document_title: The Lego Ninjago Movie

question_text: when does the lego ninjago movie videogame come out

root

text: The Lego Ninjago Movie

text: Plot[edit]

text: Six teenagers living in the far-away land of Ninjago find themselves "hired" and trained by an old ninja master named Wu, to become ninjas who protect the capital city at night from monsters sent by Lord Garmadon, a warlord seeking to conquer Ninjago, while using a variety of vehicles and dragons to aid them. Meanwhile, Lloyd Garmadon, the group's Green Ninja and leader, begins asking his mother questions about his father, and soon finds himself struggling to accept the truth that Lord Garmadon is his father, as a new threat soon emerges to endanger Ninjago.

tag: p

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Dave Franco as Lloyd Garmadon,[6] the Green Ninja, leader of the Secret Ninja Force, Lord Garmadon and Misako's son, and Master Wu's nephew.
Justin Theroux as Lord Garmadon,[1] an evil warlord, the father of Lloyd, the husband of Misako and the brother of Master Wu.
Michael Peña as Kai,[6] the hotheaded, red Ninja of Fire and Nya's brother.
Kumail Nanjiani as Jay,[6] the quiet and cautious, blue Ninja of Lightning.
Abbi Jacobson as Nya,[6] the strong, gray Ninja of Water, Kai's sister, and Jay's crush.
Zach Woods as Zane,[6] the robotic, white Ninja of Ice.
Fred Armisen as Cole,[6] the laid-back, music-loving black Ninja of Earth.
Jackie Chan as Master Wu,[6] the wisecracking leader of the group, Lord Garmadon's brother and Lloyd's uncle.
Olivia Munn as Koko,[1] Lord Garmadon's ex-wife and Lloyd's mother.

tag: ul

text: Development[edit]

text: On September 17, 2013, Warner Bros. announced that it was developing an animated Ninjago film based on the Lego toy line Lego Ninjago. The Hageman brothers, who wrote Lego Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu show and co-wrote the story of The Lego Movie, would write the adaptation.[7] Charlie Bean was announced as director, and The Lego Movie team of Dan Lin, Roy Lee, and Phil Lord and Chris Miller as producers.[7] On June 27, 2016, the film's voice cast was announced, including Dave Franco, Michael Peña, Kumail Nanjiani, Zach Woods, Fred Armisen, Jackie Chan, and Abbi Jacobson.[6] Additional voice cast included Justin Theroux as Lord Garmadon and Olivia Munn as Misako.[1]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Mark Mothersbaugh, who composed the score for The Lego Movie, has been confirmed to score The Lego Ninjago Movie.[2]

text: Release[edit]

text: The Lego Ninjago Movie will be released by Warner Bros. Pictures on September 22, 2017, in 2D, 3D and IMAX 3D.[8] It was originally scheduled for a September 23, 2016 release.[9] A short film, The Master, that promoted the feature film was shown in front of screenings of Storks, which took the September 23, 2016 release date.[10] On February 8, 2017, the first trailer was released featuring the song "Bad Blood" by Taylor Swift. The trailer was shown in front of screenings of The Lego Batman Movie. On July 22, 2017, a second trailer for the film was shown as part of the San Diego Comic-Con and released on Youtube later in the day. Audiences particularly took note of the comedic style and overarching themes of family portrayed in the trailer.[11]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: A video game by TT Fusion based on the film, The Lego Ninjago Movie Video Game, is set to be released on September 22, 2017 for Windows PC, Nintendo Switch, Playstation 4 and Xbox One.[12][13] The game will be similar to previous Lego games, with some new features such as multiplayer and new techniques.[12]


document_title: History of mobile phones

question_text: when were cell phones made available to the public

question_tokens: when were cell phones made available to the public

text: History of mobile phones

text: Predecessors[edit]

text: Before the devices existed that are now referred to as mobile phones or cell phones, there were some precursors. In 1908, a Professor Albert Jahnke and the Oakland Transcontinental Aerial Telephone and Power Company claimed to have developed a wireless telephone. They were accused of fraud and the charge was then dropped, but they do not seem to have proceeded with production.[2] Beginning in 1918, the German railroad system tested wireless telephony on military trains between Berlin and Zossen.[3] In 1924, public trials started with telephone connection on trains between Berlin and Hamburg. In 1925, the company Zugtelephonie AG was founded to supply train telephony equipment and, in 1926, telephone service in trains of the Deutsche Reichsbahn and the German mail service on the route between Hamburg and Berlin was approved and offered to first-class travelers.[4]

text: Fiction anticipated the development of real world mobile telephones. In 1906, the English caricaturist Lewis Baumer published a cartoon in Punch magazine entitled "Forecasts for 1907" in which he showed a man and a woman in London's Hyde Park each separately engaged in gambling and dating on wireless telephony equipment.[5] Then, in 1926, the artist Karl Arnold created a visionary cartoon about the use of mobile phones in the street, in the picture "wireless telephony", published in the German satirical magazine Simplicissimus.[6]

text: The Second World War made military use of radio telephony links. Hand-held radio transceivers have been available since the 1940s. Mobile telephones for automobiles became available from some telephone companies in the 1940s. Early devices were bulky, consumed high power, and the network supported only a few simultaneous conversations. Modern cellular networks allow automatic and pervasive use of mobile phones for voice and data communications.

text: In the United States, engineers from Bell Labs began work on a system to allow mobile users to place and receive telephone calls from automobiles, leading to the inauguration of mobile service on 17 June 1946 in St. Louis, Missouri. Shortly after, AT&T offered Mobile Telephone Service. A wide range of mostly incompatible mobile telephone services offered limited coverage area and only a few available channels in urban areas. The introduction of cellular technology, which allowed re-use of frequencies many times in small adjacent areas covered by relatively low powered transmitters, made widespread adoption of mobile telephones economically feasible.

text: In the USSR, Leonid Kupriyanovich, an engineer from Moscow, in 1957-1961 developed and presented a number of experimental pocket-sized communications radio. The weight of one model, presented in 1961, was only 70 g and could fit on a palm.[7][8] However, in the USSR the decision at first to develop the system of the automobile "Altai" phone was made.[9]

text: In 1965, Bulgarian company "Radioelektronika" presented on the Inforga-65 international exhibition in Moscow the mobile automatic phone combined with a base station. Solutions of this phone were based on a system developed by Leonid Kupriyanovich. One base station, connected to one telephone wire line, could serve up to 15 customers.[10]

text: The advances in mobile telephony can be traced in successive generations from the early "0G" services like MTS and its successor Improved Mobile Telephone Service, to first-generation (1G) analog cellular network, second-generation (2G) digital cellular networks, third-generation (3G) broadband data services to the state-of-the-art, fourth-generation (4G) native-IP networks.

text: Early services[edit]

text: MTS[edit]

text: In 1949, AT&T commercialized Mobile Telephone Service. From its start in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1946, AT&T introduced Mobile Telephone Service to one hundred towns and highway corridors by 1948. Mobile Telephone Service was a rarity with only 5,000 customers placing about 30,000 calls each week. Calls were set up manually by an operator and the user had to depress a button on the handset to talk and release the button to listen. The call subscriber equipment weighed about 80 pounds (36 kg)[11]

text: Subscriber growth and revenue generation were hampered by the constraints of the technology. Because only three radio channels were available, only three customers in any given city could make mobile telephone calls at one time.[12] Mobile Telephone Service was expensive, costing 15 USD per month, plus 0.30 to 0.40 USD per local call, equivalent to about 176 USD per month and 3.50 to 4.75 per call in 2012 USD.[11]

text: In the UK, there was also a vehicle-based system called "Post Office Radiophone Service,"[13] which was launched around the city of Manchester in 1959, and although it required callers to speak to an operator, it was possible to be put through to any subscriber in Great Britain. The service was extended to London in 1965 and other major cities in 1972.

text: IMTS[edit]

text: AT&T introduced the first major improvement to mobile telephony in 1965, giving the improved service the obvious name of Improved Mobile Telephone Service. IMTS used additional radio channels, allowing more simultaneous calls in a given geographic area, introduced customer dialing, eliminating manual call setup by an operator, and reduced the size and weight of the subscriber equipment.[11]

text: Despite the capacity improvement offered by IMTS, demand outstripped capacity. In agreement with state regulatory agencies, AT&T limited the service to just 40,000 customers system wide. In New York City, for example, 2,000 customers shared just 12 radio channels and typically had to wait 30 minutes to place a call.[11]

text: Radio Common Carrier[edit]

text: Radio Common Carrier[14] or RCC was a service introduced in the 1960s by independent telephone companies to compete against AT&T's IMTS. RCC systems used paired UHF 454/459 MHz and VHF 152/158 MHz frequencies near those used by IMTS. RCC based services were provided until the 1980s when cellular AMPS systems made RCC equipment obsolete.

text: Some RCC systems were designed to allow customers of adjacent carriers to use their facilities, but equipment used by RCCs did not allow the equivalent of modern "roaming" because technical standards were not uniform. For example, the phone of an Omaha, Nebraska–based RCC service would not be likely to work in Phoenix, Arizona. Roaming was not encouraged, in part, because there was no centralized industry billing database for RCCs. Signaling formats were not standardized. For example, some systems used two-tone sequential paging to alert a mobile of an incoming call. Other systems used DTMF. Some used Secode 2805, which transmitted an interrupted 2805 Hz tone (similar to IMTS signaling) to alert mobiles of an offered call. Some radio equipment used with RCC systems was half-duplex, push-to-talk LOMO equipment such as Motorola hand-helds or RCA 700-series conventional two-way radios. Other vehicular equipment had telephone handsets and rotary dials or pushbutton pads, and operated full duplex like a conventional wired telephone. A few users had full-duplex briefcase telephones (radically advanced for their day)

text: At the end of RCC's existence, industry associations were working on a technical standard that would have allowed roaming, and some mobile users had multiple decoders to enable operation with more than one of the common signaling formats (600/1500, 2805, and Reach). Manual operation was often a fallback for RCC roamers.

text: Other services[edit]

text: In 1969 Penn Central Railroad equipped commuter trains along the 360 kilometres (220 mi) New York-Washington route with special pay phones that allowed passengers to place telephone calls while the train was moving. The system re-used six frequencies in the 450 MHz band in nine sites.[12]

text: In the UK, Channel Islands and elsewhere the "Rabbit" phone system was briefly used, being a hybrid of "cell" base stations and handsets. One major limitation was that you had to be less than 300 feet (closer with buildings) from a base due to power limitations on a portable device. [15][better source needed] With modern technology a similar variant is being considered for Apple's new 4G "smart watch" so they can be used in large events in a broadly similar way to a femtocell.

text: European mobile radio networks[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: In Europe, several mutually incompatible mobile radio services were developed.

text: In 1966 Norway had a system called OLT which was manually controlled. Finland's ARP, launched in 1971, was also manual as was the Swedish MTD. All were replaced by the automatic NMT, (Nordic Mobile Telephone) system in the early 1980s.

text: In July 1971 Readycall was introduced in London by Burndept after obtaining a special concession to break the Post Office monopoly to allow selective calling to mobiles of calls from the public telephone system. This system was available to the public for a subscription of £16 month. A year later the service was extended to two other UK towns.[16]

text: West Germany had a network called A-Netz launched in 1952 as the country's first public commercial mobile phone network. In 1972 this was displaced by B-Netz which connected calls automatically.

text: The cellular concept[edit]

text: In December 1947, Douglas H. Ring and W. Rae Young, Bell Labs engineers, proposed hexagonal cells for mobile phones in vehicles.[17] At this stage, the technology to implement these ideas did not exist, nor had the frequencies been allocated. Two decades would pass before Richard H. Frenkiel, Joel S. Engel and Philip T. Porter of Bell Labs expanded the early proposals into a much more detailed system plan. It was Porter who first proposed that the cell towers use the now-familiar directional antennas to reduce interference and increase channel reuse (see picture at right)[18] Porter also invented the dial-then-send method used by all cell phones to reduce wasted channel time.

text: In all these early examples, a mobile phone had to stay within the coverage area serviced by one base station throughout the phone call, i.e. there was no continuity of service as the phones moved through several cell areas. The concepts of frequency reuse and handoff, as well as a number of other concepts that formed the basis of modern cell phone technology, were described in the late 1960s, in papers by Frenkiel and Porter. In 1970 Amos E. Joel, Jr., a Bell Labs engineer,[19] invented a "three-sided trunk circuit" to aid in the "call handoff" process from one cell to another. His patent contained an early description of the Bell Labs cellular concept, but as switching systems became faster, such a circuit became unnecessary and was never implemented in a system.

text: A cellular telephone switching plan was described by Fluhr and Nussbaum in 1973,[20] and a cellular telephone data signaling system was described in hipatitas by Hachenburg et al.[21]

text: Emergence of automated services[edit]

text: The first fully automated mobile phone system for vehicles was launched in Sweden in 1956. Named MTA (Mobiltelefonisystem A), it allowed calls to be made and received in the car using a rotary dial. The car phone could also be paged. Calls from the car were direct dial, whereas incoming calls required an operator to locate the nearest base station to the car. It was developed by Sture Laurén and other engineers at Televerket network operator. Ericsson provided the switchboard while Svenska Radioaktiebolaget (SRA) and Marconi provided the telephones and base station equipment. MTA phones consisted of vacuum tubes and relays, and weighed 40 kilograms (88 lb). In 1962, an upgraded version called Mobile System B (MTB) was introduced. This was a push-button telephone, and used transistors and DTMF signaling to improve its operational reliability. In 1971 the MTD version was launched, opening for several different brands of equipment and gaining commercial success.[22][23] The network remained open until 1983 and still had 600 customers when it closed.

text: In 1958 development began on a similar system for motorists in the USSR.[24] The "Altay" national civil mobile phone service was based on Soviet MRT-1327 standard. The main developers of the Altay system were the Voronezh Science Research Institute of Communications (VNIIS) and the State Specialized Project Institute (GSPI). In 1963 the service started in Moscow, and by 1970 was deployed in 30 cities across the USSR. Versions of the Altay system are still in use today as a trunking system in some parts of Russia.

text: In 1959 a private telephone company in Brewster, Kansas, USA, the S&T Telephone Company, (still in business today) with the use of Motorola Radio Telephone equipment and a private tower facility, offered to the public mobile telephone services in that local area of NW Kansas. This system was a direct dial up service through their local switchboard, and was installed in many private vehicles including grain combines, trucks, and automobiles. For some as yet unknown reason, the system, after being placed online and operated for a very brief time period, was shut down. The management of the company was immediately changed, and the fully operable system and related equipment was immediately dismantled in early 1960, not to be seen again.[citation needed]

text: In 1966, Bulgaria presented the pocket mobile automatic phone RAT-0,5 combined with a base station RATZ-10 (RATC-10) on Interorgtechnika-66 international exhibition. One base station, connected to one telephone wire line, could serve up to six customers ("Radio" magazine, 2, 1967; "Novosti dnya" newsreel, 37, 1966).

text: One of the first successful public commercial mobile phone networks was the ARP network in Finland, launched in 1971. Posthumously, ARP is sometimes viewed as a zero generation (0G) cellular network, being slightly above previous proprietary and limited coverage networks.[citation needed]

text: Handheld mobile phone[edit]

text: Prior to 1973, mobile telephony was limited to phones installed in cars and other vehicles.[19] Motorola was the first company to produce a handheld mobile phone. On April 3, 1973, Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive, made the first mobile telephone call from handheld subscriber equipment, placing a call to Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs, his rival.[25][26][27] The prototype handheld phone used by Dr. Cooper weighed 1.1 kilograms (2.4 lb) and measured 23 by 13 by 4.5 centimetres (9.1 by 5.1 by 1.8 in). The prototype offered a talk time of just 30 minutes and took 10 hours to re-charge.[28]

text: John F. Mitchell,[29][30][31] Motorola's chief of portable communication products and Cooper's boss in 1973, played a key role in advancing the development of handheld mobile telephone equipment. Mitchell successfully pushed Motorola to develop wireless communication products that would be small enough to use anywhere and participated in the design of the cellular phone.[32][33]

text: The early generations[edit]

text: Newer technology has been developed and rolled out in a series of waves or generations. The "generation" terminology only became widely used when 3G was launched, but is now used retroactively when referring to the earlier systems.

text: 1G – Analogue cellular[edit]

text: First automatic analogue cellular systems deployed were NTT's system first used in Tokyo in 1979, later spreading to the whole of Japan, and NMT in the Nordic countries in 1981.

text: The first analogue cellular system widely deployed in North America was the Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS).[34] It was commercially introduced in the Americas in 13 October 1983, Israel in 1986, and Australia in 1987. AMPS was a pioneering technology that helped drive mass market usage of cellular technology, but it had several serious issues by modern standards. It was unencrypted and easily vulnerable to eavesdropping via a scanner; it was susceptible to cell phone "cloning" and it used a Frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) scheme and required significant amounts of wireless spectrum to support.

text: On 6 March 1983, the DynaTAC 8000X mobile phone launched on the first US 1G network by Ameritech. It cost $100m to develop, and took over a decade to reach the market.[35] The phone had a talk time of just thirty-five minutes and took ten hours to charge. Consumer demand was strong despite the battery life, weight, and low talk time, and waiting lists were in the thousands.[36][37]

text: Many of the iconic early commercial cell phones such as the Motorola DynaTAC Analog AMPS were eventually superseded by Digital AMPS (D-AMPS) in 1990, and AMPS service was shut down by most North American carriers by 2008.

text: In February 1986 Australia launched its Cellular Telephone System by Telecom Australia. Peter Reedman was the first Telecom Customer to be connected on 6 January 1986 along with five other subscribers as test customers prior to the official launch date of 28 February.

text: 2G – Digital cellular[edit]

text: In the 1990s, the 'second generation' mobile phone systems emerged. Two systems competed for supremacy in the global market: the European developed GSM standard and the U.S. developed CDMA standard. These differed from the previous generation by using digital instead of analog transmission, and also fast out-of-band phone-to-network signaling. The rise in mobile phone usage as a result of 2G was explosive and this era also saw the advent of prepaid mobile phones.

text: In 1991 the first GSM network (Radiolinja) launched in Finland. In general the frequencies used by 2G systems in Europe were higher than those in America, though with some overlap. For example, the 900 MHz frequency range was used for both 1G and 2G systems in Europe, so the 1G systems were rapidly closed down to make space for the 2G systems. In America the IS-54 standard was deployed in the same band as AMPS and displaced some of the existing analog channels.

text: In 1993, IBM Simon was introduced. This was possibly the world's first smartphone. It was a mobile phone, pager, fax machine, and PDA all rolled into one. It included a calendar, address book, clock, calculator, notepad, email, and a touchscreen with a QWERTY keyboard.[38] The IBM Simon had a stylus you used to tap the touch screen with. It featured predictive typing that would guess the next characters as you tapped. It had applications, or at least a way to deliver more features by plugging a PCMCIA 1.8 MB memory card into the phone.[39] Coinciding with the introduction of 2G systems was a trend away from the larger "brick" phones toward tiny 100–200 grams (3.5–7.1 oz) hand-held devices. This change was possible not only through technological improvements such as more advanced batteries and more energy-efficient electronics, but also because of the higher density of cell sites to accommodate increasing usage. The latter meant that the average distance transmission from phone to the base station shortened, leading to increased battery life while on the move.

text: The second generation introduced a new variant of communication called SMS or text messaging. It was initially available only on GSM networks but spread eventually on all digital networks. The first machine-generated SMS message was sent in the UK on 3 December 1992 followed in 1993 by the first person-to-person SMS sent in Finland. The advent of prepaid services in the late 1990s soon made SMS the communication method of choice among the young, a trend which spread across all ages.

text: 2G also introduced the ability to access media content on mobile phones. In 1998 the first downloadable content sold to mobile phones was the ring tone, launched by Finland's Radiolinja (now Elisa). Advertising on the mobile phone first appeared in Finland when a free daily SMS news headline service was launched in 2000, sponsored by advertising.

text: Mobile payments were trialed in 1998 in Finland and Sweden where a mobile phone was used to pay for a Coca-Cola vending machine and car parking. Commercial launches followed in 1999 in Norway. The first commercial payment system to mimic banks and credit cards was launched in the Philippines in 1999 simultaneously by mobile operators Globe and Smart.

text: The first full internet service on mobile phones was introduced by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1999.

text: 3G – Mobile broadband[edit]

text: As the use of 2G phones became more widespread and people began to use mobile phones in their daily lives, it became clear that demand for data (such as access to browse the internet) was growing. Further, experience from fixed broadband services showed there would also be an ever-increasing demand for greater data speeds. The 2G technology was nowhere near up to the job, so the industry began to work on the next generation of technology known as 3G. The main technological difference that distinguishes 3G technology from 2G technology is the use of packet switching rather than circuit switching for data transmission.[40] In addition, the standardization process focused on requirements more than technology (2 Mbit/s maximum data rate indoors, 384 kbit/s outdoors, for example).

text: Inevitably this led to many competing standards with different contenders pushing their own technologies, and the vision of a single unified worldwide standard looked far from reality. The standard 2G CDMA networks became 3G compliant with the adoption of Revision A to EV-DO, which made several additions to the protocol while retaining backwards compatibility:

text:
Introduction of several new forward link data rates that increase the maximum burst rate from 2.45 Mbit/s to 3.1 Mbit/s
Protocols that would decrease connection establishment time
Ability for more than one mobile to share the same time slot
Introduction of QoS flags

text: All these were put in place to allow for low latency, low bit rate communications such as VoIP.[41]

text: The first pre-commercial trial network with 3G was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in the Tokyo region in May 2001. NTT DoCoMo launched the first commercial 3G network on 1 October 2001, using the WCDMA technology. In 2002 the first 3G networks on the rival CDMA2000 1xEV-DO technology were launched by SK Telecom and KTF in South Korea, and Monet in the US. Monet has since gone bankrupt. By the end of 2002, the second WCDMA network was launched in Japan by Vodafone KK (now Softbank). European launches of 3G were in Italy and the UK by Three/Hutchison group, on WCDMA. 2003 saw a further eight commercial launches of 3G, six more on WCDMA and two more on the EV-DO standard.

text: During the development of 3G systems, 2.5G systems such as CDMA2000 1x and GPRS were developed as extensions to existing 2G networks. These provide some of the features of 3G without fulfilling the promised high data rates or full range of multimedia services. CDMA2000-1X delivers theoretical maximum data speeds of up to 307 kbit/s. Just beyond these is the EDGE system which in theory covers the requirements for 3G system, but is so narrowly above these that any practical system would be sure to fall short.

text: The high connection speeds of 3G technology enabled a transformation in the industry: for the first time, media streaming of radio (and even television) content to 3G handsets became possible,[42] with companies such as RealNetworks[43] and Disney[44] among the early pioneers in this type of offering.

text: In the mid-2000s (decade), an evolution of 3G technology began to be implemented, namely High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). It is an enhanced 3G (third generation) mobile telephony communications protocol in the High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family, also coined 3.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G, which allows networks based on Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity. Current HSDPA deployments support down-link speeds of 1.8, 3.6, 7.2 and 14.0 Mbit/s.

text: By the end of 2007, there were 295 million subscribers on 3G networks worldwide, which reflected 9% of the total worldwide subscriber base. About two thirds of these were on the WCDMA standard and one third on the EV-DO standard. The 3G telecoms services generated over $120 billion of revenues during 2007 and at many markets the majority of new phones activated were 3G phones. In Japan and South Korea the market no longer supplies phones of the second generation.

text: Although mobile phones had long had the ability to access data networks such as the Internet, it was not until the widespread availability of good quality 3G coverage in the mid-2000s (decade) that specialized devices appeared to access the mobile web. The first such devices, known as "dongles", plugged directly into a computer through the USB port. Another new class of device appeared subsequently, the so-called "compact wireless router" such as the Novatel MiFi, which makes 3G Internet connectivity available to multiple computers simultaneously over Wi-Fi, rather than just to a single computer via a USB plug-in.

text: Such devices became especially popular for use with laptop computers due to the added portability they bestow. Consequently, some computer manufacturers started to embed the mobile data function directly into the laptop so a dongle or MiFi wasn't needed. Instead, the SIM card could be inserted directly into the device itself to access the mobile data services. Such 3G-capable laptops became commonly known as "netbooks". Other types of data-aware devices followed in the netbook's footsteps. By the beginning of 2010, E-readers, such as the Amazon Kindle and the Nook from Barnes & Noble, had already become available with embedded wireless Internet, and Apple had announced plans for embedded wireless Internet on its iPad tablet devices later that year.

text: 4G – Native IP networks[edit]

text: By 2009, it had become clear that, at some point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth-intensive applications like streaming media.[45] Consequently, the industry began looking to data-optimized 4th-generation technologies, with the promise of speed improvements up to 10-fold over existing 3G technologies. The first two commercially available technologies billed as 4G were the WiMAX standard (offered in the U.S. by Sprint) and the LTE standard, first offered in Scandinavia by TeliaSonera.

text: One of the main ways in which 4G differed technologically from 3G was in its elimination of circuit switching, instead employing an all-IP network. Thus, 4G ushered in a treatment of voice calls just like any other type of streaming audio media, utilizing packet switching over Internet, LAN or WAN networks via VoIP.[46]

text: Mobile device charger standards[edit]

text:
USB power standards for mobile charger

Port
Current
Voltage
Power (max)

Micro-USB
500 mA
5 V
2.5 W

1 A
5 V
5 W

2 A
5 V
10 W

Type-C[47]
100 mA to 3 A
5 V
15 W

1.7 A to 3 A
9 V
27 W

1.8 A to 3 A
15 V
45 W

2.25 A to 5 A
20 V
100 W

text: Before a universal charger standard was agreed upon in the late 2000s users needed an adaptor which was often the same brand as their phone to recharge the battery.

text: In China[edit]

text: As of 14 June 2007[update], all new mobile phones applying for a license in China are required to use a USB port as a power port for battery charging.[48][49] This was the first standard to use the convention of shorting D+ and D−.[50]

text: OMTP/GSMA Universal Charging Solution[edit]

text: In September 2007, the Open Mobile Terminal Platform group (a forum of mobile network operators and manufacturers such as Nokia, Samsung, Motorola, Sony Ericsson, and LG) announced that its members had agreed on Micro-USB as the future common connector for mobile devices.[51][52]

text: The GSM Association (GSMA) followed suit on 17 February 2009,[53][53][54][55][56] and on 22 April 2009, this was further endorsed by the CTIA – The Wireless Association,[57] with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) announcing on 22 October 2009 that it had also embraced the Universal Charging Solution as its "energy-efficient one-charger-fits-all new mobile phone solution," and added: "Based on the Micro-USB interface, UCS chargers will also include a 4-star or higher efficiency rating—up to three times more energy-efficient than an unrated charger."[58]

text: EU smartphone power supply standard[edit]

text: In June 2009, many of the world's largest mobile phone manufacturers signed an EC-sponsored Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), agreeing to make most data-enabled mobile phones marketed in the European Union compatible with a common External Power Supply (common EPS). The EU's common EPS specification (EN 62684:2010) references the USB Battery Charging Specification and is similar to the GSMA/OMTP and Chinese charging solutions.[59][60] In January 2011, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) released its version of the (EU's) common EPS standard as IEC 62684:2011.[61]

text: Satellite mobile[edit]

text: As well as the now-common cellular phone, there is also the very different approach of connecting directly from the handset to an Earth-orbiting satellite. Such mobile phones can be used in remote areas out of reach of wired networks or where construction of a cellular network is uneconomic.

text: The Inmarsat system is the oldest, originally developed in 1979 for safety of life at sea, and uses a series of satellites in geostationary orbits to cover the majority of the globe. Several smaller operators use the same approach with just one or two satellites to provide a regional service. An alternative approach is to use a series of low Earth orbit satellites much closer to Earth. This is the basis of the Iridium and Globalstar satellite phone services.


document_title: List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States

question_text: who is the oldest supreme court justice currently serving

text: Current justices of the Supreme Court[edit]

text: There are currently nine justices serving on the Supreme Court; listed in order of seniority, they are:

text:
John Roberts,
Chief Justice
since September 29, 2005
Age 7004231320000000000♠63[11]

text:
Anthony Kennedy,
Associate Justice
since February 18, 1988
Age 7004298940000000000♠81[12]

Clarence Thomas,
Associate Justice
since October 23, 1991
Age 7004255410000000000♠69[13]

Ruth Bader Ginsburg,
Associate Justice
since August 10, 1993
Age 7004311200000000000♠85[14]

Stephen Breyer,
Associate Justice
since August 3, 1994
Age 7004291410000000000♠79[15]

text:
Samuel Alito,
Associate Justice
since January 31, 2006
Age 7004248940000000000♠68[16]

Sonia Sotomayor,
Associate Justice
since August 8, 2009
Age 7004233480000000000♠63[17]

Elena Kagan,
Associate Justice
since August 7, 2010
Age 7004212140000000000♠58[18]

Neil Gorsuch,
Associate Justice
since April 10, 2017
Age 7004185350000000000♠50[19]

text: All justices of the Supreme Court[edit]

text: Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, 113 persons have served on the Court. William O. Douglas holds the record for longest tenure on the Court – 36 years, 211 days, and Thomas Johnson's 163 day tenure is the shortest. Five individuals were confirmed for associate justice, and later appointed chief justice separately: Charles Evans Hughes,[a] William Rehnquist,[b] John Rutledge,[a] Harlan F. Stone,[b] and Edward Douglass White.[b] While listed twice, each of them has been assigned only one index number. The justices of the Supreme Court are:[20][21]

text:
Justice
State[c]
Position
Replacing
Date confirmed
(Vote)
Tenure
Tenure length[d]
Appointed by

1

John Jay
(1745–1829)
NY
001 !Chief
Justice
New seat
000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789
(Acclamation)
000000001789-10-19-0000October 19, 1789
–
June 29, 1795
(Resigned)
7003207900000000000♠5 years, 253 days
George Washington

2

John Rutledge
(1739–1800)
SC
018 !Associate
Justice
New seat
000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789
(Acclamation)
000000001790-02-15-0000February 15, 1790
–
March 4, 1791
(Resigned)
7002382000000000000♠1 year, 17 days

3

William Cushing
(1732–1810)
MA
019 !Associate
Justice
New seat
000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789
(Acclamation)
000000001790-02-02-0000February 2, 1790
–
September 13, 1810
(Died)
7003752700000000000♠20 years, 223 days

4

James Wilson
(1742–1798)
PA
020 !Associate
Justice
New seat
000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789
(Acclamation)
000000001789-10-05-0000October 5, 1789
–
August 21, 1798
(Died)
7003324200000000000♠8 years, 320 days

5

John Blair
(1732–1800)
VA
021 !Associate
Justice
New seat
000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789
(Acclamation)
000000001790-02-02-0000February 2, 1790
–
October 25, 1795
(Resigned)
7003209100000000000♠5 years, 265 days

6

James Iredell
(1751–1799)
NC
022 !Associate
Justice
New seat
000000001790-02-10-0000February 10, 1790
(Acclamation)
000000001790-05-12-0000May 12, 1790
–
October 20, 1799
(Died)
7003344800000000000♠9 years, 161 days

7

Thomas Johnson
(1732–1819)
MD
023 !Associate
Justice
J. Rutledge
000000001791-11-07-0000November 7, 1791
(Acclamation)
000000001792-08-06-0000August 6, 1792[e]
–
January 16, 1793
(Resigned)
7002163000000000000♠163 days

8

William Paterson
(1745–1806)
NJ
024 !Associate
Justice
T. Johnson
000000001793-03-04-0000March 4, 1793
(Acclamation)
000000001793-03-11-0000March 11, 1793
–
September 8, 1806
(Died)
7003492800000000000♠13 years, 181 days

2

John Rutledge
(1739–1800)
SC
002 !Chief
Justice
Jay
000000001795-12-15-0000December 15, 1795
(10–14)[f]
000000001795-08-12-0000August 12, 1795[e]
–
December 28, 1795
(Resigned, nomination having been rejected)
7002138000000000000♠138 days

9

Samuel Chase[g]
(1741–1811)
MD
025 !Associate
Justice
Blair
000000001796-01-27-0000January 27, 1796
(Acclamation)
000000001796-02-04-0000February 4, 1796
–
June 19, 1811
(Died)
7003561300000000000♠15 years, 135 days

10

Oliver Ellsworth
(1745–1807)
CT
003 !Chief
Justice
J. Rutledge
000000001796-03-04-0000March 4, 1796
(21–1)
000000001796-03-08-0000March 8, 1796
–
December 15, 1800
(Resigned)
7003174200000000000♠4 years, 282 days

11

Bushrod Washington
(1762–1829)
VA
026 !Associate
Justice
Wilson
000000001798-12-20-0000December 20, 1798
(Acclamation)
000000001798-11-09-0000November 9, 1798[e]
–
November 26, 1829
(Died)
7004113390000000000♠31 years, 17 days
John Adams

12

Alfred Moore
(1755–1810)
NC
027 !Associate
Justice
Iredell
000000001799-12-09-0000December 9, 1799
(Acclamation)
000000001800-04-21-0000April 21, 1800
–
January 26, 1804
(Resigned)
7003137500000000000♠3 years, 280 days

13

John Marshall
(1755–1835)
VA
004 !Chief
Justice
Ellsworth
000000001801-01-27-0000January 27, 1801
(Acclamation)
000000001801-02-04-0000February 4, 1801
–
July 6, 1835
(died)
7004125700000000000♠34 years, 152 days

14

William Johnson
(1771–1834)
SC
028 !Associate
Justice
Moore
000000001804-03-24-0000March 24, 1804
(Acclamation)
000000001804-05-07-0000May 7, 1804
–
August 4, 1834
(Died)
7004110460000000000♠30 years, 89 days
Thomas Jefferson

15

Henry Brockholst Livingston
(1757–1823)
NY
029 !Associate
Justice
Paterson
000000001806-12-17-0000December 17, 1806
(Acclamation)
000000001807-01-20-0000January 20, 1807
–
March 18, 1823
(Died)
7003590100000000000♠16 years, 57 days

16

Thomas Todd
(1765–1826)
KY
030 !Associate
Justice
New seat
000000001807-03-02-0000March 2, 1807
(Acclamation)
000000001807-03-03-0000March 3, 1807
–
February 7, 1826
(Died)
7003691600000000000♠18 years, 341 days

17

Gabriel Duvall
(1752–1844)
MD
031 !Associate
Justice
S. Chase
000000001811-11-18-0000November 18, 1811
(Acclamation)
000000001811-11-23-0000November 23, 1811
–
January 12, 1835
(Resigned)
7003845100000000000♠23 years, 50 days
James Madison

18

Joseph Story
(1779–1845)
MA
032 !Associate
Justice
Cushing
000000001811-11-18-0000November 18, 1811
(Acclamation)
000000001812-02-03-0000February 3, 1812
–
September 10, 1845
(Died)
7004122730000000000♠33 years, 219 days

19

Smith Thompson
(1768–1843)
NY
033 !Associate
Justice
Livingston
000000001823-12-09-0000December 9, 1823
(Acclamation)
000000001823-09-01-0000September 1, 1823[e]
–
December 18, 1843
(Died)
7003741300000000000♠20 years, 108 days
James Monroe

20

Robert Trimble
(1776–1828)
KY
034 !Associate
Justice
Todd
000000001826-05-09-0000May 9, 1826
(25–5)
000000001826-06-16-0000June 16, 1826
–
August 25, 1828
(Died)
7002801000000000000♠2 years, 70 days
John Quincy Adams

21

John McLean
(1785–1861)
OH
035 !Associate
Justice
Trimble
000000001829-03-07-0000March 7, 1829
(Acclamation)
000000001830-01-11-0000January 11, 1830
–
April 4, 1861
(Died)
7004114060000000000♠31 years, 83 days
Andrew Jackson

22

Henry Baldwin
(1780–1844)
PA
036 !Associate
Justice
Washington
000000001830-01-06-0000January 6, 1830
(41–2)
000000001830-01-18-0000January 18, 1830
–
April 21, 1844
(Died)
7003520700000000000♠14 years, 94 days

23

James Moore Wayne
(1790–1867)
GA
037 !Associate
Justice
W. Johnson
000000001835-01-09-0000January 9, 1835
(Acclamation)
000000001835-01-14-0000January 14, 1835
–
July 5, 1867
(Died)
7004118600000000000♠32 years, 172 days

24

Roger B. Taney
(1777–1864)
MD
005 !Chief
Justice
J. Marshall
000000001836-03-15-0000March 15, 1836
(29–15)
000000001836-03-28-0000March 28, 1836
–
October 12, 1864
(Died)
7004104250000000000♠28 years, 198 days

25

Philip Pendleton Barbour
(1783–1841)
VA
038 !Associate
Justice
Duvall
000000001836-03-15-0000March 15, 1836
(30–11)
000000001836-05-12-0000May 12, 1836
–
February 25, 1841
(Died)
7003175000000000000♠4 years, 289 days

26

John Catron
(1786–1865)
TN
039 !Associate
Justice
New seat
000000001837-03-08-0000March 8, 1837
(28–15)
000000001837-05-01-0000May 1, 1837
–
May 30, 1865
(Died)
7004102560000000000♠28 years, 29 days

27

John McKinley
(1780–1852)
AL
040 !Associate
Justice
New seat
000000001837-09-25-0000September 25, 1837
(Acclamation)
000000001838-01-09-0000January 9, 1838
–
July 19, 1852
(Died)
7003530500000000000♠14 years, 192 days
Martin Van Buren

28

Peter Vivian Daniel
(1784–1860)
VA
041 !Associate
Justice
Barbour
000000001841-03-02-0000March 2, 1841
(25–5)
000000001842-01-10-0000January 10, 1842
–
May 31, 1860
(Died)
7003671600000000000♠18 years, 142 days

29

Samuel Nelson
(1792–1873)
NY
042 !Associate
Justice
Thompson
000000001845-02-14-0000February 14, 1845
(Acclamation)
000000001845-02-27-0000February 27, 1845
–
November 28, 1872
(Retired)
7004101360000000000♠27 years, 275 days
John Tyler

30

Levi Woodbury
(1789–1851)
NH
043 !Associate
Justice
Story
000000001846-01-31-0000January 31, 1846
(Acclamation)
000000001845-09-23-0000September 23, 1845[e]
–
September 4, 1851
(Died)
7003217200000000000♠5 years, 346 days
James K. Polk

31

Robert Cooper Grier
(1794–1870)
PA
044 !Associate
Justice
Baldwin
000000001846-08-04-0000August 4, 1846
(Acclamation)
000000001846-08-10-0000August 10, 1846
–
January 31, 1870
(Retired)
7003857500000000000♠23 years, 174 days

32

Benjamin Robbins Curtis
(1809–1874)
MA
045 !Associate
Justice
Woodbury
000000001851-12-20-0000December 20, 1851
(Acclamation)
000000001851-10-10-0000October 10, 1851[e]
–
September 30, 1857
(Resigned)
7003218200000000000♠5 years, 355 days
Millard Fillmore

33

John Archibald Campbell
(1811–1889)
AL
046 !Associate
Justice
McKinley
000000001853-03-22-0000March 22, 1853
(Acclamation)
000000001853-04-11-0000April 11, 1853
–
April 30, 1861
(Resigned)
7003294100000000000♠8 years, 19 days
Franklin Pierce

34

Nathan Clifford
(1803–1881)
ME
047 !Associate
Justice
Curtis
000000001858-01-12-0000January 12, 1858
(26–23)
000000001858-01-21-0000January 21, 1858
–
July 25, 1881
(Died)
7003858600000000000♠23 years, 185 days
James Buchanan

35

Noah Haynes Swayne
(1804–1884)
OH
048 !Associate
Justice
McLean
000000001862-01-24-0000January 24, 1862
(38–1)
000000001862-01-27-0000January 27, 1862
–
January 24, 1881
(Retired)
7003693700000000000♠18 years, 363 days
Abraham Lincoln

36

Samuel Freeman Miller
(1816–1890)
IA
049 !Associate
Justice
Daniel
000000001862-07-16-0000July 16, 1862
(Acclamation)
000000001862-07-21-0000July 21, 1862
–
October 13, 1890
(Died)
7004103110000000000♠28 years, 84 days

37

David Davis
(1815–1886)
IL
050 !Associate
Justice
Campbell
000000001862-12-08-0000December 8, 1862
(Acclamation)
000000001862-12-10-0000December 10, 1862[e]
–
March 4, 1877
(Resigned)
7003519800000000000♠14 years, 84 days

38

Stephen Johnson Field
(1816–1899)
CA
051 !Associate
Justice
New seat
000000001863-03-10-0000March 10, 1863
(Acclamation)
000000001863-05-10-0000May 10, 1863
–
December 1, 1897
(Retired)
7004126240000000000♠34 years, 205 days

39

Salmon P. Chase
(1808–1873)
OH
006 !Chief
Justice
Taney
000000001864-12-06-0000December 6, 1864
(Acclamation)
000000001864-12-15-0000December 15, 1864
–
May 7, 1873
(Died)
7003306500000000000♠8 years, 143 days

40

William Strong
(1808–1895)
PA
052 !Associate
Justice
Grier
000000001870-02-18-0000February 18, 1870
(No vote recorded)
000000001870-03-14-0000March 14, 1870
–
December 14, 1880
(Retired)
7003392800000000000♠10 years, 275 days
Ulysses S. Grant

41

Joseph Philo Bradley
(1813–1892)
NJ
053 !Associate
Justice
New seat
000000001870-03-21-0000March 21, 1870
(46–9)
000000001870-03-23-0000March 23, 1870
–
January 22, 1892
(Died)
7003797500000000000♠21 years, 305 days

42

Ward Hunt
(1810–1886)
NY
054 !Associate
Justice
Nelson
000000001872-12-11-0000December 11, 1872
(Acclamation)
000000001873-01-09-0000January 9, 1873
–
January 27, 1882
(Retired)
7003330500000000000♠9 years, 18 days

43

Morrison Waite
(1816–1888)
OH
007 !Chief
Justice
S. P. Chase
000000001874-01-21-0000January 21, 1874
(63–0)
000000001874-03-04-0000March 4, 1874
–
March 23, 1888
(Died)
7003513300000000000♠14 years, 19 days

44

John Marshall Harlan
(1833–1911)
KY
055 !Associate
Justice
Davis
000000001877-11-29-0000November 29, 1877
(Acclamation)
000000001877-12-10-0000December 10, 1877
–
October 14, 1911
(Died)
7004123600000000000♠33 years, 308 days
Rutherford B. Hayes

45

William Burnham Woods
(1824–1887)
GA
056 !Associate
Justice
Strong
000000001880-12-21-0000December 21, 1880
(39–8)
000000001881-01-05-0000January 5, 1881
–
May 14, 1887
(Died)
7003232000000000000♠6 years, 129 days

46

Stanley Matthews
(1824–1889)
OH
057 !Associate
Justice
Swayne
000000001881-05-12-0000May 12, 1881
(24–23)
000000001881-05-17-0000May 17, 1881
–
March 22, 1889
(Died)
7003286600000000000♠7 years, 309 days
James Garfield

47

Horace Gray
(1828–1902)
MA
058 !Associate
Justice
Clifford
000000001881-12-20-0000December 20, 1881
(51–5)
000000001882-01-09-0000January 9, 1882
–
September 15, 1902
(Died)
7003755300000000000♠20 years, 249 days
Chester A. Arthur

48

Samuel Blatchford
(1820–1893)
NY
059 !Associate
Justice
Hunt
000000001882-03-22-0000March 22, 1882
(Acclamation)
000000001882-04-03-0000April 3, 1882
–
July 7, 1893
(Died)
7003411300000000000♠11 years, 95 days

49

Lucius Quintus
Cincinnatus Lamar II
(1825–1893)
MS
060 !Associate
Justice
Woods
000000001888-01-16-0000January 16, 1888
(32–28)
000000001888-01-18-0000January 18, 1888
–
January 23, 1893
(Died)
7003183200000000000♠5 years, 5 days
Grover Cleveland

50

Melville Fuller
(1833–1910)
IL
008 !Chief
Justice
Waite
000000001888-07-20-0000July 20, 1888
(41–20)
000000001888-10-08-0000October 8, 1888
–
July 4, 1910
(Died)
7003793800000000000♠21 years, 269 days

51

David Josiah Brewer
(1837–1910)
KS
061 !Associate
Justice
Matthews
000000001889-12-18-0000December 18, 1889
(53–11)
000000001890-01-06-0000January 6, 1890
–
March 28, 1910
(Died)
7003738500000000000♠20 years, 81 days
Benjamin Harrison

52

Henry Billings Brown
(1836–1913)
MI
062 !Associate
Justice
Miller
000000001890-12-29-0000December 29, 1890
(Acclamation)
000000001891-01-05-0000January 5, 1891
–
May 28, 1906
(Retired)
7003598600000000000♠16 years, 143 days

53

George Shiras, Jr.
(1832–1924)
PA
063 !Associate
Justice
Bradley
000000001892-07-26-0000July 26, 1892
(Acclamation)
000000001892-10-10-0000October 10, 1892
–
February 23, 1903
(Retired)
7003378700000000000♠10 years, 136 days

54

Howell Edmunds Jackson
(1832–1895)
TN
064 !Associate
Justice
L. Lamar
000000001893-02-18-0000February 18, 1893
(Acclamation)
000000001893-03-04-0000March 4, 1893
–
August 8, 1895
(Died)
7002887000000000000♠2 years, 157 days

55

Edward Douglass White
(1845–1921)
LA
065 !Associate
Justice
Blatchford
000000001894-02-19-0000February 19, 1894
(Acclamation)
000000001894-03-12-0000March 12, 1894
–
December 18, 1910
(Continued as chief justice)
7003612400000000000♠16 years, 281 days
Grover Cleveland

56

Rufus Wheeler Peckham
(1838–1909)
NY
066 !Associate
Justice
H. Jackson
000000001895-12-09-0000December 9, 1895
(Acclamation)
000000001896-01-06-0000January 6, 1896
–
October 24, 1909
(Died)
7003503900000000000♠13 years, 291 days

57

Joseph McKenna
(1843–1926)
CA
067 !Associate
Justice[h]
Field
000000001898-01-21-0000January 21, 1898
(Acclamation)
000000001898-01-26-0000January 26, 1898
–
January 5, 1925
(Retired)
7003984000000000000♠26 years, 345 days
William McKinley

58

Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.
(1841–1935)
MA
068 !Associate
Justice[i]
Gray
000000001902-12-04-0000December 4, 1902
(Acclamation)
000000001902-12-08-0000December 8, 1902
–
January 12, 1932
(Retired)
7004106270000000000♠29 years, 35 days
Theodore Roosevelt

59

William R. Day
(1849–1923)
OH
069 !Associate
Justice
Shiras
000000001903-02-23-0000February 23, 1903
(Acclamation)
000000001903-03-02-0000March 2, 1903
–
November 13, 1922
(Retired)
7003719600000000000♠19 years, 256 days

60

William Henry Moody
(1853–1917)
MA
070 !Associate
Justice
Brown
000000001906-12-12-0000December 12, 1906
(Acclamation)
000000001906-12-17-0000December 17, 1906
–
November 20, 1910
(Retired)
7003143400000000000♠3 years, 338 days

61

Horace Harmon Lurton
(1844–1914)
TN
071 !Associate
Justice
Peckham
000000001909-12-20-0000December 20, 1909
(Acclamation)
000000001910-01-03-0000January 3, 1910
–
July 12, 1914
(Died)
7003166500000000000♠4 years, 204 days
William Howard Taft

62

Charles Evans Hughes
(1862–1948)
NY
072 !Associate
Justice
Brewer
000000001910-05-02-0000May 2, 1910
(Acclamation)
000000001910-10-10-0000October 10, 1910
–
June 10, 1916
(Resigned)
7003207000000000000♠5 years, 244 days

55

Edward Douglass White
(1845–1921)
LA
009 !Chief
Justice
Fuller
000000001910-12-12-0000December 12, 1910
(Acclamation)
000000001910-12-19-0000December 19, 1910
–
May 19, 1921
(Died)
7003380400000000000♠10 years, 151 days

63

Willis Van Devanter
(1859–1941)
WY
073 !Associate
Justice
E. D. White
000000001910-12-15-0000December 15, 1910
(Acclamation)
000000001911-01-03-0000January 3, 1911[j]
–
June 2, 1937
(Retired)
7003964700000000000♠26 years, 150 days

64

Joseph Rucker Lamar
(1857–1916)
GA
074 !Associate
Justice
Moody
000000001910-12-15-0000December 15, 1910
(Acclamation)
000000001911-01-03-0000January 3, 1911[j]
–
January 2, 1916
(Died)
7003182500000000000♠4 years, 364 days

65

Mahlon Pitney
(1858–1924)
NJ
075 !Associate
Justice
J. Harlan
000000001912-03-13-0000March 13, 1912
(50–26)
000000001912-03-18-0000March 18, 1912
–
December 31, 1922
(Resigned)
7003394000000000000♠10 years, 288 days

66

James Clark McReynolds
(1862–1946)
TN
076 !Associate
Justice
Lurton
000000001914-08-29-0000August 29, 1914
(44–6)
000000001914-10-12-0000October 12, 1914
–
January 31, 1941
(Retired)
7003960800000000000♠26 years, 111 days
Woodrow Wilson

67

Louis Brandeis
(1856–1941)
KY
077 !Associate
Justice
J. Lamar
000000001916-06-01-0000June 1, 1916
(47–22)
000000001916-06-05-0000June 5, 1916
–
February 13, 1939
(Retired)
7003828800000000000♠22 years, 253 days

68

John Hessin Clarke
(1857–1945)
OH
078 !Associate
Justice
Hughes
000000001916-07-24-0000July 24, 1916
(Acclamation)
000000001916-10-09-0000October 9, 1916
–
September 18, 1922
(Retired)
7003217000000000000♠5 years, 344 days

69

William Howard Taft
(1857–1930)
CT
010 !Chief
Justice
E. D. White
000000001921-06-30-0000June 30, 1921
(Acclamation)
000000001921-07-11-0000July 11, 1921
–
February 3, 1930
(Retired)
7003312900000000000♠8 years, 207 days
Warren G. Harding

70

George Sutherland
(1862–1942)
UT
080 !Associate
Justice
Clarke
000000001922-09-05-0000September 5, 1922
(Acclamation)
000000001922-10-02-0000October 2, 1922
–
January 17, 1938
(Retired)
7003558600000000000♠15 years, 107 days

71

Pierce Butler
(1866–1939)
MN
081 !Associate
Justice
Day
000000001922-12-21-0000December 21, 1922
(61–8)
000000001923-01-02-0000January 2, 1923
–
November 16, 1939
(Died)
7003616200000000000♠16 years, 318 days

72

Edward Terry Sanford
(1865–1930)
TN
082 !Associate
Justice
Pitney
000000001923-01-29-0000January 29, 1923
(Acclamation)
000000001923-02-19-0000February 19, 1923
–
March 8, 1930
(Died)
7003257400000000000♠7 years, 17 days

73

Harlan F. Stone
(1872–1946)
NY
083 !Associate
Justice[k]
McKenna
000000001925-02-05-0000February 5, 1925
(71–6)
000000001925-03-02-0000March 2, 1925
–
July 2, 1941
(Continued as chief justice)
7003596600000000000♠16 years, 122 days
Calvin Coolidge

62

Charles Evans Hughes
(1862–1948)
NY
011 !Chief
Justice
Taft
000000001930-02-13-0000February 13, 1930
(52–26)
000000001930-02-24-0000February 24, 1930
–
June 30, 1941
(Retired)
7003414400000000000♠11 years, 126 days
Herbert Hoover

74

Owen Josephus Roberts
(1875–1955)
PA
084 !Associate
Justice
Sanford
000000001930-05-20-0000May 20, 1930
(Acclamation)
000000001930-06-02-0000June 2, 1930
–
July 31, 1945
(Resigned)
7003553800000000000♠15 years, 59 days

75

Benjamin N. Cardozo
(1870–1938)
NY
085 !Associate
Justice
Holmes
000000001932-02-24-0000February 24, 1932
(Acclamation)
000000001932-03-14-0000March 14, 1932
–
July 9, 1938
(Died)
7003230800000000000♠6 years, 117 days

76

Hugo Black
(1886–1971)
AL
086 !Associate
Justice[l]
Van Devanter
000000001937-08-17-0000August 17, 1937
(63–16)
000000001937-08-19-0000August 19, 1937
–
September 17, 1971
(Retired)
7004124470000000000♠34 years, 29 days
Franklin D. Roosevelt

77

Stanley Forman Reed
(1884–1980)
KY
087 !Associate
Justice
Sutherland
000000001938-01-25-0000January 25, 1938
(Acclamation)
000000001938-01-31-0000January 31, 1938
–
February 25, 1957
(Retired)
7003696500000000000♠19 years, 25 days

78

Felix Frankfurter
(1882–1965)
MA
088 !Associate
Justice
Cardozo
000000001939-01-17-0000January 17, 1939
(Acclamation)
000000001939-01-30-0000January 30, 1939
–
August 28, 1962
(Retired)
7003861100000000000♠23 years, 210 days

79

William O. Douglas
(1898–1980)
CT
089 !Associate
Justice
Brandeis
000000001939-04-04-0000April 4, 1939
(62–4)
000000001939-04-17-0000April 17, 1939
–
November 12, 1975
(Retired)
7004133600000000000♠36 years, 211 days

80

Frank Murphy
(1890–1949)
MI
090 !Associate
Justice
Butler
000000001940-01-16-0000January 16, 1940
(Acclamation)
000000001940-02-05-0000February 5, 1940
–
July 19, 1949
(Died)
7003345200000000000♠9 years, 164 days

73

Harlan F. Stone
(1872–1946)
NY
012 !Chief
Justice
Hughes
000000001941-06-27-0000June 27, 1941
(Acclamation)
000000001941-07-03-0000July 3, 1941
–
April 22, 1946
(Died)
7003175400000000000♠4 years, 293 days

81

James F. Byrnes
(1882–1972)
SC
091 !Associate
Justice
McReynolds
000000001941-06-12-0000June 12, 1941
(Acclamation)
000000001941-07-08-0000July 8, 1941
–
October 3, 1942
(Resigned)
7002452000000000000♠1 year, 87 days

82

Robert H. Jackson
(1892–1954)
NY
092 !Associate
Justice
Stone
000000001941-07-07-0000July 7, 1941
(Acclamation)
000000001941-07-11-0000July 11, 1941
–
October 9, 1954
(Died)
7003483800000000000♠13 years, 90 days

83

Wiley Blount Rutledge
(1894–1949)
IA
093 !Associate
Justice
Byrnes
000000001943-02-08-0000February 8, 1943
(Acclamation)
000000001943-02-15-0000February 15, 1943
–
September 10, 1949
(Died)
7003239900000000000♠6 years, 207 days

84

Harold Hitz Burton
(1888–1964)
OH
094 !Associate
Justice
O. Roberts
000000001945-09-19-0000September 19, 1945
(Acclamation)
000000001945-10-01-0000October 1, 1945
–
October 13, 1958
(Retired)
7003476000000000000♠13 years, 12 days
Harry S. Truman

85

Fred M. Vinson
(1890–1953)
KY
013 !Chief
Justice
Stone
000000001946-06-20-0000June 20, 1946
(Acclamation)
000000001946-06-24-0000June 24, 1946
–
September 8, 1953
(Died)
7003263300000000000♠7 years, 76 days

86

Tom C. Clark
(1899–1977)
TX
094 !Associate
Justice
Murphy
000000001949-08-18-0000August 18, 1949
(73–8)
000000001949-08-24-0000August 24, 1949
–
June 12, 1967
(Retired)
7003650100000000000♠17 years, 292 days

87

Sherman Minton
(1890–1965)
IN
095 !Associate
Justice
W. Rutledge
000000001949-10-04-0000October 4, 1949
(48–16)
000000001949-10-12-0000October 12, 1949
–
October 15, 1956
(Retired)
7003256000000000000♠7 years, 3 days

88

Earl Warren
(1891–1974)
CA
014 !Chief
Justice
Vinson
000000001954-03-01-0000March 1, 1954
(Acclamation)
000000001953-10-05-0000October 5, 1953[e]
–
June 23, 1969
(Retired)
7003574000000000000♠15 years, 261 days
Dwight D. Eisenhower

89

John Marshall Harlan II
(1899–1971)
NY
096 !Associate
Justice
R. Jackson
000000001955-03-16-0000March 16, 1955
(71–11)
000000001955-03-28-0000March 28, 1955
–
September 23, 1971
(Retired)
7003602300000000000♠16 years, 179 days

90

William J. Brennan
(1906–1997)
NJ
097 !Associate
Justice
Minton
000000001957-03-19-0000March 19, 1957
(Acclamation)
000000001956-10-16-0000October 16, 1956[e]
–
July 20, 1990
(Retired)
7004123300000000000♠33 years, 277 days

91

Charles Evans Whittaker
(1901–1973)
MO
098 !Associate
Justice
Reed
000000001957-03-19-0000March 19, 1957
(Acclamation)
000000001957-03-25-0000March 25, 1957
–
March 31, 1962
(Resigned)
7003183200000000000♠5 years, 6 days

92

Potter Stewart
(1915–1985)
OH
099 !Associate
Justice
Burton
000000001959-05-05-0000May 5, 1959
(70–17)
000000001958-10-14-0000October 14, 1958[e]
–
July 3, 1981
(Retired)
7003829800000000000♠22 years, 262 days

93

Byron White
(1917–2002)
CO
100 !Associate
Justice
Whittaker
000000001962-04-11-0000April 11, 1962
(Acclamation)
000000001962-04-16-0000April 16, 1962
–
June 28, 1993
(Retired)
7004113960000000000♠31 years, 73 days
John F. Kennedy

94

Arthur Goldberg
(1908–1990)
IL
101 !Associate
Justice
Frankfurter
000000001962-09-25-0000September 25, 1962
(Acclamation)
000000001962-10-01-0000October 1, 1962
–
July 25, 1965
(Resigned)
7003103100000000000♠2 years, 300 days

95

Abe Fortas
(1910–1982)
TN
102 !Associate
Justice
Goldberg
000000001965-08-11-0000August 11, 1965
(Acclamation)
000000001965-10-04-0000October 4, 1965
–
May 14, 1969
(Resigned)
7003131800000000000♠3 years, 222 days
Lyndon B. Johnson

96

Thurgood Marshall
(1908–1993)
NY
103 !Associate
Justice
Clark
000000001967-08-30-0000August 30, 1967
(69–11)
000000001967-10-02-0000October 2, 1967
–
October 1, 1991
(Retired)
7003876500000000000♠23 years, 364 days

97

Warren E. Burger
(1907–1995)
VA
015 !Chief
Justice
Warren
000000001969-06-09-0000June 9, 1969
(74–3)
000000001969-06-23-0000June 23, 1969
–
September 26, 1986
(Retired)
7003630400000000000♠17 years, 95 days
Richard Nixon

98

Harry Blackmun
(1908–1999)
MN
104 !Associate
Justice
Fortas
000000001970-05-12-0000May 12, 1970
(94–0)
000000001970-06-09-0000June 9, 1970
–
August 3, 1994
(Retired)
7003882100000000000♠24 years, 55 days

99

Lewis F. Powell Jr.
(1907–1998)
VA
105 !Associate
Justice
Black
000000001971-12-06-0000December 6, 1971
(89–1)
000000001972-01-07-0000January 7, 1972[m]
–
June 26, 1987
(Retired)
7003564900000000000♠15 years, 170 days

100

William Rehnquist
(1924–2005)
AZ
106 !Associate
Justice
J. Harlan II
000000001971-12-10-0000December 10, 1971
(68–26)
000000001972-01-07-0000January 7, 1972[m]
–
September 26, 1986
(Continued as chief justice)
7003537600000000000♠14 years, 262 days

101

John Paul Stevens
(born 1920)
IL
107 !Associate
Justice[n]
Douglas
000000001975-12-17-0000December 17, 1975
(98–0)
000000001975-12-19-0000December 19, 1975
–
June 29, 2010
(Retired)
7004126110000000000♠34 years, 192 days
Gerald Ford

102

Sandra Day O'Connor
(born 1930)
AZ
108 !Associate
Justice
Stewart
000000001981-09-21-0000September 21, 1981
(99–0)
000000001981-09-25-0000September 25, 1981
–
January 31, 2006
(Retired)
7003889400000000000♠24 years, 128 days
Ronald Reagan

100

William Rehnquist
(1924–2005)
VA
016 !Chief
Justice
Burger
000000001986-09-17-0000September 17, 1986
(65–33)
000000001986-09-26-0000September 26, 1986
–
September 3, 2005
(Died)
7003691700000000000♠18 years, 342 days

103

Antonin Scalia
(1936–2016)
VA
109 !Associate
Justice
Rehnquist
000000001986-09-17-0000September 17, 1986
(98–0)
000000001986-09-26-0000September 26, 1986
–
February 13, 2016
(Died)
7004107320000000000♠29 years, 140 days

104

Anthony Kennedy
(born 1936)
CA
110 !Associate
Justice
Powell
000000001988-02-03-0000February 3, 1988
(97–0)
000000001988-02-18-0000February 18, 1988
–
Incumbent
7004110570000000000♠30 years, 99 days[o]

105

David Souter
(born 1939)
NH
110 !Associate
Justice
Brennan
000000001990-10-02-0000October 2, 1990
(90–9)
000000001990-10-09-0000October 9, 1990
–
June 29, 2009
(Retired)
7003683800000000000♠18 years, 263 days
George H. W. Bush

106

Clarence Thomas
(born 1948)
GA
111 !Associate
Justice
T. Marshall
000000001991-10-15-0000October 15, 1991
(52–48)
000000001991-10-23-0000October 23, 1991
–
Incumbent
7003971400000000000♠26 years, 217 days[o]

107

Ruth Bader Ginsburg
(born 1933)
NY
112 !Associate
Justice
B. White
000000001993-08-03-0000August 3, 1993
(96–3)
000000001993-08-10-0000August 10, 1993
–
Incumbent
7003905700000000000♠24 years, 291 days[o]
Bill Clinton

108

Stephen Breyer
(born 1938)
MA
113 !Associate
Justice
Blackmun
000000001994-07-29-0000July 29, 1994
(87–9)
000000001994-08-03-0000August 3, 1994
–
Incumbent
7003869900000000000♠23 years, 298 days[o]

109

John Roberts
(born 1955)
MD
017 !Chief
Justice
Rehnquist
000000002005-09-29-0000September 29, 2005
(78–22)
000000002005-09-29-0000September 29, 2005
–
Incumbent
7003462400000000000♠12 years, 241 days[o]
George W. Bush

110

Samuel Alito
(born 1950)
NJ
115 !Associate
Justice
O'Connor
000000002006-01-31-0000January 31, 2006
(58–42)
000000002006-01-31-0000January 31, 2006
–
Incumbent
7003450000000000000♠12 years, 117 days[o]

111

Sonia Sotomayor
(born 1954)
NY
116 !Associate
Justice
Souter
000000002009-08-06-0000August 6, 2009
(68–31)
000000002009-08-08-0000August 8, 2009
–
Incumbent
7003321500000000000♠8 years, 293 days[o]
Barack Obama

112

Elena Kagan
(born 1960)
MA
117 !Associate
Justice
Stevens
000000002010-08-05-0000August 5, 2010
(63–37)
000000002010-08-07-0000August 7, 2010
–
Incumbent
7003285100000000000♠7 years, 294 days[o]

113

Neil Gorsuch
(born 1967)
CO
118 !Associate
Justice
Scalia
000000002017-04-07-0000April 7, 2017
(54–45)
000000002017-04-10-0000April 10, 2017
–
Incumbent
7002413000000000000♠1 year, 48 days[o]
Donald Trump

Justice
State[c]
Position
Replacing
Date confirmed
(Vote)
Tenure
Tenure length
Appointed by

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b Served on the Supreme Court twice, first as associate justice, and then, after a period of years off the Court, as chief justice.
^ Jump up to: a b c Elevated from associate justice to chief justice while serving on the Supreme Court. Such appointments are subject to a separate confirmation process.
^ Jump up to: a b State of residence at the time of appointment. For example, in 1971, Rehnquist was appointed from Arizona, but in 1986, when elevated to chief justice, he was appointed from Virginia.[22]
Jump up ^ The start date given for each justice is the day he or she took the prescribed judicial oath of office, with the end date being the date of the justice's death, resignation, or retirement.[21]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Recess appointment
Jump up ^ This was the first Supreme Court nomination to be rejected by the Senate. Rutledge remains the only "recess appointed" justice not to be subsequently confirmed by the Senate.
Jump up ^ Was impeached, but not convicted, and remained in office.
Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152, May 19 – July 11, 1921.
Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152, February 3–24, 1930.
^ Jump up to: a b While Willis Van Devanter and Joseph Rucker Lamar were sworn in as associate justice on the same date, their seniority (precedence) on the Supreme Court was determined by the seniority of their commissions—Van Devanter received and accepted his first—in accordance with XIII Rev. Stat. 9 § 674.
Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152, June 30 – July 3, 1941.
Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152, April 22 – June 24, 1946, and again, under 62 Stat. 869, September 8 – October 5, 1953.
^ Jump up to: a b While Lewis Powell and William Rehnqust were sworn in as associate justice on the same date, their seniority (precedence) on the Supreme Court was determined by the seniority of their commissions—Powell received and accepted his first—in accordance with accordance with 62 Stat. 869.
Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 62 Stat. 869, September 3–29, 2005.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i As of May 28, 2018.

tag: ol

text: Timelines[edit]

text: All justices[edit]

text: This graphical timeline depicts the progression of the justices on the Supreme Court. Information regarding each justice's predecessors, successors and fellow justices, as well as their tenure on the court can be gleaned (and comparisons between justices drawn) from it. Additionally, The progression of presidents, along with the number of justices each nominated, is shown at the top of the timeline to give a more detailed historical context. Regarding the associate justice seat numbers, due to the several changes in the size of the Court since 1789, two of the ten seats chronicled below—"Seat 7" and "Seat 5"—have been abolished, both as a result of the Judicial Circuits Act of 1866.

text: Current justices[edit]

text: This graphical timeline depicts the length of each current Supreme Court justice's tenure on the Court.


question_text: which assamese film received nargis dutt national award

text:
Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration

Awarded by Directorate of Film Festivals

Type
National

Category
Indian Cinema

Description

Medal
Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus)

Statistics

Instituted
1965

First awarded
1965

Last awarded
2016

Total awarded
44

Cash award
₹50,000 (US$780)

Previous name(s)
Best Feature Film on National Unity and Emotional Integration

First awardee(s)
Shaheed

Last awardee(s)
Dikchow Banat Palaax

text: The Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration is one of the National Film Awards presented annually by the Directorate of Film Festivals, the organization set up by Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India. It is one of several awards presented for feature films and awarded with Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus).

text: The award was instituted in 1965, at 13th National Film Awards and awarded annually for films produced in the year across the country, in all Indian languages.

text: Winners[edit]

text: Award includes 'Rajat Kamal' (Silver Lotus) and cash prize. Following are the award winners over the years:

text:
List of films, showing the year (award ceremony), language(s), producer(s), director(s) and citation

Year
Film(s)
Language(s)
Producer(s)
Director(s)
Citation
Refs.

1965
(13th)
Shaheed
Hindi
Kewal Kashyap
S. Ram Sharma
 –
[1]

1966
(14th)
Subhash Chandra
Bengali
A. K. Banerjee
Piyush Bose
 –
[2]

1967
(15th)
No Award
[3]

1968
(16th)
Janmabhoomi
Malayalam
Roopa Rekha
John Sankaramangalam
 –
[4]

1969
(17th)
Saat Hindustani
Hindi
Khwaja Ahmad Abbas
Khwaja Ahmad Abbas
 –
[5]

1970
(18th)
Thurakkatha Vathil
Malayalam
A. Raghunath
P. Bhaskaran
 –
[6]

1971
(19th)
Do Boond Pani
Hindi
 –
 –
 –

1972
(20th)
Achanum Bappayum
Malayalam
C. C. Baby
K. S. Sethumadhavan
 –
[7]

1973
(21st)
Garm Hava
Hindi
Unit 3 MM
M. S. Sathyu
 –
[8]

1974
(22nd)
Parinay
Hindi
Samantar Chitra
Kantilal Rathod
 –
[9]

1975
(23rd)
No Award
[10]

1976
(24th)
No Award
[11]

1977
(25th)
No Award
[11]

1978
(26th)
Grahana
Kannada
Harsha Pictures
T. S. Nagabharana

 [show]
For an honest and bold depiction of caste conflict in rural India. The film starkly brings out the traditional beliefs which grip the entire rural society including the down-trodden putting an extra chain on the poor in addition to their economic helplessness. Cinematically a very powerful film.

[12]

1979
(27th)
22 June 1897
Marathi
 –
 –
 –

1980
(28th)
Bhavni Bhavai
Gujarati
Sanchar Film Cooperative Society Ltd.
Ketan Mehta

 [show]
For tracing the history of social evil of untouchability through popular folk drama form, for synthesizing diverse performing arts into socially relevant communication, for depicting the untouchable's fight for their rights.

[13]

1981
(29th)
Saptapadi
Telugu
Bheemavarapu Buchhireddy
K. Vishwanath

 [show]
For focusing on the problems of the society whose orthodoxy inflicts grave injustice on the under-privileged, for the dilemma faced by a Brahmin disciplinarian in confronting his grand-daughter's love for Harijan, for resolving the problem in a rational manner, worthy of the country's best secular traditions.

[14]

1982
(30th)
Aaroodam
Malayalam
Rosamma George
I. V. Sasi

 [show]
For its compassionate treatment of the plight of the under-privileged.

[15]

1983
(31st)
Sookha
Hindi
M. S. Sathyu
M. S. Sathyu

 [show]
For its sincerity in the portrayal of basic human values that unify mankind.

[2]

1984
(32nd)
Aadmi Aur Aurat
Hindi
Doordarshan
Tapan Sinha
 –
[16]

1985
(33rd)
Sree Narayana Guru
Malayalam
A. Jaffer
P. A. Backer

 [show]
For preaching, through the life of a great reformer, the universal values of "One Caste, One Religion and One God for Man".

[17]

1986
(34th)
No Award
[18]

1987
(35th)
Tamas
Hindi
Blaze Entertainment
Govind Nihalani

 [show]
For recreating without compromise the tragic events leading to the communal holocaust at the eve of partition in a Punjab village.

[19]

1988
(36th)
Rudraveena
Telugu
Nagendra Babu
K. Balachander

 [show]
For presenting vertical as well as horiontal social integration on a musical plane and thus offering a cultural revolution as solution to maladies of the rural population.

[20]

1989
(37th)
Santha Shishunala Sharifa
Kannada
Yajaman Enterprises
T. S. Nagabharana

 [show]
For its depiction of unity of religions at the popular mystical level illustrated by the life and lyrics of a famous Muslim saint who has a Hindu guru.

[21]

1990
(38th)
No Award
[22]

1991
(39th)
Aadi Mimansa
Oriya
Apurba Kishore Bir
Apurba Kishore Bir

 [show]
For its strong appeal for integration and upholding of human values brought about through a remarkbly understated treatment of incidents from everyday life.

[23]

1992
(40th)
Roja
Tamil
Kavithalayaa Productions
Mani Ratnam

 [show]
For presenting a thrilling drama of the abduction of an Indian scientist by a self-proclaimed liberation army which later realises the futility of its anti-social activities.

[24]

1993
(41st)
Sardar
Hindi
Late H. M. Patel
Ketan Mehta

 [show]
For presenting a panoramic view of India in a period of transition to reveal the goals of nationalism by the integration of a mass disparate materials and shaping them into a coherent saga of Indian nationalism in an epic style.

[25]

1994
(42nd)
Mukta
Marathi
Ashok B. Mhatre
Jabbar Patel

 [show]
For mapping a sharply defined dramatic style on to a canvas of national caste oppression and for unversalising the alliances of the Indian Dalit people.

[26]

1995
(43rd)
Bombay
Tamil
 • Mani Ratnam
 • S. Sriram
Mani Ratnam

 [show]
For its bold and sensitive approach to the problem of communal divide and for bringing out the futility of the carnage in the name of religion.

[27]

1996
(44th)
Kaanaakkinaavu
Malayalam
P. V. Gangadharan
Sibi Malayil

 [show]
For its brilliant and bold approach to National Integration and the futility of division in the name of religion.

[28]

1997
(45th)
Border
Hindi
J. P. Dutta
J. P. Dutta

 [show]
For making an honest statement on patriotism, portraying the gallantry and sacrifies of the Armed forces, thereby instilling a sense of National pride.

[29]

1998
(46th)
Zakhm
Hindi
Pooja Bhatt
Mahesh Bhatt

 [show]
For boldly dealing with social and religious strife, communal tensions, violence and disharmony in contemporary times. The film has a message of love and peace that is conveyed in a sensitive way.

[30]

1999
(47th)
Shaheed Udham Singh
Punjabi
Iqbal Dhillon
Chitraarth

 [show]
For opening a new window to the Jallianwala Bagh episode, which had jolted the conscience of the Indian people.

[31]

2000
(48th)
Pukar
Hindi
Surinder Kapoor
Rajkumar Santoshi

 [show]
For tackling the problem of terrorist infiltrations and the army's counter attacks. And situations where armed and civilian forces unite against the common external enemy.

[32]

2001
(49th)
Bub
Kashmiri
NFDC
Jyoti Sarup

 [show]
For exploring the problems of a minority in the face of terrorist activities of forces across the border. Against this macro scenario, the film weaves together more intimate micro stories particularly of the bonding between a sensitive bureaucrat and an orphaned boy.

[33]

2002
(50th)
Mr. and Mrs. Iyer
English
N. Venkatesan
Aparna Sen

 [show]
For its humane depiction of the bonding between two individuals of different religious backgrounds in the midst of communal tension.

[34]

2003
(51st)
Pinjar
Hindi
Lucky Star Entertainment Ltd
Chandraprakash Dwivedi

 [show]
For exploring the power of human relationships in overcoming social and religious schisms.

[35]

2004
(52nd)
Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero
Hindi
Sahara India Media Communication Ltd.
Shyam Benegal

 [show]
Netaji is one of the most controversial and colourful figures of modern Indian history. His struggle to fight the Britishers and bring the Indians together to do this. The idealistic dreamer turns into a revolutionary to achieve his goal. The film effectively brings alive the era.

[36]

2005
(53rd)
Daivanamathil
Malayalam
Aryadan Shaukath
Jayaraj

 [show]
For the powerful representation of a burning communal issue highlighting the plight of women in the times of religious intolerence.

[37]

2006
(54th)
Kallarali Hoovagi
Kannada
S. Madhu Bangarappa
T. S. Nagabharana

 [show]
For depicting the sanctity of loyalty to one's land and amity through a love story set in the times of Hyder Ali.

[38]

2007
(55th)
Dharm
Hindi
Sheetal V. Talwar
Bhavna Talwar

 [show]
For powerfully bringing forth the message that humanity is of much greater value than religion. The transformation of an orthodox and superstitious priest is very beautifully depicted.

[39]

2008
(56th)
Aai Kot Nai
Assamese
Rajen Bora
Manju Borah

 [show]
For its honest look at a burning problem in Northeast India, its attempt to break down artificial boundaries and giving it a human and aesthetic appeal.

[40]

2009
(57th)
Delhi-6
Hindi
Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra
Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra

 [show]
For its uncompromising stance towards communal divide and offering a humanistic solution of taking individual responsibility.

[41]

2010
(58th)
Moner Manush
Bengali
Gautam Kundu
Gautam Ghose

 [show]
For celebrating the union of the human spirit through the life and song of Sufi poets in the Baul tradition.

[42]

2011
(59th)
No Award
[43]

2012
(60th)
Thanichalla Njan
Malayalam
Cherian Philippose
Babu Thiruvalla

 [show]
A tale of communal harmony narrated through an in-house milieu. The bonding between a Hindu and a Muslim lady in a reciprocally accommodating relationship forms the crux of the film.

[44]

2013
(61st)
Thalaimuraigal
Tamil
Company Productions
Balu Mahendra

 [show]
A sensitive tale about the breaking of walls of orthodoxy and religious and linguistic bias in a small village in Tamil Nadu. Love and compassion of a small boy and his mother wins over not only their own blood but the whole rural community.

[45]

2014
(62nd)
No Award
[46]

2015
(63rd)
Nanak Shah Fakir
Punjabi
Sartaj Singh Pannu
 –

 [show]
The saga on the life of the great spiritual master advocating the values of peace and harmony.

[47]

2016
(64th)
Dikchow Banat Palaax
Assamese
Canvascope
Sanjib Sabha Pandit

 [show]
The film brings out oneness of our feelings amidst differences.

[48]

text:
Leading actor and Leading actress were awarded with Medallion

21st - Gita Siddharth
22nd - Shabana Azmi and Romesh Sharma


document_title: Hey There Lonely Girl

question_text: who sang the song hey there lonely girl

question_tokens: who sang the song hey there lonely girl

text: Hey There Lonely Girl

text:
"Hey There Lonely Girl"

Single by Eddie Holman

from the album I Love You

B-side
"It's All in the Game"

Released
December 1969[1]

Format
Vinyl, 7"

Recorded
1969; Virtue Studios in Philadelphia, PA

Genre
R&B, soul, pop

Length
3:01

Label
ABC

Songwriter(s)
Leon Carr
Earl Shuman

Producer(s)
Peter De Angeles

text: "Hey There Lonely Girl" is a song recorded by R&B singer Eddie Holman. Recorded and released in 1969, it charted in the United States in 1970 and in the United Kingdom in 1974.[2] The original version by Ruby and the Romantics was entitled, "Hey There Lonely Boy" in 1963, and was a Top 30 hit, peaking at #27. Holman's song peaked at #2 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 pop chart, #1 on the Canadian RPM chart, and at #4 on the UK Singles Chart,[2] his highest charting single in each country.

text: Details[edit]

text: "Hey There Lonely Girl" is most recognizable by its disconsolate, sentimental and heavyhearted lyrics, with Holman's falsetto voice. Here is a sample of the chorus:

text:
Hey there lonely girl, lonely girl
Let me make your broken heart like new
Oh, my lonely girl, lonely girl
Don't you know this lonely boy loves you

text: Other versions[edit]

text:
Donny Osmond recorded a version of this song on his album, Portrait of Donny.
Shaun Cassidy's 1977 version was a track on his debut LP. It reached # 5 in Australia.[3]
A version by Robert John was released in 1980 for the album Back on the Street (US #31).[4]
New Edition also did a version on their Under the Blue Moon album released in 1986.
A version was released in 2008 by The Uptown Band ft. Erich Cawalla & Jenifer Kinder and appears on the group's debut CD "Waiting for Her".
Will Downing did a cover of the first song from the Emotions album, which released in the fall of 2003.


document_title: Flu season

question_text: when does the flu season begin and end

question_tokens: when does the flu season begin and end

text: Flu season

text: Cause[edit]

text: Three virus families, Influenzavirus A, B, and C are the main infective agents that cause influenza. During periods of cooler temperature, influenza cases increase roughly tenfold or more. Despite higher incidence of manifestations of the flu during the season, the viruses are actually transmitted throughout populations all year round.

text: Each annual flu season is normally associated with a major influenzavirus subtype. The associated subtype changes each year, due to development of immunological resistance to a previous year's strain (through exposure and vaccinations), and mutational changes in previously dormant viruses strains.

text: The exact mechanism behind the seasonal nature of influenza outbreaks is unknown. Some proposed explanations are:

text:
People are indoors more often during the winter, they are in close contact more often, and this promotes transmission from person to person.
A seasonal decline in the amount of ultraviolet radiation may reduce the likelihood of the virus being damaged or killed by direct radiation damage or indirect effects (i. e. ozone concentration) increasing the probability of infection.
Cold temperatures lead to drier air, which may dehydrate mucous membranes, preventing the body from effectively defending against respiratory virus infections.[2][3][4]
Viruses are preserved in colder temperatures due to slower decomposition, so they linger longer on exposed surfaces (doorknobs, countertops, etc.).
In nations where children do not go to school in the summer, there is a more pronounced beginning to flu season, coinciding with the start of public school. It is thought that the day care environment is perfect for the spread of illness.
Vitamin D production from Ultraviolet-B in the skin changes with the seasons and affects the immune system.[5][6][7]

text: Research in guinea pigs has shown that the aerosol transmission of the virus is enhanced when the air is cold and dry.[2] The dependence on aridity appears to be due to degradation of the virus particles in moist air, while the dependence on cold appears to be due to infected hosts shedding the virus for a longer period of time. The researchers did not find that the cold impaired the immune response of the guinea pigs to the virus.

text: Research done by National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) in 2008 found that the influenza virus has a "butter-like coating". The coating melts when it enters the respiratory tract. In the winter, the coating becomes a hardened shell; therefore, it can survive in the cold weather similar to a spore. In the summer, the coating melts before the virus reaches the respiratory tract.[8]

text: Timing[edit]

text: In the United States, the flu season is considered October through May.[9] It usually peaks in February.[10] In Australia, the flu season is considered May to October. It usually peaks in August.[11]

text: Flu seasons also exist in the tropics and subtropics, but are usually less sharply defined. In Hong Kong, which has a humid subtropical climate, the flu season runs from December to March, in the winter and early spring.[12][13]

text: Flu vaccinations[edit]

text: Flu vaccinations have been used to diminish the effects of the flu season; pneumonia vaccinations additionally diminishes the effects and complications of flu season. Since the Northern and Southern Hemisphere have winter at different times of the year, there are actually two flu seasons each year. Therefore, the World Health Organization (assisted by the National Influenza Centers) makes two vaccine formulations every year; one for the Northern, and one for the Southern Hemisphere.

text: According to the U.S. Department of Health, a growing number of large companies provide their employees with seasonal flu shots, either at a small cost to the employee or as a free service.[citation needed]

text: The annually updated trivalent influenza vaccine consists of hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein components from influenza H3N2, H1N1, and B influenza viruses.[14] The dominant strain in January 2006 was H3N2. Measured resistance to the standard antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine in H3N2 has increased from 1% in 1994 to 12% in 2003 to 91% in 2005.[15][16]

text: Health conditions likely to cause complications[edit]

text: Medical conditions that compromise the immune system increase the risks from flu.

text: Diabetes[edit]

text: Millions of people have diabetes. When blood sugars are not well controlled, diabetics can quickly develop a wide range of complications. Diabetes results in elevated blood sugars in the body, and this environment allows viruses and bacteria to thrive.

text: If blood sugars are poorly controlled, a mild flu can quickly turn severe, leading to hospitalization and even death. Uncontrolled blood sugars suppresses the immune systems and generally lead to more severe cases of the common cold or influenza. Thus, it has been recommended that diabetics are vaccinated against flu, before the start of the flu season.[17][18]

text: Asthma/COPD[edit]

text: It is recommended that asthmatics and COPD patients be vaccinated against flu before the flu season. People with asthma can develop life-threatening complications from influenza and the common cold viruses. Some of these complications include pneumonias, acute bronchitis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome.[19]

text: Each year flu related complications in the USA affect close to 100,000 asthmatics, and millions more are seen in the emergency room because of severe shortness of breath. It is recommended that asthmatics are vaccinated between October and November, before the peak of the flu season. Flu vaccine works by boosting the body's immune system and takes about 2 weeks to become effective.[20]

text: Cancer[edit]

text: People with cancer usually have a suppressed immune system. Moreover, many cancer patients undergo radiation therapy and potent immunosuppressive medications, which further suppresses the body's ability to fight off infections. Everyone with cancer is highly susceptible and is at risk for complications from flu. People with cancer or a history of cancer should receive the seasonal flu shot. Flu vaccination is also strict for lung cancer patients, as cancer leads to complications of pneumonia and bronchitis. People with cancer should not receive the nasal spray vaccine. The flu shot is made up of inactivated (killed) viruses, and the nasal spray vaccines are made up of live viruses. The flu shot is safer for those with a weakened immune system. Those who have received cancer treatment such as chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy within the last month, or have a blood or lymphatic form of cancer should call their doctor immediately if they suspect they may have flu.[21]

text: HIV/AIDS[edit]

text: Individuals who acquire the human immune deficiency virus (HIV) are very prone to a variety of infections. HIV has a tremendous capacity to destroy the body's immune system and this makes one prone to not only viral infections but also bacterial, fungal, and protozoa disorders. People with HIV are at an increased risk of serious flu-related complications. Many reports have shown that individuals with HIV can develop serious pneumonias which need hospitalization and aggressive antibiotic therapy. Moreover, people with HIV have a longer flu season and are at a high risk of death. Vaccination with the flu shot has been shown to boost the immune system and protect against the seasonal flu in some patients with HIV; individuals who have HIV should only get vaccinated with the inactivated influenza vaccine. Any HIV patient who has been exposed to other people with influenza should see a physician to determine if there is a need for anti viral medications.[22]

text: Cost[edit]

text: The cost of a flu season in lives lost, medical expenses and economic impact can be severe.

text: A recent study[24] estimated that in the United States, annual inﬂuenza epidemics result in approximately 600,000 life-years lost, 3 million hospitalized days, and 30 million outpatient visits, resulting in medical costs of $10 billion annually. According to this study, lost earnings due to illness and loss of life amounted to over $15 billion annually and the total economic burden of annual inﬂuenza epidemics amounts to over $80 billion. Also, in the US the flu season usually accounts for 200,000 hospitalizations and 41,000 deaths.

text: Because the mortality rate of the H1N1 "swine flu" is lower than common flu strains, this number was actually lower in 2009. According to an article in Clinical Infectious Diseases, published in 2011, the estimated health burden of 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1), between April 2009 to April 2010, was "approximately 60.8 million cases (range: 43.3–89.3 million), 274,304 hospitalizations (195,086–402,719), and 12,469 deaths (8,868–18,306)" "in the United States due to pH1N1."[25][26]

text: Notable occurrences[edit]

text: The 2012–13 flu season was particularly harsh in the United States, where the majority of states were reporting high rates of influenza-like illness.[27][28][29] The Centers for Disease Control reported that the available flu vaccine was 60% effective.[29][30] It further recommended that all persons over age 6 months get the vaccine.[29][30]