document_title: Referee (association football)

question_text: what did uk soccer officials use before whistles

text: Referee (association football)

text: Powers and duties[edit]

text: The referee's powers and duties are described by Law 5 of the Laws of the Game.[1] These include:

text: Powers

text:
stopping, suspending or terminating the match at his discretion, for any infringements of the Laws;
stopping, suspending or terminating the match because of outside interference of any kind;
stopping the match if, in his opinion, a player is seriously injured and ensuring that he is removed from the field of play. An injured player may only return to the field of play after the match has restarted;
allowing play to continue until the ball is out of play if a player is, in his opinion, only slightly injured;
allowing play to continue when the team against which an offence has been committed will benefit from such an advantage and penalising the original offence if the anticipated advantage does not ensue;
taking disciplinary action against players guilty of cautionable and sending-off offences. He is not obliged to take this action immediately but must do so when the ball next goes out of play;
taking action against team officials who fail to conduct themselves in a responsible manner and may, at his discretion, expel them from the field of play and its immediate surrounds.

text: Duties

text:
enforcing the Laws of the Game;
controlling the match in co-operation with the assistant referees and, where applicable, with the fourth official;
ensuring that any ball used meets the requirements of Law 2;
ensuring that the players' equipment meets the requirements of Law 4;
acting as timekeeper and keeping a record of the match;
ensuring that any player bleeding from a wound leaves the field of play. The player may only return on receiving a signal from the referee, who must be satisfied that the bleeding has stopped;
punishing the more serious offence when a player commits more than one offence at the same time;
acting on the advice of the assistant referees regarding incidents that he has not seen;
ensuring that no unauthorised persons enter the field of play;
indicating the restart of the match after it has been stopped;
providing the appropriate authorities with a match report, which includes information on any disciplinary action taken against players or team officials, substitutions and any other incidents that occurred before, during or after the match.

text: As per Law 9 of the game (Ball in and out of play), if during the game the ball hits the referee (or an assistant) there is no stoppage in play.[2]  However the officials would be expected to position themselves such that this would be unlikely to occur.

text: Uniform and equipment[edit]

text: Modern day referees and their assistants wear a uniform consisting of a jersey, badge, shorts and socks: until the 1950s it was more common for a referee to wear a blazer than a jersey. Traditionally that uniform was almost always all black, unless one of the teams was wearing a very dark jersey in which case the referee would wear another colour of jersey (usually red) to distinguish himself from both teams. At the 1994 World Cup finals, new jerseys were introduced that gave officials a choice of burgundy, yellow or white, and at the same time the creation of the Premier League in England saw referees wear green jerseys: both changes were motivated by television considerations. Since then, most referees have worn either yellow or black, but the colours and styles adopted by individual associations vary greatly. For international contests under the supervision of FIFA, Adidas uniforms are worn because Adidas is the current sponsor. FIFA allows referees to wear five colours: black, red, yellow, green and blue. Along with the jersey, referees are required to wear black shorts, black socks (with white stripes in some cases), and black shoes.  The badge, which displays the referee's license level and year of validity, is often affixed to the left chest pocket.

text: All referees carry a whistle, a watch, penalty cards, a data wallet with pen and paper, and a coin for determining which team has the choice of ends or kick-off. Most are encouraged to have more than one of each on them in case they drop a whistle or a pen runs out and so on. Often, referees utilise two watches so that they can use one to calculate time lost for stoppages for the purposes of added time.  At the highest levels, referees wear a full duplex radio with customised headset to communicate between each other[3] and assistant referees use electronic flags, which send a signal to the referee when a button is pushed.[4] In matches with goal-line technology, the referee will have on their person a device to receive the system's alerts.[5]

text: Whistle[edit]

text: Referees use a whistle to  help in match control.  The whistle is sometimes needed to stop, start or restart play but should not be used for all stoppages, starts or restarts.  FIFA's Laws of the Game document gives guidance as to when the whistle should and should not be used.[6]  Overuse of the whistle is discouraged since, as stated in the Laws, "A whistle which is used too frequently unnecessarily will have less impact when it is needed."[6] The whistle is an important tool for the referee along with verbal, body and eye communication.

text: Before the introduction of the whistle, referees indicated their decisions by waving a white handkerchief. The whistles that were first adopted by referees were made by Joseph Hudson at Mills Munitions in Birmingham, England. The Acme Whistle Company (based at Mills Munitions Factory) first began to mass-produce pea whistles in the 1870s for the Metropolitan Police Force. It is frequently stated the referee's whistle was first used in a game between Nottingham Forest and Sheffield Norfolk in 1878; however the last such fixture known to have taken place between the two clubs was in 1874. The Nottingham Forest account book of 1872 apparently recorded the purchase of an "umpire's whistle" and in 1928 an article by R M Ruck about his playing days in the early 1870s referred to the use of a whistle by umpires to indicate an infringement.[7]

text: The whistle was not mentioned in the Laws of the Game until 1936 when an IFAB Decision was added as footnote (b) to Law 2, stating "A Referee's control over the players for misconduct or ungentlemanly behaviour commences from the time he enters the field of play, but his jurisdiction in connection with the Laws of the Game commences from the time he blows his whistle for the game to start."[8]

text: In 2007, when IFAB greatly expanded the Laws of the Game Additional Instructions section,  a full page of advice on how and when the whistle should be used as a communication and control mechanism by the referee became available.[9]

text: History[edit]

text: Referees in football are first described by Richard Mulcaster in 1581.[10]  In this description of "foteball" he advocates the use of a "judge over the parties".  In the modern era, referees are first advocated in English public school football games, notably Eton football in 1845.[11]  A match report from Rochdale in 1842 shows their use in a football game between the Bodyguards Club and the Fearnought Club.[11]

text: In the early years of the codified sport it was assumed that disputes could be adequately settled by discussion between gentlemen players who would never deliberately commit a foul.  However, as play became more competitive, the need for officials grew. Initially there existed two umpires, one per team, who could be appealed to with the referee (the game's timekeeper) being "referred" to if the umpires couldn't agree.[12]

text: The promotion of referees to the dominant position they occupy today, and the reformation of umpires into the linesmen role, occurred as part of a major restructuring of the laws in 1891.[12]

text: Positioning and responsibilities[edit]

text: The predominant system of positioning and division of responsibility used by football match officials throughout the world is known as the Diagonal system of control (DSC).

text: The referee has final decision-making authority on all matters. The referee is assisted by two assistant referees who advise the referee. An assistant referee's judgement is only enforced if the referee accepts that judgement, and the referee has the authority to unilaterally overrule an assistant referee. The referee is the only official empowered with starting and stopping play, and meting out disciplinary actions such as cautions or send-offs.

text: The two assistant referees are instructed by the referee to each patrol half of a single touchline on opposite sides of the field. For example, on a field running north-south, one assistant referee (AR) would run on the eastern touchline from the north goal line to the halfway line, while the other assistant referee would run on the western touchline from the south goal line to the halfway line. In general, the assistant referees' duties would be to indicate (using their flags): when an offside offence has occurred in their half, when a ball has left the pitch, and if a foul has been executed out of the view of the referee (typically in their quadrant of the field). Generally, the ARs will position themselves in line with either the second to last opponent or the ball – whichever is closer to the goal line – to better judge offside infractions. However, the assistant referee will have specific positioning with respect to corner kicks, penalty kick, and throw-ins.

text: The referee patrols the length of the field to cover the ground not covered by his two assistants, generally running in a diagonal pattern from the southeast quadrant of the field towards the northwest quadrant; hence the term "diagonal system of control". Note that this pattern is not a specific route but a general guideline that should be modified to the style of play, nature of the game, the location of play at a given time, etc. In some cases the referee may even exit the field if it aids in his decision-making ability. The main idea is that the referee and assistants using the DSC should be able to position themselves quickly and easily to observe the important aspects of play (offside, ball in or out of play, goal-scoring opportunities, challenges for the ball) from multiple angles with multiple sets of eyes.

text: Note that the description above refers to a left diagonal system of control, known as "running a left" or "standard diagonal". If, before the match, the centre referee on this field decides to run from southwest to northeast, then the assistants must position themselves accordingly and the result will be a right diagonal system of control, otherwise referred to as "running a right" or "reverse diagonal".

text: In many cases in the UK, referees now use more of a 'curve' based on a line running from the edge of the 18 yard box, and when near the centre circle they then curve to a line level with the other 18 yard box line. This is similar to the diagonal system, but with the speed of modern football it is easier to keep up with play. This also helps the referee avoid being in a common "passing lane" through the centre circle itself.

text: In international matches the left-wing diagonal shown above has been universal since the 1960s. It is now predominant across the world. England until recently was an exception to this convention. Until 1974 referees in the Football League were required to run both diagonals during a match, most opting to run from right wing to right wing in the first half before switching to the left-wing diagonal for the second half. The chief reason for this alternation was to avoid linesmen wearing down the same part of the touchline during matches – this was important given the generally lower quality of pitches at the time. However switching diagonal was also justified in terms of allowing officials to patrol different areas of the field during games. From the 1974–75 season English referees were allowed to run the same diagonal throughout the same match. Most initially opted for the right-wing diagonal although over the years the left-wing diagonal became increasingly popular and the preferred choice of most referees by the early 2000s. From 2007–08 the left-wing diagonal has been mandatory in English professional football although some referees at lower levels still use the opposite approach.

text: Its implementation as a standard practice for referees is attributed to Sir Stanley Rous, former referee and President of FIFA from 1961 to 1974.[13]

text: Two referees[edit]

text: While the Laws of the Game and FIFA mandate for a single referee with assistants as described above, a less common system, the dual system, has two referees with no assistants.[14] The system is used some matches played under the rules of the National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS) in the United States, and in other youth or amateur matches. Both referees have equal authority, and the decision of one referee is binding on the other. Each referee is primarily responsible for a specific area of the field similar to those of the assistant referees in the diagonal system, except that the referees are allowed and encouraged to move away from the touch line into the field, particularly as play approaches the goal lines. Like the assistant referees in the diagonal system, each referee is responsible for patrolling one touch line and one goal line and determining possession for the restart if the ball goes out of play on either of those two boundaries.[15]

text: Positioning in the dual system is similar to that used by officials in basketball: each referee is either termed the "lead" or the "trail", depending on the direction of the attack. If the attack is against the goal to the referee's right (when facing the field from his/her assigned touch line), then that referee is the lead, and the other is the trail. The lead is positioned ahead of the play, even with the second-to-last defender to the extent possible, while the trail is positioned behind the play. Both are responsible for calling fouls and misconduct and determining the restart when the ball goes out of play on one of their assigned boundary lines. Since the lead is in a better position to determine offside, the lead is responsible for calling offside, while the trail provides an extra monitor for fouls and misconduct while the lead's attention is focused on offside. When the attack changes direction, the trail becomes the lead and vice versa.[15]

text: Although use of the two referee system is mainly in amateur football, FIFA has experimented with it, and UEFA has lobbied FIFA to implement it at the highest levels of the game.[16]


document_title: List of cities in New Zealand

question_text: what is the most popular city in new zealand

root

text: List of cities in New Zealand

text: Urban areas by population[edit]

text: The populations given in the table below are provisional New Zealand resident populations, June 2017,[2] and they refer to the entire urban area, unless otherwise stated.

tag: p

text:
Rank (population)
Urban area
Population
Area
(km²)[3]
Population
density
(people/km²)
Notes

1
Auckland
7006153470000000000♠1,534,700
7003108600000000000♠1,086
7003141320000000000♠1,413.2

2
Wellington
7005412500000000000♠412,500
7002444000000000000♠444
7002929100000000000♠929.1
1

3
Christchurch
7005396700000000000♠396,700
7002608000000000000♠608
7002652500000000000♠652.5

4
Hamilton
7005235900000000000♠235,900
7002877000000000000♠877
7002269000000000000♠269.0
2

5
Tauranga
7005137900000000000♠137,900
7002178000000000000♠178
7002774700000000000♠774.7

6
Napier-Hastings
7005133000000000000♠133,000
7002375000000000000♠375
7002354700000000000♠354.7
3

7
Dunedin
7005120200000000000♠120,200
7002255000000000000♠255
7002471400000000000♠471.4

8
Palmerston North
7004853000000000000♠85,300
7002178000000000000♠178
7002479200000000000♠479.2

9
Nelson
7004667000000000000♠66,700
7002146000000000000♠146
7002456800000000000♠456.8

10
Rotorua
7004588000000000000♠58,800
7001890000000000000♠89
7002660700000000000♠660.7

11
Whangarei
7004577000000000000♠57,700
7002133000000000000♠133
7002433800000000000♠433.8

12
New Plymouth
7004575000000000000♠57,500
7002112000000000000♠112
7002513400000000000♠513.4

13
Invercargill
7004508000000000000♠50,800
7002123000000000000♠123
7002413000000000000♠413.0

14
Whanganui
7004403000000000000♠40,300
7002105000000000000♠105
7002383800000000000♠383.8
4

15
Gisborne
7004366000000000000♠36,600
7001850000000000000♠85
7002430600000000000♠430.6

tag: table

text: Notes:

text:
Kapiti Urban Area (42,300) is the only Statistics New Zealand main urban area not listed. It spans the towns of Otaki, Paekakariki, Paraparaumu, Raumati and Waikanae, and is not considered to be a city. It is part of the Greater Wellington Regional Council's area – though listed separately by Statistics New Zealand. Hundreds of people there commute daily to Wellington for work, and the suburban commuter rail network serves the Kapiti area. If Kapiti were added to Wellington the total population of the Wellington urban area would be approximately 450,000.
The population for the Hamilton urban zone is 198,600, the Cambridge urban zone is 20,200 and the Te Awamutu urban zone is 17,250.
The population for the Hastings urban zone is 70,000 and for the Napier urban zone is 63,100.
Still widely referred to by its older spelling of Wanganui.
Blenheim (31,300) is rarely referred to as a city.
Pukekohe, a town not far south of Auckland, has an estimated population of 30,800.
Timaru (29,000) once had a city council, but is now administered by a district council. It is classified as a secondary urban area by Statistics New Zealand. It is still considered a city and the principal centre of South Canterbury. Road signs state "city centre" rather than "town centre".
Taupō (24,500) is rarely referred to as a city.
Masterton (21,800), the main centre in the Wairarapa, is rarely referred to as a city.
Levin (20,900), the main centre in the Horowhenua district, is not considered to be a city.
Tokoroa was long expected to become a city when its population continued to grow past 18,000 during the 1980s. However, with the fallback in the forestry industry, Tokoroa's main industry, many jobs were lost and Tokoroa's population declined. It now has 13,950 residents.

tag: ol

text: City councils[edit]

text: Populations of present-day city (and Auckland) councils[edit]

text: The populations given are the latest (June 2017)[2] Statistics New Zealand estimated resident populations.

text:
Rank (pop.)
City council
Population
First proclaimed

1
Auckland
7006165720000000000♠1,657,200
1871

2
Christchurch
7005381500000000000♠381,500
1868

3
Wellington
7005212700000000000♠212,700
1870

4
Hamilton
7005165400000000000♠165,400
1936

5
Tauranga
7005131500000000000♠131,500
1963

6
Dunedin
7005128800000000000♠128,800
1865

7
Lower Hutt
7005104700000000000♠104,700
1941

8
Palmerston North
7004873000000000000♠87,300
1930

9
Napier
7004620000000000000♠62,000
1950

10
Porirua
7004561000000000000♠56,100
1965

11
Invercargill
7004548000000000000♠54,800
1930

12
Nelson
7004514000000000000♠51,400
1874

13
Upper Hutt
7004432000000000000♠43,200
1966

text: Many cities were reorganised into districts by the Local Government Commission in 1989 under the Local Government Act 1974, for example Timaru. Other urban areas that are no longer cities, such as Rotorua and Whangarei, have higher populations than some present cities. The most recently proclaimed city is Tauranga, which became a city, for the second time, from 1 March 2004. Christchurch (1862 and 1868) and Invercargill (1930 and 1991) have also been declared cities more than once.

text: Under Section 27 of the Local Government Act 2002, a district may become a city by either a "reorganisation scheme" with the Local Government Commission, or under Section 27(1) it may apply for a change in status under Schedule 3, Clause 7. The new city must have "a population of not less than 50,000 persons", be "predominantly urban" and "a distinct entity and a major centre of activity within the region" (or regions) that it is encompassed by. Existing cities are grandfathered under Schedule 2, Part 2 of the Act. The only new city council so far under this section is the Tauranga City Council, from 1 March 2004.

text: Previously, under Section 37L of the Local Government Act 1974, new cities could only be formed from a "reorganisation scheme". The same criteria were used. The last city to be constituted under this section was Invercargill, which was re-reorganised into a city in 1991.

text: In 1991 the Lower Hutt City Council became the Hutt City Council by a special Act of Parliament [1] that which did not change the name [2] of the city of Lower Hutt; the city's coat of arms still refers to the "City of Lower Hutt".

text: Cities during provincialism, 1852 to 1876[edit]

text: During provincialism in New Zealand, from 1852 until abolition in 1876, there was no uniform system of local authorities in New Zealand. There is thus some argument over which of the following cities was the first.

text:
Nelson (1858, by Letters Patent)
Christchurch (November 1862, revoked June 1868, both by provincial ordinance, and restored October 1868 by Act of Parliament)
Otago (later Dunedin) (July 1865)

tag: ul

text: The Municipal Corporations Act 1876 included the first schedule of cities, with the dates they were constituted. Dunedin was the first city in New Zealand to be described in an Act of Parliament as 'City of...', something now automatic under the Local Government Act 2002.

text:
Dunedin (4 July 1865)
Christchurch (28 May 1868)
Wellington (16 September 1870)
Auckland (24 April 1871)
Nelson (30 March 1874)

text: Cities, 1877 to 1989[edit]

text: Up to October 1989, the Local Government Commission under took reorganisations of local government. As a result, some cities were reorganised into other larger cities or changed to districts, and some of these areas are still considered cities by many New Zealanders. This is a list as at circa 1986.

text:
North Island

Whangarei (1964)
Auckland

Auckland (1871)
East Coast Bays
Takapuna
Birkenhead
Waitemata (1974)
Mt Albert
Papatoetoe
Manukau (1965)
Papakura
Tamaki

Hamilton (1936)
New Plymouth (1949)
Tauranga (1963) (lost city status 1989, regained 2004)

Bethlehem
Mount Maunganui
Papamoa
Welcome Bay

Rotorua (1962, merged into Rotorua District, 1979)
Gisborne (1955)
Napier (1950)
Hastings (1956)
Wanganui (1924) (merged with surrounding counties to become Whanganui District, 1989)
Palmerston North (1930)
Wellington

Wellington (1870)
Upper Hutt (1966)
Lower Hutt (1941)
Porirua (1965)

South Island

Nelson (1874)
Christchurch (1868)
Timaru (1948)
Dunedin (1865)
Invercargill (1930)


document_title: Kansas City metropolitan area

question_text: how big is the kansas city metro area

question_tokens: how big is the kansas city metro area

text: Kansas City metropolitan area

text: Geographic overview[edit]

text: The larger Kansas City Metropolitan Area as seen on a map can be visualized roughly as four quadrants:

text: The map's northeast quadrant is locally referred to as "north of the river" or "the Northland". It includes parts of Clay County, Missouri including North Kansas City, Missouri. North Kansas City is bounded by a bend in the Missouri River that defines a border between Wyandotte County, Kansas and Clay County, Missouri running approximately North-South and a border between North Kansas City, Missouri and Kansas City, Missouri running approximately East-West. The river band's sharpest part forms a peninsula containing the Kansas City Downtown Airport.

text: The southeast quadrant includes Kansas City, Missouri and surrounding areas in Missouri. It includes the notorious Grandview Triangle.

text: The southwest quadrant includes all of Johnson County, Kansas, which includes the towns in the area known as Shawnee Mission, Kansas. Interstate 35 runs diagonally through Johnson County, Kansas from the southwest to downtown Kansas City, Missouri.

text: The northwest quadrant contains Wyandotte County, Kansas and parts of Platte County, Missouri. Wyandotte County, Kansas, sometimes referred to as just Wyandotte, which contains Kansas City, Kansas, Bonner Springs, Kansas and Edwardsville, Kansas is governed by a single unified government. Often the Wyandotte government is referred to simply as "The Unified Government". Another bend in the Missouri River forms the county line between Wyandotte County, Kansas and Platte County, Missouri to the north and northeast.

text: Divisions of the Kansas City metropolitan area[edit]

text: Downtown[edit]

text: Downtown almost always refers to downtown Kansas City, Missouri. Downtown is the Kansas City's historic center, located entirely within Kansas City, Missouri, and containing the city's original town site, business districts and residential neighborhoods. Downtown is bounded by the Missouri River on the north, the Missouri-Kansas state line on the west, 31st Street on the south and the Blue River on the east. The downtown area includes the Central Business District and its buildings, which form the city's skyline. The downtown loop is formed by Interstates 670, 70 and 35. Within the downtown loop are many of the tall buildings and skyscrapers that make up the city's skyline. Also within the downtown loop are small, distinct neighborhoods such as Quality Hill, the Garment District, the Financial District, the Convention Center District, and the Power and Light District.

text: Other neighborhoods within downtown are the River Market and Columbus Park, both located between the downtown loop and the Missouri River. Between the downtown loop and the state line are the Westside neighborhood and the West Bottoms, located at the bottom of the bluff adjacent to Kaw Point. East of the loop are the 18th & Vine District, the North Bottoms, East Bottoms, Northeast, and Pendleton Heights. South of the loop is the Crossroads District, Union Hill, Crown Center, Hospital Hill, Longfellow, Wendell Phillips, and Washington Wheatley.

text: The Kansas City Convention Center, Municipal Auditorium, City Hall, Lyric Theater, Midland Theatre, Ilus Davis Park, and Barney Allis Plaza are within the Central Business District inside the downtown loop. The Sprint Center and the College Basketball Experience are within Power & Light District, also within the downtown loop. The Kauffman Center for the Performing Arts is perched upon a high point immediately south of the downtown loop. South of the loop is the Crossroads District, Union Station, Crown Center, the National World War I Museum, Liberty Memorial, Penn Valley Park, Truman Medical Center, Children's Mercy Hospital, and the 18th & Vine District. North of the loop are City Market within the River Market and Richard L. Berkeley Riverfront Park. West of the loop within the West Bottoms are Kemper Arena and Hale Arena.

text: Midtown[edit]

text: Midtown is entirely within Kansas City, Missouri, just south of downtown, and bounded by 31st Street on the north, the state line on the west, West Gregory Boulevard (71st Street) on the south, and Troost Avenue on the east. Midtown is the core of the metropolitan area, as it contains numerous cultural attractions, shopping and entertainment areas, large hospitals, universities, and the metro area's most densely populated neighborhoods.

text: Midtown consists of numerous distinct and historic neighborhoods such as Westport, Hyde Park, and Southmoreland. Shopping is centered on the Country Club Plaza, which contains numerous luxury retailers, hotels, and restaurants. Brookside and Westport also contain smaller-scale, neighborhood-oriented, and niche-market retailers. Midtown is home to Saint Luke's Hospital and Research Medical Center. Cultural attractions include the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art, Uptown Theater, Starlight Theater, the Kansas City Zoo, Loose Park, and Swope Park. The last of these contains a soccer complex that is home to FC Kansas City of the National Women's Soccer League and the Swope Park Rangers, a United Soccer League team that is the official reserve side for the area's Major League Soccer club, Sporting Kansas City. Major educational institutions include the University of Missouri-Kansas City, Rockhurst University, Kansas City Art Institute, Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Midwest Research Institute, and Penn Valley Community College.

text: South Side of the Metro (or "South KC")[edit]

text: Also known as "South Kansas City", this area consists of the southern half of Kansas City, Missouri, as well as the suburbs of Grandview, Harrisonville, Belton, Loch Lloyd, Peculiar and Raymore.

text: The Northland[edit]

text: The Northland is the area north of the Missouri River, bordered by the Kansas state line on the west and Missouri Highway 291 on the east. The southern half of Platte County, and much of Clay County make up the area. The economy of the Northland is dominated by Kansas City International Airport, Ford Kansas City Assembly Plant, the Zona Rosa shopping community and three riverboat casinos. The metro area's largest amusement park, Worlds of Fun and Oceans of Fun, is located in the Northland. Communities of the Northland outside the city limits include Parkville, Kearney, Liberty, Platte City, Gladstone , Riverside, Smithville, North Kansas City, and Weatherby Lake.

text: East Side of the Metro ("Eastern Jackson County")[edit]

text: East Side of the Metro is primarily eastern Jackson County which is an area of the Kansas City Metro that contains the far-eastern urban side of Kansas City, Missouri and the following large suburbs of Blue Springs, Independence, and Lee's Summit. Also included in this area is western Lafayette County Missouri and the far northeast portion of Cass County Missouri. The East Side of Metro includes the following Missouri suburbs of Independence, Blue Springs, Raytown, Lees Summit, Grain Valley, Oak Grove, Sugar Creek, River Bend, Lake Lotawana, Lone Jack, Greenwood, Unity Village, Buckner, Pleasant Hill, Bates City, Odessa, and Lake Tapawingo. Arrowhead Stadium, home of the NFL's Kansas City Chiefs and Kauffman Stadium, home of the MLB's Kansas City Royals are located on the eastern edge of Kansas City. The Silverstein Eye Centers Arena home of the ECHL's Missouri Mavericks and the MASL's Missouri Comets is located in Independence.

text: KCK and Johnson County[edit]

text: In Wyandotte County lies Kansas City, Kansas, which is locally called "KCK" to distinguish it from the larger Kansas City, Missouri (KCMO). It contains many residential neighborhoods, the Fairfax Industrial District, and the Village West entertainment district. The General Motors Fairfax Assembly Plant is located in the Fairfax Industrial District. Village West contains many area attractions. This includes many sporting venues such as Children's Mercy Park, home of the area MLS soccer team Sporting Kansas City, the Kansas Speedway, which hosts many NASCAR races, and Community America Ballpark, home of the independent baseball team, the Kansas City T-Bones. Other Village West attractions include the Legends shopping district, the Providence Medical Center Amphitheater, and Schlitterbahn Waterpark.

text: Johnson County, Kansas is home to many local suburbs. These suburbs include Overland Park, Olathe, Shawnee, Leawood, Lenexa, Prairie Village, Gardner, Merriam, Mission, Roeland Park, Fairway, Lake Quivira, Mission Hills, Mission Woods, Westwood, and Westwood Hills. Many local area attractions and shopping districts are located in Johnson County, such as Oak Park Mall, Town Center Plaza, and Prairie Fire.

text: Cultural attractions[edit]

text:
Photo
Name
City
Notes

Chicago & Alton Hotel Museum
Blue Springs
The oldest business building in Blue Springs, Missouri. In 1978, the hotel, which originally served the railroad, moved from the original site, just south of Main Street, to its present location.

Dillingham-Lewis House Museum
Blue Springs
Built in 1906, the only native limestone structure in Blue Springs. The house is named after two families.

Fort Osage National Historic Site
Sibley, Missouri
Part of the early 19th century U.S. factory trading post system for the Osage Nation.

Jackson County Jail and Marshal's House
Independence
Former jail site, operated by the county historical society, which housed thousands of prisoners including Frank James and William Clark Quantrill.

Leila's Hair Museum
Independence
A museum of hair art dating back to the 19th century.

Lone Jack Battlefield Museum
Lone Jack
The only Civil War Museum in Jackson County, Missouri, and one of the few battlefields where the soldiers – who perished during the battle – are still buried on the battlefield.

Midwest Genealogy Center
Independence
The largest freestanding public genealogy research library in the USA.

National Frontier Trails Museum
Independence
A museum, interpretive center, and research library about the history of principle western U.S. trails.

Rice-Tremonti Home
Raytown
Home built on the Santa Fe Trail in 1844 by Archibald Rice and his family.

Silverstein Eye Centers Arena
Independence
A 5,800-seat multi-purpose arena that hosts the Missouri Mavericks ice hockey team.

Truman Historic District !Harry S. Truman Historic District
Independence !Independence and Grandview

Associated with 33rd U.S. President Harry S. Truman, the district includes:

The Truman Presidential Library, in Independence.

The Truman home, in Independence, where Truman lived for most of his time in Missouri.

The Truman Farm, in Grandview, built in 1894 by Truman's maternal grandmother.

Truman Sports Complex
Kansas City
Two major sports venues:
* Arrowhead Stadium, Kansas City Chiefs (football)
* Kauffman Stadium, Kansas City Royals (baseball)

Grinter Place
Kansas City, KS
A home built in 1857 by one of the earliest settlers.

text: Metropolitan area[edit]

text: In recent years, the Kansas City metropolitan area has been experiencing continued growth. Between July 2000 and July 2007, the population of the Kansas City MSA grew from 1,842,965 to an estimated 2,037,357, an increase of 10%.[1]

text: Kansas City, Missouri – Pop: 475,378 (2015)

text:
Municipalities with 100,000+ inhabitants

Overland Park, Kansas – Pop: 186,515
Kansas City, Kansas – Pop: 151,306
Olathe, Kansas – Pop: 134,305
Independence, Missouri – Pop: 117,255

Municipalities with 50,000-99,999 inhabitants

Lee's Summit, Missouri – Pop: 95,094
Shawnee, Kansas – Pop: 65,046
Blue Springs, Missouri – Pop: 54,148
Lenexa, Kansas – Pop: 52,490

Municipalities with 20,000-49,999 inhabitants

Leavenworth, Kansas – Pop: 35,980
Leawood, Kansas – Pop: 34,579
Liberty, Missouri – Pop: 30,450
Raytown, Missouri – Pop: 29,401
Gladstone, Missouri – Pop: 26,861
Grandview, Missouri – Pop: 25,256
Belton, Missouri – Pop: 23,168
Prairie Village, Kansas – Pop: 21,877
Gardner, Kansas – Pop: 20,868
Raymore, Missouri – Pop: 20,374

Municipalities with 10,000-19,999 inhabitants

Grain Valley, Missouri – Pop: 13,379
Ottawa, Kansas – Pop: 12,387
Lansing, Kansas – Pop: 11,767
Excelsior Springs, Missouri – Pop: 11,486
Merriam, Kansas – Pop: 11,288

Municipalities with 5,000-9,999 inhabitants

Harrisonville, Missouri – Pop: 9,986
Cameron, Missouri (partial) – Pop: 9,933
Mission, Kansas – Pop: 9,491
Kearney, Missouri – Pop: 9,423
Smithville, Missouri – Pop: 9,233
Pleasant Hill, Missouri – Pop: 8,289
Oak Grove, Missouri – Pop: 7,937
Bonner Springs, Kansas – Pop: 7,606
Roeland Park, Kansas – Pop: 6,827
Parkville, Missouri – Pop: 6,296
De Soto, Kansas – Pop: 6,074
Spring Hill, Kansas – Pop: 5,981
Richmond, Missouri – Pop: 5,595
Greenwood, Missouri – Pop: 5,569
Paola, Kansas – Pop: 5,527
Basehor, Kansas – Pop: 5,403
Tonganoxie, Kansas – Pop: 5,248
Odessa, Missouri – Pop: 5,178

Municipalities with 1-4,999 inhabitants

Peculiar, Missouri – Pop: 4,885
Platte City, Missouri – Pop: 4,833
Higginsville, Missouri – Pop: 4,662
Lexington, Missouri – Pop: 4,598
Edwardsville, Kansas – Pop: 4,390
North Kansas City, Missouri – Pop: 4,354
Osawatomie, Kansas – Pop: 4,297
Louisburg, Kansas – Pop: 4,276
Fairway, Kansas – Pop: 3,970
Mission Hills, Kansas – Pop: 3,601
Sugar Creek, Missouri – Pop: 3,320
Riverside, Missouri – Pop: 3,150
Buckner, Missouri – Pop: 3,067
Pleasant Valley, Missouri – Pop: 3,056
Lawson, Missouri – Pop: 2,409
Plattsburg, Missouri – Pop: 2,291
Lake Lotawana, Missouri – Pop: 2,018
Weatherby Lake, Missouri – Pop: 1,848
Wellsville, Kansas – Pop: 1,818
Edgerton, Kansas – Pop: 1,736
Westwood, Kansas – Pop: 1,719
Garden City, Missouri – Pop: 1,625
Gower, Missouri (partial) – Pop: 1,526
Claycomo, Missouri – Pop: 1,468
Lone Jack, Missouri – Pop: 1,124
Drexel, Missouri - Pop: 999
Lake Tapawingo, Missouri - Pop: 723
Glenaire, Missouri - Pop: 578
Dearborn, Missouri (partial) – Pop: 496
Avondale, Missouri - Pop: 440
Osborn, Missouri (partial) – Pop: 423
Sibley, Missouri - Pop: 356
Oaks, Missouri - Pop: 129
Unity Village, Missouri - Pop: 84
Levasy, Missouri - Pop: 83
Randolph, Missouri - Pop: 54
River Bend, Missouri - Pop: 10

text: Counties[edit]

text: The MSA covers a total area of 7,952 sq mi (20,600 km2) including 97 sq mi (250 km2) of water.

text:
Kansas City Metropolitan Statistical Area

County
2015 Estimate
2010 Census
Change

Jackson County
687,623
674,158
7000199730626945020♠+2.00%

Johnson County
580,159
544,179
7000661179501597820♠+6.61%

Clay County
235,637
221,939
7000617196617088480♠+6.17%

Wyandotte County
163,369
157,505
7000372305641090760♠+3.72%

Cass County
101,603
99,478
7000213615070668890♠+2.14%

Platte County
96,096
89,322
7000758379794451540♠+7.58%

Leavenworth County
79,315
76,277
7000398285197372730♠+3.98%

Miami County
32,553
32,787
3000286302497941259♠−0.71%

Lafayette County
32,701
33,381
2999796291303436090♠−2.04%

Ray County
22,810
23,494
2999708861837064780♠−2.91%

Clinton County
20,609
20,743
3000353998939401240♠−0.65%

Bates County
16,446
17,049
2999646313566778110♠−3.54%

Linn County
9,536
9,656
2999875724937862470♠−1.24%

Caldwell County
9,014
9,424
2999564940577249580♠−4.35%

Total
2,087,471
2,009,342
7000388828780765050♠+3.89%

text: Associated areas[edit]

text: Often associated with Kansas City, the cities of Lawrence, Kansas, and St. Joseph, Missouri, are identified as separate Metropolitan Statistical Areas.[2]

text: The Kansas City-Overland Park-Kansas City, Missouri-Kansas Combined Statistical Area, which encompasses the Kansas City MO-KS MSA, the Warrensburg, Missouri Micropolitan Statistical Area (µSA) (in Johnson County, Missouri), and the Atchison, Kansas µSA (in Atchison County, Kansas), covers a total area of 9,220 sq mi (23,900 km2) including 103 sq mi (270 km2) of water.

text: Transportation[edit]

text: Highways[edit]

text: The Kansas City metropolitan area has more freeway lane miles per capita than any other large metropolitan area in the United States (over 27% more than the second-place Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex), over 50% more than the average American metro area, and nearly 75% more than the large metro area with the least: Las Vegas.[3]

text: Interstates[edit]

text: The Kansas City area is a confluence of four major U.S. interstate highways:

text:
I-29 – North to St. Joseph, Missouri
 I-35 – North to Des Moines, Iowa and south to Wichita, Kansas
 I-49 – South to Joplin
 I-70 – East to St. Louis and west to Topeka, Kansas

text: Other interstates that cross through the area include:

text:
I-435 – A bi-state loop through the city's suburbs in Missouri and Kansas. It is the second-longest single-numbered beltway in the U.S., and the fourth-longest in the world.
 I-470 – Connects South Kansas City with Lee's Summit and Independence.
 I-635 – Connects the Kansas suburbs with Kansas City, Kansas, and I-29, I-70, and I-35.
 I-670 – A southern bypass of I-70 and the southern portion of the downtown loop. The roadway is designated on road signs as East I-70, when exiting from I-35 while traveling north.

text: US Highways[edit]

text: U.S. Highways serving the Kansas City Metro Area include:

text:
US 24 – Running from Independence Ave. and Winner Rd., between downtown Kansas City and Independence, Missouri, it serves as a street-level connection to Independence.
 US 40 – U.S. 40 is one of six east-west U.S.-numbered routes that run (or ran) from coast to coast. It serves as a business loop and an alternate route for I-70.
 US 50 – Enters the area in southern Johnson County, follows I-435 from the west to I-470, then splits off of I-470 in Lee's Summit to continue eastward to Jefferson City and St. Louis as a regular highway. Its former route through Raytown and southeast Kansas City was renumbered as Route 350. U.S. 50 is also one of the six east-west highways that run coast-to-coast through the United States.
 US-56 - Enters the area concurrent with I-35 until the Shawnee Mission Parkway exit. It runs east along the Parkway into the Plaza area of Kansas City before terminating at US-71.
 US 69 – Connects Excelsior Springs, Missouri, in the north and serves as a freeway in the suburbs of Johnson County.
 US 71 – In the north, concurrent with I-29 to Amazonia, Missouri, and serves as a freeway (Bruce R. Watkins Drive) south from downtown, joining with I-49 at the Grandview Triangle.
 US 169 – Connects Smithville, Missouri, in the north.

text: Kansas state highways[edit]

text: Kansas highways in the area include:

text:
K-5 – A minor freeway bypassing the north of Kansas City, Kansas, connecting the GM Fairfax plant with I-635. K-5 continues as Leavenworth Road west to I-435 then on to Leavenworth, Kansas.
 K-7 – A freeway linking Leavenworth, Wyandotte and Johnson Counties in Kansas.
 K-10 – A freeway linking I-435 to De Soto, Eudora and Lawrence.
 K-32 – A highway that links Leavenworth and Wyandotte Counties in Kansas.

text: Missouri state highways[edit]

text: Missouri highways in the area include:

text:
Route 7 - An important state highway serving the eastern suburbs of the metro. Primarily running north and south through Jackson and Cass Counties. Connecting the following communities: Independence, Blue Springs, Lake Lotawana, Pleasant Hill and Harrisonville. It is the commercial backbone for Blue Springs, Lake Lotawana and Pleasant Hill.
 Route 9 – A minor freeway northwest of North Kansas City, and serves as a commercial backbone to North Kansas City, Riverside, Platte Woods and Parkville.
 Route 45 – Known as Tom Watson Parkway in the Kansas City vicinity until it intersects with I-435, it is a highway that spans 42 miles from I-29/US-71 to US-59/MO-273 in Lewis & Clark Village, Missouri (right east of the larger city of Atchison, Kansas). It is also known as NW 64th Street from NW Klamm Drive to I-29/US-71. The highway runs through the northern part of Parkville, Missouri and across Riss Lake. The National Golf Course is located off of MO-45.
 Route 58 - A state highway serving the southern suburbs of Belton and Raymore.
 Route 150 – A highway linking southern Lee's Summit and Grandview to the Kansas suburbs at State Line Road.
 Route 152 – A freeway contained entirely in Kansas City's Northland, stretching from Liberty in Clay County west until it intersects with I-435 near Parkville, Missouri.
 Route 210 – A minor freeway east of North Kansas City that, as a two-lane road, stretches to Richmond, Missouri.
 Route 291 – Formerly an eastern bypass route of U.S. 71, this minor freeway connects Harrisonville and Lee's Summit to Independence, Sugar Creek, Liberty and Kansas City North. The roadway is designated on road signs alongside I-470 north of Lee's Summit.
 Route 350 – This road crosses through Raytown as Blue Parkway.

text: Other notable roads[edit]

text: Other notable roads in the area are:

text:
18th Street Expressway – a freeway carrying US-69 through central Wyandotte County from I-35 to I-70.
Ward Parkway – A scenic parkway in Kansas City, Missouri, near the Kansas-Missouri state line, where many large historic mansions and fountains are located.
Broadway – A street that runs from the west side of downtown Kansas City to Westport. The street has long been an entertainment center, with various bars, live jazz outlets, and restaurants located along it. It also forms the eastern border of Quality Hill, one of the oldest neighborhoods in Kansas City.
The Paseo – Part of the city's original system of parks and boulevards developed beginning in the late 1880s, it is the longest of the original boulevards, and the only one that runs the entire length of the pre-World War II city boundary, from the Missouri River bluffs in the north to 79th Street on the south.
Shawnee Mission Parkway – Former alignment of K-10 serving the Johnson County, KS suburbs in the area.
Troost Avenue – A north-south thoroughfare located 11 blocks east of Main Street, named for an early Kansas City settler and dentist, Benoist Troost. The street roughly divides the city's mostly black neighborhoods to its east from its mostly white ones to its west.
Swope Parkway – Running on the south side of the Brush Creek valley eastward from The Paseo, then southward from its junction with Benton Boulevard, this street is the main route from the city's midtown to its largest city park, Swope Park.
North Oak Trafficway – A major road located in the Northland. The roadway is designated as MO-283 from MO-9 to I-29. It is a major commercial road in the Northland and serves as the main street in Gladstone, Missouri.
Barry Road – Runs along the former route of Military Road, which ran from Liberty to Fort Leavenworth. It is now a major commercial street in the Northland, although it has been paralleled by MO-152 for its entire route and effectively replaced it east of Indiana Avenue.
87th Street Parkway – a major parkway that extends from Overland Park to De Soto.

text: Air[edit]

text: The Kansas City metropolitan area is served by several airports. It is primarily served by Kansas City International Airport, located 15 miles northwest of downtown Kansas City, Missouri, was built to serve as a world hub for the supersonic transport and Boeing 747. The airport's gates were positioned 100 feet (30 m) from the street; however, since the September 11, 2001 attacks, these have undergone expensive overhauls, retrofitting it to incorporate elements of conventional security systems.

text: The much smaller Charles B. Wheeler Downtown Airport, located to the immediate north of downtown near the Missouri River, was the original headquarters of Trans World Airlines (TWA) and houses the Airline History Museum. It served as the area's major airport until 1972, when Kansas City International (then known as Mid-Continent International Airport and was home to an Overhaul Base for TWA) became the primary airport for the metropolitan area after undergoing $150 million in upgrades that were approved by voters in a 1966 bond issue. Downtown Airport is still used to this day for general aviation and airshows.

text: There are two general aviation airports in Johnson County, Kansas. New Century AirCenter borders southwest Olathe and northeast Gardner. The primary runway at New Century AirCenter is the second longest runway in the region next to those at Kansas City International Airport. It is located 7 miles from the Logistics Park Kansas City Intermodal Facility. The other airport, Johnson County Executive Airport has one runway on 500 acres and is the fourth busiest towered airport in the state of Kansas.

text: Rail and bus[edit]

text: Union Station serves as a hub for Amtrak, which maintains daily service by long-distance trains to and from Kansas City, Missouri.

text: Public transportation in the Kansas City area is only provided by city buses operated by the Kansas City Area Transportation Authority (KCATA). The Metro Area Express (MAX) went online as Kansas City, Missouri's first bus rapid transit line in July 2005, and operates and is marketed akin to a rail system as opposed to a local bus line; the MAX links the River Market, Downtown, Union Station, Crown Center and the Country Club Plaza.[4][5] Buses in Johnson County, Kansas, are operated by Johnson County Transit (known as "The JO").

text: The Kansas City Downtown Streetcar is a 2.2-mile modern streetcar line in downtown Kansas City opened to the public in May 2016, and is maintained and operated by the Kansas City Streetcar Authority, a non-profit corporation made up of private sector stakeholders and city appointees. A ballot initiative to fund construction of the $102 million line was approved by voters on December 12, 2012.[6] The system will run between River Market and Union Station, mostly on Main Street,[7] with extensions to the starter line planned for addition at a later date.

text: Local navigation tips[edit]

text: See related article: voy:Kansas City (Missouri) at Wikivoyage

text: Street numbers[edit]

text: The Missouri side of the metropolitan area shares a grid system with Johnson County on the Kansas side. Most east-west streets are numbered and most north-south streets named. Addresses on east-west streets are numbered from Main Street in Kansas City, Missouri, and on north-south streets from St. John Avenue (or the Missouri River, in the River Market area). The direction 'South' in street and address numbers is generally implied if 'North' is not specified, except for numbered 'avenues' in North Kansas City. In the northland, east-west streets use the prefix N.E. or N.W., depending on the side of N. Main on which they lie.

text: Highways[edit]

text:
Kansas Citians tend to express U.S. and Missouri highway designations with the number before the word "highway," (e.g., 40 highway, 71 highway). This colloquialism tends not to apply to interstates or Kansas route numbers (e.g., "I-70", "K-10").
69 Highway, known as "The Overland Parkway", runs southbound on I-35 from Kansas City, Missouri towards Johnson County. There are two exits marked South 69 on the roadway. The first – or northern – exit on Metcalf Ave/I-635, is a left lane exit and leads to Metcalf, an at-grade trafficway, before turning west along Shawnee Mission Parkway, to rejoin I-35. The southern US-69 exit is a two-lane right lane exit between the 75th and 87th street exits and begins a four-lane highway known as the Overland Parkway.
Bruce R. Watkins Drive is the name of the new section of U.S. Route 71 in Kansas City, Missouri. The old U.S. 71 ran mostly on Prospect Avenue.
When traveling north on I-35 from Johnson County, the first signs that are designated as I-70 East actually guide drivers through the southern portion of I-670, which takes motorists into the southern part of the Downtown Freeway Loop, and runs underneath the Bartle Hall Convention Center and some downtown overpasses. This is sometimes referred to as "going under downtown".
The downtown freeway loop is a complex layout of freeways in downtown Kansas City, Missouri involving 23 exits, four Interstate highways, four U.S. highways and numerous city streets. Each exit in the freeway loop is numbered "2" and suffixed with every letter of the alphabet – except I, O and Z (which would resemble 1, 0 and 2 on the exit signs), although some of the exits are currently under construction/renovation and closed to traffic. The entire circumference of the loop is just over 4-mile (6.4 km).

text: Navigation landmarks[edit]

text:
The KCTV-Tower is a 1,042 feet (318 m) pyramid-shaped television and radio tower used primarily by local CBS affiliate KCTV (channel 5). It is located at the corner of 31st and Main Streets, next to the studio facilities of PBS member station KCPT (which formerly housed the original studios of KCTV), and is visible from many parts of the city, especially at night due to the string of lights adorning the tower.
The twin red-brick towers of the American Century Investments complex are oriented north and south along Main at 45th Street, just north of the Country Club Plaza (the Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art is located slightly east, and the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art is located east and slightly south).
Kansas City Community Christian Church, located at 4601 Main Street, has a group of lights that shoot a beam upwards to the sky at night. Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in the 1950s, it is located slightly south of and across the street from the American Century Investment Towers (the Nelson Atkins is located to the east, and the Kemper Museum is to the north and slightly east).
Bartle Hall has a section that somewhat resembles a north-south suspension bridge, crossing over I-670 at the southwest corner of the downtown loop. It has four towers, with metal sculptures on top of each tower.
The Veterans Affairs Medical Center, located near the intersection of I-70, Linwood Boulevard and Van Brunt Boulevard, has a large "VA" emblem.
The Kauffman Center for the Performing Arts, located at 16th Street and Broadway (just south of the downtown loop), with its tiered glass and steel half-domes, has a design reminiscent of the world-famous Sydney Opera House.

text: Areas of the metropolitan area[edit]

text:
Downtown Kansas City is a section of western Kansas City, Missouri, where a large concentration of the area's employees work, and where much of the city's entertainment facilities are located. The area has been undergoing a massive revitalization since 2000, and increased its population by over 7,000 people between 2000 and 2005. The Power and Light District and the Sprint Center are located in the downtown area.
"The Northland" refers to a section of the metropolitan area located north of the Missouri River, comprising Clay and Platte Counties in Missouri. This area includes the northern half of Kansas City, Missouri, which is referred to as "Kansas City, North" to distinguish it from the rest of the Northland and the city of North Kansas City. The area is also referred to as "North of the River" by local residents and by local television stations in news and traffic reports.
River Market is an area located north of downtown, south of the Missouri River and west of Highway 9, and is home to a large farmer's market.
"North Kansas City" (abbreviated as NKC, and also known as Northtown) is a separate city that is completely surrounded by Kansas City, Missouri.
Shawnee Mission is an area recognized by the United States Postal Service that includes many towns in Johnson County, Kansas.
The Waldo Residential District (also known as simply Waldo) is area of Kansas City, Missouri, located near 75th Street and Wornall Road.
Country Club Plaza (also simply known as "the Plaza") is an upscale shopping district built by the J.C. Nichols Company in 1923, and was the first suburban shopping district in the United States.[8]
The Country Club District is an associated group of neighborhoods built along Ward Parkway by J.C. Nichols, which is located just south of the Country Club Plaza and includes Sunset Hill, Brookside, Crestwood, and Mission Hills, Kansas.
39th Street (also referred to as the Volker neighborhood or "Restaurant Row") is a small section of West 39th Street between State Line Road and the Southwest Trafficway in Kansas City, Missouri. The area has many restaurants, bars and shops, and is located just across the state line from the University of Kansas Medical Center.
University of Kansas Hospital (KUMED) is the corporate name of the hospital on the KU Medical Center campus.
Benton Curve is a curve located at the cross-section of Interstate 70 and Benton Avenue in Kansas City, Missouri; the area has long been prone to traffic accidents.
Pendleton Heights is a historic neighborhood in the northeast side of Kansas City, Missouri, which is bordered by Cliff Drive to the north, Chestnut Trafficway to the east, Independence Avenue to the south and the Paseo Trafficway to the west. It is Kansas City's oldest surviving neighborhood, and is home to the city's largest concentration of Victorian homes.
The Grandview Triangle is the intersection of three major highways: Interstate 435, Interstate 470, and U.S. Route 71 (Bruce R. Watkins Drive). Notorious for fatal accidents, the Triangle has undergone improvements and upgrades in recent years.
Emanuel Cleaver II Boulevard, named for former mayor and current Congressman Emanuel Cleaver, comprises recently renamed portions of 47th Street and Brush Creek Boulevard in Kansas City, Missouri.
18th and Vine Historic District (known simply as 18th and Vine) is a district on Kansas City, Missouri's north side that contains the Negro Leagues Baseball Museum and the American Jazz Museum.
The Library District is a recently defined district around the new Central Library at 14 West 10th Street in Kansas City, Missouri.[9]
Strawberry Hill is a historical area in Kansas City, Kansas that was home to many eastern European immigrants. Later, the neighborhood became home to many Latino/Chicano families. However, in recent years, Strawberry Hill has seen residents emigrating to the area from Eastern Europe.
Hospital Hill is an area near 23rd Street and Holmes Avenue in Kansas City, Missouri, and consists of two major hospitals (Truman Medical Center and the Children's Mercy Hospital) and the University of Missouri-Kansas City's School of Medicine, School of Dentistry, School of Pharmacy and School of Nursing.
Argentine is a part of Kansas City, Kansas, near 30th and Argentine Streets. It is one of the oldest Mexican/Latino neighborhoods in Kansas City, with Mexican immigration to that area dating to the 1800s.
The Crossroads Arts District is a neighborhood in the downtown area between the Central Business District and Union Station, centered around the intersection of 19th Street and Baltimore Avenue in Kansas City, Missouri. It contains dozens of art galleries, and is considered to be the center of the arts culture in the metropolitan area. Local artists sponsor exhibits in the district on the first Friday of each month.
Quality Hill is a residential and commercial neighborhood located atop of a western hill in the Central Business District of Downtown Kansas City, across the river from the Charles B. Wheeler Airport.
Washington-Wheatley is a historically Black neighborhood, located southeast of the 18th and Vine Historical District.
The Westside is a historically African American and Chicano/Latino neighborhood near Southwest Blvd. and Interstate 35.
Westport is a historic district which is home to much of the metropolitan area's entertainment and nightlife.
Valentine
West Bottoms is home to many of downtown's oldest buildings and where the city's stockyards were once located. It is now known for its arts community, the American Royal, Kemper Arena, antique stores, and First Fridays events.
Rosedale
Union Hill[10]
Armordale is a residential and commercial neighborhood in Kansas City, Kansas, and is one of the historically Chicano(a) neighborhoods of the Kansas City metropolitan area.
Sheffield
East Bottoms Also known as the Industrial District, it is primarily known for its industrial businesses and railroad activity. There are however burgeoning cultural attractions at the intersection of Montgall and Guinotte Avenues related to handmade goods, food, music and a distillery.
Brookside is a pedestrian-friendly district built in the 1920s, centered on the Brookside Shopping District at 63rd Street and Brookside Blvd.
Hanover Heights is a small neighborhood in Kansas City, Kansas that was once primarily noted for the antiques shops located along 45th Street, with the neighborhood's boundaries running mainly between Rainbow Blvd. and State Line Road, running south of the KU Medical Center to the Johnson County border.
The Historic Old Northeast District (or simply Northeast) is a working-class immigrant collection of neighborhoods, located between downtown Kansas City and the smaller city of Independence.
The Truman Sports Complex, located at the corner of I-70 and I-435 (east of downtown Kansas City, Missouri), is home to several professional sports attractions. It is anchored by Arrowhead Stadium, home of the Kansas City Chiefs NFL franchise; and Kauffman Stadium, home of Major League Baseball's Kansas City Royals.

text: Educational institutions[edit]

text: Post-secondary[edit]

text:
Avila University
Calvary Bible College
Columbia College (Missouri)
DeVry University
ITT Technical Institute
Kansas City Art Institute
Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences
Metropolitan Community College[11] (Penn Valley, Maple Woods, Business and Technology Center, Blue River, and Longview)
Midwestern Baptist College
Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary
National American University
Nazarene Theological Seminary
Pinnacle Career Institute
Rockhurst University
University of Missouri–Kansas City
University of Phoenix
Webster University
Vatterott College[12]

Other nearby institutions:

University of Saint Mary
University of Saint Mary, Overland Park Campus
Park University
William Jewell College
Wentworth Military Academy and College
University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg
Graceland University – Independence, Missouri
Northwest Missouri State University – Maryville, Missouri
Missouri Western State University – St. Joseph, Missouri
MidAmerica Nazarene University – Olathe, Kansas
Baker University – Baldwin City, Kansas
Friends University – Lenexa, Kansas
Kansas City Kansas Community College
Johnson County Community College – Overland Park
University of Kansas – Lawrence, Kansas
Ottawa University – Ottawa, Kansas
University of Kansas School of Medicine – Kansas City, Kansas
University of Kansas Edwards Campus – Overland Park

text: Libraries[edit]

text:
Johnson County Library

Antioch
Blue Valley
Cedar Roe
Central Resource
Corinth
De Soto
Edgerton
Gardner
Lackman
Leawood Pioneer
Monticello
Oak Park
Shawnee Mission
Spring Hill

Kansas City, Kansas Public Library
Kansas City Public Library (Missouri)
Linda Hall Library
Mid-Continent Public Library
Olathe Public Library

text: Media[edit]

text: Print media[edit]

text: The Kansas City Star is the metropolitan area's major daily newspaper. The McClatchy Company, which owns The Star, is also the owner of two suburban weeklies, Lee's Summit Journal and Olathe Journal.

text: The Kansas City Kansan serves Wyandotte County, having moved from print to an online format in 2009. Additional weekly papers in the metropolitan area include the Liberty Tribune, Sun Newspapers of Johnson County, The Examiner in Independence and eastern Jackson County, and The Pitch. The area is also served by two newspapers focused the area's faith-based population: The Metro Voice Christian Newspaper and the Jewish Chronicle. The city's Hispanic and Latino American community is served by Dos Mundos, a bilingual newspaper with articles printed in Spanish and English, and Mi Raza magazine, the area's only weekly Hispanic publication printed in Spanish. The Kansas City Call serves the African American community publishing its paper weekly.

text: Broadcast media[edit]

text: According to Arbitron, about 1.5 million people over the age of 12 live within the Kansas City DMA, making it the 30th largest market for radio and 31st for television according to Nielsen. The Kansas City television and radio markets cover 32 counties encompassing northwestern Missouri and northeast Kansas.

text: Television[edit]

text: Television stations in the Kansas City metropolitan area, with all major network affiliates represented, include:

text:
WDAF-TV, channel 4 (Fox)
KCTV, channel 5 (CBS)
KMBC-TV, channel 9 (ABC)
KTAJ-TV, channel 16 (TBN)
KCPT, channel 19 (PBS)
KCKS-LD, channel 25 (simulcast of sister station WROB-LD)
KCWE, channel 29 (The CW)
KSHB-TV, channel 41 (NBC)
KMCI-TV, channel 38 (independent)
KUKC-LP, channel 48 (Univision)
KPXE-TV, channel 50 (Ion Television)
KSMO-TV, channel 62 (MyNetworkTV)

text: The Kansas City television market is in very close proximity to two other media markets, St. Joseph and Topeka. As such, most of the television stations in the Kansas City area are receivable over-the-air in portions of both markets, including their principal cities; likewise, stations from Topeka are receivable as far east as Kansas City, Kansas and stations from St. Joseph are viewable as far south as Kansas City, Missouri's immediate northern suburbs.

text: Radio[edit]

text: Over 30 FM and 20 AM radio stations broadcast in the Kansas City area, with stations from Topeka, St. Joseph and Carrollton also reaching into the metropolitan area. The highest-rated radio stations, according to Arbitron are:

text:
KPRS (103.3 FM) – Urban
KCMO-FM (94.9) – Classic Hits
KQRC (98.9 FM) – Rock
KRBZ-FM (96.5) – Alternative
KMBZ (98.1 FM) – News/Talk
WDAF-FM (106.5) – Country
KZPT (99.7) - Adult Top 40
KCSP (610 AM) - Sports, Kansas City Royals flagship
KMXV (93.3) - Top 40
KFKF (94.1) - Country
KCFX (101.1) - Classic Rock, Kansas City Chiefs flagship
KCHZ (95.7 FM) – Top 40/Rhythmic

text: Public and community radio[edit]

text:
KCUR (89.3 FM) – NPR affiliate
KANU-FM (91.5) and KTBG (90.9 FM) – both college radio stations; also NPR affiliates
KKFI (90.1 FM) – Locally owned not-for-profit station
KGSP (1480 FM) – Park University college station

text: Specialty radio[edit]

text: Hispanics, which account for 5% of the market's population, are served by three AM radio stations:

text:
KCZZ (1480 AM) – Spanish music and talk
KDTD (1340 AM) – Mexican regional
KYYS (1250 AM) – Classic hits

text: Business interests[edit]

text: The Kansas City metropolitan area's largest private employer is Cerner Corporation.[13] Cerner, a global healthcare IT company which is headquartered in North Kansas City, employs nearly 10,000 people in the area with a total workforce of nearly 20,000 people including global employees. In August 2014, the company announced its acquisition of competitor Siemens Healthcare, which, if approved, will further increase Cerner's total number of employees.[14] Cerner has several campuses across the area with its World Headquarters building in North Kansas City, Innovations Campus in South Kansas City, and Continuous Campus in the Kansas City, Kansas area.

text: Other major employers and business enterprises are AT&T, BNSF Railway, Asurion, Sprint Corporation, Citigroup, EMBARQ, Farmers Insurance Group, Garmin, Hallmark Cards, Harley-Davidson, Husqvarna, H&R Block, General Motors, Honeywell, Ford Motor Company, MillerCoors, State Street Corporation, The Kansas City Star, and Waddell & Reed, some of which are headquartered in the metropolitan area. Kansas City also has a large pharmaceutical industry, with companies such as Bayer and Aventis having a large presence.

text: Headquarters[edit]

text: The following companies and organizations, excluding educational institutions, are among the larger ones that are currently headquartered in or have since relocated from the metropolitan area (headquarters of most companies are located in Kansas City, Missouri, unless otherwise noted):

text:
American Century Investments, an investment management firm
AMC Theatres, a movie theater chain
Andrews McMeel Universal, a syndication and publication company which represents media/entertainment features such as Dear Abby, Garfield, Calvin and Hobbes and Doonesbury
Applebee's, a restaurant chain (Lenexa, Kansas)
BATS Global Markets, a stock exchange (Lenexa, Kansas)
Black & Veatch Corporation, engineering firm (Overland Park, Kansas)
Burns & McDonnell Engineering, an engineering and architectural firm
CenturyLink (formerly Embarq Corporation), telecommunications company (headquarters in Monroe, Louisiana)
Cerner, supplier of healthcare information technology solutions (North Kansas City, Missouri)
Church of the Nazarene
Commerce Bancshares, a bank serving Kansas, Missouri and Illinois
Community of Christ, International Headquarters (Independence, Missouri)
DST Systems, provider of information processing and computer software services and products
Engineered Air, worldwide supplier and manufacturer of industrial air conditioners (De Soto)
Fellowship of Christian Athletes (FCA)
Ferrellgas, retailer and distributor of natural gas (Liberty, Missouri)
FishNet Security, a provider of information security services and technology resale - Overland Park, KS
Fort Dodge Animal Health, an animal health pharmaceutical and vaccine manufacturer and a division of Wyeth (Overland Park, Kansas)
Freightquote.com, largest online third party logistics provider
Garmin, largest maker of GPS-based electronics (Olathe, Kansas)
Goodcents Sub's and Pasta's, notable midwest restaurant chain (De Soto)
Hallmark Cards, largest maker of greeting cards in the U.S.
HNTB Corporation, architectural and engineering firm
H&R Block, financial corporation and former parent company of CompuServe, known mostly for their income tax preparation services
Hostess Brands Maker of Twinkies and other snack cakes.
Huhtamaki, makers of Chinet paper dinnerware (De Soto)
Inergy, L.P., retailers and distributors of natural gas
International Brotherhood of Boilermakers, Iron Ship Builders, Blacksmiths, Forgers and Helpers
J. E. Dunn Construction Group, construction contractor
Kansas City Board of Trade, a commodity futures and options exchange
Kansas City Power and Light Company, a regulated provider of electricity and energy-related products and services
Kansas City Southern Industries, operators of a Class I railroad
Lockton Companies, the largest privately held insurance brokerage in the U.S.
Merck Health Institutions, pharmaceutical corporation (De Soto)
MK12 Studios, a filmmaking, animation, and design studio
National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA)
Newport Television – privately held broadcasting company
North Kansas City Hospital (North Kansas City, Missouri)
People to People International, a voluntary organization founded by President Dwight Eisenhower
Perceptive Software, makers of "Image NOW" software (Lenexa, Kansas)
Polsinelli, AmLaw100-ranked national law firm
Populous (formerly HOK Sport + Venue + Event), a major sports architectural firm
Russell Stover Candies
Sprint Nextel Corporation, a telecommunication company (Overland Park, Kansas)
Tradebot, a high-frequency trading firm
Triumph Structures Kansas City, An Aerospace manufacturing leader.
UMB Financial Corporation, a commercial bank serving a multistate area of the Midwest
Unity Church
Veterans of Foreign Wars
Waddell & Reed, an investment management and brokerage firm (Overland Park, Kansas)
Walton Construction, a construction contractor
YRC Worldwide Inc., known mostly from its former name and brand "Yellow Freight", one of the largest transportation service providers in the world (Overland Park, Kansas)

text: The Kansas City Federal Reserve Bank is one of twelve such banks located in the United States.

text: Hospitals[edit]

text:
Centerpoint Medical Center
Saint Luke's Hospital
Children's Mercy Hospital
Research Medical Center
North Kansas City Hospital

text: Shopping centers[edit]

text:
Adams Dairy Landing
Blue Ridge Crossing
Crown Center
Country Club Plaza
The Great Mall of the Great Plains
Independence Center
The Landing Mall
Legends Outlets Kansas City
Metcalf South Shopping Center (closed October 2014)
Metro North Mall (closed April 2014)
Oak Park Mall
Park Place
Summit Fair
Summit Woods Crossing
Town Center Plaza
Town Pavilion
Ward Parkway Center
Zona Rosa

text: Local organizations[edit]

text:
Irish Museum and Cultural Center
Congregation Beth Israel Abraham Voliner
South Kansas City Chamber of Commerce
Big Brothers Big Sisters of Greater Kansas City
ArtsKC Regional Arts Council
Central Exchange


document_title: Midnight in Paris

question_text: who plays gertrude stein in midnight in paris

text: Midnight in Paris

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 2010, Gil Pender, a successful but creatively unfulfilled Hollywood screenwriter, and his fiancée Inez, are in Paris vacationing with Inez's wealthy, conservative parents. Gil is struggling to finish his first novel, centered on a man who works in a nostalgia shop. Inez dismisses his ambition as a romantic daydream, and encourages him to stick with lucrative screenwriting. Gil is considering moving to Paris (which he notes, much to the dismay of his fiancée, is at its most beautiful in the rain). Inez is intent on living in Malibu. By chance, they are joined by Inez's friend Paul, who is described as both pedantic and a pseudo-intellectual, and his wife Carol. Paul speaks with great authority but questionable accuracy on the history and artworks of Paris. Paul contradicts a tour guide at the Musée Rodin, and insists that his knowledge of Rodin's relationships is more accurate than that of the guide. Inez admires him; Gil finds him insufferable.[7]

text: Gil gets drunk one night when Inez has gone off dancing with Paul and his wife, and becomes lost in the back streets of Paris. At midnight, a 1920s Peugeot Type 176 car draws up beside him, and the passengers, dressed in 1920s clothing, urge him to join them. They go to a party for Jean Cocteau, where he encounters people of 1920s Paris: Cole Porter, Zelda and Scott Fitzgerald, Porter's his wife, Linda Lee Porter, Josephine Baker, Juan Belmonte and Ernest Hemingway. Hemingway offers to show Gil's novel to Gertrude Stein. Gil goes to fetch his manuscript from his hotel. As soon as he leaves, he finds he has returned to 2010 and that the bar where the 1920s literati were drinking is now a laundromat.

text: Gil attempts to bring Inez to the past with him the following night, but she becomes impatient and returns to the hotel. The clock strikes midnight, the same car arrives, and inside is Hemingway. He takes Gil to meet Stein, who agrees to read his novel and introduces him to Pablo Picasso and his lover Adriana. Adriana and Gil are instantly attracted to each other. Stein reads aloud the novel's first line:[8]

text:
“
'Out Of The Past' was the name of the store, and its products consisted of memories: what was prosaic and even vulgar to one generation had been transmuted by the mere passing of years to a status at once magical and also camp.
”

text: Adriana says that she is hooked by these few lines and has always had a longing for the past, especially the Belle Époque of the late 1800s.

text: Gil spends each of the next few nights in the past. His late-night wanderings annoy Inez, and her father becomes suspicious and hires a private detective to follow him. Gil spends more and more time with Adriana, who leaves Picasso for a brief dalliance with Hemingway. Gil realizes he is conflicted when he is falling in love with her. He confides his predicament to Salvador Dalí, Man Ray and Luis Buñuel, but being surrealists they see nothing strange about his claim to have come from the future, finding it to be perfectly normal. They discuss the impossibility of Gil's relationship with Adriana, and each of the artists envisages a different masterpiece inspired by such an unusual romance. Later on Gil suggests a movie plot to Buñuel - that of Buñuel's own 1962 film The Exterminating Angel - and leaves while Buñuel continues to question the plot idea.

text: In present-day Paris, while Inez shops for expensive furniture, Gil meets Gabrielle, an antique dealer and fellow admirer of the Lost Generation. He buys a Cole Porter gramophone record, and later finds Adriana's diary from the 1920s at a book stall by the Seine, which reveals that she was in love with him. Reading that she dreamed of receiving a gift of earrings from him and then making love to him, Gil attempts to take a pair of Inez's earrings to give to Adriana, but is thwarted by Inez's early return from a trip.

text: Gil buys earrings for Adriana. Returning to the past, he finds her at a party and tells Adriana, "I sense there are some complicated feelings you have for me." He takes her for a walk, they kiss, and he gives her the earrings. While she's putting them on, a horse-drawn carriage comes down the street, and a richly dressed couple inside the carriage invite Gil and Adriana for a ride. The carriage transports the passengers to the Belle Époque, an era Adriana considers Paris's Golden Age. Gil and Adriana go first to Maxim's Paris, then to the Moulin Rouge where they meet Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Paul Gauguin, and Edgar Degas. Gil asks what they thought the best era was, and the three determine that the greatest era was the Renaissance. The enthralled Adriana is offered a job designing ballet costumes, and proposes to Gil that they stay, but Gil, upon observing that different people long for different "golden ages", has an epiphany, and realizes that despite the allure of nostalgia, any time can eventually become a dull "present", so it's best to embrace your actual present. Adriana however, elects to stay in the 1890s, and they part.

text: Gil rewrites the first two chapters of his novel and retrieves his draft from Stein, who praises his progress as a writer and tells him that Hemingway likes it, but questions why the main character has not realized that his fiancée (based on Inez) is having an affair with a pedantic character (based on Paul).

text: Gil returns to 2010 and confronts Inez. She admits to having slept with Paul, but dismisses it as a meaningless fling. Gil breaks up with her and decides to move to Paris. Amid Inez's pique, Gil calmly leaves, after which Inez's father tells her and her mother that he had Gil followed, though the detective has mysteriously disappeared. It is revealed that the detective found himself in the Versailles of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, and is last seen fleeing from the palace guards.

text: Walking by the Seine at midnight, Gil bumps into Gabrielle and, after it starts to rain, he offers to walk her home and they learn that they share the love of Paris in the rain.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Owen is a natural actor. He doesn't sound like he's acting, he sounds like a human being speaking in a situation, and that's very appealing to me. He's got a wonderful funny bone, a wonderful comic instinct that's quite unlike my own, but wonderful of its kind. He's a blond Texan kind of Everyman's hero, the kind of hero of the regiment in the old war pictures, with a great flair for being amusing. It's a rare combination and I thought he'd be great."
“
”

— Woody Allen, in production notes about the film[9]

tag: div

text: The cast includes (in credits order)[10]:

text:
Owen Wilson as Gil Pender
Rachel McAdams as Inez
Kurt Fuller as John, Inez's father
Mimi Kennedy as Helen, Inez's mother
Michael Sheen as Paul Bates
Nina Arianda as Carol Bates
Carla Bruni as Museum guide
Yves Heck as Cole Porter
Alison Pill as Zelda Fitzgerald
Tom Hiddleston as F. Scott Fitzgerald
Corey Stoll as Ernest Hemingway
Sonia Rolland as Josephine Baker
Daniel Lundh as Juan Belmonte
Thérèse Bourou-Rubinsztein as Alice B. Toklas
Kathy Bates as Gertrude Stein
Marcial Di Fonzo Bo as Pablo Picasso
Marion Cotillard as Adriana
Léa Seydoux as Gabrielle
Emmanuelle Uzan as Djuna Barnes
Adrien Brody as Salvador Dalí
Tom Cordier as Man Ray
Adrien de Van as Luis Buñuel
Serge Bagdassarian as Detective Duluc
Gad Elmaleh as Detective Tisserant
David Lowe as T. S. Eliot
Yves-Antoine Spoto as Henri Matisse
Laurent Claret as Leo Stein
Vincent Menjou Cortes as Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
Olivier Rabourdin as Paul Gauguin
François Rostain as Edgar Degas
Karine Vanasse as Belle Époque woman
Michel Vuillermoz as King in Versailles
Catherine Benguigui as Maxim's Hostess
Audrey Fleurot as Partygoer
Guillaume Gouix as Partygoer

text: This is the second time McAdams and Wilson co-starred as a couple; they did so before in 2005's Wedding Crashers. In comparing the two roles, McAdams describes the one in Midnight in Paris as being far more antagonistic than the role in Wedding Crashers.[11] Allen had high praises for her performance and that of co-star Marion Cotillard.[12] Cotillard was cast as Wilson's other love interest, the charismatic Adriana.

text: Carla Bruni, singer-songwriter and wife of former French president Nicolas Sarkozy, was recruited by Allen for a role as a museum guide.[13] There were false reports that Allen re-filmed Bruni's scenes with Léa Seydoux,[3] but Seydoux rebuffed these rumors revealing she had an entirely separate role in the film.[14] Allen also shot down reports that a scene with Bruni required over 30 takes: "I am appalled. I read these things and I could not believe my eyes...These are not exaggerations, but inventions from scratch. There is absolutely no truth." He continued to describe Bruni as "very professional" and insisted he was pleased with her scenes, stating that "every frame will appear in the film."[15]

text: Production[edit]

text: Writing[edit]

text: Allen employed a reverse approach in writing the screenplay for this film, by building the film's plot around a conceived movie title, 'Midnight in Paris'.[16] The time-travel portions of Allen's storyline are evocative of the Paris of the 1920s described in Ernest Hemingway's memoir A Moveable Feast, with Allen's characters interacting with the likes of Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, and F. Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald, and uses the phrase "a moveable feast" in two instances, with a copy of the book appearing in one scene. Allen originally wrote the character Gil as an east coast intellectual, but he rethought it when he and casting director Juliet Taylor began considering Owen Wilson for the role.[9] "I thought Owen would be charming and funny but my fear was that he was not so eastern at all in his persona," says Allen. Allen realized that making Gil a Californian would actually make the character richer, so he rewrote the part and submitted it to Wilson, who readily agreed to do it. Allen describes him as "a natural actor".[9] The set-up has certain plot points in common with the British sitcom Goodnight Sweetheart.

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began in Paris in July 2010.[17] Allen states that the fundamental aesthetic for the camera work was to give the film a warm ambiance. He describes that he likes it (the cinematography), "intensely red, intensely warm, because if you go to a restaurant and you're there with your wife or your girlfriend, and it's got red-flecked wallpaper and turn-of-the-century lights, you both look beautiful. Whereas if you're in a seafood restaurant and the lights are up, everybody looks terrible. So it looks nice. It's very flattering and very lovely."[16] To achieve this he and his cinematographer, Darius Khondji, used primarily warm colors in the film's photography, filmed in flatter weather and employed limited camera movements, in attempts to draw little attention to itself. This is the first Woody Allen film to go through a digital intermediate, instead of being color timed in the traditional photochemical way. According to Allen, its use here is a test to see if he likes it enough to use on his future films.[18]

text: Allen's directorial style placed more emphasis on the romantic and realistic elements of the film than the fantasy elements. He states that he "was interested only in this romantic tale, and anything that contributed to it that was fairytale was right for me. I didn't want to get into it. I only wanted to get into what bore down on his (Owen Wilson's) relationship with Marion."[16]

text: The film opens with a 3 1⁄2-minute postcard-view montage of Paris, showing some of the iconic tourist sites. Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times describes the montage as a stylistic approach that lasts longer than necessary to simply establish location. According to Turan, "Allen is saying: Pay attention — this is a special place, a place where magic can happen."[19] Midnight in Paris is the first Woody Allen film shot entirely on location in Paris, though both Love and Death (1975)[20] and Everyone Says I Love You (1996)[21][unreliable source] were partially filmed there.

text: Filming locations include Giverny, John XXIII Square (near Notre Dame), Montmartre, Deyrolle, the Palace of Versailles, the Opéra, Pont Alexandre III, the Sacré-Cœur, the Île de la Cité itself, and streets near the Panthéon.[13]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The film is co-produced by Allen's Gravier Productions and the Catalan company Mediapro[22] and was picked up by Sony Pictures Classics for distribution. It is the fourth film the two companies have co-produced, the others being Sweet and Lowdown, Whatever Works and You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger.

text:
The Sony Classics team decided to take a lemon and make lemonade. They obtained a list of reporters who were invited to the Cars 2 junket and sent them press notes from Midnight in Paris, encouraging them to ask Wilson questions about the Allen film during the Pixar media day. Wilson happily complied, answering queries about his character in Paris that provided material for a host of stories. Sony Classics also got a hold of Wilson's schedule of TV appearances to promote Cars 2 on shows like Late Show with David Letterman, then bought ad time for Paris spots on the nights when Wilson was a guest.[23]

—Patrick Goldstein, Los Angeles Times

text: In promoting the film, Allen was willing to do only a limited amount of publicity at its Cannes Film Festival debut in May. Wilson was already committed to promoting Pixar's Cars 2, which opened in late June, several weeks after Allen's film arrived in cinemas. Due to these challenges and the relatively small ($10 million) budget for promotion, Sony Classics had to perform careful media buying and press relations to promote the film.[23]

text: The film's poster is a reference to Vincent van Gogh's 1889 painting The Starry Night.[24]

text: Release[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film made its debut at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival on Wednesday May 11, when it opened the festival as a first-ever screening for both professionals and the public;[25] it was released nationwide in France that same day, Wednesday being the traditional day of change in French cinemas.[26] It went on limited release in six theaters in the United States on May 20 and took $599,003 in the first weekend, spreading to 944 cinemas three weeks later, when it went on wide release.[2]

text: Midnight in Paris achieved the highest gross of any of Allen's films in North America, before adjusting for inflation. The film earned $56.3 million in North America, overtaking his previous best, Hannah and Her Sisters, at $40 million.[27]

text: As of 2016, Midnight in Paris is the highest-grossing film directed by Woody Allen, with $151 million worldwide on a $17 million budget.[2]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Midnight in Paris received critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 93%, based on 208 reviews, with an average rating of 7.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "It may not boast the depth of his classic films, but the sweetly sentimental Midnight in Paris is funny and charming enough to satisfy Woody Allen fans."[28] The film has received Allen's best reviews and score on the site since 1994's Bullets Over Broadway.[29] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 81 out of 100, based on 40 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".[30]

text: The film received some generally positive reviews after its premiere at the 64th Cannes Film Festival. Todd McCarthy from The Hollywood Reporter praised Darius Khondji's cinematography and claimed the film "has the concision and snappy pace of Allen's best work".[31]

text: A. O. Scott of The New York Times commented on Owen Wilson's success at playing the Woody Allen persona. He states that the film is marvelously romantic and credibly blends "whimsy and wisdom". He praised Khondji's cinematography, the supporting cast and remarked that it is a memorable film and that "Mr. Allen has often said that he does not want or expect his own work to survive, but as modest and lighthearted as Midnight in Paris is, it suggests otherwise: Not an ambition toward immortality so much as a willingness to leave something behind—a bit of memorabilia, or art, if you like that word better—that catches the attention and solicits the admiration of lonely wanderers in some future time."[32]

text: Roger Ebert gave the film 3 1⁄2 stars out of 4. He ended his review thus:[33]

text: This is Woody Allen's 41st film. He writes his films himself, and directs them with wit and grace. I consider him a treasure of the cinema. Some people take him for granted, although Midnight in Paris reportedly charmed even the jaded veterans of the Cannes press screenings. There is nothing to dislike about it. Either you connect with it or not. I'm wearying of movies that are for "everybody" — which means, nobody in particular. Midnight in Paris is for me, in particular, and that's just fine with moi."

text: Richard Roeper, an American film critic, gave Midnight in Paris an "A"; referring to it as a "wonderful film" and "one of the best romantic comedies in recent years". He commented that the actors are uniformly brilliant and praised the film's use of witty one-liners.[34]

text: In The Huffington Post, Rob Kirkpatrick said the film represented a return to form for the director ("it's as if Woody has rediscovered Woody") and called Midnight in Paris "a surprising film that casts a spell over us and reminds us of the magical properties of cinema, and especially of Woody Allen's cinema."[35]

text: Midnight in Paris has been compared to Allen's The Purple Rose of Cairo (1985), in that the functioning of the magical realism therein is never explained. David Edelstein, New York, commended that approach, stating that it eliminates, "the sci-fi wheels and pulleys that tend to suck up so much screen time in time-travel movies." He goes on to applaud the film stating that, "this supernatural comedy isn't just Allen's best film in more than a decade; it's the only one that manages to rise above its tidy parable structure and be easy, graceful, and glancingly funny, as if buoyed by its befuddled hero's enchantment."[36]

text: Peter Johnson of PopCitizen felt that the film's nature as a "period piece" was far superior to its comedic components, which he referred to as lacking. "While the period settings of Midnight in Paris are almost worth seeing the film . . . it hardly qualifies as a moral compass to those lost in a nostalgic revelry," he asserts.[37]

text: Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal acknowledged the cast and the look of the film and, despite some familiarities with the film's conflict, praised Allen's work on the film. He wrote, "For the filmmaker who brought these intertwined universes into being, the film represents new energy in a remarkable career.".[38]

text: Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian, giving the film 3 out of 5 stars, described it as "an amiable amuse-bouche" and "sporadically entertaining, light, shallow, self-plagiarising." He goes on to add that it's "a romantic fantasy adventure to be compared with the vastly superior ideas of his comparative youth, such as the 1985 movie The Purple Rose of Cairo."[39] In October 2013, the film was voted by the Guardian readers as the ninth best film directed by Woody Allen.[40]

text: More scathing is Richard Corliss of Time, who describes the film as "pure Woody Allen. Which is not to say great or even good Woody, but a distillation of the filmmaker's passions and crotchets, and of his tendency to pass draconian judgment on characters the audience is not supposed to like. . . . his Midnight strikes not sublime chimes but the clangor of snap judgments and frayed fantasy."[41]

text: Quentin Tarantino named Midnight in Paris as his favorite film of 2011.[42]

text: The film was well received in France. The website Allocine (Hello Cinema) gave it 4.2 out of 5 stars based on a sample of twenty reviews.[26] Ten of the reviews gave it a full five stars, including Le Figaro, which praised the film's evocation of its themes and said "one leaves the screening with a smile on one's lips".[43]

text: Faulkner estate[edit]

text: The William Faulkner estate later filed a lawsuit against Sony Pictures Classics for the film's bit of dialogue, "The past is not dead. Actually, it's not even past," a paraphrasing of an often-quoted line from Faulkner's 1950 book Requiem for a Nun ("The past is never dead. It's not even past."), claiming that the paraphrasing was an unlicensed use of the estate. Faulkner is directly credited in the dialogue when Gil claims to have met the writer at a dinner party (though Faulkner is never physically portrayed in the film). Julie Ahrens of the Fair Use Project at the Stanford University's Center for Internet and Society was quoted as saying in response to the charge, "The idea that one person can control the use of those particular words seems ridiculous to me. Any kind of literary allusion is ordinarily celebrated. This seems to squarely fall in that tradition." Sony's response stated that they consider the action "a frivolous lawsuit".[44] In July 2013, a federal judge in Mississippi dismissed the lawsuit on fair use grounds.[45]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Award
Category
Recipient(s)
Result

84th Academy Awards[46][47]
Best Picture
Letty Aronson, Stephen Tenenbaum
Nominated

Best Director
Woody Allen
Nominated

Best Original Screenplay
Woody Allen
Won

Best Art Direction
Anne Seibel, Hélène Dubreuil
Nominated

Alliance of Women Film Journalists
Best Film

Nominated

Best Director
Woody Allen
Nominated

Best Screenplay Original
Woody Allen
Won

Best Ensemble Cast

Nominated

Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts[48]
Best Film – International

Nominated

Best Direction – International
Woody Allen
Nominated

Best Screenplay – International
Woody Allen
Nominated

65th British Academy Film Awards[49][50]
BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay
Woody Allen
Nominated

Bradbury Award[51]
Bradbury Award
Woody Allen
Nominated

Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards
Best Picture

Nominated

Best Original Screenplay
Woody Allen
Won

Best Comedy

Nominated

Chicago Film Critics Association Awards
Best Original Screenplay
Woody Allen
Nominated

2012 Comedy Awards
Comedy Film

Nominated

Comedy Actor
Owen Wilson
Nominated

Comedy Director
Woody Allen
Nominated

Comedy Screenplay
Woody Allen
Nominated

Directors Guild of America
Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Feature Film
Woody Allen
Nominated

Golden Globe Awards
Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy

Nominated

Best Director
Woody Allen
Nominated

Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
Owen Wilson
Nominated

Best Screenplay
Woody Allen
Won

Goya Awards

Best Original Screenplay
Woody Allen
Nominated

Grammy Awards[52]
Best Compilation Soundtrack For Visual Media

Won

Houston Film Critics Society Awards
Best Film

Nominated

Best Director
Woody Allen
Nominated

Best Screenplay
Woody Allen
Nominated

Independent Spirit Awards
Best Supporting Male
Corey Stoll
Nominated

Best Cinematography
Darius Khondji
Nominated

National Society of Film Critics
Best Screenplay
Woody Allen
Nominated

New York Film Critics Online
Best Film

Nominated

Online Film Critics Society
Best Original Screenplay
Woody Allen
Won

Producers Guild of America Awards
Best Theatrical Motion Picture
Letty Aronson, Stephen Tenenbaum
Nominated

Satellite Awards
Best Film

Nominated

Best Director
Woody Allen
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Rachel McAdams
Nominated

Screen Actors Guild Awards
Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture

Nominated

Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association
Best Director
Woody Allen
Nominated

Best Original Screenplay
Woody Allen
Won

Writers Guild of America Awards
Original Screenplay
Woody Allen
Won

11th Grande Prêmio Brasileiro de Cinema
Best Foreign Film
Woody Allen
Won

text: Home media[edit]

text: The soundtrack was released on December 9, 2011, and released on Blu-ray and DVD on December 20, 2011.[53][verification needed]