question_text: who is the first team to win champions league

text: List of finals[edit]

text:
Key

Match was won during extra time

*

Match was won on a penalty shoot-out

&

Match was won after a replay

text:
The "Season" column refers to the season the competition was held, and wikilinks to the article about that season.
The wikilinks in the "Score" column point to the article about that season's final game.

text:
List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals

#

Season

Nation

Winners

Score

Runners-up

Nation

Venue

Att.[11]

1

1955–56

 Spain

Real Madrid

4–3

Reims

 France

 Parc des Princes, Paris

38,239

2

1956–57

 Spain

Real Madrid

2–0

Fiorentina

 Italy

 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid

124,000

3

1957–58

 Spain

Real Madrid

3–2

Milan

 Italy

 Heysel Stadium, Brussels

67,000

4

1958–59

 Spain

Real Madrid

2–0

Reims

 France

 Neckarstadion, Stuttgart

72,000

5

1959–60

 Spain

Real Madrid

7–3

Eintracht Frankfurt

 West Germany

 Hampden Park, Glasgow

127,621

6

1960–61

 Portugal

Benfica

3–2

Barcelona

 Spain

 Wankdorf Stadium, Bern

26,732

7

1961–62

 Portugal

Benfica

5–3

Real Madrid

 Spain

 Olympisch Stadion, Amsterdam

61,257

8

1962–63

 Italy

Milan

2–1

Benfica

 Portugal

 Wembley Stadium, London

45,715

9

1963–64

 Italy

Internazionale

3–1

Real Madrid

 Spain

 Prater Stadium, Vienna

71,333

10

1964–65

 Italy

Internazionale

1–0

Benfica

 Portugal

 San Siro, Milan

89,000

11

1965–66

 Spain

Real Madrid

2–1

Partizan

 Yugoslavia

 Heysel Stadium, Brussels

46,745

12

1966–67

 Scotland

Celtic

2–1

Internazionale

 Italy

 Estádio Nacional, Lisbon

45,000

13

1967–68

 England

Manchester United

4–1

Benfica

 Portugal

 Wembley Stadium, London

92,225

14

1968–69

 Italy

Milan

4–1

Ajax

 Netherlands

 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid

31,782

15

1969–70

 Netherlands

Feyenoord

2–1

Celtic

 Scotland

 San Siro, Milan

53,187

16

1970–71

 Netherlands

Ajax

2–0

Panathinaikos

 Greece

 Wembley Stadium, London

83,179

17

1971–72

 Netherlands

Ajax

2–0

Internazionale

 Italy

 De Kuip, Rotterdam

61,354

18

1972–73

 Netherlands

Ajax

1–0

Juventus

 Italy

 Red Star Stadium, Belgrade

89,484

19

1973–74

 West Germany

Bayern Munich

4–0&[A]

Atlético Madrid

 Spain

 Heysel Stadium, Brussels

72,047

20

1974–75

 West Germany

Bayern Munich

2–0

Leeds United

 England

 Parc des Princes, Paris

48,374

21

1975–76

 West Germany

Bayern Munich

1–0

Saint-Étienne

 France

 Hampden Park, Glasgow

54,864

22

1976–77

 England

Liverpool

3–1

Borussia Mönchengladbach

 West Germany

 Stadio Olimpico, Rome

57,000

23

1977–78

 England

Liverpool

1–0

Club Brugge

 Belgium

 Wembley Stadium, London

92,500

24

1978–79

 England

Nottingham Forest

1–0

Malmö FF

 Sweden

 Olympiastadion, Munich

57,500

25

1979–80

 England

Nottingham Forest

1–0

Hamburg

 West Germany

 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid

51,000

26

1980–81

 England

Liverpool

1–0

Real Madrid

 Spain

 Parc des Princes, Paris

48,360

27

1981–82

 England

Aston Villa

1–0

Bayern Munich

 West Germany

 De Kuip, Rotterdam

46,000

28

1982–83

 West Germany

Hamburg

1–0

Juventus

 Italy

 Olympic Stadium, Athens

73,500

29

1983–84

 England

Liverpool

1–1*[B]

Roma

 Italy

 Stadio Olimpico, Rome

69,693

30

1984–85

 Italy

Juventus

1–0

Liverpool

 England

 Heysel Stadium, Brussels

58,000

31

1985–86

 Romania

Steaua București

0–0*[C]

Barcelona

 Spain

 Estadio Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán, Seville

70,000

32

1986–87

 Portugal

Porto

2–1

Bayern Munich

 West Germany

 Prater Stadium, Vienna

57,500

33

1987–88

 Netherlands

PSV Eindhoven

0–0*[D]

Benfica

 Portugal

 Neckarstadion, Stuttgart

68,000

34

1988–89

 Italy

Milan

4–0

Steaua București

 Romania

 Camp Nou, Barcelona

97,000

35

1989–90

 Italy

Milan

1–0

Benfica

 Portugal

 Prater Stadium, Vienna

57,558

36

1990–91

 Yugoslavia

Red Star Belgrade

0–0*[E]

Marseille

 France

 Stadio San Nicola, Bari

56,000

37

1991–92

 Spain

Barcelona

1–0

Sampdoria

 Italy

 Wembley Stadium, London

70,827

38

1992–93

 France

Marseille

1–0

Milan

 Italy

 Olympiastadion, Munich

64,400

39

1993–94

 Italy

Milan

4–0

Barcelona

 Spain

 Olympic Stadium, Athens

70,000

40

1994–95

 Netherlands

Ajax

1–0

Milan

 Italy

 Ernst-Happel-Stadion, Vienna

49,730

41

1995–96

 Italy

Juventus

1–1*[F]

Ajax

 Netherlands

 Stadio Olimpico, Rome

70,000

42

1996–97

 Germany

Borussia Dortmund

3–1

Juventus

 Italy

 Olympiastadion, Munich

59,000

43

1997–98

 Spain

Real Madrid

1–0

Juventus

 Italy

 Amsterdam Arena, Amsterdam

48,500

44

1998–99

 England

Manchester United

2–1

Bayern Munich

 Germany

 Camp Nou, Barcelona

90,245

45

1999–2000

 Spain

Real Madrid

3–0

Valencia

 Spain

 Stade de France, Saint-Denis

80,000

46

2000–01

 Germany

Bayern Munich

1–1*[G]

Valencia

 Spain

 San Siro, Milan

71,500

47

2001–02

 Spain

Real Madrid

2–1

Bayer Leverkusen

 Germany

 Hampden Park, Glasgow

50,499

48

2002–03

 Italy

Milan

0–0*[H]

Juventus

 Italy

 Old Trafford, Manchester

62,315

49

2003–04

 Portugal

Porto

3–0

Monaco

 France

 Arena AufSchalke, Gelsenkirchen

53,053

50

2004–05

 England

Liverpool

3–3*[I]

Milan

 Italy

 Atatürk Olympic Stadium, Istanbul

69,000

51

2005–06

 Spain

Barcelona

2–1

Arsenal

 England

 Stade de France, Saint-Denis

79,610

52

2006–07

 Italy

Milan

2–1

Liverpool

 England

 Olympic Stadium, Athens

63,000

53

2007–08

 England

Manchester United

1–1*[J]

Chelsea

 England

 Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow

67,310

54

2008–09

 Spain

Barcelona

2–0

Manchester United

 England

 Stadio Olimpico, Rome

62,467

55

2009–10

 Italy

Internazionale

2–0

Bayern Munich

 Germany

 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid

73,490

56

2010–11

 Spain

Barcelona

3–1

Manchester United

 England

 Wembley Stadium, London

87,695

57

2011–12

 England

Chelsea

1–1*[K]

Bayern Munich

 Germany

 Allianz Arena, Munich

62,500

58

2012–13

 Germany

Bayern Munich

2–1

Borussia Dortmund

 Germany

 Wembley Stadium, London

86,298

59

2013–14

 Spain

Real Madrid

4–1

Atlético Madrid

 Spain

 Estádio da Luz, Lisbon

60,976

60

2014–15

 Spain

Barcelona

3–1

Juventus

 Italy

 Olympiastadion, Berlin

70,442

61

2015–16

 Spain

Real Madrid

1–1*[L]

Atlético Madrid

 Spain

 San Siro, Milan

71,942

62

2016–17

 Spain

Real Madrid

4–1

Juventus

 Italy

 Millennium Stadium, Cardiff

65,842

63

2017–18

 Spain

Real Madrid

3–1

Liverpool

 England

 NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium, Kiev

61,561

Upcoming finals

#

Season

Nation

Finalist

Match

Finalist

Nation

Venue

64

2018–19

v

 Wanda Metropolitano, Madrid

65

2019–20

v

 Atatürk Olympic Stadium, Istanbul

text: Performances[edit]

text: By club[edit]

text:
Performance in the European Cup and UEFA Champions League by club

vte Club

Winners

Runners-up

Years won

Years runner-up

 Real Madrid

13

3

1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1966, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018

1962, 1964, 1981

 Milan

7

4

1963, 1969, 1989, 1990, 1994, 2003, 2007

1958, 1993, 1995, 2005

 Bayern Munich

5

5

1974, 1975, 1976, 2001, 2013

1982, 1987, 1999, 2010, 2012

 Liverpool

5

3

1977, 1978, 1981, 1984, 2005

1985, 2007, 2018

 Barcelona

5

3

1992, 2006, 2009, 2011, 2015

1961, 1986, 1994

 Ajax

4

2

1971, 1972, 1973, 1995

1969, 1996

 Manchester United

3

2

1968, 1999, 2008

2009, 2011

 Internazionale

3

2

1964, 1965, 2010

1967, 1972

 Juventus

2

7

1985, 1996

1973, 1983, 1997, 1998, 2003, 2015, 2017

 Benfica

2

5

1961, 1962

1963, 1965, 1968, 1988, 1990

 Nottingham Forest

2

0

1979, 1980

—

 Porto

2

0

1987, 2004

—

 Celtic

1

1

1967

1970

 Hamburg

1

1

1983

1980

 Steaua București

1

1

1986

1989

 Marseille

1

1

1993

1991

 Borussia Dortmund

1

1

1997

2013

 Chelsea

1

1

2012

2008

 Feyenoord

1

0

1970

—

 Aston Villa

1

0

1982

—

 PSV Eindhoven

1

0

1988

—

 Red Star Belgrade

1

0

1991

—

 Atlético Madrid

0

3

—

1974, 2014, 2016

 Reims

0

2

—

1956, 1959

 Valencia

0

2

—

2000, 2001

 Fiorentina

0

1

—

1957

 Eintracht Frankfurt

0

1

—

1960

 Partizan

0

1

—

1966

 Panathinaikos

0

1

—

1971

 Leeds United

0

1

—

1975

 Saint-Étienne

0

1

—

1976

 Borussia Mönchengladbach

0

1

—

1977

 Club Brugge

0

1

—

1978

 Malmö FF

0

1

—

1979

 Roma

0

1

—

1984

 Sampdoria

0

1

—

1992

 Bayer Leverkusen

0

1

—

2002

 Monaco

0

1

—

2004

 Arsenal

0

1

—

2006

text: By nation[edit]

text: Ten different nations have won the Champions League, and thirteen nations have sent a team to the finals. Since the 1996–97 season, however (other than Porto's win in 2003–04) the winners have come from one of only four nations — Spain (11), England (4), Italy (3), and Germany (3) — and (other than Monaco's performance in 2003–04) the runners up have all come from the same four nations.

text:
Performance by nation

Nation

Winners

Runners-up

 Spain

18

11

 Italy

12

16

 England

12

8

 Germany

7

10

 Netherlands

6

2

 Portugal

4

5

 France

1

5

 Romania

1

1

 Scotland

1

1

 Yugoslavia

1

1

 Belgium

0

1

 Greece

0

1

 Sweden

0

1

text: Venues[edit]

text:
European Cup and UEFA Champions League final venues

Ground

Hosts

Years

 Wembley Stadium, London
7
1963, 1968, 1971, 1978, 1992, 2011, 2013

 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid
4
1957, 1969, 1980, 2010

 Heysel Stadium, Brussels
4
1958, 1966, 1974, 1985

 Ernst-Happel-Stadion, Vienna
4
1964, 1987, 1990, 1995

 San Siro, Milan
4
1965, 1970, 2001, 2016

 Stadio Olimpico, Rome
4
1977, 1984, 1996, 2009

 Parc des Princes, Paris
3
1956, 1975, 1981

 Hampden Park, Glasgow
3
1960, 1976, 2002

 Olympiastadion, Munich
3
1979, 1993, 1997

 Olympic Stadium, Athens
3
1983, 1994, 2007

 Neckarstadion, Stuttgart
2
1959, 1988

 De Kuip, Rotterdam
2
1972, 1982

 Camp Nou, Barcelona
2
1989, 1999

 Stade de France, Saint-Denis
2
2000, 2006

 Atatürk Olympic Stadium, Istanbul
1
2005

 Wankdorf Stadium, Bern
1
1961

 Olympisch Stadion, Amsterdam
1
1962

 Estádio Nacional, Lisbon
1
1967

 Red Star Stadium, Belgrade
1
1973

 Estadio Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán, Seville
1
1986

 Stadio San Nicola, Bari
1
1991

 Amsterdam Arena, Amsterdam
1
1998

 Old Trafford, Manchester
1
2003

 Arena AufSchalke, Gelsenkirchen
1
2004

 Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow
1
2008

 Allianz Arena, Munich
1
2012

 Estádio da Luz, Lisbon
1
2014

 Olympiastadion, Berlin
1
2015

 Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
1
2017

 NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium, Kiev
1
2018

 Wanda Metropolitano, Madrid
1
2019

text: Notes[edit]

text: A. ^  The first final, played two days earlier, ended 1–1 after extra time.[12]

text: B. ^  Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Liverpool won the penalty shoot-out 4–2.[13]

text: C. ^  Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes and extra time. Steaua București won the penalty shoot-out 2–0.[14]

text: D. ^  Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes and extra time. PSV Eindhoven won the penalty shoot-out 6–5.[15]

text: E. ^  Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes and extra time. Red Star Belgrade won the penalty shoot-out 5–3.[16]

text: F. ^  Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Juventus won the penalty shoot-out 4–2.[17]

text: G. ^  Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Bayern Munich won the penalty shoot-out 5–4.[18]

text: H. ^  Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes and extra time. Milan won the penalty shoot-out 3–2.[19]

text: I. ^  Score was 3–3 after 90 minutes and extra time. Liverpool won the penalty shoot-out 3–2.[20]

text: J. ^  Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Manchester United won the penalty shoot-out 6–5.[21]

text: K. ^  Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Chelsea won the penalty shoot-out 4–3.[22]

text: L. ^  Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Real Madrid won the penalty shoot-out 5–3.[23]


document_title: Penalty card

question_text: what is the meaning of yellow card in fifa

root

text: Penalty card

text: History and origin[edit]

text: The idea of using language-neutral coloured cards to communicate a referee's intentions originated in association football, with English referee Ken Aston.[1] Aston had been appointed to the FIFA Referees' Committee and was responsible for all referees at the 1966 FIFA World Cup. In the quarter-finals, England met Argentina at the Wembley Stadium. After the match, newspaper reports stated that referee Rudolf Kreitlein had cautioned Englishmen Bobby and Jack Charlton, as well as sending off Argentinian Antonio Rattín. The referee had not made his decision clear during the game, and England manager Alf Ramsey approached FIFA representative for post-match clarification. This incident started Aston thinking about ways to make a referee's decisions clearer to both players and spectators. Aston realised that a colour-coding scheme based on the same principle as used on traffic lights (yellow – stop if safe to do so, red – stop) would transcend language barriers and make it clear that a player had been cautioned or expelled.[1] As a result, yellow cards to indicate a caution and red cards to indicate an expulsion were used for the first time in the 1970 FIFA World Cup in Mexico. The use of penalty cards has since been adopted and expanded by several sporting codes, with each sport adapting the idea to its specific set of rules or laws.

tag: p

text: Commonly used penalty cards[edit]

text: Yellow card[edit]

text: A yellow card is used in many different sporting codes. Its meaning differs among sports; however, it most commonly indicates a caution given to a player regarding his or her conduct, or indicates a temporary suspension. Examples include:

text: Association football: A yellow card is shown by the referee to indicate that a player has been officially cautioned.[2] The player's details are then recorded by the referee in a small notebook; hence a caution is also known as a "booking". A player who has been cautioned may continue playing in the game; however, a player who receives a second caution in a match is sent off (shown the yellow card again, and then a red card), meaning that he must leave the field immediately and take no further part in the game. The player may not be replaced by a substitute. Law 12 of the Laws of the Game (which are set by the International Football Association Board and used by FIFA) lists the types of offences and misconduct that may result in a caution or is cautionary. It also states that "only a player, substitute or substituted player" can be cautioned.[2] Cristiano Ronaldo is shown the yellow card

tag: ul

text:
Athletics: In track events, a yellow card is as a personal warning in both track and field events used to indicate that a second yellow card would result in a disqualification.[3] IAAF rules have abolished false start warnings; false starts now result in immediate disqualification except in combined events where a diagonal yellow/black card indicates a warning for false start.[4]  However, as of 2012, the false start rule is that an athlete's hands must leave the track or their feet must leave the starting blocks before the gunshot in order for a false start to be given. Therefore, if an athlete makes a twitch, while being in their final 'set' position, the maximum penalty is a yellow card.
Australian rules football: A yellow card is issued against a player for committing any reportable offence (such as striking an opponent, swearing at an official, amongst others), except those listed as 'serious' reportable offences. Any player issued a yellow card is unable to participate in the game for the length of a quarter of play, excluding breaks, although the player can be replaced. However, a yellow card may be issued against a player at the discretion of an umpire, despite the player not committing a reportable offence. Yellow cards and red cards are, however, not issued in the Australian Football League, the highest level of play in Australian rules football.[5]
Badminton: A yellow card is given to a singles player or doubles pair as a warning for breaching the Laws of Badminton. A yellow card can only be given once to a player or pair in a match, subsequent breaches are sanctioned with a red or black card.[6][7]
Bandy: A yellow card indicates a warning given to an entire team for technical fouls such as errors in the execution of goal-throws or free strokes, or the obstruction of a player without ball.[8] Subsequent technical fouls by the same team result in a five-minute penalty indicated by a white card.
Canoe polo: A yellow card indicates a player has received a two-minute temporary suspension.[9] A yellow card can be awarded for a deliberate or dangerous foul that prevents the scoring of a near certain goal, dangerous illegal play that is deliberate or repeated, foul or abusive language, continuously disputing a referee's decisions or receiving a third green card for any reason.
Equestrian sports: Yellow cards may be issued during FEI sanctioned events for abuse of a horse or incorrect behavior towards an official.[10] Abuse of the horse may include riding an obviously lame horse, riding an exhausted horse, excessive use of whip or spurs, and dangerous riding. Riders may choose not to accept issued cards, but doing so may lead to a disciplinary hearing. A rider receiving a yellow card can be disqualified from the event and subsequently fined or suspended.[10]
Fencing: A yellow card indicates a warning to a fencer and is valid for the remainder of the bout.[11] In some cases, an annulment of any hit scored by the fencer at fault may also occur. Yellow cards are awarded for Group 1 offences such as making bodily contact with the opposing fencer (in foil or sabre), leaving the piste without permission, or refusing to obey the referee. A yellow card can also be awarded when, at the first call by the referee, a fencer does not present himself on the piste ready to fence. Any person not on the piste who disturbs the good order of the competition may also receive a yellow card on the first infringement.[11]
Field hockey: A yellow card indicates a temporary suspension of at least 5 minutes. The length of the suspension is determined by the umpire.[12] It is possible for a player to receive two yellow cards for different offences during the same match; however, the period of suspension must be significantly longer with each yellow card. When an offence for which a yellow card has been awarded is repeated, the yellow card must not be used again and a more severe penalty must be awarded. There must also be a clear difference between the duration of a yellow card suspension for a minor offence and the duration for a major offence. The yellow card can be shown to a specific player or to the captain for misconduct by the entire team.[12] In this case, the captain is temporarily suspended.
Gaelic games: In camogie, Gaelic football, hurling and ladies' Gaelic football a yellow card (Irish: cárta buí) is given to players for moderate fouls. A player who receives two yellow cards in a single game is sent off and receives a red card.
Handball: A yellow card indicates a warning and can be given to a player or team official for unsportsmanlike conduct, or to a player whose actions are mainly or exclusively directed at the opponent and not at the ball. IHF rules also allow referees to use discretion to award a yellow card outside of these situations.[13]
Mixed martial arts promotions PRIDE (defunct), DEEP, and ZST: A warning, the third leads to disqualification.
Racewalking: A yellow card indicates a competitor's foot fails to be on the ground when the rear leg is being raised, or the front leg is not straightened when it makes contact with the ground.[14]
Rugby league: Yellow cards are not usually used in rugby league in the southern hemisphere with referees indicating a 10-minute suspension by raising both arms straight out with fingers spread (to indicate 10 minutes). This is otherwise known as a "sin bin". However, in the northern hemisphere it is common for a referee to use a yellow card in signaling a "sin bin" to indicate 10 minutes instead of using the arm and hand signal used in the southern hemisphere. It is possible for a player to receive seven yellow cards without receiving a red card (a player who receives eight yellow cards in a match will receive a red card, which results in ejection from the match). However, it is up to the referee's discretion at how bad the offences are, and in these cases, a red card may be commonly shown for a second major offence without the presence of a second yellow card.
Rugby union: According to the laws of the game published by World Rugby (WR), during international matches, any player who commits an offence under Law 9 – Foul Play may be shown a yellow card and suspended from the game for 10 minutes (2 minutes in rugby sevens[15]); the player cannot be replaced during that time.[16] Offences include obstruction, unfair play, repeated infringements, dangerous play and misconduct which is prejudicial to the game. Receiving a yellow card is known colloquially as being sent to the "sin bin". A player receiving a second yellow card in a game will also be shown a red card (see below) meaning that he or she has been sent-off and will be unable to take part in the remainder of the match.
Volleyball: Under FIVB rules a yellow card is the second stage of a formal warning for a player(s)/coach for minor misconduct, the first being a verbal one given through the team captain.  It is recorded on the scoresheet but has no immediate consequences - there is no loss of service (if applicable) and no point awarded to the opposition. It is shown together with a red card (in one hand) where a player(s)/coach is sanctioned with expulsion, and (with a card in each hand) separately with a red card where a player(s)/coach is sanctioned with disqualification, all such offences are recorded on the scoresheet.
Water polo: Given as an official warning for disrespectful conduct from the coach, individual players, or the entire bench.

text: Red card[edit]

text: A red card is used in several different sporting codes. Its meaning differs among sports, but it most commonly indicates a serious offence and often results in a player being permanently suspended from the game (commonly known as an ejection, dismissal, expulsion, removal, or sending-off, often with personal embarrassment). In many sports the ejected player's team cannot replace them and thus must continue the rest of the game with one fewer player, which may be a significant disadvantage. Examples include:

text: Association football: A red card is shown by a referee to signify that a player has been sent off.[2] A player who has been sent off is required to leave the field of play immediately and must take no further part in the game.  The player who has been sent off cannot be replaced during the game; his team must continue the game with one player fewer. Only players, substitutes and substituted players may receive a red card.  If a goalkeeper receives a red card another player will be allowed to assume goalkeeping duties (teams will usually substitute an outfield player for another goalkeeper if this option is available). A red card will be shown to a player who has committed a serious offense such as violent conduct or an illegal and purposeful obstruction of a goal scoring opportunity for the opposing team. A red card will also be shown to a player who accumulates two yellow cards for more minor offenses.

text:
Athletics: A red card indicates that the athlete is disqualified after receiving 2 yellow cards. A diagonal red/black card is issued if a false start has been made.[3]
Australian rules football: A red card is issued against a player who has accumulated two yellow cards over the course of a match, or has committed a 'serious reportable offence' (such as striking an umpire or kicking an opponent). A player issued with a red card may not participate for the remainder of the match; however, unlike most sports, the player can be replaced, although not until a length of time equivalent to one-quarter (excluding breaks) has elapsed. Yellow cards and red cards are, however, not issued in the Australian Football League, the highest level of play in Australian rules football.[5]
Badminton: A red card is given to a singles player or doubles pair to penalize subsequent infractions after receiving a yellow card. It counts as fault, meaning the opposing side is awarded a point. After a second red card, a player or pair may be disqualified with a black card at the tournament referee's discretion.[6][7]
Bandy: A red card indicates a match penalty, i.e. a player has been excluded for the remainder of the match and cannot be substituted.[8] Red card offenses include directly attacking an opponent or using abusive language. A coach or substitute may also be penalized with a red card. In this situation, a player currently on the rink also serves a ten-minute penalty, resulting in the number of players being reduced by one.
Canoe polo: A red card indicates a player has been sent off for the remainder of the match and cannot be substituted.[9] A red card can be awarded if a personal attack on a player occurs, repeated foul or abusive language, or when the award of a yellow card is disputed or has not had the desired effect of causing the player to control his play or attitude. A red card is also awarded when a player has received a second yellow card for any reason.
Cricket: In December 2016, it was announced that by October 2017 cricket umpires would be given the power to issue red cards to send off players who have committed the following: “threatening an umpire; physically assaulting another player, umpire, official or spectator; or any other act of violence”.[17]
Fencing: A red card is used to indicate that a fencer has committed an offence that warrants a penalty hit to be awarded to the opponent.[11] Second and subsequent Group 1 offences, all Group 2 offences and first Group 3 offences are penalised with a red card.[11] A red card may also be awarded when, at the second call by the referee, a fencer does not present himself on the piste ready to fence.
Field hockey: A red card results in a player being permanently suspended from the game. The player cannot take any further part in the game and cannot be substituted. Unlike other penalty cards in field hockey, the red card is never given to the captain for team misconduct. In addition to their colour, red cards in field hockey are often circular in shape.[12]
Floorball: A red card is results in the player being ejected from the game and his/her team being penalised with a 5 minute bench penalty. In floorball, the red card can be linked with 3 different types of Match Penalties (MP 1, 2 and 3). MP1 is linked with violent play during the game, such as heavy hits (pushing) against the goal-cage or boarding; this penalty does not cause additional suspension in the tournament. MP2 is linked with offences such as sabotage of the game, mild brawl (no punches), and is also given when a player receives his/her second 5 minute bench penalty; this match penalty causes an automatic 1 game suspension. MP3 is linked with vulgar conduct, such as insulting the referee, another player or spectators, violent conduct that is not directly linked with play (such as punching an opponent); this match penalty causes an automatic 1 game suspension, and is further reviewed by a disciplinary committee that can penalise the player with additional suspension.

text:
Gaelic games: In camogie, Gaelic football, hurling and ladies' Gaelic football a red card (Irish: cárta dearg) is given to players for serious fouls and violent conduct. A player who receives two yellow cards in a single game is sent off and receives a red card.
Handball: A red card indicates a disqualification of a player who has committed an offense such as unsportsmanlike conduct, serious foul play, or receiving a third two-minute suspension.[13] A red card prevents a player from playing for the remainder of the match and as a result reduces the number of players that are available to a team.  A red card also carries a two-minute suspension for the team, meaning that a team cannot replace the disqualified player until the two-minute team suspension has expired.[13]
Racewalking: A red card indicates that a competitor's foot failed to be on the ground when the rear leg is being raised or that his front leg is not straightened when it makes contact with the ground.  A judge would issue a yellow card for the first infraction committed by a competitor. And if the same judge detects the second infraction from the same competitor, a red card is issued.  Three red cards, from three different judges, will result in a competitor's disqualification.[14]
Rugby league: Red cards are not usually used in rugby league in the southern hemisphere with referees indicating a player has been sent from the field for the rest of the match with one extended arm above the head with the index finger pointed in the direction of a sideline. However, in the northern hemisphere, it is common for a referee to use a red card in signaling a player has been sent from the field for the rest of the match, with no replacement allowed. It is possible for a player to receive seven yellow cards without receiving a red card (a player who receives eight yellow cards in a match will receive a red card, which results in ejection from the match). However, it is up to the referee's discretion at how bad the offenses are, and in these cases, a red card may be commonly shown for a second major offense without the presence of a second yellow card.
Rugby union: A red card is used to indicate that a player has been sent off and can take no further part in the game.[16] He cannot be replaced, leaving his team with one fewer player for the remainder of the game. During international matches, a player who commits an offense under Law 9 – Foul Play may be shown a red card. Red cards are normally issued for serious offenses. Any player receiving a second yellow card in a game will automatically be shown a red card.
Volleyball: A red card can be issued by the referee for the first instance of Rude Conduct. It is recorded on the scoresheet and results in loss of service (if applicable) and a penalty point to the opposition. Rude Conduct is the only category of sanction punished by a Red card alone, and which results in loss of service (if applicable) and a penalty point. For the sanctions of Expulsion and Disqualification, a Red and Yellow card is shown simultaneously, held together in one hand, or separately in each hand, respectively.

text: Two Man (beach):  The rules vary in one aspect from the six-a-side competition. A red card is shown for the first and any second offense of Rude Conduct in the same set. It is recorded on the scoresheet, resulting in loss of service (if applicable) and a penalty point to the opposition. Otherwise the procedural use of cards is the same as for six-a-side.

text: Water polo: A red card is issued to a coach or player on the bench for a second incident of misconduct after receiving a yellow card or severe unsporting conduct. A person receiving a red card must leave the competition area.

text: Other types of penalty card[edit]

text: Green card[edit]

text: A green card is used in some sports to indicate an official warning to a player who has committed a minor offence that does not warrant a more serious sanction.

text:
Athletics: A green card indicates that the recall did not warrant a warning, which most commonly happens when the machines used to catch false-starters make a mistake.[3]
Canoe polo: A green card indicates an official warning that can be applied to an individual player or a whole team.[9] A green card can be awarded for deliberate unsporting behavior or unnecessary verbal communication to the referee.
Field hockey: A green card indicates an official warning when a minor offence has occurred. A second green card for the same player will result in a yellow card (5 minute suspension). In this case, the umpire will show a green card, followed by a yellow card. When an offence for which a green card has been awarded is repeated, a yellow card should be awarded. A green card can be given to a specific player or to the captain as a warning to the entire team. Cards shown to the captain as a warning to the team are treated separate from cards shown to the captain as a player. In addition to their colour, green cards in field hockey are triangular in shape.[12] Under FIH Rules of Hockey, the green card carries a two-minute suspension during which time that player's team plays with one fewer player.

text: White card[edit]

text: A white card is used in bandy to indicate a five-minute timed penalty given to a player.[8] The offending player must leave the playing area and wait on a penalty bench near the centre line until the penalty has expired. During the 5 minute period the player may not be replaced, although he or she may be replaced with a different player when the penalty has expired. Offences that can warrant a white card include trying to hinder the opponents from executing a free-stroke, illegal substitution or repeated illegal but non-violent attacks on an opponent.

text: In the 2012 Super Rugby season in rugby union, a White Card was introduced for incidents of suspected foul play where the referee is unsure of the identity of the perpetrator, or where the referee is unsure if a red card is warranted. The incident is later referred to the citing commissioner, and may result in a suspension for the offending player.[18] It is similar to a citation sign (arms crossed above the head) in rugby league. However, in 2013 the International Rugby Board, now known as World Rugby, extended the powers of the TMO to include reviewing suspected incidents of foul play.[19] As a result, no white cards were issued in 2013.[20]

text: Blue card[edit]

text: A blue card or 'Blue Disk' as pioneered by The Elms, is used in bandy to indicate a ten-minute timed penalty given to a player.[8] The offending player must leave the playing area and wait on a penalty bench near the centre line until the penalty has expired. During the 10 minute period the player may not be replaced, although he or she may be replaced with a different player when the penalty has expired. A blue card is typically shown for offences that are more serious than those warranting a white card including attacking an opponent in a violent or dangerous way, causing advantage by intentionally stopping the ball with a high stick or protesting a referee's decision.

text: A blue card is also frequently used in indoor soccer in the United States, signifying that the offender must leave the field and stay in a penalty box (usually 2–5 minutes), during which time their team plays down a man (identical to ice hockey and roller hockey). If a goal is scored by the team opposite of the offender, then the offender may return to the field immediately.  It is also used in the Clericus Cup association football league for a 5-minute bench penalty for unsportsmanlike play. And it is also used in the beach soccer for a 2-minute bench penalty for unsportsmanlike play.

text: A Blue Card is also used in quidditch to indicate a technical foul. The fouling player is sent to the penalty box for one minute or until a goal is scored against the fouling player's team. Unlike a yellow card, there is no additional penalty for multiple blue cards.[21]

text: In European indoor soccer or Futsal, a Blue Card was used to send a player off the court; however the team was able to replace him with another player. The offending player could not return to play during the match. A blue card was shown directly for foul play or verbal abuse, if the same player had received two yellow cards, or if he had accumulated a total of 5 fouls during the game.

text: The Blue Card has been in use in Handball since the International Handball Federation announced a rule change that came into effect on July 1, 2016.[22] First the Red Card is shown, then the referee will after a short discussion show the blue card. Following that a written report will accompany the score sheet and the Disciplinary Commission will then decide on further actions against the player.[23]

text: Black card[edit]

text: A black card is used in fencing. It is issued by the director, or the referee for severe rule infractions.[11] A second instance of a Group 3 offence, and all Group 4 offences including deliberate brutality, refusal to fence, refusal to salute, and refusal to shake hands can be punished with a black card.[11] When the black card is issued, the offending fencer is excluded from the remainder of the competition and may be suspended from further tournaments. In the official record of the tournament, his or her name is replaced with the words "FENCER EXCLUDED".[24]

text: A black card is also used in the sport of badminton to indicate disqualification.[25]

text: In the Gaelic Games of Gaelic football and hurling, a tick or black book – was formerly recorded against a player for a minor infringement not warranting a yellow card, though multiple bookings will result in the issuance of a yellow card. The act of the referee physically holding up his black notebook in the same manner as a card has been discontinued by the GAA.[26]

text: Beginning January 1, 2014 a player in Gaelic football can be ordered off the pitch for the remainder of the game with a substitution allowed by being physically shown a Black Card (the referee's black notebook) in the same manner as any other penalty card for "cynical behaviour," including blatant tripping, pulling down and bodychecking. This forced substitution is an intermediate punishment between the yellow and red cards. A player who receives a yellow card and a black card in the same game is sent off without any substitute being permitted.[27]


document_title: AFC East

question_text: when was the last time miami dolphins won their division

text: AFC East

text: AFL Eastern Division[edit]

text: The American Football League Eastern Division was formed during the inaugural season of the American Football League in 1960, as a counterpart to the AFL Western Division. The divisional alignment consisted of the Buffalo Bills, Boston Patriots, New York Titans and Houston Oilers. The Miami Dolphins entered the AFL in 1966 as part of its Eastern division.[7]

text: The division was absorbed nearly intact with the AFL–NFL merger in 1970, but Houston was moved to the AFC Central (formerly the NFL Century Division, now the AFC North) and replaced by the closer Baltimore Colts (from the NFL Coastal Division, which became the NFC West). Despite relocating to Indianapolis, Indiana in 1984, the Colts continued to play in the AFC East until NFL expansion from 31 to 32 teams with the addition of the Houston Texans (successor club in Houston to the Oilers) and 2002 re-alignment when they were moved to the AFC South (the successor franchise to the Oilers, the Tennessee Titans, is also in the AFC South).[8]

text: Although Miami is farther south than the home cities of the other three teams, all of which are in the Northeast, all four AFC East teams have historical rivalries among them, dating from their years in the AFL during the 1960s.[9]

text: None of the AFC East teams currently plays within the central city of their metropolitan area:

text:
The Bills play in Orchard Park, New York. They played in the city of Buffalo from 1960–72.
The Jets play in East Rutherford, New Jersey (they played in the New York City borough of Manhattan from 1960–63, and in the borough of Queens from 1964–83)
The Dolphins play in Miami Gardens, Florida, a suburb of Miami (Miami Gardens was separated from the city itself and incorporated in 2003)
The Patriots play in Foxborough, Massachusetts (they played in Boston, the largest city in New England, until 1970 and adopted their current name in 1971 when they moved into what eventually became known as Foxboro Stadium).

text: All of the teams are or were coached by a first or second generation member of the Bill Parcells coaching tree: the Patriots have Bill Belichick; the Dolphins had Tony Sparano; the Jets had Eric Mangini (who served as an assistant with both Belichick and Parcells); and the Bills had Dick Jauron (fired on November 17, 2009), who served as an assistant with former Parcells assistant Tom Coughlin. The Jets are now coached by Todd Bowles and the Bills were coached by Rex Ryan for 31 games (the entire 2015-16 season, and he was fired before the last game of the 2016-17 season and replaced with interim Head Coach Anthony Lynn). Parcells himself coached the Patriots (1993–6) and the Jets (1997–9) and was Vice President of Football Operations for the Dolphins until the summer of 2010.[10]

text: ESPN's Chris Berman often calls this division the "AFC Adams" due to its geographical similarity to the old Adams Division of the NHL, now succeeded by the Atlantic Division.

text: Along with the AFC (formerly AFL) West, the AFC East is the oldest NFL division in terms of creation date (1960).

text: Division lineups[edit]

text: Place cursor over year for division champ or Super Bowl team.

text:
AFL Eastern Division

1900s

60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69

Buffalo Bills

     Team not in division

Boston Patriots

     Division Won AFL Championship

New York Titans
New York Jets [C]

     Division Won AFC Championship

Houston Oilers [B]

     Division Won Super Bowl

Miami Dolphins [D]

NFL AFC East Division

1900s
2000s

70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01

Buffalo Bills

Boston Patriots
New England Patriots [A]

New York Jets

Baltimore Colts [E]
Indianapolis Colts [F]

Miami Dolphins

AFC East Division after reorganization

2000s

02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

New England Patriots

Buffalo Bills

New York Jets

Miami Dolphins

tag: table

text: Division champions[edit]

text:
Season
Team
Record
Playoff Results

1960
Houston Oilers
10–4–0
Won AFL Championship Game

1961
Houston Oilers
10–3–1
Won AFL Championship Game

1962
Houston Oilers
11–3–0
Lost AFL Championship Game

1963
Boston Patriots
7–6–1
Won Divisional Playoff, Lost AFL Championship Game

1964
Buffalo Bills
12–2–0
Won AFL Championship Game

1965
Buffalo Bills
10–3–1
Won AFL Championship Game

1966
Buffalo Bills
9–4–1
Lost AFL Championship Game

1967
Houston Oilers
9–4–1
Lost AFL Championship Game

1968
New York Jets
11–3–0
Won AFL Championship Game, Won Super Bowl III

1969
New York Jets
10–4–0
Lost Inter-Divisional Playoffs

1970
Baltimore Colts
11–2–1
Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Won Super Bowl V0

1971
Miami Dolphins
10–3–1
Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Lost Super Bowl VI

1972
Miami Dolphins
14–0–0
Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Won Super Bowl VII

1973
Miami Dolphins
12–2–0
Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Won Super Bowl VIII

1974
Miami Dolphins
11–3–0
Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1975
Baltimore Colts
10–4–0
Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1976
Baltimore Colts
11–3–0
Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1977
Baltimore Colts
10–4–0
Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1978
New England Patriots
11–5–0
Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1979
Miami Dolphins
10–6–0
Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1980
Buffalo Bills
11–5–0
Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1981
Miami Dolphins
11–4–1
Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1982+
Miami Dolphins
7–2–0
Won AFC First Round, Second Round and Championship Games, Lost Super Bowl XVII0

1983
Miami Dolphins
12–4–0
Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1984
Miami Dolphins
14–2–0
Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Lost Super Bowl XIX

1985
Miami Dolphins
12–4–0
Won AFC Divisional Playoffs, Lost AFC Championship Game

1986
New England Patriots
11–5–0
Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1987
Indianapolis Colts
9–6–0
Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1988
Buffalo Bills
12–4–0
Won AFC Divisional Playoffs, Lost AFC Championship Game

1989
Buffalo Bills
9–7–0
Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1990
Buffalo Bills
13–3–0
Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Lost Super Bowl XXV

1991
Buffalo Bills
13–3–0
Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Lost Super Bowl XXVI

1992
Miami Dolphins
11–5–0
Won Divisional Game, Lost AFC Championship Game0

1993
Buffalo Bills
12–4–0
Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Lost Super Bowl XXVIII

1994
Miami Dolphins
10–6–0
Won Wild Card Game, Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1995
Buffalo Bills
10–6–0
Won Wild Card Game, Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1996
New England Patriots
11–5–0
Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Lost Super Bowl XXXI

1997
New England Patriots
10–6–0
Won Wild Card Game, Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1998
New York Jets
12–4–0
Won Divisional Game, Lost AFC Championship Game

1999
Indianapolis Colts
13–3–0
Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

2000
Miami Dolphins
11–5–0
Won Wild Card Game, Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

2001
New England Patriots
11–5–0
Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Won Super Bowl XXXVI

2002
New York Jets
9–7–0
Won Wild Card Game, Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

2003
New England Patriots
14–2–0
Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Won Super Bowl XXXVIII

2004
New England Patriots
14–2–0
Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Won Super Bowl XXXIX

2005
New England Patriots
10–6–0
Won Wild Card Game, Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

2006
New England Patriots
12–4–0
Won Wild Card and AFC Divisional Games, Lost AFC Championship Game

2007
New England Patriots
16–0–0
Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Lost Super Bowl XLII

2008
Miami Dolphins
11–5–0
Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs

2009
New England Patriots
10–6–0
Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs

2010
New England Patriots
14–2–0
Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

2011
New England Patriots
13–3–0
Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Lost Super Bowl XLVI

2012
New England Patriots
12–4–0
Won AFC Divisional Playoffs, Lost AFC Championship Game

2013
New England Patriots
12–4–0
Won AFC Divisional Playoffs, Lost AFC Championship Game

2014
New England Patriots
12–4–0
Won AFC Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Won Super Bowl XLIX

2015
New England Patriots
12–4–0
Won AFC Divisional Playoffs, Lost AFC Championship Game

2016
New England Patriots
14–2–0
Won AFC Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Won Super Bowl LI

2017
TBD
0–0–0
TBD

text: + – A players' strike in 1982 reduced the regular season to nine games. Thus, the league used a special 16-team playoff tournament just for this year. Division standings were ignored, Miami had the best record of the division teams.

text: Wildcard Qualifiers[edit]

text:
Season
Team
Record
Playoff Results

1969
Houston Oilers
06–6–2
Lost AFL Interdivisional Game

1970
Miami Dolphins
10–4–0
Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1971
Baltimore Colts
10–4–0
Won AFC Divisional Playoffs, Lost AFC Championship Game

1974
Buffalo Bills
09–5–0
Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1976
New England Patriots
11–3–0
Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1978
Miami Dolphins
11–5–0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs

1981
New York Jets
Buffalo Bills
10–5–1
10–6–0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs
Won Wild Card Playoffs, Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1982+
New York Jets
New England Patriots
06–3–0
05–4–0
Won AFC First Round and Second Round, Lost AFC Championship Game0
Lost AFC First Round

1985
New York Jets
New England Patriots
11–5–0
11–5–0
Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs
Won Wild Card, Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Lost Super Bowl XX0

1986
New York Jets
10–6–0
Won Wild Card Game, Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1990
Miami Dolphins
12–4–0
Won Wild Card Playoffs, Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1991
New York Jets
08–8–0
Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs

1992
Buffalo Bills
11–5–0
Won Wild Card, Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Lost Super Bowl XXVII0

1994
New England Patriots
10–6–0
Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs

1995
Indianapolis Colts
Miami Dolphins
09–7–0
09–7–0
Won Wild Card and AFC Divisional Playoff games, Lost AFC Championship Game0
Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs

1996
Buffalo Bills
Indianapolis Colts
10–6–0
09–7–0
Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs
Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs

1997
Miami Dolphins
09–7–0
Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs

1998
Miami Dolphins
Buffalo Bills
New England Patriots
10–6–0
10–6–0
09–7–0
Won Wild Card Playoffs, Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs
Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs
Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs

1999
Buffalo Bills
Miami Dolphins
11–5–0
09–7–0
Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs
Won Wild Card Playoffs, Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

2000
Indianapolis Colts
10–6–0
Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs

2001
Miami Dolphins
New York Jets
11–5–0
10–6–0
Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs
Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs

2004
New York Jets
10–6–0
Won Wild Card Playoffs, Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

2006
New York Jets
010–6–0
Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs

2009
New York Jets
09–7–0
Won Wild Card and AFC Divisional Playoff games, Lost AFC Championship Game0

2010
New York Jets
11–5–0
Won Wild Card and AFC Divisional Playoff games, Lost AFC Championship Game

2016
Miami Dolphins
10–6–0
Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs

text: Total playoff berths while in the AFL/AFC East[edit]

text:
(AFC East records 1960–2016 seasons)
Reflects Colts & Oilers results only while in the East Division.
In the sortable table below, teams can be ordered by name, number of division wins, playoff berths, or titles.

text:
Team
Division
Titles
Playoff
Berths
AFL
Titles
AFC
Championships
Super Bowl
Championships

New England Patriots
19
24
0
9
5

Miami Dolphins
14
23
0
5
2

Buffalo Bills
10
17
2
4
0

New York Jets
4
14
1
0
1

Indianapolis Colts1*
6
10
0
0
0

Houston Oilers2*
4
5
2
0
0

text:
AFC East
-Division--
Titles
-Playoff-
Berths
AFL
-Titles-
AFC
-Championships-
Super Bowl
-Championships-

Totals- 1960–2016
56
93
5
18
8

text:
1 Realigned from NFL West in 1970 merger. Known as the Baltimore Colts before 1984. Realigned into the AFC South beginning with the 2002 NFL season.
2 Realigned into the AFC Central in 1970 merger, and into the AFC South in 2002. Known as Tennessee Oilers from 1997–98, and Tennessee Titans since 1999.


document_title: Mobile home

question_text: what is the average length of a mobile home

text: Mobile home

text: History[edit]

text: In the United States, this form of housing goes back to the early years of cars and motorized highway travel.[1] It was derived from the travel trailer (often referred to during the early years as "house trailers" or "trailer coaches"), a small unit with wheels attached permanently, often used for camping or extended travel. The original rationale for this type of housing was its mobility. Units were initially marketed primarily to people whose lifestyle required mobility. However, beginning in the 1950s, the homes began to be marketed primarily as an inexpensive form of housing designed to be set up and left in a location for long periods of time, or even permanently installed with a masonry foundation. Previously, units had been eight feet or less in width, but in 1956, the 10-foot (3 m) wide home ("ten-wide") was introduced, along with the new term "mobile home".[2]

text: The homes were given a rectangular shape, made from pre-painted aluminum panels, rather than the streamlined shape of travel trailers, which were usually painted after assembly. All of this helped increase the difference between these homes and home/travel trailers. The smaller, "eight-wide" units could be moved simply with a car, but the larger, wider units ("ten-wide", and, later, "twelve-wide") usually required the services of a professional trucking company, and, often, a special moving permit from a state highway department. During the late 1960s and early 70s, the homes were made even longer and wider, making the mobility of the units more difficult. Nowadays, when a factory-built home is moved to a location, it is usually kept there permanently and the mobility of the units has considerably decreased. In some states, mobile homes have been taxed as personal property if the wheels remain attached, but as real estate, if the wheels are removed. Removal of the tongue and axles may also be a requirement for real estate classification.

text: Manufactured home[edit]

text: Mobile homes built in the United States since June 1976, legally referred to as manufactured homes, are required to meet FHA certification requirements, and come with attached metal certification tags. Mobile homes permanently installed on owned land are rarely mortgageable, whereas FHA code manufactured homes are mortgageable through VA, FHA, and FNMA.

text: Many people who could not afford a traditional site-built home, or did not desire to commit to spending a large sum of money on housing, began to see factory-built homes as a viable alternative for long-term housing needs. The units were often marketed as an alternative to apartment rental. However, the tendency of the units of this era to depreciate rapidly in resale value[citation needed] made using them as collateral for loans much riskier than traditional home loans. Terms were usually limited to less than the thirty-year term typical of the general home-loan market, and interest rates were considerably higher.[citation needed] In this way, mobile home loans resembled motor vehicle loans more than traditional home mortgage loans.

text: Construction and sizes[edit]

text: Mobile homes come in two major sizes, single-wides and double-wides. Single-wides are 18 feet (5.5 m) or less in width and 90 feet (27 m) or less in length and can be towed to their site as a single unit. Double-wides are 20 feet (6.1 m) or more wide and are 90 feet (27 m) in length or less and are towed to their site in two separate units, which are then joined together. Triple-wides and even homes with four, five, or more units are also built, although not as commonly.

text: While site-built homes are rarely moved, single-wide owners often "trade" or sell their home to a dealer in the form of the reduction of the purchase of a new home. These "used" homes are either re-sold to new owners or to park owners who use them as inexpensive rental units. Single-wides are more likely to be traded than double-wides because removing them from the site is easier. In fact, only about 5% of all double-wides will ever be moved.[citation needed]

text: While an EF1 tornado might cause minor damage to a site-built home, it could do significant damage to a factory-built home, especially an older model or one that is not properly secured. Also, structural components (such as windows) are typically weaker than those in site-built homes.[3] 70 miles per hour (113 kilometers per hour) winds can destroy a mobile home in a matter of minutes. Many brands offer optional hurricane straps, which can be used to tie the home to anchors embedded in the ground.

text: Regulations[edit]

text: USA[edit]

text: In the United States, these homes are regulated by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), via the Federal National Manufactured Housing Construction and Safety Standards Act of 1974. This national regulation has allowed many manufacturers to distribute nationwide because they are immune to the jurisdiction of local building authorities.[4] By contrast, producers of modular homes must abide by state and local building codes. There are, however, wind zones adopted by HUD that home builders must follow. For example, statewide, Florida is at least windzone 2. South Florida is windzone 3, the strongest wind zone. After Hurricane Andrew in 1992, new standards were adopted for home construction. The codes for building within these wind zones were significantly amended, which has greatly increased their durability. During the 2004 hurricanes in Florida, these standards were put to the test, with great success. Yet, older models continue to face the exposed risk to high winds because of the attachments applied such as carports, porch and screen room additions. These areas are exposed to "wind capture" which apply extreme force to the underside of the integrated roof panel systems, ripping the fasteners through the roof pan causing a series of events which destroys the main roof system and the home.

text: The popularity of the factory-built homes caused complications the legal system was not prepared to handle. Originally, factory-built homes tended to be taxed as vehicles rather than real estate, which resulted in very low property tax rates for their inhabitants. This caused local governments to reclassify them for taxation purposes.

text: However, even with this change, rapid depreciation often resulted in the home occupants paying far less in property taxes than had been anticipated and budgeted. The ability to move many factory-built homes rapidly into a relatively small area resulted in strains to the infrastructure and governmental services of the affected areas, such as inadequate water pressure and sewage disposal, and highway congestion. This led jurisdictions to begin placing limitations on the size and density of developments.

text: Early homes, even those that were well-maintained, tended to depreciate in value over time, much like motor vehicles. This is in contrast to site-built homes which include the land they are built on and tend to appreciate in value. The arrival of these homes in an area tended to be regarded with alarm, in part because of the devaluation of the housing potentially spreading to preexisting structures.

text: This combination of factors has caused most jurisdictions to place zoning regulations on the areas in which factory-built homes are placed, and limitations on the number and density of homes permitted on any given site. Other restrictions, such as minimum size requirements, limitations on exterior colors and finishes, and foundation mandates have also been enacted. There are many jurisdictions that will not allow the placement of any additional factory-built homes. Others have strongly limited or forbidden all single-wide models, which tend to depreciate in value more rapidly than modern double-wide models.

text: Apart from all the practical issues described above, there is also the constant discussion about legal fixture and chattels – meaning that the legal status of a trailer is, or could be, affected by its incorporation to the land or not. This sometimes involves such factors as whether or not the wheels have been removed.

text: The city of Cleveland in the state of Mississippi—the poorest in the United States—has made efforts to eliminate its "run-down mobile homes", which the city describes as "unsightly".[5]

text: The North Carolina Board of Transportation allowed 14-foot-wide homes on the state's roads, but until January 1997, 16-foot-wide homes were not allowed. 41 states allowed 16-foot-side homes, but these were not sold in North Carolina. Under a trial program approved January 10, 1997, the wider homes could be delivered on specific roads, at certain times of day, traveling 10 MPH below the speed limit, with escort vehicles in front and behind.[6][7] Eventually, all homes had to leave the state on interstate highways.[8] In December 1997, a study showed the wider homes could be delivered safely, but some opponents still wanted the program to end.[9] On December 2, 1999, the N.C. Manufactured Housing Institute asked the state Board of Transportation asked to expand the program to allow deliveries of 16-foot-wide homes within North Carolina.[8] A month later, the board extended the pilot program by three months but did not vote to allow shipments within the state.[10] In June 2000, the board voted to allow 16-foot-side homes to be shipped to other states on more two-lane roads, and to allow shipments in the state east of US 220. A third escort was required, including a law enforcement officer on two-lane roads.[11]

text: Mobile home parks[edit]

text: Mobile homes are often sited in land lease communities known as trailer parks (also 'trailer courts', 'mobile home parks', 'mobile home communities', 'manufactured home communities', 'factory-built home communities' etc.), these communities allow homeowners to rent space on which to place a home. In addition to providing space, the site often provides basic utilities such as water, sewer, electricity, or natural gas and other amenities such as mowing, garbage removal, community rooms, pools, and playgrounds.

text: There are over 38,000[12] trailer parks in the United States ranging in size from 5 to over 1,000 home sites. Although most parks appeal to meeting basic housing needs, some communities specialize towards certain segments of the market. One subset of mobile home parks, retirement communities, restrict residents to those age 55 and older. Another subset of mobile home parks, seasonal communities, are located in popular vacation destinations or are used as a location for summer homes.

text: Newer homes, particularly double-wides, tend to be built to much higher standards than their predecessors and meet the building codes applicable to most areas. This has led to a reduction in the rate of value depreciation of most used units.[13]

text: Additionally, modern homes tend to be built from materials similar to those used in site-built homes rather than inferior, lighter-weight materials. They are also more likely to physically resemble site-built homes. Often, the primary differentiation in appearance is that factory-built homes tend to have less of a roof slope so that they can be readily transported underneath bridges and overpasses.[citation needed]

text: The number of double-wide units sold exceeds the number of single-wides, which is due in part to the aforementioned zoning restrictions. Another reason for higher sales is the spaciousness of double-wide units, which are now comparable to site-built homes. Single-wide units are still popular primarily in rural areas, where there are fewer restrictions. They are frequently used as temporary housing in areas affected by natural disasters when restrictions are temporarily waived.[citation needed]

text: Another recent trend has been parks in which the owner of the mobile home owns the lot on which their unit is parked. Some of these communities simply provide land in a homogeneous neighborhood, but others are operated more like condominiums with club homes complete with swimming pools and meeting rooms which are shared by all of the residents, who are required to pay membership fees and dues.

text: Mobile homes, by country[edit]

text: Mobile home (or mobile-homes) are used in many European campgrounds to refer to fixed caravans, purpose-built cabins, and even large tents, which are rented by the week or even year-round as cheap accommodation, similar to the US concept of a trailer park. Like many US loanwords, this term is not used widely in Britain.[citation needed]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In the UK static caravans, which have wheels and a rudimentary chassis with no suspension or brakes, are therefore transported on the back of large flatbed lorries, the axle and wheels being used for movement to the final location when the static caravan is moved by tractor or 4x4. A static caravan will normally stay on a single plot for many years, and have many of the modern conveniences one would normally find in a home.

text: Mobile homes are designed and constructed to be transportable by road in one or two sections. Mobile homes are no larger than 20 m × 6.8 m (65 ft 7 in × 22 ft 4 in) with an internal maximum height of 3.05 m (10 ft 0 in). Legally, mobile homes can still be defined as "caravans".

text: Static holiday caravans generally have sleeping accommodation for 6 to 8 people in 2 to 3 bedrooms and on convertible seating in the lounge. They tend towards a fairly "open-plan" layout, and while some units are insulated and centrally heated for year-round use, cheaper models without double glazing or central heating are available for mainly summer use. Holiday homes are intended for leisure use and are available in 10 ft (3.0 m) and 12 ft (3.7 m) widths, a small number in 13 ft (4.0 m) and 14 ft (4.3 m) widths, and a few 16 ft (4.9 m) wide, consisting of two 8 ft (2.4 m) wide units joined together. Generally, holiday homes are clad in painted steel panels, but can be clad in PVC panels. Static caravans are sited on caravan parks where the owner of the site leases a plot to the caravan owner. Many of these parks are sited in areas that are prone to flooding and anyone considering buying a sited static caravan needs to take particular care in checking that their site is not liable to flooding. Some park owners used to have unfair conditions in their lease contracts but the Office of Fair Trading has produced a guidance document available for download called Unfair Terms in Holiday Caravan Agreements which aims to stop unfair practices.

text: Israel[edit]

text: Many Israeli settlements and outposts are originally composed of caravans (Hebrew: קראוואן caravan; pl. קראוואנים, caravanim). They are constructed of light metal, are not insulated but can be outfitted with heating and air-conditioning units, water lines, recessed lighting, and floor tiling to function in a full-service capacity. Starting in 2005, prefabricated homes, named caravillas (Hebrew: קרווילה), a portmanteau of the words caravan, and villa, begin to replace mobile homes in many Israeli settlements.

text: Difference from modular homes[edit]

text: Because of similarities in the manufacturing process, some companies build both types in their factories. Modular homes are transported on flatbed trucks rather than being towed, and lack axles and an automotive-type frame. However, some of these homes are towed behind a semi-truck or toter on a frame similar to that of a trailer. The home is usually in two pieces and is hauled by two separate trucks. Each frame has five or more axles, depending on the size of the home. Once the home has reached its location, the axles and the tongue of the frame are then removed, and the home is set on a concrete foundation by a large crane.

text: Both styles are commonly referred to as factory-built housing, although that term's technical use is restricted to a class of homes regulated by the Federal National Mfd. Housing Construction and Safety Standards Act of 1974.

text: Most zoning restrictions on the homes have been found to be inapplicable or only applicable to modular homes. This occurs often after considerable litigation on the topic by affected jurisdictions and by plaintiffs failing to ascertain the difference. Most modern modulars, once fully assembled, are indistinguishable from site-built homes. Their roofs are usually transported as separate units. Newer modulars also come with roofs that can be raised during the setting process with cranes. There are also modulars with 2 or 3 stories. As the legal differentiation between the two becomes more codified, the market for modular homes is likely to grow.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Construction starts with the frame.

Interior wall assemblies are attached.

Roof assembly is set atop home.

Drywall is completed.

Home is ready for delivery to site.

A modern "triple wide" home, designed to look like an adobe home

A mobile home is being moved, California

A mobile home being prepared for transport