles Lakers (1)
4–3
Boston Celtics (4)
[87]

2011
Dallas Mavericks (3)
4–2
Miami Heat (2)
[88]

2012[f]
Oklahoma City Thunder (2)
1–4
Miami Heat (2)
[91]

2013
San Antonio Spurs (2)
3–4
Miami Heat (1)
[92]

2014
San Antonio Spurs (1)
4–1
Miami Heat (2)
[93]

2015
Golden State Warriors (1)
4–2
Cleveland Cavaliers (2)
[94]

2016
Golden State Warriors (1)
3–4
Cleveland Cavaliers (1)
[95]

2017
Golden State Warriors (1)
4–1
Cleveland Cavaliers (2)

text: Results by teams[edit]

text:
Teams
Win
Loss
Total
Year(s) won
Year(s) lost

Boston Celtics
17
4
21
1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1974, 1976, 1981, 1984, 1986, 2008
1958, 1985, 1987, 2010

Minneapolis/Los Angeles Lakers
16
15
31
1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1972, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2009, 2010
1959, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1973, 1983, 1984, 1989, 1991, 2004, 2008

Chicago Bulls
6
0
6
1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998
—

Philadelphia/San Francisco/Golden State Warriors
5
4
9
1947, 1956, 1975, 2015, 2017
1948, 1964, 1967, 2016

San Antonio Spurs
5
1
6
1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2014
2013

Syracuse Nationals/Philadelphia 76ers
3
6
9
1955, 1967, 1983
1950, 1954, 1977, 1980, 1982, 2001

Fort Wayne/Detroit Pistons
3
4
7
1989, 1990, 2004
1955, 1956, 1988, 2005

Miami Heat
3
2
5
2006, 2012, 2013
2011, 2014

New York Knicks
2
6
8
1970, 1973
1951, 1952, 1953, 1972, 1994, 1999

Houston Rockets
2
2
4
1994, 1995
1981, 1986

St. Louis/Atlanta Hawks
1
3
4
1958
1957, 1960, 1961

Baltimore/Washington Bullets/Washington Wizards
1
3
4
1978
1971, 1975, 1979

Seattle SuperSonics/Oklahoma City Thunder
1
3
4
1979
1978, 1996, 2012

Cleveland Cavaliers
1
3
4
2016
2007, 2015, 2017

Portland Trail Blazers
1
2
3
1977
1990, 1992

Milwaukee Bucks
1
1
2
1971
1974

Dallas Mavericks
1
1
2
2011
2006

Baltimore Bullets (original) (folded in 1954)[g]
1
0
1
1948
—

Rochester/Cincinnati Royals/Kansas City/Sacramento Kings
1
0
1
1951
—

Phoenix Suns
0
2
2
—
1976, 1993

New Orleans/Utah Jazz
0
2
2
—
1997, 1998

New Jersey/Brooklyn Nets
0
2
2
—
2002, 2003

Orlando Magic
0
2
2
—
1995, 2009

Chicago Stags (folded in 1950)
0
1
1
—
1947

Washington Capitols (folded in 1951)
0
1
1
—
1949

Indiana Pacers
0
1
1
—
2000

Buffalo Braves/San Diego/Los Angeles Clippers
—
—
—

Charlotte Bobcats/Hornets
—
—
—

Denver Nuggets
—
—
—

Minnesota Timberwolves
—
—
—

New Orleans Hornets/Pelicans
—
—
—

Toronto Raptors
—
—
—

Vancouver/Memphis Grizzlies
—
—
—

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Due to the NBA's realignment into three divisions, the team with the best regular season record after the Divisional Finals advanced automatically to the NBA Finals while the other two teams faced off in the NBA Semifinals to determine the other finalist. Eastern Division champion Syracuse had the best regular season record among the division champions, causing Central Division (no relation to the current Central Division) champion Minneapolis to face Western Division champion Anderson Packers in the NBA Semifinals.[26]
Jump up ^ The trophy was renamed for Walter A. Brown.
Jump up ^ The trophy was replaced by a new design.[19][20]
Jump up ^ The trophy was renamed for Larry O'Brien.
Jump up ^ Due to a lockout, the season did not start until February 5, 1999, and all 29 teams played a shortened 50-game regular season schedule.[75]
Jump up ^ Due to a lockout, the season did not start until December 25, 2011 and all 30 teams played a shortened 66-game regular season schedule.[89][90]
Jump up ^ Not affiliated with the present-day Washington Wizards who were known as the Baltimore/Capital/Washington Bullets from 1963 to 1997.