document_title: The Secret Life of the American Teenager (season 3)

question_text: when does adrian find out she's pregnant

question_tokens: when does adrian find out she 's pregnant

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main Cast[edit]

text:
Shailene Woodley as Amy Juergens
India Eisley as Ashley Juergens
Daren Kagasoff as Ricky Underwood
Kenny Baumann as Benjamin 'Ben' Boykewich
Francia Raisa as Adrian Lee
Megan Park as Grace Bowman
Greg Finley II as Jack Pappas
Steve Schirripa as Leo Boykewich
Molly Ringwald as Anne Juergens
Mark Derwin as George Juergens

text: New characters and guest stars[edit]

text: On February 23, 2010, it was announced that Bristol Palin would be making an appearance on the show.[1] She would be playing herself at a music program for teen mothers on an episode to air on July 5, 2010.[2] On March 2, 2010, Bristol and Sarah Palin visited Los Angeles, where Bristol filmed her scenes for the episode that aired on July 5, 2010 on a closed set.[3]

text: On July 20, 2010, it was announced that Beverley Mitchell, best known for her role in 7th Heaven, will replace Mayim Bialik as the school counselor.[4]

text: Jared Kusnitz, best known for his role in the movie Prom, will be joining the cast as a reoccurring character named Toby. Toby is Ashley's "Study Buddy" from the Home-School group.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

48
1
"Do Over"
Keith Truesdell
Brenda Hampton
June 7, 2010 (2010-06-07)
3.18[5]

Adrian puts to rest rumors of her pregnancy by informing Ben she is menstruating; Amy is confused about Ben's mixed signals when he begins avoiding her. After school, Grace visits Ben wanting to celebrate receiving her drivers license but he tells her that he has to go to work. Instead, he calls out and visits Adrian to confront her about his disbelief of her false alarm. Meanwhile, Ricky advises Ashley to not have a sex life, George gets his infected hair plugs removed and Jack tells Madison that he loves her; Ricky also questions Ben's motive to tell Amy that he loves her, only to then avoid her. Jack's parents tell him that they are moving to Phoenix, Arizona. They ask him to find a friend to stay with for his senior year prompting him to ask Madison whose parents both object to the request. Ben visits Amy and they rekindle their relationship. Upon being caught, Ashley admits to her going on the pill while slipping the news to her parents that Amy is on the pill as well.

49
2
"Accentuate the Positive"
Gail Bradley
Jeffrey Rodgers
June 14, 2010 (2010-06-14)
2.85[6]

Adrian has morning sickness and starts to vomit. When Ashley tries to get a ride from her, she stays with Adrian to comfort her. Ben tells Grace that because of his history with Amy, he can no longer date her, but assures her they will stay friends, leaving Grace upset. Meanwhile, Jack asks Ricky and Grace's family to stay with them for his senior year, but they both deny his request. Griffin tells Grant that it would only hurt his and Ashley's relationship if he transfers to Ulysses High School in the fall. Elsewhere, Amy gets invited to a musical program in New York for the summer that would presumably help her get into Juilliard, but decides not to go because of John; Adrian tells Ashley that she plans to have an abortion; and Ricky forces Ben to face the truth about Adrian's pregnancy. Jack tells Grace that no one is to decide or judge Adrian's actions and Ben reveals his secret to his father.

50
3
"Get Out of Town"
Keith Truesdell
Brenda Hampton
June 21, 2010 (2010-06-21)
2.77[7]

After coming clean to his father, Ben remains stressed about his urgent situation with Adrian as he and Leo disagree on how to go about it. Meanwhile Amy gets much needed support for her chance to attend the music program and Adrian's parents suspect that something is going on with her. At school, Ben insists on talking to Adrian about where they stand while Adrian refuses his efforts and continues to ignore Grace; Amy also receives news that she is to leave for New York the following day. Later, Ricky promises to move into Amy's room to take care of John while she is away and George and Anne decide to rekindle their intimate relationship. Elsewhere, Jeff urges Grace to focus on herself and her future rather than Adrian's situation but Grace argues that she wants to be there for her friend inferring that perhaps she would rather focus on others problems rather than her own. Ben becomes upset when Leo explains that he passed the news of Adrian's pregnancy onto Ruben over dinner and Cindy comes home to the same shocking news as she learns of her daughter's secret.

51
4
"Goodbye, Amy Juergens"
Anson Williams
Elaine Arata
June 28, 2010 (2010-06-28)
3.00[8]

Ben visits Ricky, looking for advice on his current situation with Adrian, while Ricky's new interest, Zoe, overhears the two talking. Cindy confronts Adrian about what she has learned the night before and the two have a discussion about Adrian's options. While anticipating Amy's departure for New York, George raises some concerns about Ricky moving in by instructing Ashley not to overstep her boundaries. Tom continues to search for a job, Madison reveals Adrian's secret to Lauren, and Jack asks the coach if he can move in with him for his senior year. Zoe confronts Adrian about her secret and threatens to reveal the news to the school, but Grace steps in to defend her friend. At the airport, Ben prolongs saying goodbye to Amy and at the same time, Ruben and Cindy disagree on whether or not it is allowable for Adrian to have an abortion. After becoming jealous about him and Zoe, Ashley tries to make Ricky jealous by pretending to date Grant. Later, Ruben tells Adrian that the difference of opinions over abortion may hurt their future as a family.

52
5
"Which Way Did She Go?"
Keith Truesdell
Brenda Hampton
July 5, 2010 (2010-07-05)
2.99[9]

Rumors circulate about the high school that Amy's early semester departure is due to a second pregnancy leaving Madison, Lauren, Ashley and Ricky to combat the rumors. Adrian makes one final confirmation to Ben on the status of her decision while Grace continues to find ways to convince Adrian not to terminate her pregnancy. Tom continues his search for work to support Adrian, and Ben continues to seek advice from Ricky about the final decision. Jack secretly moves into the Bowman guest house with Tom, and Ricky and Anne exchange insight on Amy's musical future. Adrian overhears her parents arguing about her decision and becomes overwhelmed, deciding to run away to Ben's house for the night. Later Ashley and Ricky kiss despite Ricky telling Ashley that it is a bad idea. Ruben and Cindy discover Adrian has fled, and Madison believes Jack is cheating. The Next day, Amy meets Bristol Palin at her music program in New York, where she discovers the music program is for teen mothers.

53
6
"She Went That Away"
Lindsley Parsons III
Paul Perlove
July 12, 2010 (2010-07-12)
3.09[10]

Adrian meets Ricky's foster mom at the clinic and admits to her that she does not want to be a teenage mother but after talking, she has a change of heart and tells Ben that she will not go through with the abortion. When Ricky gets a call from Amy, he hangs up and Ashley receives a text message from Adrian, saying that she will have the baby. Ashley, therefore, tells Anne and George, and also attempts to convince her parents to withhold the information from Amy until after Ben tells her. When Ben and Adrian visit Grace to tell her the news, Tom overhears the conversation and relays it to Jack. Ben and Jack both tell Madison about Adrian's decision, and she attempts to tell Ben to tell Amy before anyone else does.

54
7
"New York, New York"
Keith Truesdell
Brenda Hampton
July 19, 2010 (2010-07-19)
3.04[11]

Ashley tells Ricky that they shouldn't be together; George and Anne overhear the conversation and suggest that he should allow the family to have some privacy for a few days. While in his apartment, Ricky gets an unexpected visit from his real mother, who explains that she has violated her parole, and therefore is expected to turn herself in. Ben regrets his father's wishes to call Amy and inform her about Adrian's pregnancy when Adrian announces to the school that she will be keeping his baby. Ben's father tells him that he will take Ben to New York so Amy can be up to date. Meanwhile, Kathleen finds out that Jack is living in the guest house and tells Jack that he can stay, Ricky gives an emotional goodbye to his mother, and Ashley admits to being in love with Ricky. When Ben informs Amy about Adrian's pregnancy, she becomes upset.

55
8
"The Sounds of Silence"
Anson Williams
Jeffrey Rodgers
July 26, 2010 (2010-07-26)
2.56[12]

Since Ben revealed his and Adrian's predicament, Amy only talks to John. Therefore, Ben becomes aggravated and moody. Leo tells Ricky that he and Bunny both would like to offer his mother a job. He suggests that Ricky ask Ruben a favor, to see if he can help with the process at all. Meanwhile, George plans a romantic date for Anne, but after she leaves to care for a sick Mimsy, George and Ashley spend dinner talking about her feelings for Ricky. At the same time, Ben insists upon going out with Grace, and Ricky asks Ruben if his mother could appeal her case. Amy reaches out to Adrian, asking if her offer of friendship still stands. Ashley talks to Ricky about Amy, when he tells her that Amy's the only person he cares about, besides John, leaving her heartbroken.

56
9
"Chicken Little"
Keith Truesdell
Brenda Hampton
August 2, 2010 (2010-08-02)
2.71[13]

Ashley Wishing Grant would return her calls, Ashley talks to Griffin about her complicated relationship with Ricky. Instead of repairing Grant's relationship with Ashley, he sets Grant up with Grace, who is looking for a new date. With this plan in motion, Grace also plans to set Griffin up herself. Griffin realizes the boy, named Peter, he was set up with was in denial about his sexuality, and encourages him to talk to his parents. Meanwhile, Ricky and Ben have an argument over who really deserves to be with Adrian, and both Ben and Adrian's parents pressure them into marrying each other. Ashley fixes dinner for her and Ricky but Ricky bails on her to talk to Adrian. Ricky and Adrian kiss and Ashley witnesses the whole thing, leaving her heartbroken. Amy calls Ashley and tells her she is giving up the french horn and Ashley informs her about Ricky. Ricky and Adrian agree to just be friends. Ben calls Adrian and they both agree they don't want to get married. Adrian later admits to her baby that she is still in love with Ricky.

57
10
"My Girlfriend's Back"
Anson Williams
Elaine Arata
August 9, 2010 (2010-08-09)
2.65[14]

After the last day of school, Ben worries about Amy not returning his calls, thinking it is a sign of a dwindling relationship. Amy informs Ricky of plans to continue to play the French Horn for enjoyment, rather than pursuing a career in it; she also tells him that she will stay for an extended amount of time in New York City. Ricky then suggests that he visits her. Meanwhile, Ben receives a call from Amy, who tells him that they would talk when she returns home and Leo suggests that Ben hold a party to celebrate the end of school. While there, Ashley abruptly announces Ricky's plans to visit Amy and Jack informs Madison that he plans to visit his parents in Phoenix; while in New York, Amy and Ricky discuss the possibility of becoming a couple. Elsewhere, both Grace and Grant's and Griffin and Peter's relationships continue to evolve.

58
11
"Lady Liberty"
Keith Truesdell
Brenda Hampton
August 16, 2010 (2010-08-16)
2.83[15]

After an altercation with Ricky, Ben is fired. Meanwhile, Lauren and Madison face the consequences of lying to their parents about where they slept after Ben's party and Anne and George announce to Ashley that they will marry after Amy returns. When Adrian talks to Amy, she realizes that she is torn between Ben and Ricky even further; she takes this realization to Ben, who in turn realizes that he should follow Leo's advice of marrying Adrian. Instead of doing this for the right reasons, he decides that doing this would get back at Amy, thus causing Leo to convince Ben that it is a bad idea. Amy's friends take her to a New York nightclub for her birthday, which her family, friends, and Ricky forget; after finding out about Amy's night out, Ricky sleeps with a new girl. Adrian and Ben decide to fake an engagement to hurt Ricky and Amy, but Adrian also warns Ben that if they do it, Ruben may make them go through with the engagement and marriage.

59
12
"Sweet and Sour"
Anson Williams
Paul Perlove
August 23, 2010 (2010-08-23)
2.68[16]

While friends and family of Amy's realize they have forgotten her birthday the previous day, Betty gives Ben an old ring of hers in order for Ben to give it to Adrian. Meanwhile, Jack reveals to Madison's father that they have been having foreplay and Grace's mom tells Grace to avoid having sex; Leo attends therapy and Amy arrives home early. After Ben gives the ring to Adrian, she returns it. Ben asks to be a part of the pregnancy, like he was with Amy's, after he realizes that he should do the right thing and not fake an engagement.
Note: Anne mentions how everyone forgot her sixteenth birthday and it was horrible, possibly referencing the film Sixteen Candles which Molly Ringwald starred in.

60
13
"Up All Night"
Anson Williams
Brenda Hampton
August 30, 2010 (2010-08-30)
2.91[17]

Amy questions whether Ricky is ready for an exclusive relationship. Madison and Lauren are upset about not being able to see Jack and Jesse, while Jack and Jesse talk about how badly Jack wants to keep Grant away from Grace. Meanwhile, Ben continues to support Adrian by spending the night at her house, and Henry and Alice sleep at his house. Elsewhere, Anne is surprised to find that Amy left the music program early and Ricky and Amy agree to go on a date.

61
14
"Rules of Engagement"
Keith Truesdell
Brenda Hampton
September 6, 2010 (2010-09-06)
3.03[18]

Ashley tries to persuade Ricky to have sex with her and Amy takes a stance against her actions. Anne questions whether George actually wants to get married, contrary to his original claims, and suggests that they finally split up without hurting their children. Elsewhere, Adrian believes that Ricky is just using Amy for sex and Grace wonders if Adrian is considering marriage. Meanwhile, Amy goes out with Ricky; and Grace and Grant prepare for camp.

62
15
"Who Do You Trust"
Keith Truesdell
Brenda Hampton
March 28, 2011 (2011-03-28)
3.33[19]

After summer vacation is over, everyone is back for the first day of school. Adrian and Ben are a couple and Amy and Ricky are dating and Ricky has been faithful to Amy during the summer. Amy considers having sex with Ricky, but she demands for him to be tested for STDs before they do and Ricky decides to ask the girls that he has slept with if they have any STDs to find out what his chances are before he does. Ashley discusses her desire to be home schooled with the new guidance counselor Katelyn O'Malley. Jack and Madison end up breaking up as Madison wants to date some guy that she had worked with at the food court over the summer and Jessie and Lauren end up breaking up because Jessie will be going away to college next year. George and Anne are finally separated and George firmly talks to Amy to get her to change her mind about her having sex with Ricky, but Amy reminds that she has already had sex with Ricky once before. Ricky gets tested for STDs at the clinic and he is scared of what he might have, but his foster mother Margaret who runs into him there tells him that she is there for him no matter what happens. Tom is the Vice President of Human Resources at a company owned by Milton and his former girlfriend Tammy is working for him. Grant and Grace are ready to have sex after abstaining from it all summer, but Grace balks when Grant suggests that she gets tested for STDs first and she is concerned to find out that Jack had a treatable STD at one point. Ben and Adrian's baby is revealed to be a girl. Ricky has a surprising visit from his biological mother Nora who has been let out of prison and she says that her staying with him is only temporary.

63
16
"Mirrors"
Anson Williams
Jeffrey Rodgers
April 4, 2011 (2011-04-04)
2.50[20]

After Ricky's biological mother Nora is back in town and she will be sticking around, Ricky attempts to have his custody agreement over John with Amy declare that she cannot live with him because she is an ex-con and his concern about letting her get involved into his life while Amy meets Nora for the first time. George blames Anne for making him be the bad cop in their children's lives now that she wants to be the good cop. Lauren is broken hearted from her break up with Jessie. Madison continues to be interested in Stanley, her former boss, who is in his mid-twenties and her father convinces Jack to do his best to get back together with her to keep her from dating Stanley. Ricky and Amy discuss Nora getting to meet John, but Ricky explains to Amy that he does not want Nora to meet John until he is sure that she can stay sober from alcohol and drugs. Grace feels dirty from finding out that she could have gotten an STD from when she had sex with Jack and she gets into a fight with Jack about it. Ashley's home schooling is not going very well as she is just sitting around at home doing nothing until Katelyn, the guidance counselor, has some rules set down for her with her home schooling. Ben insists that Adrian move in with him, but she says no.George is worried about home schooling not being right for Ashley and her lack of friends and Griffin suggests to him to get her a study buddy to make her want to go back to school. Grant lets Grace know that he loves her. Morgan, Madison's father, will not let Madison date Stanley because of their age difference when Madison has her parents meet him. Ricky pays his foster parents Sanjay and Margaret a visit to let them know that his tests for STDs came back negative and see if they will let Nora live with them. Ben wants to marry Adrian before their baby arrives since Adrian will not live with him unless they are married and Leo wants him to consider waiting to get married until he does not have to ask him if he can marry someone.

64
17
"Guess Who's Not Coming to Dinner"
Gail Bradley
Brenda Hampton
April 11, 2011 (2011-04-11)
2.29[21]

Ricky's foster parents Sanjay and Margaret agree to allow his biological mother Nora to live with them at their house and Bunny has given Nora a job at the butcher shop. Before Margaret has Nora come to live with them, she lays down the ground rules for their house to Nora especially about her having no men or women in her bedroom. Nora confesses to Ricky that she is dating another woman which dumbfounds Ricky to find out that she is a lesbian. Meanwhile Ashley continues to struggle with her home schooling and she is determined to make home schooling work out for her and George does his best to explain to Amy to not have sex again with Ricky and figure out how to be a good father to both Amy and Ashley. Jack and Tom discuss if either Grant or Jack would be better for Grace and Adrian explain their feelings for Grant and Ben to each other. Adrian and Ben figure out their real feelings for each other and if they want to get married or not. Leo and Ruben get together to discuss the possibility of Ben asking Adrian to marry him, but Cindy is hesitant about Adrian and Ben getting married. Ricky is still reluctant to let Nora meet John and lies about having the flu to get out of taking John to see Nora, but Amy talks him into letting Nora see John. Cindy and Ruben let Ben have their permission to propose to Adrian. Amy and Ricky let Nora see John for the first time and Ricky tells Nora that he wants to meet her girlfriend. Ben plans a romantic evening out with Adrian at a restaurant that he rents out for just them and he asks Adrian to marry him. Adrian says yes and they kiss and tell each other that they love each other.

65
18
"Another Proposal"
Anson Williams
Elaine Arata
April 18, 2011 (2011-04-18)
2.35[22]

Adrian and Ben are planning to get married and Amy and Ricky are under a lot of pressure because of it. Amy and Ashley both are away at their mother's condo with John to visit Anne and Robbie for the weekend. Amy has George and Nora check up on Ricky to make sure that Ricky is not cheating on her while she is away and George decides that Nora is attractive when he ends up meeting Nora while he is there. Adrian drives everyone crazy including Ben with her plans to have a big wedding. Lauren's stepfather and mother end up finally separating, but Lauren does not know that it is because her father and mother are getting back together. Amy is envious of Adrian and Ben getting married and feels that Ricky and her should be getting married instead of Adrian and Ben. Meanwhile Ricky tries to convince Ben not to marry Adrian to take the pressure of marrying Amy off himself. Jack and Madison reconcile and Grant and Grace have a sleepover at Grace's house. Ben suggests an alternative of their parents buying them a condo to a big wedding to Adrian and Adrian throws herself into finding the nicest condo possible while Amy rushes home to see Ricky. Amy tells Ricky she loves him and tries to have sex with him but Ricky turns her down and then she proposes marriage to him.

66
19
"Deeper and Deeper"
Keith Truesdell
Brenda Hampton
April 25, 2011 (2011-04-25)
2.21[23]

Ricky is still amazed from Amy asking him to marry her. Everyone has been pressing Ricky to give Amy an answer, but he does not want to consider Amy and him getting married until they have both graduated from high school. Adrian and Ben continue to look for a condo, but Ben cannot agree on a condo to buy with Adrian and he does not want to move out of his house. Katelyn, the guidance counselor, discusses the possibility about applying for college with Ricky. Ashley has to engage with other home schooled students and George finds her a study buddy named Toby and Toby and her might get along with each other.George wants to get himself a life outside of the house so he asks Nora out on a date unaware that she is gay. Adrian and Amy give each other advice about the respective men in their lives and how to get want they want from them. George has dinner with Nora, but he ends up meeting Nora's distract attorney girlfriend Ollie at the restaurant with Ruben and George feels embrassed to think he was dating her. Adrian has Ben know that it is okay for him to move out of his house as he can always return there when he wants to.Grant and Grace end up having sex and make a promise to each other in case they fall out of love with each other in the future they will tell each other easily, but they tell each other they love each other. Jack and Madison make a decision to pause having sex and Lauren has a new boyfriend. Anne reminds George that it is time for the both of them to get lives of their own while Amy sees Ricky to withdraw her marriage proposal to him and thinks about moving in with him.

67
20
"Moving In and Out"
Anson Williams
Paul Perlove
May 2, 2011 (2011-05-02)
2.11[24]

No one is happy about Amy's plans to move in with Ricky -- including Ricky. Leo encourages Ricky to think about college, and Anne accuses Amy of rushing things with Ricky as a way of competing with Ben and Adrian. Madison is uneasy with Jack's decision not to have sex with her, and Grace asks her mother for a sleepover with Grant. Amy, on the night she and John were supposed to move in, goes over to Ricky's place only to tell him she isn't ready to move in with him, and they discuss how to work their way up to eventually living together. The episode ends with Ricky telling Amy that he loves her and she reciprocates the statement.

68
21
"Young at Heart"
Keith Truesdell
Brenda Hampton
May 9, 2011 (2011-05-09)
2.05[25]

Adrian and Grace go shopping for wedding dresses and Adrian contemplates getting married in a church. Amy is still having concerns about moving in with Ricky - but he is ready now. In fact, he's getting impatient. He wants to know why Amy is holding him at arm's length. Leo talks with Ben about family fortune. Grace and Kathleen meet Grant's parents. Ashley goes on a date with Toby. Ricky has opportunity to cheat Amy with Karlee, Toby's stepsister, but he refuses. He is frustrated and storms out, because he needs have sex. Ricky and Amy spend time together playing golf.

69
22
"Loose Lips"
Anson Williams
Jeffrey Rodgers
May 16, 2011 (2011-05-16)
2.32[26]

Kathleen, Grace's mom, made invitations for Adrian's shower, but Amy and Grace are stumped as to whom to invite. Adrian realizes she doesn't have any friends, so she decides to invite every girl who has slept with Ricky. Amy gets upset over this, and Ben tries to protect Adrian by talking to Amy, but Ricky insists it's a girl fight and they have to stay out of it. Ben goes to Amy's house and viciously puts Amy down. George walks in mid fight and kicks Ben out. Anne meets her boyfriend from school times. George visits Kathleen, his previous wife. They talk why their marriage split up. Ben holds a grudge against Alice, because she doesn't want go to the baby shower.

70
23
"Round II"
Lindsley Parsons III
Brenda Hampton
May 23, 2011 (2011-05-23)
2.22[27]

Ricky shows up at the Juergens to find out about the fight with Ben. George tells him he handled it and that he told Leo that Ben must apologize to Amy. Ricky is upset and goes to Leo's office. Leo hides in his office from Ricky and Leo's assistant tells Ricky that Leo loves him like a son. Leo realizes he needs to apologize to Amy. Amy accepts his apology wholeheartedly. She knows how much Leo loves his son because George loves her just as much. At school hallway Amy argues with Adrian. Amy points out that Adrian doesn't know how difficult is to be a teenage mother. Adrian replies that her mother was a teenage parent, so she knows this situation from child side. After sharp quarrel they make up. Amy attends Adrian's shower along with other girls who appreciate Adrian for her wonderful qualities. Adrian has a beautiful shower and at last, there is peace.

71
24
"It's Not Over Till It's Over"
Lindsley Parsons III
Brenda Hampton
May 30, 2011 (2011-05-30)
2.12[28]

Adrian makes plans to come back to school a week after the birth of the baby in order to stay on track for graduation. Adrian and Ben both have second thoughts before the wedding, and Ricky realizes that romancing Amy may be more effective than pressuring her for sex.

72
25
"To Be..."
Lindsley Parsons III
Jeffrey Rodgers
May 30, 2011 (2011-05-30)
2.12[28]

Adrian and Ben settle into their condo as Mr. and Mrs. Boykewich. Meanwhile, at Grant High, Katelyn, the guidance counselor, has a banner up in the entrance way of the school to welcome the newly married couple. Grace helps orchestrate the entire school throwing rice at the newlyweds as they enter. Adrian loves the attention but Amy isn't pleased.
Madison calls the girls into the bathroom to tell them that she and Jack had sex in Ricky's apartment and that the sex was bad and Jack cried afterwards. Jack admits to his coach that he had sex with Madison and as soon as he started having sex with her he wanted to stop. He and Madison talk and realize that they actually do love each other but aren't ready to have sex yet.
Amy gets upset that another couple has had sex in Ricky's bed and that Ricky has slept in his bed with lots of different girls. She tells him to buy a new bed. But when Ricky discusses this with his mom, Nora helps him realize that Amy's probably upset that Ricky's going to college and she might think he's leaving her. Ricky goes to Amy and reiterates that he's never leaving her and John and that he's buying a new bed, as well. He asks her to take a trip with him and get some one on one time together and Amy feels cherished.
George calls Camille, Leo's secretary that he met at Ben and Adrian's wedding, and asks her out on a date. Camille says yes, because she's excited and because it gets under Leo's skin that she's going on a date with George.
Adrian and Ben are trying to fall asleep in their new condo but Adrian's body is feeling odd. Even though they just had a doctor's appointment Adrian is worried about the baby.

73
26
"... or Not To Be"
Anson Williams
Brenda Hampton
June 6, 2011 (2011-06-06)
3.56[29]

Amy is pleased because she will spend night with Ricky. George stays with John. Jeff, Kathleen's husband returns from Africa and offers her to go with him. Madison's father hears that Madison told Lauren that she never will have sex with Jack. Ashley and Toby test out of school and want to take a trip across United States. Tom dates an older woman with two children. Adrian and Ben prepare to go to the hospital, ready for the arrival of their daughter, but something tragic happens. Madison and Jack are worried they won't be able to keep their promise about not having sex. Amy and Ricky plan on having their special night out of town, but when the friends and family of Adrian and Ben arrive at the hospital to hear the bad news, everyone is devastated. Leo reminds to all of them: Adrian and Ben will never be the same because the baby was stillborn (born dead). At the end of the episode, Amy tells Ricky she wants Ricky now and forever.


document_title: Remora

question_text: what are the little fish that attach themselves to sharks

root

text: Remora

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: Remora front dorsal fins have evolved to enable them to adhere by suction to smooth surfaces and they spend their lives clinging to a host animal such as a whale, turtle, shark or ray. It is probably a mutualistic arrangement as the remora can move around on the host, removing ectoparasites and loose flakes of skin, while benefiting from the protection provided by the host, and the constant flow of water across its gills.[5] Although it was initially believed that remoras fed off particulate matter from the host's meals, this has been shown a falsehood; in reality their diets are primarily composed of host feces instead.[6]

tag: p

text: Habitat[edit]

text: Remoras are primarily tropical open-ocean dwellers, occasionally found in temperate or coastal waters if they have attached to large fish that have wandered into these areas. In the mid-Atlantic, spawning usually takes place in June and July; in the Mediterranean, it occurs in August and September. The sucking disc begins to show when the young fish are about 1 cm (0.4 in) long. When the remora reaches about 3 cm (1.2 in), the disc is fully formed and the remora can then attach to other animals. The remora's lower jaw projects beyond the upper, and the animal lacks a swim bladder.[1]

text: Some remoras associate primarily with specific host species. They are commonly found attached to sharks, manta rays, whales, turtles, and dugongs (hence the common names "sharksucker" and "whalesucker"). Smaller remoras also fasten onto fish such as tuna and swordfish, and some small remoras travel in the mouths or gills of large manta rays, ocean sunfish, swordfish and sailfish.

text: The relationship between a remora and its host is most often taken to be one of commensalism, specifically phoresy. Though it was originally thought that the host to which it attaches for transport gains nothing from the relationship, research[7] indicates that hosts also benefit, given that remoras feed on parasites (such as copepods) and clean sloughing epidermal tissue as well as ingesting scraps of food, feces, and small nekton and zooplankton. The remora benefits by using the host as transport and protection, and also feeds on materials dropped by the host.[citation needed] Controversy surrounds whether a remora's diet is primarily leftover fragments, or the feces of the host. In some species (Echeneis naucrates and E. neucratoides), consumption of host feces is strongly indicated in gut dissections.[citation needed] For other species, such as those found in a host's mouth, scavenging of leftovers is more likely.

text: Physiology[edit]

text: Research into the physiology of the remora has been of significant benefit to the understanding of ventilation costs in fish.

text: Remoras, like many other fishes, have two different modes of ventilation. Ram ventilation[8] is the process in which at higher speeds, the remora uses the force of the water moving past it to create movement of fluid in the gills. Alternatively, at lower speeds the remora will use a form of active ventilation,[8] in which the fish actively moves fluid through its gills. In order to use active ventilation, a fish must actively use energy to move the fluid; however, determining this energy cost is normally complicated due to the movement of the fish when using either method. As a result, the remora has proved invaluable in finding this cost difference, (since they will stick to a shark or tube, and hence remain stationary despite the movement or lack thereof of water.) Experimental data from studies on remora found that the associated cost for active ventilation created a 3.7–5.1% increased energy consumption in order to maintain the same quantity of fluid flow the fish obtained by using ram ventilation.[9]

text: Other research into the remora's physiology came about as a result of studies across multiple taxa, or using the remora as an out-group for certain evolutionary studies. Concerning the latter case, remoras were used as an outgroup when investigating tetrodotoxin resistance in remoras, pufferfish, and related species, finding remoras (specifically Echeneis naucrates) had a resistance of 6.1–5.5×10−8 M.[10]

text: Use for fishing[edit]

text: Some cultures use remoras to catch turtles. A cord or rope is fastened to the remora's tail, and when a turtle is sighted, the fish is released from the boat; it usually heads directly for the turtle and fastens itself to the turtle's shell, and then both remora and turtle are hauled in. Smaller turtles can be pulled completely into the boat by this method, while larger ones are hauled within harpooning range. This practice has been reported throughout the Indian Ocean, especially from eastern Africa near Zanzibar and Mozambique,[11] and from northern Australia near Cape York and Torres Strait.[12][13]

text: Similar reports come from Japan and from the Americas. Some of the first records of the "fishing fish" in the Western literature come from the accounts of the second voyage of Christopher Columbus. However, Leo Wiener considers the Columbus accounts to be apocryphal: what was taken for accounts of the Americas may have been, in fact, notes Columbus derived from accounts of the East Indies, his desired destination.[14]

text: Mythology[edit]

text: In ancient times, the remora was believed to stop a ship from sailing. In Latin, remora means "delay", while the genus name Echeneis comes from Greek εχειν, echein ("to hold") and ναυς, naus ("a ship"). In a notable account by Pliny the Elder, the remora is blamed for the defeat of Mark Antony at the Battle of Actium and, indirectly, for the death of Caligula.[15] A modern version of the story is given by Jorge Luis Borges in Book of Imaginary Beings (1957).

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Live sharksucker, Echeneis naucrates

Common remora, Remora remora

Nurse shark with remoras attending

tag: ul

text: Timeline[edit]


document_title: A Christmas Story

question_text: where did the christmas story movie take place

text: A Christmas Story

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film is presented in a series of vignettes, with narration provided by the adult Ralphie Parker reminiscing on one particular Christmas when he was nine years old. Ralphie wanted only one thing for that Christmas: a Red Ryder Carbine Action 200-shot Range Model air rifle. Ralphie's desire is rejected by his mother, his teacher Miss Shields, and even a Santa Claus at Higbee's department store, all giving him the same warning: "You'll shoot your eye out."

text: Christmas morning arrives and Ralphie dives into his presents. Although he does receive some presents he enjoys, Ralphie ultimately is disappointed that he did not receive the one thing he wanted more than anything. After it appears all of the presents have been opened, Ralphie's father, "The Old Man," directs Ralphie to look at one last present that he had hidden. Ralphie opens it to reveal the Red Ryder gun he wanted.

text: Ralphie takes the gun outside and fires it at a target perched on a metal sign in the backyard. However, the BB ricochets back at Ralphie and knocks his glasses off. While searching for them, thinking he has indeed shot his eye out, Ralphie accidentally steps on his glasses and breaks them. He lies to his mother that a falling icicle broke his glasses, and she believes him.

text: Ralphie is in bed on Christmas night with his gun by his side. The adult Ralphie narrates that this was the best present he had ever received or would ever receive.

text: Other vignettes:

text:
The Old Man wins a "major award" in a contest, which turns out to be a lamp in the shape of a woman's leg wearing a fishnet stocking, which was derived from the logo for Nehi (pronounced "knee-high") pop, a popular soft drink of the period.[4] The Old Man is overjoyed by the lamp, but Mrs. Parker does not like it and a feud over it — referred to by adult Ralphie as "The Battle of the Lamp" — develops and results in the lamp's "accidental" destruction.[5]
The Old Man also fights a never-ending battle with the malfunctioning furnace in the Parker home. His frustrations cause him to swear quite often, including one profanity-laden rant that the adult Ralphie says "is still hanging in space over Lake Michigan."[6]
Still another source of frustration for The Old Man is the dogs that belong to the next door hillbilly neighbors, the Bumpuses. The Bumpuses own "at least 785 smelly hound dogs" that harass The Old Man whenever he comes home from work. On Christmas Day, the dogs ruin the family's dinner by romping through their kitchen and eating their turkey. This results in the family having Christmas dinner at a Chinese restaurant instead.[7]
Ralphie and his friends Flick and Schwartz are tormented by the neighborhood bullies Scut Farkus and Grover Dill. Ralphie eventually snaps and beats up Farkus.[8]
Flick accepts a dare from Schwartz to stick his tongue onto the school flagpole. His tongue freezes onto the pole, requiring assistance from the police and fire department to free him.
After getting a Christmas tree on the ride home, one of The Old Man's tires becomes flat, so he goes to fix it. Mrs. Parker encourages Ralphie to help. When Ralphie flips the tire he says, "Oh Fudge!" but he actually said the bad word. At home, Ralphie is given Lifebuoy soap in his mouth. His mother asks where he heard the word. He actually has heard from The Old Man every day but chickens out and says Schwartz. This leads to his mother calling Schwartz's mother on the phone.
For homework, Ralphie and his class are assigned to write on what they want for Christmas. Ralphie knows what he is going to write about: The Red Ryder BB Gun. He imagines the ultimate A+, but gets a C+, with Miss Shields writing, "You'll shoot your eye out!" on the paper.
Ralphie, a fan of the Little Orphan Annie radio program, eagerly awaits the arrival of a decoder pin he has applied to receive. When it comes in the mail, he uses it to decode a secret message at the end of the day's broadcast, but is disappointed to find it is only an advertisement for Ovaltine, the show's sponsor.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Peter Billingsley as Ralphie Parker

Jean Shepherd as adult Ralphie (voice)

Ian Petrella as Randy Parker
Melinda Dillon as Mrs. Parker
Darren McGavin as Mr. Parker (The Old Man)
Scott Schwartz as Flick
R. D. Robb as Schwartz
Zack Ward as Scut Farkus
Yano Anaya as Grover Dill
Tedde Moore as Miss Shields
Jeff Gillen as Santa Claus

text: Casting[edit]

text: The basis of the screenplay is a series of monologues written and performed by Jean Shepherd on radio. Shepherd wrote the screenplay adaptation with Bob Clark and Leigh Brown.[9] Several subplots are incorporated into the body of the film, based on other separate short stories by Shepherd. Shepherd provides the film's narration from the perspective of an adult Ralphie, a narrative style later used in the dramedy television series The Wonder Years. Shepherd, Brown and Clark all have cameo appearances in the film: Shepherd plays the man who directs Ralphie and Randy to the back of the Santa line at the department store; Brown – Shepherd's wife in real life – plays the woman in the Santa line with Shepherd; Clark plays Swede, the neighbor the Old Man talks to outside during the Leg Lamp scene.

text: In the DVD commentary, director Bob Clark mentions that Jack Nicholson was considered for the role of the Old Man; Clark expresses gratitude that he ended up with Darren McGavin instead, who later appeared in several other Clark films. He cast Melinda Dillon on the basis of her similar role in Close Encounters of the Third Kind. Some 8,000 actors auditioned for the role of Ralphie; "He walked in, and he had us from the beginning," Clark later recalled of Peter Billingsley who was already a successful actor in commercials[9] and from co-hosting the TV series Real People. Clark initially wanted him for the role of Ralphie, but decided he was "too obvious" a choice and auditioned many other young actors before realizing that Billingsley was the right choice after all.

text: Ian Petrella was cast immediately before filming began. Tedde Moore had previously appeared in Clark's film Murder by Decree and was the only onscreen character from A Christmas Story who was played by the same actor in the sequel, My Summer Story. Jeff Gillen was an old friend of Clark's who had been in one of his earliest films.[10] The schoolyard bully, Scut Farkus, was played by Zack Ward, now an actor, writer and director, who had actually been bullied himself while in elementary school. In 2017, he said he was surprised at the impact his role had had over the years. "I saw that I was ranked — as Christmas villains go — higher than the Grinch. That’s amazing."[11]

text: Production[edit]

text: The screenplay for A Christmas Story is based on material from author Jean Shepherd's collection of short stories, In God We Trust, All Others Pay Cash. Three of the semi-autobiographical short stories on which the film is based were originally published in Playboy magazine between 1964 and 1966.[12] Shepherd later read "Duel in the Snow, or Red Ryder nails the Cleveland Street Kid" and told the otherwise unpublished story "Flick's Tongue" on his WOR Radio talk show, as can be heard in one of the DVD extras.[13] Bob Clark states on the DVD commentary that he became interested in Shepherd's work when he heard "Flick's Tongue" on the radio in 1968. Additional source material for the film, according to Clark, came from unpublished anecdotes that Shepherd told live audiences "on the college circuit."[10]

text: Locations[edit]

text: The film is set in Hohman, Indiana, a fictionalized version of Shepherd's hometown of Hammond, named for Hohman Avenue, which runs through downtown Hammond.[14] Local references in the film include Warren G. Harding Elementary School and Cleveland Street (where Shepherd spent his childhood). Other local references include mention of a person "swallowing a yo-yo" in nearby Griffith,[15] the Old Man being one of the fiercest "furnace fighters in northern Indiana" and that his obscenities were "hanging in space over Lake Michigan," a mention of the Indianapolis 500, and the line to Santa Claus "stretching all the way to Terre Haute, Indiana." The Old Man is also revealed to be a fan of the Bears (whom he jokingly calls the "Chicago Chipmunks") and White Sox, consistent with living in northwest Indiana.

text: Director Bob Clark reportedly sent scouts to twenty cities before selecting Cleveland for exterior filming. Cleveland was chosen because of Higbee's Department Store in downtown Cleveland. (Since Higbee's was exclusive to northeast Ohio,[16] the department store referenced in Shepherd's book and the film is most likely Goldblatt's, located in downtown Hammond [with the Cam-Lan Chinese Restaurant three doors down on Sibley Ave].) Until they connected with Higbee's, location scouts had been unsuccessful in finding a department store that was willing to be part of the film. Higbee's vice president Bruce Campbell agreed to take part in the project on the condition he be allowed to edit the script for cursing. Ultimately, Higbee's was the stage for three scenes in the film:

text:
The opening scene in which Ralphie first spies the Red Ryder BB Gun in the store's Christmas window display. Higbee's was known for its elaborate, child-centered Christmas themes and decorations, with Santa as the centerpiece.
The parade scene, filmed just outside Higbee’s on Public Square at 3 AM. The parade was filmed at night because during the daytime the 1960s Erieview Tower and Federal Building were visible from the Public Square, as was the BP Tower, which was under construction at the time.
Ralphie and Randy’s visit to see Santa, which was filmed inside Higbee’s. The store kept the Santa slide that was made for the film and used it for several years after the film's release.

text: Higbee's became Dillard's in 1992 and closed for good in 2002.[17]

text: In addition to the scenes involving Higbee's, the exterior shots (and select interior shots where Ralphie lived, including the opening of the leg lamp) of the house and neighborhood, were filmed in the Tremont section of Cleveland's West Side. The house used as the Parker home in these scenes has been restored, reconfigured inside to match the soundstage interiors, and opened to the public as "A Christmas Story House". Appropriately, the fictional boyhood home of Ralphie Parker is on Cleveland Street, the name of the actual street where Shepherd grew up.

text: However, Cleveland was only one of several locations used. The school scenes were shot at the Victoria School in St. Catharines, Ontario.[18] The Christmas tree-purchasing scene was filmed in Toronto, Ontario, as was the sound stage filming of interior shots of the Parker home.[19][20] The "...only I didn't say fudge" scene was filmed at the foot of Cherry Street in Toronto; several lake freighters are visible in the background spending the winter at Toronto's port, which lends authenticity to the time of year when the film was produced.

text: In 2008, two Canadian fans released a documentary that visits every location. Their film, Road Trip for Ralphie, was shot over two years and includes footage of the filmmakers saving Miss Shields' blackboard from the garbage bin on the day the old Victoria School was gutted for renovation, discovering the antique fire truck that saved Flick, locating all the original costumes from the film, and tracking down the real-life location of the film's Chop Suey Palace in Toronto.[21]

text: Red Ryder BB gun[edit]

text: The Red Ryder BB gun was available beginning in 1938 and remains available today, but never in the exact configuration mentioned in the film. The Daisy "Buck Jones" model did have a compass and a sundial in the stock, but these features were not included in the Red Ryder model.[22] The compass and sundial were placed on Ralphie's BB gun, but on the opposite side of the stock due to Peter Billingsley being left-handed.[23]

text: Dating the story[edit]

text: Director Bob Clark stated in the film's DVD commentary that both he and author Shepherd wished for the film to be seen as "amorphously late-'30s, early-'40s".[24] A specific year is never mentioned in the film; however, numerous sources including The New York Times and CBS News have dated the film variously at 1940 to the early 1940s.[25][26][27][28]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
A Christmas Story

Soundtrack album by Various artists

Released
November 10, 2009

Recorded
1983

Genre
Instrumental, holiday

Label
Rhino Records

tag: table

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

Allmusic
[29]

text: Release and reception[edit]

text: Initially overlooked as a sleeper film,[30] A Christmas Story was released a week before Thanksgiving 1983 to moderate success, earning about $2 million in its first weekend.[31] Vincent Canby's mostly negative New York Times review complained that "the movie's big comic pieces tend only to be exceedingly busy. Though Mr. Billingsley, Mr. Gavin, Miss Dillon and the actress who plays Ralphie's school teacher (Tedde Moore) are all very able, they are less funny than actors in a television situation comedy." [32]

text: Roger Ebert suggested the film had only modest success because holiday-themed films were not popular at the time but he praised the nostalgia of the movie, and the Santa scene, which is the "best visit to Santa I've ever seen".[33] In 2000, Ebert added the film to his list of Great Movies.[34] The film would go on to win two categories in the 5th Genie Awards, for Director Bob Clark and Best Original Screenplay for the work of Leigh Brown, Bob Clark and Jean Shepherd.[35]

text: By Christmas 1983 the film was no longer playing at most venues, but remained in about a hundred theaters until January 1984.[10] Gross earnings were just over $19.2 million.[31] In the years since, due to television airings and home video release, A Christmas Story has become widely popular and is now an annual Christmas special. The film was produced and released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The rights to the film were acquired by Turner Entertainment Co. after Ted Turner's purchase of MGM's pre-1986 film library. Subsequently, Time Warner purchased Turner Entertainment, and currently holds rights to the film.

text: Over the years, the film's critical reputation has grown considerably and it is considered by some to be one of the best films of 1983.[36] Based on 55 reviews on Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an overall approval rating from critics of 89%, with an average score of 8.5/10. The site's consensus reads: "Both warmly nostalgic and darkly humorous, A Christmas Story deserves its status as a holiday perennial."[37] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 77 out of 100, based on 8 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[38] In his movie guide, Leonard Maltin awarded the film a rare[citation needed] four-star rating, calling the film "Delightful" and "Truly funny for kids and grown-ups alike" with "Wonderful period flavor."[39]

text: On December 24, 2007, AOL ranked the film their #1 Christmas film of all time.[40] IGN ranked the film the top holiday-themed film of all time.[41] In 2012, a Marist Poll named the film the favorite holiday film in the U.S.[42]

text: American Film Institute lists

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs – Nominated[43]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

"You'll shoot your eye out." – Nominated[44]

AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – Nominated[45]

text: Broadcasting and home video release[edit]

text: Television[edit]

text: The film first aired on television on HBO in 1985, and quickly attracted a growing following. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the film began airing quietly on SuperStation WTBS and Superstation WGN.[46] In 1988, then-fledgling Fox aired the film the night after Thanksgiving.[46] In 1989–1990, TBS showed it Thanksgiving night, while in 1991–1992, they aired it the night after.[46]

text: 24 Hours of A Christmas Story[edit]

text: Turner Broadcasting has maintained ownership of the broadcast rights, and since the mid-1990s, aired the film increasingly on TBS, TNT, and TCM. By 1995, it was aired on those networks a combined six times on December 24–26,[46] and in 1996, it was aired eight times over those three days.[46]

text: Due to the increasing popularity of the film, in 1997, TNT began airing a 24-hour marathon dubbed "24 Hours of A Christmas Story," consisting of the film shown twelve consecutive times beginning at 7 or 8 p.m. on Christmas Eve and ending Christmas Day.[46] This was in addition to various other airings earlier in the month of December. In 2004, after TNT switched to a predominantly drama format, sister network TBS, under its comedy-based "Very Funny" moniker, took over the marathon. Clark stated that, in 2002, an estimated 38.4 million people tuned into the marathon at one point or another, nearly one sixth of the country.[10] TBS reported 45.4 million viewers in 2005,[47] and 45.5 million in 2006.[48] In 2007, new all-time ratings records were set,[49] with the highest single showing (8 p.m. Christmas Eve) drawing 4.4 million viewers.[49] Viewership increased again in 2008, with 8 p.m. Christmas Eve drawing 4.5 million viewers, and 10 p.m. drawing 4.3 million,[50] and 54.4 million total.[51] As of 2009, the film had been shown 250 times on the Turner family of networks.[51]

text: In 2007, the marathon continued, and the original tradition was revived. TNT also aired the film twice the Sunday of Thanksgiving weekend (November 25). In 2009, the 24-hour marathon continued on TBS, for the 13th overall year, starting at 8 p.m. eastern on Christmas Eve.[52]

text: In 2009, the film aired on TBS during a 24-hour marathon on Christmas Eve. The first viewing at 8 p.m. Eastern on December 24 earned a 1.6 rating (18–49) and beat the major broadcast networks (NBC, ABC, CBS, and Fox).[53] In 2010, the marathon averaged 3 million viewers, up 2% from the previous year, ranking TBS as the top cable network for the 24-hour period. The 10 a.m. airing on December 25 was seen by 4.4 million viewers, and the 8 p.m. airing on December 24 was close behind with 4.3 million viewers.[54] The marathons in 2011[55] and 2012[56] continued to see increases in ratings.

text: For the 2014 and 2015 editions of the marathon, Turner Broadcasting elected to simulcast it on both TNT and TBS, marking the first time since 2003 that TNT aired it as well as the first time the marathon is being carried by multiple stations; the two networks set their airings one hour apart (so that the TNT airings began while TBS was at the middle of the film).[57][58] Both networks were running 24 hour marathons in 2017, as well.[2]

text: Subsequent and earlier works[edit]

text: A sequel involving Ralphie and his family, titled My Summer Story (originally released as It Runs in the Family), was made in 1994. With the exceptions of Tedde Moore as Ralphie's teacher (Miss Shields) and Jean Shepherd as the narrator (the voice of the adult Ralphie), it features an entirely different cast. A series of television films involving the Parker family, also from Shepherd stories, were made by PBS, including Ollie Hopnoodle's Haven of Bliss (1988), The Star-Crossed Romance of Josephine Cosnowski (1985), The Great American Fourth of July and Other Disasters (1982), and The Phantom of the Open Hearth (1976).

text: A Christmas Story 2 is another sequel which ignores the references and events of My Summer Story and was released direct-to-video in 2012[59] and directed by Brian Levant. It was filmed in New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada.[60]

text: Stage adaptations[edit]

text: In 2000, a stage play adaptation of A Christmas Story was written by Philip Grecian.[61]

text: In November 2012, A Christmas Story: The Musical, based on the film, opened on Broadway. Written by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul (music and lyrics) and Joseph Robinette (book), the musical opened to positive reviews.[62] The run ended December 30, 2012.[63] The musical was directed by John Rando with choreography by Warren Carlyle and featured Dan Lauria as Jean Shepherd.[64] The musical received Tony Award nominations for Best Musical, Best Book of a Musical (Robinette), and Best Original Score (Music and/or Lyrics) Written for the Theatre.[65]

text: The musical was then adapted for television as the three hour A Christmas Story Live!, which aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 17, 2017.[66] Reviews were mixed; on Rotten Tomatoes, the production received a 46% rating based on 13 critics' reviews and a very low 14% based on 44 audience reviews.[67]

text: Home video releases[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Betamax (1984,1988)
VHS (1984, 1988, 1993, 1994, 1999, 2000)
LaserDisc (1985): pan and scan
LaserDisc (1993): deluxe letterbox edition
DVD (1997, reissued by Warner Home Video in 1999): fullscreen, includes original theatrical trailer
DVD (2003) 20th Anniversary 2-Disc Special Edition DVD (2003): Widescreen & Fullscreen; includes cast interviews, audio commentary, and featurettes.
HD DVD (2006)[68]
Blu-ray (2006)[69]
DVD (2008) Ultimate Collector's Edition: Metal tin case features the same 2003 two-disc special edition, but includes special memorabilia.[70]
Blu-ray (2008) Ultimate Collector's Edition: Metal tin which features the same 2006 Blu-ray disc, but also includes a strand of Leg Lamp Christmas lights.[71]
Blu-ray (2013) 30th Anniversary Edition: Steelbook with Blu-ray in 1080p (like the previous Blu-ray and HD-DVD) with a DTS-HD Master Audio mono track (whereas the previous releases had Dolby Digital mono), and more special features than the previous Blu-ray and HD-DVD.


document_title: The Great Outdoors (film)

question_text: who played john candys wife in the great outdoors

text: The Great Outdoors (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Chicagoan Chester "Chet" Ripley, his wife, Connie, and their two sons, Buckley "Buck" and Ben, are on vacation at a lake resort in Pechoggin, Wisconsin during the summer. All is going as planned until Connie's sister, Kate, Kate's investment broker husband, Roman Craig, and their twin daughters, Mara and Cara, crash the vacation.

text: Ghost stories at the family BBQ include one of a man-eating grizzly bear that Chet met face-to-face when he was younger. Chet says that while he and Connie were honeymooning at the same lake, he was attacked by a giant grizzly bear. When he fired at it with a shotgun, the buckshot shaved the hair off the top of the bear's head and from that day on, it was known as the "Bald-Headed Bear" of Clare County.

text: After Roman pulls Chet around the lake on an impromptu water ski ride with his rented speedboat, tensions between the families erupt. Chet is ready to pack up and go home, even as his teenage son Buck tries to romance a local girl, Cammie. The budding romance goes well until Chet is challenged to eat the Old 96'er (a 96-ounce steak) at a family dinner which causes Buck to break the date. Buck tries to apologize to Cammie for being late, but Cammie refuses to speak to him.

text: Connie and Kate bond at a local bar when the conversation drifts to Kate's challenges of being wealthy. Later, just at the peak of tension between families, it emerges that Roman has made a bad investment and is broke. He has not told Kate and was planning to hit up Chet for the cash.

text: Later, during a thunderstorm, the twins wander off and fall into a mine shaft. Chet and Roman find them, but the claustrophobic Roman is reluctant to descend into the tiny mine shaft. After some encouragement from Chet, Roman summons up all his courage, while Chet goes in search of a rope to pull them out. Upon realizing that the mine is stocked with old dynamite, Roman takes his daughters and climbs out of the shaft on his own.

text: When Chet returns with the rope, he is horrified to discover the "Bald-Headed Bear" lurking in the mine. It chases him back to his house, smashes through the door, and rampages through the house. Wally, the cabin owner, bursts in with a loaded shotgun while Roman tries to hold off the animal with a fire poker and an oar. Chet takes the gun and shoots the bear, blowing the fur off its backside. Roaring, the bear runs out of the house.

text: The next morning, the two families part on good terms. Unbeknownst to Chet, Connie has invited Roman's family to stay with them until they can get back on their feet. Cammie and Buck make up and end their summer romance, as Buck and his family head back to Chicago.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Dan Aykroyd as Roman Craig
John Candy as Chester "Chet" Ripley
Stephanie Faracy as Connie Ripley
Annette Bening as Kate "Katie" Craig
Robert Prosky as Wally
Chris Young as Buckley "Buck" Ripley
Ian Giatti as Ben "Benny" Ripley
Hillary and Rebecca Gordon as Cara and Mara Craig
Lucy Deakins as Cammie

text: Filming locations[edit]

text: The film was shot on location in Bass Lake, California, a small resort town near Yosemite National Park over three weeks in October 1987.[1]

text: Ducey's Bass Lake Lodge, a rustic 1940s resort in Bass Lake, was featured as Wally and Juanita’s Perk’s Pine Lodge. The Loon’s Nest vacation cabin, built as a set, was designed to match the style of Ducey’s existing cabins.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The Great Outdoors earned a mixed response from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 40% based on 15 reviews.[2]

text: Janet Maslin of The New York Times reported that the film did not have enough collective energy to light a campfire in her review.[3] Kevin Thomas of The Los Angeles Times called the film as "a crass, blah comedy about summer vacation perils" and said he was surprised the film got made at all. He described the credits sequence where Aykroyd dances to Wilson Pickett's "Land of a 1,000 Dances" as the only genuine fun and energy in the entire film.[4] "Imagine that it's raining cats and dogs and you're locked in a north woods cabin for weeks with the people you like least, and you'll pretty much have a feel for what it's like to sit through this movie," said Hal Hinson of The Washington Post.[5]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film grossed $6,121,115 in its opening weekend and ended up with a North American domestic box office gross of $41,455,230, and a worldwide gross of $43,455,230.[6][7]

text: Reboot[edit]

text: On April 27, 2017, Universal Pictures has Kevin Hart starring in a reboot of the film with Michael De Luca producing.[8]


document_title: List of governors and governors-general of Nigeria

question_text: who was the first governor general of nigeria

text: Governor-General of Nigeria, 1914–1919[edit]

text:
Portrait
Name
Took office
Left office
Sovereign

Sir Frederick Lugard
(1858–1945)
1 January 1914
8 August 1919
George V

text: Governors of Nigeria, 1919–1954[edit]

text:
Portrait
Name
Took office
Left office
Sovereign

Sir Hugh Clifford
(1866–1941)
8 August 1919
13 November 1925
George V

Sir Graeme Thomson
(1877–1933) |
13 November 1925
17 June 1931
George V

Sir Donald Cameron
(1872–1948)
17 June 1931
1 November 1935
George V

Sir Bernard Bourdillon
(1883–1948)
1 November 1935
1 July 1940
George V
Edward VIII
George VI

John Evelyn Shuckburgh
(1877–1953)
1 July 1940
1942
George VI

Sir Alan Burns
(1887–1980)
1942
18 Dec 1943
George VI

Sir Arthur Richards
(1885–1978)
1943
5 February 1948
George VI

Sir John Macpherson
(1898–1971)
5 February 1948
1 October 1954
George VI
Elizabeth II

text: Governors-General of Nigeria, 1954–1963[edit]

text:
Portrait
Name
Took office
Left office
Sovereign

Sir John Macpherson
(1898–1971)
1 October 1954
15 June 1955
Elizabeth II

Sir James Wilson Robertson
(1899–1983)
15 June 1955
16 November 1960
Elizabeth II

Nnamdi Azikiwe
(1904–1996)
16 November 1960
1 October 1963
Elizabeth II


document_title: Car phone

question_text: when did the first car phone come out

question_tokens: when did the first car phone come out

text: Car phone

text: A car phone is a mobile phone device specifically designed for and fitted into an automobile. This service originated with the Bell System, and was first used in St. Louis on June 17, 1946.

text: Overview[edit]

text: The original equipment weighed 80 pounds (36 kg), and there were initially only 3 channels for all the users in the metropolitan area. Later, more licenses were added, bringing the total to 32 channels across 3 bands (See IMTS frequencies). This service was used at least into the 1980s in large portions of North America.[1] On October 2, 1946, Motorola communications equipment carried the first calls on Illinois Bell Telephone Company's new car radiotelephone service in Chicago.[2][3] Due to the small number of radio frequencies available, the service quickly reached capacity.

text: In Finland, car phone service was first available in 1971 on the zero-generation ARP (Autoradiopuhelin, or Car Radiophone) service. This was succeeded in 1982 by the 1G system NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone), used across Scandinavia and in other often remote areas. In North America, car phone typically used the Mobile Telephone Service (MTS), which was first used in St. Louis, or Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS) before giving way to analog cellular service (AMPS) in 1984. AMPS technology was discontinued in the United States in 2008.[citation needed]

text: Since a traditional car phone uses a high-power transmitter and external antenna, it is ideal for rural or undeveloped areas where mobile handsets may not work well or at all. However, due to current US Federal Communications Commission regulations, carriers must pay penalties for activating any equipment that is not an E911 compliant device, such as analog.[citation needed]

text: In the 1980s, the car phone was more popular than the regular mobile phone. However, as mobile phones became lighter and more affordable during the mobile phone boom in the 1990s, car phones became less common. By the 2000s, car phones had become uncommon due to the convenience of mobile phones along with in-car mobile phone integrative technologies such as Bluetooth.

text: There were still some car phones available as recently as 2008, including the Nokia 810 and the Motorola VC6096 for use with GSM networks and a car phone made by NAL Research for the Iridium satellite network. Motorola provided US customers with the m800 and m900 car phones, for use with CDMA and GSM networks respectively. Some car phones had color screens and supported high speed data connections as well as the ability to access SIM cards stored in other phones via Bluetooth.

text: Recently, most automobiles feature integrated, "hands-free" systems to utilize a consumer's cellular phone, via a Bluetooth wireless link or use an integrated transceiver. The systems use an internally mounted microphone, and the car's audio system, and may feature voice activation and control.[4][5]

text: In many countries, restricting cell phone use while driving is on an upward trend.[6][7]