document_title: GoPro

question_text: when did the hero 5 black come out

question_tokens: when did the hero 5 black come out

text: GoPro

text: History[edit]

text: The company was founded by Nick Woodman in 2002.[3] He was motivated by a tramp in 2002 surfing trip to Australia in which he was hoping to capture quality action photos, but could not because amateur photographers could not get close enough or buy quality equipment at reasonable prices.[4] His desire for a camera system that could capture the professional angles inspired the 'GoPro' name.[5][6]

text: Woodman raised a portion of his initial capital by selling bead and shell belts for under US $20 from his VW van[7] and, later, fashionable camera straps. He also received over $230,000 from his parents to invest in the business.[8][9]

text: In 2004, the company sold its first camera system, which used 35 mm film.[5] Digital still and video cameras were later introduced. As of 2014[update], a fixed-lens HD video camera with a wide 170-degree lens was available; two or more can be paired to create 360 video.[5][10]

text: On June 4, 2014, the company announced the appointment of former Microsoft executive Tony Bates as President reporting directly to Woodman.[11]

text: In January 2016, GoPro partnered with Periscope for live streaming.[12]

text: After growing the number of employees by more than 500 in 2015, the company responded to weak sales in the fourth quarter by cutting about 7% of its workforce (100 workers) in January 2016.[13]

text: At its peak, a share of GoPro was valued at $86, but on September 27, 2016, only $16.79.[14]

text: In November 2016, the company announced it was laying off an additional 200 employees in an effort to reduce costs. The company also announced that President Tony Bates would be stepping down at the end of 2016.[15] 270 more employees were laid off in March 2017.[16]

text: Corporate actions[edit]

text: On March 30, 2011, GoPro acquired CineForm. The acquisition included the CineForm 444 video codec used in the film Slumdog Millionaire. The company claimed that the codec "makes HD and 3D editing faster and more convenient without sacrificing image quality". It was incorporated in the company's 3D Hero System shortly after the acquisition.[17][18]

text: In March 2013, GoPro issued a DMCA takedown notice to website DigitalRev.com, which had posted a review[19] of its product, citing trademark use as a breach of copyright. This notice was retracted 10 days later, citing "erroneous enforcement".[20][21]

text: On February 29, 2016, GoPro spent $105 million and acquired two start-ups, namely, Stupeflix and Vemory, for their video editing tools Replay and Splice.[22][23]

text: IPO[edit]

text: On February 7, 2014, GoPro submitted a confidential filing for an initial public offering (IPO) with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).[24]

text: On May 19, 2014, GoPro filed its S-1 with the SEC without specifying the number of shares or their price. The company stated that they hoped to raise at least $100 million through the sale of shares, using the money to pay off debt in full ($111 million as of March 31, 2014) and "to acquire or invest in complementary businesses, technologies or assets". They said that they planned to list on the NASDAQ stock exchange using the symbol 'GPRO.'[25][26]

text: The expected price range was $21 to $24 a share; on June 25, 2014, GoPro sold 17.8 million shares to initial investors at $24 per share (totaling $427.2M).[27] At the IPO price the company was valued at $2.95 billion.[25] 1.5 percent of those shares were allotted to LOYAL3, a technology platform that allows small investors to participate.[28][29]

text: An important reason for GoPro's decision to go public was the potential to become a media company to generate additional revenue from the content its cameras create.[30][31]

text: Product lines[edit]

text: HERO cameras[edit]

text: Woodman worked on his first camera for two years after founding the company, eventually introducing the GoPro 35mm HERO in September 2004 at San Diego's Action Sports Retailer trade show.[32] In its first year GoPro sold $150,000 worth of products.[32] In 2006 the company introduced its first Digital HERO, with 10 second video capability, and generated $800,000 in revenue. The following year GoPro sales quadrupled to $3.4 million.[32]

text: In 2014, the company was selling the HERO3+ in editions of different colors. It was capable of filming in 16:9 aspect ratio, supporting 4K UHD video and 12MP still photographs.[33] The HERO4 was introduced on 24 September 2014.[34]

text: GoPro KARMA & GoPro KARMA Grip[edit]

text: The GoPro Karma is GoPro's consumer drone.[citation needed]

text: In 2014, GoPro entered into discussions with DJI for a private label model built with the GoPro branding. After the failure of these negotiations, GoPro entered into an agreement with 3D Robotics (3DR) for a similar partnership based on 3DR's flight controllers. 3DR failed to meet their agreed upon timelines. As a result, GoPro took full control of the development process in mid-2015.

text: Scheduled to be released early 2016, the GoPro Karma project was delayed several times before the GoPro Karma was announced with an introduction date of October 23, 2016. The Karma was released along with newer models of the HERO5 and Session cameras and features a removable handheld stabilizer (gimbal) integrated into the design. After a few customers complained about power failure during operation, GoPro recalled Karma drones and gave customers full refunds.[35]

text: In February 2017, GoPro re-launched the Karma Drone.[36]

text: Accessories[edit]

text: GoPro produces various mounting accessories for its cameras including a 3-way mount, suction cup, chest harness, jaws-type flexible clamp, dog harness, surfing mount, etc.[37]

text: Video editing[edit]

text: The company developed GoPro Studio, simple video editing software to edit camera footage,[38] with v2.5 released in October 2014. It was reported that GoPro intended to also become a content provider, also with a new app for the HERO5 called GoPro Quik to share, and edit videos easier.[31]

text: Content company[edit]

text: In April 2014, GoPro was listed by Adweek as one of the "Top 10 Best Brand Channels on YouTube" based on a combination of views, shares, comments and overall engagement.[39] Content is uploaded daily, an additional source of revenue for the company.[40]

text: As part of its transformation to a media company in 2014, GoPro created additional channels with GoPro content on YouTube, Virgin America, and Xbox Live.[30] This was extended to the PlayStation Network in 2015.[41]

text: HD HERO cameras[edit]

text: As of October 2014[update], GoPro sells three fixed-lens cameras, two without viewfinders and one including a touchscreen viewfinder. A 2-bit LCD on the front of the camera allows access to its menu system, which is controlled by the front and top shutter buttons. The HERO4 Black have dimensions of 41 mm × 59 mm × 30 mm and weighs 88 grams (152 grams with housing). Still images from 6 to 12 megapixels can be captured. The cameras are sold with a clear polycarbonate HD Housing with a glass lens that is rated shockproof and waterproof to 131 feet (40 m), with a quick-release buckle on the top and threads at the bottom to attach to all of the GoPro mounts. The housing has metal buttons that connect to the camera's controls and has a "skeleton" backdoor option to allow audio recording when the camera is used with a mount but without the need to be watertight or shockproof.[42][non-primary source needed]

text: Products[edit]

text: HERO cameras[edit]

text: The 35mm camera (model #001) became available on April 13, 2005. It had dimensions of 2.5 by 3 inches (64 by 76 mm) and weighed 0.45 pounds (200 g). It included the camera, a clear case with quick release, a camera strap and ski glove adapter lash. It could pivot "on the fly" and be functional to a depth in water of about 15 feet (5 m). It was described as a "reusable wrist camera" and included a roll of 24 exposure Kodak 400 film.

text: Digital[edit]

text: The Digital HERO released in 2006 (Model: SQ907 mini-cam) had a 640×460 camera and shot VGA definition 320X240 (10fps) video for a maximum of 10 seconds. The Digital HERO1 had 32 MB internal memory without SD slot.

text: Digital 3[edit]

text: The Digital HERO3 released in 2007 had a 3-megapixel camera and shot standard definition 512×384 video. It was rated up to 30 m (98.4 feet) in depth.[43]

text: Digital 5[edit]

text: The Digital HERO5 was first introduced on December 5, 2006. It had a 5-megapixel still photo sensor and supported standard definition (512×384) video capture. It ran on two AAA batteries, had 16 MB of internal memory and could function with a 2 GB SD card. Its housing was rated to 100 ft/30 meters depth. Its dimensions were 2.6 × 1.75 × 1.25 inches (66 × 44 × 32 mm). The camera is not designed to work with the newer HD HERO line of housings, although the standard screw mounts are indeed compatible.

text: Digital Wide[edit]

text: This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (January 2016)

text: HD[edit]

text: HD HERO 960 - shoots a maximum of 960p video[44] and is not compatible with GoPro's electronic accessories although the camera is compatible with all GoPro mounts. It was first listed on August 6, 2010.[45]

text: LED[edit]

text: The HD HERO Naked, released with a range of accessories, shoots a maximum of 1080p video on its 5MP sensor.[46] The Naked camera line forms the basis for other bundles, which are differentiated by the types of mounts they have (HD Helmet HERO, HD Motorsports HERO, HD Surf HERO). It was first listed on January 25, 2010.

text: Specifications[edit]

text:
Sensor size: 1/2.5-inch (5.75 mm × 4.28 mm)
Pixel size: 2.2 μm
Image formats:

text:
Mode
Size
fps
FOV

R1
848 × 480
60
170°

R2
1280 × 720
30
170°

R3
1280 × 720
60
170°

R4
1280 × 960
30
170°

R5
1920 × 1080
30
127°

Photo
2592 × 1944
0
170°

text: The HERO2 was launched on October 24, 2011. It has an 11 MP image sensor, improved low-light capability and records at up to 120 fps.[47] It was sold with three different accessory packages as the Outdoor, Motorsports, and Surf Editions.[48]

text: In late 2012, GoPro announced the HERO3 line of cameras.[49] These new cameras came in three editions: black, silver and white.

text: All three versions of the HERO3 come in a new 30% smaller and 25% lighter package, with WiFi functionality built in. The change of the physical dimensions of the cameras compared to the previous generations (HERO1 and HERO2 were physically identical) means that some of the camera accessories for HD HERO Original and HERO2 are not compatible with HERO3, so GoPro made new versions of those accessories specifically for HERO3 (and mostly for HERO3+, see below). Those new versions of accessories are usually not compatible with older Hero camera generations. However, a lot of other accessories are compatible with all HD Hero camera generations.

text: The HERO3 Silver and Black cameras have significantly less battery endurance than the HD HERO Original and HERO2.[50] For example, in 720p resolution with 25/30 fps, while HD HERO Original and HERO2 have a stated battery runtime of 3 hours, HERO3 Silver Edition has a stated battery runtime of 2 hours, and HERO3 Black Edition has a stated battery runtime of 1.5 hours (the Black Edition's "most economical" setting is 1080p/30 fps, so this also partially contributes to its poor battery runtime).

text: The Black Edition[51][not in citation given] has a new 12 MP sensor that can capture 4K UHD digital video at 15 fps, 2.7K video at 30 fps, 1440p at 48 fps, 1080p at 60 fps, 960p at 100 fps, 720p at 120 fps and WVGA at 240 fps. The Black edition also includes the WiFi Remote. The Black Edition cannot record at 25/30 fps in 720p and WVGA resolutions; it can only record at very fast frame rates in those resolutions. This is a deliberate firmware limitation, as the manufacturer does not expect that this high-end camera model will be used at these lower resolutions and frame rates.

text: The Silver Edition uses the same 11 MP sensor as the HERO2, and the White edition uses the same 5 MP sensor as the HD HERO Original.

text: In October 2013, GoPro released the HERO3+, available in Black and Silver Editions,[52] replacing the HERO3 generation. The HERO3 White Edition remains as GoPro's low-end device.

text: The HERO3+ camera models claim dramatically improved low light performance and have a waterproof enclosure which is 20% lighter and 15% smaller than the HERO3's, according to the GoPro website. The HERO3+ camera housing is 20% smaller than the HERO3. The cameras are claimed to have improved image sharpness (close focus down to 7" vs about 3 ft on the HERO3, at the expense of distant focus which is slightly less sharp[clarification needed] with HERO3+), and better audio functionality with wind noise reduction. Battery life is claimed to be 30% longer than for the HERO3 model (both through better efficiency and a higher-capacity battery of the same dimensions).[50][53]

text: The Black Edition has video modes of 1440p48,[54] 1080p60, 960p100 and 720p120 as well as 4K15 and 2.7K30 and can shoot 12MP stills at up to 30 fps. Along with the increased resolution, the HERO3+ Black Edition also offers an optional function in firmware (called "SuperView") which increases the field of view. It has additional functions, including dynamic low light situation adjustment, higher-quality recording modes (higher bitrates, no white balance applied, etc.) etc. The Black Edition continues to include a Wifi Remote. It does not have the ability to record 25/30 fps in 720p and WVGA modes (it can only record at very fast frame rates in those lower resolutions). This is an intentional firmware limitation, as the manufacturer does not expect a camera with its capabilities to be used at low resolution and frame rate. The battery runtime of HERO3+ Black Edition is significantly longer than HERO3 Black Edition but 30–50% lower than the battery runtime of the older HERO2 and HERO1.

text: The Silver Edition has video modes of 1080p60 and 720p120 and can shoot 10MP stills at up to 10 fps.[55] In contrast to the Black Edition, the Silver Edition can record at 25/30 fps (or higher) in all supported resolutions. HERO3+ Silver Edition also has about 25%-50% longer battery runtime during recording than HERO3+ Black Edition (they both use the same batteries).[53] The difference in runtime depends on the resolution/fps combination, and whether WiFi and GoPro mobile application are used during recording. The difference in runtime increases as the fps is lowered and the additional functions are deactivated on both cameras. The battery runtime of HERO3+ Silver Edition is similar to the battery runtime of HERO2 and HERO1.

text: The HERO3 HD camera was awarded the 2013 Technology & Engineering Emmy Award for its contribution to television.[56]

text: In September 2014, GoPro announced the HERO4, available in Black Edition and Silver Edition,[45] which replace their respective HERO3+ generation predecessors. The HERO Session, a budget camera, was also announced.

text: The HERO4 Black Edition still has a 12 mp CMOS and a f/2.8 fixed maximum aperture and focus free. It adds Bluetooth connectivity, Highlight tag, Protune Available for photo and a new processor claimed by GoPro to be twice as fast as that of the HERO3+ Black Edition, doubling the frame rates in most resolutions. The HERO4 Black Edition can record 4K UHD video (3840×2160) at a frame rate of 24, 25 and 30 fps.[57] In Superview mode, 4k is only possible at 25 fps. Many other rates and resolutions are available. The HERO4 Black Edition still shoots stills at a maximum of 12MP with a maximum burst rate of 30 fps. With Wi-Fi disabled at 4k/30, GoPro claims the HERO4 Black Edition battery life to be 65 minutes, increasing to a maximum of 1h 50' at 720p/240.[58] The HERO4 Black battery is in a different form factor than its predecessors. Initial side-by-side comparisons of HERO3+ and HERO4 Black edition video results suggest that the newer model has more detail at long range and similar performance at close range.

text: The HERO4 Silver Edition is basically a HERO3 Black Edition with the addition of a micro speaker,[59] built-in touch screen display, Protune for photo and highlight tag the first GoPro with this, a lower clocked Cortex-A9 and missing the Black Editions integrated analog-to-digital converter which supports a wider variety of professional low-sensitivity external mics.[60] The video modes supported by the HERO4 Silver Edition are similar to those of the HERO3+ Black, due to the higher processing speed and thermal requirements of 4K video (3840×2160), but it supports Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and contains the same,[61][62] Ambarella Inc. A9[63] SoC as in the HERO4 Black.

text: The HERO Session, released July 6, 2015, is 50% smaller and 40% lighter comparing to other versions of the GoPro HERO4 camera.[64]

text: The HERO4 models maintain the H.264 video codec of previous versions and MP4 file formats. GoPro claims the mono microphone in both the Black and Silver Editions has twice the dynamic range of the HERO3+, and that the HERO4 Black and Silver Editions have improved low-light performance.

text:
Model
HERO Session[65]
Hero4 Silver[66]
Hero4 Black[67]

Sensor Size
1/3.2"
1/2.3"
1/2.3"

Aperture
f/2.8
f/2.8
f/2.8

Dimensions
38 x 38 x 38 mm
41 x 59 x 30 mm
41 x 59 x 30 mm

Weight
74 g
83 g (147 g with case)
88 g (152 g with case)

Still Image Resolution
8 MP
12 MP
12 MP

Video Modes
1440p30 1080p60 720p100 480p120
4k15 2.7k30 1080p60 720p120 480p240
4k30 2.7k60 1440p80 1080p120 720p240 480p240

Photo burst
10fps
10fps
30fps

Connectivity
WiFi, Bluetooth
WiFi, Bluetooth
WiFi, Bluetooth

Water Resistance
10 m
40 m (with case)
40 m (with case)

Touchscreen
no
1.5 inches (38 mm) 320x240
optional extra

text: HERO+LCD[edit]

text: In June 2015, the company started to sell a new camera: GoPro HERO+LCD, which provides video recording at 1080p at 60 fps/and 8 megapixel photos. GoPro HERO+LCD has a touch screen to preview the shot to frame the scene perfectly and letting user easily navigate the menu.[68] New feature in the camera -Instant camera editing. GoPro HERO+LCD is waterproof, because it is built directly into a waterproof case (waterproof to 131 feet (40 m)). The device also includes a feature HiLight Tagging and built-in video editing function, which allows user to put a label on the main points while shooting video or in the process of view, which makes it possible to quickly find desired footage later. Technical specifications: video resolution 1080p 60 FPS / 720p 60 FPS, photo resolution 8 MP / 5 FPS burst, built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, user-friendly modes like QuikCapture, SuperView and Auto Low Light, waterproof to 131’ (40 m), built-in touch display.

text: HERO+[edit]

text: In October 2015, GoPro released its third entry level camera: GoPro HERO+.[45] This camera has everything similar to the previous HERO+LCD like the 1080p 60 fps / 720p 60fps Video Resolution, 8 MP / 5 FPS burst photo resolution, built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, waterproof up to 40 m and other modes like Superview, Auto Low Light, QuikCapture and Timelapse mode which automatically captures photos at set time intervals from 0.5 to 60 seconds. However, it does not have an LCD built-in touch display and it is slightly lighter than HERO+LCD. The HERO+ weighs at 123 g whereas the HERO+LCD weighs 127 g. The housing also remained the same. This camera is priced at USD $199.99.

text: HERO5 Black and HERO5 Session were introduced in September 2016.[69] In contrast to previous models, they are waterproof up to 10 m, support 4k video recording up to 30 fps, automatic upload of footage to cloud and voice controls.

text:
Model
HERO5 Session[70]
HERO5 Black

Video Modes
4k30, 1440p60, 1080p90
4k30, 1440p80, 1080p120

Still Image Resolution
10MP
12MP

Photo burst
30fps
30fps

Connectivity
WiFi, Bluetooth
WiFi, Bluetooth

Water Resistance
10 m
10 m

Wired Connectors
USB-C
USB-C, micro HDMI

Battery
built-in 1000 mAh, Li-Ion
replaceable 1220 mAh, Li-Ion

Screen
none
touchscreen, 51 mm

Location Capture
none
GPS

text: HERO6 Black will be introduced in September 2017. Waterproof up to 10 m, support 4k video recording up to 60 fps and 1080p up to 240fps, automatic upload of footage to cloud, voice controls and 5Ghz Wi-Fi. It will be the first GoPro with its own SoC the GP1.

text:
Model
HERO6 Black

Video Modes
4k60, 1440p120, 1080p240

Still Image Resolution
12MP

Photo burst
30fps

Connectivity
5Ghz/2.4Ghz Wi-Fi, Bluetooth

Water Resistance
10 m

Wired Connectors
USB-C, micro HDMI

Battery
replaceable 1220 mAh, Li-Ion

Screen
touchscreen, 51 mm, pinch zoom

Location Capture
GPS

text: GoPro KARMA Drone[edit]

text: Karma Drone became available October 23, 2016. GoPro launched the highly anticipated Karma Drone for $799, which includes the Drone, controller, stabilizer, Karma Grip, and case. The drone can be bundled with a HERO5 Black for $1099 and with a HERO5 Session for $999. The drone is also compatible with the HERO 4 Black and Silver. Gross margins may come in below company averages initially, but over time the firm should cut out costs with each generation as they have done with the cameras. The Drone has 20 minutes of battery life.[71] The stabilizer can be taken out and attached to a Karma stick, which can be sold separately for $299.99 and the presentation of a downhill mountain biker POV with minimal shake. The Karma stick has greater than 1-hour battery life.

text: On November 8, 2016, Go Pro announced the recall of the Karma Drone following reports of loss of electrical power on the drone during operation.[72]

text: On February 1, 2017, the company announced that the Karma Drone will return to stores with a redesigned battery latch.[73]

text: GoPro Omni[edit]

text: A camera rig that synchronizes six GoPro HERO4 Black cameras allowing users to stitch and make virtual reality 360° videos.


document_title: Smooth muscle tissue

question_text: the involuntary movement of smooth muscles is called

root

text: Smooth muscle tissue

text: Structure[edit]

text: Most smooth muscle is of the single-unit variety, that is, either the whole muscle contracts or the whole muscle relaxes, but there is multiunit smooth muscle in the trachea, the large elastic arteries, and the iris of the eye. Single unit smooth muscle, however, is most common and lines blood vessels (except large elastic arteries), the urinary tract, and the digestive tract.

tag: p

text: However, the terms single- and multiunit smooth muscle represents an oversimplification. This is due to the fact that smooth muscles for the most part are controlled and influenced by a combination of different neural elements. In addition, it has been observed that most of the time there will be some cell to cell communication and activators/ inhibitors produced locally. This leads to a somewhat coordinated response even in multiunit smooth muscle.[1]

text: Smooth muscle is fundamentally different from skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle in terms of structure, function, regulation of contraction, and excitation-contraction coupling.

text: Smooth muscle cells known as myocytes, have a fusiform shape and, like striated muscle, can tense and relax. However, smooth muscle tissue tends to demonstrate greater elasticity and function within a larger length-tension curve than striated muscle. This ability to stretch and still maintain contractility is important in organs like the intestines and urinary bladder. In the relaxed state, each cell is spindle-shaped, 20-500 micrometers in length.

text: Molecular structure[edit]

text: A substantial portion of the volume of the cytoplasm of smooth muscle cells are taken up by the molecules myosin and actin,[2] which together have the capability to contract, and, through a chain of tensile structures, make the entire smooth muscle tissue contract with them. The smooth muscle is the only type of muscle without the ability to be voluntarily controlled in stressful situations.

text: Myosin[edit]

text: Myosin is primarily class II in smooth muscle.[3]

text:
Myosin II contains two heavy chains which constitute the head and tail domains. Each of these heavy chains contains the N-terminal head domain, while the C-terminal tails take on a coiled-coil morphology, holding the two heavy chains together (imagine two snakes wrapped around each other, such as in a caduceus). Thus, myosin II has two heads. In smooth muscle, there is a single gene (MYH11[4]) that codes for the heavy chains myosin II, but there are splice variants of this gene that result in four distinct isoforms.[3] Also, smooth muscle may contain MHC that is not involved in contraction, and that can arise from multiple genes.[3]
Myosin II also contains 4 light chains, resulting in 2 per head, weighing 20 (MLC20) and 17 (MLC17) kDa.[3] These bind the heavy chains in the "neck" region between the head and tail.

The MLC20 is also known as the regulatory light chain and actively participates in muscle contraction.[3] Two MLC20 isoforms are found in smooth muscle, and they are encoded by different genes, but only one isoform participates in contraction.
The MLC17 is also known as the essential light chain.[3] Its exact function is unclear, but it's believed that it contributes to the structural stability of the myosin head along with MLC20.[3] Two variants of MLC17 (MLC17a/b) exist as a result of alternate splicing at the MLC17 gene.[3]

tag: ul

text: Different combinations of heavy and light chains allow for up to hundreds of different types of myosin structures, but it is unlikely that more than a few such combinations are actually used or permitted within a specific smooth muscle bed.[3] In the uterus, a shift in myosin expression has been hypothesized to avail for changes in the directions of uterine contractions that are seen during the menstrual cycle.[3]

text: Actin[edit]

text: The thin filaments that form part of the contractile machinery are predominantly composed of α- and γ-actin.[3] Smooth muscle α-actin (alpha actin) is the predominant isoform within smooth muscle. There are also lots of actin (mainly β-actin) that does not take part in contraction, but that polymerizes just below the plasma membrane in the presence of a contractile stimulant and may thereby assist in mechanical tension.[3] Alpha actin is also expressed as distinct genetic isoforms such as smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle specific isoforms of alpha actin.[5]

text: The ratio of actin to myosin is between 2:1[3] and 10:1[3] in smooth muscle, compared to ~6:1 in skeletal muscle and 4:1 in cardiac muscle.

text: Other proteins of the contractile apparatus[edit]

text: Smooth muscle does not contain the protein troponin; instead calmodulin (which takes on the regulatory role in smooth muscle), caldesmon and calponin are significant proteins expressed within smooth muscle.

text:
Tropomyosin is present in smooth muscle, spanning seven actin monomers and is laid out end to end over the entire length of the thin filaments. In striated muscle, tropomyosin serves to block actin–myosin interactions until calcium is present, but in smooth muscle, its function is unknown.[3]
Calponin molecules may exist in equal number as actin, and has been proposed to be a load-bearing protein.[3]
Caldesmon has been suggested to be involved in tethering actin, myosin and tropomyosin, and thereby enhance the ability of smooth muscle to maintain tension.[3]

text: Also, all three of these proteins may have a role in inhibiting the ATPase activity of the myosin complex that otherwise provides energy to fuel muscle contraction.[3]

text: Other tensile structures[edit]

text: The myosin and actin are the contractile parts of continuous chains of tensile structures that stretch both across and between smooth muscle cells.

text: The actin filaments of contractile units are attached to dense bodies. Dense bodies are rich in α-actinin,[3] and also attach intermediate filaments (consisting largely of vimentin and desmin), and thereby appear to serve as anchors from which the thin filaments can exert force.[3] Dense bodies also are associated with β-actin, which is the type found in the cytoskeleton, suggesting that dense bodies may coordinate tensions from both the contractile machinery and the cytoskeleton.[3] Dense bodies appear darker under an electron microscope, and so they are sometimes described as electron dense.[6]

text: The intermediate filaments are connected to other intermediate filaments via dense bodies, which eventually are attached to adherens junctions (also called focal adhesions) in the cell membrane of the smooth muscle cell, called the sarcolemma. The adherens junctions consist of large number of proteins including α-actinin, vinculin and cytoskeletal actin.[3] The adherens junctions are scattered around dense bands that are circumfering the smooth muscle cell in a rib-like pattern.[2] The dense band (or dense plaques) areas alternate with regions of membrane containing numerous caveolae. When complexes of actin and myosin contract, force is transduced to the sarcolemma through intermediate filaments attaching to such dense bands.

text: During contraction, there is a spatial reorganization of the contractile machinery to optimize force development.[3] part of this reorganization consists of vimentin being phosphorylated at Ser56 by a p21 activated kinase, resulting in some disassembly of vimentin polymers.[3]

text: Also, the number of myosin filaments is dynamic between the relaxed and contracted state in some tissues as the ratio of actin to myosin changes, and the length and number of myosin filaments change.

text: Smooth muscle cells have been observed contracting in a spiral corkscrew fashion, and contractile proteins have been observed organizing into zones of actin and myosin along the axis of the cell.

text: Smooth muscle-containing tissue needs to be stretched often, so elasticity is an important attribute of smooth muscle. Smooth muscle cells may secrete a complex extracellular matrix containing collagen (predominantly types I and III), elastin, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans. Smooth muscle also has specific elastin and collagen receptors to interact with these proteins of the extracellular matrix. These fibers with their extracellular matrices contribute to the viscoelasticity of these tissues. For example, the great arteries are viscolelastic vessels that act like a Windkessel, propagating ventricular contraction and smoothing out the pulsatile flow, and the smooth muscle within the tunica media contributes to this property.

text: Caveolae[edit]

text: The sarcolemma also contains caveolae, which are microdomains of lipid rafts specialized to cell signaling events and ion channels. These invaginations in the sarcoplasma contain a host of receptors (prostacyclin, endothelin, serotonin, muscarinic receptors, adrenergic receptors), second messenger generators (adenylate cyclase, phospholipase C), G proteins (RhoA, G alpha), kinases (rho kinase-ROCK, protein kinase C, protein Kinase A), ion channels (L type calcium channels, ATP sensitive potassium channels, calcium sensitive potassium channels) in close proximity. The caveolae are often close to sarcoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria, and have been proposed to organize signaling molecules in the membrane.

text: Excitation-contraction coupling[edit]

text: A smooth muscle is excited by external stimuli, which causes contraction. Each step is further detailed below.

text: Inducing stimuli and factors[edit]

text: Smooth muscle may contract spontaneously (via ionic channel dynamics) or as in the gut special pacemakers cells interstitial cells of Cajal produce rhythmic contractions. Also, contraction, as well as relaxation, can be induced by a number of physiochemical agents (e.g., hormones, drugs, neurotransmitters - particularly from the autonomic nervous system).

text: Smooth muscle in various regions of the vascular tree, the airway and lungs, kidneys and vagina is different in their expression of ionic channels, hormone receptors, cell-signaling pathways, and other proteins that determine function.

text: External substances[edit]

text: For instance, blood vessels in skin, gastrointestinal system, kidney and brain respond to norepinephrine and epinephrine (from sympathetic stimulation or the adrenal medulla) by producing vasoconstriction (this response is mediated through alpha-1 adrenergic receptors). However, blood vessels within skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle respond to these catecholamines producing vasodilation because the smooth muscle possess beta-adrenergic receptors. So there is a difference in the distribution of the various adrenergic receptors that explains the difference in why blood vessels from different areas respond to the same agent norepinephrine/epinephrine differently as well as differences due to varying amounts of these catecholamines that are released and sensitivities of various receptors to concentrations.

text: Generally, arterial smooth muscle responds to carbon dioxide by producing vasodilation, and responds to oxygen by producing vasoconstriction. Pulmonary blood vessels within the lung are unique as they vasodilate to high oxygen tension and vasoconstrict when it falls. Bronchiole, smooth muscle that line the airways of the lung, respond to high carbon dioxide producing vasodilation and vasoconstrict when carbon dioxide is low. These responses to carbon dioxide and oxygen by pulmonary blood vessels and bronchiole airway smooth muscle aid in matching perfusion and ventilation within the lungs. Further different smooth muscle tissues display extremes of abundant to little sarcoplasmic reticulum so excitation-contraction coupling varies with its dependence on intracellular or extracellular calcium.[citation needed]

text: Recent research indicates that sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signaling is an important regulator of vascular smooth muscle contraction. When transmural pressure increases, sphingosine kinase 1 phosphorylates sphingosine to S1P, which binds to the S1P2 receptor in plasma membrane of cells. This leads to a transient increase in intracellular calcium, and activates Rac and Rhoa signaling pathways. Collectively, these serve to increase MLCK activity and decrease MLCP activity, promoting muscle contraction. This allows arterioles to increase resistance in response to increased blood pressure and thus maintain constant blood flow. The Rhoa and Rac portion of the signaling pathway provides a calcium-independent way to regulate resistance artery tone.[7]

text: Spread of impulse[edit]

text: To maintain organ dimensions against force, cells are fastened to one another by adherens junctions. As a consequence, cells are mechanically coupled to one another such that contraction of one cell invokes some degree of contraction in an adjoining cell. Gap junctions couple adjacent cells chemically and electrically, facilitating the spread of chemicals (e.g., calcium) or action potentials between smooth muscle cells. Single unit smooth muscle displays numerous gap junctions and these tissues often organize into sheets or bundles which contract in bulk.

text: Contraction[edit]

text: Smooth muscle contraction is caused by the sliding of myosin and actin filaments (a sliding filament mechanism) over each other. The energy for this to happen is provided by the hydrolysis of ATP. Myosin functions as an ATPase utilizing ATP to produce a molecular conformational change of part of the myosin and produces movement. Movement of the filaments over each other happens when the globular heads protruding from myosin filaments attach and interact with actin filaments to form crossbridges. The myosin heads tilt and drag along the actin filament a small distance (10-12 nm). The heads then release the actin filament and then changes angle to relocate to another site on the actin filament a further distance (10-12 nm) away. They can then re-bind to the actin molecule and drag it along further. This process is called crossbridge cycling and is the same for all muscles (see muscle contraction). Unlike cardiac and skeletal muscle, smooth muscle does not contain the calcium-binding protein troponin. Contraction is initiated by a calcium-regulated phosphorylation of myosin, rather than a calcium-activated troponin system.

text: Crossbridge cycling causes contraction of myosin and actin complexes, in turn causing increased tension along the entire chains of tensile structures, ultimately resulting in contraction of the entire smooth muscle tissue.

text: Phasic or tonic[edit]

text: Smooth muscle may contract phasically with rapid contraction and relaxation, or tonically with slow and sustained contraction. The reproductive, digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts, skin, eye, and vasculature all contain this tonic muscle type. This type of smooth muscle can maintain force for prolonged time with only little energy utilization. There are differences in the myosin heavy and light chains that also correlate with these differences in contractile patterns and kinetics of contraction between tonic and phasic smooth muscle.

text: Activation of myosin heads[edit]

text: Crossbridge cycling cannot occur until the myosin heads have been activated to allow crossbridges to form. When the light chains are phosphorylated, they become active and will allow contraction to occur. The enzyme that phosphorylates the light chains is called myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK), also called MLC20 kinase.[3] In order to control contraction, MLCK will work only when the muscle is stimulated to contract. Stimulation will increase the intracellular concentration of calcium ions. These bind to a molecule called calmodulin, and form a calcium-calmodulin complex. It is this complex that will bind to MLCK to activate it, allowing the chain of reactions for contraction to occur.

text: Activation consists of phosphorylation of a serine on position 19 (Ser19) on the MLC20 light chain, which causes a conformational change that increases the angle in the neck domain of the myosin heavy chain,[3] which corresponds to the part of the cross-bridge cycle where the myosin head is unattached to the actin filament and relocates to another site on it. After attachment of the myosin head to the actin filament, this serine phosphorylation also activates the ATPase activity of the myosin head region to provide the energy to fuel the subsequent contraction.[3] Phosphorylation of a threonine on position 18 (Thr18) on MLC20 is also possible and may further increase the ATPase activity of the myosin complex.[3]

text: Sustained maintenance[edit]

text: Phosphorylation of the MLC20 myosin light chains correlates well with the shortening velocity of smooth muscle. During this period there is a rapid burst of energy utilization as measured by oxygen consumption. Within a few minutes of initiation the calcium level markedly decrease, MLC20 myosin light chains phosphorylation decreases, and energy utilization decreases and the muscle can relax. Still, smooth muscle has the ability of sustained maintenance of force in this situation as well. This sustained phase has been attributed to certain myosin crossbridges, termed latch-bridges, that are cycling very slowly, notably slowing the progression to the cycle stage whereby dephosphorylated myosin detaches from the actin, thereby maintaining the force at low energy costs.[3] This phenomenon is of great value especially for tonically active smooth muscle.[3]

text: Isolated preparations of vascular and visceral smooth muscle contract with depolarizing high potassium balanced saline generating a certain amount of contractile force. The same preparation stimulated in normal balanced saline with an agonist such as endothelin or serotonin will generate more contractile force. This increase in force is termed calcium sensitization. The myosin light chain phosphatase is inhibited to increase the gain or sensitivity of myosin light chain kinase to calcium. There are number of cell signalling pathways believed to regulate this decrease in myosin light chain phosphatase: a RhoA-Rock kinase pathway, a Protein kinase C-Protein kinase C potentiation inhibitor protein 17 (CPI-17) pathway, telokin, and a Zip kinase pathway. Further Rock kinase and Zip kinase have been implicated to directly phosphorylate the 20kd myosin light chains.

text: Other contractile mechanisms[edit]

text: Other cell signaling pathways and protein kinases (Protein kinase C, Rho kinase, Zip kinase, Focal adhesion kinases) have been implicated as well and actin polymerization dynamics plays a role in force maintenance. While myosin light chain phosphorylation correlates well with shortening velocity, other cell signaling pathways have been implicated in the development of force and maintenance of force. Notably the phosphorylation of specific tyrosine residues on the focal adhesion adapter protein-paxillin by specific tyrosine kinases has been demonstrated to be essential to force development and maintenance. For example, cyclic nucleotides can relax arterial smooth muscle without reductions in crossbridge phosphorylation, a process termed force suppression. This process is mediated by the phosphorylation of the small heat shock protein, hsp20, and may prevent phosphorylated myosin heads from interacting with actin.

text: Relaxation[edit]

text: The phosphorylation of the light chains by MLCK is countered by a myosin light-chain phosphatase, which dephosphorylates the MLC20 myosin light chains and thereby inhibits contraction.[3] Other signaling pathways have also been implicated in the regulation actin and myosin dynamics. In general, the relaxation of smooth muscle is by cell-signaling pathways that increase the myosin phosphatase activity, decrease the intracellular calcium levels, hyperpolarize the smooth muscle, and/or regulate actin and myosin muscle can be mediated by the endothelium-derived relaxing factor-nitric oxide, endothelial derived hyperpolarizing factor (either an endogenous cannabinoid, cytochrome P450 metabolite, or hydrogen peroxide), or prostacyclin (PGI2). Nitric oxide and PGI2 stimulate soluble guanylate cyclase and membrane bound adenylate cyclase, respectively. The cyclic nucleotides (cGMP and cAMP) produced by these cyclases activate Protein Kinase G and Protein Kinase A and phosphorylate a number of proteins. The phosphorylation events lead to a decrease in intracellular calcium (inhibit L type Calcium channels, inhibits IP3 receptor channels, stimulates sarcoplasmic reticulum Calcium pump ATPase), a decrease in the 20kd myosin light chain phosphorylation by altering calcium sensitization and increasing myosin light chain phosphatase activity, a stimulation of calcium sensitive potassium channels which hyperpolarize the cell, and the phosphorylation of amino acid residue serine 16 on the small heat shock protein (hsp20)by Protein Kinases A and G. The phosphorylation of hsp20 appears to alter actin and focal adhesion dynamics and actin-myosin interaction, and recent evidence indicates that hsp20 binding to 14-3-3 protein is involved in this process. An alternative hypothesis is that phosphorylated Hsp20 may also alter the affinity of phosphorylated myosin with actin and inhibit contractility by interfering with crossbridge formation. The endothelium derived hyperpolarizing factor stimulates calcium sensitive potassium channels and/or ATP sensitive potassium channels and stimulate potassium efflux which hyperpolarizes the cell and produces relaxation.

text: Invertebrate smooth muscle[edit]

text: In invertebrate smooth muscle, contraction is initiated with the binding of calcium directly to myosin and then rapidly cycling cross-bridges, generating force. Similar to the mechanism of vertebrate smooth muscle, there is a low calcium and low energy utilization catch phase. This sustained phase or catch phase has been attributed to a catch protein that has similarities to myosin light-chain kinase and the elastic protein-titin called twitchin. Clams and other bivalve mollusks use this catch phase of smooth muscle to keep their shell closed for prolonged periods with little energy usage.

text: Specific effects[edit]

text: Although the structure and function is basically the same in smooth muscle cells in different organs, their specific effects or end-functions differ.

text: The contractile function of vascular smooth muscle regulates the lumenal diameter of the small arteries-arterioles called resistance vessels, thereby contributing significantly to setting the level of blood pressure and blood flow to vascular beds. Smooth muscle contracts slowly and may maintain the contraction (tonically) for prolonged periods in blood vessels, bronchioles, and some sphincters. Activating arteriole smooth muscle can decrease the lumenal diameter 1/3 of resting so it drastically alters blood flow and resistance. Activation of aortic smooth muscle doesn't significantly alter the lumenal diameter but serves to increase the viscoelasticity of the vascular wall.

text: In the digestive tract, smooth muscle contracts in a rhythmic peristaltic fashion, rhythmically forcing foodstuffs through the digestive tract as the result of phasic contraction.

text: A non-contractile function is seen in specialized smooth muscle within the afferent arteriole of the juxtaglomerular apparatus, which secretes renin in response to osmotic and pressure changes, and also it is believed to secrete ATP in tubuloglomerular regulation of glomerular filtration rate. Renin in turn activates the renin-angiotensin system to regulate blood pressure.

text: Growth and rearrangement[edit]

text: The mechanism in which external factors stimulate growth and rearrangement is not yet fully understood. A number of growth factors and neurohumoral agents influence smooth muscle growth and differentiation. The Notch receptor and cell-signaling pathway have been demonstrated to be essential to vasculogenesis and the formation of arteries and veins. The proliferation is implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and is inhibited by nitric oxide.

text: The embryological origin of smooth muscle is usually of mesodermal origin, after the creation of muscle fibers in a process known as myogenesis. However, the smooth muscle within the Aorta and Pulmonary arteries (the Great Arteries of the heart) is derived from ectomesenchyme of neural crest origin, although coronary artery smooth muscle is of mesodermal origin.

text: Related diseases[edit]

text: "Smooth muscle condition" is a condition in which the body of a developing embryo does not create enough smooth muscle for the gastrointestinal system. This condition is fatal.

text: Anti-smooth muscle antibodies (ASMA) can be a symptom of an auto-immune disorder, such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, or lupus.

text: Vascular smooth muscle tumors are very rare. They can be malignant or benign, and morbidity can be significant with either type. Intravascular leiomyomatosis is a benign neoplasm that extends through the veins; angioleiomyoma is a benign neoplasm of the extremities; vascular leiomyosarcomas is a malignant neoplasm that can be found in the inferior vena cava, pulmonary arteries and veins, and other peripheral vessels. See Atherosclerosis.


document_title: United States men's national soccer team

question_text: when does the usa men's soccer team play

question_tokens: when does the usa men 's soccer team play

text: United States men's national soccer team

text: History[edit]

text: Early years[edit]

text: The first U.S. national soccer team was constituted in 1885, when it played Canada in the first international match held outside the United Kingdom.[8] Canada defeated the U.S. 1–0 in Newark, New Jersey. The U.S. had its revenge the following year when it beat Canada 1–0, also in Newark, although neither match was officially recognized. The U.S. earned both silver and bronze medals in men's soccer at the 1904 St. Louis Summer Olympics through Christian Brothers College and St. Rose Parish, though the tournament is declared official only by the IOC (FIFA doesn't endorse tournaments held before 1908). The U.S. played its first official international match under the auspices of U.S. Soccer on August 20, 1916, against Sweden in Stockholm, where the U.S. won 3–2.

text: The U.S. fielded a team in the 1930 World Cup in Uruguay, the first ever World Cup to be played. The U.S. began group play by beating Belgium 3–0. The U.S. then earned a 3–0 victory over Paraguay, with FIFA crediting Bert Patenaude with two of the goals.[9][10][11][12] In November 2006, FIFA announced that it had accepted evidence that Patenaude scored all three goals against Paraguay, and was thus the first person to score a hat trick in a World Cup.[13] In the semifinals, the U.S. lost to Argentina 6–1. There was no third place game. However, using the overall tournament records in 1986, FIFA credited the U.S. with a third-place finish ahead of fellow semi-finalist Yugoslavia.[14] This remains the U.S. team's best World Cup result, and is the highest finish of any team from outside of South America and Europe.

text: The U.S. qualified for the 1934 World Cup by defeating Mexico 4–2 in Italy a few days before the finals started. In a straight knock-out format, the team first played host Italy and lost 7–1, eliminating the U.S. from the tournament. At the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin, the U.S. again lost to Italy in the first round and were eliminated, although this time with a score of 1-0.

text: The 1950 World Cup in Brazil was the next World Cup appearance for the U.S. as it withdrew in 1938 and the tournament wasn't held again until 1950. The U.S. lost its first match 3–1 against Spain, but then won 1–0 against England at Independência Stadium in Belo Horizonte. Striker Joe Gaetjens was the goal scorer. Called "The Miracle on Grass", the result is considered one of the greatest upsets in the history of the World Cup.[15][16] Months before the World Cup, England had beaten an all-star "rest of Europe" side 6–1 in an exhibition match. In their third game of the tournament, a 5-2 defeat by Chile saw the U.S. eliminated from the tournament. It would be four decades before the U.S. would make another appearance in the World Cup finals.

text: Drought (1960s–1980s)[edit]

text: The national team spent the mid-to-late 20th century near complete irrelevance in both the international game and the domestic sporting scene. For the World Cup qualifications, there was only one berth for CONCACAF during this period until 1982.[17] The emergence of the North American Soccer League in the 1960s and 1970s raised hopes that the U.S. national team would soon improve and become a global force. However such hopes were not realized and by the 1980s the U.S. Soccer Federation found itself in serious financial struggles, with the national team playing only two matches from 1981 to 1983. U.S. Soccer targeted the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles and the 1986 World Cup as means of rebuilding the national team and its fan base. The International Olympic Committee declared that teams from outside Europe and South America could field full senior teams, including professionals (until then, the amateur-only rule had heavily favored socialist countries from Eastern Europe whose players were professionals in all but name), that had never played in a World Cup. U.S. Soccer rearranged its Olympic roster, cutting many collegiate players and replacing them with professionals. The U.S. had a very strong showing at the tournament, beating Costa Rica, tying Egypt, losing only to favorite Italy and finishing 1–1–1 but didn't make the second round, losing to Egypt on a tiebraker (both had three points).

text: To provide a more stable national team program and renew interest in the NASL, U.S. Soccer entered the national team into the NASL league schedule for the 1983 season as Team America. This team lacked the continuity and regularity of training that conventional clubs enjoy, and many players were unwilling to play for the national team instead of their own clubs when conflicts arose. Team America finished the season at the bottom of the league, with U.S. Soccer canceling the experiment and withdrawing the national team from the NASL after one season. By the end of 1984, the NASL had folded, leaving the U.S. without a single professional-level outdoor soccer league.[18]

text: The U.S. bid to host the 1986 World Cup after Colombia withdrew from contention due to economic concerns, but FIFA selected Mexico to host the tournament. In the last game of CONCACAF qualifying for the 1986 World Cup, the U.S. needed only a tie against Costa Rica to reach the final qualification group against Honduras and Canada. U.S. Soccer scheduled the game to be played in Torrance, California, an area with many Costa Rican expatriates, and marketed the game almost exclusively to the Costa Rican community.[19] Costa Rica won the match 1–0, and kept the U.S. from reaching its fourth World Cup finals.[20]

text: In 1988, U.S. Soccer attempted to re-implement its national-team-as-club concept, offering contracts to players to train with the national program full-time while occasionally loaning them to club teams as a revenue source for the federation. This brought many key veterans back into the program and allowed the team to begin playing more matches which, combined with an influx of talent from new youth clubs and leagues established across the nation in the wake of the NASL's popularity, allowed the national team to end the 1980s with optimism and higher hopes of qualifying for the 1990 World Cup than had existed for previous tournaments.

text: Rise in the U.S. (1990s)[edit]

text: In 1988, FIFA named the U.S. as the host of the 1994 World Cup (success of the 1984 Summer Olympics played the major role), but it did so under significant international criticism because of the perceived weakness of the national team and the lack of a professional outdoor league. This criticism diminished somewhat when a 1–0 win against Trinidad and Tobago, the U.S.'s first road win in nearly two years, in the last match of the 1989 CONCACAF Championship, earned the U.S. its first World Cup appearance in 40 years.

text: The team was managed by Bob Gansler in preparation for the 1990 World Cup in Italy, with two of the team's more experienced players, Rick Davis and Hugo Perez, recovering from serious injuries and unavailable for selection. Rather than fill out his team with veteran professionals from American indoor soccer leagues as suggested by some, Gansler chose to select many younger players with better conditioning for the outdoor game, including some amateurs playing for college teams. The U.S. entered the tournament as massive underdogs and suffered defeats in all three of its group games to Czechoslovakia, Italy, and Austria.

text: In a historic match, in 1993 U.S. Cup, U.S. beat England by 2–0.[21]

text: After qualifying automatically as the host of the 1994 World Cup under Bora Milutinović, the U.S. opened its tournament schedule with a 1–1 tie against Switzerland in the Pontiac Silverdome in the suburbs of Detroit, the first World Cup game played indoors. In its second game, the U.S. faced Colombia, then ranked fourth in the world, at the Rose Bowl. Aided by an own goal from Andrés Escobar, the U.S. won 2–1.[22] Escobar was later murdered in his home country, possibly in retaliation for this mistake.[23] Despite a 1–0 loss to Romania in its final group game, the U.S. made it past the initial round for the first time since 1930. In the round of 16, the U.S. lost 1–0 to the eventual champion Brazil.[24] Despite this success, the team fired Bora in 1995, reportedly because he was not interested in administrative duties.[25]

text: In a 1995 friendly, the U.S. came back from 3–0 to win 4–3 against Saudi Arabia, the biggest comeback in the team's history.

text: In the 1998 World Cup in France, the team lost all three group matches, 2–0 to Germany, 2–1 to Iran, and 1–0 to Yugoslavia, finishing dead last in the field of 32. Head coach Steve Sampson received much of the blame for the performance as a result of abruptly cutting team captain John Harkes, whom Sampson had named "Captain for Life" shortly before, as well as several other players who were instrumental to the qualifying effort, from the squad. Thomas Dooley became the Captain at that point.[26] It emerged in February 2010 that Sampson removed Harkes from the team due to Harkes allegedly having an affair with teammate Eric Wynalda's wife.[27]

text: Success in the 2000s[edit]

text: In the 2002 World Cup under Bruce Arena, the U.S. reached the quarterfinals, its best finish in a World Cup since 1930. The team advanced in the group stage with a 1–1–1 record. The team started with a 3–2 upset win over Portugal, followed by a 1–1 tie with co-host and eventual semi-finalist, South Korea. The third and final match was lost 1–3 to Poland, but the team still got to the round of 16 when South Korea defeated Portugal. This set the stage for a face-off with continental rivals Mexico, the first time they met in a World Cup. The U.S. won the game 2–0. Brian McBride opened the scoring, and Landon Donovan scored the second goal. That victory advanced the team to the quarterfinals, where it met Germany. The team lost 1–0 after being denied a penalty when Torsten Frings handled the ball to prevent a Gregg Berhalter goal. All of the U.S. games in the 2002 World Cup were played in South Korea and all their victories came wearing the white kit while their only defeats came while wearing the blue kit.

text: In the 2006 World Cup, after finishing top of the CONCACAF qualification tournament, the U.S. was drawn into Group E along with the Czech Republic, Italy, and Ghana. The United States opened its tournament with a 3–0 loss to the Czech Republic. The team then tied 1–1 against Italy, who went on to win the World Cup.[28] The U.S. was then knocked out of the tournament when beaten 2–1 by Ghana in its final group match, with Clint Dempsey scoring the U.S.'s only goal in the tournament – the goal against Italy had been an own goal by Italian defender Cristian Zaccardo.[29] Following the tournament, Arena's contract was not renewed. After the national team remained dormant for the rest of 2006 while negotiating with various coaches, the federation hired former Chicago Fire, MetroStars and Chivas USA manager Bob Bradley in early 2007.

text: Bradley began his competitive career with the national team with the 2007 Gold Cup. In the final, the United States beat Mexico 2–1, which qualified it for the 2009 Confederations Cup.[30]

text: The U.S. had a notable performance at the 2009 Confederations Cup.[31] In the semifinals, the U.S. defeated Spain 2–0.[32] At the time, Spain was atop the FIFA World Rankings and was on a run of 35 games undefeated. With the win, the United States advanced to its first-ever final in a men's FIFA tournament. The team lost 3–2 to Brazil after leading 2–0 at half time.[33]

text: The United States then hosted the 2009 Gold Cup.[34] In the final, the United States was beaten by Mexico 5–0. This defeat broke the U.S. team's 58-match home unbeaten streak against CONCACAF opponents, and was the first home loss to Mexico since 1999.

text: In the Fourth round of the 2010 World Cup qualification, the U.S. began by beating Mexico 2–0. The February 2009 loss extended Mexico's losing streak against America on U.S. soil to 11 matches.[35] Jozy Altidore became the youngest U.S. player to score a hat-trick, in a 3–0 victory over Trinidad and Tobago.[36] Near the end of the summer of 2009, the United States lost 2–1 to Mexico at Estadio Azteca. On October 10, the U.S. secured qualification to the 2010 World Cup with a 3–2 win over Honduras. Four days later, the U.S. finished in first place in the group with a 2–2 tie against Costa Rica.

text: In the 2010 FIFA World Cup, the U.S. team were drawn in Group C against England, Slovenia and Algeria. After drawing against England (1–1) and Slovenia (2–2), the U.S. defeated Algeria 1-0 with a Landon Donovan stoppage time goal. The U.S. won its group for the first time since 1930. In the round of 16, the U.S. was eliminated by Ghana, 2–1.[37] On FIFA's ranking of World Cup teams the U.S. finished in 12th place out of the 32-team field.

text: The U.S. again hosted the Gold Cup in 2011. The U.S. advanced past the group stage, then defeated Jamaica 2–0 in the quarterfinals and Panama 1–0 in the semifinals before losing Mexico 4–2 in the final. Later in the summer, Bob Bradley was relieved of his duties and former German national team manager Jürgen Klinsmann was hired as head coach.

text: The U.S. had some success in friendlies in 2012 and 2013. The U.S. team won 1–0 in Italy on February 29, 2012, the team's first ever win over Italy. On June 2, 2013, the U.S. played a friendly against Germany at a sold out RFK Stadium in Washington D.C., with the U.S. winning 4–3. In July 2013, the U.S. hosted the 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup where it went undefeated in the group stage and won with a 1–0 victory over Panama in the final, with Landon Donovan winning the tournament's golden ball award.

text: A 4–3 victory over Bosnia in an international friendly match in Sarajevo represented the 12th straight win for the USMNT, the longest winning streak for any team in the world at that time.[38][39][40][41] The 12 game winning streak ended September 6, 2013, when the U.S. lost to Costa Rica 3–1 in San Jose.[42] In 2013 the national team played the final round of qualification,[43][44] and by defeating Mexico in September, the U.S. clinched a spot in the 2014 World Cup.[45]

text: For the 2014 World Cup, the U.S. was drawn into Group G, along with Ghana, Germany, and Portugal.[46] The U.S. took revenge on the Ghanaians, winning 2–1.[47] They tied their second group game against Portugal 2–2. In the final game of the group stage, the U.S. fell to Germany 1–0, but moved on to the knockout stage on goal difference.[48] This was the first time that the team made two consecutive trips to the knockout stage of the FIFA World Cup.[49] In the round of 16, the U.S. lost 2–1 to Belgium in extra time, despite goalkeeper Tim Howard making a World Cup record 15 saves[50][Note 1] during the match.[51]

text: The national team's next tournament under Klinsmann was the 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup. The U.S. were eliminated by Jamaica 2–1 in the semifinals, before losing to Panama on penalties in the third place match. The fourth-place finish was the worst Gold Cup performance by the national team since 2000, and the first time the team failed to make the tournament final since 2003. In the 2015 CONCACAF Cup playoff to determine the region's entry to the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, the U.S. were defeated 3–2 by Mexico at the Rose Bowl. In the summer of 2016, the U.S. played as hosts of Copa América Centenario. The U.S. topped Group A on goal difference against Colombia. The U.S. beat Ecuador 2–1 in the quarter-finals, but then fell to Argentina 4–0 and lost to Colombia again 1–0 in the third place match. They finished fourth at the Copa América, tying their best finish ever in 1995.

text: Following consecutive losses to Mexico and Costa Rica in the opening games of the final round of qualification for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, Klinsmann was removed as national team coach and technical director and replaced by previous U.S. manager Bruce Arena. World Cup qualification resumed on March 24, where Arena and his team had a record 6–0 win over Honduras.[52] Four days later, the team traveled to Panama City, drawing Panama 1–1. After beating Trinidad and Tobago 2–0, the U.S. got their third ever result in World Cup Qualification at the Estadio Azteca when they drew 1–1 against Mexico. In July 2017, the U.S. won their sixth CONCACAF Gold Cup with a 2–1 win over Jamaica in the final. After losing 2-1 to Trinidad and Tobago on October 10, 2017, the U.S. failed to qualify for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, missing the tournament for the first time since 1986.[53] On October 13, 2017, Bruce Arena resigned.[54]

text: Team image[edit]

text: Media coverage[edit]

text: ESPN and Fox Sports 1 evenly split the English language rights for U.S. Soccer broadcasts from 2015 to 2022. Univision Deportes has the Spanish language rights to all U.S. Soccer broadcasts from 2015 to 2022.[55] These agreements do not apply to FIFA World Cup away qualifiers, whose rights are distributed by the host country.[56] Therefore, these matches can often be found on other networks such as beIN Sports and Telemundo.[57]

text: Uniforms[edit]

text: Since their first unofficial game against Canada, the most common U.S. uniform has been white tops with blue shorts. In 1950, the U.S. adopted a Peru-styled diagonal stripe or "sash" across the shirt. The stripe has been on third uniforms for 2003, 2004, and 2006, as well as the 2010 home, road and third uniforms. An additional color scheme based on the U.S. flag has been occasionally used (most prominently in the 1994 World Cup and 2012–13 qualifiers as well the 1983 Team America franchise of the North American Soccer League) comprising a shirt with red and white stripes with blue shorts.

text: Adidas provided the uniforms for the United States from 1985 until 1994. Since 1995, Nike has been the uniform supplier.[58]

text: Rivalries[edit]

text: The teams of Mexico and the United States are widely considered as the two major powers of CONCACAF. Matches between the two nations often attract much media attention, public interest and comment in both countries. Although the first match was played in 1934, their rivalry was not considered major until the 1980s, when the teams began to frequently compete in CONCACAF cups. On August 15, 2012, the United States defeated Mexico at Estadio Azteca in the first victory for the U.S. against Mexico on Mexican soil in 75 years.[59] Ever since their first meeting in 1934, the two teams have met 65 times, with Mexico leading the overall series 33–18–14 (W–L–T), outscoring the U.S. 131–75. However, since the 1990s, the tide began to change due to a rapid growth of soccer in the United States. During this decade, Mexico continued to hold an edge over their arch-rivals but since the 2000s the series has favored the U.S. 13–6–5 (W–L–T).

text: In recent years, the United States has begun to develop a rivalry with Costa Rica, the second strongest team in CONCACAF, behind Mexico.[60][61][62][63][64]

text: Supporters[edit]

text: There have been two main supporter groups backing the United States men's national soccer team, Sam's Army and The American Outlaws. Sam's Army started shortly after the 1994 World Cup in the United States[65] and were active through 2014. Sam's Army members wore red to matches and sung or chanted throughout the match. They often brought huge American flags and other banners to the game.

text: The American Outlaws was started in Lincoln, Nebraska in 2007 as a local supporters' group.[66] The group's membership attempted to address a lack of consistency from game to game in supporter organization and social events on match days.[67] To achieve this goal the American Outlaws became a nationwide, non-profit, supporters' group. Some American Outlaws members wear American flag bandanas over their faces and commonly wear soccer supporter scarves.[68] Some branches of the American Outlaws have their own scarves specific to their branch.[69]

text: Home stadium[edit]

text: The United States does not have a dedicated national stadium like other national teams; instead, the team has played their home matches at 107 venues in 27 states and the District of Columbia.[citation needed] Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium, located in the national capital of Washington, D.C., has hosted 24 matches, the most of any stadium.[70] The state of California has hosted 109 matches, the most of any state, and the Los Angeles metropolitan area has hosted 73 matches at several venues in and around the city of Los Angeles. The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum hosted 20 matches from 1965 to 2000, but fell out of use due to its age.[citation needed] The Rose Bowl, a 92,000-seat venue in Pasadena, has hosted 17 national team matches, as well as the 1994 FIFA World Cup Final, the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup Final, and the 1984 Olympics Gold Medal Match.[71]

text: Coaching staff[edit]

text:
Position
Name

Head coach
Vacant

Associate head coach
 Dave Sarachan

Assistant coach
 Pat Noonan

Assistant coach
 Kenny Arena

Assistant coach
 Richie Williams

Goalkeeping coach
 Matt Reis

Conditioning coach
 Daniel Guzman

Chief scout
 Thomas Rongen

tag: table

text: Players[edit]

text: For all past and present players who have appeared for the national team, see United States men's national team players.

text: Current squad[edit]

text:
The following 30 players were named to the squad for the friendly against Bosnia and Herzegovina on January 28, 2018.[72]
Caps and goals are updated as of November 14, 2017 after the match against Portugal.

text:
0#0
Pos.
Player
Date of birth (age)
Caps
Goals
Club

1GK
Bill Hamid
(1990-11-25) November 25, 1990 (age 27)
4
0
 Midtjylland

1GK
Cody Cropper
(1993-02-16) February 16, 1993 (age 24)
0
0
 New England Revolution

1GK
Alex Bono
(1994-04-25) April 25, 1994 (age 23)
0
0
 Toronto FC

1GK
Zack Steffen
(1995-04-02) April 2, 1995 (age 22)
0
0
 Columbus Crew SC

2DF
Justin Morrow
(1987-10-04) October 4, 1987 (age 30)
3
0
 Toronto FC

2DF
Walker Zimmerman
(1993-05-19) May 19, 1993 (age 24)
1
0
 Los Angeles FC

2DF
Brandon Vincent
(1994-05-01) May 1, 1994 (age 23)
1
0
 Chicago Fire

2DF
Matt Polster
(1993-06-08) June 8, 1993 (age 24)
0
0
 Chicago Fire

2DF
Ike Opara
(1989-02-21) February 21, 1989 (age 28)
0
0
 Sporting Kansas City

2DF
Tim Parker
(1993-02-23) February 23, 1993 (age 24)
0
0
 Vancouver Whitecaps FC

2DF
Nick Lima
(1994-11-17) November 17, 1994 (age 23)
0
0
 San Jose Earthquakes

2DF
Justen Glad
(1997-02-28) February 28, 1997 (age 20)
0
0
 Real Salt Lake

2DF
Danilo Acosta
(1997-11-07) November 7, 1997 (age 20)
0
0
 Real Salt Lake

3MF
Gyasi Zardes
(1991-09-02) September 2, 1991 (age 26)
37
6
 LA Galaxy

3MF
Paul Arriola
(1995-02-05) February 5, 1995 (age 22)
15
2
 D.C. United

3MF
Kelyn Rowe
(1991-12-02) December 2, 1991 (age 26)
3
1
 New England Revolution

3MF
Wil Trapp
(1993-01-15) January 15, 1993 (age 24)
2
0
 Columbus Crew SC

3MF
Cristian Roldan
(1995-06-03) June 3, 1995 (age 22)
1
0
 Seattle Sounders FC

3MF
Tyler Adams
(1999-02-14) February 14, 1999 (age 18)
1
0
 New York Red Bulls

3MF
Marlon Hairston
(1994-03-23) March 23, 1994 (age 23)
0
0
 Colorado Rapids

3MF
Ian Harkes
(1995-03-30) March 30, 1995 (age 22)
0
0
 D.C. United

3MF
Marco Delgado
(1995-05-16) May 16, 1995 (age 22)
0
0
 Toronto FC

3MF
Russell Canouse
(1995-06-11) June 11, 1995 (age 22)
0
0
 D.C. United

3MF
Brooks Lennon
(1997-09-22) September 22, 1997 (age 20)
0
0
 Real Salt Lake

4FW
Juan Agudelo
(1992-11-23) November 23, 1992 (age 25)
27
3
 New England Revolution

4FW
Jordan Morris
(1994-10-26) October 26, 1994 (age 23)
24
5
 Seattle Sounders FC

4FW
Dom Dwyer
(1990-07-30) July 30, 1990 (age 27)
4
2
 Orlando City

4FW
Rubio Rubin
(1996-03-01) March 1, 1996 (age 21)
4
0
Unattached

4FW
C. J. Sapong
(1988-12-27) December 27, 1988 (age 29)
3
0
 Philadelphia Union

4FW
Christian Ramirez
(1991-04-04) April 4, 1991 (age 26)
0
0
 Minnesota United FC

text: Recent call-ups[edit]

text: The following players have also been called up to the United States squad within the last twelve months.

text:
Pos.
Player
Date of birth (age)
Caps
Goals
Club
Latest call-up

GK
Jesse González
(1995-05-25) May 25, 1995 (age 22)
0
0
 FC Dallas
v.  Portugal; November 14, 2017

GK
Ethan Horvath
(1995-06-09) June 9, 1995 (age 22)
2
0
 Club Brugge
v.  Portugal; November 14, 2017

GK
Brad Guzan
(1984-09-09) September 9, 1984 (age 33)
58
0
 Atlanta United
v.  Trinidad and Tobago; October 10, 2017

GK
Tim Howard
(1979-03-06) March 6, 1979 (age 38)
121
0
 Colorado Rapids
v.  Trinidad and Tobago; October 10, 2017

GK
Nick Rimando
(1979-06-17) June 17, 1979 (age 38)
22
0
Unattached
v.  Trinidad and Tobago; October 10, 2017

GK
Sean Johnson
(1989-05-31) May 31, 1989 (age 28)
5
0
 New York City FC
2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup GS

GK
Joe Bendik
(1989-04-25) April 25, 1989 (age 28)
0
0
 Orlando City
2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup PRE

GK
David Bingham
(1989-10-19) October 19, 1989 (age 28)
3
0
 LA Galaxy
v.  Panama; March 28, 2017

GK
Luis Robles
(1984-05-11) May 11, 1984 (age 33)
3
0
 New York Red Bulls
v.  Jamaica; February 3, 2017

GK
Stefan Frei
(1986-04-20) April 20, 1986 (age 31)
0
0
 Seattle Sounders FC
v.  Serbia; January 29, 2017 PRE

GK
Brian Rowe
(1988-11-16) November 16, 1988 (age 29)
0
0
 Vancouver Whitecaps FC
v.  Serbia; January 29, 2017 PRE

DF
John Brooks
(1993-01-28) January 28, 1993 (age 24)
33
3
 Wolfsburg
v.  Portugal; November 14, 2017

DF
Cameron Carter-Vickers
(1997-12-31) December 31, 1997 (age 20)
1
0
 Sheffield United
v.  Portugal; November 14, 2017

DF
Eric Lichaj
(1988-11-17) November 17, 1988 (age 29)
14
1
 Nottingham Forest
v.  Portugal; November 14, 2017

DF
Matt Miazga
(1995-07-19) July 19, 1995 (age 22)
4
1
 Vitesse
v.  Portugal; November 14, 2017

DF
Tim Ream
(1987-10-05) October 5, 1987 (age 30)
26
1
 Fulham
v.  Portugal; November 14, 2017

DF
Jorge Villafaña
(1989-09-16) September 16, 1989 (age 28)
15
0
 Santos Laguna
v.  Portugal; November 14, 2017

DF
DeAndre Yedlin
(1993-07-09) July 9, 1993 (age 24)
49
0
 Newcastle United
v.  Portugal; November 14, 2017

DF
DaMarcus Beasley
(1982-05-24) May 24, 1982 (age 35)
126
17
Unattached
v.  Trinidad and Tobago; October 10, 2017

DF
Matt Besler
(1987-02-11) February 11, 1987 (age 30)
47
1
 Sporting Kansas City
v.  Trinidad and Tobago; October 10, 2017

DF
Geoff Cameron
(1985-07-11) July 11, 1985 (age 32)
55
4
 Stoke City
v.  Trinidad and Tobago; October 10, 2017

DF
Omar Gonzalez
(1988-10-11) October 11, 1988 (age 29)
48
3
 Pachuca
v.  Trinidad and Tobago; October 10, 2017

DF
Graham Zusi
(1986-08-18) August 18, 1986 (age 31)
55
5
 Sporting Kansas City
v.  Trinidad and Tobago; October 10, 2017

DF
Michael Orozco
(1986-02-07) February 7, 1986 (age 31)
29
4
 Tijuana
v.  Trinidad and Tobago; October 10, 2017 PRE

DF
Matt Hedges
(1990-04-01) April 1, 1990 (age 27)
5
0
 FC Dallas
v.  Honduras; September 5, 2017 PRE

DF
Steve Birnbaum
(1991-01-23) January 23, 1991 (age 26)
11
1
 D.C. United
2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup PRE

DF
Greg Garza
(1991-08-16) August 16, 1991 (age 26)
10
0
 Atlanta United
2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup PRE

DF
Jonathan Spector
(1986-03-01) March 1, 1986 (age 31)
36
0
 Orlando City
2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup PRE

DF
Timothy Chandler
(1990-03-29) March 29, 1990 (age 27)
29
1
 Eintracht Frankfurt
v.  Venezuela; June 3, 2017 PRE

DF
Brad Evans
(1985-04-20) April 20, 1985 (age 32)
27
1
Unattached
v.  Jamaica; February 3, 2017

DF
Chad Marshall
(1984-08-22) August 22, 1984 (age 33)
12
1
 Seattle Sounders FC
v.  Jamaica; February 3, 2017

DF
Taylor Kemp
(1990-07-23) July 23, 1990 (age 27)
0
0
 D.C. United
v.  Serbia; January 29, 2017 PRE

DF
Keegan Rosenberry
(1993-12-11) December 11, 1993 (age 24)
0
0
 Philadelphia Union
v.  Serbia; January 29, 2017 PRE

MF
Kellyn Acosta
(1995-07-24) July 24, 1995 (age 22)
17
1
 FC Dallas
v.  Portugal; November 14, 2017

MF
Alejandro Bedoya
(1987-04-29) April 29, 1987 (age 30)
66
2
 Philadelphia Union
v.  Portugal; November 14, 2017

MF
Lynden Gooch
(1995-12-24) December 24, 1995 (age 22)
3
0
 Sunderland
v.  Portugal; November 14, 2017

MF
Weston McKennie
(1998-08-28) August 28, 1998 (age 19)
1
1
 Schalke 04
v.  Portugal; November 14, 2017

MF
Danny Williams
(1989-03-08) March 8, 1989 (age 28)
23
2
 Huddersfield Town
v.  Portugal; November 14, 2017

MF
Michael Bradley
(1987-07-31) July 31, 1987 (age 30)
140
17
 Toronto FC
v.  Trinidad and Tobago; October 10, 2017

MF
Benny Feilhaber
(1985-01-19) January 19, 1985 (age 32)
44
2
 Los Angeles FC
v.  Trinidad and Tobago; October 10, 2017

MF
Dax McCarty
(1987-04-20) April 20, 1987 (age 30)
13
0
 Chicago Fire
v.  Trinidad and Tobago; October 10, 2017

MF
Darlington Nagbe
(1990-07-19) July 19, 1990 (age 27)
24
1
 Atlanta United
v.  Trinidad and Tobago; October 10, 2017

MF
Christian Pulisic
(1998-09-18) September 18, 1998 (age 19)
20
9
 Borussia Dortmund
v.  Trinidad and Tobago; October 10, 2017

MF
Fabian Johnson
(1987-12-11) December 11, 1987 (age 30)
57
2
 Borussia Mönchengladbach
v.  Honduras; September 5, 2017

MF
Joe Corona
(1990-07-09) July 9, 1990 (age 27)
20
3
 América
2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup

MF
Chris Pontius
(1987-05-12) May 12, 1987 (age 30)
5
0
Unattached
2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup

MF
Kenny Saief
(1993-12-17) December 17, 1993 (age 24)
1
0
 Anderlecht
v.  Ghana; July 1, 2017

MF
Thomas McNamara
(1991-02-06) February 6, 1991 (age 26)
0
0
 New York City FC
2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup PRE

MF
Jermaine Jones
(1981-11-03) November 3, 1981 (age 36)
69
4
Unattached
v.  Panama; March 28, 2017

MF
Sacha Kljestan
(1985-09-09) September 9, 1985 (age 32)
52
6
 Orlando City
v.  Panama; March 28, 2017

MF
Sebastian Lletget
(1992-09-03) September 3, 1992 (age 25)
3
1
 LA Galaxy
v.  Honduras; March 24, 2017

MF
Kekuta Manneh
(1994-12-30) December 30, 1994 (age 23)
0
0
 Pachuca
v.  Serbia; January 29, 2017 PRE

FW
Josh Sargent
(2000-02-20) February 20, 2000 (age 17)
0
0
 Werder Bremen
v.  Portugal; November 14, 2017 PRE

FW
Jozy Altidore
(1989-11-06) November 6, 1989 (age 28)
110
41
 Toronto FC
v.  Trinidad and Tobago; October 10, 2017

FW
Clint Dempsey
(1983-03-09) March 9, 1983 (age 34)
141
57
 Seattle Sounders FC
v.  Trinidad and Tobago; October 10, 2017

FW
Chris Wondolowski
(1983-01-28) January 28, 1983 (age 34)
35
11
 San Jose Earthquakes
v.  Trinidad and Tobago; October 10, 2017

FW
Bobby Wood
(1992-11-15) November 15, 1992 (age 25)
36
10
 Hamburger SV
v.  Trinidad and Tobago; October 10, 2017

text: Notes:

text:
GS = Group stage squad
PRE = Preliminary squad

text: Results and schedule[edit]

text: The following is a list of match results from the previous 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

text: For all past match results of the national team, see single-season articles and the team's results page.

text:
January 29, 2017 (2017-01-29) Friendly
United States
0–0
 Serbia
[show]San Diego, California

16:00 ET
Kljestan  57'
Report
Cirkovic  80'
Stadium: Qualcomm Stadium
Attendance: 20,079
Referee: Kevin Morrison (Jamaica)

text:
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03) Friendly
United States
1–0
 Jamaica
[show]Chattanooga, Tennessee

19:00 ET
Morris  59'
Report
Grandison  10'
Stadium: Finley Stadium
Attendance: 17,903
Referee: Jafeth Perea (Panama)

text:
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24) WCQ R5
United States
6–0
 Honduras
[show]San Jose, California

20:30 ET
Lletget  5'
Cameron  25'
Bradley  27'
Dempsey  32', 49', 54'
Pulisic  46'
Report
Alvarado  15'
Stadium: Avaya Stadium
Attendance: 17,729
Referee: Walter López Castellanos (Guatemala)

text:
March 28, 2017 (2017-03-28) WCQ R5
Panama
1–1
 United States
[show]Panama City, Panama

20:00 ET
Gómez  43'
Report
Dempsey  39'
Stadium: Estadio Rommel Fernández
Attendance: 23,052
Referee: César Arturo Ramos (Mexico)

text:
June 3, 2017 (2017-06-03) Friendly
United States
1–1
 Venezuela
[show]Sandy, Utah

22:00 ET
Pulisic  61'
Report
Velázquez  29'
Stadium: Rio Tinto Stadium
Attendance: 17,315
Referee: Jeffrey Solis (Costa Rica)

text:
June 8, 2017 (2017-06-08) WCQ R5
United States
2–0
 Trinidad and Tobago
[show]Commerce City, Colorado

19:50 ET
Pulisic  52', 62'
Bedoya  85'
Report
Paul  76'
Stadium: Dick's Sporting Goods Park
Attendance: 19,188
Referee: Óscar Moncada (Honduras)

text:
June 11, 2017 (2017-06-11) WCQ R5
Mexico
1–1
 United States
[show]Mexico City, Mexico

20:30 ET
Vela  23'
Report
Bradley  6'
Stadium: Estadio Azteca
Attendance: 71,537
Referee: Joel Aguilar (El Salvador)

text:
July 1, 2017 (2017-07-01) Friendly
United States
2–1
 Ghana
[show]East Hartford, Connecticut

16:45 ET
Dwyer  19'
Acosta  31',  52'
Villafana  45+2'
Report
Ofori  24'
Gyan  60'
Sackey  61'
Stadium: Rentschler Field
Attendance: 28,754
Referee: Ismael Cornejo (El Salvador)

text:
July 8, 2017 (2017-07-08) Gold Cup Group B
United States
1–1
 Panama
[show]Nashville, Tennessee

16:30 ET
Dwyer  50'
Report
Camargo  60'
Stadium: Nissan Stadium
Attendance: 47,622
Referee: Fernando Guerrero (Mexico)

text:
July 12, 2017 (2017-07-12) Gold Cup Group B
United States
3–2
 Martinique
[show]Tampa, Florida

21:00 ET
Gonzalez  53'
Morris  64', 76'
Report
Parsemain  66', 74'
Stadium: Raymond James Stadium
Attendance: 23,368
Referee: Henry Bejarano (Costa Rica)

text:
July 15, 2017 (2017-07-15) Gold Cup Group B
Nicaragua
0–3
 United States
[show]Cleveland, Ohio

19:00 ET

Report
Corona  37'
Rowe  56'
Miazga  88'
Stadium: FirstEnergy Stadium
Attendance: 27,934
Referee: Melvin Matamoros (Honduras)

text:
July 19, 2017 Gold Cup QF
United States
2–0
 El Salvador
[show]Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

19:00 ET
Gonzalez  41'
Lichaj  45+2'
Report

Stadium: Lincoln Financial Field
Attendance: 31,615
Referee: Drew Fischer (Canada)

text:
July 22, 2017 Gold Cup SF
Costa Rica
0–2
 United States
[show]Arlington, Texas

22:00 ET

Report
Altidore  72'
Dempsey  82'
Stadium: AT&T Stadium
Attendance: 45,516
Referee: Joel Aguilar (El Salvador)

text:
July 26, 2017 Gold Cup Final
United States
2–1
 Jamaica
[show]Santa Clara, California

21:30 ET
Altidore  45'
Morris  88'
Report
Watson  50'
Stadium: Levi's Stadium
Attendance: 63,032
Referee: Walter López (Guatemala)

text:
September 1, 2017 (2017-09-01) WCQ R5
United States
0–2
 Costa Rica
[show]Harrison, New Jersey

18:55 ET

Report
Ureña  30', 82'
Stadium: Red Bull Arena
Attendance: 26,500
Referee: John Pitti (Panama)

text:
September 5, 2017 (2017-09-05) WCQ R5
Honduras
1–1
 United States
[show]San Pedro Sula, Honduras

17:30 ET
Quioto  27'
Report
Wood  85'
Stadium: Estadio Olímpico Metropolitano
Attendance: 37,325
Referee: Joel Aguilar (El Salvador)

text:
October 6, 2017 (2017-10-06) WCQ R5
United States
4–0
 Panama
[show]Orlando, Florida

19:00 ET
Pulisic  8'
Altidore  19', 43' (pen.)
Wood  63'
Report

Stadium: Orlando City Stadium
Attendance: 25,303
Referee: Roberto García Orozco (Mexico)

text:
October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10) WCQ R5
Trinidad and Tobago
2–1
 United States
[show]Couva, Trinidad and Tobago

20:00 ET
Gonzalez  17' (o.g.)
A. Jones  37'
Report
Pulisic  47'
Stadium: Ato Boldon Stadium
Attendance: 1,500
Referee: Juan Carlos Guerra (Guatemala)

text:
November 14, 2017 Friendly
Portugal
1–1
 United States
[show]Leiria, Portugal

15:45 ET
Antunes  31'
Report
McKennie  21'
Stadium: Estádio Dr. Magalhães Pessoa[73]
Attendance: 19,107
Referee: Anthony Taylor (England)

text:
January 28, 2018 Friendly
United States
v
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
[show]Carson, California

21:30 ET

Stadium: StubHub Center

text:
June 9, 2018 Friendly
France
v
 United States
[show]Lyon, France

15:00 ET

Stadium: Groupama Stadium

text: Player records[edit]

text:
Most caps

#
Player
Caps
Goals
Career

1
Cobi Jones
164
15
1992–2004

2
Landon Donovan
157
57
2000–2014

3
Clint Dempsey
141
57
2004–0000

4
Michael Bradley
140
17
2006–0000

5
Jeff Agoos
134
4
1988–2003

6
Marcelo Balboa
127
13
1988–2000

7
DaMarcus Beasley
126
17
2001–0000

8
Tim Howard
121
0
2002–0000

9
Claudio Reyna
112
8
1994–2006

10
Jozy Altidore
110
41
2007–0000

Carlos Bocanegra
110
14
2001–2012

Paul Caligiuri
110
5
1984–1997

Top goalscorers

#
Player
Goals
Caps
Career

1
Clint Dempsey
57
141
2004–0000

Landon Donovan
57
157
2000–2014

3
Jozy Altidore
41
110
2007–0000

4
Eric Wynalda
34
106
1990–2000

5
Brian McBride
30
95
1993–2006

6
Joe-Max Moore
24
100
1992–2002

7
Bruce Murray
21
85
1985–1993

8
Eddie Johnson
19
63
2004–2014

9
Earnie Stewart
17
101
1990–2004

DaMarcus Beasley
17
126
2001–0000

Michael Bradley
17
140
2006–0000

text: Competitive record[edit]

text: The U.S. regularly competes at the FIFA World Cup, the CONCACAF Gold Cup, and the Summer Olympics. The U.S. has also played in the FIFA Confederations Cup, Copa América by invitation, as well as several minor tournaments.

text: The best result for the United States in a World Cup came in 1930 when they reached the semifinals.[74] The best result in the modern era is the 2002 World Cup, when the U.S. reached the quarterfinals. The worst result in the modern era was a first round elimination in 1990, 1998, and 2006.

text: In the Confederations Cup, the United States finished in third place in both 1992 and 1999, and were runner-up in 2009. The United States appeared in their first intercontinental tournament final at the 2009 Confederations Cup.[75] In the semifinals, the United States upset top ranked Spain 2–0, to advance to the final. In the final, the United States lost 3–2 to Brazil.

text: The U.S. men's soccer team have played in the Summer Olympics since 1924. From that tournament to 1976, only amateur players were allowed on Olympic teams per Olympic rules. The Olympics became a full international tournament in 1984 after the IOC allowed full national teams from outside FIFA CONMEBOL & UEFA confederations. Since then the U.S. national team results have dramatically improved. Ever since 1992 the men's Olympic event has been age-restricted, under 23 plus three overage players, and participation has been by the United States men's national under-23 soccer team.

text: In regional competitions, the United States has won the CONCACAF Gold Cup six times, with their most recent title in 2017.[76] Their best ever finish at the Copa América was fourth-place at the 1995 and 2016 editions.[77][78]

text: FIFA World Cup[edit]

text:
World Cup record

Year
Result
Position
Pld
W
T
L
GF
GA

 1930
Semi-Finals
3rd[7]
3
2
0
1
7
6

 1934
Round 1
16th
1
0
0
1
1
7

 1938
Withdrew

 1950
Group Stage
10th
3
1
0
2
4
8

 1954
Did Not Qualify

 1958

 1962

 1966

 1970

 1974

 1978

 1982

 1986

 1990
Group Stage
23rd
3
0
0
3
2
8

 1994
Round of 16
14th
4
1
1
2
3
4

 1998
Group Stage
32nd
3
0
0
3
1
5

  2002
Quarter-Finals
8th
5
2
1
2
7
7

 2006
Group Stage
25th
3
0
1
2
2
6

 2010
Round of 16
12th
4
1
2
1
5
5

 2014
Round of 16
15th
4
1
1
2
5
6

 2018
Did Not Qualify

 2022
TBD

Total
10/22
0 titles
33
8
6
19
37
62

text:
World Cup highlights

First match
 United States 3–0 Belgium
(July 13, 1930; Montevideo, Uruguay)

Biggest win
 United States 3–0 Belgium
(July 13, 1930; Montevideo, Uruguay)
 United States 3–0 Paraguay
(July 17, 1930; Montevideo, Uruguay)

Biggest defeat
 Italy 7–1 United States
(May 27, 1934; Rome, Italy)

Best result
Third place at the 1930 FIFA World Cup

Worst result
32nd place at the 1998 FIFA World Cup

text: FIFA Confederations Cup[edit]

text:
Confederations Cup record

Year
Result
Position
Pld
W
T
L
GF
GA

 1992
Third Place
3rd
2
1
0
1
5
5

 1995
Did Not Qualify

 1997

 1999
Third Place
3rd
5
3
0
2
5
3

  2001
Did Not Qualify

 2003
Group Stage
7th
3
0
1
2
1
3

 2005
Did Not Qualify

 2009
Runners-up
2nd
5
2
0
3
8
9

 2013
Did Not Qualify

 2017

Total
4/10
0 titles
15
6
1
8
19
20

text: Summer Olympics[edit]

text:
Summer Olympics record

Type
Year
Result
Position
Pld
W
T
L
GF
GA

Amateur
 1908
Did not enter

1912–1920
Did not qualify

 1924
Round 2
14th
2
1
0
1
1
3

 1928
Round 1
16th
1
0
0
1
2
11

 1936
Round 1
16th
1
0
0
1
0
1

 1948
Round 1
16th
1
0
0
1
0
9

 1952
Round 1
26th
1
0
0
1
0
8

 1956
Round 1
8th
1
0
0
1
1
9

1960–1968
Did not qualify

 1972
Group Stage
14th
3
0
1
2
0
10

 1976
Did not qualify

 1980
Withdrew

National
Team
 1984
Group Stage
11th
3
1
1
1
5
2

 1988
Group Stage
12th
2
0
2
1
3
5

Total
9/16
0 Titles
15
2
4
10
12
58

Under-23
1992 – present
See United States national under-23 team

text: CONCACAF Gold Cup[edit]

text: CONCACAF Championship 1963–1989, CONCACAF Gold Cup 1991–present

text:
CONCACAF Gold Cup record

Year
Result
Position
Pld
W
T
L
GF
GA

 1963
Did Not Enter

 1965

 1967

 1969
Did Not Qualify

 1971
Did Not Enter

 1973
Did Not Qualify

 1977

 1981

1985
Group Stage
6th
4
2
1
1
4
3

1989
Runners-up
2nd
8
4
3
1
6
3

 1991
Champions
1st
5
4
1
0
10
3

  1993
Runners-up
2nd
5
4
0
1
5
5

 1996
Third Place
3rd
4
3
0
1
8
3

 1998
Runners-up
2nd
4
3
0
1
6
2

 2000
Quarter-Finals
5th
3
2
1
0
6
2

 2002
Champions
1st
5
4
1
0
9
1

  2003
Third Place
3rd
5
4
0
1
13
4

 2005
Champions
1st
6
4
2
0
11
3

 2007
Champions
1st
6
6
0
0
13
3

 2009
Runners-up
2nd
6
4
1
1
12
8

 2011
Runners-up
2nd
6
4
0
2
9
6

 2013
Champions
1st
6
6
0
0
20
4

  2015
Fourth Place
4th
6
3
2
1
12
5

 2017
Champions
1st
6
5
1
0
13
4

Total
16/20
6 titles
85
62
13
10
157
59

text: Copa América[edit]

text: South American Championship 1916–1967, Copa América 1975–present

text:
Copa América record

Year
Result
Position
Pld
W
T
L
GF
GA

1916–1991
Did Not Enter

 1993
Group Stage
12th
3
0
1
2
3
6

 1995
Fourth Place
4th
6
2
1
3
6
7

1997–2004
Did Not Enter

 2007
Group Stage
12th
3
0
0
3
2
8

2011–2015
Did Not Enter

 2016
Fourth Place
4th
6
3
0
3
7
8

Total
Invitation
0 titles
18
5
2
11
18
29

text: Honors[edit]

text: Major competitions

text: FIFA World Cup

text: FIFA Confederations Cup

text: CONCACAF Championship / CONCACAF Gold Cup

text: Copa América

text: Minor competitions

text: U.S. Cup

text: Marlboro Cup

text: NAFC Championship


document_title: KFC Original Recipe

question_text: how many herbs and spices in kfc chicken

text: KFC Original Recipe

text: History[edit]

text: By the late 1930s, Harland Sanders' Corbin, Kentucky gas station was so well known for his fried chicken, that Sanders decided to remove the gas pumps and build a restaurant in its place. While perfecting his secret recipe with 11 herbs and spices, Sanders found that pan frying chicken was too slow, requiring 30 minutes per order. French frying the chicken in a wire basket immersed in deep fat required half the time, but produced dry, unevenly done chicken. In 1939 he found that using a pressure cooker produced tasty, moist chicken in eight or nine minutes.[1] By July 1940 Sanders finalized what came to be known as his Original Recipe.[2]

text: After Sanders began franchising the chicken in the 1950s as Kentucky Fried Chicken, the company shipped the spices already mixed to restaurants to preserve the recipe's secrecy.[1] He admitted to the use of salt and pepper in the recipe, and claimed that the ingredients "stand on everybody's shelf".[3][4]

text: Sanders used vegetable oil for frying chicken. By 1993, for reasons of economy, many KFC outlets had chosen to use a blend of palm and soybean oil. In Japan, the oil used is mainly the more expensive cottonseed and corn oil, as KFC Japan believes that this offers superior taste quality.[5]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Sanders' Original Recipe of "11 herbs and spices" is one of the most famous trade secrets in the catering industry.[6] Franchisee Dave Thomas, better known as the founder of Wendy's, argued that the secret recipe concept was successful because "everybody wants in on a secret" and former KFC owner John Y. Brown, Jr. called it "a brilliant marketing ploy."[7][8] The New York Times described the recipe as one of the company's most valuable assets.[6] The recipe is not patented, because patents are published in detail and come with an expiration date, whereas trade secrets can remain the intellectual property of their holders in perpetuity.[9]

text: KFC uses its Original Recipe as a means to differentiate its product from its competitors.[10] Early franchisee Pete Harman credited the chain's popularity to the recipe and the product, and John Y. Brown cites the "incredibly tasty, almost addictive" product as the basis of KFC's staying power.[11] On the other hand, Allen Adamson, managing director of brand consultancy Landor, remains unconvinced about the contribution of the secret formula aspect.[12] He argues: "The story may still be part of these companies' folklore, but I'd be surprised if more than 2 percent buy the brand because of it."[12]

text: Recipe[edit]

text: A copy of the recipe, signed by Sanders, is held inside a safe inside a vault in KFC's Louisville headquarters, along with eleven vials containing the herbs and spices.[13][14] To maintain the secrecy of the recipe, half of it is produced by Griffith Laboratories before it is given to McCormick, who add the second half.[15]

text: In 1983, William Poundstone conducted laboratory research into the coating mix, as described in his book Big Secrets, and claimed that a sample he examined contained only flour, salt, monosodium glutamate and black pepper.[16] KFC maintains that it still adheres to Sanders' original 1940 recipe.[17] In Todd Wilbur's television program Top Secret Recipe, the Colonel's former secretary, Shirley Topmiller, revealed that Sanders learned from his mother that sage and savory are good seasonings for chicken.[18] Also, Winston Shelton, a former friend of the Colonel's, revealed that the secret recipe contains Tellicherry black pepper.[18]

text: It is well attested that Harland Sanders asked Bill Summers of Marion-Kay Spices in Brownstown, Indiana, US to recreate his secret blend of 11 herbs and spices.[19] While alive, Sanders recommended the Marion-Kay seasoning to franchisees over the corporate version, as he believed the latter had been made inferior by its owners.[19] In 1982, after Sanders' death, KFC brought a lawsuit against Marion-Kay and the latter was barred from selling its mixture to KFC franchises.[19] The Marion-Kay seasoning is still sold under the name "99-X," and according to Sanders biographer Josh Ozersky, it is indistinguishable from the original KFC recipe.[19]

text: In August 2016, the Chicago Tribune reported that Joe Ledington of Kentucky, a nephew by marriage of Colonel Sanders, had claimed to have found a copy of the original KFC fried chicken recipe on a handwritten piece of paper in an envelope in a scrapbook.[20] Tribune staffers conducted a cooking test of this recipe, which took several attempts to get right.[20] First, they had to determine whether the "Ts" meant tablespoons or teaspoons; they soon concluded the correct interpretation was tablespoons.[20] They claimed that with some trial and error and the addition of MSG as a flavor enhancer, they produced fried chicken which tasted "indistinguishable" from fried chicken they had purchased at KFC.[20]

text: The Joe Ledington recipe reads as follows:

text: 11 Spices – Mix With 2 Cups White Fl.

text:
2/3 Ts Salt
1/2 Ts Thyme
1/2 Ts Basil
1/3 Ts Oregano
1 Ts Celery salt
1 Ts Black Pepper
1 Ts Dried Mustard
4 Ts Paprika
2 Ts Garlic salt
1 Ts Ground Ginger
3 Ts White Pepper

tag: ol

text: While Ledington expressed uncertainty that the recipe was in fact the Original Recipe, he had a hand in mixing the Original Recipe for Colonel Sanders when he was a young boy, and recalled that white pepper was a principal ingredient.[20]


question_text: who is the current speaker of abia state

text:
Speaker of the House of Assembly of Abia State
IncumbentChikwendu Kalusince 30 December 2016Style
The HonourableAppointer
Elected by the Abia State House of AssemblyDeputy
Cosmos Ndukwe

text:
Abia State
This article is part of a series on thepolitics and government ofAbia State
Constitution[show]
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Okezie Ikpeazu
Deputy Governor: Ude Oko Chukwu
Attorney General: Umeh Kalu
Secretary to the State Government: Eme Okoro
Chief of Staff: Chijioke Nwakodo
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House of Assembly
Speaker: Martins Azubuike

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High Court
Chief Judge: Theresa Uzokwe
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Delegation
Senate
Abaribe Enynnaya (PDP)
Theodore Orji (PDP)
Uche Chukwumerije (PDP)

Politics of Nigeria
 Politics portal
vte

text: The Speaker of the Abia State House of Assembly is the political head of the Abia State legislative who serves as the preciding officer of the Abia State House of Assembly.[1] The Speaker is elected by Members of the House with the sole responsibilities of conducting meetings of the House, appointing committees and enforcing the Rules of the House. The current speaker is Chikwendu Kanu, a People's Democratic Party member who was sworn in on 30 December 2016, succeeding Kennedy Njoku.[2]