document_title: Smoking ban in England

question_text: when did they ban smoking in hospitals uk

text: Smoking ban in England

text: Before the smoking ban[edit]

text: Before the ban many businesses voluntarily introduced bans on smoking mainly as a result of public feedback. The pub chain Wetherspoons was the first major chain to introduce a complete ban on indoor smoking.[1]

text: Tobacco advertising had been banned in England gradually starting with a ban on Television Advertising of cigarettes in 1965 to a complete ban on all Tobacco Advertising in 2005.

text: Passage of the law[edit]

text: On 16 November 2004 a Public Health white paper proposed a smoking ban in almost all public places in England and Wales. Smoking restrictions would be phased in, with a ban on smoking in NHS and government buildings by 2006, in enclosed public places by 2007, and pubs, bars and restaurants (except pubs not serving food) by the end of 2008.[2]

text: On 26 October 2005, after external challenge and debates within the Cabinet, the government announced that it would continue with its plans. All workplaces, including restaurants and pubs selling food, would have to comply by summer 2007[3] However, there was widespread criticism from all sides of the argument on this, with a number of MPs threatening to try to overturn the bill. Many representatives of the licensed trade told the Government that only a total ban would work, and over 90 MPs signed a motion demanding this, with over 100 signing a petition for a free vote on the issue. It was reported on 24 November that Chief Medical Officer Liam Donaldson nearly quit over the partial ban, but decided to stay to champion a total ban.[4] On the same day, the government released the results of the public consultation, after Cancer Research UK demanded them under the Freedom of Information Act, which revealed that nearly 9 out of 10 respondents wanted a total ban.[4]

text: On 11 January 2006, the government further announced that it would give MPs a free vote on an amendment to the Health Bill, submitted by the Health select committee, to instigate a comprehensive smoke-free workplace regulations. Health Secretary Patricia Hewitt voted in favour of the amendment and, in so doing, voted against her own Department's then publicly stated policy (i.e. the proposed partial regulations). All other parties had offered free votes on the issue which was debated on 14 February, with three options: the present compromise, a total ban, or an exemption for members' clubs only.

text: On 14 February 2006, the House of Commons first voted on the amendment to the original compromise plan, to extend the ban to all enclosed public places except private members' clubs. The amendment was carried with a large majority. MPs then voted on a further amendment to ban smoking in all enclosed public places including private members' clubs. Again this amendment gained significant support and was carried with a large majority. This therefore replaced the earlier successful amendment which would have allowed smoking only in private members' clubs. The legislation was passed by the House of Lords, allowing a total smoking ban in enclosed public places to come into force in England.

text: Political opposition did not entirely disappear at this point, the House of Lords Economic Affairs Committee accused the Government of overreacting to the threat posed by passive smoking and said that the smoking ban was symptomatic of MPs' failure to understand risk[5] on 7 June 2006.

text: The ban came into force on 1 July 2007, as announced on 30 November 2006 by former Secretary of State for Health Patricia Hewitt, who called it "a huge step forward for public health".[3]

text: Following the passing of the law[edit]

text: On 30 June 2010, the recently formed Coalition Government announced that it would not be reviewing the ban.[6] An attempt in October 2010 by Conservative MP David Nuttall to amend the law to exempt private members' clubs and pubs from the smoking ban was defeated in the House of Commons on its first reading.[7]

text: Exemptions from the law[edit]

text: While the ban affects almost all indoor workplaces,[8] some exemptions were provided:[9]

text:
designated hotel rooms
designated rooms in nursing homes
designated rooms in prisons
designated rooms in offshore oil rigs
designated rooms in mental health units (until 1 July 2008)
specialist tobacconists in relation to sampling cigars and/or pipe tobacco.

text: An exemption was also theoretically possible within the Palace of Westminster,[10] as for other Royal Palaces, although members of the House of Commons and the House of Lords agreed to observe the spirit of the ban and restrict any smoking within the grounds of Parliament to four designated outside areas.[11]

text: Smoking is permitted in a private residence, although not in areas used as a shared work-space. In flats with communal entrances or shared corridors, these must be smoke-free.

text: University halls of residence presented some dilemmas in practice as regards defining what is public and private. Several universities have imposed a blanket ban on smoking including halls of residence.[12]

text: Public transport[edit]

text: As part of the implementation of the smoking ban, Transport for London announced that smoking would be no longer permitted on taxis, private hire vehicles and all London Buses premises, including all bus stop shelters.[13]

text: The Association of Train Operating Companies and Network Rail introduced an extended ban on smoking covering all railway property including all National Rail station platforms whether enclosed or not.[14] The ban has since been extended to cover the use of Electronic cigarettes.[15] Smoking on board trains was banned in 2005 when both GNER and First Caledonian Sleeper withdrew smoking accommodation from their services.[16][17]

text: The Tyne and Wear Metro was the first public transport system to ban in its entirety which has been enforced since the system first opened in 1980.[18]

text: Policing of the ban[edit]

text: The ban is enforced by Environmental Health Officers in England, who issue warnings and offer advice before resorting to punitive measures and have had to issue a low frequency of fines since the law came into force. However, there were some objectors who generated higher-profile legal cases, for instance Hugh Howitt, also known as Hamish Howitt, the landlord of the Happy Scots Bar in Blackpool who was the first landlord to be prosecuted for permitting smoking in a smoke-free place under his control. On 2 August 2007, Howitt appeared before Blackpool Magistrates' Court and pleaded not guilty to 12 counts of failing to stop people smoking in his pub. On 2 December 2008, Howitt effectively had his premises licence revoked, after an appeal by Blackpool Council was upheld; he was not allowed to appeal, and Howitt had to close the Delboys Bar following the decision.[19][20]

text: There have been some incidents of violence perpetrated by people refusing to obey the ban, in one of which a former heavyweight boxer, James Oyebola, was shot in the head after he asked a customer at a nightclub to stop smoking[21] and later died of his injuries.[22] However, the view of enforcement authorities is that the smoke-free workplace regulations are simple to understand, popular, and as a result largely 'self-policing'. For a short while, bars in the UK that offered shisha (the smoking of flavoured tobacco through a pipe) were still allowed to provide their services inside the establishment, however the ban covered this area in late 2007 leading to a rapid decline in shisha bars.

text: A legal blunder by Stoke-on-Trent City Council meant that, while the smoking ban still applied in the city, the council were unable to issue fines to people caught flouting the law until 16 July 2007.[23] The blunder caused the city to briefly be dubbed Smoke-on-Trent.[24]

text: Opposition to the ban[edit]

text: A group calling themselves "Freedom To Choose", launched a campaign for a judicial review of the smoke-free workplace regulations[25] claiming a breach of the Human Rights Act 1998, as it does not respect the right to privacy of people who wish to smoke in public.[26] Supporters of the regulations put forward counter-arguments positing that the rights of smokers to indulge in their habit cease as soon as it negatively affects other people in the vicinity.[27] In 2010 pub landlord Nick Hogan was jailed for an offence related to the smoking ban.[28] In 2012 it was reported that "Five years after the introduction of the smoking ban in England, almost seven out of 10 licensees want the legislation amended to allow for separate smoking rooms in pubs".[29]


document_title: List of Virgin Media television channels

question_text: what channel is disney channel on virgin media

root

text: Channel list By Category[edit]

text: Updated 13 September 2017

tag: p

text: Entertainment[edit]

text:
100: Virgin Media Previews
101: BBC One
102: BBC Two
103: ITV
104: Channel 4
105: Channel 5
107: BBC Four
108: BBC One HD
109: Sky 1 HD
110: Sky 1
111: Sky Living HD
112: Sky Living
113: ITV HD
114: ITV +1
115: ITV2
116: ITV2 +1
117: ITV3
118: ITV4
119: ITVBe
120: ITVBe +1
121: Sky 2
122: Sky Arts
123: Pick
124: Gold
125: W
126: alibi
127: Dave
128: Drama
129: Really
130: alibi +1
131: W +1
132: Comedy Central
133: Comedy Central +1
134: MTV
135: Syfy
136: Syfy +1
137: Universal Channel
138: Universal Channel +1
139: Challenge
140: Sky Living +1
141: Channel 4 HD
142: Channel 4 +1
143: 4seven
144: E4
145: E4 HD
146: E4 +1
147: More4
148: CBS Reality
149: Horror Channel
150: Channel 5 HD
151: 5STAR
152: My5
153: 5 USA
154: Spike
155: Channel 5 +1
156: E!
157: FOX
158: FOX +1
159: Local TV Channel
160: Real Lives
161: BBC Alba
162: BBC Two HD
163: BBC Four HD
164: Universal Channel HD
165: Syfy HD
166: S4C
167: TLC
168: TLC HD
169: TLC +1
170: Investigation Discovery
171: Investigation Discovery +1
172: Quest
173: Quest +1
174: ITV3 +1
175: ITV4 +1
176: ITV2 HD
177: ITV3 HD
178: ITV4 HD
179: ITVBe HD
180: Challenge +1
181: Comedy Central HD
182: Comedy Central Extra
183: MTV HD
184: BET
185: 5 USA +1
186: 5STAR +1
190: Gold +1
191: W HD
192: CBS Action
193: Sony Channel
194: Dave HD
195: More4 HD
196: More 4 +1
197: CBS Drama
198: YouTube
199: FOX HD
200: alibi HD
201: CBS Reality +1
202: Horror Channel +1
203: 4Seven HD
204: Netflix
206: Sky Arts HD
207: Real Lives +1
208: Lifetime
209: Lifetime HD
210: hayu
211: Dave ja vu
212: TruTV
213: DMAX
214: DMAX +1
215: Quest Red
216: Blaze

tag: ul

text: Factual[edit]

text:
245: Yesterday
246: Yesterday +1
247: Eden
248: Eden +1
249: Eden HD
250: Discovery Channel
251: Discovery Channel HD
252: Discovery Channel +1
256: Animal Planet
257: Animal Planet HD
258: Animal Planet +1
259: Discovery Science
260: Discovery Science +1
261: Discovery Turbo
262: Discovery History
263: Discovery History +1
264: Nat Geo Wild
265: Nat Geo Wild HD
266: National Geographic Channel
267: National Geographic Channel +1
268: National Geographic Channel HD
269: Community Channel
270: History
271: History +1
273: H2
274: H2 HD
275: Crime + Investigation
276: PBS America
277: Forces TV

text: Lifestyle[edit]

text:
278: Good Food
279: Good Food +1
280: Good Food HD
281: Home
282: Home +1
284: Discovery Home & Health
285: Discovery Home & Health +1
286: Discovery Shed
287: GOD Channel
290: GINX eSports TV
291: Food Network
292: Travel Channel

text: Music[edit]

text:
300: VTV Music On Demand
310: MTV Music
311: MTV Live HD
312: MTV Hits
313: MTV Base
314: MTV Dance
315: MTV Rocks
316: VH1
317: Viva
330: Box Upfront
335: The Box
336: Box Hits
337: 4Music
338: Kiss
340: Magic
342: Kerrang! TV
343: Vintage TV
344: Vevo
345: Clubland TV

text: Movies[edit]

text:
400: Virgin Movies Previews
401: Sky Cinema Premiere HD
403: Sky Cinema Hits HD
404: Sky Cinema Greats HD
405: Sky Cinema Disney HD
406: Sky Cinema Family HD
407: Sky Cinema Action & Adventure HD
408: Sky Cinema Comedy HD
409: Sky Cinema Crime & Thriller HD
410: Sky Cinema Drama & Romance HD
411: Sky Cinema Sci Fi & Horror HD
412: Sky Cinema Select HD
415: TCM
416: TCM HD
417: TCM +1
419: Movies 24
420: Movies 24+
424: True Movies 1
425: Sony Movie Channel
426: Movies4Men
428: Film4
429: Film4 HD
430: Film4 +1
431: Sky Cinema Premiere
432: Sky Cinema Premiere +1
433: Sky Cinema Hits
434: Sky Cinema Greats
435: Sky Cinema Disney
436: Sky Cinema Family
437: Sky Cinema Action & Adventure
438: Sky Cinema Comedy
439: Sky Cinema Crime & Thriller
440: Sky Cinema Drama & Romance
441: Sky Cinema Sci Fi & Horror
442: Sky Cinema Select
445: Talking Pictures TV

text: Sport[edit]

text:
501: Sky Sports Main Event HD
502: Sky Sports Premier League HD
503: Sky Sports Football HD
504: Sky Sports Cricket HD
505: Sky Sports Golf HD
506: Sky Sports F1 HD
507: Sky Sports Action HD
508: Sky Sports Arena HD
509: Sky Sports News HD
510: Sky Sports Mix HD
511: Sky Sports Main Event
512: Sky Sports Premier League
513: Sky Sports Football
514: Sky Sports Cricket
515: Sky Sports Golf
516: Sky Sports F1
517: Sky Sports Action
518: Sky Sports Arena
519: Sky Sports News
520: Sky Sports Mix
521: Eurosport 1 HD
522: Eurosport 2 HD
523: Eurosport 1
524: Eurosport 2
526: MUTV
527: BT Sport 1 HD
528: BT Sport 2 HD
529: BT Sport 3 HD
530: BT Sport ESPN HD
531: BT Sport 1
532: BT Sport 2
533: BT Sport 3
534: BT Sport ESPN
535: At The Races
536: Racing UK
544: Liverpool FC TV
545: Motorsport.tv
546: Box Nation
548: BT Sport Showcase
551: Premier Sports

text: News[edit]

text:
601: BBC News
602: Sky News
603: Sky News HD
604: BBC News HD
605: BBC Parliament
607: CNN International
609: Bloomberg
613: CNBC Europe
620: Euronews
621: NDTV 24x7
622: Al Jazeera English
624: France 24
625: NHK World HD

text: Kids[edit]

text:
700: Virgin Media Kids
701: CBBC
702: CBeebies
703: BabyTV
704: Cartoon Network
705: Cartoon Network +1
706: Cartoonito
707: Disney XD
708: Disney XD +1
710: CBBC HD
711: CBeebies HD
712: Nickelodeon
713: Nick +1
714: Nick HD
715: Nick Jr.
716: Nick Jr. Too
717: Nicktoons
724: Disney Channel
725: Disney Channel +1
727: Disney Junior
730: Boomerang
731: Boomerang +1
732: Cartoon Network HD
734: CITV
735: BabyFirst
736: POP
737: Tiny Pop
738: Kix Power

text: Shopping[edit]

text:
740: QVC
741: QVC Beauty
742: QVC Style
747: Ideal World
748: Create and Craft
755: Gems TV
756: Jewellery Maker
757: TJC

text: International[edit]

text:
801: Star Gold
803: Star Plus
804: Star Bharat
805: SET
806: MAX
807: SAB
809: Zee TV
810: Zee Cinema
811: &TV
812: Zee Punjabi
813: Zing
815: B4U Movies
816: B4U Music
825: TV5 MONDE
826: Colors TV
827: Rishtey
829: NDTV Good Times
830: UTV Movies
831: Al Jazeera Arabic
832: France 24 French
833: Hum Europe
834: Worldbox
835: Nigeria
836: NDTV India
837: NDTV Spice
838: Islam Channel UK
839: Islam Channel Urdu
840: Brit Asia TV

text: Audio Description[edit]

text:
851: BBC One Audio Description
852: BBC Two Audio Description
853: ITV Audio Description
854: Channel 4 Audio Description
855: Channel 5 Audio Description
856: S4C Audio Description

text: Local[edit]

text:
861: BBC One England
862: BBC One Scotland
863: BBC One Northern Ireland
864: BBC One Wales
865: BBC Two England
875: RTÉ One (in Northern Ireland)
876: RTÉ2 (in Northern Ireland)
877: TG4 (in Northern Ireland)

text: Radio[edit]

text:
901: BBC Radio 1
902: BBC Radio 2
903: BBC Radio 3
904: BBC Radio 4 FM
905: BBC Radio 5 Live
906: BBC World Service
907: BBC Radio 1Xtra
908: BBC Radio 5 Live Sports Extra
909: BBC Radio 6 Music
910: BBC Radio 4 Extra
911: BBC Radio 4 Long Wave
912: BBC Asian Network
913: BBC Local Radio
915: Absolute Radio
916: Smooth Radio
917: RTÉ Radio
918: Heart FM
919: LBC News
920: World Radio Network
921: Heart 80s
922: Classic FM
923: Gold
924: Planet Rock
927: Talksport
928: Magic Radio
930: BBC Radio Scotland
931: BBC Radio Wales
932: BBC Radio Ulster
934: BBC Radio nan Gàidheal
936: BBC Radio Cymru
937: BBC Local Radio
951: Absolute Radio 80s
952: Absolute Classic Rock
958: Capital FM
959: Capital XTRA
960: Radio X
963: Kiss FM

text: Adult[edit]

text:
969: Adult Previews
970: Television X Nightly
971: Playboy TV Nightly
972: Adult Channel
973: XXX Brits
974: Xrated 40+
975: Xrated Couples
976: Xrated Hook-Ups
978: Television X
979: Playboy TV
980: Adult Channel
981: Babenation

text: Information[edit]

text:
985: PIN Protection Help
997: PIN Protection Help
998: Virgin Media Previews
999: Virgin ID

text: BBC Red Button[edit]

text: 991 BBC Red Button

text: When the BBC launches additional Red Button channels to accommodate major events such as Wimbledon, these additional channels are located between 990 and 996 and usually include one channel broadcasting in HD.

text: HD Channels[edit]

text:
108: BBC One HD
109: Sky 1 HD
111: Sky Living HD
113: ITV HD
141: Channel 4 HD
145: E4 HD
150: Channel 5 HD
158: FOX HD
162: BBC Two HD
163: BBC Four HD
164: Universal Channel HD
165: Syfy HD
168: TLC HD
176: ITV2 HD
177: ITV3 HD
178: ITV4 HD
179: ITVBe HD
181: Comedy Central HD
183: MTV HD
191: W HD
194: Dave HD
195: More4 HD
200: alibi HD
203: 4Seven HD
206: Sky Arts HD
209: Lifetime HD
249: Eden HD
251: Discovery Channel HD
257: Animal Planet HD
265: Nat Geo Wild HD
268: National Geographic Channel HD
274: H2 HD
280: Good Food HD
311: MTV Live HD
401: Sky Cinema Premiere HD
403: Sky Cinema Showcase HD
404: Sky Cinema Hits HD
405: Sky Cinema Disney HD
406: Sky Cinema Family HD
407: Sky Cinema Action & Adventure HD
408: Sky Cinema Comedy HD
409: Sky Cinema Crime & Thriller HD
410: Sky Cinema Drama & Romance HD
411: Sky Cinema Sci Fi & Horror HD
412: Sky Cinema Select HD
416: TCM HD
429: Film4 HD
501: Sky Sports 1 HD
502: Sky Sports 2 HD
503: Sky Sports 3 HD
504: Sky Sports 4 HD
505: Sky Sports 5 HD
506: Sky Sports News HQ HD
507: Sky Sports Mix HD
508: Sky Sports F1 HD
521: Eurosport 1 HD
522: Eurosport 2 HD
527: BT Sport 1 HD
528: BT Sport 2 HD
529: BT Sport 3 HD
530: BT Sport ESPN HD
603: Sky News HD
604: BBC News HD
625: NHK World HD
710: CBBC HD
711: CBeebies HD
714: Nickelodeon HD
732: Cartoon Network HD


document_title: Molecular models of DNA

question_text: who collected the data used to describe the current model for the molecular structure of dna

text: Molecular models of DNA

text: History[edit]

text:
Double helix[hide]
William Astbury
Oswald Avery
Florence Bell
Lawrence Bragg
Francis Crick
Erwin Chargaff
Michael Creeth
Jerry Donohue
Rosalind Franklin
Raymond Gosling
Frederick Griffith
John Masson Gulland
Denis Jordan
Phoebus Levene
Friedrich Miescher
Fred Neufeld
Sir John Randall
Alex Stokes
James Watson
Maurice Wilkins
Herbert Wilson
Photo 51
vte

tag: table

text:
From the very early stages of structural studies of DNA by X-ray diffraction and biochemical means, molecular models such as the Watson-Crick nucleic acid double helix model were successfully employed to solve the 'puzzle' of DNA structure, and also find how the latter relates to its key functions in living cells. The first high quality X-ray diffraction patterns
of A-DNA were reported by Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling in 1953.[1] Rosalind Franklin made the critical observation that DNA exists in two distinct forms, A and B, and produced the sharpest pictures of both through X-ray diffraction technique.[2] The first calculations of the Fourier transform of an atomic helix were reported one year earlier by Cochran, Crick and Vand,[3] and were followed in 1953 by the computation of the Fourier transform of a coiled-coil by Crick.[4]

text: Structural information is generated from X-ray diffraction studies of oriented DNA fibers with the help of molecular models of DNA that are combined with crystallographic and mathematical analysis of the X-ray patterns.

text:
The first reports of a double helix molecular model of B-DNA structure were made by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953.[5][6] That same year, Maurice F. Wilkins,
A. Stokes and H.R. Wilson, reported the first X-ray patterns
of in vivo B-DNA in partially oriented salmon sperm heads.[7]

text: The development of the first correct double helix molecular model of DNA by Crick and Watson may not have been possible without the biochemical evidence for the nucleotide base-pairing ([A---T]; [C---G]), or Chargaff's rules.[8][9][10][11][12][13] Although such initial studies of DNA structures with the help of molecular models were essentially static, their consequences for explaining the in vivo functions of DNA were significant in the areas of protein biosynthesis and the quasi-universality of the genetic code. Epigenetic transformation studies of DNA in vivo were however much slower to develop despite their importance for embryology, morphogenesis and cancer research. Such chemical dynamics and biochemical reactions of DNA are much more complex than the molecular dynamics of DNA physical interactions with water, ions and proteins/enzymes in living cells.

text: Importance[edit]

text: An old standing dynamic problem is how DNA "self-replication" takes place in living cells that should involve transient uncoiling of supercoiled DNA fibers. Although DNA consists of relatively rigid, very large elongated biopolymer molecules called fibers or chains (that are made of repeating nucleotide units of four basic types, attached to deoxyribose and phosphate groups), its molecular structure in vivo undergoes dynamic configuration changes that involve dynamically attached water molecules and ions. Supercoiling, packing with histones in chromosome structures, and other such supramolecular aspects also involve  in vivo DNA topology which is even more complex than DNA molecular geometry, thus turning molecular modeling of DNA into an especially challenging problem for both molecular biologists and biotechnologists. Like other large molecules and biopolymers, DNA often exists in multiple stable geometries (that is, it exhibits conformational isomerism) and configurational, quantum states which are close to each other in energy on the potential energy surface of the DNA molecule.

text: Such varying molecular geometries can also be computed, at least in principle, by employing ab initio quantum chemistry methods that can attain high accuracy for small molecules, although claims that acceptable accuracy can be also achieved for polynuclelotides, and DNA conformations, were recently made on the basis of vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectral data. Such quantum geometries define an important class of ab initio molecular models of DNA which exploration has barely started, especially related to results obtained by VCD in solutions. More detailed comparisons with such ab initio quantum computations are in principle obtainable through 2D-FT NMR spectroscopy and relaxation studies of polynucleotide solutions or specifically labeled DNA, as for example with deuterium labels.

text: In an interesting twist of roles, the DNA molecule was proposed to be used for quantum computing via DNA. Both DNA nanostructures and DNA computing biochips have been built.

text: Fundamental concepts[edit]

text: The chemical structure of DNA is insufficient to understand the complexity of the 3D structures of DNA. In contrast, animated molecular models allow one to visually explore the three-dimensional (3D) structure of DNA. The DNA model shown (far right) is a space-filling, or CPK, model of the DNA double helix. Animated molecular models, such as the wire, or skeletal, type shown at the top of this article, allow one to visually explore the three-dimensional (3D) structure of DNA. Another type of DNA model is the space-filling, or CPK, model.

text: The hydrogen bonding dynamics and proton exchange is very different by many orders of magnitude between the two systems of fully hydrated DNA and water molecules in ice.  Thus, the DNA dynamics is complex, involving nanosecond and several tens of picosecond time scales, whereas that of liquid ice is on the picosecond time scale, and that of proton exchange in ice is on the millisecond time scale.  The proton exchange rates in DNA and attached proteins may vary from picosecond to nanosecond, minutes or years, depending on the exact locations of the exchanged protons in the large biopolymers.

text: A simple harmonic oscillator 'vibration' is only an oversimplified dynamic representation of the longitudinal vibrations of the DNA intertwined helices which were found to be anharmonic rather than harmonic as often assumed in quantum dynamic simulations of DNA.

text: DNA structure[edit]

text: The structure of DNA shows a variety of forms, both double-stranded and single-stranded. The mechanical properties of DNA, which are directly related to its structure, are a significant problem for cells. Every process which binds or reads DNA is able to use or modify the mechanical properties of DNA for purposes of recognition, packaging and modification. The extreme length (a chromosome may contain a 10 cm long DNA strand), relative rigidity and helical structure of DNA has led to the evolution of histones and of enzymes such as topoisomerases and helicases to manage a cell's DNA. The properties of DNA are closely related to its molecular structure and sequence, particularly the weakness of the hydrogen bonds and electronic interactions that hold strands of DNA together compared to the strength of the bonds within each strand.

text: Experimental methods which can directly measure the mechanical properties of DNA are relatively new, and high-resolution visualization in solution is often difficult. Nevertheless, scientists have uncovered large amount of data on the mechanical properties of this polymer, and the implications of DNA's mechanical properties on cellular processes is a topic of active current research.

text: The DNA found in many cells can be macroscopic in length: a few centimetres long for each human chromosome. Consequently, cells must compact or package DNA to carry it within them. In eukaryotes this is carried by spool-like proteins named histones, around which DNA winds. It is the further compaction of this DNA-protein complex which produces the well known mitotic eukaryotic chromosomes.

text: In the late 1970s, alternate non-helical models of DNA structure were briefly considered as a potential solution to problems in DNA replication in plasmids and chromatin.  However, the models were set aside in favor of the double-helical model due to subsequent experimental advances such as X-ray crystallography of DNA duplexes, and later the nucleosome core particle, and the discovery of topoisomerases. Such non-double-helical models are not currently accepted by the mainstream scientific community.[14][15]

text: DNA structure determination using molecular modeling and DNA X-ray patterns[edit]

text: After DNA has been separated and purified by standard biochemical methods, one has a sample in a jar much like in the figure at the top of this article.  Below are the main steps involved in generating structural information from X-ray diffraction studies of oriented DNA fibers that are drawn from the hydrated DNA sample with the help of molecular models of DNA that are combined with crystallographic and mathematical analysis of the X-ray patterns.

text: Paracrystalline lattice models of B-DNA structures[edit]

text: A paracrystalline lattice, or paracrystal, is a molecular or atomic lattice with significant amounts (e.g., larger than a few percent) of partial disordering of molecular arrangements. Limiting cases of the paracrystal model are nanostructures, such as glasses, liquids, etc., that may possess only local ordering and no global order. A simple example of a paracrystalline lattice is shown in the following figure for a silica glass:

text: Liquid crystals also have paracrystalline rather than crystalline structures.

text: Highly hydrated B-DNA occurs naturally in living cells in such a paracrystalline state, which is a dynamic one despite the relatively rigid DNA double helix stabilized by parallel hydrogen bonds between the nucleotide base-pairs in the two complementary, helical DNA chains (see figures). For simplicity most DNA molecular models omit both water and ions dynamically bound to B-DNA, and are thus less useful for understanding the dynamic behaviors of B-DNA in vivo. The physical and mathematical analysis of X-ray[16][17] and spectroscopic data for paracrystalline B-DNA is thus far more complex than that of crystalline, A-DNA X-ray diffraction patterns. The paracrystal model is also important for DNA technological applications such as DNA nanotechnology. Novel methods that combine X-ray diffraction of DNA with X-ray microscopy in hydrated living cells are now also being developed.[18]

text: Genomic and biotechnology applications of DNA molecular modeling[edit]

text: There are various uses of DNA molecular modeling in Genomics and Biotechnology research applications, from DNA repair to PCR and DNA nanostructures.  Two-dimensional DNA junction arrays have been visualized by Atomic force microscopy.[19]

text: DNA molecular modeling has various uses in genomics and biotechnology, with research applications ranging from DNA repair to PCR and DNA nanostructures.  These include computer molecular models of molecules as varied as RNA polymerase, an E. coli, bacterial DNA primase template suggesting very complex dynamics at the interfaces between the enzymes and the DNA template, and molecular models of the mutagenic, chemical interaction of potent carcinogen molecules with DNA.  These are all represented in the gallery below.

text:
Technological application include a DNA biochip and DNA nanostructures designed for DNA computing and other dynamic applications of DNA nanotechnology.[20][21][22][23][24][25]
The image at right is of self-assembled DNA nanostructures. The DNA "tile" structure in this image consists of four branched junctions oriented at 90° angles. Each tile consists of nine DNA oligonucleotides as shown; such tiles serve as the primary "building block" for the assembly of the DNA nanogrids shown in the AFM micrograph.

text: Quadruplex DNA may be involved in certain cancers.[26][27]  Images of quadruplex DNA are in the gallery below.

text: Gallery of DNA models[edit]

text:
Spinning DNA generic model.

An oversimplified sketch of the double helix structure of A-DNA.

A model of DNA replication based on the double helix concept.

Animated, space-filling molecular model of the A-DNA double helix

A large-scale Crick-Watson DNA model shown in the Museum of Príncipe Felipe.

Side view of molecular models of A-, B-, Z- DNA.

Oversimplified model of the A-DNA double helix.

Molecular modeling of RNA polymerase.

Molecular modeling of a bacterial DNA primase template.

Molecular modeling of DNA interactions with the carcinogen molecule MGMT.

3D Molecular model of DNA damaged by carcinogenic 2-aminofluorene(AF).

Fig.6. Molecular modeling of DNA repair

Animated skeletal model of A-DNA.

Simplified models of chromatin.

Simplified model of chromosome structure.

A hypothetical quadruplex of guanine-rich DNA structures that may be involved in cancers.

3D Molecular Structure of the intramolecular human telomeric G-quadruplex in potassium solution.

DNA spacefilling molecular model

A model of a designed DNA tetrahedron.

15 m long DNA model, Naturalis Biodiversity Center


document_title: Good Will Hunting

question_text: who played will hunting in good will hunting

text: Good Will Hunting

text: Plot[edit]

text: Twenty-year-old Will Hunting of South Boston is a self-taught genius, though he works as a janitor at MIT and spends his free time drinking with his friends, Chuckie, Billy, and Morgan. When Professor Gerald Lambeau posts a difficult mathematics problem as a challenge for his graduate students, Will solves the problem anonymously, stunning both the students and Lambeau. As a challenge to the unknown genius, Lambeau posts an even more difficult problem. Will flees when Lambeau catches him writing the solution on the blackboard late at night. At a bar, Will meets Skylar, a British female student about to graduate from Harvard, who plans on attending medical school at Stanford.

text: The next day, Will and his friends fight a gang, who used to bully Will when he was a kid; the police arrest Will. Lambeau sits in on his court appearance and watches Will defend. He arranges for him to forgo jail time if he agrees to study mathematics under Lambeau's supervision and participate in therapy sessions. Will tentatively agrees, but treats his first few therapists with mockery. In desperation, Lambeau calls on Dr. Sean Maguire, his college roommate, who now teaches psychology at Bunker Hill Community College. Unlike other therapists, Sean actually challenges Will's defense mechanisms, and after a few unproductive sessions, Will begins to open up.

text: Will is particularly struck by Sean's story of how he met his wife by giving up his ticket to the historic game six of the 1975 World Series, after falling in love at first sight. Sean does not regret his decision, even though his wife died of cancer. This encourages Will to build a relationship with Skylar, though he lies to her about his past and is reluctant to introduce her to his friends or show her his rundown neighborhood. Will also challenges Sean to take an objective look at his own life, since Sean cannot move on from his wife's death.

text: Lambeau sets up a number of job interviews for Will, but Will scorns them by sending Chuckie as his "chief negotiator", and by turning down a position at the NSA with a scathing critique of the agency's moral position. Skylar asks Will to move to California with her, but he refuses and tells her he is an orphan, and that his foster father physically abused him. Will breaks up with Skylar and later storms out on Lambeau, dismissing the mathematical research he has been doing. Sean points out that Will is so adept at anticipating future failure in his interpersonal relationships that he deliberately sabotages them in order to avoid emotional pain.

text: Will walks in on a heated argument between Sean and Lambeau over his potential. Sean and Will share and find out that they were both victims of child abuse. Sean helps Will to see that he is a victim of his own inner demons and to accept that it is not his fault, causing him to break down in tears. Will accepts one of the job offers arranged by Lambeau. Having helped Will overcome his problems, Sean reconciles with Lambeau and takes a sabbatical to travel the world. When Will's friends present him with a rebuilt Chevrolet Nova for his twenty-first birthday, he decides to pass on his job offer and drive to California to reunite with Skylar. Some time later, Chuckie goes to Will's house to pick him up, only to find that he is not there, much to his happiness.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Matt Damon as Will Hunting
Robin Williams as Sean Maguire
Ben Affleck as Chuckie Sullivan
Stellan Skarsgård as Professor Gerald Lambeau
Minnie Driver as Skylar
Casey Affleck as Morgan O'Mally
Cole Hauser as Billy McBride
John Mighton as Tom
Scott William Winters as Clark
Jimmy Flynn as Judge George H. Malone
Christopher Britton as Executive #2
Alison Folland as MIT Student
George Plimpton as Henry Lipkin

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Matt Damon originally started writing the film as a final assignment for a playwriting class he was taking at Harvard University.[5] Instead of writing a one-act play, Damon submitted a 40-page script.[5] He wrote his girlfriend at that time, medical student Skylar Satenstein (credited in the closing credits of the film), into his script.[6] Damon said the only scene from that script which survived and "it survived verbatim" was when Will Hunting (Damon) meets his therapist, Dr. Maguire (Robin Williams).[5] He then came to Ben Affleck and asked him to develop the screenplay together, and the two completed the script in 1994.[5] At first, it was written as a thriller about a young man in the rough-and-tumble streets of South Boston who possesses a superior intelligence and is targeted by the government with heavy-handed recruitment.[5] After purchasing the script, Castle Rock Entertainment president Rob Reiner urged them to drop the thriller aspect of the story and to focus on the relationship between Will and his therapist. At a dinner meeting with Terrence Malick, Affleck and Damon told the story to Malick who suggested that the film's climax ought to be Will's decision to follow his girlfriend Skylar to California instead of them leaving together.[7]

text: At Reiner's request, screenwriter William Goldman read the script. Goldman has consistently denied the persistent rumor that he wrote Good Will Hunting or acted as a script doctor. In his book Which Lie Did I Tell? Goldman jokingly writes, "I did not just doctor it. I wrote the whole thing from scratch," before dismissing the rumor as false and saying his only advice was agreeing with Reiner's suggestion.[8]

text: Castle Rock bought the script for $675,000 against $775,000, meaning that Damon and Affleck would stand to earn an additional $100,000 if the film was produced and they retained sole writing credit.[citation needed] However, studios balked at the idea of Affleck and Damon in the lead roles, with many studio executives stating that they wanted Brad Pitt and Leonardo DiCaprio.[9] At the time Damon and Affleck were meeting at Castle Rock, Kevin Smith was working with Affleck on Mallrats and with both Damon and Affleck on Chasing Amy.[10]  Castle Rock put the script in turnaround, and gave Damon and Affleck 30 days to find another buyer for the script who would reimburse Castle Rock the money paid, otherwise the script reverted to the studio, and Damon and Affleck would be out.  All the studios that were involved in the original bidding war for the screenplay now turned the pair down, taking meetings with Affleck and Damon only to tell them this to their face.  As a last resort, Affleck passed the script to his Chasing Amy director Kevin Smith, who read it and promised to walk the script directly into Harvey Weinstein's office at Miramax. Weinstein read the script, loved it, and paid Castle Rock their due, while also agreeing to let Damon and Affleck star in the film. In his recollection of the meeting, Weinstein asked about an out-of-place, mid-script oral sex scene, which Damon and Affleck explained was a test to see which studio executives had actually read the script.[11][5]

text: After buying the rights from Castle Rock, Miramax gave the green light to put the film into production. Several well-known filmmakers were originally considered to direct, including Mel Gibson, Michael Mann, and Steven Soderbergh.[citation needed] Originally, Affleck asked Kevin Smith if he was interested in directing. He declined, saying they needed a "good director" and that he only directs things he writes and is not much of a visual director, but still served as one of the film's executive producers. Damon and Affleck later chose Gus Van Sant for the job, whose work on previous films like Drugstore Cowboy (1989) had left a favorable impression on the fledgling screenwriters. Miramax was persuaded and hired Van Sant to direct the film.

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming took place between April and June 1997. Although the story is set in Boston, and many of the scenes were done on location in the Greater Boston area, much of the filming was done at locations in Toronto, with the University of Toronto standing in for the interiors of MIT and Harvard University.  The classroom scenes were filmed at McLennan Physical Laboratories (of the University of Toronto) and Central Technical School.  Harvard normally disallows filming on its property, but permitted limited filming by the project after intervention by Harvard alumnus John Lithgow.[12]  Likewise, only the exterior shots of Bunker Hill Community College were filmed in Boston; however, Sean's office was built in Toronto as an exact replica of one at the college.[13]

text: The interior bar scenes set in "Southie" were shot on location at Woody's L St. Tavern.[14]  Meanwhile, the homes of Will (190 West 6th Street) and Sean (259 E Street), while some distance apart in the movie, actually back up to each other on Bowen Street, the narrow street Chuckie drives down to walk up to Will's back door.[15][16]

text: The Bow and Arrow Pub, which was located at the corner of Bow Street and Massachusetts Avenue in Cambridge, doubled as the Harvard bar in which Will met Skylar for the first time.[17]  The Baskin-Robbins/Dunkin' Donuts featured in the "How do you like them apples?" scene was next door to the pub at the time of the film's release.[16]

text: The Tasty, at the corner of JFK and Brattle Streets, was the scene of Will and Skylar's first kiss.[18]  The Au Bon Pain, where Will and Skylar discuss the former's photographic memory, was at the corner of Dunster Street and Mass Ave.[19]

text: The Boston Public Garden bench on which Will and Sean sat for a scene in the film became a temporary shrine after Williams' death in 2014.[20]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: In the film's opening weekend in limited release, it earned $272,912. In its January 1998 wide-release opening weekend, it earned $10,261,471. It went on to gross $138,433,435 in North America for a total worldwide gross of $225,933,435.[3]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 97% based on 70 reviews and an average rating of 8/10. The site's critical consensus reads:

text: It follows a predictable narrative arc, but Good Will Hunting adds enough quirks to the journey – and is loaded with enough powerful performances – that it remains an entertaining, emotionally rich drama.[21]

text: At Metacritic, the film has a score of 70 out of 100 based on 28 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[22]

text: Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four stars, writing that while the story is "predictable", it is "the individual moments, not the payoff, that make it so effective".[23]

text: Several scholars have examined the film as a portrayal of residual Catholic–Protestant tensions in Boston, as Irish Catholics from Southie are aligned against ostensibly Protestant characters who are affiliated with Harvard and MIT.[24][25]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Good Will Hunting: Music from the Miramax Motion Picture[34]Soundtrack album by Various artistsReleased
December 2, 1997Genre
Soundtrack, indie rock, acoustic rock, indie folkLabel
Capitol

text: The musical score for Good Will Hunting was composed by Danny Elfman, who had previously collaborated with Gus Van Sant on To Die For and would go on to score many of the director's other films.[35] The film also features many songs written and recorded by singer-songwriter Elliott Smith. His song "Miss Misery" was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song, but lost to "My Heart Will Go On" from Titanic.[36] Elfman's score was also nominated for an Oscar, but lost to Titanic as well. On September 11, 2006, The Today Show used Elfman's song "Weepy Donuts" while Matt Lauer spoke during the opening credits.

text: A soundtrack album for the film was released by Capitol Records on November 18, 1997, though only two of Elfman's cues appear on the release.[37][38]

text:
Elliott Smith – "Between the Bars" (Orchestral)
Jeb Loy Nichols – "As the Rain"
Elliott Smith – "Angeles"
Elliott Smith – "No Name #3"
The Waterboys – "Fisherman's Blues"
Luscious Jackson – "Why Do I Lie?"
Danny Elfman – "Will Hunting" (Main Titles)
Elliott Smith – "Between the Bars"
Elliott Smith – "Say Yes"
Gerry Rafferty – "Baker Street"
Andru Donalds – "Somebody's Baby"
The Dandy Warhols – "Boys Better"
Al Green – "How Can You Mend a Broken Heart?"
Elliott Smith – "Miss Misery"
Danny Elfman – "Weepy Donuts"

tag: ol

text: "Afternoon Delight" by the Starland Vocal Band was featured in the film, but did not appear on the soundtrack album.

text:
Good Will Hunting: Original Motion Picture SoundtrackSoundtrack album by Danny Elfman, Elliott SmithReleased
March 3, 2014Genre
SoundtrackLabel
Music Box Records

text: A limited edition soundtrack album featuring Elfman's complete score from the film was released by Music Box Records on March 3, 2014. The soundtrack, issued in 1500 copies, includes all of Elfman's cues (including music not featured on the rare Miramax Academy promo) and also contains the songs by Elliott Smith. One of the tracks is Smith's songs with Elfman's arrangements added into the mix.[39]

text:
Main Title (2:44)
Genie Mopper (0:37)
First Calculation (1:08)
Theorem (0:42)
Kick Ass Choir (0:59)
Mystery Math (2:28)
Them Apples (0:57)
Jail (1:13)
Second Shrink (1:14)
Any Port (1:25)
Times Up (1:14)
Oliver Twist (1:58)
Staring Contest (0:49)
Secret Weapon (0:57)
Retainer (Part A) (0:58)
Retainer (Part B) (0:20)
Tell You Something (0:48)
No Love Me (0:47)
Fire Music (1:11)
Whose Fault (2:34)
End Titles (3:50)
Between the Bars (Orchestral) (1:09) – Performed by Elliott Smith / Arr. by Elfman
No Name #3 (3:04) – Performed by Elliott Smith
Say Yes (2:15) – Performed by Elliott Smith
Between the Bars (2:21) – Performed by Elliott Smith
Angeles (2:55) – Performed by Elliott Smith
Miss Misery (3:12) – Performed by Elliott Smith

text: Mathematics[edit]

text: In an early version of the script, Will Hunting was going to be a physics prodigy, but Nobel Laureate in Physics Sheldon Glashow at Harvard told Damon the subject should be math instead of physics. Glashow referred Damon to his brother-in-law, Daniel Kleitman, a mathematics professor at MIT. In the spring of 1997, Damon and Affleck asked Kleitman to "speak math to us" for writing realistic dialogue, so Kleitman invited postdoc Tom Bohman to join him giving them a "quick lecture". When asked for a problem that Will could solve, Kleitman and Bohman suggested the unsolved computer science P versus NP problem, but the movie used other problems. Columbia University's physics and math professor Brian Greene at the Tribeca Sloan retrospective explained that for physics, "Having some deep insight about the universe, though, typically, it's a group project in the modern era," while "doing some mathematical theorem is a singular undertaking very often."[40][41]

text: Patrick O'Donnell, professor of physics at University of Toronto, served as mathematical consultant for the film production.[42]

text: The main hallway blackboard is used twice to reveal Will Hunting's talent, first to the audience, second to Professor Lambeau. Matt Damon based it on his artist brother Kyle visiting MIT's Infinite Corridor and writing "an incredibly elaborate, totally fake, version of an equation" on a blackboard which lasted for months. Kyle returned to Matt saying MIT needed these blackboards "because these kids are so smart they just need to, you know, drop everything and solve problems!"[43]

text: The first turning point in the plot occurs when Will sets aside his mop in a hallway and studies a difficult blackboard graph theory problem posed by Professor Lambeau.[44] The question is to find the number of 3-step walks in a given graph. Will chalks up the adjacency matrix

text: The other characters are astounded that a janitor could show such facility with matrices applied this way.


document_title: Love, Simon

question_text: where does the movie love simon take place

text: Love, Simon

text: Plot[edit]

text: Simon Spier is a closeted gay teenage boy attending high school in a suburb of Atlanta, Georgia. He has a close and loving family: parents Emily and Jack, and sister Nora, as well as three best friends: Nick and Leah, whom he has known most of his life, and newcomer Abby. One day, Leah informs Simon about an online confession of a closeted gay student at their high school, known only by the pseudonym "Blue". As "Jacques", Simon begins communicating with him. The two confide personal details and form a connection. However, their emails are accidentally discovered by another student, Martin, who is infatuated with Abby. After learning his secret, Martin blackmails Simon by threatening to make photos of Simon's emails public and forces Simon to help him win over Abby.

text: Simon begins to suspect that one of his classmates, Bram, is Blue. At a Halloween party, he attempts to connect with Bram, but later Simon walks in on him and a female student making out. Inebriated, Simon is walked home by Leah, who then sleeps over. She speaks vaguely about how she feels that she is fated to love one person very intensely, and Simon believes she is referring to Nick.

text: Later, Simon meets with Abby and Martin at a local diner after Simon convinces them to practice lines together for an upcoming musical. Simon bonds with their server, a classmate named Lyle, and believes that Lyle may be Blue. That night, Simon comes out to Abby and becomes encouraged when she reacts positively. At a school football game, he crosses paths with Lyle; before he can summon the courage to ask if he is Blue, he finds out Lyle is interested in Abby.

text: An upset Simon tells a pestering Martin to either "go big or go home" with Abby. During the national anthem at the football game, Martin seizes the microphone and declares his feelings for Abby, but she admits she does not like him. A humiliated Martin becomes the subject of intense ridicule.

text: On Christmas Eve, Martin impulsively posts Simon's emails on the school gossip site, outing Simon by name. His sister Nora tries comforting him, but Simon shuts her out and does not return his friends' frantic texts. On Christmas morning, Simon comes out to his parents, much to their surprise but acceptance.

text: Nick and Abby, now a couple, angrily confront Simon about the lies he told and learn that he had tried to keep them apart due to Martin's blackmail. Leah confesses she was in love with Simon, not Nick, and is upset he came out to Abby first. After being rejected by his friends, Simon receives a final email from Blue, who is upset that their email discussions have been leaked. He tells Simon that they should stop speaking before deleting his email account. Simon is devastated, having lost his friends as well as the mystery pen-pal he has fallen in love with.

text: At school, Simon tries to determine Blue's identity to no avail. In the cafeteria, Simon and an openly gay student, Ethan, are mocked by classmates. Ethan and Simon bond over the difficulties they have faced coming out.

text: After his parents reach out and comfort him, Simon apologizes to Leah. Simon posts a confession on the gossip site apologising to his friends for the hurt he caused and seeking out Blue and asking him to come forward. After the school musical, Leah, Nick and Abby make amends with Simon and invite him to go to the carnival with them. Waiting for Blue at the school carnival, Simon rides the Ferris wheel, drawing a large crowd of peers, until he runs out of tickets. Martin comes forward and, to make amends, buys him one more ride. Just before the ride begins, Bram sits next to Simon and reveals himself as Blue; the kiss Simon saw with the female student was a drunk misunderstanding. The couple ride the Ferris wheel together and kiss.

text: Simon's life gradually returns to normal and he begins a relationship with Bram. While picking up his friends, and now Bram, for school, Simon disrupts their usual morning routine and suggests that they go "on a little adventure".

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Nick Robinson as Simon Spier
Bryson Pitts as 10-year-old Simon Spier
Nye Reynolds as 5-year-old Simon Spier
Josh Duhamel as Jack Spier, Simon's father
Jennifer Garner as Emily Spier, Simon's mother
Katherine Langford as Leah Burke, one of Simon's best friends
Alexandra Shipp as Abby Suso, one of Simon's best friends
Jorge Lendeborg Jr. as Nick Eisner, one of Simon's best friends
Keiynan Lonsdale as Abraham "Bram" Greenfeld, one of Simon's classmates
Miles Heizer as Cal Price, one of Simon's friends and classmates
Logan Miller as Martin Addison, one of Simon's classmates who blackmails him
Talitha Bateman as Nora Spier, Simon's sister
Skye Mowbray as 6-year-old Nora Spier
Tony Hale as Mr. Worth, the vice principal of the school Simon attends
Natasha Rothwell as Ms. Albright, Simon's drama teacher
Drew Starkey as Garrett Laughlin, one of Simon's classmates
Clark Moore as Ethan, one of Simon's classmates who is openly gay
Joey Pollari as Lyle, a flirty server at a local diner
Mackenzie Lintz as Taylor, one of Simon's classmates

text: Production[edit]

text: Principal photography began on March 6, 2017, in Atlanta, Georgia.[14] Filming officially ended on April 23, 2017.[15]

text: Knowing how expensive the cost of the music would be in the film, Berlanti made the choice to end shooting two days early. Of the decision, he said "I did know that a lot of the film was made in homage to movies that had these great soundtracks that, at my age, you’d play the cassette tape over and over again until it would wear out. The soundtrack was the thing that kept you feeling the emotions of the movie. So it was always on my wish list to have a soundtrack that was reflective of that. It was very expensive so everyone wanted to make sure I was doing the right thing. I wanted more money to be put into the music."[16]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Love, Simon (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)Soundtrack album by Various ArtistsReleased
March 16, 2018Genre
Soundtrack, Indie popLength
47 minutesLabel
Sony Music Entertainment
Singles from Love, Simon (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

"Alfie's Song"Released: 16 January 2018
"Love Lies"Released: 14 February 2018

text: The soundtrack of the film includes music by Bleachers, Troye Sivan, Amy Shark, Brenton Wood, The 1975, Normani and Khalid, among others. The first track released from the soundtrack was "Alfie's Song (Not So Typical Love Song)" by Bleachers.[17][18]

text:
Love, Simon (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)[18]No.TitleWriter(s)Performed byLength1."Alfie's Song (Not So Typical Love Song)"
Jack Antonoff
Ilsey Juber
Harry Styles
Bleachers3:012."Rollercoaster"
Antonoff
John Hill
Bleachers3:123."Never Fall in Love"
Antonoff
Karen Marie Ørsted
Jack Antonoff and MØ 4."Strawberries & Cigarettes"
Troye Sivan
Antonoff
Alex Hope
Troye Sivan3:215."Sink In"
Ben Berger
Julia Michaels
Ryan McMahon
Amy Shark4:356."Love Lies"
Khalid Robinson
Normani
Charlie Handsome
Jamil "Digi" Chammas
Taylor Parks
Khalid and Normani3:237."The Oogum Boogum Song"
Alfred Smith
Brenton Wood3:078."Love Me"
Adam Hann
George Daniel
Matthew Healy
Ross MacDonald
The 19753:429."I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)"
George Merrill
Shannon Rubicam
Whitney Houston4:5010."Someday at Christmas"
Ron Miller
Bryan Wells
Jackson 52:4411."Wings"
Nini Fabi
Benjamin Gebert
Haerts4:5812."Keeping a Secret" Bleachers3:2513."Wild Heart"
Antonoff
Hill
Bleachers3:21

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2018)

Peak position

Australian Albums (ARIA)[19]

82

Canadian Albums (Billboard)[20]

24

UK Soundtrack Albums (OCC)[21]

11

US Billboard 200[22]

37

text: Other songs that appear in the film but are not included on its soundtrack include "Waterloo Sunset" by The Kinks, "No" by Meghan Trainor and "As Long as You Love Me" by Justin Bieber.

text: Release[edit]

text: Love, Simon premiered at the Mardi Gras Film Festival on February 27, 2018, and also screened at the Glasgow Film Festival and the Melbourne Queer Film Festival.[23][24] The film was released by 20th Century Fox in the United States and Canada on March 16, 2018, in Australia and New Zealand on March 29, 2018, in Brazil on April 5, 2018, in the United Kingdom and Ireland on April 6, 2018, in Colombia on April 12, 2018, Mexico on April 13, 2018, and is scheduled to be released in other countries on various dates throughout 2018.[25]

text: Following the film's release, several celebrities, including Jennifer Garner, Kristen Bell, Neil Patrick Harris, Joey Graceffa, Matt Bomer, Robbie Rogers, Benj Pasek, Tyler Oakley, Martin Gero, Andrew Rannells and Jesse Tyler Ferguson bought out entire theaters so that people could see the film for free, because they believe that the film conveys an important message.[26]

text: Home video[edit]

text: The film became available to pre-order on home video on January 17, 2018, and is expected to be released in June 2018.[27][28]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of  April 17, 2018[update], Love, Simon has grossed $39.6 million in the United States and Canada, and $11 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $50.7 million, against a production budget of $17 million, ranking #15 out of all films since 1980 in the teen romance genre, and out-grossing every film in that genre distributed by 20th Century Fox other than The Fault in Our Stars and Romeo + Juliet.[3]

text: Love, Simon held early preview screenings on March 2 and March 9 before its official release on March 16. It grossed $800,000 from 927 theaters on March 9, which Deadline Hollywood considered "strong".[29] In the United States and Canada, the film was released alongside Tomb Raider and I Can Only Imagine, and was projected to gross $10–12 million from 2,401 theaters in its opening weekend.[30] The film made $4.6 million on its first day (including $850,000 from Thursday previews at 2,125 theaters).[31] The film went on to debut at $11.8 million, finishing fifth at the box office; 58% of its opening weekend audience was female and 59% was under 25.[32] In its second weekend the film dropped 33% to $7.8 million, finishing 7th,[33] and in its third weekend made $4.8 million, finishing ninth.[34] In the UK, the film debuted at number four, earning $1.6 million.[35]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 92%, based on 157 reviews, with an average rating of 7.5/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Love, Simon hits its coming-of-age beats more deftly than many entries in this well-traveled genre – and represents an overdue, if not entirely successful, milestone of inclusion."[36] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 73 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[37] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A+" on an A+ to F scale, one of fewer than 80 films in the history of the service to earn such a score.[31]

text: Benjamin Lee of The Guardian gave the film 4/5 stars, calling it a "hugely charming crowd-pleaser".[5] Pete Hammond of Deadline Hollywood gave the film 4/5 stars, stating that audiences "are guaranteed to fall in love with this sweet, funny coming-of-age film".[38]

text: Molly Freeman of Screen Rant gave the film 4/5 stars or an Excellent rating, stating that "Love, Simon is a funny, heartfelt, and truly touching teen romantic comedy that instantly becomes a modern classic for today's generation."[39] Josh Winning of GamesRadar+ gave the film 4/5 stars, describing it as a "warm, sensitive and engaging coming-out-of-ager" and "one of the freshest teen-coms in ages".[40]

text: Meredith Goldstein of The Boston Globe gave the film 3.5/4 stars and stated, "Love, Simon is a sweet, modern romantic comedy that manages to channel the teen movie classics of the late John Hughes, but only the good stuff."[8] Colin Covert of the Star Tribune gave the film 3/4 stars and wrote, "If John Hughes had gone on to make a smart LGBT coming-of-age charmer, most likely it would resemble this."[9]

text: Bruce Demara of the Toronto Star also gave it 3/4 stars, stating "The casting is high quality, the script - with a tantalizing mystery at its heart - is particularly well-crafted and the story hits all the right emotional notes in delivering a funny, warm-hearted and life-affirming tale."[10] Brian Truitt of USA Today gave the film 3.5/4 stars and wrote, "Young and old, jocks and nerds, geeks and freaks, and everyone in between should be able to find something to adore in Love, Simon."[41]

text: Joyce Slaton of Common Sense Media gave the film 4/5 stars and described it as "tender, sweet, and affecting", with the film also receiving The Common Sense Seal, which recognizes movies that offer families an exceptional media experience.[7][42] MJ Franklin of Mashable wrote that "Love, Simon feels like an instant classic that you're going to want to watch again and again."[6]

text: Max Weiss of Baltimore gave Love, Simon 3/4 stars, calling it a "sweet, funny, warm-hearted film".[43] Kevin Scott of Exclaim! gave the film a 7 out of 10 score, noting that the film has the "expected amount of sentimentality that effectively tugs at the heartstrings".[44]

text: Peter Debruge of Variety, while stating that the film is average in execution, praised the content as "groundbreaking on so many levels, not least of which is just how otherwise familiar it all seems".[45] Jesse Hassenger of The A.V. Club gave the film a C+ and wrote that the film "is touching as a gesture", but as entertainment "it's nothing Degrassi hasn't done better".[46]

text: Becky Albertalli, the author of the book, watched an early cut and praised the film, stating: "It's funny and relevant and timeless and charming and honest and painful and so romantic. It says exactly what I wanted the book to say."[47][48]


document_title: Velasco

question_text: where does the last name velasco come from

text: Velasco

text:
Velasco

Family name

Meaning
Small raven, crow

Region of origin
Basque Country, Spain

Language(s) of origin
Basque, Spanish

Related names
Vasco, Vasquez, Velásquez

text: Velasco (also Belasco or Belasko) is a Spanish family name[1] and masculine first name[2] derived from the Basque bela- meaning 'raven' or 'crow' and the diminutive suffix -sco.[3][4] The name also made its way into Portuguese language as Vasco. Notable people with the surname include:

text:
The Castilian noble house of Velasco, rulers of the Dukedom of Frías
Alberto Contador Velasco (born 1982), Spanish professional road bicycle racer
Álvaro Velasco (weightlifter) (born 1971), Colombian weightlifter
Álvaro Velasco (golfer) (born 1981), Spanish professional golfer
Ana de Velasco y Girón (1585-1607), mother of John IV of Portugal
Andrés Velasco (born 1961), Chilean economist and former Finance Minister
Camile Velasco (born 1985), Filipino-American singer
Cris Velasco (born 1980), American film and video game composer
Diablo Velasco (1919-1999), Mexican trainer of professional wrestlers
Diego López de Zúñiga y Velasco (1510-1564), sixth viceroy of Peru
Domingo Antonio Velasco, 18th-century Italian painter
Eleanor Thornton (1880-1915), (full name Eleanor Velasco Thornton), model for the Rolls-Royce hood ornament, Spirit of Ecstasy
Epimaco Velasco (1935–2014), Filipino politician
Félix Díaz Velasco (1868–1945), Mexican politician and general
Gaspar Borja y Velasco (1580-1645), Spanish Cardinal, metropolitan of Toledo
Iván Velasco, Spanish road bicycle racer
Jaime Castillo Velasco (1914–2003), Chilean politician
José Manso de Velasco, 1st Count of Superunda (1688-1767), Governor of Chile and Viceroy of Peru
José María Velasco Gómez (1840-1912), Mexican painter
José María Velasco Ibarra (1893-1979), Ecuadorian president, five times elected by popular vote.
José María Cervantes y Velasco (c. 1785-1856), Mexican army officer
Jose R. Velasco (1916—2007), Filipino plant physiologist and agricultural chemist
Juan Velasco (1910–1977), Peruvian general, ruler of Peru (1968-1975)
Juan Velasco Damas (born 1977), Spanish footballer
Juan de Velasco (1727-1796), Jesuit priest
Juan de Velasco, Count of Siruela (died 1651), Spanish Governor of the Duchy of Milan
Juan Zambudio Velasco (1921-2004), Spanish football goalkeeper
Julio Velasco (born 1952), Argentine volleyball coach
Luis de Velasco (1511-1564), Spanish nobleman, Viceroy of New Spain
Luis de Velasco, marqués de Salinas (c. 1534-1617), Spanish nobleman, Viceroy of New Spain and of Peru
Luis Vicente de Velasco e Isla (1711-1762), commander in the Royal Spanish Navy
Manuel de Velasco y Tejada, Spanish admiral at the Battle of Vigo Bay (1702)
Manuela Velasco (born 1975), Spanish film actress
Mansueto Velasco (born 1974), Filipino Olympic silver medalist in boxing
María Elena Velasco (born 1940), Mexican actress and film director
Miguel Alemán Velasco (born 1932), Mexican politician, businessman and philanthropist
Presbitero Velasco, Jr. (born 1948), incumbent Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines
Roel Velasco (born 1972), retired Filipino boxer
Verónica Ruiz de Velasco (born 1968), Mexican painter
Vicente Manuel de Céspedes y Velasco (died 1794), Spanish governor of Santiago de Cuba and of West Florida
Velasco Sánchez (fl. 1153-1181), Iberian nobleman who held various political and military offices


document_title: Republic Day (India)

question_text: chief guest of independence day 2018 in india

text: Republic Day (India)

text: History of Republic Day[edit]

text:
India achieved independence from British Raj on 15 August 1947 following the Indian independence movement noted for largely peaceful non-violent resistance and civil disobedience led by Mahatma Gandhi. The independence came through the Indian Independence Act 1947 (10 & 11 Geo 6 c 30), an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that partitioned British India into the two new independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth (later Commonwealth of Nations).[2] India obtained its independence on 15 August 1947 as a constitutional monarchy with George VI as head of state and the Earl Mountbatten as governor-general. The country, though, did not yet have a permanent constitution; instead its laws were based on the modified colonial Government of India Act 1935. On 28 August 1947, the Drafting Committee was appointed to draft a permanent constitution, with Dr B R Ambedkar as chairman. While India's Independence Day celebrates its freedom from British Rule, the Republic Day celebrates the coming into force of its constitution.
A draft constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the Constituent Assembly on 4 November 1947.[3] The Assembly met, in sessions open to public, for 166 days, spread over a period of two years, 11 months and 18 days before adopting the Constitution. After many deliberations and some modifications, the 308 members of the Assembly signed two hand-written copies of the document (one each in Hindi and English) on 24 January 1950. Two days later which was on 26 January 1950, it came into effect throughout the whole nation.On that day began Dr. Rajendra Prasad's first term of office as President of the Indian Union. The Constituent Assembly became the Parliament of India under the transitional provisions of the new Constitution.This date is celebrated in India as the Republic Day.

text: Celebrations[edit]

text: The main Republic Day celebration is held in the national capital, New Delhi, at the Rajpath before the President of India. On this day, ceremonious parades take place at the Rajpath, which are performed as a tribute to India; its unity in diversity and rich cultural heritage.

text: Delhi Republic Day parade[edit]

text: Delhi Republic Day parade is held in the capital, New Delhi organised by the Ministry of Defence. Commencing from the gates of the Rashtrapati Bhavan (the President's residence), Raisina Hill on Rajpath past the India Gate, this event is the main attraction of India's Republic Day Celebrations lasting three days. The parade showcases India's Defence Capability, Cultural and Social Heritage.[4]

text: Nine to twelve different regiments of the Indian Army in addition to the Navy, and Air Force with their bands march past in all their finery and official decorations. The President of India who is the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Armed Forces, takes the salute. Twelve contingents of various para-military forces of India and other civil forces also take part in this parade.[5]

text: Beating Retreat[edit]

text: The Beating Retreat ceremony is held after officially denoting the end of Republic Day festivities. It is conducted on the evening of 29 January, the third day after the Republic Day. It is performed by the bands of the three wings of the military, the Indian Army, Indian Navy and Indian Air Force. The venue is Raisina Hill and an adjacent square, Vijay Chowk, flanked by the North and South block of the Rashtrapati Bhavan (President's Palace) towards the end of Rajpath.[6]

text: The Chief Guest of the function is the President of India who arrives escorted by the (PBG), a cavalry unit. When the President arrives, the PBG commander asks the unit to give the National Salute, which is followed by the playing of the Indian National Anthem, Jana Gana Mana, by the Army. The Army develops the ceremony of display by the massed bands in which Military Bands, Pipe and Drum Bands, Buglers and Trumpeters from various Army Regiments besides bands from the Navy and Air Force take part which play popular tunes like Abide With Me, Mahatma Gandhi's favourite hymn, and Saare Jahan Se Achcha at the end.[7][8][9]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Buildings on Raisina Hill including Rashtrapati Bhavan, lit up during Republic Day 2008.

Surya Kiran Aerobatics Team displaying tricolor.

Border Security Force personnel on Republic Day.

text: Republic Day parade chief guest[edit]

text: Since 1950, India has been hosting head of state or government of another country as the state guest of honour for Republic Day celebrations in New Delhi. During 1950–1954, Republic Day celebrations were organised at different venues (like Irwin Stadium, Kingsway, Red Fort and Ramlila Grounds). It was only starting 1955 when the parade in its present form was organised at Rajpath.[10] The guest country is chosen after a deliberation of strategic, economic and political interests. During 1950s–1970s, a number of NAM and Eastern Bloc countries were hosted by India. In 1968 and 1974, India played host to two countries on the same Republic Day.

text:
Year

Guest name

Country

Note

1950

President Sukarno[11]

 Indonesia

1951

King Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah[12]

   Nepal

1952

1953

1954

King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck[13]

 Bhutan

1955

Governor General Malik Ghulam Muhammad[14]

 Pakistan

First guest for parade at Rajpath [15]

1956

Chancellor of the Exchequer R. A. Butler

 United Kingdom

Note[6]

Two guests[16]

Chief Justice Kōtarō Tanaka

 Japan

1957

Minister of Defence Georgy Zhukov [17]

 Soviet Union

1958

Marshall Ye Jianying[18]

 China

1959

Duke of Edinburgh Prince Philip [19][20][21]

 United Kingdom

2nd invitation

1960

Chairman Kliment Voroshilov[22]

 Soviet Union

2nd invitation

1961

Queen Elizabeth II[23]

 United Kingdom

3rd invitation, Note[7]

1962

Prime Minister Viggo Kampmann[24]

 Denmark

Note[8]

1963

King Norodom Sihanouk[25]

 Cambodia

1964

Chief of Defence Staff Lord Louis Mountbatten [26]

 United Kingdom

4th invitation, Note[9]

1965

Food and Agriculture Minister Rana Abdul Hamid

 Pakistan

2nd invitation

1966

No invitation

No invitation

Note[10]

1967

King Mohammed Zahir Shah [27]

 Afghanistan

Note[11]

1968

Chairman Alexei Kosygin

 Soviet Union

3rd invitation

Two guests[28]

President Josip Broz Tito

 Yugoslavia

1969

Prime Minister Todor Zhivkov[29]

 Bulgaria

1970

King of the Belgians Baudouin[30][31]

 Belgium

Note[12]

1971

President Julius Nyerere[32]

 Tanzania

1972

Prime Minister Seewoosagur Ramgoolam [33]

 Mauritius

1973

President Mobutu Sese Seko[34]

 Zaire

1974

President Josip Broz Tito

 Yugoslavia

2nd invitation

Two guests [35]

Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike

 Sri Lanka

1975

President Kenneth Kaunda[36]

 Zambia

1976

Prime Minister Jacques Chirac[37]

 France

1977

First Secretary Edward Gierek[38]

 Poland

1978

President Patrick Hillery[39]

 Ireland

1979

Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser[40]

 Australia

1980

President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing

 France

2nd invitation

1981

President Jose Lopez Portillo[41]

 Mexico

1982

King Juan Carlos I[42]

 Spain

1983

President Shehu Shagari[43]

 Nigeria

1984

King Jigme Singye Wangchuck[44]

 Bhutan

2nd invitation

1985

President Raúl Alfonsín[45]

 Argentina

1986

Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou[46]

 Greece

1987

President Alan Garcia[47]

 Peru

1988

President J. R. Jayewardene[48]

 Sri Lanka

2nd invitation

1989

General Secretary Nguyen Van Linh[49]

 Vietnam

1990

Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth[50]

 Mauritius

2nd invitation

1991

President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom[51]

 Maldives

1992

President Mário Soares[51]

 Portugal

1993

Prime Minister John Major[51]

 United Kingdom

5th invitation

1994

Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong[51]

 Singapore

1995

President Nelson Mandela[52]

 South Africa

1996

President Fernando Henrique Cardoso[51]

 Brazil

1997

Prime Minister Basdeo Panday[51]

 Trinidad and Tobago

1998

President Jacques Chirac[51]

 France

3rd invitation

1999

King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev[51]

   Nepal

2nd invitation

2000

President Olusegun Obasanjo[51]

 Nigeria

2nd invitation

2001

President Abdelaziz Bouteflika[51]

 Algeria

2002

President Cassam Uteem[51]

 Mauritius

3rd invitation

2003

President Mohammed Khatami[51]

 Iran

2004

President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva [51]

 Brazil

2nd invitation

2005

King Jigme Singye Wangchuck[51]

 Bhutan

3rd invitation

2006

King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz al-Saud[51]

 Saudi Arabia

2007

President Vladimir Putin[51]

 Russia

4th invitation

2008

President Nicolas Sarkozy[51]

 France

4th invitation

2009

President Nursultan Nazarbayev[51]

 Kazakhstan

2010

President Lee Myung Bak[53]

 South Korea

2011

President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono[54][55]

 Indonesia

2nd invitation

2012

Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra[56]

 Thailand

2013

King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck[57]

 Bhutan

4th invitation

2014

Prime Minister Shinzo Abe[58]

 Japan

2nd invitation

2015

President Barack Obama[59]

 United States

2016

President François Hollande

 France

5th invitation[60]

2017

Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan[61]

 United Arab Emirates

2018

Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah

 Brunei

Ten guests (Heads of ASEAN states)[62]

Prime Minister Hun Sen

 Cambodia

2nd invitation

President Joko Widodo

 Indonesia

3rd invitation

Prime Minister Thongloun Sisoulith

 Laos

Prime Minister Najib Razak

 Malaysia

State Counsellor Daw Aung San Suu Kyi

 Myanmar

President Rodrigo Roa Duterte

 Philippines

Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong

 Singapore

2nd invitation

Prime Minister Prayuth Chan-ocha

 Thailand

2nd invitation

Prime Minister Nguyễn Xuân Phúc

 Vietnam

2nd invitation

text: Notes[edit]


document_title: RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 2)

question_text: who won rupaul's drag race all stars season 2

question_tokens: who won rupaul 's drag race all stars season 2

text: RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 2)

text: Contestants[edit]

text: The drag queens who competed are:

text: (Ages and names stated are at time of contest)

text:
Contestant
Name
Age
Hometown
Original season
Original placement
Outcome

Alaska
Justin Andrew Honard
30
Los Angeles, CA
Season 5
Runner-up
Winner

Detox
Matthew Sanderson
30
Los Angeles, CA
Season 5
4th Place
Runner-up

Katya
Brian McCook
33
Boston, MA
Season 7
5th Place[a]

Roxxxy Andrews
Michael Feliciano
31
Orlando, FL
Season 5
Runner-up
4th Place

Alyssa Edwards
Justin Johnson
35
Dallas, TX
Season 5
6th Place
5th Place[b]

Tatianna
Joey Santolini[2]
27
Washington, D.C.
Season 2
4th Place
6th Place[c]

Phi Phi O'Hara
Jaremi Carey[3]
29
New York, NY
Season 4
Runner-up
7th Place

Ginger Minj
Joshua Eads Brown[4]
31
Orlando, FL
Season 7
Runner-up
8th Place

Adore Delano
Danny Noriega
25
Azusa, CA
Season 6
Runner-up
9th Place[d]

Coco Montrese
Martin Cooper[5]
41
Las Vegas, NV
Season 5
5th Place
10th Place

text:
Jump up ^ This contestant was voted as Miss Congeniality during her original season.
Jump up ^ Alyssa Edwards originally placed 6th before winning entry back into the competition.
Jump up ^ Tatianna originally placed 8th before winning entry back into the competition.
Jump up ^ This contestant quit the competition.

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Contestant
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Alaska
SAFE
WIN
SAFE
WIN
WIN
WIN
BTM3
Winner
Guest

Detox
SAFE
BTM3
WIN
SAFE
WIN
SAFE
WIN
Runner-Up
Guest

Katya
SAFE
WIN
BTM2
BTM3
SAFE
WIN
WIN
Runner-Up
Guest

Roxxxy Andrews
WIN
BTM3
SAFE
BTM3
BTM2
BTM2
BTM3
Eliminated
Guest

Alyssa Edwards
SAFE
SAFE
WIN
ELIM
WIN
SAFE
ELIM

Guest

Tatianna
WIN
ELIM

WIN
ELIM

Guest

Phi Phi O'Hara
BTM3
SAFE
SAFE
WIN
ELIM

Ginger Minj
SAFE
SAFE
ELIM

OUT

Guest

Adore Delano
BTM3
QUIT

Guest

Coco Montrese
ELIM

OUT

Guest

text: Lip syncs[edit]

text:
Episode
Contestants
(Pick for Elimination)
Song
Winner
Up For Elimination
Eliminated

1
Roxxxy Andrews
(Coco Montrese)
vs.
Tatianna
(Coco Montrese)
"Shake It Off"
(Taylor Swift)
Roxxxy Andrews
Adore Delano
Coco Montrese
Phi Phi O'Hara
Coco Montrese

2
Alaska
(Tatianna)
vs.
Katya
(Tatianna)
"Le Freak (Freak Out)"
(Chic)
Alaska
Detox
Roxxxy Andrews
Tatianna
Tatianna

3
Alyssa Edwards
(Ginger Minj)
vs.
Detox
(Katya)
"Tell It To My Heart"
(Taylor Dayne)
Alyssa Edwards
Ginger Minj
Katya
Ginger Minj

4
Alaska
(Alyssa Edwards)
vs.
Phi Phi O'Hara
(Alyssa Edwards)
"Got to Be Real"
(Cheryl Lynn)
Alaska
Alyssa Edwards
Katya
Roxxxy Andrews
Alyssa Edwards

5
Alyssa Edwards
(Phi Phi O'Hara)
vs.
Tatianna
(Phi Phi O'Hara)
"Shut Up & Drive"
(Rihanna)
Alyssa Edwards
& Tatianna
Phi Phi O'Hara
Roxxxy Andrews
Phi Phi O'Hara

6
Alaska
(Tatianna)
vs.
Katya
(Roxxxy Andrews)
"Cherry Bomb"
(Joan Jett & The Blackhearts)
Alaska
Roxxxy Andrews
Tatianna
Tatianna

7
Detox
(Alyssa Edwards)
vs.
Katya
(Roxxxy Andrews)
"Step It Up (feat. Dave Audé)"
(RuPaul)
Detox
Alaska
Alyssa Edwards
Roxxxy Andrews
Alyssa Edwards

8
Alaska vs. Detox vs. Katya
"If I Were Your Woman"
(Gladys Knight & the Pips)
Alaska
None
Detox
& Katya

text: Guest judges[edit]

text: Guest judges for this season includes (in order of appearance):

text:
Raven-Symoné, actress, comedian, singer and model
Ross Mathews, comedian and television personality; regular judge on RuPaul's Drag Race
Jeremy Scott, fashion designer
Nicole Scherzinger, singer and actress
Graham Norton, television and radio personality
Aubrey Plaza, actress and comedian

text: Special guests[edit]

text: Guests who appeared in episodes, but did not judge on the main stage (in order of appearance):

text:
Chad Michaels, runner-up from season four and winner of season one of All Stars
Raven, runner up from season two and season one of All Stars
Jujubee, contestant from season two and season one of All Stars
Bianca Del Rio, winner of season six
Shangela, contestant from season two and three
Big Freedia, actor and singer
Victoria "Porkchop" Parker, contestant from season one
Chelsea Peretti, actress and comedian
Akashia, contestant from season one
Jessica Wild, contestant from season two
Mystique Summers Madison, contestant from season two
Nicole Paige Brooks, contestant from season two
Sonique, contestant from season two
Alexis Mateo, contestant from season three and season one of All Stars
Mariah Paris Balenciaga, contestant from season three
Yara Sofia, contestant from season three and season one of All Stars
Jiggly Caliente, contestant from season four
Madame LaQueer, contestant from season four
Monica Beverly Hillz, contestant from season five
Vivienne Pinay, contestant from season five
Gia Gunn, contestant from season six
Kelly Mantle, contestant from season six
Laganja Estranja, contestant from season six
Trinity K. Bonet, contestant from season six
Vivacious, contestant on season six
Jaidynn Diore Fierce, contestant from season seven
Mrs. Kasha Davis, contestant from season seven
Marcus Lemonis, investor, television personality and philanthropist
Anastasia Soare, owner of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date

7
1
"All Star Talent Show Extravaganza"
August 25, 2016 (2016-08-25)

Guest Judge: Raven-Symoné
Mini-Challenge: Reading is Fundamental
Mini-Challenge Winner: Alaska
Mini-Challenge Prize: $2,000 shopping spree to L.A. Eyeworks
Main Challenge: Show off their talent in front of the judges, a live audience, and their competitors
Winners: Roxxxy Andrews & Tatianna
Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner: Roxxxy Andrews
Main Challenge Prize: A collection of jewelry from Fierce Drag Jewels
Lip-sync Song: "Shake It Off" by Taylor Swift
Bottom Three: Adore Delano, Coco Montrese & Phi Phi O'Hara
Eliminated: Coco Montrese
Farewell Message: "WE ARE ALLSTARS! ♡ Coco Montrese"

8
2
"All Stars Snatch Game"
September 1, 2016 (2016-09-01)

Guest Judge: Ross Mathews
Main Challenge: Impersonate celebrities in the Snatch Game
Runway Theme: Latex Eleganza
Winners: Alaska & Katya
Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner: Alaska
Main Challenge Prize: Two VIP tickets to Cirque du Soleil cabaret "Zumanity", including airfare and accommodations.
Lip-sync Song: "Le Freak" by Chic
Bottom Three: Detox, Roxxxy Andrews, & Tatianna
Eliminated: Tatianna
Farewell Message: "Thank You! ♡ Tati"

9
3
"HERstory Of The World"
September 8, 2016 (2016-09-08)

Guest Judge: Jeremy Scott
Main Challenge: Perform a lip-syncing dance number inspired by legendary historical women
Runway Theme: Future of Drag
Winners: Alyssa Edwards & Detox
Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner: Alyssa Edwards
Main Challenge Prize: A three-night getaway to Palm Springs, California
Lip-sync Song: "Tell It To My Heart" by Taylor Dayne
Bottom Two: Ginger Minj & Katya
Eliminated: Ginger Minj
Farewell Message: "If men can look this good, there's no excuse for ugly women! ♡ The Minj"

10
4
"Drag Movie Shequels"
September 15, 2016 (2016-09-15)

Guest Judge: Nicole Scherzinger
Main Challenge: Act in a parody movie sequel from one of RuPaul's favorite movies
Runway Theme: Two Looks in One
Winners: Alaska & Phi Phi O'Hara
Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner: Alaska
Main Challenge Prize: A $1,000 shopping spree to Fabric Planet
Lip-sync Song: "Got to Be Real" by Cheryl Lynn
Bottom Three: Alyssa Edwards, Katya, & Roxxxy Andrews
Eliminated: Alyssa Edwards
Farewell Message: "ITS NOT Personell (sic)...its DRAG! PS Log Off Always & Forever Alyssa E 💋"

11
5
"Revenge of the Queens"
September 22, 2016 (2016-09-22)

Guest Judge: Ross Matthews
Main Challenge: Perform a live stand-up comedy act in front of an audience of drag queens
Winners: Alaska & Alyssa Edwards and Detox & Tatianna
Lip Sync for Your Life Winner: Alyssa Edwards & Tatianna
Main Challenge Prize: Couture Gown from SNL Designs
Returned: Alyssa Edwards & Tatianna
Lip-sync Song: "Shut Up & Drive" by Rihanna
Bottom Two: Phi Phi O'Hara & Roxxxy Andrews
Eliminated: Phi Phi O'Hara
Farewell Message: "I wanted to avoid hugs because of tears! LOVE YOU ALL! "Jump in a car!" - Phi Phi"

12
6
"Drag Fish Tank"
September 29, 2016 (2016-09-29)

Guest Judge: Graham Norton
Mini-Challenge: Beastly Golf Challenge
Mini-Challenge Winner: Alaska
Mini-Challenge Prize: A $2,000 prize package from Klein Epstein & Parker
Main Challenge: Market and design drag-influenced products
Runway Theme: Pants
Winners: Alaska & Katya
Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner: Alaska
Main Challenge Prize: Receive a custom wig wardrobe from Weaven Steven, and have their merchandise sold at RuPaul's Drag Con
Lip-sync Song: "Cherry Bomb" by Joan Jett & The Blackhearts
Bottom Two: Roxxxy Andrews & Tatianna
Eliminated: Tatianna
Farewell Message: "Had a BLAST! I Love you ALL! They got me Gurl! Lol Thankx! ♡ Tati"

13
7
"Family That Drags Together"
October 6, 2016 (2016-10-06)

Guest Judge: Aubrey Plaza
Main Challenge: Dress one of their family members and decide what their drag name would be
Runway Theme: Two Looks in One
Winners: Detox & Katya
Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner: Detox
Main Challenge Prize: Receive a $2,000 gift certificate from Marc Jacobs
Lip-sync Song: "Step It Up" by RuPaul
Bottom Three: Alaska, Alyssa Edwards, & Roxxxy Andrews
Eliminated: Alyssa Edwards
Farewell Message: "Imagine, create & inspire! ♡ you all! Always & forever, Alyssa Edwards, All Stars"

14
8
"All Stars Supergroup"
October 13, 2016 (2016-10-13)

Main Challenge: Write original rap lyrics and perform as the ultimate girl group
Eliminated: Roxxxy Andrews
Final Three: Alaska, Detox, & Katya
Lip-sync Song: "If I Were Your Woman" by Gladys Knight & the Pips
Runners-up: Detox & Katya
Winner of RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars Season Two: Alaska

15
9
"Reunited"[6]
October 27, 2016 (2016-10-27)

The queens from season 2 of Rupaul's Drag Race All Stars reunite to discuss the season's events.

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Episode no.
Title
Airdate
Logo Viewers
Logo Ratings
(18-49)
VH1 Viewers
VH1 Ratings
(18-49)
Total Viewers

1
"All Star Talent Show Extravaganza"
August 25, 2016 (2016-08-25)
283,000[7]
0.14[7]
301,000[7]
0.13[7]
584,000[7]

2
"All Stars Snatch Game"
September 1, 2016 (2016-09-01)
240,000[8]
0.12[8]
385,000[8]
0.18[8]
625,000[8]

3
"HERstory Of The World"
September 8, 2016 (2016-09-08)
230,000[9]
0.12[9]
258,000[9]
0.12[9]
484,000[9]

4
"Drag Movie Shequels"
September 15, 2016 (2016-09-15)
226,000[10]
0.12[10]
335,000[10]
0.14[10]
561,000[10]

5
"Revenge of the Queens"
September 22, 2016 (2016-09-22)
386,000[11]
0.21[11]
N/A[12]
N/A[12]
386,000[11]

6
"Drag Fish Tank"
September 29, 2016 (2016-09-29)
292,000[13]
0.17[13]
313,000[13]
0.15[13]
605,000[13]

7
"Family That Drags Together"
October 6, 2016 (2016-10-06)
266,000[14]
0.14[14]
270,000[14]
0.13[14]
536,000[14]

8
"All Stars Supergroup"
October 13, 2016 (2016-10-13)
243,000[15]
0.14[15]
303,000[15]
0.12[15]
546,000[15]

9
"Reunited"
October 27, 2016 (2016-10-27)
166,000[16]
0.09[16]
N/A
N/A
N/A