document_title: List of black Academy Award winners and nominees

question_text: first black female actress to win an oscar

root

text: Best Actor in a Leading Role[edit]

text:
Best Actor in a Leading Role

Year
Name
Film
Role
Status
Milestone

1958
Sidney Poitier
The Defiant Ones
Noah Cullen
Nominated
First African-American actor to be nominated for Best Actor.

1963
Lilies of the Field
Homer Smith
Won
First black man to win an Oscar.
First African-American actor to win Best Actor.
First Bahamian to win Best Actor.
First African-American actor to receive two acting nominations (Best Actor).
Youngest African-American actor to win Best Actor (age 37).

1970
James Earl Jones
The Great White Hope
Jack Jefferson
Nominated

1972
Paul Winfield
Sounder
Nathan Lee Morgan
Nominated
First film to feature African-American nominees for both Best Actor and Best Actress.

1986
Dexter Gordon
Round Midnight
Dale Turner
Nominated
First jazz musician to be nominated for Best Actor.

1989
Morgan Freeman
Driving Miss Daisy
Hoke Colburn
Nominated

1992
Denzel Washington
Malcolm X
Malcolm X
Nominated

1993
Laurence Fishburne
What's Love Got to Do with It
Ike Turner
Nominated
Second film to feature African-American nominees for both Best Actor and Best Actress.

1994
Morgan Freeman
The Shawshank Redemption
Ellis Boyd 'Red' Redding
Nominated

1999
Denzel Washington
The Hurricane
Rubin Carter
Nominated

2001
Training Day
Alonzo Harris
Won
Second African-American actor to receive the award for Best Actor.
First time two African-American performers won in leading role Oscars in the same year (Halle Berry, Monster's Ball).

Will Smith
Ali
Muhammad Ali
Nominated
First time multiple African-American actors received Best Actor nominations.

2004
Jamie Foxx
Ray
Ray Charles
Won
First African-American actor to receive two acting nominations in the same year.

Don Cheadle
Hotel Rwanda
Paul Rusesabagina
Nominated

2005
Terrence Howard
Hustle & Flow
DJay
Nominated

2006
Forest Whitaker
The Last King of Scotland
Idi Amin
Won

Will Smith
The Pursuit of Happyness
Chris Gardner
Nominated

2009
Morgan Freeman
Invictus
Nelson Mandela
Nominated

2012
Denzel Washington
Flight
William "Whip" Whitaker
Nominated

2013
Chiwetel Ejiofor
12 Years a Slave
Solomon Northup
Nominated
First black British actor to be nominated for Best Actor.

2016
Denzel Washington
Fences
Troy Maxson
Nominated

2017
Roman J. Israel, Esq.
Roman J. Israel
Nominated
Denzel Washington has the most nominations for an African-American Actor: Best Actor (6 nominations) and Best Supporting Actor (2 nominations).
First African-American actor to be nominated two years in a row

Daniel Kaluuya
Get Out
Chris Washington
Nominated
Second black British actor to be nominated for Best Actor

tag: table

text: Best Actress in a Leading Role[edit]

text:
Best Actress in a Leading Role

Year
Name
Film
Role
Status
Milestone

1954
Dorothy Dandridge
Carmen Jones
Carmen Jones
Nominated
First African-American actress to be nominated for Best Actress.

1972
Diana Ross
Lady Sings the Blues
Billie Holiday
Nominated
First African-American actress to receive an Academy Award nomination for a debut film performance.
First time multiple African-American actresses received Best Actress nominations.

Cicely Tyson
Sounder
Rebecca Morgan
Nominated
First film to feature African-American nominees for both Best Actor and Best Actress.
First time multiple African-American actresses received Best Actress nominations.

1974
Diahann Carroll
Claudine
Claudine
Nominated

1985
Whoopi Goldberg
The Color Purple
Celie Johnson
Nominated
First time multiple African-American actresses received nominations for the same film.

1993
Angela Bassett
What's Love Got to Do with It
Tina Turner
Nominated
Second film to feature African-American nominees for both Best Actor and Best Actress.

2001
Halle Berry
Monster's Ball
Leticia Musgrove
Won
First African-American actress to win Best Actress.
First time two African-American performers won in leading role Oscars in the same year (Denzel Washington, Training Day).

2009
Gabourey Sidibe
Precious
Claireece "Precious" Jones
Nominated
Second film to feature African-American nominees for both Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress.
Second African-American actress to receive a lead Academy Award nomination for a debut film performance.

2011
Viola Davis
The Help
Aibileen Clark
Nominated
Third film to feature African-American nominees for both Best Actress and Supporting Actress categories.

2012
Quvenzhané Wallis
Beasts of the Southern Wild
Hushpuppy
Nominated
Youngest ever Best Actress nominee (aged 9).
Third African-American actress to receive a lead Academy Award nomination for a debut film performance.
First person born in the 21st century to receive an Academy Award nomination.

2016
Ruth Negga
Loving
Mildred Loving
Nominated
First black Irish actress to be nominated.
First black African (Ethiopia) actress to be nominated in lead.

text: Best Actor in a Supporting Role[edit]

text:
Best Actor in a Supporting Role

Year
Name
Film
Role
Status
Milestone

1969
Rupert Crosse
The Reivers
Ned
Nominated
First African-American actor to be nominated for Best Supporting Actor.

1981
Howard Rollins
Ragtime
Coalhouse Walker Jr.
Nominated

1982
Louis Gossett Jr.
An Officer and a Gentleman
Gunnery Sergeant Emil Foley
Won
First African-American actor to win Best Supporting Actor.

1984
Adolph Caesar
A Soldier's Story
Sgt. Waters
Nominated

1987
Morgan Freeman
Street Smart
Fast Black
Nominated
First time multiple African-American actors received Best Supporting Actor nominations.

Denzel Washington
Cry Freedom
Steve Biko
Nominated

1989
Glory
Pvt. Trip
Won
First African-American actor to receive two Best Supporting Actor nominations.

1992
Jaye Davidson
The Crying Game
Dil
Nominated
First black actor to receive an Academy Award nomination for a debut film performance.
Youngest black actor to receive an Academy Award nomination (age 24)
First black British actor to receive an Academy Award nomination.

1994
Samuel L. Jackson
Pulp Fiction
Jules Winnfield
Nominated

1996
Cuba Gooding Jr.
Jerry Maguire
Rod Tidwell
Won
Youngest African-American male actor to win an Academy Award (age 29).

1999
Michael Clarke Duncan
The Green Mile
John Coffey
Nominated

2003
Djimon Hounsou
In America
Mateo
Nominated
First black actor born in Africa (specifically in Benin) to receive an Academy Award nomination.

2004
Morgan Freeman
Million Dollar Baby
Eddie 'Scrap-Iron' Dupris
Won
Oldest African-American actor to win an Academy Award (age 67).

Jamie Foxx
Collateral
Max
Nominated
First African-American actor to receive two acting nominations in the same year.

2006
Djimon Hounsou
Blood Diamond
Solomon Vandy
Nominated

Eddie Murphy
Dreamgirls
James 'Thunder' Early
Nominated
First film to feature African-American nominees for both Best Supporting Actor and Best Supporting Actress.

2013
Barkhad Abdi
Captain Phillips
Abduwali Muse
Nominated
Second black actor born in Africa (specifically in Somalia) to receive an Academy Award nomination.
Second black actor to receive an Academy Award nomination for a debut performance.

2016
Mahershala Ali
Moonlight
Juan
Won
Second film to feature black nominees for both Best Supporting Actor and Best Supporting Actress.
First Muslim actor to win an Oscar.
First time two African-American performers won in supporting role Oscars in the same year (Viola Davis, Fences).

text: Best Actress in a Supporting Role[edit]

text:
Best Actress in a Supporting Role

Year
Name
Film
Role
Status
Milestone

1939
Hattie McDaniel
Gone with the Wind
Mammy
Won
First African American to win an Academy Award.
First African American to be nominated for acting.

1949
Ethel Waters
Pinky
Mrs. Dicey Johnson (Pinky's Granny)
Nominated
Second African American to be nominated for an Academy Award.

1959
Juanita Moore
Imitation of Life
Annie Johnson
Nominated

1967
Beah Richards
Guess Who's Coming to Dinner
Mrs. Prentice
Nominated
If Carol Channing's claim of African-American heritage is accurate (it was not known at the time and has not been independently confirmed), this would be the first time multiple African-American actresses received Best Supporting Actress nominations

1983
Alfre Woodard
Cross Creek
Geechee
Nominated

1985
Margaret Avery
The Color Purple
Shug Avery
Nominated
First (or second, see Beah Richards above) time multiple African-American actresses received Best Supporting Actress nominations.
First time multiple African-American actresses received nominations for the same film.

Oprah Winfrey
Sofia
Nominated

1990
Whoopi Goldberg
Ghost
Oda Mae Brown
Won
First African-American actress to receive two acting nominations overall.
Second African-American actress to win Best Supporting Actress.

1996
Marianne Jean-Baptiste
Secrets & Lies
Hortense Cumberbatch
Nominated
First black British actress to receive an Academy Award nomination.

2002
Queen Latifah
Chicago
Matron Mama Morton
Nominated
First female hip hop artist to be nominated for an Academy Award.

2004
Sophie Okonedo
Hotel Rwanda
Tatiana Rusesabagina
Nominated
Second black British actress to receive an Academy Award nomination.

2006
Jennifer Hudson
Dreamgirls
Effie White
Won
Youngest African-American actor (male or female) to win an Academy Award (age 25).
First film to feature African-American nominees for both Best Supporting Actor and Best Supporting Actress.

2007
Ruby Dee
American Gangster
Mama Lucas
Nominated
Oldest African-American actress to be nominated for an Academy Award (age 83).

2008
Viola Davis
Doubt
Mrs. Miller
Nominated
Second (or third, see Beah Richards above) time multiple African-American actresses received Best Supporting Actress nominations.

Taraji P. Henson
The Curious Case of Benjamin Button
Queenie
Nominated

2009
Mo'Nique
Precious
Mary Lee Johnston
Won
Second film to feature African-American nominees for both Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress.

2011
Octavia Spencer
The Help
Minny Jackson
Won
Third film to feature African-American nominees for both Best Actress and Supporting Actress.

2013
Lupita Nyong'o
12 Years a Slave
Patsey
Won
First black African (Kenyan) actress to be nominated.
First black African to win in any category.

2016
Viola Davis
Fences
Rose Maxson
Won
Tied with Octavia Spencer as the most nominated black actress ever with three nominations.
First time two African-American performers won in supporting role Oscars in the same year (Mahershala Ali, Moonlight).

Naomie Harris
Moonlight
Paula
Nominated
Third black British actress to receive an Academy Award nomination
Second film to feature black nominees for both Best Supporting Actor and Best Supporting Actress.

Octavia Spencer
Hidden Figures
Dorothy Vaughan
Nominated
Third black actress following Whoopi Goldberg and Viola Davis to earn multiple Oscar nominations. First black actress to be nominated after previously winning.

2017
The Shape of Water
Zelda Fuller
Nominated
First black actress to be nominated twice after previously winning. First black actress to be nominated two years in a row. Tied with Viola Davis as the most nominated black actress ever with three nominations.

Mary J. Blige
Mudbound
Florence Jackson
Nominated
First black woman to receive multiple Oscar nominations in the same year.
First person nominated for an Academy Award for acting and writing an original song in the same year. Her nomination made Dee Rees the first African-American woman to direct a film for which an actor or actress was nominated for an Academy Award.[1][2]

text: Best Cinematography[edit]

text:
Academy Award for Best Cinematography

Year
Name
Film
Status
Milestone

1998
Remi Adefarasin
Elizabeth
Nominated
First black person to be nominated for Best Cinematography.

2016
Bradford Young
Arrival
Nominated
First African American to be nominated in the category.

text: Best Costume Design[edit]

text:
Academy Award for Best Costume Design

Year
Name
Film
Status
Milestone

1992
Ruth E. Carter
Malcolm X
Nominated
First African American to be nominated for Best Costume Design.

1997
Amistad
Nominated

2004
Sharen Davis
Ray
Nominated

2006
Dreamgirls
Nominated

text: Best Director[edit]

text:
Academy Award for Best Director

Year
Name
Film
Status
Milestone

1991
John Singleton
Boyz n the Hood
Nominated
First African American to be nominated for Best Director.
Youngest person ever nominated in this category (age 24).

2009
Lee Daniels
Precious
Nominated
Second African American to earn a Best Director nomination.
First African-American director to earn a Best Picture nomination.

2013
Steve McQueen
12 Years a Slave
Nominated
First black British to earn a Best Director nomination.
First black director to direct a Best Picture winning film.
First black director to earn an Oscar for Best Picture.

2016
Barry Jenkins
Moonlight
Nominated
Second black director to direct a Best Picture winning film.

2017
Jordan Peele
Get Out
Nominated

text: Best Documentary Feature[edit]

text:
Academy Award for Documentary Feature

Year
Name
Film
Status
Milestone

1987
Callie Crossley (director/producer)
Bridge to Freedom
Nominated
Shared with James A. DeVinney.

1990
Yvonne Smith (producer)
Adam Clayton Powell
Nominated
Shared with Richard Kilberg.
First African-American producer to be nominated for Best Documentary Feature.

1997
Spike Lee (director/producer)
Samuel D. Pollard (producer)
4 Little Girls
Nominated
First African-American director to be nominated for Best Documentary Feature.

2004
Karolyn Ali (producer)
Tupac: Resurrection
Nominated

2012
T. J. Martin (director)
Undefeated
Won
First African American to win in this category.
First African-American director to win in this category.

2016
Ava DuVernay (director/producer)
13th
Nominated
First black woman to be nominated in this category.

Roger Ross Williams (director/producer)
Life, Animated
Nominated
Shared with Julie Golden.

Raoul Peck (director)
Hébert Peck (producer)
I Am Not Your Negro
Nominated
First Haitian to be nominated in this category.

Ezra Edelman (director/producer)
O.J.: Made in America
Won

2017
Yance Ford (director)
Strong Island
Nominated
First openly transgender man to be nominated for any Academy Award. First openly transgender director to be nominated for any Academy Award. Shared with Joslyn Barnes.

text: Best Documentary Short Subject[edit]

text:
Academy Award for Documentary Short Subject

Year
Name
Film
Status
Milestone

2000
Leelai Demoz
On Tiptoe: Gentle Steps to Freedom
Nominated
Shared nomination with Eric Simonson.
First African American to be nominated for Best Documentary Short Subject.

2009
Roger Ross Williams
Music by Prudence
Won
Shared nomination with Elinor Burkett.
First African American to win Best Documentary Short Subject.

text: Best Film Editing[edit]

text:
Academy Award for Film Editing

Year
Name
Film
Status
Milestone

1969
Hugh A. Robertson
Midnight Cowboy
Nominated
First African American to be nominated for Best Editing.

2016
Joi McMillon
Moonlight
Nominated
First African-American woman to be nominated for Best Editing.

text: Best Music, Original Score[edit]

text:
Academy Award for Original Music Score

Year
Name
Country
Film
Status
Milestone

1961
Duke Ellington

Paris Blues
Nominated
First African American to be nominated for Best Original Score. Nominated for Best Music, Scoring of a Musical Picture.

1964
Calvin Jackson

The Unsinkable Molly Brown
Nominated
Nomination shared with Robert Armbruster, Leo Arnaud, Jack Elliott, Jack Hayes and Leo Shuken.

1967
Quincy Jones

In Cold Blood
Nominated

1971
Isaac Hayes

Shaft
Nominated
Nominated for Best Music, Original Dramatic Score.

1972
Gil Askey

Lady Sings the Blues
Nominated
First African American to be nominated in the Scoring Original Song Score and/or Adaptation (which is different from Best Original Score category).

1978
Quincy Jones

The Wiz
Nominated
First African American to be nominated in the Original Song Score and Its Adaptation or Adaptation Score (which is different from Best Original Score category).

1984
Prince

Purple Rain
Won
First African-American winner of Best Original Song Score (which is different from Best Original Score category); this category was retired afterwards.

1985
Quincy Jones
Andrae Crouch
Caiphus Semenya

The Color Purple
Nominated
Shared nomination with 9 other composers. Caiphus Semenya became the first black South African to be nominated for an Academy Award.

1986
Herbie Hancock

Round Midnight
Won
First African-American winner of Best Original Score.

1987
Jonas Gwangwa

Cry Freedom
Nominated
Shared nomination with George Fenton

text: Best Music, Original Song[edit]

text:
Academy Award for Best Original Song

Year
Name
Country
Film
Song
Status
Milestone

1967
Quincy Jones
Bob Russell

Banning
"The Eyes of Love"
Nominated
First African Americans to be nominated for Best Original Song.

1968
For Love of Ivy
"For Love of Ivy"
Nominated
First African Americans to be nominated twice for Best Original Song.

1971
Isaac Hayes

Shaft
"Theme from Shaft"
Won
First African-American winner for Best Original Song.
First African-American winner of an award in any category other than acting.

1981
Lionel Richie

Endless Love
"Endless Love"
Nominated

1983
Irene Cara

Flashdance
"Flashdance... What a Feeling"
Won
First African-American woman to win a non-acting Academy Award.
Only African-American woman to win a competitive, non-acting Academy Award.
Shared nomination and win with Giorgio Moroder and Keith Forsey.

1984
Stevie Wonder

The Woman in Red
"I Just Called to Say I Love You"
Won

1984
Ray Parker Jr.

Ghostbusters
"Ghostbusters"
Nominated

1985
Lionel Richie

White Nights
"Say You, Say Me"
Won

Quincy Jones
Lionel Richie

The Color Purple
"Miss Celie's Blues"
Nominated
Shared nomination with Rod Temperton
Richie is the first (and to date, only) black person to receive multiple Best Original Song nominations in the same year.

1987
Jonas Gwangwa

Cry Freedom
"Cry Freedom"
Nominated
First black South African to be nominated in this category. Shared nomination with George Fenton.

1988
Lamont Dozier

Buster
"Two Hearts"
Nominated
Shared nomination with Phil Collins.

1993
Janet Jackson
Jimmy Jam
Terry Lewis

Poetic Justice
"Again"
Nominated

1994
James Ingram

Beethoven's 2nd
"The Day I Fall In Love"
Nominated
Shared nomination with Carole Bayer Sager and Cliff Magness.

1995
Junior
"Look What Love Has Done"
Nominated
Shared nomination with Carole Bayer Sager, James Newton Howard and Patty Smyth.

2005
Frayser Boy
Juicy J
DJ Paul

Hustle & Flow
"It's Hard Out Here for a Pimp"
Won
First African-American rappers to win an Academy Award.

2006
Siedah Garrett

Dreamgirls
"Love You I Do"
Nominated
Shared nomination with Henry Krieger.

2007
Jamal Joseph
Charles Mack
Tevin Thomas

August Rush
"Raise It Up"
Nominated

2011
Carlinhos Brown
Siedah Garrett

Rio
"Real in Rio"
Nominated
Shared nomination with Sergio Mendes.
Garrett is the most nominated African-American female songwriter (two nominations).
Brown is the first black Latin American nominated for Best Original Song.

2013
Pharrell Williams

Despicable Me 2
"Happy"
Nominated

2014
Common
John Legend

Selma
"Glory"
Won

2015
DaHeala
The Weeknd

Fifty Shades of Grey
"Earned It"
Nominated
Shared nomination with Belly and Stephan Moccio.
The Weeknd and DaHeala are the first black Canadians nominated for Best Original Song.

2017
Mary J. Blige
Raphael Saadiq
Taura Stinson

Mudbound
"Mighty River"
Nominated
Blige is also the first black woman to receive multiple Academy Award nominations in the same year. First person nominated for an Academy Award for acting and writing an original song in the same year.

Common

Marshall
"Stand Up for Something"
Nominated
Shared nomination with Diane Warren

text: Best Picture[edit]

text:
Academy Award for Best Picture

Year
Name
Film
Status
Milestone

1985
Quincy Jones
The Color Purple
Nominated
First African-American producer whose film was nominated for Best Picture.

2009
Lee Daniels
Precious
Nominated
First African-American director whose film was nominated for Best Picture.
First time two films with African-American producers were nominated for Best Picture.

Broderick Johnson
The Blind Side
Nominated
First time two films with African-American producers were nominated for Best Picture.

2012
Reginald Hudlin
Django Unchained
Nominated

2013
Steve McQueen
12 Years a Slave
Won
First black producer to win Best Picture.

2014
Oprah Winfrey
Selma
Nominated
First black female producer nominated for Best Picture.

2016
Denzel Washington
Fences
Nominated
First time that three films with black producers were nominated for Best Picture.

Pharrell Williams
Hidden Figures
Nominated

Kimberly Steward
Manchester by the Sea
Nominated

2017
Jordan Peele
Get Out
Nominated
First time an African American was honored with a Best Picture, Best Director and Best Original Screenplay nominations in one year [3]

text: Best Short Film (Animated)[edit]

text:
Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film

Year
Name
Film
Status
Milestone

2017
Kobe Bryant
Dear Basketball
Won
Shared nomination with Glen Keane.
First African American to win Short Film (Animated).

text: Best Short Film (Live Action)[edit]

text:
Academy Award for Live Action Short Film

Year
Name
Film
Status
Milestone

1991
David Massey
Last Breeze of Summer
Nominated
First African American nominated for Short Film (Live Action).

1995
Dianne Houston
Tuesday Morning Ride
Nominated
First African-American woman nominated for Short Film (Live Action).

2017
Kevin Wilson, Jr.
My Nephew Emmett
Nominated

text: Best Sound Mixing[edit]

text:
Academy Award for Sound

Year
Name
Film
Status
Milestone

1978
Willie D. Burton
The Buddy Holly Story
Nominated
First African American to be nominated for Best Sound.

1980
Altered States
Nominated
First African American to be nominated multiple times for Best Sound.

1983
WarGames
Nominated

1988
Bird
Won
First African American to win Best Sound.

1989
Russell Williams
Glory
Won
Second African American to win Best Sound.

1990
Dances with Wolves
Won
First African American to win multiple Academy Awards in any category.
First and only African American to win consecutive awards in any category.

1994
Willie D. Burton
The Shawshank Redemption
Nominated

1999
The Green Mile
Nominated

2006
Dreamgirls
Won
First African American to be nominated, and to win, after category was renamed "Sound Mixing".

text: Best Writing (Adapted Screenplay)[edit]

text:
Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay

Year
Name
Film
Adapted From
Status
Milestone

1972
Lonne Elder
Sounder
Sounder
by William H. Armstrong
Nominated
First African-American nominee for Best Writing (Adapted Screenplay).

1984
Charles Fuller
A Soldier's Story
A Soldier's Play
by Charles Fuller
Nominated

2009
Geoffrey Fletcher
Precious
Push
by Sapphire
Won
First African American to win a screenplay Academy Award (Adapted Screenplay).

2013
John Ridley
12 Years a Slave
Twelve Years a Slave
by Solomon Northup
Won
Second African American to win a screenplay Academy Award (Adapted Screenplay).
First African-American writer to have written a film that won Best Picture.

2016
Barry Jenkins
Tarell Alvin McCraney
Moonlight
In Moonlight Black Boys Look Blue
by Tarell Alvin McCraney
Won

August Wilson
Fences
Fences
by August Wilson
Nominated
First African-American writer to receive a posthumous nomination in this category

2017
Virgil Williams
Dee Rees
Mudbound
Mudbound
by Hillary Jordan
Nominated
Rees is the first queer black woman to be nominated for any Academy Award in a writing category, and the first black woman to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay.[4]

text: Best Writing (Original Screenplay)[edit]

text:
Academy Award for Writing Original Screenplay

Year
Name
Film
Status
Milestone

1972
Suzanne de Passe
Lady Sings the Blues
Nominated
Shared nomination with co-writers Chris Clark and Terence McCloy.
First African-American nominee for Best Writing (Original Screenplay).
First African-American woman nominated for screen-writing.

1989
Spike Lee
Do the Right Thing
Nominated
First African-American man to be nominated for Best Writing (Original Screenplay).

1991
John Singleton
Boyz n the Hood
Nominated

2017
Jordan Peele
Get Out
Won
First African American to win for Best Writing (Original Screenplay).

text: Special awards[edit]

text:
Special Awards

Year
Name
Award

1948
James Baskett
Academy Special Award, for his characterization of Uncle Remus in Song of the South.

1995
Quincy Jones
Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award

2001
Sidney Poitier
Academy Honorary Award, "for his extraordinary performances and unique presence on the screen and for representing the industry with dignity, style and intelligence".

2011
James Earl Jones
Academy Honorary Award, "for his legacy of consistent excellence and uncommon versatility"

Oprah Winfrey
Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award

2014
Harry Belafonte
Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award

2015
Spike Lee
Academy Honorary Award, "filmmaker, educator, motivator, iconoclast, artist....[and] a champion of independent film and an inspiration to young filmmakers"

2017
Charles Burnett
Academy Honorary Award


document_title: Coming to America

question_text: who played patrice mcdowell in coming to america

text: Coming to America

text: Plot

text: This section's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Heir to Zamunda's (a fictional African kingdom) throne Akeem Joffer lives a pampered lifestyle with every daily task performed by servants. On his 21st birthday, Akeem has become fed up with this and wishes to do more for himself. The final straw comes when his parents, King Jaffe and Queen Aeoleon, present him with an arranged bride-to-be named Imani Izzi, whom he has never met and who has been trained to obey Akeem's every command. Akeem concocts a plan to travel to the United States to find an intelligent, independent-minded woman he can both love and respect and who will love Akeem for who he is and not for his wealth and social status as a prince. Akeem and his best friend/personal aide, Semmi, flip a coin to decide between going to either Los Angeles or New York City and end up going to New York City. They end up in the borough of Queens and rent a run-down apartment in the neighborhood of Long Island City under the guise of poor foreign students. They begin working at a local fast food restaurant called McDowell's—an obvious ripoff of McDonald's—owned by widower Cleo McDowell and his two daughters, Lisa and Patrice.

tag: p

text: Akeem soon falls in love with Lisa, who possesses all the qualities that the prince is looking for in a woman, as first seen by Akeem at a rally where she makes a strong plea to renovate a playground. The rest of the film centers on Akeem's attempts to win Lisa's hand in marriage, which is complicated by Lisa's lazy and obnoxious boyfriend, Darryl Jenks (Eriq La Salle), whose father owns Soul Glo (a Jheri curl–like hairstyling aid). Lisa eventually breaks up with Darryl after he announces their engagement (without Lisa having given her consent) to their families and starts dating Akeem. Although Akeem thrives on hard work and learning how commoners live, Semmi is not comfortable with living the life of a poor man. After a dinner date with Lisa is thwarted since Semmi has furnished their apartment with a jacuzzi and other luxuries, Akeem confiscates their travel money and donates it to two homeless men. Semmi wires a telegraph to King Jaffe for financial help. This causes Akeem's parents to travel to Queens and expose Akeem's identity as a prince to the McDowells.

text: Mr. McDowell, initially disapproving of the match since he did not want to see his daughter with a man of poor means, is ecstatic that she has in fact attracted the interest of an extremely wealthy prince. Lisa, however, becomes angry and confused as to why Akeem lied to her about his identity since he had told her before that he was actually a goat herder. Still hurt and angry that Akeem lied to her, she refuses to marry him, even after he offers to renounce his throne. He returns home with a broken heart, resigned to marry the woman chosen for him by his parents. On the way to the airport, King Jaffe remarks that Akeem can't marry Lisa anyway because of "tradition" and tries defending himself by saying "Who am I to change it?" with Queen Aeoleon curtly responding, "I thought you were the King".

text: At the final scene's wedding procession, a still heartbroken Akeem waits dejectedly at the altar as his soon-to-be consort makes her way down the aisle. However, when Akeem lifts the veil to kiss her, he finds Lisa instead of Imani. Akeem and Lisa are married, and they ride happily in a carriage after the ceremony to the cheers of Zamundans. Witnessing such splendor, Lisa is both surprised and touched by the fact that Akeem would have given it up just for her. Akeem offers to formally abdicate if she doesn't want a life like this, but Lisa playfully declines and decides to become royalty instead.

text: Cast

text:
Eddie Murphy as Prince Akeem Joffer, the prince of Zamunda; Randy Watson, a soul singer with the fictional band Sexual Chocolate.[3] Eddie Murphy also plays Saul, the Jewish barbershop customer, as well as Clarence, the owner of the barber shop.[4][5]
Arsenio Hall as Semmi, Akeem's friend; Reverend Brown;[6] Morris the barber; and an ugly barfly.[7][8]
James Earl Jones as King Jaffe Joffer, Akeem's father and King of Zamunda.[9]
John Amos as Cleo McDowell, Akeem's employer and Lisa's father.
Madge Sinclair as Queen Aeoleon, Akeem's mother and the Queen of Zamunda.
Shari Headley as Lisa McDowell, Cleo's oldest daughter and Akeem's love interest.
Paul Bates as Oha, a royal servant.
Eriq La Salle as Darryl Jenks, Lisa's boyfriend whom she eventually breaks up with.

tag: ul

text: The cast also includes: Frankie Faison[10] as Mr. Townsend, Akeem and Semmi's landlord in Queens; Vanessa Bell as Imani Izzi, Akeem's arranged wife, and Calvin Lockhart as Colonel Izzi, her father; Louie Anderson as Maurice, a McDowell's employee; Allison Dean as Patrice McDowell, Cleo's youngest daughter and Lisa's sister; Samuel L. Jackson as a robber; Vondie Curtis-Hall as the Basketball game vendor; Garcelle Beauvais as a rose bearer; Victoria Dillard as one of Akeem's Zamundan attendants, and Clint Smith as Sweets. Cuba Gooding Jr. made his film debut as a barber shop customer (he was credited as Boy Getting Haircut). Don Ameche and Ralph Bellamy reprise their roles as, respectively, Mortimer and Randolph Duke from Landis' 1983 Murphy-starring comedy film Trading Places.[11] A segment of the Trading Places score can be heard during their scene. The Dukes' limo driver from that film also cameos as the driver of Akeem and Semmi's limo.[citation needed]

text: Coming to America features Murphy and Hall in several different roles, which, following the success of this film, became a Murphy staple.[12] Hall plays Reverend Brown, who introduces Randy Watson (Murphy).[13] Murphy and Hall play elderly barbers Clarence and Morris respectively, who engage in debate with Saul, the old Jewish man (Murphy). Hall also plays a woman (credited as Extremely Ugly Girl) who flirts with Akeem and Semmi.

text: Production

text: Coming to America reunited star Eddie Murphy with director John Landis. The two had previously worked together on the comedy hit Trading Places (1983); however, Landis later recalled the differences in working with Murphy on the two movies: "The guy on Trading Places was young and full of energy and curious and funny and fresh and great. The guy on Coming to America was the pig of the world... But I still think he's wonderful in the movie."[14]

text: "We had a tussling confrontation… We didn't come to blows. Personalities didn't mesh. I grabbed him, and he thought I was playing. So he tried to grab my balls and I pushed him away. But I wasn't kidding. He was doing some silly shit that made me mad. He directed me in Trading Places when I was just starting out as a kid, but he was still treating me like a kid five years later during Coming to America. And I hired him to direct the movie! I was gonna direct Coming to America myself, but I knew that Landis had just done three fucked-up pictures in a row and that his career was hanging by a thread after the Twilight Zone trial. I figured the guy was nice to me when I did Trading Places, so I'd give him a shot… I was going out of my way to help this guy, and he fucked me over. Now he's got a hit picture on his resumé, a movie that made over $200 million, as opposed to him coming off a couple of fucked-up movies – which is where I'd rather see him be right now (laughs)." – Eddie Murphy[15]

text: Despite the experience, Landis and Murphy collaborated again six years later on Beverly Hills Cop III.

text: South African chorus Ladysmith Black Mambazo sings Mbube during the opening sequence (the song also known as The Lion Sleeps Tonight). The group has gone on to record several different versions of Mbube; however, the version heard in Coming to America had not been released on its soundtrack or on CD as of 2006.

text: Landis' calling card/easter egg, "See You Next Wednesday", appears on a science-fiction movie poster in the subway station after Lisa storms off the train.

text: A promotional song for the film, also titled "Coming to America", was written and performed by The System.

text: Release

text: Paramount cancelled press screenings of the film, after initial negative reactions to a press screening in New York.[16]

text: Box office

text: Released on June 29, 1988, by Paramount Pictures in the United States, it was a commercial box-office success, both domestically and worldwide.[17][18] The film debuted at number one with $21,404,420 from 2,064 screens, for a five-day total of $28,409,497. The film made $128,152,301 in the United States and ended up with a worldwide total of $288,752,301.[19] It was the highest earning film that year for the studio and the third-highest-grossing film at the United States box office.[20]

text: It opened a month later in the UK and earned $7,712,622 during its seven-week run. It opened on September 2 in West Germany, where it debuted at number one with $3,715,791 from 297 screens. It ended its run after 13 weeks with $15,743,447.

text: Reception

text: Review-aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 68%, based on reviews from 37 critics.[21]

text: Sheila Benson in the Los Angeles Times called it a "hollow and wearying Eddie Murphy fairy tale" and bemoans, "That an Eddie Murphy movie would come to this."[22] Vincent Canby in The New York Times was also critical of the writing, calling it a "possibly funny idea" but suggesting the screenplay had escaped before it was ready. Canby viewed the film as essentially a romantic comedy but said the romantic elements fell flat, and the film instead goes for broad slapstick.[23] Siskel & Ebert had mixed opinions on the film. Siskel enjoyed the acting from Murphy and Hall but Ebert was disappointed that Murphy did not bring his usual more lively performance, and Ebert was also critical of the unoriginal script.[24]

text: Awards

text: The film was nominated for two Oscars: Best Costume Design by Deborah Nadoolman Landis and Best Makeup by Rick Baker, who designed the makeup effects for both Murphy's and Arsenio Hall's multiple supporting characters.[citation needed]

text: Lawsuit

text: The film was the subject of the Buchwald v. Paramount civil suit, which the humorist Art Buchwald filed in 1990 against the film's producers on the grounds that the film's idea was stolen from his 1982 script treatment about a rich, despotic African potentate who comes to America for a state visit. Paramount had optioned the treatment from Buchwald, and John Landis was attached as director and Eddie Murphy as the lead, but after two years of development hell Paramount abandoned the project in March 1985. In 1987, Paramount began working on Coming to America based on a story by Eddie Murphy.[25][26] Buchwald won the breach of contract action and the court ordered monetary damages. The parties later settled the case out-of-court prior to an appeal going to trial.[27]

text: Soundtrack

text:
Coming to America: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Soundtrack album by Various artists

Released
July 1988

Genre
Pop

Length
40:16

Label
Atco Records

Singles from Coming to America

"Coming to America"
"Come into My Life"
"That's the Way It Is"
"Better Late Than Never"

text: The soundtrack to the film was released on LP, cassette and CD. The songs "Coming to America" by The System, "Better Late Than Never" by The Cover Girls and "Come into My Life" by Laura Branigan and Joe Esposito were released as singles from the album. "That's The Way It Is" by Mel & Kim had been released as a single in the UK, prior to the film's release, in February 1988, and became a top ten hit. It was released as a single in the USA at the time of the film's release.

text:
"Coming to America" — The System (3:49)
"Better Late Than Never" — The Cover Girls (4:02)
"All Dressed Up (Ready to Hit the Town)" — Chico DeBarge (4:50)
"I Like It Like That" — Michael Rodgers (4:01)
"That's the Way It Is" — Mel and Kim (3:25)

tag: ol

text:
"Addicted to You" — LeVert (3:54)
"Comin' Correct" — J.J. Fad (3:56)
"Livin' the Good Life" — Sister Sledge (3:46)
"Transparent" — Nona Hendryx (3:50)
"Come into My Life" — Laura Branigan and Joe Esposito (4:39)

text: Legacy

text: Television pilot

text: A television pilot of a weekly sitcom version of the film was produced for CBS, following the film's success, starring Tommy Davidson as Prince Tariq, and Paul Bates reprising his role as Oha. The pilot went unsold, but was televised on July 4, 1989 as part of the CBS Summer Playhouse pilot anthology series.[28][2]

text: Movie adaptation

text: A Tamil movie, My Dear Marthandan, was produced based on the plot of Coming to America. A Hong Kong movie, The Fun, the Luck & the Tycoon, also has the same plot.

text: Influences in music

text: The melody heard in the bathroom scene, where Prince Akeem is being washed by female servants, was sampled in Snoop Dogg's 2006 song "That's That" featuring R. Kelly; a remix of the song featuring rapper Nas includes a woman's voice saying "the royal penis is clean your highness", a line taken from the same scene. Also, the music video for Busta Rhymes' 1997 single "Put Your Hands Where My Eyes Could See" is loosely based on the film.

text: Planned sequel

text: In early 2017, an announcement was publicized which addressed the impending production of a sequel to the film. Kevin Misher was named as producer, and Sheffield and Blaustein, the original screenwriters, were also attached to the project. However, a possible participation of lead actors Eddie Murphy and Arsenio Hall was left undefined.[29][30] According to several public accounts, Murphy himself apparently posted an announcement regarding the film project a month prior on Facebook, but later claimed that his account had been hacked and completely deleted it.[29]


document_title: Bed

question_text: when was the first king size bed made

question_tokens: when was the first king size bed made

text: Bed

text: History[edit]

text: Ancient world[edit]

text: Early beds were little more than piles of straw or some other natural material (e.g. a heap of palm leaves, animal skins, or dried bracken). An important change was raising them off the ground, to avoid drafts, dirt, and pests. Bedding dated around to 3600 BC was discovered in Sibudu Cave, South Africa.[3] The bedding consists of sedge and other monocotyledons topped with the leaves of Cryptocarya woodii Engl.[3] Beds found in a preserved northern Scottish village, which were raised boxes made of stone and likely topped with comfortable fillers, were dated to between 3200 BC and 2200 BC.[4] The Egyptians had high bedsteads which were ascended by steps, with bolsters or pillows, and curtains to hang around. The elite of Egyptian society such as its pharaohs and queens even had beds made of wood, sometimes gilded. Often there was a head-rest as well, semi-cylindrical and made of stone, wood, or metal. Ancient Assyrians, Medes, and Persians had beds of a similar kind, and frequently decorated their furniture with inlays or appliques of metal, mother-of-pearl, and ivory.

text: The image to the right showcases a headrest. Headrests like this were used in life to support the head while sleeping. They are also found supporting a mummy’s head in the coffin. This headrest perhaps was made specifically for the tomb, since the offering prayer has been inscribed on the supporting column, although the prayer may have been added after the death of the owner.[5]

text: The oldest account of a bed is probably that of Odysseus: a charpoy[6] woven of rope plays a role in the Odyssey. A similar bed can be seen at the St Fagans National History Museum in Wales. Odysseus also gives an account of how he crafted the nuptial bed for himself and Penelope, out of an ancient, huge olive tree trunk that used to grow on the spot before the bridal chamber was built. His detailed description finally persuades the doubting Penelope that the shipwrecked, aged man is indeed her long-lost husband. Homer also mentions the inlaying of the woodwork of beds with gold, silver, and ivory. The Greek bed had a wooden frame, with a board at the head and bands of hide laced across, upon which skins were placed. At a later period the bedstead was often veneered with expensive woods; sometimes it was of solid ivory veneered with tortoise-shell and with silver feet; often it was of bronze. The pillows and coverings also became more costly and beautiful; the most celebrated places for their manufacture were Miletus, Corinth and Carthage. Folding beds, too, appear in the famous Ancient Greek vase paintings.

text: Roman mattresses were stuffed with reeds, hay, or wool. Feathers were used towards the end of the Republic, when custom demanded luxury. Small cushions were placed at the head and sometimes at the back. The bedsteads were high and could only be ascended by the help of steps. They were often arranged for two people, and had a board or railing at the back, as well as the raised portion at the head. The counterpanes were sometimes very costly, generally purple embroidered with figures in gold; and rich hangings fell to the ground masking the front. The bedsteads themselves were often of bronze inlaid with silver, and Elagabalus had one of solid silver. In the walls of some houses at Pompeii bed niches are found which were probably closed by curtains or sliding partitions. Ancient Romans had various kinds of beds for repose. These included:

text:
lectus cubicularis, or chamber bed, for normal sleeping
lectus genialis, the marriage bed, it was much decorated, and was placed in the atrium opposite the door
lectus discubitorius, or table bed, on which they ate—for they ate while lying on their left sides—there usually being three people to one bed, with the middle place accounted the most honorable position
lectus lucubratorius, for studying
and a lectus funebris, or emortualis, on which the dead were carried to the pyre[7]

text: Medieval Europe[edit]

text: The ancient Germans lay on the floor on beds of leaves covered with skins, or in a kind of shallow chest filled with leaves and moss. In the early Middle Ages they laid carpets on the floor or on a bench against the wall, placed upon them mattresses stuffed with feathers, wool, or hair, and used skins as a covering. Curtains were hung from the ceiling or from an iron arm projecting from the wall.[8] They appear to have generally lain naked in bed, wrapping themselves in large linen sheets which were stretched over the cushions.

text: In the 12th century, luxury increased and bedsteads were made of wood much decorated with inlaid, carved, and painted ornamentation. They also used folding beds, which served as couches by day and had cushions covered with silk laid upon leather. At night a linen sheet was spread and pillows placed, while silk-covered skins served as coverlets. The Carolingian manuscripts show metal bedsteads much higher at the head than at the feet, and this shape continued in use until the 13th century in France, many cushions being added to raise the body to a sloping position. In 12th-century manuscripts, the bedsteads appear much richer, with inlays, carving, and painting, and with embroidered coverlets and mattresses in harmony. Curtains were hung above the bed and a small hanging lamp is often shown.

text: In the 14th century the woodwork became of less importance, generally being entirely covered by hangings of rich materials. Silk, velvet, and even cloth of gold were frequently used. Inventories from the beginning of the 14th century give details of these hangings lined with fur and richly embroidered. It was then that the Four poster bed (also known as a tester bed) made its first appearance, the bed being slung from the ceiling or fastened to the walls, a form which developed later into a room within a room, shut in by double curtains, sometimes even to exclude all drafts. The space between bed and wall was called the ruelle, and very intimate friends were received there. The 14th century is also the time when feather beds became highly prized possessions.[8]

text: In the 15th century beds became very large, reaching 7 to 8 feet (2.1 to 2.4 m) by 6 to 7 feet (1.8 to 2.1 m). The mattresses were often filled with pea-shucks, straw, or feathers. At this time great personages were in the habit of carrying most of their property about with them, including beds and bed-hangings, and for this reason the bedsteads were for the most part mere frameworks to be covered up; but about the beginning of the 16th century bedsteads were made lighter and more decorative, since the lords remained in the same place for longer periods.

text: Renaissance and modern Europe[edit]

text: In the 17th century, which has been called "the century of magnificent beds", the style a la duchesse, with tester and curtains only at the head, replaced the more enclosed beds in France, though they lasted much longer in England. Louis XIV had an enormous number of sumptuous beds, as many as 413 being described in the inventories of his palaces. Some of them had embroideries enriched with pearls, and figures on a silver or golden ground. The great bed at Versailles had crimson velvet curtains on which "The Triumph of Venus" was embroidered. So much gold was used that the velvet scarcely showed.

text: In the 18th century feather pillows were first used as coverings in Germany, which in the fashions of the bed and the curious etiquette connected with the bedchamber followed France for the most part. The beds were a la duchesse, but in France itself there was great variety both of name and shape. The custom of the "bed of justice" upon which the king of France reclined when he was present in parliament, the princes being seated, the great officials standing, and the lesser officials kneeling, was held to denote the royal power even more than the throne.

text: Louis XI is credited with its first use and the custom lasted till the end of the monarchy. In the chambre de parade, where the ceremonial bed was placed, certain persons, such as ambassadors or great lords, whom it was desired to honour, were received in a more intimate fashion than the crowd of courtiers. At Versailles women received their friends in their beds, both before and after childbirth, during periods of mourning, and even directly after marriage—in fact in any circumstances which were thought deserving of congratulation or condolence. During the 17th century this curious custom became general, perhaps to avoid the tiresome details of etiquette. Portable beds were used in high society in France till the end of the Ancien Régime. The earliest of which mention has been found belonged to Charles the Bold. They had curtains over a light framework, and were in their way as fine as the stationary beds.

text: Iron beds appear in the 18th century; the advertisements declare them as free from the insects which sometimes infested wooden bedsteads. Elsewhere, there was also the closed bed with sliding or folding shutters, and in England—where beds were commonly quite simple in form—the four poster was the usual citizen's bed until the middle of the 19th century.

text: Bed sizes[edit]

text: Bed sizes vary considerably around the world, with most countries having their own standards and terminology. While the "double" size appears to be standard among English speaking countries, based on the imperial measurement of 4 ft 6 in by 6 ft 3 in (137 cm x 190 cm), the sizes for other bed types tend to vary. The mainland European sizes differ, not merely because of the use of the metric system.[citation needed]

text: In the mid-1950s, the United States bedding industry introduced a new size: the king size.[9] A king-sized bed differs from the other sizes in implementation, as it is not common to have a king-sized box spring; rather, two smaller box-springs are used under a king-sized mattress. It is a common misconception that in a US "standard" or "Eastern king", the box springs are identical in size to a "twin extra-long"; however, "twin extra-long" mattresses next to each other add up to 78 inches (200 cm) wide instead of the 76 inches (190 cm) width that is standard for an "eastern king". Another size variant in the United States is the "California king", which measures 72 by 84 inches (180 cm × 210 cm) long (narrower but longer than the standard king).

text: What is referred to as a "single bed" in many parts of the world may also be known in US terminology as a "twin bed." In some countries, a "twin bed" may also be used to describe one of two single beds in the same room. As another example, in some cultures, the "full mattress" is referred to as a "master size bed."

text: When a mattress is available in fixed size (for example, twin or queen), and the description does not specify the exact size, this table may be used.

text:
Mattress size[citation needed]
Size in inches
Size in cm

Cot size
30" wide x 74" long
76x188

Twin
39" wide x 75" long
99x190

Twin extra long
39" wide x 80" long
99x203

Full size
54" wide x 75" long
137x190

Full extra long
54" wide x 80" long
137x203

Queen size
60" wide x 80" long
153x203

Cal-king
72" wide x 84" long
183x214

King size
76" wide x 80" long
193x203

text: All mattresses are made according to certain standards, but different brands sometimes have exceptions. Most often, the difference is 2-5 inches. When calling a business to check, specify the exact size of the mattress.

text: Notable examples[edit]

text: One of the largest beds in the world is the Great Bed of Ware, made in about 1580. It is 3.26 metres (10.7 ft) wide, 3.38 metres (11.1 ft) long. The bed is mentioned by Shakespeare in Twelfth Night. It is now in the Victoria and Albert Museum (V&A) in London. Another bed in the V&A is the Golden Bed created by William Burges in 1879.[10]

text: In 1882, an Indian Maharajah had a bed made of solid silver. At each corner of the bed there was a life-sized statue of a naked woman holding a fan. When the Maharajah lay on the bed, his weight started a mechanism that made the women wave their fans.[11]

text: In 1865, a convertible bed in the form of an upright piano was available, which could provide home entertainment while saving space.[12]

text: Types[edit]

text: [original research?]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: There are many varieties of beds:

text:
An adjustable bed is a bed that can be adjusted to a number of different positions. Most hospital beds are adjustable, so that a patient can have different parts of her body elevated for medical reasons. Some people have adjustable beds in private homes. Some adjustable beds are designed for couples; they use two separate mattresses and adjustment mechanisms. This permits one partner to be lying flat to sleep while the other has the head and shoulders elevated to watch television or read. Couple adjustable beds also permit partners with different medical conditions to select a mattress positioning that best suits them.
An air bed uses an air-inflated mattress, sometimes connected to an electric air pump and having variable, firmness controls. The portable version of an air bed can also be rolled up and packed; so is meant for travel or temporary guest use.
A bassinet is a bed specifically for newborns.
A box-bed is a bed having the form of a large box with wooden roof, sides, and ends, opening in front with two sliding panels or shutters; often used in cottages in Scotland: sometimes also applied to a bed arranged to fold up into a box.
A brass bed has a frame constructed from brass. A brass-plated bed is a cheaper bed of iron with a thin covering of brass, which with time peels off and the iron is exposed.
A bunk bed is two or more beds one atop the other. Bunk beds are used for adults in military barracks and in some ski lodges. Bunk beds are used for children and teens in summer camps. Some inexpensive hostels provide bunk beds for guests. Bunk beds are used for children in private homes.
A loft bed is similar to a bunk bed, except there is no lower bunk. This leaves space underneath for storage, other furniture, a desk etc.
A captain's bed[14] (also known as a "captain bed", "chest bed", or "cabin bed") is a platform bed with drawers and storage compartments built in underneath.
A camp bed (also "cot") is a simple, temporary, portable bed used by armies and by campers. Cots are also used to provide a sleeping surface for refugees and other homeless people during disasters, floods, or other crises.
A canopy bed is similar to a four poster bed, but the posts usually extend higher and are adorned or draped with cloth, sometimes completely enclosing the bed.
A curtained bed is a luxury bed with curtains.
A daybed is a couch that is used as a seat by day and as a bed by night. Usually it has pop up trundle which is used as bed in the night.
A futon is a traditional style of Japanese bed using a mattress on a wooden frame. Futons are also available in a larger Western style which can fold halfway for sitting. Futons were traditionally made with cotton, but in the 2000s, many futons include synthetic foam.
A four poster bed is a bed with four posts, one in each corner, that support a tester.
A hammock is a piece of suspended fabric or netting, used on ships and in some homes.
A hideaway bed, invented by Sarah E. Goode in response to the needs of apartment-dwellers, folds up into another piece of furniture, such as a shelf or desk, when not in use.
A hospital bed is specifically designed to facilitate convalescence, traditionally in a hospital or nursing facility, but increasingly in other settings, such as a private residence. Hospital beds are typically adjustable, so that the head or feet can be raised or lowered. Modern hospital beds commonly have wheels to assist in moderate relocation, but they are larger and generally more permanently placed than a trolley (US: gurney). The "hospital bed" is also a common unit of measurement for the capacity of any type of inpatient medical facility, though it is just as common to shorten the term to "bed" in that usage (e.g. The hospital has 250 beds...).
An infant bed (also "crib" or "cot") is a small bed specifically for babies and infants.
An iron bed, developed in the 1850s, is constructed of iron and steel.
A kang bed-stove is a Chinese ceramic room heater used as the platform for a bed.
A Manjaa is a traditional Punjabi bed made of tied ropes bordered by a wooden frame.
A mourning bed ("illustration") is a formal canopied bed, with the deceased, a wax effigy, or symbols of rank
A Murphy bed or wallbed is a bed that can fold up into a wall or cabinet to save space.
An Ottoman bed (in the UK) is a type of storage bed in which the storage area is placed underneath the mattress base and accessed by lifting the hinged mattress frame with the help of a spring or hydraulic mechanism.
A pallet is a thin, lightweight mattress.
A platform bed is a mattress resting on a solid, flat raised surface, either free-standing or part of the structure of the room.
A roll-away bed is a bed whose frame folds in half and rolls in order to be more easily stored and moved. This is used in different settings, including hotels for either free or a nominal fee per night, where more people than expected may need to sleep in the same room, e.g. 5 people in a hotel room for 4 (two twin beds).
A rope bed is a pre-modern bed whose wooden frame includes crossing ropes to support the typically down-filled single mattress.
A sofabed ("pull-out" or "pull-out bed") is a folding bed that is stored inside a sofa.
A state bed developed in Early Modern Europe from a hieratic canopy of state.
A toddler bed is a small bed for young children.
A trundle bed or "truckle bed" is a bed usually stored beneath a twin bed also sometimes referred to as a "sleepover bed" or "daybed with pop up trundle"
A vibrating bed (also known as a Magic Fingers bed) is typically a coin-operated novelty found in a vintage (c. 1960s-early 1980s) motel. For a nominal fee, the mattress vibrates for a duration of time. Alternatively it is a modern bed which vibrates by use of an off-centre motor. It is controlled by electronics for varying time and amplitude settings and is used therapeutically to ease back pains or as an erotic aid.
A waterbed is a flexible plastic mattress full of water. The plastic container needs a strong frame around it.

text: Frames[edit]

text: Bed frames, also called bed steads, are made of wood or metal. The frame is made up of head, foot, and side rails. For heavy duty or larger frames (such as for queen- and king-sized beds), the bed frame also includes a center support rail. These rails are assembled to create a box for the mattress or mattress/box spring to sit on.

text: Types include:

text:
platform – typically used without a box spring
captain – has drawers beneath the frame to make use of the space between the floor and the bed frame
waterbed – a heavy-duty frame built specifically to support the weight of the water in the mattress (Mainly used on larger models)

text: Though not truly parts of a bed frame, headboards, footboards, and bed rails can be included in the definition. Headboards and footboards can be wood or metal. They can be stained, painted, or covered in fabric or leather.

text: Bed rails are made of wood or metal and are attached to a headboard and footboard. Wooden slats are placed perpendicular to the bed rails to support the mattress/mattress box spring. Bed rails and frames are often attached to the bed post using knock-down fittings.[15][16] A knock-down fitting enables the bed to be easily dismantled for removal. Primary knock-down fittings for bed rails are as follows:

text:
Pin-and-hook fastener. A mortise or slot is cut vertically in the bedpost. Pins are inserted horizontally in the bed post so that the pins perpendicularly intersect the mortise. For example, if one looked in the mortise, one might see part of one horizontal pin at the bottom of the mortise and a part of a second pin toward the top of the mortise. Hooks are installed at the end of the rail. Usually these hooks are part of a plate that is attached to the rail. The hooks then are inserted into the bed post mortise and hook over the pins.
Plate-and-hook fastener. Instead of pins inserted horizontally into the bedpost, an eye plate (post plate) is installed on the bedpost. The hooks are installed on the rail, either as surface mount or recessed. Depending on the hardware, the bedpost may require a mortise in order to allow the hooks to fasten to the plate. This is also referred to as a keyhole fastener, especially if the connector is more of a "plug" than a "hook".
Bed bolts ("through-bolts") are a different means of a knock-down connection. A hole is typically drilled through the bedpost. The bolt head is inset and covered with a plug. In the rail, a dowel nut or other type of nut receives the bolt. The springs are made from metal, which are swirled for maximum comfort

text: Safety rails,[17] or cot sides, can be added to the sides of a bed (normally a child or elderly person's bed) to stop anyone falling out of the sides of the bed. A safety rail is normally a piece of wood that attaches to the side rails on one or both sides of the bed. They are made so that they can be easily removed when no longer required.