document_title: HMS Victory

question_text: how much did hms victory cost to build

question_tokens: how much did hms victory cost to build

text: HMS Victory

text: Construction[edit]

text: In December 1758, Pitt the Elder, in his role as head of the British government, placed an order for the building of 12 ships, including a first-rate ship that would become HMS Victory.[2] During the 18th century, Victory was one of ten first-rate ships to be constructed.[3] The outline plans were based on HMS Royal George which had been launched at Woolwich Dockyard in 1756, and the naval architect chosen to design the ship was Sir Thomas Slade who, at the time, was the Surveyor of the Navy.[4] She was designed to carry at least 100 guns. The commissioner of Chatham Dockyard was instructed to prepare a dry dock for the construction.[5] The keel was laid on 23 July 1759 in the Old Single Dock (since renamed No. 2 Dock and now Victory Dock), and a name, Victory, was chosen in October 1760.[6] In 1759, the Seven Years' War was going well for Britain; land victories had been won at Quebec and Minden and naval battles had been won at Lagos and Quiberon Bay. It was the Annus Mirabilis, or Year of Miracles (or Wonders), and the ship's name may have been chosen to commemorate the victories[7][8] or it may have been chosen simply because out of the seven names shortlisted, Victory was the only one not in use.[9][10] There were some doubts whether this was a suitable name since the previous first-rate Victory had been lost with all on board in 1744.[10]

text: Once the ship's frame had been built, it was normal to cover it up and leave it for several months to allow the wood to dry out or "season". The end of the Seven Years' War meant that Victory remained in this condition for nearly three years, which helped her subsequent longevity.[11][12] Work restarted in autumn 1763 and she was launched on 7 May 1765,[13] having cost £63,176 and 3 shillings,[14] the equivalent of £7.79 million today.[Note 1] Around 6,000 trees were used in her construction, of which 90% were oak and the remainder elm, pine and fir, together with a small quantity of lignum vitae.[15]

text: On the day of the launch, shipwright Hartly Larkin, designated "foreman afloat" for the event, suddenly realised that the ship might not fit though the dockyard gates. Measurements at first light confirmed his fears: the gates were at least  9 1⁄2 inches too narrow. He told the dreadful news to his superior, master shipwright John Allin, who considered abandoning the launch. Larkin asked for the assistance of every available shipwright, and they hewed away enough wood from the gates with their adzes for the ship to pass safely through.[16] Because there was no immediate use for her, she was placed in ordinary and moored in the River Medway for the following 13 years until France joined the American War of Independence.[17]

text: Victory was commissioned (put on active duty) in March 1778 under Captain John Lindsay. He held that position until May 1778, when Admiral Augustus Keppel made her his flagship, and appointed Rear Admiral John Campbell (1st Captain) and Captain Jonathan Faulknor (2nd Captain).[14]

text: Victory was armed with smooth bore, cast iron cannon. Initially she carried thirty 42-pounders (19 kg) on her lower deck, twenty-eight 24-pounders (11 kg) on her middle deck, and thirty 12-pounders (5 kg) on her upper deck, together with twelve 6-pounders on her quarterdeck and forecastle. In May 1778, the 42-pounders were replaced by 32-pounders (15 kg), but the 42-pounders were reinstated in April 1779; eventually, in 1803, the 42-pounders were permanently replaced by 32-pounders. In 1782, all the 6-pounders were replaced by 12-pounders. Later, she also carried two carronade guns, firing 68-lb (31 kg) round shot.[18] In January 1808, Victory was reduced to a 98-gun second rate, but was reclassed as a 104-gun first rate in February 1817.[14]

text: In service[edit]

text: First battle of Ushant[edit]

text: Keppel put to sea from Spithead on 9 July 1778 with a force of around twenty-nine ships of the line and, on 23 July, sighted a French fleet of roughly equal force 100 miles (160 km) west of Ushant.[19][20] The French admiral, Louis Guillouet, comte d'Orvilliers, who had orders to avoid battle, was cut off from Brest, but retained the weather gage. Maneuvering was made difficult by changing winds and driving rain, but eventually a battle became inevitable, with the British more or less in column and the French in some confusion. However, the French managed to pass along the British line with their most advanced ships. At about a quarter to twelve, Victory opened fire on Bretagne of 110 guns, which was being followed by Ville de Paris of 90 guns.[21] The British van escaped with little loss, but Sir Hugh Palliser's rear division suffered considerably. Keppel made the signal to follow the French, but Palliser did not conform and the action was not resumed.[21] Keppel was court martialled and cleared and Palliser criticised by an inquiry before the affair turned into a political argument.[21]

text: Second Battle of Ushant[edit]

text: In March 1780, Victory's hull was sheathed with 3,923 sheets of copper below the waterline to protect it against shipworm.[15] On 2 December 1781, the ship, now commanded by Captain Henry Cromwell and bearing the flag of Rear Admiral Richard Kempenfelt, sailed with eleven other ships of the line, a 50-gun fourth-rate, and five frigates,[22] to intercept a French convoy that had sailed from Brest on 10 December. Not knowing that the convoy was protected by twenty-one ships of the line under the command of Luc Urbain de Bouexic, comte de Guichen, Kempenfelt ordered a chase when they were sighted on 12 December and began the battle.[22] When he noted the French superiority, he contented himself with capturing fifteen sail of the convoy. The French were dispersed in a gale and forced to return home.[22]

text: Siege of Gibraltar[edit]

text: In October 1782, Victory under Admiral Richard Howe was the fleet flagship of a powerful escort flotilla for a convoy of transports which resupplied Gibraltar in the event of a blockade by the French and Spanish navies. No resistance was encountered on entering the straits and the supplies were successfully unloaded. There was a minor engagement at the time of departure, in which Victory did not fire a shot. The British ships were under orders to return home and did so without major incident.[23][24]

text: Battle of Cape St. Vincent[edit]

text: In 1796, Captain Robert Calder (First Captain) and Captain George Grey (Second Captain), commanded Victory under Admiral Sir John Jervis's flag.[14][25] By the end of 1796, the British position in the Mediterranean had become untenable. Jervis had stationed his fleet off Cape St Vincent to prevent the Spanish sailing north, whilst Horatio Nelson was to oversee the evacuation of Elba.[26][27] Once the evacuation had been accomplished, Nelson, in HMS Minerve, sailed for Gibraltar. On learning that the Spanish fleet had passed by some days previous, Nelson left to rendezvous with Jervis on 11 February.[28] The Spanish fleet, which had been blown off course by easterly gales, was that night working its way to Cadiz.[27] The darkness and a dense fog meant Nelson was able to pass through the enemy fleet without being spotted and join Jervis on 13 February.[29] Jervis, whose fleet had been reinforced on 5 February by five ships from Britain under Rear-Admiral William Parker, now had 15 ships of the line.[30] The following morning, having drawn up his fleet into two columns, Jervis impressed upon the officers on Victory's quarterdeck how, "A victory to England is very essential at the moment". Jervis was not aware of the size of the fleet he was facing, but at around 0630 hrs, received word that five Spanish battleships were to the south-east.[25] By 0900 hrs. the first enemy ships were visible from Victory's masthead, and at 1100 hrs, Jervis gave the order to form line of battle.[31] As the Spanish ships became visible to him, Calder reported the numbers to Jervis, but when he reached 27, Jervis replied, "Enough Sir. No more of that. The die is cast and if there are 50 sail, I will go through them".[32] The Spanish were caught by surprise, sailing in two divisions with a gap that Jervis aimed to exploit.[25] The ship's log records how Victory halted the Spanish division, raking ships both ahead and astern, while Jervis' private memoirs recall how Victory's broadside so terrified Principe de Asturias that she "..squared her yards, ran clear out of the battle and did not return".[33] Jervis, realising that the main bulk of the enemy fleet could now cross astern and reunite, ordered his ships to change course, but Sir Charles Thompson, leading the rear division, failed to comply. The following ships were now in a quandary over whether to obey the Admiral's signal or follow their divisional commander. Nelson, who had transferred to HMS Captain, was the first to break off and attack the main fleet as Jervis had wanted and other ships soon followed his example.[34][35] The British fleet not only achieved its main objective, that of preventing the Spanish from joining their French and Dutch allies in the channel, but also captured four ships.[35] The dead and wounded from these four ships alone amounted to 261 and 342 respectively; more than the total number of British casualties of 73 dead and 327 wounded.[36] There was one fatality aboard Victory; a cannonball narrowly missed Jervis and decapitated a nearby sailor.[35]

text: Reconstruction[edit]

text: By late 1797, Victory was stationed at Chatham under the command of Lieutenant J. Rickman. In December, unfit for service as a warship, she was ordered to be converted to a hospital ship to hold wounded French and Spanish prisoners of war.[14][37]

text: However, on 8 October 1799, HMS Impregnable was lost off Chichester, having run aground on her way back to Portsmouth after escorting a convoy to Lisbon.[37] She could not be refloated and so was stripped and dismantled. Now short of a first rate, the Admiralty decided to recondition Victory. Work started in 1800, but as it proceeded, an increasing number of defects were found and the repairs developed into a very extensive reconstruction.[37] The original estimate was £23,500, but the final cost was £70,933.[9] Extra gun ports were added, taking her from 100 guns to 104, and her magazine lined with copper. Her figurehead was replaced along with her masts and the paint scheme changed from red to the black and yellow seen today. Her gun ports were originally yellow to match the hull, but later repainted black, giving a pattern later called the "Nelson chequer", which was adopted by all Royal Navy ships after the Battle of Trafalgar.[38] The work was completed in April 1803, and the ship left for Portsmouth the following month under her new captain, Samuel Sutton.[14][39]

text: Nelson and Trafalgar[edit]

text: Vice-Admiral Nelson hoisted his flag in Victory on 18 May 1803, with Samuel Sutton as his flag captain.[14] The Dispatches and Letters of Vice Admiral Lord Nelson (Volume 5, page 68) record that "Friday 20 May a.m....Nelson...came on board. Saturday 21st (i.e.the afternoon of the 20th) Unmoored ship and weighed. Made sail out of Spithead...when H.M.Ship Amphion joined, and proceeded to sea in company with us - Victory's Log". Victory was under orders to meet up with Cornwallis off Brest, but after 24 hours of searching failed to find him. Nelson, anxious to reach the Mediterranean without delay, decided to transfer to Amphion off Ushant. The Dispatches and Letters (see above) record on page 71 "Tuesday 24 May (i.e. 23 May p.m.) Hove to at 7.40, Out Boats. The Admiral shifted his flag to the Amphion. At 7.50 Lord Nelson came on board the Amphion and hoisted his flag and made sail - Log."

text: On 28 May, Captain Sutton captured the French Ambuscade of 32 guns, bound for Rochefort.[40] Victory rejoined Lord Nelson off Toulon, where on 31 July, Captain Sutton exchanged commands with the captain of Amphion, Thomas Masterman Hardy and Nelson raised his flag in Victory once more.[41]

text: Victory was passing the island of Toro (off Mallorca; 39°27′44″N 2°28′18″E / 39.462307°N 2.471722°E / 39.462307; 2.471722) on 4 April 1805, when HMS Phoebe brought the news that the French fleet under Pierre-Charles Villeneuve had escaped from Toulon. While Nelson made for Sicily to see if the French were heading for Egypt, Villeneuve was entering Cádiz to link up with the Spanish fleet.[42] On 9 May, Nelson received news from HMS Orpheus that Villeneuve had left Cadiz a month earlier. The British fleet completed their stores in Lagos Bay, Portugal and, on 11 May, sailed westward with ten ships and three frigates in pursuit of the combined Franco-Spanish fleet of 17 ships.[43] They arrived in the West Indies to find that the enemy was sailing back to Europe, where Napoleon Bonaparte was waiting for them with his invasion forces at Boulogne.[44]

text: The Franco-Spanish fleet was involved in the indecisive Battle of Cape Finisterre in fog off Ferrol with Admiral Sir Robert Calder's squadron on 22 July, before taking refuge in Vigo and Ferrol.[45] Calder on 14 August and Nelson on 15 August joined Admiral Cornwallis's Channel Fleet off Ushant.[46] Nelson continued on to England in Victory, leaving his Mediterranean fleet with Cornwallis[47] who detached twenty of his thirty-three ships of the line and sent them under Calder to find the combined fleet at Ferrol. On 19 August came the worrying news that the enemy had sailed from there, followed by relief when they arrived in Cádiz two days later. On the evening of Saturday, 28 September, Lord Nelson joined Lord Collingwood's fleet off Cádiz, quietly, so that his presence would not be known.[48]

text: Battle of Trafalgar[edit]

text: After learning he was to be removed from command, Villeneuve put to sea on the morning of 19 October and when the last ship had left port, around noon the following day, he set sail for the Mediterranean.[49] The British frigates, which had been sent to keep track of the enemy fleet throughout the night, were spotted at around 1900 hrs and the order was given to form line of battle.[50] On the morning of 21 October, the main British fleet, which was out of sight and sailing parallel some 10 miles away, turned to intercept.[51] Nelson had already made his plans: to break the enemy line some two or three ships ahead of their commander-in-chief in the centre and achieve victory before the van could come to their aid.[52] At 0600 hrs, Nelson ordered his fleet into two columns. Fitful winds made it a slow business, and for more than six hours, the two columns of British ships slowly approached the French line before Royal Sovereign, leading the lee column, was able to open fire on Fougueux. Around 30 minutes later, Victory broke the line between Bucentaure and Redoutable firing a treble shotted broadside into the stern of the former from a range of a few yards.[53] At a quarter past one, Nelson was shot, the fatal musket ball entering his left shoulder and lodging in his spine.[54] He died at half past four.[55] Such killing had taken place on Victory's quarter deck that Redoutable attempted to board her, but they were thwarted by the arrival of Eliab Harvey in the 98-gun HMS Temeraire, whose broadside devastated the French ship.[56] Nelson's last order was for the fleet to anchor, but this was countermanded by Vice Admiral Cuthbert Collingwood.[57] Victory suffered 57 killed and 102 wounded.[58]

text: After Trafalgar[edit]

text: Final years afloat[edit]

text: Victory had been badly damaged in the battle and was not able to move under her own sail. HMS Neptune therefore towed her to Gibraltar for repairs.[59] Victory then carried Nelson's body to England, where, after lying in state at Greenwich, he was buried in St. Paul's Cathedral on 9 January 1806.[60]

text: Victory bore many admirals' flags after Trafalgar, and sailed on numerous expeditions, including two Baltic campaigns under Admiral Sir James Saumarez.[61] Her active career finally ended on 7 November 1812, when she was moored in Portsmouth Harbour off Gosport and used as a depot ship.[62]

text: It is said that when Thomas Hardy was First Sea Lord, he told his wife on returning home that he had just signed an order for Victory to be broken up. She burst into tears and sent him straight back to his office to rescind the order. Though this story may be apocryphal, the page of the 1831 duty log containing the orders for that day has been torn out.[63] Victory was largely forgotten, except for a brief period during 1833 when the queen in waiting, Princess Victoria, and her mother, the Duchess of Kent, visited the ship.[62]

text: In 1889, Victory was fitted up as a Naval School of Telegraphy. She soon became a proper Signal School, and signal ratings from ships paying off were sent to Victory, instead of the barracks, for a two-month training course. The school remained on Victory until 1904, when training was transferred temporarily to HMS Hercules, and in 1906 the whole school was moved to a permanent establishment at the Royal Naval Barracks, Portsmouth.[64]

text: As the years passed, Victory slowly deteriorated at her moorings. In 1903, HMS Neptune (not the Neptune that towed her to Gibraltar) was being towed to the breakers yard when she broke free and ploughed into Victory, holing her below the waterline. Emergency repairs prevented her sinking, but it was only the personal intervention of Edward VII that stopped the Admiralty from scrapping Victory.[65] Interest in the ship revived in 1905 when, as part of the centenary celebrations of the Battle of Trafalgar, she was decorated with electric lights powered by a submarine moored alongside.[65] In 1910, the Society for Nautical Research was created to try to preserve her for future generations, but the Admiralty was unable to help, having become embroiled in an escalating arms race; thus by the time Frank H. Mason published The Book of British Ships in 1911, Victory's condition was described as "..nothing short of an insult".[66][67] By 1921, she was in a very poor state, and the Save the Victory campaign was started, with shipping magnate Sir James Caird becoming a major contributor.[68]

text: In dry dock[edit]

text: On 12 January 1922, she was moved into No. 2 dock at Portsmouth, the oldest drydock in the world still in use,[69] her condition having deteriorated to the extent that she could no longer safely remain afloat.[68] During the initial restoration period from 1922 to 1929, a considerable amount of structural repair work was carried out above the waterline and mainly above the middle deck. In 1928, King George V was able to unveil a tablet celebrating the completion of the work, although restoration and maintenance still continued under the supervision of the Society for Nautical Research.[68]

text: Restoration was suspended during the Second World War, and in 1941, Victory sustained further damage when a bomb dropped by the Luftwaffe destroyed one of the steel cradles and part of the foremast. On one occasion, German radio propaganda claimed that the ship had been destroyed by a bomb, and the Admiralty had to issue a denial.[70]

text: In the 1950s, a number of preventive measures were instigated, including the removal of bulkheads to increase airflow and the fumigating of the ship against the deathwatch beetle. The following decade saw the replacement of much of the decayed oak with oily hardwoods such as teak and Iroko, which were believed to be more resistant to fungus and pests.[71] The decision to restore Victory to her Battle of Trafalgar configuration was taken in 1920, but the need to undertake these important repairs meant this was not achieved until 2005, in time for the Trafalgar 200 celebrations.[72] Victory's foretopsail was severely damaged during the Battle of Trafalgar, perforated by upwards of 90 cannonballs and other projectiles. It was replaced after the battle, but was preserved and eventually displayed in the Royal Naval Museum.[73]

text: Current status[edit]

text: Listed as part of the National Historic Fleet, HMS Victory has been the flagship of the First Sea Lord since October 2012. Prior to this, she was the flagship of the Second Sea Lord.[74][75] She is the oldest commissioned warship in the world and attracts around 350,000 visitors per year in her role as a museum ship.[76] The current and 101st commanding officer is Lieutenant Commander Brian Smith Royal Navy, who assumed command in May 2015.[77]

text: Current support arrangements[edit]

text: In December 2011, Defence Equipment and Support awarded an initial five-year project management contract to BAE Systems, with an option to extend to ten years. The restoration is worth £16 million over the life of the contract and will include work to the masts and rigging, replacement side planking, and the addition of fire control measures. It is expected to be the most extensive refit since the ship returned from Trafalgar.[78][79]

text: Since this contract was placed, the most significant change has been on 5 March 2012, when ownership of the ship was transferred from the Ministry of Defence to a dedicated HMS Victory Preservation Trust, established as part of the National Museum of the Royal Navy.[80] According to the Royal Navy website, the move was "heralded by the announcement of a £25 million capital grant to support the new Trust by the Gosling Foundation – a donation which has been matched by a further £25 million from the MOD".[81]

text: Admirals who have hoisted their flag on Victory[edit]

text: Over the two centuries since Victory's launch, numerous admirals have hoisted their flag on her:

text:
[show]List of Admirals

Admiral
From
Until

Admiral The Viscount Keppel
16 May 1778
28 October 1778

Admiral Sir Charles Hardy
19 March 1779
14 May 1780

Admiral Sir Francis Geary
24 May 1780
28 August 1780

Rear Admiral Francis William Drake
26 September 1780
29 December 1780

Vice Admiral Sir Hyde Parker
20 March 1781
31 May 1781

Commodore John Elliott
June 1781
August 1781

Rear Admiral Richard Kempenfelt
10 September 1781
11 March 1782

Admiral The Earl Howe
20 April 1782
14 November 1782

Admiral The Earl Howe
July 1790
August 1790

Admiral The Lord Hood
August 1790
August 1791

Rear Admiral Sir Hyde Parker
6 February 1793
May 1793

Admiral The Lord Hood
6 May 1793
15 December 1794

Rear Admiral Robert Mann
8 July 1795
27 September 1795

Vice Admiral Robert Linzee
October 1795
November 1795

Admiral Sir John Jervis
3 December 1795
30 March 1797

Vice Admiral The Viscount Nelson
8 May 1803
21 October 1805

Admiral Sir James Saumarez
18 March 1808
9 December 1808

Admiral Sir Graham Moore
December 1808
23 January 1809

Admiral Sir James Saumarez
8 April 1809
December 1809

Admiral Sir James Saumarez
11 March 1810
3 December 1810

Rear Admiral Sir Joseph Yorke
December 1810
March 1811

Admiral Sir James Saumarez
2 April 1811
25 December 1811

Admiral Sir James Saumarez
14 April 1812
15 October 1812

In Ordinary
18 December 1812
31 January 1824

Commissioner Sir Michael Seymour, 1st Baronet
1824

Paid off
30 April 1827
21 October 1831

became flagship of Port Admiral

Rear Admiral Sir Frederick Lewis Maitland
1832

Rear Admiral Duncombe Pleydell-Bouverie
1837

Rear Admiral Hyde Parker
1842

Rear Admiral W H Shiffeff
1847

Admiral Sir Charles Ogle
20 March 1848
19 December 1848

Admiral Sir Thomas Capel
20 December 1848
19 December 1851

Admiral Sir Thomas Briggs
20 December 1851
19 March 1853

Vice Admiral Sir Thomas Cochrane
20 March 1854
19 March 1856

Vice Admiral Sir George Seymour
20 March 1856
19 March 1859

Admiral Sir William Bowles
20 March 1859
19 March 1860

Vice Admiral Sir Henry Bruce
20 March 1860
19 December 1864

Vice Admiral Sir Michael Seymour
20 December 1864
19 March 1866

Vice Admiral Sir Thomas Pasley
20 March 1866
20 March 1869

Tender to HMS Duke of Wellington
20 December 1869
1 September 1891

Admiral The Earl of Clanwilliam
1 August 1891
17 September 1894

Admiral Sir Nowell Salmon VC
18 September 1894
31 August 1897

Admiral Sir Michael Culme-Seymour
1 September 1897
17 November 1900

Admiral Sir Charles Hotham
18 November 1900
30 September 1903

Admiral Sir John Fisher
1 October 1903
18 March 1904

The Port Admiral's flag moved to HMS Hercules
and on 1 February 1905, to Firequeen

Admiral Sir Archibald Douglas
18 March 1905
1 March 1907

Admiral Sir Day Bosanquet
2 March 1907
17 March 1908

Admiral Sir Arthur Fanshawe
18 March 1908
30 April 1910

Admiral Sir Assheton Curzon-Howe
1 May 1910
17 March 1911

Admiral Sir Arthur Moore
18 March 1911
31 July 1912

Admiral of the Fleet Sir Hedworth Meux
1 August 1912
17 February 1916

Admiral The Hon Sir Stanley Colville
18 February 1916
17 April 1919

Admiral Sir Cecil Burney
18 April 1919
17 June 1920

Admiral Hon Sir Somerset Gough-Calthorpe
18 June 1920
31 May 1923

Admiral Sir Sydney Fremantle
1 June 1923
1 April 1926

Admiral Sir Osmond Brock
18 May 1926
30 April 1929

Admiral of the Fleet Sir Roger Keyes
1 May 1929
17 June 1931

Admiral Sir Arthur Waistell
18 June 1931
17 February 1934

Admiral of the Fleet Sir John Kelly
18 February 1931
31 August 1936

Admiral of the Fleet The Earl of Cork and Orrery
18 August 1937
30 June 1939

Admiral Sir William James
1 July 1939
30 September 1942

Admiral Sir Charles Little
1 October 1942
28 September 1945

Admiral Sir Geoffrey Layton
29 September 1945
29 June 1947

Admiral The Lord Fraser of North Cape
30 June 1947
18 April 1949

Admiral of the Fleet Sir Algernon Willis
19 April 1949
17 October 1950

Admiral of the Fleet Sir Arthur Power
18 October 1950
17 October 1952

Admiral Sir John Edelsten
18 October 1952
17 October 1954

Admiral of the Fleet Sir George Creasy
18 October 1954
17 July 1957

Admiral Sir Guy Grantham
18 July 1957
17 July 1959

Admiral Sir Manley Power
18 July 1959
17 January 1962

Admiral Sir Alexander Bingley
18 January 1962
17 January 1963

Admiral Sir Wilfrid Woods
18 January 1963
9 September 1965

Admiral Sir Varyl Begg
10 September 1965
9 June 1966

Admiral Sir Frank Hopkins
10 June 1966
30 October 1967

Admiral Sir John Frewen
31 October 1967
27 February 1970

Admiral Sir Horace Law
28 February 1970
28 February 1972

Admiral Sir Andrew Lewis
29 February 1972
29 June 1974

Admiral Sir Derek Empson
30 June 1974
30 October 1975

Admiral Sir Terence Lewin
31 October 1975
30 October 1976

Admiral Sir David Williams
31 October 1976
30 October 1978

Admiral Sir Richard Clayton
31 October 1978
30 June 1981

Admiral Sir James Eberle
1 July 1981
31 December 1983

Admiral Sir Desmond Cassidi
1 January 1983
30 October 1984

Admiral Sir Peter Stanford
31 October 1984
30 October 1987

Admiral Sir John "Sandy" Woodward
31 October 1987
30 October 1989

Admiral Sir Jeremy Black
31 October 1989
30 March 1991

Admiral Sir John Kerr
31 March 1991
30 March 1993

Admiral Sir Michael Layard
31 March 1993
30 March 1994

Admiral Sir Michael Boyce
31 March 1994
30 March 1997

Admiral Sir John Brigstocke
31 March 1997
18 January 2000

Vice Admiral Sir Peter Spencer
19 January 2000
28 January 2003

Vice-Admiral Sir James Burnell-Nugent
29 January 2003
25 October 2005

Vice-Admiral Sir Adrian Johns
25 October 2005
15 July 2008

Vice-Admiral Sir Alan Massey
15 July 2008
19 July 2010

Vice-Admiral Sir Charles Montgomery
19 July 2010
9 October 2012

Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope
9 October 2012
9 April 2013

Admiral Sir George Zambellas
9 April 2013
8 April 2016

Admiral Sir Philip Jones
8 April 2016
Present


document_title: The Hateful Eight

question_text: who does channing tatum play in the hateful eight

root

text: The Hateful Eight

text: Plot[edit]

text: Years after the American Civil War, bounty hunter Major Marquis Warren is transporting three dead bounties to the town of Red Rock, Wyoming. He hitches a ride on a stagecoach driven by O.B. Jackson. Aboard is bounty hunter John Ruth, and handcuffed to him is fugitive Daisy Domergue, whom Ruth is escorting to Red Rock to collect her bounty and watch her hang. Ruth and Warren bond over Warren's personal letter from Abraham Lincoln. Former Lost-Causer militiaman Chris Mannix, who is traveling to Red Rock as the town's new sheriff, persuades Ruth and Warren to let him on the stagecoach. Warren and Ruth form an alliance to protect each other's bounties.

tag: p

text: The group seeks refuge from a blizzard at Minnie's Haberdashery, a stagecoach lodge. They are greeted by Bob, a Mexican, who says the owner, Minnie, is away visiting her mother. The other lodgers are Oswaldo Mobray, a hangman; Joe Gage, a quiet cowboy traveling home to visit his mother; and Sanford Smithers, a former Confederate general traveling to put his son to rest. Suspicious, Ruth disarms all but Warren. As the group eats, Mannix surmises that Warren's Lincoln letter is a forgery. Warren admits this, saying the letter buys him leeway with whites, outraging Ruth. Warren leaves a gun next to Smithers and provokes him into reaching for it by telling Smithers he tortured, raped, and killed Smithers' son. When Smithers pulls a gun, Warren shoots him as revenge for Smithers' executions of black soldiers at the Battle of Baton Rouge.

text: While everyone is distracted by the confrontation, someone poisons the brewing coffee. Ruth and Jackson drink it, killing Jackson and seriously injuring Ruth. The dying Ruth attacks Daisy, but she kills him with his own gun. Warren disarms Daisy, leaving her shackled to Ruth's corpse, and holds the others at gunpoint. He is joined by Mannix, whom Warren trusts because he nearly drank the poisoned coffee. Warren executes Bob, deducing that he is an impostor who killed the lodge owners, as Minnie hates Mexicans and would never leave one to care for the lodge. When Warren threatens to execute Daisy, Gage admits that he poisoned the coffee. A man hiding in the cellar shoots Warren in the genitals. Mobray draws a concealed gun and shoots Mannix, who returns fire, wounding Mobray.

text: Hours earlier, Bob, Mobray, Gage, and a fourth man, Daisy's brother Jody, arrive at the lodge. They murder Minnie and five other bystanders, leaving only Smithers. Jody tells Smithers they plan to ambush Ruth to rescue Daisy, and that his gang will spare Smithers if he keeps quiet. The bandits dispose of the bodies, hide the evidence, and conceal guns around the lodge. As Ruth's stagecoach arrives, Jody hides in the cellar.

text: In the present, Mannix and Warren, both seriously wounded, hold Daisy, Gage, and the dying Mobray at gunpoint. They force Jody out of the cellar by threatening to kill Daisy. Jody surrenders and Warren executes him. Daisy claims fifteen of her brother's men are waiting in Red Rock to kill Mannix and ransack the town; if Mannix kills Warren and allows her to escape, the gang will spare him and let him claim the bounties of the deceased except her brother.

text: As Daisy and Mobray taunt Warren, Warren shoots them both, mortally wounding Mobray. Gage draws a hidden revolver, but is shot dead by Mannix and Warren. Warren then tries to shoot Daisy, but he is out of bullets. Mannix calls Daisy's bluff and rejects her offer, but faints from blood loss. Daisy hacks off Ruth's handcuffed arm and frees herself. As she reaches for Gage's gun, Mannix regains consciousness, shooting her. Warren persuades Mannix to hang her from the rafters inside the lodge in honour of Ruth. Afterward, as the two men lie dying, Mannix reads aloud Warren's forged Lincoln letter.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Samuel L. Jackson as Major Marquis Warren
Kurt Russell as John Ruth
Jennifer Jason Leigh as Daisy Domergue
Walton Goggins as Chris Mannix
Demián Bichir as Señor Bob
Tim Roth as Oswaldo Mobray
Michael Madsen as Joe Gage
Bruce Dern as General Sandy Smithers
James Parks as O.B. Jackson
Dana Gourrier as Minnie Mink
Zoë Bell as Six-Horse Judy
Lee Horsley as Ed
Channing Tatum as Jody Domingre
Gene Jones as Sweet Dave

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: In November 2013, writer-director Quentin Tarantino said he was working on a new film, another Western. He stated that it would not be a sequel to Django Unchained,[6] though he later admitted that his first attempt at the story was as a sequel in novel form titled Django in White Hell, but he quickly realized that Django's character did not fit the story.[7] On January 12, 2014, the film's title was announced as The Hateful Eight.[8] The film was inspired by the 1960s Western TV series Bonanza, The Virginian and The High Chaparral. Tarantino said:

text: Twice per season, those shows would have an episode where a bunch of outlaws would take the lead characters hostage. They would come to the Ponderosa and hold everybody hostage, or go to Judge Garth's place—Lee J. Cobb played him—in The Virginian and take hostages. There would be a guest star like David Carradine, Darren McGavin, Claude Akins, Robert Culp, Charles Bronson, or James Coburn. I don't like that storyline in a modern context, but I love it in a Western, where you would pass halfway through the show to find out if they were good or bad guys, and they all had a past that was revealed. I thought, 'What if I did a movie starring nothing but those characters? No heroes, no Michael Landons. Just a bunch of nefarious guys in a room, all telling backstories that may or may not be true. Trap those guys together in a room with a blizzard outside, give them guns, and see what happens.[9]

text: Production would most likely have begun in mid 2014, but after the script leaked online in January 2014, Tarantino considered publishing it as a novel instead.[10] He said he had given the script to a few trusted colleagues, including Bruce Dern, Tim Roth, and Michael Madsen.[11][12] This version of the script featured a different ending in which Warren and Mannix attempt to kill Gage in revenge by forcing him to drink the poisoned coffee, sparking a firefight in which every character is killed.[13] Tarantino described his vision for the character of Daisy Domergue as a "Susan Atkins of the Wild West".[14]

text: On April 19, 2014, Tarantino directed a live reading of the leaked script at the United Artists Theater in the Ace Hotel Los Angeles. The event was organized by the Film Independent at Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) as part of the Live Read series and introduced by Elvis Mitchell.[15] Tarantino explained that they would read the first draft of the script, and he added that he was writing two new drafts with a different ending. The actors who joined Tarantino included Samuel L. Jackson, Kurt Russell, Amber Tamblyn, James Parks, Walton Goggins, Zoë Bell, James Remar, Dana Gourrier, Dern, Roth and Madsen.[16]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On September 23, 2014, it was revealed that Viggo Mortensen was in discussion with Tarantino for a role in the film.[17] On October 9, 2014, Jennifer Jason Leigh was added to the cast to play Daisy Domergue.[18] On November 5, 2014, it was announced that Channing Tatum was eyeing a major role in the film.[19] Later the same day, The Weinstein Company confirmed the cast in a press release, which would include Samuel L. Jackson, Jennifer Jason Leigh, Kurt Russell, Tim Roth, Demián Bichir, Walton Goggins, Michael Madsen, and Bruce Dern. Tatum's casting was also confirmed.[20]

text: Later on January 23, 2015, TWC announced an ensemble cast of supporting members, including James Parks, Dana Gourrier, Zoë Bell, Gene Jones, Keith Jefferson, Lee Horsley, Craig Stark, and Belinda Owino.[21]

text: In the earlier public reading of the first script, the role of Daisy Domergue had been read by Amber Tamblyn, and the role of Bob, a Frenchman rather than a Mexican, was read by Denis Ménochet;[16] at the reading, the role of Jody was read by James Remar. Regarding the cast, Tarantino has said, "This is a movie where [bigger movie stars] wouldn't work. It needs to be an ensemble where nobody is more important than anybody else."[22]

text: Filming[edit]

text: On September 26, 2014, the state of Colorado had signed to fund the film's production with $5 million, and the complete film would be shot in Southwest Colorado.[23] A 900-acre ranch was issued to the production for the filming. There was a meeting on October 16, and the county's planning commission issued a permit for the construction of a temporary set.[23] Principal photography began on December 8, 2014, in Colorado on the Schmid Ranch near Telluride.[24][25][26][27] The film's special make-up effects were created by Greg Nicotero, known for his work on the AMC series The Walking Dead.[28]

text: Antique guitar incident[edit]

text: The guitar destroyed by Russell's character was not a prop but an antique 1870s Martin guitar lent by the Martin Guitar Museum. According to sound producer Mark Ulano, the guitar was supposed to have been switched with a copy to be destroyed, but this was not communicated to Russell; everyone on the set was "pretty freaked out" at the guitar's destruction, and Leigh's reaction was genuine, though "Tarantino was in a corner of the room with a funny curl on his lips, because he got something out of it with the performance."[29] Museum director Dick Boak said that the museum was not told that the script included a scene that called for a guitar being smashed, and determined that it was irreparable. The insurance renumerated the purchase value of the guitar. As a result of the incident, the museum no longer lends guitars to film productions.[30]

text: Cinematography[edit]

text: Cinematographer Robert Richardson, who also worked with Tarantino on Kill Bill, Inglourious Basterds, and Django Unchained, filmed The Hateful Eight on 70 mm film, using Ultra Panavision 70 and Kodak Vision 3 film stocks: 5219, 5207, 5213 and 5203. It is the widest release in 70 mm film since Ron Howard's Far and Away in 1992.[31] The film uses Panavision anamorphic lenses with an aspect ratio of 2.76:1, a very widescreen image that was used on some films in the 1950s and 1960s.[32] The filmmakers also avoided any use of a digital intermediate in the 70mm roadshow release, which was color-timed photochemically by FotoKem, and the dailies were screened in 70mm.[33] The wide digital release and a handful of 35mm prints were struck from a digital intermediate, done by Yvan Lucas at Shed/Santa Monica.

text: Post-production[edit]

text: Tarantino edited two versions of the film, one for the roadshow version and the other for general release. The roadshow version runs for three hours and two minutes, including six minutes of extra footage plus an overture and intermission, and has alternate takes of some scenes. Tarantino created two versions as he felt some of the footage he shot for 70mm would not play well on smaller screens.[34] Classifications from the British Board of Film Classification confirm that the time difference between the Roadshow (187 minutes) and the DCP (167 minutes) releases is 20 minutes.[2][3]

text: Music[edit]

text: Tarantino announced at the 2015 Comic-Con that Ennio Morricone would compose the score for The Hateful Eight; it is the first Western scored by Morricone in 34 years, since Buddy Goes West, and Tarantino's first film to use an original score.[35][36] Tarantino had previously used Morricone's music in Kill Bill, Death Proof, Inglourious Basterds, and Django Unchained, and Morricone also wrote an original song, "Ancora Qui", for the latter.[37] Morricone had previously made statements that he would "never work" with Tarantino after Django Unchained, but ultimately changed his mind and agreed to score The Hateful Eight.[38] According to Variety, Morricone composed the score without even seeing the film.[39]

text: The soundtrack was announced on November 19, 2015, for a December 18 release from Decca Records. Ennio Morricone composed 50 minutes of original music for The Hateful Eight. In addition to Morricone's original score, the soundtrack includes dialogue excerpts from the film, "Apple Blossom" by The White Stripes from their De Stijl album, "Now You're All Alone" by David Hess from The Last House on the Left and "There Won't Be Many Coming Home" by Roy Orbison from The Fastest Guitar Alive.[40]

text: Tarantino confirmed that the film would use three unused tracks from Morricone's original soundtrack for the 1982 John Carpenter film The Thing—"Eternity", "Bestiality" and "Despair"—as Morricone was pressed for time while creating the score.[41] The final film also uses Morricone's "Regan's Theme" from the 1977 John Boorman film Exorcist II: The Heretic.

text: Morricone's score won several awards including a special award from New York Film Critics Circle. The score won a Golden Globe for Best Original Score.[42] It also took the 2015 Academy Award for Best Motion Picture Score, Morricone's first after several career nominations.

text: The acoustic song played by Leigh's character Domergue on a Martin guitar is the traditional Australian folk ballad "Jim Jones at Botany Bay", which dates from the early 19th-century and was first published by Charles McAlister in 1907.[43] The rendition in the film includes lines which were not in MacAlister's version.[44] The film's trailer used Welshly Arms' cover of "Hold On, I'm Coming", although this is not used in the film itself.[45]

text: The soundtrack was released under the Third Man Records label, which is operated by musician Jack White.

text: Release[edit]

text: On September 3, 2014, The Weinstein Company (TWC) acquired the worldwide distribution rights to the film for a fall 2015 release.[46] TWC would sell the film worldwide, but Tarantino asked to personally approve the global distributors for the film.[47] In preparation for its release, Tarantino arranged for approximately 100[48] theaters worldwide to be retrofitted with anamorphic equipped 70 mm film projectors, in order to display the film as he intended.[32][49] The film was released on December 25, 2015, as a roadshow presentation in 70 mm film format theaters.[50] The film was initially scheduled to be released in digital theaters on January 8, 2016.

text: On December 14, The Hollywood Reporter announced that the film would see wide release on December 31, 2015, while still screening the 70 mm version.[51] The release date was moved to December 30, 2015, to meet demand.[52] On July 11, 2015, Tarantino and the cast of the film appeared at Comic-Con to promote the film.[35] In the UK, where the film was distributed by Entertainment Film Distributors, the sole 70mm print in the country opened at the Odeon Leicester Square on January 8 in a roadshow presentation, with the digital general release version opening the same day at other cinemas, except Cineworld, who refused to book the film after failing to reach an agreement to show the 70mm print.[53]

text: On March 15, 2016, The Hateful Eight was released in the United States on Digital HD, and on Blu-ray and DVD on March 29, 2016.[citation needed]

text: Piracy[edit]

text: On December 20, 2015, screener copies of The Hateful Eight and numerous other Oscar contenders, including Carol, The Revenant, Brooklyn, Creed, and Straight Outta Compton, were uploaded to many websites. The FBI linked the case to co-CEO Andrew Kosove of Alcon Entertainment. Kosove responded that he had "never seen this DVD", and that "it never touched his hands."[54]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Hateful Eight grossed $54.1 million in the U.S. and Canada, and $101.6 million in other countries, for worldwide gross of $155.7 million against a budget of around $44 million.[4]

text: The film opened in the US with a limited release on December 25, 2015, and over the weekend grossed $4.9 million from 100 theaters ($46,107 per screen), finishing 10th at the box office.[55] It had its wide release on December 30, grossing $3.5 million on its first day.[56] The film went on to gross $15.7 million in its opening weekend, finishing third at the box office behind Star Wars: The Force Awakens ($90.2 million) and Daddy's Home ($29.2 million).[57]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the film an approval rating of 74% based on 297 reviews, and an average rating of 7.3/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "The Hateful Eight offers another well-aimed round from Quentin Tarantino's signature blend of action, humor, and over-the-top violence—all while demonstrating an even stronger grip on his filmmaking craft."[58] On Metacritic, the film holds a weighted average score of 68 out of 100, based on 51 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[59] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported audiences gave it a 42% "definite recommend".[56]

text: James Berardinelli wrote that The Hateful Eight "is a high-wire thriller, full of masterfully executed twists, captivating dialogue, and a wildly entertaining narrative that gallops along at a pace to make three hours evaporate in an instant. Best film of the year? Yes."[60] Telegraph critic Robbie Collin wrote: "The Hateful Eight is a parlour-room epic, an entire nation in a single room, a film steeped in its own filminess but at the same time vital, riveting and real. Only Tarantino can do this, and he’s done it again."[61] The Guardian critic Peter Bradshaw gave the film five out of five, and wrote that it was "intimate yet somehow weirdly colossal, once again releasing [Tarantino's] own kind of unwholesome crazy-funny-violent nitrous oxide into the cinema auditorium for us all to inhale ... "Thriller" is a generic label which has lost its force. But The Hateful Eight thrills."[62] A.V. Club critic Ignatiy Vishnevetsky gave the film a grade of A- and wrote that "with a script that could easily be a stage play, The Hateful Eight is about as close as this pastiche artist is likely to get to the classical tradition."[63]

text: In contrast, Owen Gleiberman of the BBC said, "I'm not alone in thinking that it's Tarantino's worst film – a sluggish, unimaginative dud, brimming with venom but not much cleverness."[64] Donald Clarke, writing in The Irish Times, wrote, "What a shame the piece is so lacking in character and narrative coherence. What a shame so much of it is so gosh-darn boring."[65] A. O. Scott in The New York Times said, "Some of the film's ugliness...seems dumb and ill-considered, as if Mr. Tarantino's intellectual ambition and his storytelling discipline had failed him at the same time."[66] Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter praised the film's production design, idiosyncratic dialogue, and "lip-smackingly delicious" performances, but felt the film was overlong and that Morricone's score was put to too limited use.[67]

text: Police boycott[edit]

text: In October 2015, Tarantino attended a Black Lives Matter rally and publicly commented on police brutality in the United States, saying, "When I see murders, I do not stand by... I have to call a murder a murder, and I have to call the murderers the murderers." Tarantino's comments received national media attention and several police groups in the United States pledged to boycott The Hateful Eight and his other films. New York City Police Benevolent Association president Patrick J. Lynch said: "With nearly one million law enforcement officers in this country who have families and friends who support them, the impact that police have economically on a product or project is immense. The law enforcement boycott of cop-hater Quentin Tarantino's movie is one demonstration of that economic power."[68] Tarantino responded that he was not a "cop hater" and would not be intimidated by the calls for a boycott.[69][70]

text: Richard Johnson of the New York Post called The Hateful Eight a "box-office disaster, and the police officers who boycotted the movie are taking credit".[68] However, Forbes rebutted this claim in an article titled "No, Police Boycotts Against Quentin Tarantino didn't cause Hateful Eight to Flop", writing that the film, while not as commercially successful as some of Tarantino's other films, was not a "box-office disaster" and cast doubt on claims that a boycott had a strong effect on sales.[71]

text: Race issues[edit]

text: Tarantino told GQ that race issues were part of his creative process and were inescapable, saying: "I wasn’t trying to bend over backwards in any way, shape, or form to make it socially relevant. But once I finished the script, that’s when all the social relevancy started."[72] He told the Telegraph he wrote The Hateful Eight to reflect America's fraught racial history, with the splitting of the cabin into northern and southern sides and a speech about the perils of "frontier justice".[73] A. O. Scott of The New York Times observed that the film rejects the Western genre's tradition of ignoring America's racial history, but felt its handling of race issues was "dumb and ill-considered", and wrote: "Tarantino doesn’t make films that are 'about race' so much as he tries to burrow into the bowels of American racism with his camera and his pen. There is no way to do that and stay clean."[66]

text: Gender issues[edit]

text: Some critics expressed unease at the treatment of the Daisy Domergue character, who is the subject of repeated physical and verbal abuse and finally hanged in a sequence which, according to Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com, "lingers on Daisy's death with near-pornographic fascination".[74][75][76] A.O. Scott felt the film "mutates from an exploration of racial animus into an orgy of elaborately justified misogyny".[66] Laura Bogart regarded the treatment of Daisy as a "betrayal" of the positive female characters in previous Tarantino films such as Kill Bill.[77] Juliette Peers wrote that "compared to the stunning twists and inversions of norms that Tarantino's other works offer when presenting female characters, The Hateful Eight's sexual politics seem bleakly conservative. Daisy is feisty and highly intelligent, yet the plotline is arbitrarily stacked against her."[76]

text: Conversely, Courtney Bissonette of Bust praised Tarantino's history of female characters and wrote of Daisy's treatment: "This is equality, man, and it’s more feminist to think that a criminal is getting treated the same despite her gender. They don't treat her like a fairy princess because she is a woman, they treat her like a killer because she is a killer."[78] Sophie Besl of Bitch Flicks argued that Daisy received no special treatment as a woman, is never sexually objectified, and has agency over her own actions (including killing her captor). She defended the hanging scene as in the filmic tradition of villains "getting what's coming to [them]", and that equivalent scenes with male villains in previous Tarantino films raised no objections.[79] However, Matthew Stogdon felt that as Daisy's crimes are not explained, her status as a criminal deserving execution is not established, breaking the narrative rule of "show, don't tell".[80]

text: Walton Goggins described the lynching as symbolic of a positive step to erase racism: "I see it as very uplifting, as very hopeful, and as a big step in the right direction, as a celebration, as a changing of one heart and one mind."[81] However, Sasha Stone, writing for Awards Daily, felt it was implausible for Daisy to "represent, somehow, all of the evil of the South, all of the racism, all of the injustice. She's a tiny thing. There is no point in the film, or maybe one just barely, when Daisy inflicts any violence upon anyone – and by then it could be argued that she is only desperately trying to defend herself. She is handcuffed to Kurt Russell, needing his permission to speak and eat, and then punched brutally in the face whenever she says anything."[82]

text: Tarantino intended the violence against Daisy to be shocking and wanted the audience's allegiances to shift during the story. He said: "Violence is hanging over every one of those characters like a cloak of night. So I'm not going to go, 'OK, that's the case for seven of the characters, but because one is a woman, I have to treat her differently.' I'm not going to do that."[83] Producer Harvey Weinstein felt the allegations of sexism were "fishing for stupidity".[83]

text: Accolades[edit]


document_title: List of The Neverending Story characters

question_text: what is the wolf's name in neverending story

question_tokens: what is the wolf 's name in neverending story

text: List of The Neverending Story characters

text: Bastian Balthazar Bux[edit]

text:
Bastian Balthazar BuxFirst appearance
The Neverending StoryCreated by
Michael EndePortrayed by
Barret Oliver (1st film)Jonathan Brandis (2nd film)Jason James Richter (3rd film)Christopher BellMark RendallInformationSpecies
HumanGender
Male

tag: table

text: Bastian Balthazar Bux is a shy and bookish boy around 12 years old who is neglected by his father, who is still mourning the sudden death of his wife (she died of an unspecified illness). He is a dreamer, who is shunned by other children due to his immense imagination. During a visit to an antique bookstore, he steals a curious-looking book titled The Neverending Story, and upon reading it he finds himself literally drawn into the story.

text: Halfway through the book, Bastian becomes a character in The Neverending Story, in a world called Fantastica ("Fantasia" in the films, which is closer to the German original "Phantásien"). He is bestowed the magical amulet AURYN, which allows his wishes to be granted. As the story progresses, Bastian slowly loses his memories of the real world as his wishes carry him throughout Fantastica and change him into a completely different person. Deluded by the witch Xayide, Bastian moves to the Ivory Tower and tries to have himself proclaimed Emperor. The ceremony is interrupted by Atreyu, who is nearly killed by Bastian.

text: Eventually, Bastian realizes that he is beginning to lose himself, and starts a desperate last-ditch quest for his one true desire. In the end he forgets even his name, but with the help of Falkor and Atreyu, who promise to finish the stories he started, he manages to return to the human world with the capability of loving, which was his deepest (and thereto unknown) desire, and bringing to his father the Water of Life, curing him of his melancholy. Bastian and Coreander exchange tales of their adventures in Fantastica, and Coreander reveals that a person can return to Fantastica as many times as they can think of new names for the benevolent Childlike Empress, and predicts Bastian will show others the way to Fantastica.

text: He has been portrayed by five different actors:

text:
1984: Barret Oliver in  The NeverEnding Story.
1990: Jonathan Brandis in The NeverEnding Story II: The Next Chapter.(J. Michael Haney, Jr. as Young Bastian)
1994: Jason James Richter in The NeverEnding Story III.
1996: Christopher Bell provided the voice of the character in The Neverending Story animated series.
2001: Mark Rendall in Tales from the Neverending Story

text: Atreyu[edit]

text:
AtreyuFirst appearance
The Neverending StoryCreated by
Michael EndePortrayed by
Noah Hathaway (1st film)Kenny Morrison (2nd film)Dominic Zamprogna (Animated series)Tyler Hynes (TV series)InformationSpecies
Greenskin warriorGender
Male

text: Atreyu (German: Atréju) is the protagonist of the mysterious book that Bastian reads. To the readership, Atreyu is a metafictional character, existing fictionally and within the reality of the book itself. He is described as having green skin and blue hair.

text: He is a young warrior from the Grassy Plains (in German, "The Grassy Sea"). His parents were killed by a Purple Buffalo soon after he was born, and his entire village raised him; wherefore his name means "son of all" in his native language. He is summoned by the Childlike Empress to save the land of Fantasia by finding a cure for her illness, and given AURYN, an amulet that makes whoever wears it the Childlike Empress' herald. During the quest to find a cure, he meets Falkor the luckdragon, who becomes his steed after the death of his horse 'Artax'. Bastian, reading Atreyu's story in the real world, experiences everything Atreyu does; this proves Fantasia's solution and the Empress' cure, in bringing Bastian to Fantastica to give the Empress a new name.

text: Atreyu features largely in the second half of the novel, as Bastian travels Fantasia far and wide as its savior. They quickly become friends, but as Bastian continues to use AURYN, he becomes arrogant and gradually loses his memory. When Bastian has lost even his name, Atreyu and Falkor offer favorable testimony to the powers in AURYN, who allow Bastian's return to the human world. With their friendship restored, Atreyu promises to finish the stories Bastian has begun in Fantastica.

text: In the 1984 film version, the character of Atreyu is played by Noah Hathaway. His skin is not olive green as described in the book; though it was attempted to do this through makeup, it never made it to the final production.[1] As such, his people were called the 'Plains People' instead of Greenskins.

text: The character also makes a return appearance in The NeverEnding Story II: The Next Chapter, played by Kenny Morrison. In the 1995 animated show, Atreyu and his people are, as in the original novel, green-skinned; but this version of Atreyu has a younger sister named Saiya, and his outward appearance has been patterned after Noah Hathaway from the first movie.

text: In the 2001 Hallmark Channel mini-series, Tales from the Neverending Story, he is portrayed by Tyler Hynes and the character's people are called the Woodland People. He is shown to have a romantic relationship with a young aviatrix called "Fly Girl", and to be something of a village innocent.

text: Atreyu in popular culture[edit]

text:
The American metalcore band, Atreyu, took its name from this character from The Neverending Story.
Atreyu and Artax inspired Listener's song "Failing is Not Just for Failures".
In Comedy Central's Workaholics season 5 episode 10 (Trivia Pursuits), Adam and Blake argue over who gets to be Atreyu when deciding on their costumes for an upcoming 1980s trivia contest against three Asian men who are also street racers.

text: Carl Conrad Coreander[edit]

text:
Carl Conrad CoreanderFirst appearance
The Neverending StoryCreated by
Michael EndePortrayed by
Thomas HillJohn Dunn-HillFreddie JonesInformationSpecies
HumanGender
MaleOccupation
Book shop owner

text: Carl Conrad Coreander (Karl Konrad Koreander in German) is a cantankerous bookseller, and the name of his bookstore makes for the first words in the novel, the heading of the prologue being "skooB dlO srednaeroC darnoC lraC", the store name when viewed through the window from the inside outwards. Bastian finds the Neverending Story in his store. While Coreander is distracted by a telephone call, Bastian steals it and takes it to school with him.

text: In the end, the novel makes it clear that Mr. Coreander is one of the few humans who has been to Fantastica and returned. He and Bastian come to a better understanding and share telling the stories of their adventures to one another. Both he and Bastian share the oddity of triple letter initials, an insight into their mutual connection to Fantastica.

text: Coreander is portrayed by Thomas Hill in the first film, and was the only actor who reprised his role in the second film; however, in the third film, he is played by Freddie Jones. In the television series, Tales from the Neverending Story, he functions in a double role as a wizard in Fantasia wherein he is called "the Curiosity".

text: The Childlike Empress[edit]

text:
Childlike EmpressFirst appearance
The Neverending StoryCreated by
Michael EndePortrayed by
Tami StronachAlexandra JohnesJulie CoxAudrey GardinerLisa YamanakaInformationAliases
Moon Child, Golden-Eyed Commander of WishesSpecies
FantasticanGender
FemaleOccupation
Goddess of Fantasy

text: The Childlike Empress (Die Kindliche Kaiserin in German) is the mysterious and benevolent monarch of Fantastica, who resides in the capital called Ivory Tower in the heart of the realm. Although she is nominally the ruler of Fantastica, she rarely interacts with the outside world. Should she die, Fantastica and all Fantasticans would cease to exist.

text: The amulet known as the 'AURYN' is her emblem, and those who wear it are her representatives. As explained by Morla the Aged One, her lifetime is not measured in years or in time ("she is much older than the oldest inhabitants of Fantastica, or rather, she is ageless"), but by names, which only the imagination of a human child can give her. When she begins to need a new name, she begins to fade away, causing the Nothing to appear in Fantastica. She sends Atreyu on the Great Quest, which brings Bastian Balthazar Bux to Fantastica, and Bastian gives her the name of 'Moon Child' (Mondenkind in German), which restores Fantastica and begins the second half of the novel.

text: Her description is that of an indescribably beautiful young girl, appearing no older than ten, yet much older than the oldest Fantasticans. Her hair is snow-white, as is her gown, and her eyes are the color of gold, earning her the title "Golden-Eyed Commander of Wishes" (Goldäugige Gebieterin der Wünsche in German).

text: The role was portrayed by Tami Stronach in Wolfgang Petersen's 1984 adaptation, by Alexandra Johnes in The NeverEnding Story II: The Next Chapter (1990) and by Julie Cox (apparently as an adolescent) in The NeverEnding Story III (1994). In the films, her hair is dark, rather than white, and in the first film, she is dressed like a bride.

text: In the 2001 television series Tales from the Neverending Story, the Empress, again depicted with dark hair, was played by Audrey Gardiner.

text: The Empress was also featured in an cartoon Neverending Story television series (episodes of which were edited into a film), in which she had golden hair and wore a green gown. Her voice was provided by Lisa Yamanaka.

text: Engywook and Urgl[edit]

text:
Engywook and UrglFirst appearance
The Neverending StoryCreated by
Michael EndePortrayed by
Engywook:Sydney Bromley (1st film)Tony Robinson (3rd film)Wayne Robson (cartoon)Urgl:Patricia Hayes (1st film)Moya Brady (3rd film)Barbara Byrne (cartoon)InformationSpecies
Fantasian GnomesOccupation
Engywook: Researcher of the Southern OracleUrgl: Housewife

text: Engywook (Engywuck in German) and his wife Urgl, called in German the "Zweisiedler" (neologism from "Einsiedler" hermit; roughly "doublitarian") are a quarrelsome pair of gnomes who live close to the Southern Oracle. Engywook is a research scientist who has studied the Southern Oracle and her three gates for most of his life, but has never entered any. His wife Urgl often gets in his way while brewing potions in a large cauldron for healing wounded people. Engywook can observe the Riddle Gate, also known as the Sphinxes, from his telescope on a hilltop overlooking the first gate. In the book, Urgl removes poison from Atreyu and Engywook instructs him about the three gates that lead to the Southern Oracle. This scene is portrayed in the 1984 film. Engywook is played by Sydney Bromley and Urgl is played by Patricia Hayes.

text: In the third film of the series, Engywook (played by Tony Robinson) and Urgl (played by Moya Brady) have moved to a forest and still argue continuously. The house is stepped on by Bastian during his return trip to Fantasia, although it is then completely destroyed by the Nasties. The two go with Bastian, Falkor, and Bark Troll to find the Empress for help, but are stranded on Earth and arrive in Alaska, where they mail themselves to the others and return home, their house rebuilt.

text: Falkor the Luckdragon[edit]

text:
Falkor
"Side view Falkor", an original prop used by Bavaria Film StudiosFirst appearance
The Neverending StoryCreated by
Michael EndePortrayed by
Alan Oppenheimer (1st film)Donald Arthur (2nd film)William Hootkins (3rd film)Howard Jerome (cartoon)InformationSpecies
LuckdragonGender
Male

text: Falkor (Fuchur in German) is a companion of Atreyu and Bastian. He is the only luckdragon to appear, although five others are mentioned in passing. He helps Atreyu find a cure for the Empress after escaping the web of Ygramul the Many.

text: The original name "Fuchur" is derived from Japanese "Fukuryuu" (福竜 or 福龍, "lucky dragon").[citation needed] It was changed in the English translation because the pronunciation of the original name is similar to that of the agentive form of an English expletive. Personality wise, Falkor is optimistic, friendly, dignified, helpful and wise, trying to help Bastian remember to "never give up and good luck will find you."

text: Falkor has an elongated body with rudimentary paws and pink scales and hairs that appear white in dull light. His head is described less precisely, though his eyes are given the colour of rubies. In the illustrations of the German novel, he appears much like an oriental dragon or his appearance is of a dog (Goldendoodle); whereas a cover for the book by Dan Craig illustrated Falkor as lion-like; and in the 1984 film adaptation of the novel, as well as its sequels, Falkor has canine features upon a white furred body and is pleased by affectionate scratchings behind his ear. Luckdragons possess neither an immense physical strength, nor great magical talents, though they can exhale fire, which is blue, as when Falkor fights Ygramul. Their only distinctive ability that sets them apart is incredible luck in everything they do, as shown when Falkor locates and rescues his companion after being lost in a violent, blinding storm. When in flight, a luckdragon is in constant motion. Luckdragons never stop drawing air and heat through their scales, which makes eating unnecessary and makes submersion in water deadly to them. Luckdragons are capable of sleeping while flying, and prefer to occupy as much open space as possible.

text: In the first film, Falkor is voiced by Alan Oppenheimer. In the second film, Falkor is voiced by an uncredited Donald Arthur. In the third film, Falkor is performed by Gord Robertson and voiced by William Hootkins.

text: Bavaria Film Studios retains a "side view Falkor" which tourists can climb and ride. The prop is the last remaining version of Falkor from the original film and was used for blue-screen side angle shots.

text: Gmork[edit]

text:
Gmork
Gmork, as he appears in the 1984 motion picture.First appearance
The Neverending StoryCreated by
Michael EndePortrayed by
Alan Oppenheimer (uncredited)Edward Yankie (TV)Don Francks (cartoon)InformationSpecies
Wolf

text: Gmork is one of the main villains of the story. He is the servant of the power behind the Nothing. His appearance in the book is that of a large, wolf-like creature with night-black fur and capable of human speech; but the film gives him blue-black fur and luminous green cat-like eyes, as well as more fangs than an ordinary wolf would have. In Latin Spanish dubbing, Gmork is alternatively (and erroneously) known as "La Nada", "The Nothing".

text: Gmork's primary mission in the Neverending Story is to kill the young warrior Atreyu. He, and other dual-natured creatures like him, are able to travel between worlds, changing into a Fantastican or a human depending upon the world, in appearance only. Atreyu finally meets Gmork in Spook City, where he is chained, and Atreyu employs the name 'Nobody' to hide his identity in shame of his failure to complete his quest. Gmork confesses that he has been hunting a boy sent on a quest by the Childlike Empress to find her a new name, but lost him early on. He then met the Princess of Darkness, Gaya, who upon hearing of his mission to help the Nothing, chained Gmork with an unbreakable chain (reminiscent of Fenrir in Nordic mythology) and leapt into the Nothing, leaving him to starve. Gmork explains to Atreyu the nature of the Nothing, and that a Fantastican who enters it, must become a 'lie' in the human world. Eventually, Gmork reveals the name of the boy he is pursuing, and Atreyu reveals his identity, which causes Gmork to laugh until he finally succumbs to starvation. As Atreyu approaches the dead wolf, the carcass grabs Atreyu in its jaws, which, ironically, prevents Atreyu from succumbing to the overpowering urge exerted by the Nothing to throw himself into it. He is freed from Gmork's grip by Falkor, who escapes with him to the Ivory Tower.

text: In the film, Gmork almost manages to kill Atreyu in the Swamps of Sadness, but Atreyu is saved by Falkor. Their meeting in Spook City occurs in the film as well, where Gmork attacks Atreyu, impaling himself on an improvised stone knife held by the young warrior.

text: Grograman[edit]

text:
GrogramanFirst appearance
The Neverending StoryCreated by
Michael EndePortrayed by
Gary Crawford (cartoon)InformationAliases
The Many Colored DeathSpecies
LionOccupation
Guardian of the Desert of Colors

text: Grograman, known as The Many Colored Death (Graógramán, der Bunte Tod in German), is the guardian of Goab, the Desert of Colors, which exists in a symbiosis with Perilin the Night Forest. He appears in the form of a huge lion, who changes colors to suit the color of sand under his feet and changes all life around him into sand. Grograman turns into an obsidian statue at night to allow the growth of Perilin.

text: Grograman is the first creature Bastian meets upon his arrival in Fantastica (if the Childlike Empress is to be excluded). Bastian is protected from the effect of Grograman's death aura by AURYN and is thus the first living being ever to make friends with him. Grograman is the first one who teaches Bastian something of the nature of Fantastica and he gives Bastian his magic (and seemingly intelligent) sword Sikanda. One night, Bastian is called away. He promises to return, but is ultimately unable to keep his promise (the story states, however, that one day someone would fulfill the promise in Bastian's name).

text: In the animated series, Grograman burns down Perilin to protect Fantastica from being overrun by its roots and branches. He is later captured by Xayide and freed by Bastian.

text: Morla[edit]

text:
MorlaFirst appearance
The Neverending StoryCreated by
Michael EndePortrayed by
Robert Jadah (film)Pam Hyatt (cartoon)InformationAliases
The Ancient OneSpecies
Giant Turtle

text: Morla, known as The Ancient One (Die Uralte Morla in German), is a giant turtle who, because of his size, is mistaken for a mountain. Morla lives in the Swamps of Sadness, which might be either the cause or the result of his melancholy mindset: as the oldest living Fantastican (after the Childlike Empress and the Old Man of Wandering Mountain, who are both ageless), they have grown indifferent to the fate of Fantastica and their own survival. Reluctantly, they inform Atreyu that the Empress needs a new name and they point Atreyu to the Southern Oracle. Morla speaks in the 'royal we' or nosism.

text: In the film, Morla has an allergy to youth (Atreyu) and sneezes violently in his presence. This version also knows nothing about the illness of the Empress, but sends Atreyu directly to the Southern Oracle.

text: The Old Man of Wandering Mountain[edit]

text:
The Old Man of Wandering MountainFirst appearance
The Neverending StoryCreated by
Michael EndePortrayed by
Freddier JonesInformationOccupation
Chronicler

text: The Old Man of Wandering Mountain (Der Alte vom Wandernden Berge in German) is an elderly chronicler whose chronicle contains all events in Fantastica. He lives alone in an egg-shaped home on top of the Wandering Mountain, which can be found only by chance or fate.

text: The Old Man appears in the story when the Childlike Empress is forced to use drastic measures to make Bastian fulfill his part in the story. As she approaches his mountain, the Old Man tries to dissuade her from entering to the point of insulting her. On her request, the Old Man reads from his chronicle (starting with Bastian entering the book shop). As he reads, all events happen again and as they happen again, he writes them down again beginning a vicious circle of eternal repetition which finally drives Bastian into calling out the Empress' new name.

text: The Old Man does not ultimately appear in the first film, and his appearance in the third film differs drastically from the book. He possesses the Great Book which can seemingly write the future on its own accord. He dwells in a hidden crystal cave where he can see outside events using a "magic mirror". He is visited by the Childlike Empress and her guard Big Head, who remain with him until the end of the Nastie Crisis. In this film, he grovels before the Empress and sees it as an honor that the monarch would visit him.

text: Pyornkrachzark[edit]

text:
PyornkrachzarkFirst appearance
The Neverending StoryCreated by
Michael EndePortrayed by
Alan Oppenheimer (1st film, uncredited)Unknown (2nd film)Gary Martin (3rd film)Harvey Atkin (cartoon)InformationAliases
RockbiterSpecies
RockbiterOccupation
Messenger

text: Pyornkrachzark (Pjörnrachzarck) is a Rockbiter (in German Felsenbeißer) riding a stone vehicle. He is a large creature made completely of stone. The Rockbiter species are named due to their diet of rocks and earth-based materials. The Rockbiter seen in the film particularly has a liking for limestone.

text: In the novel, the Rockbiter only appears early in the novel among the messengers sent to see the Childlike Empress at the Ivory Tower during the "Nothing" crisis; whereas in the film he ultimately reappears, encountered by Atreyu. He has lost faith in himself after failing to save his travelling companions from the Nothing, and advises Atreyu to flee. During the end of the film, he and his two traveling companions wave at Bastian as he flies by on Falkor.

text: In the second and third films, Rock Biter's wife appears in the third film and his son appears in the second and third. Rock Biter Junior is the same size as a human, and is rather gluttonous and playful. He is sent to Earth during a wish overload caused by Bastian, Falkor, Bark Troll, Engywook, and Urgl; whereupon he is saved from falling to his death by Falkor and they are reunited with Bastian. Rock Biter and his wife nearly split due to the absence of their son and the further effects of the Nasties, who are in possession of the book and AURYN; but the family are reunited at the end of the film. Rock Biter also sings a rather corrupt version of Born To Be Wild by Steppenwolf.

text: Gluckuk[edit]

text: Gluckuk (Ückück in German) is a tiny man (Winzling) riding a racing snail. He was sent by his race to see the Childlike Empress at the Ivory Tower during the "Nothing" crisis.

text: In the film, he is ultimately called Teeny Weeny and portrayed by Deep Roy.

text: Whooshwoozool[edit]

text: Whooshwoozool (Wúschwusul) is a Nighthob (Nachtalb) who rides on a bat. He was sent by his race to see the Childlike Empress at the Ivory Tower during the "Nothing" crisis.

text: Blubb[edit]

text: Blubb is a will-o'-the-wisp. He was sent by his race to see the Childlike Empress at the Ivory Tower during the "Nothing" crisis.

text: Blubb is ultimately not in the film version.

text: The Southern Oracle[edit]

text:
Southern OracleFirst appearance
The Neverending StoryCreated by
Michael EndePortrayed by
Ellen Ray Hennessy (cartoon)InformationAliases
Uyulala; The Voice of StillOccupation
Oracle

text: The Southern Oracle, also named Uyulala (Uyulála in German), is a mysterious and all-knowing oracle guarded by three magical gates. She is depicted as a disembodied, continuous female voice who speaks in - and can only understand - rhymed speech and otherwise sings ceaselessly to maintain her existence.

text: The ancient, giant turtle Morla tells Atreyu that Uyulala is the only one who knows who can give the Childlike Empress a new name and prevent her from dying; and with the help of Ygramul's poison, Atreyu  transports himself near the oracle instantly. There he learns from the gnome Engywook, that to speak with Uyulala he must pass through the three gates:

text:
The first gate is the Great Riddle Gate, which consists of two Sphinxes who face one another. Those caught between their gaze are frozen on the spot and doomed to remain until they solve every riddle in the world or until they die.
The second gate is the Magic Mirror Gate, which is a large, circular, moon-like mirror, which reflects the absolute truest nature of the observer. This often frightens people into retreat or hysteria; but the observer, to pass this gate, must walk through its reflection.
The third gate is the No-Key Gate, which is a keyless door and physically indestructible, but responsive to a person's will. Only by losing the desire to enter may one get it to open.

text: Once past, Atreyu learns the reason why the Childlike Empress is ill and what he must find in order to restore her health. Uyulala is then quiet and the Southern Oracle with its three gates is silently destroyed by the Nothing. Passing through the first two gates causes Atreyu to first lose all fear (the Great Riddle Gate), and then all memory of himself (the Magic Mirror Gate). This allows him to open the No-Key Gate, whereat Bastian's voice keeps the now empty-minded Atreyu from wandering.

text: The film version of the Southern Oracle shares the generalities; but the first gate judges whether the person attempting to pass through it "feels his own worth"; if the person is doubtful of its ability to pass through safely, the two Sphinxes incinerate the visitor. The second gate is a mirror much like the book's description, located in a snowy wilderness; and there is ultimately no third gate (which, as the third gate would have stood for the precise contrary of "felling one's own worth", somewhat turns the message to the contrary). The Oracle itself is ultimately two blue glowing Sphinxes exactly like the yellow sphinxes at the first gate, and also speaks in prose. As with the book, the Oracle crumbles and dies after revealing the cure for the Childlike Empress' condition.

text: In Tales from the Neverending Story, a hero must pass through the Riddle Gate, which tests his confidence in himself. He must then answer a riddle and pass through a mirror that displays the necessary thing he needs. In the case of Atreyu, he lands in a library owned by the wizard nicknamed "the Curiosity", who teaches him to read. Thereafter he passes through a glass door on which the name Uyulala is inscribed, to find the Oracle much as she is described in the book.

text: In The Neverending Story cartoon series, the Southern Oracle is depicted as two sphinxes facing each other and are voiced by Ellen Ray Hennessy.

text: Xayide[edit]

text:
XayideFirst appearance
The Neverending StoryCreated by
Michael EndePortrayed by
Clarissa Burt (film)Victoria Sanchez (TV series)Janet Laine-Green (cartoon)InformationAliases
Mistress of Horok CastleSpecies
FantasticanGender
FemaleOccupation
Sorceress

text: Xayide (Xayíde in German) is one of the main villains of the story. She is an evil sorceress who appears later in the book after Bastian enters the world of Fantastica. Xayide lives in a castle shaped like a hand, called “Horok, the Seeing Hand”, because its multitude of windows appear like human eyes. Xayide's most striking physical feature are her heterochromatic red and green eyes. She has the ability to control anything empty, and thus she employs as guards empty suits of plate armour.

text: She presents to Bastian a warm and worshipping exterior, in hope to herself replace the Childlike Empress as ruler of Fantastica. Realizing she cannot defeat Bastian by force, she persuades him to invade the Ivory Tower. After losing Bastian, she is crushed to death by her iron minions who resist her waning magic. The book's chapters follow an alphabetical order pattern of the first word; thus her name serves well for the difficult "X" word in Chapter 24, where she meets her demise.

text: Xayide is portrayed by actress and model Clarissa Burt in The NeverEnding Story II: The Next Chapter, which is loosely based upon the second half of the novel. In the adaption, she is the personified avatar of an entity similar to the Nothing, called 'the Emptiness', which is born of the dying imagination of the collective human species. In both media she gives Bastian the belt Ghemmal, which turns its wearer invisible and was intended to spy on Atreyu. She meets her end in the film when Bastian uses his last wish to give her a sense of compassion, whereupon she destroys herself to amend the damage done by her.

text: In the miniseries Tales from the Neverending Story, Xayide is portrayed as the Childlike Empress' sister and the ruler of a 'Dark City'.

text: Ygramul[edit]

text:
YgramulFirst appearance
The Neverending StoryCreated by
Michael EndePortrayed by
Marilyn Lightstone (cartoon)InformationAliases
The ManySpecies
Insect Hive

text: Ygramul, or The Many (Ygramul, die Viele in German), is a creature that lives in the land of Dead Mountains.

text: Ygramul is portrayed as a shapeshifter, who often takes form of a giant spider and builds webs to catch its prey. The creature is actually composed of many little hornet-like insects who share a single hive mind. Ygramul's poison is deadly and kills within one hour, but grants the victim the ability to teleport to any location within the land of Fantastica before succumbing to its effects.

text: In the book, this poison is the means by which Atreyu travels to the home of Engywook and Urgl, near the Southern Oracle. At this point in the story Falkor the luckdragon is introduced; he is caught in Ygramul's web, and also uses the power of Ygramul's poison to follow Atreyu. The lingering effects of the poison are nursed out of the two by Urgl, while Engywook, a scholar of the Southern Oracle, instructs Atreyu on the challenges he is to encounter within the Oracle's demesne.

text: In The Neverending Story cartoon series, Ygramul is shown in her spider form. In "To Save Falkor," Bastian encountered Ygramul in the Dead Mountains while looking for a cure for Falkor's illness.

text: Other characters[edit]

text: Bastian's Dad[edit]

text: Bastian's Dad (portrayed by Gerald McRaney in the first film, John Wesley Shipp in the second film, Kevin McNulty in the third film) is described to have grown distant from his son after the death of his wife, although this changes when he and Bastian are reunited at the end of the book. In the second film, Bastian's father is given the first name Barney Bux and follows Bastian's journey by reading the book and reunited with his son at the conclusion of the film. In the third film, he appears to have no memories of reading the book. He marries a woman named Jane and thus gains a new family, along with a daughter named Nicole who plays a main role in the third film.

text: Bark Troll[edit]

text: Bark Troll is a supporting character and friend of Bastian who appears in The Neverending Story cartoon, and the third film which is based on the characters as they appeared in the animated series. He is loosely based on three characters of a species called bark trolls, that appeared briefly to advise Atreyu about the Nothing.

text: Cairon[edit]

text: Cairon (Caíron in German) is a herald of the Childlike Empress and in-between bearer of AURYN who passed it to Atreyu. In the book, he appears as a black elderly centaur with his lower half with the striped pattern of a zebra. In the first film, he ultimately appears as a humanoid Merman (performed by Moses Gunn). By his name and status of a centaur and physician, Cairon is an allusion to the mythological Greek Chiron.

text: Dame Eyola[edit]

text: Dame Eyola (Dame Aiuóla) is a plant taking the form of a motherly woman who lives in the House of Change, who cares for Bastian.

text: The Four Heroes[edit]

text: The Four Heroes are swordsmen who appear in the second half of the novel, said to be the bravest and strongest warriors in all of Fantastica, who participate in a tournament in the Silver City of Amarganth. One is identified as Hero Hynreck (or Huunreck), who is infatuated with Princess Oglamar; the other three, Hykrion, Hysbald and Hydorn, accompany Bastian on his journey and swear allegiance to him. They are often portrayed as cheerful beings, but when Bastian decides to make himself an emperor, they get drunk and become useless. They survive the battle against Atreyu's rebellion but lose track of Bastian, and go their separate ways to look for him.

text: The Four Heroes ultimately do not appear together in the film or television adaptations of the book. However, Hykrion and Hynreck appeared separately in episodes of the Tales from The Neverending Story television series; "Home Sweet Home" & "The Gift of the Name", and "The Luck Stops Here".

text: Although unconfirmed, there is a scene in the first film which serves as an indirect "reference" to the Four Swordsmen, namely an unnamed knight who (unsuccessfully) tries to pass through the ′′′Sphinx Gate′′′. Michael Ende and Wolfgang Peterson collaborated on the script for the first film, which incorporated new scenes by Ende to help reinforce the essence of the story on screen. Ende claimed that Peterson later secretly rewrote the screenplay, but it is possible that this is one of Ende's additions.

text: Ilwan[edit]

text: Ilwan (Illuán) is a blue genie with a bird's beak in place of his nose and mouth. Ilwan was only featured in the novel where he became one of Bastian's closest servants, but was killed during the battle for the Ivory Tower.

text: Nimbly[edit]

text: Nimbly is a bird-like creature unique to the second film and does not exist as a character in the book. He is Xayide's spy, who encourages Bastian to use up his memories wishing, but later has a change of heart. In the book, there is a species called Nimblies, who are rabbit-like creatures with feathers instead of fur.

text: Querquobad[edit]

text: Querquobad, the Silver Sage (Quérquobad der Silbergreis) is the ruler of the silver ship city of Amarganth, which was built by the Acharis and swims on a lake made by their tears.

text: Shadow Goblin[edit]

text: Shadow Goblin is a character in the animated series who is the master thief of Fantasia. The Shadow Goblin wants nothing more than to become the richest creature in Fantasia.

text: Vermin[edit]

text: 'Vermin is a bat-winged rat who is the Shadow Goblin's henchman. Vermin's job is to spy all over Fantasia for something worth stealing and the Shadow Goblin is the one who steals it. While Shadow Goblin wants to become rich, Vermin mostly thinks about food.

text: Shexper[edit]

text: Shexper/Shakespeare is mentioned in Chapter XVIII (18) when Hykrion, Hysbald, and Hydorn sing a song ("When that I was a little tiny boy, With Hey, Ho, the wind and the rain..."). They mention that that song was sung by one called "Shexper", which is a mispronunciation of the name "Shakespeare", which alludes to the possibility that the real Shakespeare once visited Fantasia the same way Bastian did.

text: Smerg[edit]

text: Smerg is a dragon created by Bastian for Hynreck to slay and prove his worthiness to Princess Oglamar. He had the tail of a scorpion, back legs of a grasshopper, and the wings of a bat. Smerg had the heads of a male and female instead of eyes. He is briefly featured in the second film when Bastian wishes him into existence (as in the novel), but in the film, he was ultimately meant to be a new steed to carry Bastian.

text: Tri-Face[edit]

text: Tri-Face is a three-faced scientist who is Xayide's servant in the second film. Each face represents a part his personality and spin into place depending on his mood. This character is based on a figure from the novel named Four-Quarters Troll (Vier-Vierteltroll) or Temperamentling, who becomes a member of Bastian's entourage.

text: A similar character Threehead is a three-headed knight, and also Xayide's servant in the animated series. Each of Threehead's personalities is represented by a different head, and pop up depending on his mood. The blue-haired head is his happiness and loyalty, the red-haired head is his sadness and fear, while the green-haired head is his anger and pure evil.

text: Yikka[edit]

text: Yikka (Jicha) is a female mule who acts as Bastian's steed during the second half of the novel. She is quite faithful to him, but under Xayide's influence Bastian allows her to leave his side to start a family with an attractive male pegasus.

text: Yor[edit]

text: Yor is the picture miner of Yor's Minroud, a mine from which he excavates dream pictures (which make up the soil of Fantastica), who helps Bastian find his lost dream.

text: Fantasian creatures[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2012)

text: The following are a list of creatures featured in the different media appearances of "The Neverending Story":

text: Acharis (Acharai) - The Acharis are a race of worm-like creatures so ashamed by their own ugliness that they hide underground and constantly cry. Their acidic tears eat away the soil around them, allowing them to mine Fantastican silver (the only element which is impervious to their tears), which they use to construct beautiful buildings. Bastian pities them and transforms them into the Shlamoofs (Schlamuffen): anarchist, clown-faced flying creatures who destroy all of the work they did as Acharis. They pursue Bastian and demand that he becomes their leader, but they are driven off by Atreyu and Falkor — unfortunately too late before their screaming destroys the fragile picture of his father that Bastian previously excavated from Yor's Minroud.

text: Four Winds Giants - Four giants who guard the winds of Fantastica. They constantly fight with each other, which causes the separation of Atreyu and Falkor in the novel. The four of them by name are: Lirr, the black North Wind, Sheerek (compare with sirocco), the sulfur-yellow South Wind, Baureo (compare with Boreas), the leaden-gray East Wind, and Mayestril (compare with mistral), the fiery-red West Wind. Uncharacteristically silenced by the power of the AURYN, it is through the Wind Giants that Atreyu learns that Fantastica has no boundary. In the film, they are ultimately replaced by the Nothing.

text: Greenskins (Grünhäute) - Also known as the Grass People (Grasleute), these are Atreyu's people, a folk of hunters and gatherers with a culture and lifestyle very similar to the North American Plains Indians. As their name implies, their skin is of an olive-green hue, and their hair is blueish-black. Their home is the Grassy Sea, a vast prairie in an undisclosed part of Fantastica bordered by the Silver Mountains range.

text: Iceheads (Eisbolde in German, a merging of the words "ice" and "kobold") - A race of creatures which reside in the Mountains of Fate, where the Childlike Empress encounters the Old Man of Wandering Mountain. They are described as giant humanoids covered in (or made of) ice who move so slowly that a single footstep takes years to complete. As a result, they are fairly isolated even from their own kind and more so from any other living creature in Fantastica.

text: Nighthobs (Nachtalb) - The Nighthobs are a race of nocturnal humanoids that live in the southern regions of Fantastica. They have sharp features, wild hair, and wear drab clothing. Nighthobs are known to employ large bats that they fly much like a hang glider. The most notable of the Nighthobs was Vooshvazool, who was sent on the mission to the Ivory Tower.

text: Rockbiters (Felsenbeißer) - The Rockbiters (or Rockchewers in the book) are large rock creatures that eat rocks and delight in different geological varieties. Rockbiters are often seen riding stone bicycles. Despite their gargantuan size and intimidating appearance, Rockbiters are generally kind and concerned with the well-being of Fantasticans smaller than themselves.

text: Sassafranians (Sassafranier) - A race of human-like people from the novel who are born elderly. Their physical age regresses as they advance in years, and they die when they reach infancy state.

text: Tinys (Winzlinge) - A race of tiny people that ride on racing snails. They are quite sophisticated, but due to their size they live in trees, erecting entire villages whose dwellings are connected by a huge number of ladders, slides and stairways.

text: Unlucky the Rabbit (Unlucky the Rabbit) - Large rabbits that are often victims of Rock Biter's bikes. These are original characters from the third film.

text: Yskálnari - A race of humanoid people living at the edge of a sea of mist, which can be navigated only by boats fashioned from special reeds, which are propelled by willpower (achieved by the Yskálnari through ritual singing). Commonly also called Mist Sailors, their name actually means The Conjoined Ones (Die Gemeinsamen). While Bastian joins them for a while during his quest for the Waters of Life, he discovers that the Yskálnari have no concept of individualism. In the animated series, the Yskálnari are depicted as identical-looking seal-like humanoids manning conventional wooden ships which can navigate the Mist Sea.

text: The following creatures appear in the first film in the Childlike Empress' throne room and are unnamed[2]:

text: Big-Headed Rock Creatures - A race of creatures made of rock that have big heads that are present when Cairon mentions the Childlike Empress' illness.

text: Bird Humans - A race of bird-headed humans that are present when Cairon mentions the Childlike Empress' illness.

text: Elephant-Headed Creature - A humanoid elephant that is present when Cairon mentions the Childlike Empress' illness.

text: Four-Faced People - A race of humans who have four faces. They are present when Cairon mentions the Childlike Empress' illness.

text: Monkey-Headed Creature - A creature with a monkey head that is present when Cairon mentions the Childlike Empress' illness.

text: Palm-Topped Creatures - A race of humanoids with palm tree-like growths on top of their heads that are present when Cairon mentions the Childlike Empress' illness.

text: Three-Headed Creature - A creature that has an unspecified head, a wolf head, and a goat head that is present when Cairon mentions the Childlike Empress' illness.

text: Two-Faced People - A race of humans with two faces that have two noses, two mouths, and three eyes. They are present when Cairon mentions the Childlike Empress' illness.