document_title: Bobby Singer

question_text: how is bobby related to sam and dean

question_tokens: how is bobby related to sam and dean

root

text: Bobby Singer

text: Fictional biography[edit]

text: Salvager and proprietor of Singer Salvage Yard, Bobby Singer was first introduced to the supernatural world when his wife Karen became possessed by a demon. As detailed in the third-season episode "Dream a Little Dream of Me", he was uncertain of how to save her, and instead ended up being forced to kill her. Her death prompted him to dedicate his life to hunting supernatural creatures.[1] The later episode "Death's Door" expanded on this by revealing that Bobby's last conversation with his wife was an argument about his reluctance to have children, also revealing that his father was an abusive man who Bobby shot when he was a child (His mother subsequently telling him that God would punish him for this), Bobby reflecting that his father's example left him afraid of becoming one himself in case he became a parent as bad as his father.

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text: Bobby makes his debut in the first season finale "Devil's Trap", and is revealed to be an old friend of the Winchester family. Sam and Dean Winchester seek his help when their father John is kidnapped by demons. From his extensive collection of supernatural-related literature and resources, Bobby shows the brothers how to create a devil's trap—mystical symbols capable of rendering a demon powerless—and later assists in the exorcism of the demonic Meg Masters.[2] After John's death in the second-season premiere, Bobby allows the brothers to stay at his home to rest up and rebuild the recently-crippled Impala.[3] He continues to assist them when they require additional expertise in their hunts, rescuing a demonically-possessed Sam and dealing with a Trickster.[4][5] In the second-season finale, Bobby helps Dean to locate a missing Sam, but they both watch in horror as he is fatally stabbed in the back.[6] Bobby begs Dean to bury Sam, and is distraught when he learns that Dean has sold his soul to a demon for Sam's resurrection. When the hunters learn of the demon Azazel's plan to open a Devil's Gate—a gateway to Hell—they rush to stop him. The gateway is temporarily opened, releasing hundreds of other demons into the world, before Bobby and Ellen Harvelle close it again.[7]

text: Bobby assists the Winchesters throughout the third season in their war against the recently-escaped demons, starting with helping them defeat the Seven Deadly Sins in the premiere, as well as repairing the Colt so that they can make new bullets for it with the help of the demon Ruby in the episode "Sin City". The Winchesters save Bobby's life when he is put into a coma by a teenager using dreamroot to enter the minds of others, but this results in Bela Talbot—a thief who takes supernatural artifacts that the brothers called for help finding the dreamroot—stealing the Colt while they are unconscious. Bobby helps them track down Lilith—a powerful demon who holds the contract to Dean's deal—the night before his contract runs out. However, they are unable to stop her, and Dean is sent to Hell.[8]

text: When Dean mysteriously returns to life four months later in the fourth season premiere "Lazarus Rising", Bobby at first believes him to be a demon or some other type of supernatural creature. After first attempting to kill Dean and then putting him through numerous tests, Bobby helps him to reunite with his brother. While Sam later sneaks away to secretly hone his new-found demonic abilities, Bobby and Dean perform a ritual to summon whatever creature resurrected him. The being, revealed to be the angel Castiel, incapacitates Bobby before informing Dean that he was saved from Hell because Heaven has work for him to do.[9] The subsequent episode, "Are You There, God? It's Me, Dean Winchester", reveals that Dean must stop Lilith from breaking the 66 mystical seals keeping Lucifer imprisoned.[10]

text: In "The Rapture", Dean discovers that Sam's abilities have been amplified due to a recent addiction to demon blood; he has Bobby lock Sam inside his ghost- and demon-proof panic room—located in Bobby's basement—to recover from his dependence on demon blood.[11] Sam escapes in the subsequent episode, and, faced with the choice of either shooting him or letting him go, Bobby chooses the latter.[12] In the fourth season finale, "Lucifer Rising", Dean is furious that Sam has chosen to side with Ruby—she has been feeding Sam her blood to make him strong enough to kill Lilith—over him. Despite Dean's declaration that if Sam should leave, he should never come back, Sam chooses to go with Ruby. When Bobby learns of the ultimatum, he compares Dean's actions to those of John Winchester—years prior, John made a similar statement to Sam, which prompted him to abandon hunting and alienated him from his family. Although Bobby's words eventually convince Dean to try to reach out to Sam, he is prevented by the angels; they want to start the Apocalypse to bring paradise to the world when Lucifer is defeated, and the death of Lilith is the final seal holding the fallen angel in place. Not knowing this, Sam kill her, thus unleashing Lucifer.[13] Bobby meets up with the brothers in the fifth season premiere "Sympathy for the Devil", to help them research ways to defeat Lucifer. When Sam confesses that he broke the final seal, an angry Bobby tells him to "lose [his] number" when the Apocalypse is over. After Dean comes across a lead on the sword's location, Bobby attacks him and is revealed to be demonically possessed. However, Bobby temporarily retakes control, and stabs himself with Ruby's demon-killing knife. Although the demon dies, Bobby survives, although he is left paraplegic by his injury. At the end of the episode, he tells Sam that his earlier comments were made by the demon, and that he could never cut Sam out of his life.[14]

text: With Castiel's now-weakened powers leaving him unable to heal injuries, being in a wheelchair begins to take its toll on Bobby. When the brothers come across a poker-playing witch in "The Curious Case of Dean Winchester", he sees it as a chance to regain his mobility and wagers 25 years of his lifespan. Although he loses and begins to age rapidly, Sam and Dean manage to restore his lost years.[15] In "Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid", Bobby's wife—and many other people buried in the local cemetery—suddenly rises from her grave and appears to be completely normal. Sam and Dean try to convince him to kill her because she is a zombie, but he refuses and orders them to leave. Over time, the other zombies begin to turn evil, and Bobby is forced to kill his wife again to prevent her from changing, too. After all the zombies are dealt with, Bobby reveals that Death orchestrated the situation; because he is one of the reasons why Sam has not yet agreed to be Lucifer's vessel, the Horseman attempted to break Bobby's spirit. Although Dean tries to comfort him by pointing out that he got to see his wife again, Bobby notes that it only made her death a thousand times worse.[16]

text: The brothers eventually learn that the rings of the Four Horsemen can be used to re imprison Lucifer,[17] and they manage to collect three by the episode "Two Minutes To Midnight". Still in need of Death's ring, Bobby sells his soul to Crowley—a powerful demon who also wants to stop Lucifer—in exchange for the knowledge of the final Horseman's location. Crowley promises to return his soul When the Apocalypse has been prevented, keeping it in the meantime to guarantee his safety from the Winchesters. When the deal has been made, the demon reveals that he added in a secret clause to restore Bobby's mobility. An ecstatic Bobby then joins Sam and Castiel on a mission to stop nation-wide distribution of the Croatoan virus.[18] In the fifth season finale, Sam decides to consent to Lucifer, hoping that he can maintain control long enough to throw himself into Lucifer's prison. However, the fallen angel instantly overwhelms his new vessel, and teleports away with the rings. Bobby and Castiel lose faith in their goal, but Dean convinces them to keep fighting. They learn the location of the destined battleground from the prophet Chuck, and arrive just as Lucifer and Michael prepare to fight. An angry Lucifer kills Bobby and Castiel when they interfere, and then sets his sight onto Dean. Sam is able to reassert control over his body, and uses the rings to imprison himself and Michael. With the Apocalypse over, God resurrects Castiel, who in turn brings Bobby back to life.[19]

text: The sixth season episode "Weekend At Bobby's" is centered on Bobby; Sam and Dean are largely relegated to a side-plot while the episode focuses on Bobby's constant working to cover other hunters while also trying to reclaim his soul from Crowley. After a year's research into Crowley's human life—allowing them to track down his mortal remains, whose destruction would 'kill' Crowley in the same manner as exorcising a ghost—Bobby eventually regains his soul by threatening to burn Crowley's human remains. Although the restored but soulless Sam attempts to kill Bobby in "Appointment in Samarra" as part of a ritual to prevent his soul returning to him—Sam being concerned about reports that the psychological damage his soul will have sustained while being tortured by Lucifer will destroy him—Bobby easily forgives Sam after his soul is restored, recognizing that Sam was not responsible though he is awkward around him at first due to his actions. Bobby then collaborates with the Winchesters in tracking down Eve, the mother of all monsters, when she is released from Purgatory by a ritual performed by dragons, even after their first attempt results in Bobby being possessed by a brain-controlling slug Eve has created and the death of his old friend and mentor Rufus in "And Then There Were None".

text: During a temporary change in the timeline caused by angel Balthazar saving the Titanic, Bobby is married to a still-living Ellen in "My Heart Will Go On", but this timeline is undone with only Sam, Dean and the angels remembering it.

text: After a time-travel mission results in the brothers and Bobby acquiring the phoenix ash needed to kill Eve, they eliminate her in "Mommy Dearest". They also realize that Castiel has been deceiving them and in "The Man Who Would Be King" deduce that he has collaborating with Crowley to open Purgatory in an attempt to acquire the power of the souls within it to use in the civil war in Heaven. Despite their best efforts, Dean, Sam and Bobby fail to stop Castiel, who uses the Purgatory souls to elevate himself to a god-like level in the sixth season finale.

text: Although he initially helps the Winchesters in Season 7 in their struggle against the Leviathans—God's original creations, trapped for millennia in Purgatory until they were unintentionally released by Castiel—despite the destruction of his house, even determining their new foes' vulnerability to the chemical Borax, Bobby is eventually shot in the head by Dick Roman in "How to Win Friends and Influence Monsters". He spends the next episode, "Death's Door", in a coma, trying to reawaken to reveal the Leviathan's plot. Despite efforts to save him, Bobby flatlines from his injuries; his last word being "idjits" (sic, idiots) to Sam and Dean after passing on a sequence of numbers. The episode ends with a reaper asking Bobby if he is going to become a ghost or move on to the afterlife. It's indicated that he stayed as a ghost to help the boys as there have been times since his death when the information they need inexplicably makes itself known to them, but they were initially unable to confirm or deny Bobby's possible presence. During "Party On, Garth," Sam reveals that he tried to use a talking board to contact him if he is still around, but received no response. However, Garth registers high readings on an EMF detector around Bobby's old flask, and when Dean needed a sword to slay a shojo, it inexplicably slid across the ground to him, leading him to believe that Bobby had helped him. At the end of the episode, Bobby's spirit can be seen in the brother's motel room, and he is annoyed when Dean comes in, looks right at him, and does not see him, instead grabbing his flask.

text: In "Of Grave Importance", the audience is fully aware of Bobby's ghostly existence and the episode revolves around his own parallel investigation with the Winchesters of a haunted house. When Annie Hawkins, a hunter friend of the three, calls for assistance before being killed by the house's ghost, Bobby follows the Winchesters via the flask and discovers Annie dead with a myriad of other ghosts unable to move on from their place of death. Determined to get out information, Bobby learns to manipulate physical objects and points Dean and Sam in the right direction, and they are able to destroy the ghost haunting the house before the ghost could destroy Bobby. At the end of the episode, having accepted Bobby's return, Bobby is now fully visible to the Winchesters and explains to them how he chose to remain behind; a choice Dean finds hard to accept.

text: Following their reunion, Bobby explains Dick Roman's endgame for humanity; cure humanity of all its diseases before herding them as livestock for the Leviathans to feed on. In the midst of his explanation, the brothers receive an email from a dead Frank Devereaux, who informs them that his hard drive, in Roman's possession at his headquarters, is currently being cybernetically attacked and will lead to their new aliases and safe houses being compromised. While Bobby attempts to convince the Winchesters to send in his flask, the brothers are concerned his hatred for Roman will compromise the operation and leave him out. The hacker responsible of cracking Devereaux's hard drive, Charlene Bradbury, witnesses a Leviathan eating and cloning her boss and is quickly able to be recruited to help the brothers against the Leviathans. While the operation is successful—wiping the hard drive, hacking Roman's email account and intercepting an important package—Charlene is unable to escape the building in time. Bobby, having snuck his flask into her bag, cracks the doors and begins to attack the Leviathans, breaking Charlene's arm in the process, leading to a concerned discussion between the brothers as to Bobby's self-control. Bobby later returns after having to recharge for a while and describes himself as "stronger than ever." Bobby becomes increasingly frustrated in "There Will Be Blood", which only feeds his fast-growing rage and turns him more into a vengeful spirit, culminating in his possession of a maid, whom he uses to go seek vengeance on Dick. In the seventh season finale, "Survival of the Fittest," Sam tries to stop him, but Bobby is no longer completely in control of himself and nearly strangles Sam to death. Realizing what he is doing, he regains control and leaves the maid's body. Now knowing the danger of him losing control again, Bobby requests that Sam and Dean burn his flask. They reluctantly do so, causing his ghost to disappear.

text: Bobby next appears in eighth season episode "Taxi Driver," in which Sam and Dean learn from rogue Reaper Ajay that instead of going to Heaven when his flask was burned, Bobby was taken to Hell on Crowley's orders. Needing to rescue an innocent soul and release it into Heaven to complete the second trial to close the Gates of Hell, Sam travels into Hell and finds Bobby who initially believes he is a demon as he is being tormented by demons pretending to be Sam and Dean all the time, but Sam convinces him with personal information only he and Dean know. The two escape into Purgatory, but find the Reaper that Ajay is missing (having been questioned and killed by Crowley). With the help of Dean's vampiric friend Benny, Sam returns to Earth with Bobby's soul, but when Bobby goes to ascend to Heaven, he is trapped by Crowley, who wants to take him back to Hell to punish him for the "damage" he has done to demons in his hunting career. However, the angel Naomi intervenes, drives Crowley off, and allows Bobby to ascend to his rightful place in Heaven, thus completing the second trial.

text: When Sam is in a coma and dying in the ninth season premiere "I Think I'm Gonna Like It Here", his subconscious desire to give up and die manifests in the form of Bobby. "Bobby" takes Sam away from the Impala and talks to him about moving on being a good thing and something he should do before taking him to a house in the woods where he says what Sam needs is. The part of Sam's mind that wants to live promptly manifests as Dean and kills "Bobby" to try to convince Sam one last time to live, but Sam decides to go with "Bobby's" advice.

text: During the tenth season episode "Inside Man", Bobby is relaxing in Heaven when Sam and Castiel contact him through a séance to help break Metatron out of Heaven's prison. Though he feels himself to be rusty, Bobby agrees and escapes his Heaven, releasing all the other Bobby Singer's to create a distraction. Bobby gets Castiel into Heaven and helps him free Metatron before returning to his own Heaven. He leaves a note with Castiel for Sam, telling him not to stop searching for a cure for the Mark of Cain but to stop lying to Dean about it. He also states that helping again was the most fun he had in Heaven and he will accept any punishment for his actions. After returning to his Heaven, Bobby looks at a picture of him, Sam and Dean at his old salvage yard as Hannah and a few other angels come after him for punishment.

text: In season eleven's "Safe House", Sam and Dean investigate a house where Bobby and Rufus had worked a case in around 2008 or 2009 while the Winchesters were hunting Lilith to stop the Apocalypse. During the case, the two men faced off with a monster that was causing people to drop into mysterious comas and die while acting like a ghost. Bobby eventually recognized the monster as a Soul Eater, a monster that steals people's souls and takes them to its nest in a pocket dimension. Bobby had faced and trapped a Soul Eater before and he and Rufus are able to trap the one in the house they are investigating. However, Bobby briefly falls victim to the monster and is transported to its nest while his body is possessed by the monster to attack Rufus who is able to complete the trap. In the present, the trap is accidentally broken during renovations of the house and the Winchesters face the Soul Eater themselves. The Winchesters are able to kill the Soul Eater, but Dean's soul is also taken to the nest, a place outside of time and space. Moments before the souls are released from the nest by the Soul Eater's death, Dean and Bobby briefly see each other and are left wondering if the experience was real in their respective time periods. After killing the Soul Eater Bobby and Rufus had faced, the Winchesters return to the house Bobby had previously trapped a Soul Eater in and slay that monster as well to finish Bobby's old case for him.

text: Characterization[edit]

text: Actor Jim Beaver described Bobby as a "rough but warmhearted" working-class man with the outlook that "sometimes there are things that need to be done and they're not fun to do, but they gotta be done anyway".[20] When the "usually level-headed" hunter must use a wheelchair in the fifth season, he becomes "frustrated and angry"; instead of being able to join the battles, he is "stuck at home manning the telephones".[21] This feeling of uselessness eventually leads to thoughts of suicide, though he deems himself too much of a coward to go through with it.[15] On the situation, Beaver commented, "Bobby lives in a world where all kinds of strange things are possible. Somewhere along the line, he has a hope that one of these strange, miraculous things might happen to him. I think he is also a realist. He understands that even when you have friends that come back from the dead, not everything that you want to happen is going to happen."[22]

text:
“
There are fundamental differences between him and John, and as much as the boys clearly love their father in some ways they're more comfortable with Bobby. But everybody has parent baggage, and sometimes your favorite uncle is a more fun parent figure than your real parents. I've always felt that it's a cross between a father figure and an uncle...
”

— Beaver discussing the dynamics of Bobby's relationship with the Winchesters[23]

tag: table

text: Though Bobby is "fairly content, at least on the surface, to be alone in the world", he slowly comes to be a surrogate father for Sam and Dean.[20] On this relationship, Beaver feels that "Bobby's concerned about them both, with Dean's sense of self, but there's a sort of undercurrent of worry about Sam. Sam seems to have more of the heart of darkness about him than Dean does... I just sense that there's this ongoing watchful eye that Bobby's got on Sam."[23] Although he loves each of them "like a son", Bobby is willing to allow the brothers to put themselves in harm's way if it is absolutely necessary. For example, when Dean wants to detoxify Sam from his addiction to demon blood in "When the Levee Breaks", Bobby instead points out that Sam giving in to his demonic abilities could help him to prevent Lucifer's return, even though the amount of blood required to kill Lilith would "change [him] forever". Beaver noted, "Bobby is old enough that he's fairly clear-headed about what the priorities ought to be. Bobby's position is, more or less, 'if you have a family member with a drinking problem and you want to stage an intervention, you might not want to do it in New Orleans during Hurricane Katrina.'"[24]

text: Development[edit]

text: Beaver had previously worked with executive producer Robert Singer on the television series Reasonable Doubts, and Singer gave him the part without viewing his audition tape.[20] The character is named after Singer, though how this came to be is uncertain. Singer himself claimed Kripke secretly slipped the name into the script for "Devil's Trap";[25] contradicting this was Beaver, who claimed that the surname was not in the script but was rather jokingly added onto a salvage-yard sign—"Singer Auto Parts"—by the set designers.[20] The actor thought his initial appearance would be a "one-shot deal", and was surprised when he was asked to return.[20] Beaver feels that his longevity on the show is due to his chemistry with Ackles and Padalecki.[26]

text: The first episode to delve into Bobby's backstory was the third season's "Dream a Little Dream of Me". Because the writers always knew his history would be "grounded in family",[27] the episode's teaser initially depicted the supernatural deaths of his children. However, the writers could not determine where to go from there.[28] Following writer Cathryn Humphris' earlier pitch of Bobby being an expert exorcist because of a previous failed exorcism,[27] the focus changed to Bobby's torment about killing his demonically-possessed wife.

text:
“
...it's sometimes hard to sit in the chair and fully commit to the unpleasant aspects of it. Wheelchairs weren't invented for people to have fun with, and I try to keep that in mind. As an actor, it's very intriguing. Anything you get to do that's different from your own life is interesting. But I don't take it lightly.
”

— Beaver discussing the influence of the wheelchair[29]

text: During production of the fourth season, Beaver joined the limited series Harper's Island. Although he initially feared that it would prevent future appearances of Bobby, he was able to maintain his Supernatural "quota" with seven episodes.[30] The character's role increased for the fifth season, which made sense for the actor due to the apocalyptic storyline.[22] The season also introduced a new story arc for Bobby: his use of a wheelchair. Series creator Eric Kripke explained that it "[made] the Apocalypse matter"; the writers wanted "real stakes and real loss and real obstacles thrown in our heroes' way" to differentiate it from prior seasons.[29] Though he found it to be a challenge, Beaver enjoyed the experience because he could perform tricks on set that his wheelchair-using college roommate had taught him.[21][29] However, the actor did "[take it] very seriously", and commented, "I can get out of the chair at the end of the day and go home and I recognize that, so many people can't and I have to be considerate to them and respect that."[21]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The character's portrayal has received wide acclaim from critics. John Kubicek of BuddyTV ranked Beaver fourteenth on his list of the best supporting actors in a drama series from the 2009-2010 TV season, believing that the actor "did his best acting work ever" as Bobby.[31] Likewise, Karla Peterson of The San Diego Union-Tribune suggested, "May his trucker cap get its own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame."[32]

text: Tina Charles of TV Guide feels that Bobby "totally rocks", and "wouldn't mind him in every [episode]. OK, every other one".[33] She pointed out Beaver's chemistry with Ackles, and wrote, "I have always loved any scene we get that involves [Bobby and Dean]—they're unexpectedly emotional. When Bobby finally realized he wasn't talking to a Dean shapeshifter or revenant [in 'Lazarus Rising'], that this was the real deal, it was just awesome."[34] Charles was surprised by Bobby's paralysis storyline, but became "really interested" in finding out how it would affect him. However, she posited, "The guy's a spitfire...and it probably won't change him much."[35] IGN's Diana Steenbergen also praised Beaver, calling Bobby "a valuable member of the team" that "broadens [the Winchesters'] tight-knit unit, reminding them that there is more to family than just blood ties".[36] She found the actor to be "fantastic as the broken Bobby" in the fifth season, "despondent over his situation and feeling useless".[37] Steenbergen noted, "Bobby has been through a lot this season, and Jim Beaver has done an outstanding job portraying his journey. Not solely a surrogate father figure and keeper of random supernatural knowledge, this season Bobby has run the gamut of sacrifice, loss, anger, and determination to keep fighting."[38] After watching Bobby confess his suicidal thoughts to Dean in "The Curious Case of Dean Winchester", she felt that "Beaver conveys all of Bobby's vulnerability and also the shame that comes from being reprimanded by Dean for wanting to give up".[37]

text: Despite universal praise of Bobby by critics, Beaver commented on his blog that a minority of fans dislike the character. Don Williams of BuddyTV, however, defended him—he believes Bobby to be the show's "most important recurring guest star"—and noted that "people will complain about anything". In his response to the criticism—an article entitled "Why We Love Bobby Singer"—Williams wrote, "I think it's a shame when people like Jim Beaver or Eric Kripke have to step forward to address this vocal minority, especially when the minority is just a handful of people gathering at a certain TV website that's known for being snarky and negative about everything. The complaints of these supposed fans aren't even worth addressing, in my opinion."[30]


document_title: Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None

question_text: who is the killer and then there were none

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: And Then There Were None is a point-and-click adventure game, played from a third-person perspective.[8] Most of the interactive elements of And Then There Were None consist of asking other characters questions, and collecting and combining items.[9] The player can carry items using an inventory system, consisting of screens which can show up to twelve items. New items go into the first available slot, and these items can be combined or examined throughout the game.[8][10] The game's cursor is context-sensitive, and changes into a rotating gear when held over an item the player can interact with and use.[8] And Then There Were None features a 2.5D graphics engine, which combines pre-rendered backgrounds with 3D-modelled characters.[10]

text: And Then There Were None is divided into 10 chapters. After completing a certain trigger event, the next chapter begins. The developers ensured that nothing essential to the game could be missed during the player's progression, although large sections of gameplay are optional, and the player may ignore many of the side-quests. This divided progression adds another dimension to gameplay, as not only does the player have to be in the right place to find a clue or solve a puzzle, but must be there at the right time. For example, an empty room in one act could hold a vital clue in the next.[2]

text: And Then There Were None features a journal system to aid in the collection and piecing together of clues.[11] The in-game journal records everything that the player needs to advance in the game, in order to prevent the player wandering aimlessly, unable to proceed.[11][10] For example, the journal records conversations the player has with other characters, so that if they forget what was said, it will still be accessible.[2] The developers also created the journal so that players did not have to use external resources, such as pen and paper.[11] The journal is separated by content into several categories,[2] such as a characters page, which lists all the characters by name and includes details about them, as well as separate pages for important items, documents and books.[2] This information can be referenced at any time by the player.[2]

text: Another feature of And Then There Were None is the "Suspicion Meter", which measures the player's relationship with other characters, starting from a neutral position at the start of the game. There are negative consequences if the player is caught doing things that other characters deem inappropriate, which directly affects the "Suspicion Meter": falling one point for every negative action and raising one point for each positive act. Depending on which of three positions the meter is in regarding a particular character, dialogue actions with that character are affected. The player is also able to regain approval points by solving "Suspicion Meter" puzzles; multiple inventory items and combining items and can be quite complicated.[2]

text: After completing the game, the player is given one final puzzle. Completing it shows the original ending of the novel.

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Setting and characters[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: And Then There Were None is set in 1939, taking place at "a beautiful mansion on the deserted Shipwreck Island." A quote by one of the characters, Emily Brent, in the first chapter sets the month as August ("This same week of August 4 years ago.") The player can explore the two-story Art Deco-style mansion, which includes a secret room behind a bookcase in the library. The exterior of Shipwreck Island, including a beach, a forest, and an apiary, may also be explored.

text: The player character is Patrick Narracott. Patrick is the only character not mentioned in Christie's original novel, although his brother — Fred Narracott — is the one who ferries the guests to the island in the original book. The other characters are the guests: Judge Lawrence John Wargrave; Vera Elizabeth Claythorne; Philip Lombard; General John Gordon Mackenzie; Emily Caroline Brent; Dr. Edward George Armstrong; Anthony James Marston; William Henry Blore; the butler, Thomas Rogers; and his wife, Ethel Rogers.

text: Plot[edit]

text: The events of the book, with the exception of the killer's identity and the player character, are closely retained in the game. The game begins with eight of the characters (all but the two servants) arriving at the fictional seaside town of Sticklehaven, where they are to be ferried to Shipwreck Island by Patrick Naracott (who is substituting for his brother who is "under the weather"). When they arrive on the island, the other two characters are introduced, but when Patrick returns to his boat he finds it sabotaged, forcing him to stay on the island. Later, Blore confesses to Patrick that he is the one who damaged the boat, believing Patrick to be his brother Fred, who he thought was a thief. At dinner that night, the guests discover that none of them have met, or are familiar with, "U.N. Owen", the enigmatic host who invited most of them to the party.

text: After dinner, a gramophone record accuses the ten non-player characters of getting away with murder. Moments later, Anthony Marston dies after drinking a poisoned cocktail. That night, Ethel Rogers dies of a drug overdose in her sleep. The deaths are initially thought to be suicides or accidents until, after the death of General MacArthur, Judge Wargrave determines that they are actually murders and that the host, U.N. Owen, is most likely the killer. Wargrave further speculated that Owen must be one of the remaining 8, and is following the pattern of the nursery rhyme over the fireplace, "Ten Little Sailor Boys". After each murder, one of the ten figurines in the dining room goes missing. Naracott is now established as the detective of the group since his presence on the island was not expected by the killer. It is also discovered that Lombard has brought a self-defense revolver to the island.

text: After the deaths of Thomas Rogers' by axe and Emily Brent from anaphylactic shock from a bee sting, Lombard announces that his revolver has been stolen, and a search for it is fruitless. Naracott discovers he has been poisoned with the fictional drug Solidamide, but he obtains a remedy: a bottle of the fictional "Bellman's Universal Application". During a blackout after dinner that night, Wargrave is killed by a shot to the head. In the morning, however, Wargrave's body is missing along with Armstrong, whose drowned body will later wash up on the shore. Wargrave's body also turns up later in the screening room, but looks to have been bludgeoned, rather than shot. Later that day Blore is found to have been killed by having his head caved in by a clock.

text: Naracott returns to the house to find that the killer is Emily Brent, who is really the famous actress Gabrielle Steele. Steele wanted Wargrave killed because he sentenced her true love to death. She would torture him first by killing those around him first, all criminals who had gotten away with their crimes, and she explains how she killed each one. She had faked her own death earlier.

text: There are four different endings depending on whether Vera and Phillip – one, both, or neither – are saved. If Phillip is saved, he will reveal that his name is actually Charles Morley, a friend of Lombard's who assumed his identity when the real Phillip Lombard committed suicide out of guilt for his past crime. If Vera is saved, she and Naracott return to Sticklehaven (with Morley, if he also survives), where Vera explains her innocence of the crime the gramophone accused her of. If either Vera or Morley (or both) are saved, their statements to the police will clear Naracott and his brother. If neither of them survive, the Naracott brothers make their escape from the police. If Vera survives, she and Naracott decide to get married.

text: Following the game's completion, the player is given one last challenge that will reward them with the original ending to the book. The original ending to the book, where Wargrave is the killer. Dying, he wants to mete out justice personally to criminals who have escaped punishment, who he has invited to the island. The alternate ending details the events of the book, And Then There Were None, wherein all the guests on the island are killed by Wargrave except for the last two, Vera and Lombard. Vera then shoots Lombard, thinking him the murderer (since Wargrave has faked his own death), and then hangs herself. Wargrave then shoots himself.

text: Development[edit]

text: And Then There Were None was announced on February 3, 2005, as the first in a series of games based on novels by Agatha Christie.[1] For the release, The Adventure Company collaborated with developer AWE Productions.[1] Lee Sheldon was named Lead Designer and writer for the game,[2] while Scott Nixon, from AWE, was appointed Managing Director.[2] The Adventure Company chose the novel And Then There Were None as the first game, instead of other Christie novels involving famous detectives Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple, for several reasons. Among them was the popularity of the novel, which would help with marketing; and the island nature of the story which would provide a natural barrier, while allowing more freedom of movement for the players within that confined area.[11]

text: One major obstacle in the development of And Then There Were None was gaining the approval of aspects of the game from Chorion, the company which owns the rights to Agatha Christie's works.[11] The development team met with Mathew Prichard, Christie's grandson, and other members of Chorion.[11] While protective of Christie's license, Chorion was quite open about changes to the plot, as long as they were within the style of Christie's novels. These included a change to the identity of the killer, the addition of a player character, and changes to the figurines at the table - renaming them "sailor boys", to fit in with the boat motif of being moored on the island.[11][2][2][2] Chorion did not accept all the changes proposed by the developers, for example rejecting the idea of a one-man submarine the player could operate as not being in the style of Christie's work.[12] The survival of Vera and Lombard, and the change of the General's name from MacArthur to MacKenzie, were both used by Christie herself in a 1943 stage adaption of the novel. Patrick Narracott as the eleventh character was a major plot change, and was done to explore a semi-romance between him and Vera Claythorne, as well as the developers' desire to have players connect to a more human character, rather than a nameless one.[11]

text: The main concern designer Lee Sheldon had was the emphasis placed on story and dialogue,[2] he had considered the idea that the killer could change every time a player played the game; this idea of open-ended, modular gameplay was quickly discarded, as Sheldon thought it didn't pay homage to Christie's work.[2] The orders of the murders forced Sheldon down a linear path, and the numerous cut scenes, cinematics and long dialogues were needed because the novel is composed largely of dialogue.[2] Sheldon strived to make the puzzles a seamless part of the game's environment and plot, and not simply tacked on for the sake of a puzzle.[11]

text: The designers of And Then There Were None decided to leave the game in its original time period, the 1930s.[11] Sheldon was firmly against updating the game to a modern time period, calling this "a futile attempt to attract an audience that really doesn't care anyway."[11] One of the main attractions to the past for Sheldon was the ability to explore its culture and mores.[11] The mansion in the game was researched using architecture and Art Deco books as references.[12] Christie described the mansion in the novel as stark and modern, and this made Sheldon turn to the work of famous architect Frank Lloyd Wright, and in particular his house Fallingwater.[2]

text: And Then There Were None was shipped to North American stores on October 27, 2005.[3] The Adventure Company announced on March 19, 2007, that the game would be ported to the Wii console,[4] which would feature an ability to spin the Wii Remote to turn safe handles, and the ability to unearth clues by imitating a digging action.[4]

text: Reception[edit]

text:
Reception

Review scores

Publication
Score

PC
Wii

Adventure Gamers
[10]

Eurogamer
4/10[13]

Game Revolution

D+[14]

GameSpot
6.4/10[15]

GameSpy
[9]

GameZone
8/10[16]
5/10[17]

IGN
7/10[18]
4.9/10[6]

Nintendo World Report

3.5/10[19]

PC Gamer (US)
73%[20]

VideoGamer.com

6/10[21]

The Times
[22]

Aggregate scores

GameRankings
65.36%[23]
54.96%[24]

Metacritic
68/100[25]
50/100[26]

text: And Then There Were None has received widely varying reviews since its release. Metacritic's weighted average score for the game was 68 out of 100 on the PC and 50 out of 100 on the Wii, indicating "mixed or average reviews", with individual reviews falling between 20% and 90%.[25][26] One aspect of the game which has garnered some criticism are the graphics. 2404 denounced the game's environments, commenting that "there are graphically better games that were made two years ago."[27] An aspect of the game's graphics more heavily criticized was the character models, with GameSpy decrying them, saying: "The 3D models used for Mr. Owen's guests are crude and simplistic, with silly, sausage-like fingers, hair that looks like blocks of wood, lousy animation, poor lip-synching, and bland faces with barely any facial expression."[9]

text: Adventure Gamers found many faults with the character designs, describing them as ugly, and no more realistic than the characters from Sierra's Gabriel Knight 3, released six years previously.[10] However, Just Adventure commented that the characters are nicely designed, with detailed facial expressions during close-ups, but could have been better by current standards.[28] Opinions on the character voice acting were generally positive: praised by Adventure Gamers for injecting life into the wooden character models,[10] and ICGames commented that the voice acting made the characters convincing.[29] However, GameSpy denounced the game for not allowing readers to skip through dialogue, instead forcing them to sit through hours of spoken words.[9] Sound in And Then There Were None received mixed reactions as well, with Game Chronicles calling the sound decent, with realistic weather and animal sounds.[8] 2404, in contrast, said that the game's music is pleasant and unannoying, but never captures the emotions and tensions in the game.[27]

text: The puzzle aspects also received varying reactions. Game Over Online called the few puzzles bad, complaining that often the solutions were obscure and illogical, and did not advance the plot.[30] GameSpot criticized the puzzles, saying that the player is "regularly tasked with backtracking back and forth across the island with only a vague notion of what to do in order to progress the story."[15] 2404 was more encouraging, saying that although the game was formulaic, there was a welcome lack of mazes and slider puzzles in the game, making it more accessible to a wider audience.[27]


document_title: Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005 film)

question_text: where do mr and mrs smith live in the movie

text: Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film opens with construction executive John (Brad Pitt) and tech support consultant Jane Smith (Angelina Jolie) answering questions during marriage counselling. The couple has been married for "five or six" years, but their marriage is suffering to the point that they cannot remember the last time they had sex. They tell the story of their first meeting in Bogotá, Colombia, where they were both secretly on the run from the Colombian authorities - since the authorities were looking for tourists travelling alone after a recent heist, the two claimed to be together to avoid being questioned. They quickly fell in love and married. John later states that Jane "looked like Christmas morning" to him on the day they met.

text: In reality, John and Jane are both skilled contract killers working for different firms, both among the best in their field, each concealing their true professions from one another. The couple live in a large Colonial Revival house in the suburbs and, to keep up appearances, socialise with their "conventionally" wealthy (and disliked by each Smith) neighbors.

text: Under these cover stories, John and Jane balance their apparently mundane marriage – which both of them find after a few years to be growing dull and suffocating – with their secretive work. When both are assigned to kill DIA prisoner Benjamin "The Tank" Danz (Adam Brody) during a transfer, they encounter each other on the job and the hit ends up botched: Danz survives, while John and Jane are assigned to kill each other instead.

text: After making escalating attempts on each other's lives, the Smiths' conflict culminates in a massive shootout that nearly demolishes their home. In a protracted, evenly matched fight, they wind up with guns in each other's faces. John declines to shoot, his feelings for Jane rekindled, and lays his gun down. Jane finds she cannot shoot John either, and the two have passionate sex.

text: The renewed Smith partnership is quickly threatened by their employers, who join forces to eliminate the couple. John's best friend and coworker, Eddie (Vince Vaughn), turns down a bounty of $400,000 for each Smith (since he won't get out of bed for anything less than $500,000), but John and Jane find themselves under fire from an army of assassins. Fending off an attack which blows up their pockmarked house, the Smiths steal their neighbor's minivan and successfully destroy their attackers' three pursuing armored sedans, all while bickering over their fighting styles and newly discovered personal secrets.

text: After meeting with Eddie, the Smiths decide to fight together to preserve their marriage. They kidnap Danz from his high-security prison to use him as a bargaining chip. Danz reveals that he was merely bait, hired jointly by their employers after it was discovered that the Smiths were married, in the hopes of having one Smith kill the other. John and Jane forgo their separate contingency plans and make their last stand together. In the final fight scene of the film, the Smiths – now working smoothly together as a team – defeat an extended attack by a large force of heavily armed operatives during a long shootout inside a home decorating store.

text: The film ends with the couple meeting the marriage counselor (William Fichtner) again, where the Smiths state how much their marriage has thrived, with John encouraging him to ask for an update on their sex lives (to which he silently answers "10").

text: An alternate ending shows that they chose to move to Italy and had a child who inherited their assassin skills.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Brad Pitt as John Smith
Angelina Jolie as Jane Smith
Vince Vaughn as Eddie
Adam Brody as Benjamin "The Tank" Danz
Kerry Washington as Jasmine
Keith David as Father
Chris Weitz as Martin Coleman
Rachael Huntley as Suzy Coleman
Michelle Monaghan as Gwen
Stephanie March as Julie
Jennifer Morrison as Jade
Perrey Reeves as Jessie
William Fichtner as Dr. Wexler, the marriage counselor (uncredited)
Angela Bassett as Mr. Smith's Boss (voice) (uncredited)

tag: ul

text: Background[edit]

text: Screenwriter Simon Kinberg came up with the idea for the film after listening to a couple of his friends who were in therapy for their marriage. Kinberg noticed that the way they were describing it sounded "aggressive and mercenary" and he "thought it would make an interesting template for a relationship inside of an action film."[4]

text: Music[edit]

text: Three soundtrack albums were released from the film: a film score composed by John Powell, a U.S. soundtrack with songs used in the film and an International Soundtrack with the song by Pink Martini replaced with KansasCali. The albums were released at different times to avoid confusion; the former was released on June 28, 2005, and the latter on June 7, 2005.

text:
Mr. & Mrs. Smith: Original Motion Picture Score

Mr. & Mrs. Smith original score album cover art

Film score by John Powell

Released
June 28, 2005

Genre
Film score

Length
43:54

Label
Lakeshore Records

text:
"Bogota"
"The Bedroom"
"Playing House"
"Assignments"
"His and Her Hits"
"Office Work"
"Desert Foxes"
"John and Jane's Identity"
"Dinner"
"Hood Jump"
"Mutual Thoughts"
"John Drops In"
"Tango de Los Asesinos"
"Two Phone Calls"
"Kiss and Make Up"
"Minivan Chase"
"Shopping Spree"
"Dodging Bullets"
"The Next Adventure"
"Jesus of Surburbia"

tag: ol

text:
Mr. & Mrs. Smith Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Mr. & Mrs. Smith original soundtrack cover art

Soundtrack album by Various artists

Released
June 7, 2005

Genre
Film soundtrack
Pop/Rock

Length
1:05:40

Label
Lakeshore Records

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

AllMusic
[5]

text:
"Love Stinks" – The J. Geils Band
"Nothin' but a Good Time" – Poison
"Tainted Love" – Soft Cell
"Baby, Baby" – Alana D.
"Express Yourself" (Mocean Worker Remix) – Charles Wright & the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band
"Mondo Bongo" – Joe Strummer & The Mescaleros
"Lay Lady Lay" – Magnet featuring Gemma Hayes
"I Melt with You" – Nouvelle Vague
"Nobody Does It Better" – 8mm
"Let's Never Stop Falling in Love" – Pink Martini
"Tango De Los Asesinos (Assassin's Tango)" – John Powell
"Used to Love Her (But I Had To Kill Her)" – Voodoo Glow Skulls
"You Are My Sunshine" – Stine J.
"You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" – The Righteous Brothers
"Making Love Out of Nothing at All" – Air Supply
"You Give Love a Bad Name" – Atreyu
"Love Will Keep Us Together" – Captain & Tennille

text: Release[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Mr. & Mrs. Smith opened on June 10, 2005 in the United States and Canada in 3,424 theaters. The film ranked at the top in its opening weekend, accumulating $50,342,878. Mr. & Mrs. Smith went on to gross $186,336,279 in North America and had a worldwide total of $478,207,520. It was the highest-grossing film for both superstars Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie, but was later surpassed by World War Z for Pitt and Maleficent for Jolie.[1]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Mr. & Mrs. Smith received mixed to positive reviews from critics. Review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 59% based on 208 reviews, with an average score of 6/10.[6] The critical consensus reads "Although this action-romance suffers from weak writing and one too many explosions, the chemistry generated by onscreen couple Pitt and Jolie is palpable enough to make this a thoroughly enjoyable summer action flick." At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film has received a rating average of 55 based on 41 reviews, which indicated "mixed or average reviews".[7] Simon Braund of Empire gave the film a positive review, describing it as "a full-on action flick, subversive rom-com and weapons-grade star vehicle that's drenched in Tinseltown glitz, from a director who knows how to put the money on the screen while his tongue's firmly in his cheek".[8] Daniel Saney of Digital Spy gave the film four stars out of five, saying "Its ideas are often borrowed, and it's hardly deep and meaningful, but it's a fantastically fun film".[9] Roger Ebert in the Chicago Sun-Times praised the chemistry between the lead actors, saying "What makes the movie work is that Pitt and Jolie have fun together on the screen and they're able to find a rhythm that allows them to be understated and amused even during the most alarming developments".[10] In a negative review, Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle described the film as "awful" and stated that "The tiny smidgen of cleverness on display here is contained entirely in the premise. The follow-through is nonexistent".[11]

text: Home media[edit]

text: A single-disc DVD of the film was released on November 29, 2005, and a two-disc unrated version of the film was released on DVD on June 6, 2006. During director Doug Liman's audio commentary on the single-disc DVD release, he mentions that he was not able to use as much sex and violence as they had originally filmed, in order to obtain a PG-13 rating for the film. The film was released on Blu-ray on December 4, 2007. It includes the extra material from the 2005 single-disc DVD release but does not include the additional material from the 2006 two-disc unrated version.

text: Inaccurate depiction of Bogotá[edit]

text: The film was criticized by the government of Colombia especially for showing the capital Bogotá as a small village in the middle of the jungle with a hot and humid climate.[12] The Mayor of the time Luis Eduardo Garzón and the president Alvaro Uribe Vélez invited Angelina Jolie, Brad Pitt and the producers of the same to know the city and realize their mistake in showing that "Bogotá" as the city is known for being a great metropolis of cold weather.[13] In 2012 this led to the government of Colombia to proclaim a law named "Ley 1556 de 2012", requiring the state to return a portion of the production costs for movies set in the country; and thus show the reality of different places of the country.[14]

text: Adaptations and sequel[edit]

text: In 2007, a pilot for a spin-off television series was made for the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) network. Set six months after the end of the film, it was written by Simon Kinberg and directed by Doug Liman. Kinberg described the proposed television series as "Married... with Children with guns."[15] The roles of John and Jane were played by Martin Henderson and Jordana Brewster. On website The Futon Critic, Brian Ford Sullivan criticised the chemistry between Henderson and Brewster and ended his review stating: "While there's always a few gems that get locked away in the networks' vaults each year, this decidedly isn't one of them".[16] ABC decided not to commission the series.[17]

text: In June 2010, Jolie stated that she and Pitt had inquired about a sequel to the film but were dissatisfied with the story. Jolie stated: "We did ask somebody to look into Mr. & Mrs. to see if they could crack a sequel, but there wasn't anything original. It was just, 'Well, they're going to get married, or they've got kids, or they get separated.' Never great."[18]

text: In February 2010, it was reported that Regency Enterprises was developing a prequel to the film which would be titled Keeping up with the Joneses, and would not feature either Pitt or Jolie. The story would follow a pair of spies who pose as a married couple when they graduate agency training. Akiva Goldsman was attached to produce.[19]

text: In July 2011, it was announced that Hong Kong studio New Asia Entertainment Group was to produce a remake entitled Assassin Couple. The film was to star Donnie Yen and Cecilia Cheung in the lead roles, and the studio stated that while the film would share some similarities with Mr. & Mrs. Smith, it would feature a new storyline. The budget for the film was set at $18.7 million.[20][needs update]


document_title: List of political term limits

question_text: max number of years a president can serve

text: List of political term limits

text: Africa[edit]

text:
Country
Head of state/government
hideOther

Title
Maximum number of terms
Office
Maximum number of terms

 Algeria
President
Two 5-year terms, since 2016 Constitutional Reform.

 Angola
President
Two 5-year terms, since 2010 Constitutional Reform.

 Benin
President
Two 5-year terms, since 1990 Constitution.

 Botswana
President
Two 5-year terms, since 1966 Constitution.

 Burkina Faso
President
Two 5-year terms, since 2002 Constitutional Reform.

 Burundi
President
Two 5-year terms, since 2005 Constitutional Reform.

 Chad
President
Unlimited 5-year terms, since 2005 Constitutional Reform.

 Cameroon
President
Unlimited 7-year terms, from 2008 Constitutional Reform.

 Cape Verde
President
Two 5-year terms, third term only after 5 years.
Prime Minister
No term limits

 Central African Republic
President
Two 5-year terms, since 2015 Constitutional Reform.

 Comoros
President
Unlimited 5-year non-consecutive terms, since 2009 Constitutional Reform.

 Côte d’Ivoire
President
Two 5-year terms, since 2000 Constitutional Referendum.

 Democratic Republic of the Congo
President
Two 5-year terms, since 2005 Constitutional Referendum.

 Republic of the Congo
President
Three 5-year terms, since 2015 Constitutional Referendum.

 Djibouti
President
Unlimited 5-year terms, since 2010 Constitutional Reform.

 Egypt
President
Two 4-year terms, since 2011 Constitutional Referendum.

 Equatorial Guinea
President
Two 7-year terms, starting from 2011 Constitutional Reform.

 Ethiopia
President
Two 6-year terms, since 1987 Constitutional Reform
Prime Minister
No term limits

 Eritrea
President
Two 5-Year terms, since 1993 Constitutional Reform.

 Gabon
President
Unlimited 7-year terms, since 1991 Constitutional Reform.

 Ghana
President
Two 4-year terms, since 1992 Constitutional Referendum.

 Gambia
President
Unlimited 5-year terms, since 1996 Constitutional Reform.

 Guinea
President
Two 5-year terms, since 1996 Constitutional Reform.

 Guinea-Bissau
President
Two 5-year terms, since 1991 Constitutional Reform.
Prime Minister
No term limits

 Kenya
President
Two 5-year terms, since 2010 Constitution

 Liberia
President
Two 6-year terms, since 1986 Constitutional Referendum.

 Lesotho
King
No set terms (Hereditary succession).
Prime Minister
Unlimited 5-year terms, since 1998 Constititional Reform.

 Libya
Presidential Council
No set terms (Transitional)

 Madagascar
President
Two 5-year terms, since 1992 Constitutional Referendum.

 Malawi
President
Two 5-year terms, since 1995 Constitutional Referendum.

 Mali
President
Two 5-year terms, since 1992 Constitutional Referendum.

 Mauritania
President
Two 5-year terms, since 1991 Constitutional Referendum

 Mauritius
President
Unlimited 5-year terms, since 1991 Constitutional Reform.
Prime Minister
No term limits

 Morocco
King
No set terms (Hereditary succession)
Prime Minister
Unlimited 5-year terms, since 2011 Constitutional Reforms.

 Mozambique
President
Two 5-year terms, since 2004 Constitutional Reforms.

 Namibia
President
Two 5-year terms, since 1999 Constitutional Reforms.

 Niger
President
Two 5-year terms, since 2010 Constitutional Referendum.

 Nigeria
President
Two 4-year terms, since 1999 Constitutional Reforms.

 Rwanda
President
Two 5-year terms, since 2015 Constitutional Reform (from 2024).

 São Tomé and Príncipe
President
Two 5-year terms, since 2003 Constitution Reforms.
Prime Minister
No term limits

 Senegal
President
Two 5-year terms, since 2016 Constitutional Reform.

 Seychelles
President
Two 5-year terms, since 2016 Constitutional Reforms.

 Sierra Leone
President
Two 5-year terms, since 1991 Constitutional Referendum.

 Somalia
President
Two 5-year terms, since 1991 Constitutional Referendum.

 South Africa
President
Two 5-year terms, since 1996 Constitutional Referendum.

 South Sudan
President
Two 5-year terms, proposed.

 Sudan
President
Unlimited 5-year terms, since 2015 Constitutional Reform.

 Swaziland
King
No set terms (Hereditary succession)
Prime Minister
Unlimited 5-year terms, since 2005 Constititional Reform.

 Tanzania
President
Two 5-year terms, since 1977 Constitutional Reform.

 Togo
President
Unlimited 5-year terms, since 2002 Constitutional Reform.

 Tunisia
President
Two 5-year terms, since 2014 Constitutional Referendum.

 Uganda
President
Unlimited 5-year terms, since 2005 Constitutional Reform.

 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
President
No set terms (In exile)

 Zambia
President
Two 5-year terms, since 2006 Constitutional Reform.

 Zimbabwe
President
Two 5-year terms, since 2013 Constitutional Referendum.

text: Americas[edit]

text:
Country
Head of state/government
Other

Title
Maximum number of terms
Office
Maximum number of terms

 Argentina
President
Two consecutive 4-year terms. Every former President, if they have already served two consecutive terms in a row, has to wait one complete 4-year term, until they can be re-elected into two consecutive 4-year terms as President of Argentina again.
Vice President
Two consecutive 4-year terms. Every former Vice President, if they have already served two consecutive terms in a row, has to wait one complete 4-year term, until they can be re-elected into two consecutive 4-year terms as Vice President of Argentina again.

Senators
Unlimited 6-year terms.

Deputies
Unlimited 4-year terms.

 Bolivia
President
Two 5-year terms
Vice President
Two 5-year terms

 Brazil
President
Two consecutive 4-year terms. Every former President, if they have already served two consecutive terms in a row, has to wait one complete 4-year term, until they can be re-elected into two consecutive 4-year terms as President of Brazil again.
Vice President
Two consecutive 4-year terms. Every former Vice President, if they have already served two consecutive terms in a row, has to wait one complete 4-year term, until they can be re-elected into two consecutive 4-year terms as Vice President of Brazil again.

 Canada
Monarch
No set terms (Hereditary succession)
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, but the Prime Minister must maintain the support of the House of Commons which has a maximum term of 4 years.

Premier
No directly set terms, but Premiers must maintain the support of their respective provincial or territorial legislative assemblies which have a maximum term of five years.

 Chile
President
Unlimited non-consecutive 4-year terms

 Colombia
President
One 4-year term
Vice President
One 4-year term

 Costa Rica
President
Unlimited non-consecutive 4-year terms

 Cuba
President
Two 5-year terms

 Dominican Republic
President
Two 4-year terms
Vice President
Two 4-year terms

 Ecuador
President
Two 4-year terms
Vice President
Two 4-year terms

 El Salvador
President
One 5-year term
Vice President
One 5-year term

 Guatemala
President
One 4-year term
Vice President
Unlimited non-consecutive 4-year terms

 Guyana
President
Two 5-year terms

 Haiti
President
Two non-consecutive 5-year terms

 Honduras
President
One 4-year term
Vice President
One 4-year term

 Mexico
President
One 6-year term (sexenio)

 Nicaragua
President
Unlimited 5-year terms[1]
Vice President
Unlimited 5-year terms

 Panama
President
Two non-consecutive 5-year terms
Vice President
Two non-consecutive 5-year terms

 Paraguay
President
One 5-year term
Vice President
One 5-year term

 Peru
President
Unlimited non-consecutive 5-year terms

 Trinidad and Tobago
President
Two 5-year terms

 United States
President
Two 4-year terms (except after succeeding to the Presidency and serving for more than two years, in which case only one subsequent four-year term is permitted). Eligibility of former term limited presidents is unclear (see article on Twenty-Second Amendment).
Vice President
Unlimited 4-year terms

Senators
Unlimited 6-year terms

Representatives
Unlimited 2-year terms

 Uruguay
President
Unlimited non-consecutive 5-year terms
Vice President
Unlimited non-consecutive 5-year terms

 Venezuela
President
Unlimited 6-year terms
National Assembly
Unlimited 5-year terms

text: Asia[edit]

text:
Country
Head of state/government
Other

Title
Maximum number of terms
Office
Maximum number of terms

 Afghanistan
President
Two 5-year terms
Chief Executive
5 years Ad hoc

 Bangladesh
President
Two 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No term limits

 Cambodia
King
No set terms (Hereditary succession)
Prime Minister
No term limits

 Vietnam
President
Three 5-year terms
Prime Minister
Two 5-year terms

 China
President
Unlimited 5-year terms, since 2018 Constitutional Reform.
Vice President
Unlimited 5-year terms, since 2018 Constitutional Reform.

Premier
Two consecutive 5-year terms (Two consecutive terms of National People's Congress session)

 Hong Kong
Chief Executive
Two consecutive 5-year terms
Members of the Legislative Council
Unlimited 4-year terms

 India
President
Unlimited 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No direct term limits, however they must maintain the support of the Indian Parliament which has a term of five years

 Indonesia
President
Two 5-year terms
Vice President
Two 5-year terms

 Iran
President
Two consecutive and one non-consecutive 4-year terms

 Iraq
President
Two 4-year terms
Prime Minister
Unlimited 4-year terms

 Israel
President
One 7-year term
Prime Minister
Between 1948 and 1996, and since 2001: No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Knesset which has an undefined term not exceeding four years.

Between 1996 and 2001 (when the Prime Minister was directly elected): Unlimited undefined terms. Should these terms exceed seven years, the Prime Minister will not be eligible for immediate re-election.

 Japan
Prime Minister
4-years term with no limit restrictions on number of terms served

Member of the House of Councillors
Unlimited 6-year terms

Member of the House of Representatives
Unlimited maximum 4-year terms

 Kazakhstan
President
Two consecutive 5-year terms (Exception for first President)

 Kyrgyzstan
President
One 6-year term

 Laos
President
Two 5-year terms

 Lebanon
President
Unlimited non-consecutive 6-year terms
Prime Minister
No term limits

 Macau
Chief Executive
Two consecutive 5-year terms
Legislative Assembly
Unlimited 4-year terms

 Malaysia
Monarch
Unlimited 5-Year Terms, but because the 9 Sultans of the Malayan states rotate each time between themselves, the unlimited 5-Year Terms are de facto unlimited non-consecutive 5-year terms.
Prime Minister
No term limits
Pakatan Harapan, the current ruling party of Malaysia, had promised to implement a two-term limit for the post of prime minister, in attempt to curb corruption

 Maldives
President
Two 5-year terms (starting 1998)

 Mongolia
President
Two 4-year terms
Prime Minister
No term limits

 North Korea
Chairman of the State Affairs Commission
Unlimited 5-Year Terms
Premier
Unlimited 5-Year Terms

 Pakistan
President
Two 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No term limits

 Philippines
President
One 6-year term
Vice President
Two 6-year terms

Senators
Three consecutive 6-year terms

Representatives of the House
Three consecutive 3-year terms

All other local government officials
Three consecutive 3-year terms

 South Korea
President
One 5-year term
Prime Minister
No term limits

 Singapore
President
Unlimited 6 year terms
Prime Minister
No term limits

 Sri Lanka
President
Two 5-year terms since 2015
Prime Minister
No term limits

 Syria
President
Two 7-year terms

 Taiwan
President
Two consecutive 4-year terms since 1994[2][3]
Vice President
Same as the president

Members of the Legislative Yuan
Unlimited 4-year terms since 2008[4]

County, city and township councilors, and village chiefs
Unlimited 4-year terms[5]

County magistrates, and city and township mayors
Two consecutive 4-year terms[6]

 Tajikistan
President
Two 7-year terms[7]

 Thailand
Monarch
No set terms (Hereditary succession)
Prime Minister
No term limits

 Timor-Leste
President
Two 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No term limits

 Uzbekistan
President
Two 5-year terms

text: Europe[edit]

text:
Country
Head of state
Head of government (if effectively supreme to a separate head of state)

Title
Maximum number of terms
Title
Maximum number of terms

 Albania
President
Two 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Albanian Parliament which has a term of four years

 Armenia
President
One 7-year term

 Austria
President
Two 6-year terms. When the current President loses their re-election, they can never again be elected to the Office of Federal President of Austria.
Chancellor
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the National Council which has a term of five years

 Azerbaijan
President
Unlimited 7-year terms

 Belarus
President
Unlimited 5-year terms

 Belgium
Monarch
No set terms (Hereditary succession)
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Chamber of Representatives which has a term of five years

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Presidency members
Two consecutive 4-year terms

 Bulgaria
President
Two consecutive 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the National Assembly which has a term of four years

 Croatia
President
Two 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Sabor which has a term of four years

 Cyprus
President
Two 5-year terms

 Czech Republic
President
Two consecutive 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Chamber of Deputies which has a term of four years

 Denmark
Monarch
No set terms (Hereditary succession)
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Folketing which has a term of four years

 Estonia
President
Two 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Riigikogu which has a term of four years

 European Union
President of the European Council
Two 2.5 year terms
President of the European Commission
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the European Parliament which has a term of five years (and also the European Council)

 Finland
President
Two consecutive 6-year terms.[8]
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Finnish Parliament which has a term of four years

 France
President
Two consecutive 5-year terms
Prime minister
No directly defined terms, however they must maintain the support of the National Assembly which has a term of five years

 Georgia
President
Two 5-year terms
Prime Minister of Georgia
Unlimited 5-year terms

 Germany
President
Two 5-year terms
Chancellor
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Bundestag which has a term of four years

 Greece
President
Two 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Hellenic Parliament which has a term of four years

 Hungary
President
Two 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the National Assembly which has a term of four years

 Iceland
President
Unlimited 4-year terms
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Althing which has a term of four years

 Ireland
President
Two 7-year terms
Taoiseach (equivalent of Prime Minister)
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Dáil which has a term of five years

 Italy
President
Unlimited 7-year terms
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Chamber of Deputies which has a term of five years

 Latvia
President
Two 4-year terms
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Saeima which has a term of four years

 Lithuania
President
Two 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Seimas which has a term of four years

 Luxemburg
Monarch
No set terms (Hereditary succession)
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Chamber of Deputies which has a term of four years

 Macedonia
President
Two 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Assembly of Macedonia which has a term of four years

 Malta
President
Two 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Maltese Parliament which has a term of five years

 Moldova
President
Two consecutive 4-year terms.[9]
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Moldovan Parliament which has a term of four years

 Montenegro
President
Two 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Montenegrin Parliament which has a term of four years

 Netherlands
Monarch
No set terms (Hereditary succession)
Prime Minister
unlimited terms of 4 years, however they must maintain the support of the House of Representatives which has a term of 4 years

 Norway
Monarch
No set terms (Hereditary succession)
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Storting which has a term of four years

 Poland
President
Two 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Sejm which has a term of four years

 Portugal
President
Two consecutive 5-year terms. A former President of Portugal, however, if they have already served two consecutive terms, can also be re-elected to another unlimited non-consecutive 5-year term, after a minimum of five years out of office since the end of their last term in office.
Prime Minister
Presidents of local authorities (concelho and freguesia)
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Assembly of the Republic which has a term of less than four years
Three consecutive 4-year terms

 Romania
President
Two 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Chamber of Deputies, as well as the support of the Senate, both of which have a term of less than four years

 Russia(Asia+Europe)
President
Two consecutive 6-year terms.[10][11][12][13]
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the State Duma which has a term of five years

 San Marino
Captain-Regent
Unlimited non-consecutive 6-month terms, but an outgoing Captain Regent of San Marino must wait for a minimum of three years, until they can be elected again into this office.

 Serbia
President
Two 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the National Assembly which has a term of four years

 Slovakia
President
Two consecutive 5-year terms.[14]
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the National Council which has a term of four years

 Slovenia
President
Two 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the National Assembly which has a term of four years

 Spain
Monarch
No set terms (Hereditary succession)
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Congress of Deputies which has a term of four years

 Sweden
Monarch
No set terms (Hereditary succession)
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Riksdag which has a term of four years

  Switzerland
President of the Confederation
Unlimited non-consecutive 1-year terms
Federal Council
Unlimited 4-year terms

 Turkey
President
Two 5-year terms[15]
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Grand National Assembly which has a term of four years

 United Kingdom
Monarch
No set terms (Hereditary succession)
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the House of Commons which has a term of five years

 Ukraine
President
Two consecutive 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Verkhovna Rada which has a term of five years

text: Oceania[edit]

text:
Country
Head of state
Other

Title
Maximum number of terms
Office
Maximum number of terms

 Australia
Governor-General
No term limits, but traditionally serve for one 5-year term.
Prime Minister
No term limits, 3-year terms

 Federated States of Micronesia
President
Two 4-year terms
Vice President
Two 4-year terms

 Fiji
President
Two 5-year terms
Vice President
Two 5-year terms

 Kiribati
President
Three 4-year terms
Vice President
Three 4-year terms

 Marshall Islands
President
Two 4-year terms

 New Zealand
Governor-General
No term limits, but traditionally serve for one 5-year term.
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however, must maintain the confidence of the House of Representatives which has 3 year terms.

 Nauru
President
Two 3-year terms

 Palau
President
Two 4-year terms
Vice President
Two 4-year terms

 Samoa
Chief of State
Two 5-year terms since 2007. Before 2007, the Chief of State of Samoa was elected for life.

 Solomon Islands
Governor-General
Two 5-year terms

 Vanuatu
President
One 5-year term


document_title: Uranus (mythology)

question_text: who is the god of heaven in greek mythology

text: Uranus (mythology)

text: Etymology[edit]

text:
The most probable etymology traces the name to a Proto-Greek form *worsanós (Ϝορσανός)[8] enlarged from *ṷorsó- (also found in Greek ouréō 'to urinate', Sanskrit varṣá 'rain', Hittite ṷarša- 'fog, mist').[9] The basic Indo-European root is *ṷérs- 'to rain, moisten' (also found in Greek eérsē 'dew', Sanskrit várṣati 'to rain', Avestan aiβi.varəšta 'it rained on'), making Ouranos the 'rainmaker'.[9] A less likely etymology is a derivative with meaning 'the one standing on high' from PIE *ṷérso- (cf. Sanskrit várṣman 'height, top', Lithuanian viršùs 'upper, highest seat', Russian verx 'height, top').
Of some importance in the comparative study of Indo-European mythology is the identification by Georges Dumézil (1934)[10] of Uranus with  the Vedic deity Váruṇa (Mitanni Aruna), god of the sky and waters, but the etymological equation is considered untenable.[11]

text: Genealogy[edit]

text: In Hesiod's Theogony, Uranus is the offspring of Gaia, the earth goddess.[12] Alcman and Callimachus elaborate that Uranus was fathered by Aether, the god of heavenly light and the upper air. Under the influence of the philosophers, Cicero, in De Natura Deorum ("Concerning the Nature of the Gods"), claims that he was the offspring of the ancient gods Aether and Hemera, Air and Day. According to the Orphic Hymns, Uranus was the son of Nyx, the personification of night.[citation needed]  Uranus was the brother of Pontus, the God of the sea.[13]

text: Descendants of Gaia and Uranus[edit]

text: According to Hesiod's Theogony, Uranus mated with Gaia to create the twelve Titans: Oceanus, Coeus, Crius, Hyperion, Iapetus, Theia, Rhea, Themis, Mnemosyne, Phoebe, Tethys and Cronus;[14] the Cyclopes: Brontes, Steropes and Arges;[15] and the Hecatoncheires ("Hundred-Handed Ones"): Cottus, Briareos, and Gyges.[16]

text:
hideDescendants of Gaia (Earth) and Uranus (Sky) [17]

GaiaUranus

OceanusCriusIapetusRheaMnemosyneTethys

CoeusHyperionTheiaThemisPhoebeCronus
The Titans

BrontesSteropesArges
The Cyclopes

CottusBriareosGyges
The Hecatoncheires

text: Further, according to the Theogony, when Cronus castrated Uranus, from Uranus' blood, which splattered onto the earth, came the Erinyes (Furies), the Giants, and the Meliae. Also, according to the Theogony, Cronus threw the severed genitals into the sea, around which foam developed and transformed into the goddess Aphrodite,[18] although according to Homer, Aphrodite was the daughter of Zeus  and Dione.[19]

text:
hideDescendants of Gaia and Uranus' blood, and Uranus' genitals, according Hesiod [20]

GaiaUranus' bloodUranus' genitals

The ErinyesThe GiantsThe MeliaeAphrodite

text: Creation myth[edit]

text: Greek mythology[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In the Olympian creation myth, as Hesiod tells it in the Theogony,[21] Uranus came every night to cover the earth and mate with Gaia, but he hated the children she bore him. Hesiod named their first six sons and six daughters the Titans, the three one-hundred-handed giants the Hekatonkheires, and the one-eyed giants the Cyclopes.

text: Uranus imprisoned Gaia's youngest children in Tartarus, deep within Earth, where they caused pain to Gaia. She shaped a great flint-bladed sickle and asked her sons to castrate Uranus. Only Cronus, youngest and most ambitious of the Titans, was willing: he ambushed his father and castrated him, casting the severed testicles into the sea.

text: For this fearful deed, Uranus called his sons Titanes Theoi, or "Straining Gods."[22] From the blood that spilled from Uranus onto the Earth came forth the Giants, the Erinyes (the avenging Furies), the Meliae (the ash-tree nymphs), and, according to some, the Telchines. From the genitals in the sea came forth Aphrodite.

text: The learned Alexandrian poet Callimachus[23] reported that the bloodied sickle had been buried in the earth at Zancle in Sicily, but the Romanized Greek traveller Pausanias was informed that the sickle had been thrown into the sea from the cape near Bolina, not far from Argyra on the coast of Achaea, whereas the historian Timaeus located the sickle at Corcyra;[24] Corcyrans claimed to be descendants of the wholly legendary Phaeacia visited by Odysseus, and by circa 500 BCE one Greek mythographer, Acusilaus, was claiming that the Phaeacians had sprung from the very blood of Uranus' castration.[25]

text: After Uranus was deposed, Cronus re-imprisoned the Hekatonkheires and Cyclopes in Tartarus. Uranus and Gaia then prophesied that Cronus in turn was destined to be overthrown by his own son, and so the Titan attempted to avoid this fate by devouring his young. Zeus, through deception by his mother Rhea, avoided this fate.

text: These ancient myths of distant origins were not expressed in cults among the Hellenes.[26] The function of Uranus was as the vanquished god of an elder time, before real time began.

text: After his castration, the Sky came no more to cover the Earth at night, but held to its place, and "the original begetting came to an end" (Kerényi). Uranus was scarcely regarded as anthropomorphic, aside from the genitalia in the castration myth. He was simply the sky, which was conceived by the ancients as an overarching dome or roof of bronze, held in place (or turned on an axis) by the Titan Atlas. In formulaic expressions in the Homeric poems ouranos is sometimes an alternative to Olympus as the collective home of the gods; an obvious occurrence would be the moment in Iliad 1.495, when Thetis rises from the sea to plead with Zeus: "and early in the morning she rose up to greet Ouranos-and-Olympus and she found the son of Kronos ..."

text: William Sale remarks that "... 'Olympus' is almost always used of [the home of the Olympian gods], but ouranos often refers to the natural sky above us without any suggestion that the gods, collectively live there".[27] Sale concluded that the earlier seat of the gods was the actual Mount Olympus, from which the epic tradition by the time of Homer had transported them to the sky, ouranos. By the sixth century, when a "heavenly Aphrodite" (Aphrodite Urania) was to be distinguished from the "common Aphrodite of the people", ouranos signifies purely the celestial sphere itself.

text: Hurrian mythology[edit]

text: The Greek creation myth is similar to the Hurrian creation myth. In Hurrian religion Anu is the sky god. His son Kumarbis bit off his genitals and spat out three deities, one of whom, Teshub, later deposed Kumarbis.[28] In Sumerian mythology and later for Assyrians and Babylonians, Anu is the sky god and represented law and order.[citation needed]

text: It is possible that Uranus was originally an Indo-European god, to be identified with the Vedic Váruṇa, the supreme keeper of order who later became the god of oceans and rivers, as suggested by Georges Dumézil,[10] following hints in Émile Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life (1912).[29] Another of Dumézil's theories is that the Iranian supreme God Ahura Mazda is a development of the Indo-Iranian *vouruna-*mitra.[30] Therefore, this divinity has also the qualities of Mitra, which is the god of the falling rain.[31]

text: Uranus and Váruṇa[edit]

text: Uranus is connected with the night sky, and Váruṇa is the god of the sky and the celestial ocean, which is connected with the Milky Way.

text: Georges Dumézil made a cautious case for the identity of Uranus and Vedic Váruṇa at the earliest Indo-European cultural level.[10] Dumézil's identification of mythic elements shared by the two figures, relying to a great extent on linguistic interpretation, but not positing a common origin, was taken up by Robert Graves and others. The identification of the name Ouranos with the Hindu Váruṇa, based in part on a posited PIE root *-ŭer with a sense of "binding"—ancient king god Váruṇa binds the wicked, ancient king god Uranus binds the Cyclopes, who had tormented him.  The most probable etymology is from Proto-Greek *(F)orsanόj (worsanos) from a PIE root *ers "to moisten, to drip" (referring to the rain).

text: Cultural context of flint[edit]

text:
Greek deitiesseries

Titans and Olympians
Aquatic deities
Mycenaean deities
Personified concepts
Other deities

Primordial deities

Aether
Aion
Ananke
Chaos
Chronos
Erebus
Eros
Gaia
Hemera
Nyx
Phanes
Pontus
Tartarus
Thalassa
Uranus

Chthonic deities

Hades
Persephone
Angelos
Demeter
Erinyes
Gaia
Hecate
Iacchus
Melinoe
Triptolemus
Trophonius

vte

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The detail of the sickle's being flint rather than bronze or even iron was retained by Greek mythographers (though neglected by Roman ones). Knapped flints as cutting edges were set in wooden or bone sickles in the late Neolithic, before the onset of the Bronze Age. Such sickles may have survived latest in ritual contexts where metal was taboo, but the detail, which was retained by classical Greeks, suggests the antiquity of the mytheme.

text: Planet Uranus[edit]

text: The ancient Greeks and Romans knew of only five 'wandering stars' (Greek: πλανήται, planētai): Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Following the discovery of a sixth planet in 1781 using a telescope, there was long-term disagreement regarding its name.  Its discoverer William Herschel named it Georgium Sidus (The Georgian Star) after his monarch George III. This was the name preferred by English astronomers, but others such as the French preferred "Herschel".  Finally, the name Uranus became accepted in the mid-19th century, as suggested by astronomer Johann Bode as the logical addition to the existing planets' names, since Mars (Ares in Greek), Venus, and Mercury were the children of Jupiter, Jupiter (Zeus in Greek) the son of Saturn, and Saturn (Cronus in Greek) the son of Uranus. What is anomalous is that, while the others take Roman names, Uranus is a name derived from Greek in contrast to the Roman Caelus.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ According to Hesiod, Theogony 183–200, Aphrodite was born from Uranus' severed genitals, but according to Homer, Aphrodite was the daughter of Zeus (Iliad 3.374, 20.105; Odyssey 8.308, 320) and Dione (Iliad 5.370–71), see Gantz, pp. 99–100.

Jump up ^ Grimal, s.v. "Caelus" p. 38.

Jump up ^ Varro, De lingua Latina 5.58.

Jump up ^ Marion Lawrence, "The Velletri Sarcophagus," American Journal of Archaeology 69.3 (1965), p. 220.

Jump up ^ Alcman, Frag 61, Callimachus, Frag 498, Cicero, De Natura Deorum 3.17.

Jump up ^ "We did not regard them as being in any way worthy of worship," Karl Kerenyi, speaking for the ancient Greeks, said of the Titans (Kerenyi, p. 20); "with the single exception, perhaps, of Cronos; and with the exception, also, of Helios."

Jump up ^ As at Homer, Iliad 15.36 ff., Odyssey 5.184 ff.

Jump up ^ Originally reconstructed in: Johann Baptist Hofmann, Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Griechischen (Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 1950).

^ Jump up to: a b Robert S. P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, vol. 2 (Leiden: Brill, 2009), 1128–9.

^ Jump up to: a b c Georges Dumézil, Ouranos-Varuna - Essai de mythologie comparée indo-européenne (Paris: G.-P. Maisonneuve, 1934).

Jump up ^ Manfred Mayrhofer, Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen, vol. 2, s.v. “Váruṇa” (Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1996), 515–6.
Edgar C. Polomé, “Binder-god”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture (London–Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997), 65.

Jump up ^ Hesiod, Theogony 126 ff..

Jump up ^ Donna Jo Napoli, "Treasury of Greek Mythology: Classic Stories of Gods, Goddesses, Heroes & Monsters"

Jump up ^ Hesiod, Theogony 132–138.

Jump up ^ Hesiod, Theogony 139–146.

Jump up ^ Hesiod, Theogony 147–153.

Jump up ^ Hesiod, Theogony 132–153; Caldwell, p. 5, table 3.

Jump up ^ Hesiod, Theogony 173–206.

Jump up ^ Homer, Iliad 3.374, 5.370–71, 20.105; Odyssey 8.308, 320; see Gantz, pp. 99–100.

Jump up ^ Hesiod, Theogony 183–200; Caldwell, p. 6 table 4.

Jump up ^ Hesiod, Theogony 133 ff..

Jump up ^ Modern etymology suggests that the linguistic origin of Τιτάνες lies on the pre-Greek level.

Jump up ^ Callimachus, Aitia ("On Origins"), from book II, fragment 43, discussed by Lane Fox, pp. 270 ff.; Lane Fox notes that Zancle was founded in the 8th century BC.

Jump up ^ Reported by the scholiast on Apollonius of Rhodes' Argonautica, 4.984, (Lane Fox, p. 274 n. 36).

Jump up ^ Acusilaus, in FrGH vol. 2, fragment 4, noted by Lane Fox, p. 274 n. 37

Jump up ^ Kerényi, p. 20.

Jump up ^ Sale, William Merritt (1984). "Homeric Olympus and its formulae". American Journal of Philology. 105 (1): 1–28 [p. 3]. JSTOR 294622.

Jump up ^ Guterbock, Hans Gustav. "Hittite Religion" in Forgotten Religions including some Primitive Religions" ed. Vergilius Firm. NY Philadelphia Library 1950: 88f,103f.

Jump up ^ The Durkheim connection was noted by Arnoldo Momigliano, "Georges Dumezil and the Trifunctional Approach to Roman Civilization", History and Theory, 1984; a link between Uranus and Varuna was suggested as early as 1824 by Albrecht Weber, Modern investigations on ancient India: A lecture delivered in Berlin March 4, 1824, 1857.

Jump up ^ Georges Dumézil, Mitra Varuna: Essai sur deux representati (Paris: Gallimard, 1948). English translation: Mitra-Varuna: an Essay on Two Indo-European Representations of Sovereignty, trans. Derek Coltman (New York: Zone Books, 1988).

Jump up ^ According to Dumézil, Varuna is the god of "masses of water", while falling rain is rather related to Mitra.


document_title: Dragon Soul

question_text: who sings the dragon ball z kai theme

question_tokens: who sings the dragon ball z kai theme

text: Dragon Soul

text:
"Dragon Soul"
Single by Takayoshi Tanimoto (Dragon Soul)A-side
"Dragon Soul"B-side
"Muteki Aura no Energy"Released
May 20, 2009 (2009-05-20)Format
CD SingleCOCC-16247COCC-16273Genre
Pop rockLabel
ColumbiaSongwriter(s)
Yumi YoshimotoTakayoshi Tanimoto (Dragon Soul) singles chronology

"Dragon Soul" (2009)

"Yeah! Break! Care! Break!" (2009)

"Dragon Soul"(2009)

"Yeah! Break! Care! Break!"(2009)

text: "Dragon Soul" is the seventh single by Japanese singer Takayoshi Tanimoto. He performed the song with guitarist and composer Takafumi Iwasaki as part of a special unit also called "Dragon Soul". It was released on CD on May 20, 2009, as both a regular and limited edition; the limited edition included a Dragon Ball Kai Dragon Battlers trading card game card.[1][2] The song was used as the opening theme of the Dragon Ball Kai anime.

text: The single remained on the Oricon Weekly Charts for 18 weeks and during that time it peaked at #23.[3][4]

text: Track list[edit]

text:
"Dragon Soul"
"Muteki Aura no Energy" (無敵AURAのエナジー, Muteki Ōra no Enajī, "The Invincible Aura's Energy")
"Dragon Soul (Original Karaoke)"
"Muteki Aura no Energy (Original Karaoke)"

text: Cover versions[edit]

text: When Dragon Ball Kai was licensed in North America in 2010 as Dragon Ball Z Kai, Funimation recorded "Dragon Soul" in English, with lyrics written by Brina Palencia. The uncut DVD/Blu-ray Disc volumes feature a different singer for each release. Part 1 is sung by Sean Schemmel, who also does the voice of Goku and King Kai. Part 2 is sung by Justin Cook, who also does the voice of Raditz. Part 3 is sung by Vic Mignogna, who also does the voices of Broly and Burter, his version was also used for the Nicktoons and The CW airings of the show. Part 4 is sung by Greg Ayres, who also did the voice of Guldo in Dragon Ball Z Kai. Part 5 is sung by Sonny Strait, who is also the voice of Krillin. Part 6 is sung by Brina Palencia herself, who also does the voice of Chiaotzu and Puar. Part 7 is sung in a trio by Sean Schemmel, Justin Cook, and Greg Ayres. Part 8 is also sung in a trio by Vic Mignogna, Sonny Strait, and Brina Palencia.