document_title: You Raise Me Up

question_text: when did westlife sing you raise me up

question_tokens: when did westlife sing you raise me up

text: You Raise Me Up

text: Background[edit]

text: The song was originally composed as an instrumental piece and titled "Silent Story". Some have claimed there is a strong resemblance to the traditional Irish tune Londonderry Air, to which Løvland has commented: "There are similarities but no plagiarism. When I made "You Raise Me Up" I asked myself - what is the inner essence of Irish music?"[2] Løvland later approached Irish novelist and songwriter Brendan Graham to write the lyrics to his melody, after reading Graham's novels.[3]

text: The song was made by and for Løvland himself and performed for the very first time at the funeral of Løvland's mother. Here he noted "there's something about the song people are embracing - which becomes emotionally strong. [...] I believe people think of it as a song they use for their own purposes.".[2][4] The original designated vocalist was Johnny Logan, himself also from Eurovision fame, who recorded a demo with an orchestra. However, a desire to distance the album from Eurovision Song Contest led to a change in vocalist.

text: In 2002, it was released on the Secret Garden album Once in a Red Moon, with the vocals sung by Irish singer Brian Kennedy, and sold well in both Ireland and Norway. Originally, Brian Kennedy was supposed to follow Secret Garden on their Asian tour in 2002, but Curb records couldn't come to an agreement with Universal to release Brian, and he reluctantly could not attend the tour. He was replaced by Norwegian singer Jan Werner Danielsen, who also later recorded the song together with Secret Garden. A demo version of this recording was released in 2010, on Danielsen's posthumous compilation album One More Time - The Very Best Of, which included several previously unpublished recordings.

text: Popularity[edit]

text: Although the original version did not chart internationally, the song has now been covered more than 125 times,[5] with the most successful covers being by Josh Groban (#73 in the US and #1 on the US Adult Contemporary chart), Christian group Selah (#1 on Billboard's Christian charts), Westlife (#1 in the UK), Daniel O'Donnell (#22 in the UK) and Dutch Popstars winner Wesley Klein (#4 in the Netherlands). The song has also found success as part of a three-song EP entitled "George Best - A Tribute" by Peter Corry and the song's original vocalist Brian Kennedy, which reached #4 in the UK.

text: In 2004, the song was played more than 500,000 times on American radio. In late 2005, there were over 80 versions available in US alone, and it has been nominated for Gospel Music Awards four times, including "Song of the Year."

text: On 21 September 2006, "You Raise Me Up" became the first song to have sold over 76,000 copies of the score on the popular sheet music website musicnotes.com.[6]

text: Josh Groban version[edit]

text:
"You Raise Me Up"
Single by Josh Grobanfrom the album CloserReleased
September 10, 2004 (single)
October 2003 (album)
Genre
Operatic pop
adult contemporary
classical
Length
4:52Label
Reprise
Warner Bros.
143
Composer(s)
Rolf LøvlandLyricist(s)
Brendan GrahamProducer(s)
David FosterJosh Groban singles chronology

"You’re Still You" (2003)

"You Raise Me Up" (2004)

"Remember When It Rained" (2004)

text: In 2003, David Foster decided to produce the song after being introduced to it by Frank Petrone of peermusic, the song's publisher. He chose the up-and-coming Josh Groban to record the song, which was accompanied by the tenor Craig Von Vennik of the Establishment. Groban's version made it to #1 on the Billboard adult contemporary chart in early 2004 and remained there for six weeks. This version also peaked at #73 on the Billboard Hot 100, his first single to do so, and was nominated for a 2005 Grammy award.

text: Performances[edit]

text: Groban performed the song at Super Bowl XXXVIII, in a special NASA commemoration for the crew of the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. A special surprise performance by Groban, for Oprah Winfrey's 50th birthday, also gave "You Raise Me Up" massive international prominence. On April 25, 2007, Groban also performed it at the first Idol Gives Back Concert, along with the African Children's Choir. This version was released as a single and peaked at #76 on the Billboard Hot 100. He performed this version with the African Children's Choir again on The Ellen DeGeneres Show on August 10, 2007.

text: On May 26, 2007, Josh Groban appeared on BBC's talent show Any Dream Will Do to select one of the remaining contestants (or "Josephs") to perform the song with him. He chose show favourite and eventual winner Lee Mead, whilst the other four contestants (Lewis Bradley, Craig Chalmers, Ben Ellis, and Keith Jack) performed as backing singers. Following this, the solo version of "You Raise Me Up" charted in the UK at #74, making it his first chart entry there.

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (solo version)[7]

Peakposition

Austrian Singles Chart (2008)

54

Danish Singles Chart (2009)

26

French Singles Chart (2012)

16

Swiss Singles Chart (2008)

54

US Billboard Hot 100 (2004)

73

US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks (2004)

1

UK Singles Chart (2007)

74

text:
Chart (2007 version with African Children's Choir)

Peakposition

US Billboard Hot 100

76

text: Westlife version[edit]

text:
"You Raise Me Up"
Single by Westlifefrom the album Face to FaceReleased
October 24, 2005Format
CD single
digital download
Recorded
2004Studio
Rokstone, LondonLength
4:01Label
Sony BMGComposer(s)
Rolf LøvlandLyricist(s)
Brendan GrahamProducer(s)
Steve MacWestlife singles chronology

"Obvious" (2004)

"You Raise Me Up" (2005)

"When You Tell Me That You Love Me" (2005)

Face to Face track listing
show12 tracks
"You Raise Me Up"
"When You Tell Me That You Love Me"
"Amazing"
"That's Where You Find Love"
"She's Back"
"Desperado"
"Colour My World"
"In This Life"
"Heart Without a Home"
"Hit You With a Real Thing"
"Change Your Mind"
"Maybe Tomorrow"

Music video
"You Raise Me Up" on YouTube

text: "You Raise Me Up" was released as the lead single from Westlife's sixth studio album Face to Face. This version is one of the most successful covers of the song, peaking at No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart,[8] the only version to do so. This was the band's 13th number-one single as well as the first single to be released following the departure of Brian McFadden from the group. The single has sold 540,000 copies in the UK so far.[9] In South Korea, it entered the Official South Korean Year-end Downloads Singles Chart in 2010 with 130,759 sales.[10] Westlife performed this song with Secret Garden at the 2005 Nobel Peace Prize concert. On December 11, 2009, they performed it again at the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize concert celebrating US President Barack Obama. The backing track is re-used in the Spanish version of this song, "Por Ti Sere", performed by Il Divo in their Siempre album. When Louis Walsh suggested the band to record it, Filan, Egan, Byrne, and Feehily were against it saying it was a church song, and would not be a success. They also said they did not want to record it. However, they have since claimed in 2011, six years after the single's release, that the song changed their careers and were glad they recorded it. It was composed in the traditional verse–chorus form in Eb major, with Filan and Feehily's vocal ranging from the chords of Bb3 to Bb5.[11]

text: Westlife's official music video for "You Raise Me Up" was shot in late-2005 and is directed by Alex Hemming. It is currently the most played "You Raise Me Up" official music video version on Youtube with 68 million views as of July 2018.[12]

text:
The song was reinstated in the live bonus disc album of the band's Greatest Hits in 2011.
After the band broke up in 2012, the single was performed solo in many live instances by three of band members Shane Filan, Kian Egan and Mark Feehily.
In 2018, the single was re-recorded by its member Shane Filan for his solo album Love Always - Deluxe Version. On 12 May 2018, the song was performed on South Korean music programme 'Immortal Songs 2' by Sohyang. Filan was the featured 'Legend' and judged the participants.

text: Tours performed at[edit]

text: as Westlife[edit]

text:
Face to Face Tour (2006)
The Love Tour (2007)
Back Home Tour (2008)
Where We Are Tour (2010)
Gravity Tour (2011)
The Farewell Tour (2012)

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
"You Raise Me Up" – 4:00
"World of Our Own" (Acoustic Version) – 3:30

tag: ol

text:
"You Raise Me Up" – 4:00
"Flying Without Wings" (Acoustic Version) – 3:30
"My Love" (Acoustic Version) – 3:48

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2005)

Peakposition

Australian Singles Chart

3

Austrian Singles Chart

46

Danish Airplay Chart

47

Dutch Singles Chart

47

Europe Singles Chart (Eurochart Hot 100)[13]

4

Europe Digital Tracks (Eurochart Hot 100)[13]

14

German Singles Chart

11

Irish Singles Chart

1

Norwegian Singles Chart

3

Romania[14]

45

Scottish Singles Chart[15]

1

South Korea[14]

102

South Korea (Gaon International Karaoke Chart)[16]

10

Swedish Singles Chart

7

Swiss Singles Chart

18

UK Singles Chart

1

World Singles Chart

10

World Airplay Chart

15

text:
Charts (2007)

Peakposition

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)

96

text: Year-end charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2005)

Position

Irish Singles Chart

1

UK Singles Chart

9

Chart (2006)

Position

Australian Singles Chart

14[17]

Chart (2010)

Position

South Korean International Download Chart

96

text: Certifications and sales[edit]

text:
Region

Certification
Certified units/Sales

United Kingdom (BPI)[18]

Platinum

600,000^

*sales figures based on certification alone^shipments figures based on certification alone

text: Wesley version[edit]

text:
"You Raise Me Up"
Single by Wesleyfrom the album Vandaag en morgenReleased
February 4, 2010Format
CD SingleComposer(s)
Rolf LøvlandLyricist(s)
Brendan GrahamWesley singles chronology

"You Raise Me Up" (2010)

"Een ongelofelijke droom" (2010)

text: On the second season of Popstars in the Netherlands, "You Raise Me Up" was recorded by each of the four finalists - Kim Stolker, Kristel Roulaux, Joshua Newton and Wesley Klein. When Klein won, his version was released as a single in the Netherlands under the mononym Wesley, peaking at #4 in the Dutch Top 40 and staying in the charts for eleven weeks,[19] making it the first version of the song to reach the top 10 in the Netherlands. The song was subsequently released as the final track on his debut album Vandaag en morgen (meaning Today and Tomorrow in Dutch).

text:
Chart (2005)

Peakposition

Dutch Top 40

4[19]

text: Other covers[edit]

text:
The song was recorded by Daniel O'Donnell in 2003 and was a hit throughout Ireland and the UK, charting at #22 in the UK.
A version by Christian group Selah went to #1 on Billboard's Christian charts and was included on their 2004 album Hiding Place. This recording was nominated for Song of the Year at the 2005 Dove Awards.
Brian Kennedy re-released the single after performing it at Northern Irish football player George Best's funeral on 3 December 2005. The song charted in the UK at #4 in January 2006 (as part of a three-song EP entitled "George Best — A Tribute").
Åsa Jinder has written lyrics in Swedish, "Rör vid min själ" and was recorded by Sanna Nielsen and was released as a 2006 single[20] and is included on her 2006 album "Nära mej, nära dej".[21]
In 2005, Celtic Woman cover this song, and it is used as the theme song of the Japanese TV drama Byakkotai.
The song was covered in Japanese by Korean-American singer Lena Park as the opening theme to the Japanese anime television series Romeo x Juliet, which premiered in Japan on April 2007. Park also covered an English version of the song, which was featured in episodes 7 and 24 of the English version of the series, released in two sets in both June and August 2009.
On November 16, 2008, the song Video on YouTube was performed by Michael Hirte from Potsdam in the show "Das Supertalent" (the German version of "Britain's Got Talent") using his harmonica. This version charted in Switzerland at #76.[22]
In 2009, Celtic Thunder released their cover of the song performed by Paul Byrom, then with the group, on their third studio album and second concert DVD, both titled Take Me Home.
In 2014, Hong Kong singer Celine Tam, aged 6, covered "You Raise Me Up".
In 2015, Canadian singer Jeffrey Li, aged 10, and Сeline Tam, aged 7, performed at the Miss World final.
In 2016, Chinese female group SNH48 along with their counterparts BEJ48 and GNZ48 issued a cover version of the song "比翼齐飞", with the lyrics re-written by several members of them, and performed by themselves.
October, 2017 crooner Arthur Manuntag from the Philippines recorded his own version of the song. Arthur Manuntag is the Asian representative to the 100th Anniversary of Frank Sinatra on December 12, 2015 in Smetana Hall, Prague.
December, 2017 Hong Kong singer Celine Tam, aged 9, performed cover of the song together with Helene Fischer on the annual "Die Helene Fischer Show" Video on YouTube

text: Use in popular culture[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
The Josh Groban version was played numerous times in television during the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
Shizuka Arakawa, the 2006 Olympic gold medalist in figure skating, used the piece as an exhibition number for many shows and professional competitions during 2005–2010. Michelle Kwan skated to the song during the 2004 Champion on Ice Tour and other competitions in 2005. Caroline Zhang skated this song in her exhibitions in the 2006–2007 and 2007–2008 skating season.
I.K. Start, a Norwegian football club, uses this song as a club anthem.


document_title: Ministry of Defence and Veterans Affairs (Uganda)

question_text: who is the minister of defence of uganda

root

text: Location[edit]

text: The headquarters of the ministry are located in the Mbuya Military Barracks, on Chwa II Road, in the Nakawa Division of the city of Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city.[3][4] The coordinates of the headquarters of the ministry are: 0°19'36.0"N, 32°37'53.0"E (Latitude:0.326656; Longitude:32.631375).[5]

tag: p

text: Overview[edit]

text: The ministry oversees the Uganda People's Defence Forces (UPDF). This ensures that the UPDF is ultimately answerable to the people of Uganda, while it remains professional, with focus on protecting its citizens, defending national sovereignty and contributing to regional stability.[6]

text: Organisational structure[edit]

text: Administratively, the ministry is oranised into three departments: the Department of Administration, Department of Finance, and Department of Logistics. The Permanent Secretary is the Chief Executive and Chief Accounting Officer for the entire ministry.[6]

text: Leadership[edit]

text: The ministry is headed by a cabinet minister. The current Minister of Defence, since 6 June 2016, is Adolf Mwesige.[7] He is deputised by the Minister of State, currently Colonel Charles Engola Okello.[8]

text: Uganda People's Defence Force[edit]

text: During the colonial days, the national defence forces were named King's African Rifles (KAR). Later the name changed to Uganda Rifles (UR) and then Uganda Army (UA). The force that fought the Uganda Bush War, from 8 February 1981 to 26 January 1986, was called the National Liberation Army. In 1995, when a new constitution was promulgated, the name was changed to Uganda People's Defence Force.[9]


document_title: Big data

question_text: technologies that are being driven by big data

question_tokens: technologies that are being driven by big data

text: Big data

text: Definition[edit]

text: The term has been in use since the 1990s, with some giving credit to John Mashey for coining or at least making it popular.[14][15] Big data usually includes data sets with sizes beyond the ability of commonly used software tools to capture, curate, manage, and process data within a tolerable elapsed time.[16] Big Data philosophy encompasses unstructured, semi-structured and structured data, however the main focus is on unstructured data.[17] Big data "size" is a constantly moving target, as of 2012[update] ranging from a few dozen terabytes to many petabytes of data.[18] Big data requires a set of techniques and technologies with new forms of integration to reveal insights from datasets that are diverse, complex, and of a massive scale.[19]

text: In a 2001 research report[20] and related lectures, META Group (now Gartner) defined data growth challenges and opportunities as being three-dimensional, i.e. increasing volume (amount of data), velocity (speed of data in and out), and variety (range of data types and sources). Gartner, and now much of the industry, continue to use this "3Vs" model for describing big data.[21] In 2012, Gartner updated its definition as follows: "Big Data is high-volume, high-velocity and/or high-variety information assets that demand cost-effective, innovative forms of information processing that enable enhanced insight, decision making, and process automation."[22] Gartner's definition of the 3Vs is still widely used, and in agreement with a consensual definition that states that "Big Data represents the Information assets characterized by such a High Volume, Velocity and Variety to require specific Technology and Analytical Methods for its transformation into Value".[23] Additionally, a new V "Veracity" is added by some organizations to describe it,[24] revisionism challenged by some industry authorities.[25] The 3Vs have been expanded to other complementary characteristics of big data:[26][27]

text:
Volume: big data doesn't sample; it just observes and tracks what happens
Velocity: big data is often available in real-time
Variety: big data draws from text, images, audio, video; plus it completes missing pieces through data fusion
Machine learning: big data often doesn't ask why and simply detects patterns[28]
Digital footprint: big data is often a cost-free byproduct of digital interaction[27][29]

tag: ul

text: The growing maturity of the concept more starkly delineates the difference between big data and Business Intelligence:[30]

text:
Business Intelligence uses descriptive statistics with data with high information density to measure things, detect trends, etc..
Big data uses inductive statistics and concepts from nonlinear system identification[31] to infer laws (regressions, nonlinear relationships, and causal effects) from large sets of data with low information density[32] to reveal relationships and dependencies, or to perform predictions of outcomes and behaviors.[31][33]

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: Big data can be described by the following characteristics:[26][27]

text: Factory work and Cyber-physical systems may have a 6C system:

text:
Connection (sensor and networks)
Cloud (computing and data on demand)[35][36]
Cyber (model and memory)
Content/context (meaning and correlation)
Community (sharing and collaboration)
Customization (personalization and value)

text: Data must be processed with advanced tools (analytics and algorithms) to reveal meaningful information. For example, to manage a factory one must consider both visible and invisible issues with various components. Information generation algorithms must detect and address invisible issues such as machine degradation, component wear, etc. on the factory floor.[37][38]

text: Architecture[edit]

text: Big data repositories have existed in many forms, often built by corporations with a special need. Commercial vendors historically offered parallel database management systems for big data beginning in the 1990s. For many years, WinterCorp published a largest database report.[39]

text: Teradata Corporation in 1984 marketed the parallel processing DBC 1012 system. Teradata systems were the first to store and analyze 1 terabyte of data in 1992. Hard disk drives were 2.5GB in 1991 so the definition of big data continuously evolves according to Kryder's Law. Teradata installed the first petabyte class RDBMS based system in 2007. As of 2017, there are a few dozen petabyte class Teradata relational databases installed, the largest of which exceeds 50 PB. Systems up until 2008 were 100% structured relational data. Since then, Teradata has added unstructured data types including XML, JSON, and Avro.

text: In 2000, Seisint Inc. (now LexisNexis Group) developed a C++-based distributed file-sharing framework for data storage and query. The system stores and distributes structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data across multiple servers. Users can build queries in a C++ dialect called ECL. ECL uses an "apply schema on read" method to infer the structure of stored data when it is queried, instead of when it is stored. In 2004, LexisNexis acquired Seisint Inc.[40] and in 2008 acquired ChoicePoint, Inc.[41] and their high-speed parallel processing platform. The two platforms were merged into HPCC (or High-Performance Computing Cluster) Systems and in 2011, HPCC was open-sourced under the Apache v2.0 License. Quantcast File System was available about the same time.[42]

text: In 2004, Google published a paper on a process called MapReduce that uses a similar architecture. The MapReduce concept provides a parallel processing model, and an associated implementation was released to process huge amounts of data. With MapReduce, queries are split and distributed across parallel nodes and processed in parallel (the Map step). The results are then gathered and delivered (the Reduce step). The framework was very successful,[43] so others wanted to replicate the algorithm. Therefore, an implementation of the MapReduce framework was adopted by an Apache open-source project named Hadoop.[44]

text: MIKE2.0 is an open approach to information management that acknowledges the need for revisions due to big data implications identified in an article titled "Big Data Solution Offering".[45] The methodology addresses handling big data in terms of useful permutations of data sources, complexity in interrelationships, and difficulty in deleting (or modifying) individual records.[46]

text: 2012 studies showed that a multiple-layer architecture is one option to address the issues that big data presents. A distributed parallel architecture distributes data across multiple servers; these parallel execution environments can dramatically improve data processing speeds. This type of architecture inserts data into a parallel DBMS, which implements the use of MapReduce and Hadoop frameworks. This type of framework looks to make the processing power transparent to the end user by using a front-end application server.[47]

text: Big data analytics for manufacturing applications is marketed as a 5C architecture (connection, conversion, cyber, cognition, and configuration).[48]

text: The data lake allows an organization to shift its focus from centralized control to a shared model to respond to the changing dynamics of information management. This enables quick segregation of data into the data lake, thereby reducing the overhead time.[49][50]

text: Technologies[edit]

text: A 2011 McKinsey Global Institute report characterizes the main components and ecosystem of big data as follows:[51]

text:
Techniques for analyzing data, such as A/B testing, machine learning and natural language processing
Big data technologies, like business intelligence, cloud computing and databases
Visualization, such as charts, graphs and other displays of the data

text: Multidimensional big data can also be represented as tensors, which can be more efficiently handled by tensor-based computation,[52] such as multilinear subspace learning.[53] Additional technologies being applied to big data include massively parallel-processing (MPP) databases, search-based applications, data mining,[54] distributed file systems, distributed databases, cloud and HPC-based infrastructure (applications, storage and computing resources)[55] and the Internet.[citation needed] Although, many approaches and technologies have been developed, it still remains difficult to carry out machine learning with big data.[56]

text: Some but not all MPP relational databases have the ability to store and manage petabytes of data. Implicit is the ability to load, monitor, back up, and optimize the use of the large data tables in the RDBMS.[57]

text: DARPA's Topological Data Analysis program seeks the fundamental structure of massive data sets and in 2008 the technology went public with the launch of a company called Ayasdi.[58]

text: The practitioners of big data analytics processes are generally hostile to slower shared storage,[59] preferring direct-attached storage (DAS) in its various forms from solid state drive (Ssd) to high capacity SATA disk buried inside parallel processing nodes. The perception of shared storage architectures—Storage area network (SAN) and Network-attached storage (NAS) —is that they are relatively slow, complex, and expensive. These qualities are not consistent with big data analytics systems that thrive on system performance, commodity infrastructure, and low cost.

text: Real or near-real time information delivery is one of the defining characteristics of big data analytics. Latency is therefore avoided whenever and wherever possible. Data in memory is good—data on spinning disk at the other end of a FC SAN connection is not. The cost of a SAN at the scale needed for analytics applications is very much higher than other storage techniques.

text: There are advantages as well as disadvantages to shared storage in big data analytics, but big data analytics practitioners as of 2011[update] did not favour it.[60]

text: Applications[edit]

text: Big data has increased the demand of information management specialists so much so that Software AG, Oracle Corporation, IBM, Microsoft, SAP, EMC, HP and Dell have spent more than $15 billion on software firms specializing in data management and analytics. In 2010, this industry was worth more than $100 billion and was growing at almost 10 percent a year: about twice as fast as the software business as a whole.[3]

text: Developed economies increasingly use data-intensive technologies. There are 4.6 billion mobile-phone subscriptions worldwide, and between 1 billion and 2 billion people accessing the internet.[3] Between 1990 and 2005, more than 1 billion people worldwide entered the middle class, which means more people became more literate, which in turn lead to information growth. The world's effective capacity to exchange information through telecommunication networks was 281 petabytes in 1986, 471 petabytes in 1993, 2.2 exabytes in 2000, 65 exabytes in 2007[8] and predictions put the amount of internet traffic at 667 exabytes annually by 2014.[3] According to one estimate, one-third of the globally stored information is in the form of alphanumeric text and still image data,[61] which is the format most useful for most big data applications. This also shows the potential of yet unused data (i.e. in the form of video and audio content).

text: While many vendors offer off-the-shelf solutions for big data, experts recommend the development of in-house solutions custom-tailored to solve the company's problem at hand if the company has sufficient technical capabilities.[62]

text: Government[edit]

text: The use and adoption of big data within governmental processes allows efficiencies in terms of cost, productivity, and innovation,[63] but does not come without its flaws. Data analysis often requires multiple parts of government (central and local) to work in collaboration and create new and innovative processes to deliver the desired outcome.

text: International development[edit]

text: Research on the effective usage of information and communication technologies for development (also known as ICT4D) suggests that big data technology can make important contributions but also present unique challenges to International development.[64][65] Advancements in big data analysis offer cost-effective opportunities to improve decision-making in critical development areas such as health care, employment, economic productivity, crime, security, and natural disaster and resource management.[66][67][68] Additionally, user-generated data offers new opportunities to give the unheard a voice.[69] However, longstanding challenges for developing regions such as inadequate technological infrastructure and economic and human resource scarcity exacerbate existing concerns with big data such as privacy, imperfect methodology, and interoperability issues.[66]

text: Manufacturing[edit]

text: Based on TCS 2013 Global Trend Study, improvements in supply planning and product quality provide the greatest benefit of big data for manufacturing. Big data provides an infrastructure for transparency in manufacturing industry, which is the ability to unravel uncertainties such as inconsistent component performance and availability. Predictive manufacturing as an applicable approach toward near-zero downtime and transparency requires vast amount of data and advanced prediction tools for a systematic process of data into useful information.[70] A conceptual framework of predictive manufacturing begins with data acquisition where different type of sensory data is available to acquire such as acoustics, vibration, pressure, current, voltage and controller data. Vast amount of sensory data in addition to historical data construct the big data in manufacturing. The generated big data acts as the input into predictive tools and preventive strategies such as Prognostics and Health Management (PHM).[71][72]

text: Healthcare[edit]

text: Big data analytics has helped healthcare improve by providing personalized medicine and prescriptive analytics, clinical risk intervention and predictive analytics, waste and care variability reduction, automated external and internal reporting of patient data, standardized medical terms and patient registries and fragmented point solutions.[73] Some areas of improvement are more aspirational than actually implemented. The level of data generated within healthcare systems is not trivial. With the added adoption of mHealth, eHealth and wearable technologies the volume of data will continue to increase. This includes electronic health record data, imaging data, patient generated data, sensor data, and other forms of difficult to process data. There is now an even greater need for such environments to pay greater attention to data and information quality.[74] "Big data very often means `dirty data' and the fraction of data inaccuracies increases with data volume growth." Human inspection at the big data scale is impossible and there is a desperate need in health service for intelligent tools for accuracy and believability control and handling of information missed.[75] While extensive information in healthcare is now electronic, it fits under the big data umbrella as most is unstructured and difficult to use.[76]

text: Education[edit]

text: A McKinsey Global Institute study found a shortage of 1.5 million highly trained data professionals and managers[51] and a number of universities[77] including University of Tennessee and UC Berkeley, have created masters programs to meet this demand. Private bootcamps have also developed programs to meet that demand, including free programs like The Data Incubator or paid programs like General Assembly.[78]

text: Media[edit]

text: To understand how the media utilizes big data, it is first necessary to provide some context into the mechanism used for media process. It has been suggested by Nick Couldry and Joseph Turow that practitioners in Media and Advertising approach big data as many actionable points of information about millions of individuals. The industry appears to be moving away from the traditional approach of using specific media environments such as newspapers, magazines, or television shows and instead taps into consumers with technologies that reach targeted people at optimal times in optimal locations. The ultimate aim is to serve or convey, a message or content that is (statistically speaking) in line with the consumer's mindset. For example, publishing environments are increasingly tailoring messages (advertisements) and content (articles) to appeal to consumers that have been exclusively gleaned through various data-mining activities.[79]

text:
Targeting of consumers (for advertising by marketers)
Data-capture
Data journalism: publishers and journalists use big data tools to provide unique and innovative insights and infographics.

text: Channel 4, the British public-service television broadcaster, is a leader in the field of big data and data analysis.[80]

text: Internet of Things (IoT)[edit]

text: Big data and the IoT work in conjunction. Data extracted from IoT devices provides a mapping of device interconnectivity. Such mappings have been used by the media industry, companies and governments to more accurately target their audience and increase media efficiency. IoT is also increasingly adopted as a means of gathering sensory data, and this sensory data has been used in medical [81] and manufacturing [82] contexts.

text: Kevin Ashton, digital innovation expert who is credited with coining the term[citation needed], defines the Internet of Things in this quote: “If we had computers that knew everything there was to know about things—using data they gathered without any help from us—we would be able to track and count everything, and greatly reduce waste, loss and cost. We would know when things needed replacing, repairing or recalling, and whether they were fresh or past their best.”

text: Information Technology[edit]

text: Especially since 2015, big data has come to prominence within Business Operations as a tool to help employees work more efficiently and streamline the collection and distribution of Information Technology (IT). The use of big data to resolve IT and data collection issues within an enterprise is called IT Operations Analytics (ITOA).[83] By applying big data principles into the concepts of machine intelligence and deep computing, IT departments can predict potential issues and move to provide solutions before the problems even happen.[83] In this time, ITOA businesses were also beginning to play a major role in systems management by offering platforms that brought individual data silos together and generated insights from the whole of the system rather than from isolated pockets of data.

text: Case studies[edit]

text: Government[edit]

text: United States of America[edit]

text:
In 2012, the Obama administration announced the Big Data Research and Development Initiative, to explore how big data could be used to address important problems faced by the government.[84] The initiative is composed of 84 different big data programs spread across six departments.[85]
Big data analysis played a large role in Barack Obama's successful 2012 re-election campaign.[86]
The United States Federal Government owns six of the ten most powerful supercomputers in the world.[87]
The Utah Data Center has been constructed by the United States National Security Agency. When finished, the facility will be able to handle a large amount of information collected by the NSA over the Internet. The exact amount of storage space is unknown, but more recent sources claim it will be on the order of a few exabytes.[88][89][90]

text: India[edit]

text:
Big data analysis was tried out for the BJP to win the Indian General Election 2014.[91]
The Indian government utilizes numerous techniques to ascertain how the Indian electorate is responding to government action, as well as ideas for policy augmentation.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: Examples of uses of big data in public services:

text:
Data on prescription drugs: by connecting origin, location and the time of each prescription, a research unit was able to exemplify the considerable delay between the release of any given drug, and a UK-wide adaptation of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines. This suggests that new or most up-to-date drugs take some time to filter through to the general patient.[92]
Joining up data: a local authority blended data about services, such as road gritting rotas, with services for people at risk, such as 'meals on wheels'. The connection of data allowed the local authority to avoid any weather-related delay.[93]

text: Retail[edit]

text:
Walmart handles more than 1 million customer transactions every hour, which are imported into databases estimated to contain more than 2.5 petabytes (2560 terabytes) of data—the equivalent of 167 times the information contained in all the books in the US Library of Congress.[3]
Windermere Real Estate uses location information from nearly 100 million drivers to help new home buyers determine their typical drive times to and from work throughout various times of the day.[94]
FICO Card Detection System protects accounts worldwide.[95]

text: Science[edit]

text:
The Large Hadron Collider experiments represent about 150 million sensors delivering data 40 million times per second. There are nearly 600 million collisions per second. After filtering and refraining from recording more than 99.99995%[96] of these streams, there are 100 collisions of interest per second.[97][98][99]

As a result, only working with less than 0.001% of the sensor stream data, the data flow from all four LHC experiments represents 25 petabytes annual rate before replication (as of 2012). This becomes nearly 200 petabytes after replication.
If all sensor data were recorded in LHC, the data flow would be extremely hard to work with. The data flow would exceed 150 million petabytes annual rate, or nearly 500 exabytes per day, before replication. To put the number in perspective, this is equivalent to 500 quintillion (5×1020) bytes per day, almost 200 times more than all the other sources combined in the world.

text: The Square Kilometre Array is a radio telescope built of thousands of antennas. It is expected to be operational by 2024. Collectively, these antennas are expected to gather 14 exabytes and store one petabyte per day.[100][101] It is considered one of the most ambitious scientific projects ever undertaken.[102]

text:
When the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) began to collect astronomical data in 2000, it amassed more in its first few weeks than all data collected in the history of astronomy previously. Continuing at a rate of about 200 GB per night, SDSS has amassed more than 140 terabytes of information.[3] When the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, successor to SDSS, comes online in 2020, its designers expect it to acquire that amount of data every five days.[3]
Decoding the human genome originally took 10 years to process, now it can be achieved in less than a day. The DNA sequencers have divided the sequencing cost by 10,000 in the last ten years, which is 100 times cheaper than the reduction in cost predicted by Moore's Law.[103]
The NASA Center for Climate Simulation (NCCS) stores 32 petabytes of climate observations and simulations on the Discover supercomputing cluster.[104][105]
Google's DNAStack compiles and organizes DNA samples of genetic data from around the world to identify diseases and other medical defects. These fast and exact calculations eliminate any 'friction points,' or human errors that could be made by one of the numerous science and biology experts working with the DNA. DNAStack, a part of Google Genomics, allows scientists to use the vast sample of resources from Google's search server to scale social experiments that would usually take years, instantly.[106][107]
23andme's DNA database contains genetic information of over 1,000,000 people worldwide.[108] The company explores selling the "anonymous aggregated genetic data" to other researchers and pharmaceutical companies for research purposes if patients give their consent.[109][110][111][112][113] Ahmad Hariri, professor of psychology and neuroscience at Duke University who has been using 23andMe in his research since 2009 states that the most important aspect of the company's new service is that it makes genetic research accessible and relatively cheap for scientists.[109] A study that identified 15 genome sites linked to depression in 23andMe's database lead to a surge in demands to access the repository with 23andMe fielding nearly 20 requests to access the depression data in the two weeks after publication of the paper.[114]
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and hydrodynamic turbulence research generate massive datasets. The Johns Hopkins Turbulence Databases (JHTDB) contains over 350 terabytes of spatiotemporal fields from Direct Numerical simulations of various turbulent flows. Such data have been difficult to share using traditional methods such as downloading flat simulation output files. The data within JHTDB can be accessed using "virtual sensors" with various access modes ranging from direct web-browser queries, access through Matlab, Python, Fortran and C programs executing on clients' platforms, to cut out services to download raw data. The data have been used in over 150 scientific publications.

text: Sports[edit]

text: Big data can be used to improve training and understanding competitors, using sport sensors. It is also possible to predict winners in a match using big data analytics.[115] Future performance of players could be predicted as well. Thus, players' value and salary is determined by data collected throughout the season.[116]

text: The movie MoneyBall demonstrates how big data could be used to scout players and also identify undervalued players.[117]

text: In Formula One races, race cars with hundreds of sensors generate terabytes of data. These sensors collect data points from tire pressure to fuel burn efficiency.[118] Based on the data, engineers and data analysts decide whether adjustments should be made in order to win a race. Besides, using big data, race teams try to predict the time they will finish the race beforehand, based on simulations using data collected over the season.[119]

text: Technology[edit]

text:
eBay.com uses two data warehouses at 7.5 petabytes and 40PB as well as a 40PB Hadoop cluster for search, consumer recommendations, and merchandising.[120]
Amazon.com handles millions of back-end operations every day, as well as queries from more than half a million third-party sellers. The core technology that keeps Amazon running is Linux-based and as of 2005[update] they had the world's three largest Linux databases, with capacities of 7.8 TB, 18.5 TB, and 24.7 TB.[121]
Facebook handles 50 billion photos from its user base.[122]
Google was handling roughly 100 billion searches per month as of August 2012[update].[123]
Oracle NoSQL Database has been tested to past the 1M ops/sec mark with 8 shards and proceeded to hit 1.2M ops/sec with 10 shards.[124]

text: Research activities[edit]

text: Encrypted search and cluster formation in big data were demonstrated in March 2014 at the American Society of Engineering Education. Gautam Siwach engaged at Tackling the challenges of Big Data by MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and Dr. Amir Esmailpour at UNH Research Group investigated the key features of big data as the formation of clusters and their interconnections. They focused on the security of big data and the actual orientation of the term towards the presence of different type of data in an encrypted form at cloud interface by providing the raw definitions and real time examples within the technology. Moreover, they proposed an approach for identifying the encoding technique to advance towards an expedited search over encrypted text leading to the security enhancements in big data.[125]

text: In March 2012, The White House announced a national "Big Data Initiative" that consisted of six Federal departments and agencies committing more than $200 million to big data research projects.[126]

text: The initiative included a National Science Foundation "Expeditions in Computing" grant of $10 million over 5 years to the AMPLab[127] at the University of California, Berkeley.[128] The AMPLab also received funds from DARPA, and over a dozen industrial sponsors and uses big data to attack a wide range of problems from predicting traffic congestion[129] to fighting cancer.[130]

text: The White House Big Data Initiative also included a commitment by the Department of Energy to provide $25 million in funding over 5 years to establish the Scalable Data Management, Analysis and Visualization (SDAV) Institute,[131] led by the Energy Department’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The SDAV Institute aims to bring together the expertise of six national laboratories and seven universities to develop new tools to help scientists manage and visualize data on the Department's supercomputers.

text: The U.S. state of Massachusetts announced the Massachusetts Big Data Initiative in May 2012, which provides funding from the state government and private companies to a variety of research institutions.[132] The Massachusetts Institute of Technology hosts the Intel Science and Technology Center for Big Data in the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, combining government, corporate, and institutional funding and research efforts.[133]

text: The European Commission is funding the 2-year-long Big Data Public Private Forum through their Seventh Framework Program to engage companies, academics and other stakeholders in discussing big data issues. The project aims to define a strategy in terms of research and innovation to guide supporting actions from the European Commission in the successful implementation of the big data economy. Outcomes of this project will be used as input for Horizon 2020, their next framework program.[134]

text: The British government announced in March 2014 the founding of the Alan Turing Institute, named after the computer pioneer and code-breaker, which will focus on new ways to collect and analyse large data sets.[135]

text: At the University of Waterloo Stratford Campus Canadian Open Data Experience (CODE) Inspiration Day, participants demonstrated how using data visualization can increase the understanding and appeal of big data sets and communicate their story to the world.[136]

text: To make manufacturing more competitive in the United States (and globe), there is a need to integrate more American ingenuity and innovation into manufacturing ; Therefore, National Science Foundation has granted the Industry University cooperative research center for Intelligent Maintenance Systems (IMS) at university of Cincinnati to focus on developing advanced predictive tools and techniques to be applicable in a big data environment.[137] In May 2013, IMS Center held an industry advisory board meeting focusing on big data where presenters from various industrial companies discussed their concerns, issues and future goals in big data environment.

text: Computational social sciences – Anyone can use Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) provided by big data holders, such as Google and Twitter, to do research in the social and behavioral sciences.[138] Often these APIs are provided for free.[138] Tobias Preis et al. used Google Trends data to demonstrate that Internet users from countries with a higher per capita gross domestic product (GDP) are more likely to search for information about the future than information about the past. The findings suggest there may be a link between online behaviour and real-world economic indicators.[139][140][141] The authors of the study examined Google queries logs made by ratio of the volume of searches for the coming year ('2011') to the volume of searches for the previous year ('2009'), which they call the 'future orientation index'.[142] They compared the future orientation index to the per capita GDP of each country, and found a strong tendency for countries where Google users inquire more about the future to have a higher GDP. The results hint that there may potentially be a relationship between the economic success of a country and the information-seeking behavior of its citizens captured in big data.

text: Tobias Preis and his colleagues Helen Susannah Moat and H. Eugene Stanley introduced a method to identify online precursors for stock market moves, using trading strategies based on search volume data provided by Google Trends.[143] Their analysis of Google search volume for 98 terms of varying financial relevance, published in Scientific Reports,[144] suggests that increases in search volume for financially relevant search terms tend to precede large losses in financial markets.[145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152]

text: Big data sets come with algorithmic challenges that previously did not exist. Hence, there is a need to fundamentally change the processing ways.[153]

text: The Workshops on Algorithms for Modern Massive Data Sets (MMDS) bring together computer scientists, statisticians, mathematicians, and data analysis practitioners to discuss algorithmic challenges of big data.[154]

text: Sampling big data[edit]

text: An important research question that can be asked about big data sets is whether you need to look at the full data to draw certain conclusions about the properties of the data or is a sample good enough. The name big data itself contains a term related to size and this is an important characteristic of big data. But Sampling (statistics) enables the selection of right data points from within the larger data set to estimate the characteristics of the whole population. For example, there are about 600 million tweets produced every day. Is it necessary to look at all of them to determine the topics that are discussed during the day? Is it necessary to look at all the tweets to determine the sentiment on each of the topics? In manufacturing different types of sensory data such as acoustics, vibration, pressure, current, voltage and controller data are available at short time intervals. To predict downtime it may not be necessary to look at all the data but a sample may be sufficient. Big Data can be broken down by various data point categories such as demographic, psychographic, behavioral, and transactional data. With large sets of data points, marketers are able to create and utilize more customized segments of consumers for more strategic targeting.

text: There has been some work done in Sampling algorithms for big data. A theoretical formulation for sampling Twitter data has been developed.[155]

text: Critique[edit]

text: Critiques of the big data paradigm come in two flavors, those that question the implications of the approach itself, and those that question the way it is currently done.[156] One approach to this criticism is the field of Critical data studies.

text: Critiques of the big data paradigm[edit]

text: "A crucial problem is that we do not know much about the underlying empirical micro-processes that lead to the emergence of the[se] typical network characteristics of Big Data".[16] In their critique, Snijders, Matzat, and Reips point out that often very strong assumptions are made about mathematical properties that may not at all reflect what is really going on at the level of micro-processes. Mark Graham has leveled broad critiques at Chris Anderson's assertion that big data will spell the end of theory:[157] focusing in particular on the notion that big data must always be contextualized in their social, economic, and political contexts.[158] Even as companies invest eight- and nine-figure sums to derive insight from information streaming in from suppliers and customers, less than 40% of employees have sufficiently mature processes and skills to do so. To overcome this insight deficit, big data, no matter how comprehensive or well analysed, must be complemented by "big judgment," according to an article in the Harvard Business Review.[159]

text: Much in the same line, it has been pointed out that the decisions based on the analysis of big data are inevitably "informed by the world as it was in the past, or, at best, as it currently is".[66] Fed by a large number of data on past experiences, algorithms can predict future development if the future is similar to the past.[160] If the systems dynamics of the future change (if it is not a stationary process), the past can say little about the future. In order to make predictions in changing environments, it would be necessary to have a thorough understanding of the systems dynamic, which requires theory.[160] As a response to this critique it has been suggested to combine big data approaches with computer simulations, such as agent-based models[66] and Complex Systems. Agent-based models are increasingly getting better in predicting the outcome of social complexities of even unknown future scenarios through computer simulations that are based on a collection of mutually interdependent algorithms.[161][162] In addition, use of multivariate methods that probe for the latent structure of the data, such as factor analysis and cluster analysis, have proven useful as analytic approaches that go well beyond the bi-variate approaches (cross-tabs) typically employed with smaller data sets.

text: In health and biology, conventional scientific approaches are based on experimentation. For these approaches, the limiting factor is the relevant data that can confirm or refute the initial hypothesis.[163] A new postulate is accepted now in biosciences: the information provided by the data in huge volumes (omics) without prior hypothesis is complementary and sometimes necessary to conventional approaches based on experimentation.[164][165] In the massive approaches it is the formulation of a relevant hypothesis to explain the data that is the limiting factor.[166] The search logic is reversed and the limits of induction ("Glory of Science and Philosophy scandal", C. D. Broad, 1926) are to be considered.[citation needed]

text: Privacy advocates are concerned about the threat to privacy represented by increasing storage and integration of personally identifiable information; expert panels have released various policy recommendations to conform practice to expectations of privacy.[167][168][169]

text: Nayef Al-Rodhan argues that a new kind of social contract will be needed to protect individual liberties in a context of Big Data and giant corporations that own vast amounts of information. The use of Big Data should be monitored and better regulated at the national and international levels.[170]

text: Critiques of big data execution[edit]

text: Ulf-Dietrich Reips and Uwe Matzat wrote in 2014 that big data had become a "fad" in scientific research.[138] Researcher Danah Boyd has raised concerns about the use of big data in science neglecting principles such as choosing a representative sample by being too concerned about actually handling the huge amounts of data.[171] This approach may lead to results bias in one way or another. Integration across heterogeneous data resources—some that might be considered big data and others not—presents formidable logistical as well as analytical challenges, but many researchers argue that such integrations are likely to represent the most promising new frontiers in science.[172] In the provocative article "Critical Questions for Big Data",[173] the authors title big data a part of mythology: "large data sets offer a higher form of intelligence and knowledge [...], with the aura of truth, objectivity, and accuracy". Users of big data are often "lost in the sheer volume of numbers", and "working with Big Data is still subjective, and what it quantifies does not necessarily have a closer claim on objective truth".[173] Recent developments in BI domain, such as pro-active reporting especially target improvements in usability of big data, through automated filtering of non-useful data and correlations.[174]

text: Big data analysis is often shallow compared to analysis of smaller data sets.[175] In many big data projects, there is no large data analysis happening, but the challenge is the extract, transform, load part of data preprocessing.[175]

text: Big data is a buzzword and a "vague term",[176][177] but at the same time an "obsession"[177] with entrepreneurs, consultants, scientists and the media. Big data showcases such as Google Flu Trends failed to deliver good predictions in recent years, overstating the flu outbreaks by a factor of two. Similarly, Academy awards and election predictions solely based on Twitter were more often off than on target. Big data often poses the same challenges as small data; adding more data does not solve problems of bias, but may emphasize other problems. In particular data sources such as Twitter are not representative of the overall population, and results drawn from such sources may then lead to wrong conclusions. Google Translate—which is based on big data statistical analysis of text—does a good job at translating web pages. However, results from specialized domains may be dramatically skewed. On the other hand, big data may also introduce new problems, such as the multiple comparisons problem: simultaneously testing a large set of hypotheses is likely to produce many false results that mistakenly appear significant. Ioannidis argued that "most published research findings are false"[178] due to essentially the same effect: when many scientific teams and researchers each perform many experiments (i.e. process a big amount of scientific data; although not with big data technology), the likelihood of a "significant" result being actually false grows fast – even more so, when only positive results are published. Furthermore, big data analytics results are only as good as the model on which they are predicated. In an example, big data took part in attempting to predict the results of the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election[179] with varying degrees of success. Forbes predicted "If you believe in Big Data analytics, it’s time to begin planning for a Hillary Clinton presidency and all that entails.".[180]


document_title: Gladiator (Melvin Potter)

question_text: who is the guy that makes daredevils suit

text: Gladiator (Melvin Potter)

text: Publication history[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2015)

tag: table

text: Gladiator first appeared in Daredevil #18 (July 1966), and was created by Stan Lee and John Romita Sr.

text: Fictional character biography[edit]

text: Melvin Potter was a costume designer who had the deluded belief that he was far better than any superhero. In order to prove his point, he designed a suit of battle armor for himself, complete with deadly wrist blades, and became known as the Gladiator. He battled Daredevil in his first criminal outing, and then met the Masked Marauder, another enemy of Daredevil's.[1] Gladiator later appeared in Europe, where he fought Daredevil again, and was then invited to join the Maggia.[2] He joined Electro's Emissaries of Evil to attack Daredevil again.[3] Later, Gladiator aided Whitney Frost in a raid of Stark Enterprises, where he first fought Iron Man.[4]

text: Gladiator later battled Daredevil again.[5] Some time later, he fought Daredevil aboard an airplane in flight.[6] He later allied with the Death-Stalker,[7] and later still allied with the Beetle.[8] While under control of the Purple Man, he attacked Daredevil.[9] Gladiator had one last battle against Daredevil before deciding to reform. He began undergoing therapy from Betsy Beatty,[10] whom he later married.

text: Now reformed, the Gladiator later allied with Daredevil and Elektra against the Hand.[11] Donning his Gladiator costume again, Potter met Spider-Man.[12]

text: Potter was pressured into producing a Daredevil costume for a madman in the employ of the crime lord known as the Kingpin, but Murdock comes to tell him to play along.[13] Potter later donned his Gladiator costume again to discourage a youth from a life of crime.[14]

text: He was later forced into working for the Kingpin's elderly predecessor Alexander Bont, who claimed that Potter had a four-year-old daughter that he had never met and that she would die if Potter did not help. Gladiator brought Murdock to Bont, who attempted to kill Murdock and assume his old mantle but instead died of a drug-induced heart attack. The Gladiator was defeated by the new White Tiger, and went back to prison.[15]

text: Gladiator is accused of murdering two fellow inmates and Matt Murdock's law firm is defending him. Murdock's super-senses indicate that he is telling the truth when he claims he is innocent. However, at the end of the issue, taunted by another inmate, Gladiator snaps his handcuffs and brutally assaults the inmate and a corrections officer, only to surrender to another officer and claim once again that he didn't do it. Later, after being broken out of an armored car, Melvin beats a confused Daredevil and moves to the sewers, heading for his Gladiator costume.[16] Gladiator then goes on a rampage in Chinatown killing innocent people and then attacking Matt and Milla in a restaurant. After being knocked out, Matt reawakens in a police car to hear a voice that Gladiator will murder his wife. Matt finds the Gladiator and Milla, rescues Milla, and defeats the Gladiator. Melvin realizes what he has done and attempts suicide, but is saved by Daredevil. Potter is taken back to prison, and is heavily sedated after repeatedly banging his head against the wall. It is revealed that Mr. Fear had secretly administered chemicals to Potter that caused him to go irreversibly insane with rage.[17]

text: Powers and abilities[edit]

text: Gladiator has no superhuman abilities. However, he is a superb martial arts fighter and is very physically powerful. He wore a thick metal armor with a helmet and metallic gauntlets, and was armed with an arsenal of edged weapons and whirling, jagged circular sawblades made of titanium steel, one mounted on each gauntlet. Small rotors in the gauntlets cause the blades to rotate at high speeds, and the whirling blades could also be detached to serve as short-range missile weapons.

text: In civilian life, Potter is an accomplished clothing designer, proficient in drafting, design and sewing.[18]

text: Other versions[edit]

text: House of M[edit]

text: In the House of M universe, Gladiator appears as an assassin of the Kingpin.[19]

text: Ultimate Marvel[edit]

text: In the Ultimate Marvel universe, Gladiator has a cameo appearance. He appears as an enemy of Spider-Man and is a crazed madman obsessed with "the emperor."[20]

text: In other media[edit]

text: Television[edit]

text: Melvin Potter is a recurring character in Daredevil, portrayed by Matt Gerald.[21] He is a craftsman that tailors protective suits for Wilson Fisk and his associates.[22] Designs for and components of his Gladiator costume from the comic books appear scattered around his workshop in various episodes. He fights with circular sawblades, albeit only as an improvised weapon as he throws them at Matt. His relationship with Betsy Beatty is hinted at, as he works exclusively for Fisk (and Fisk's allies) because Fisk has threatened to harm Betsy if Melvin does not comply or if anyone shows up that isn't in Fisk's company.[23] He makes his introduction in the episode "Shadows in the Glass," when Fisk has him tailor a new suit for Leland Owlsley after Owlsley gets roughed up by Matt.[22] When Matt learns about Melvin a few episodes later, and learns about Fisk's hold on him, he convinces Melvin to tailor him a red costume and promises to protect Betsy from being harmed by Fisk.[23] By the season one finale, Melvin has finished his first suit, in time for Matt's takedown of Fisk. Melvin explains the design noting which areas of the armor are more protective against bullets and knives.[24] In season 2, Melvin provides Matt with a new mask capable of withstanding gunfire after his old mask is damaged by a bullet during a confrontation with Frank Castle.[25] When Matt shows up at Melvin's workshop in "Penny and Dime" to pick up the new helmet, Melvin is seen wearing a prototype version of his trademark Gladiator armor under his shirt. He asks Matt if he would like to see the full suit, though Matt politely declines.[26] In the season 2 finale, Melvin gives Matt his trademark billy club with grappling hook capabilities. He also tailors a new uniform for Elektra before their final battle with the Hand.[27]

text: Novels[edit]

text: Potter appeared in the Daredevil novel Predator's Smile, written by Christopher Golden.


document_title: Horton Hears a Who! (film)

question_text: who is the mayor in horton hears a who

question_tokens: who is the mayor in horton hears a who

text: Horton Hears a Who! (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: A dust speck is dislodged from its obscure place and sent adrift through the Jungle of Nool. At the same time, Horton the elephant, the jungle's eccentric nature teacher, takes a dip in the pool. The dust speck floats past him in the air, and he hears a tiny yelp coming from it. Believing that an entire society of microscopic creatures are living on that speck, he gives chase to it before placing it on top of a clover. Horton finds out the speck harbors the city of Whoville and its inhabitants, the Whos, led by Mayor Ned McDodd.

text: He has a wife, Sally, 96 daughters (whose names all begin with the letter H), and one teenage son named JoJo. Despite being the oldest and next in line for the mayoral position, JoJo doesn't want to be the next mayor, and because he's so scared of disappointing his father, never talks. Once Horton begins carrying the speck with him, the city starts experiencing strange phenomena (earthquakes and changes in the weather), and the Mayor finds his attempts to caution Whoville challenged by the Town Council, led by the opportunistic yet condescending Chairman.

text: After he makes contact with Horton, the Mayor finds out from Dr. Mary Lou LaRue that Whoville will be destroyed if Horton does not find a "safer, more stable home". Horton resolves (with the help of his best friend Morton the mouse) to place the speck atop Mt. Nool, the safest place in the jungle. The head of the jungle, Jane Kangaroo, disbelieving Horton's beliefs and resenting him for overshadowing her authority, attempts several times to demand that Horton give up the speck, but Horton ignores her demands. Also taking force toward Horton are the Wickersham Brothers, a group of monkeys who love making misery. Eventually, the Kangaroo enlists a vulture named Vlad Vladikoff to get rid of the speck by force.

text: After a few failed attempts, Vlad manages to steal the clover away from Horton and drops it into a massive field of identical pink clovers, causing an apocalyptic tremor in Whoville. After unsuccessfully picking nearly three million clovers, Horton eventually recovers the clover (exactly the 3,000,000th clover). The Kangaroo eventually finds out, thanks to Mrs. Quilligan, that Horton still has the speck, and decides to rally the jungle community into fighting Horton, saying that Horton's goal will lead to anarchy. Upon cornering him, the Kangaroo offers Horton an escape from punishment by renouncing Whoville's existence.

text: Despite Horton's heartfelt speech when he refuses, the Kangaroo orders the animals to rope and cage him, and to have the speck and the Whos destroyed in a pot of boiling beezlenut oil. The Mayor enlists all of his people to make noise by shouting "We are here!", as well as playing a variety of instruments, so the animals may hear them, assisted by JoJo's "Symphonophone", an invention which creates a huge musical contribution (which reveals that JoJo's "true" passion is music), but still fails to penetrate the surface of the speck.

text: As Horton lies beaten and captured, the Kangaroo easily takes the clover, and drops it. Meanwhile, JoJo grabs the horn used to project Horton's voice, runs up the highest tower and screams "YOPP!", breaking through the sound barrier just seconds before the speck hits the oil.

text: The Kangaroo's son, Rudy grabs the clover and returns it to Horton. The animals finally hear the Whos, realizing the truth about the clover, and isolate the Kangaroo for tricking them. While being praised for his integrity by his neighbors, Horton even forgives the devastated Kangaroo, and she befriends him with a makeshift umbrella for Whoville. Here, the people of Whoville and the animals of Nool gather in song and recite the chorus from "Can't Fight This Feeling". The film ends with the narrator revealing that the Jungle of Nool, or rather Earth, is just one speck, like Whoville, among numerous others, floating in outer space.

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
Jim Carrey as Horton, an outgoing, eccentric, big-hearted, loving, sweet, and thoughtful elephant and teacher in the Jungle of Nool. Horton has no tusks, lives by himself and possesses acute hearing abilities.
Steve Carell as Mayor Ned McDodd, the mayor of Whoville. He has 96 daughters, 1 son named JoJo and a wife named Sally.
Carol Burnett as Sour Kangaroo, who mistrusts Horton's inquisitive nature as a threat to her legal authority over Nool.
Will Arnett as Vlad Vladikoff, a scary, savage, eccentric Russian-accented[7] vulture hired by the Sour Kangaroo to steal Horton's clover.
Seth Rogen as Morton, a mouse and Horton's friend in the Jungle of Nool.
Dan Fogler as The Chairman, dedicated to Whoville tradition and mistrustful of Mayor McDodd.
Fogler also voices Yummo Wickersham, leader of the Wickersham ape tribe brothers.
Isla Fisher as Dr. Mary Lou LaRue, a professor at Who U.
Jonah Hill as Tommy, a bear and one of Horton's students.
Amy Poehler as Sally O'Malley, Mayor McDodd's wife and mother to Jojo and her 96 daughters.
Jaime Pressly as Mrs. Quilligan, a bird and Jessica's mother.
Charles Osgood as The Narrator
Jesse McCartney as JoJo McDodd, Mayor McDodd's quiet son.
Josh Flitter as Rudy Kangaroo, Sour Kangaroo's son.
Niecy Nash as Miss Yelp, the Mayor's assistant.
Laura Ortiz as Jessica Quilligan, a bird, Mrs. Quilligan's daughter and one of Horton's students.
Joey King as Katie, a cute, but eccentric little baby yak.
Bill Farmer as Willie, a bear and Tommy's dad.
Heather Goldenhersh as Who Girl

text: Production[edit]

text: In March 2005, as Blue Sky Studios was completing Robots, the studio started courting Dr. Seuss' widow Audrey Geisel on getting the adaptation rights for Horton Hears a Who!.[8] The art director for Robots, Steve Martino, along with story consultant and additional scene director Jimmy Hayward,[9] created a model of protagonist Horton and some animation tests to showcase their design ideas to Geisel,[8] who eventually agreed on "a seven-figure deal" for both the book and its predecessor Horton Hatches the Egg. Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio were then hired to write the script,[10] to be directed by Hayward and Martino with a set release date of 2008.[9]

text: Geisel was credited as a supervising producer and watched production up close,[8] and also gave the directors full access to her late husband's archives, and thus they investigated on his original sketches, 3-D sculptures, work done for The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T and even memos Dr. Seuss traded with Chuck Jones during the production of the Grinch TV special.[11] For references in doing the character animation, along with footage of the voice actors performing their lines, the Blue Sky animators recorded themselves performing the script in an "acting room" to see what of their body language could translate well into the film.[12]

text: To make Horton different from the mammoths Blue Sky worked with in the Ice Age series, the elephant would at times walk on two legs, in a way that it looked like "a fat man in an elephant suit". While the design had a major difference from the original book, with a bigger mouth to allow for wider facial expressions like those of Jim Carrey, as the directors noticed  Horton's design in the book varied according to his emotion, the 3D wireframe tried to allow for the same effects.[13]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The original score for the film's soundtrack album was composed by John Powell. A soundtrack, consisting of the film's score, was released on March 25, 2008, by Varèse Sarabande.[14][15] Near the end of the picture, the cast comes together and sings the song, "Can't Fight This Feeling" by REO Speedwagon.[16]

text:
Horton Hears a Who!(Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)Film score by John PowellReleased
March 25, 2008Genre
SoundtrackLength
59:56Label
Varèse SarabandeProducer
John Powell

text: Others songs featured in the film are:[17]

text:
Title

Performer

"Can't Fight This Feeling"
Jim Carrey, Steve Carell, Amy Poehler, Carol Burnett, Dan Fogler, Seth Rogen, Will Arnett and Jesse McCartney

"Quickie"
Thomas Foyer

"Swingville Sashay"
Muff & Rezz

"Agua Melao"
Gilberto Candido

"The Blue Danube"
Johann Strauß (as Johann Strauss II)

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 79% of critics gave the film positive reviews, based on 132 reviews. The site's consensus reads, "Horton Hears A Who! is both whimsical and heartwarming, and is the rare Dr. Seuss adaptation that stays true to the spirit of the source material."[18] Another review aggregator, Metacritic, calculated a score of 71 out of 100 based on 31 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews."[19] According to CinemaScore, the film version rated an "A−" on an "A+" to "F" scale.

text: Box office[edit]

text: Horton Hears a Who! grossed a total of $297 million on a $85 million budget. $155 million came from the United States and Canada, and $143 million from other territories.[20]

text: In its opening weekend, the film grossed $45 million in 3,954 theaters, averaging $11,384 per theater in the United States and Canada, and ranking #1 at the box office.[21]

text: The film previously had the fourth-largest opening weekend in March, behind Ice Age, Ice Age: The Meltdown and 300, and as of September 2012, it ranks on the 15th place.[22] In the United States and Canada, Horton Hears a Who! was also the #1 film its second weekend of release, grossing $25 million over the Easter frame, in 3,961 theaters and averaging $6,208 per venue. It dropped to #2 in its third weekend grossing $17.8 million in 3,826 theaters and averaging $4,637 per venue.

text: Interpretations[edit]

text: Horton Hears a Who!, like other Dr. Seuss creations, contains layered subtexts and messages. A major theme regards on learning about universal values between vastly different places and people, as shown by the quote "A person's a person, no matter how small". This is employed on many levels, primarily with Horton hearing a world in a speck, while also appearing with the Mayor's relationship with his son, and Sour Kangaroo learning the truth about Horton's beliefs.[23]

text: The movie characters display traditional gender roles. According to NPR host and father of three daughters Peter Sagal, "In a new subplot added by the filmmakers, the mayor of Whoville has 96 daughters. He has one son. Guess who gets all his attention? Guess who saves the day?"[24]

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Award

Category

Nominee

Result

Annie Award[25]

Best Animated Effects

Alen Lai

Nominated

Best Character Animation in a Feature Production

Jeff Gabor

Best Character Design in an Animated Feature Production

Sang Jun Lee

Best Music in an Animated Feature Production

John Powell

Best Writing in an Animated Feature Production

Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio

ASCAP Award[26]

Top Box Office Films
John Powell for Bolt, Hancock and Jumper
Won

Golden Trailer Award[27]

Best Animation/Family TV Spot for "Whomongous"

Horton Hears a Who!

Nominated

IFMCA Award[28]

Best Original Score for an Animated Feature Film

John Powell

Golden Reel Award[29]

Best Sound Editing - Sound Effects, Foley, Music, Dialogue and ADR Animation in a Feature Film
Randy Thom (supervising sound editor, sound designer)Dennis Leonard (supervising sound editor)Jonathan Null (supervising dialogue/adr editor)Sue Fox (supervising foley editor)Thomas A. Carlson (music editor)Steve Slanec (dialogue editor)Colette D. Dahanne (sound effects editor)Pete Horner (sound effects editor)Kyrsten Mate (sound effects editor)Mac Smith (sound effects editor)Jeremy Bowker (foley editor)Andrea Gard (foley editor)Ronni Brown (foley artist)Ellen Heuer (foley artist)Dennie Thorpe (foley artist)Jana Vance (foley artist)

OFCS Award[30]

Best Animated Feature

Horton Hears a Who!

Satellite Award[31]

Best Motion Picture, Animated or Mixed Media

Horton Hears a Who!

Best Original Score

John Powell

Young Artist Award[32]

Best Performance in a Voice-Over Role - Young Actress
Selena Gomez, Shelby Adamowsky and Joey King

text: Home media release[edit]

text: Dr. Seuss' Horton Hears a Who! was released on DVD and Blu-ray on December 9, 2008. Three versions of the DVD are available: a single-disc edition, a 2-disc special edition, and a gift set packaged with a Horton plush.[33]

text: A Blu-ray combo pack with a DVD and digital copy was released on October 11, 2011.[34] The home media included an Ice Age-related short film, Surviving Sid.

text: In the United States, the film earned $77,630,768 from DVD sales and $180,434 from Blu-ray sales for a total of $77,811,202 in video sales.[35]


document_title: Claire Fraser (character)

question_text: who does claire end up with in the outlander books

text: Claire Fraser (character)

text:
Claire Fraser

Outlander character

Caitriona Balfe as Claire Fraser

First appearance
Novel:
Outlander (1991)
Television:
Outlander
"Sassenach" (2014)

Created by
Diana Gabaldon

Portrayed by
Caitriona Balfe

Information

Full name
Claire Elizabeth Beauchamp Randall/Fraser

Aliases
Sassenach

Spouse(s)

Frank Randall
Jamie Fraser

Relatives

Faith Fraser (daughter; stillborn)
Brianna Ellen MacKenzie (daughter)
Roger (Wakefield) Mackenzie (son-in-law)
Fergus Fraser (adopted son)

Nationality
British

text: Claire Fraser is a fictional character in the Outlander series of multi-genre novels by American author Diana Gabaldon, and its television adaptation. In the series, Claire is a married World War II nurse visiting Scotland who finds herself transported from 1945 back to 1743. There she finds adventure, war and romance with the dashing Highland warrior Jamie Fraser.[1][2] Smart, stubborn and willful, Claire uses her wits, practical medical skills and knowledge of the future to survive in the 18th century.

text: Claire is portrayed by Irish actress Caitriona Balfe in the Starz television series Outlander. Balfe won a Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television in 2015[3] and 2016,[4] and a People's Choice Award for Favorite Sci-Fi/Fantasy TV Actress in 2016.[5] She also received nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama in 2015 and 2016.

text: Outlander novels[edit]

text:
Outlander (1991)
Dragonfly in Amber (1992)
Voyager (1994)
Drums of Autumn (1997)
The Fiery Cross (2001)
A Breath of Snow and Ashes (2005)
An Echo in the Bone (2009)
Written in My Own Heart's Blood (2014)


document_title: History of Cadbury

question_text: when was the first cadbury chocolate bar made

text: History of Cadbury

text: 1824–1900: Early history[edit]

text: In 1824, John Cadbury began selling tea, coffee, and drinking chocolate in Bull Street in Birmingham, England.[4] From 1831 he moved into the production of a variety of cocoa and drinking chocolates, made in a factory in Bridge Street and sold mainly to the wealthy because of the high cost of production.[5] In 1847 John Cadbury became a partner with his brother Benjamin and the company became known as "Cadbury Brothers".[5]

text: The brothers opened an office, in London and in 1854 they received the Royal Warrant as manufacturers of chocolate and cocoa to Queen Victoria. The company went into decline in the late 1850s.[5]

text: John Cadbury's sons Richard and George took over the business in 1861.[4] At the time of the takeover, the business was in rapid decline: the number of employees had reduced from 20 to 11, and the company was losing money.[4] By 1864 Cadbury was profitable again.[4] The brothers had turned around the business by moving the focus from tea and coffee to chocolate, and by increasing the quality of their products.[4]

text: The firm's first major breakthrough occurred in 1866 when Richard and George introduced an improved cocoa into Britain.[5] A new cocoa press developed in the Netherlands removed some of the unpalatable cocoa butter from the cocoa bean.[5] The firm began exporting its products in the 1870s.[5] In the 1880s the firm began to produce chocolate confectioneries.[4]

text: In 1878 the brothers decided to build new premises in countryside four miles from Birmingham.[4] The move to the countryside was unprecedented in business.[4] Better transport access for milk that was inward shipped by canal, and cocoa that was brought in by rail from London, Southampton and Liverpool docks was taken into consideration. With the development of the Birmingham West Suburban Railway along the path of the Worcester and Birmingham Canal, they acquired the Bournbrook estate, comprising 14.5 acres (5.9 ha) of countryside 5 miles (8.0 km) south of the outskirts of Birmingham. Located next Stirchley Street railway station, which itself was opposite the canal, they renamed the estate Bournville and opened the Bournville factory the following year.

text: In 1893, George Cadbury bought 120 acres (49 ha) of land close to the works and planned, at his own expense, a model village which would 'alleviate the evils of modern more cramped living conditions'. By 1900 the estate included 314 cottages and houses set on 330 acres (130 ha) of land. As the Cadbury family were Quakers there were no pubs in the estate.[4]

text: In 1897, following the lead of Swiss companies, Cadbury introduced its own line of milk chocolate bars.[6]

text: In 1899 Cadbury became a private limited company.[6]

text: In 1905, Cadbury launched its Dairy Milk bar, a production of exceptional quality with a higher proportion of milk than previous chocolate bars.[5] Developed by George Cadbury Jr, it was the first time a British company had been able to mass-produce milk chocolate.[6] From the beginning, it had the distinctive purple wrapper.[6] It was a great sales success, and became the company's best selling product by 1914.[5] The stronger Bournville Cocoa line was introduced in 1906.[5] Cadbury Dairy Milk and Bournville Cocoa were to provide the basis for the company's rapid pre-war expansion.[5] In 1910, Cadbury sales overtook those of Fry for the first time.[6] By 1914, exports accounted for 40 percent of Cadbury's sales.[7]

text: Cadbury's Milk Tray was first produced in 1915 and continued in production throughout the remainder of the First World War. More than 2,000 of Cadbury's male employees joined the Armed Forces and to support the war effort, Cadbury provided clothing, books and chocolate to soldiers. After the war, the Bournville factory was redeveloped and mass production began in earnest. In 1918, Cadbury opened their first overseas factory in Hobart, Tasmania.

text: In 1919 Cadbury merged with J. S. Fry & Sons, another leading British chocolate manufacturer, resulting in the integration of well-known brands such as Fry's Chocolate Cream and Fry's Turkish Delight.[5] In 1921, the many small Fry's factories around Bristol were closed down, and production was consolidated at a new factory in Somerdale, outside Bristol.[6]

text: Inter-war Britain saw cocoa replaced by chocolate (especially milk chocolate bars) as Britain's preferred product.[8]

text: Fruit and Nut was introduced as part of the Dairy Milk line in 1928, soon followed by Whole Nut in 1933. By this point, Cadbury was the brand leader in the United Kingdom. These were accompanied by several other products: Flake (1920), Cream-filled eggs (1923), Crunchie (1929) (Crunchie was originally launched under the Fry's name but later adopted by Cadbury's) and Roses (1938).[9]

text: By 1930 Cadbury had become the 24th largest British manufacturing company as measured by estimated market value of capital.[5] Cadbury took direct control of the under-performing Fry in 1935.[6] By 1936, Dairy Milk accounted for 60 percent of the UK milk chocolate market.[6]

text: Chocolate ceased to be a luxury product and became affordable to the working classes for the first time.[6] By the mid-1930s, Cadbury estimated that 90 percent of the British population could afford to buy chocolate.[10]

text: During World War II, parts of the Bournville factory were turned over to war work, producing milling machines and seats for fighter aircraft. Workers ploughed football fields to plant crops. As chocolate was regarded as an essential food, it was placed under government supervision for the entire war. The wartime rationing of chocolate ended in 1950, and normal production resumed. Cadbury subsequently invested in new factories and had an increasing demand for their products.[11]

text: In 1952 the Moreton factory was built.[12] In 1956, Cadbury began manufacturing in Bombay.[13]

text: In 1967 Cadbury acquired an Australian confectioner, MacRobertson's, beating a rival bid from Mars.[14] As a result of the takeover, Cadbury built a 60 percent market share in the Australian market.[14] The acquisition brought such brands as Freddo and Snack to the Cadbury roster.

text: Schweppes merger and demerger (1969 - 2007)[edit]

text: Cadbury merged with drinks company Schweppes to form Cadbury Schweppes in 1969.[15] Head of Schweppes, Lord Watkinson, became chairman, and Adrian Cadbury became deputy chairman and managing director.[15] The benefits of the merger were to prove elusive.[16]

text: The merger put an end to Cadbury's close links to its Quaker founding family and its perceived social ethos by instilling a capitalist venture philosophy in management.[17]

text: The 1970s saw the development and launch of a number of chocolate bars: the Curly Wurly, the Double Decker and Caramel.[18] After a landmark advertising campaign, the sales of Flake quadrupled.[18] However the launch of the Rowntree Yorkie chocolate bar in the UK in 1976 seriously dented the sales of Dairy Milk, and Cadbury's UK market share declined to 20 percent.[18] In order to counter a declining market share, Cadbury reduced its number of lines from 78 to 33, and installed state-of-the-art technology at the Bourneville plant.[18]

text: In 1978 the company acquired Peter Paul, the third largest chocolate manufacturer in the United States for $58 million, which gave it a 10 percent share of the world's largest confectionery market.[19] The highly successful Wispa chocolate bar was launched in the North East of England in 1981, and nationwide in 1984.[20] In 1982, trading profits were greater outside of Britain than in the UK for the first time.[16]

text: In 1986, Cadbury Schweppes sold its Beverages and Foods division to a management buyout known as Premier Brands for £97 million.[21] This saw the company divest itself of such brands as Typhoo Tea, Kenco, Smash and Hartley Chivers jam.[21] The deal also saw Premier take the license for production of Cadbury brand biscuits and drinking chocolate.[21] In 1988, Cadbury US was sold to Hershey for $300 million.[22]

text: In 1986, Schweppes switched its alliance in the UK from Pepsi to Coca-Cola, taking a 51 percent stake in the joint venture Coca-Cola Schweppes.[21] In 1986, the company acquired Canada Dry and Sunkist from RJR Nabisco for $230 million, and took a 30 percent stake in Dr Pepper.[23] As a result of these acquisitions, Cadbury Schweppes became the third largest soft drinks manufacturer in the world.[21]

text: In 1987, General Cinema took an 18 percent stake in the company.[22] General Cinema divested itself of the stake in 1990.[24]

text: Snapple, Mistic and Stewart's were sold by Triarc to Cadbury Schweppes in 2000 for $1.45  billion.[25] In October of that same year, Cadbury Schweppes purchased Royal Crown from Triarc.[26]

text: In 2002, the Danish manufacturer of chewing gum, DANDY, sold their brand to Cadbury together with the brands DIROL, STIMOROL, and V6. The remaining activities were renamed Gumlink.

text: In 2003, Cadbury dropped the 's' from its name and renamed the brand to Cadbury. The reason behind this change was because the company found that it was a much more suited, rounded name than the previous "Cadbury's". This change was officially announced on the 19th of December, 2002.[citation needed]

text: In March 2007, it was revealed that Cadbury Schweppes was planning to split its business into two separate entities: one focusing on its main chocolate and confectionery market; the other on its US drinks business.[27] The demerger took effect on 2 May 2008, with the drinks business becoming Dr Pepper Snapple Group.[28] In December 2008 it was announced that Cadbury was to sell its Australian beverage unit to Asahi Breweries.[29]

text: 2007 - 2010[edit]

text: In October 2007, Cadbury announced the closure of the Somerdale Factory, Keynsham, formerly part of Fry's. Between 500 and 700 jobs were affected by this change. Production transferred to other plants in England and Poland.[30]

text: In 2008 Monkhill Confectionery, the Own Label trading division of Cadbury Trebor Bassett was sold to Tangerine Confectionery for £58 million cash. This sale included factories at Pontefract, Cleckheaton and York and a distribution centre near Chesterfield, and the transfer of around 800 employees.[31]

text: In mid-2009 Cadbury replaced some of the cocoa butter in their non-UK chocolate products with palm oil. Despite stating this was a response to consumer demand to improve taste and texture, there was no "new improved recipe" claim placed on New Zealand labels. Consumer backlash was significant from environmentalists and chocolate lovers. By August 2009, the company announced that it was reverting to the use of cocoa butter in New Zealand.[32] In addition, they would source cocoa beans through Fair Trade channels.[33] In January 2010 prospective buyer Kraft pledged to honour Cadbury's commitment.[34]

text: Acquisition by Kraft Foods[edit]

text: On 7 September 2009 Kraft Foods made a £10.2 billion (US$16.2 billion) indicative takeover bid for Cadbury. The offer was rejected, with Cadbury stating that it undervalued the company.[35] Kraft launched a formal, hostile bid for Cadbury valuing the firm at £9.8 billion on 9 November 2009.[36] Business Secretary Peter Mandelson warned Kraft not to try to "make a quick buck" from the acquisition of Cadbury.[37]

text: On 19 January 2010, it was announced that Cadbury and Kraft Foods had reached a deal and that Kraft would purchase Cadbury for £8.40 per share, valuing Cadbury at £11.5bn (US$18.9bn). Kraft, which issued a statement stating that the deal will create a "global confectionery leader", had to borrow £7 billion (US$11.5bn) in order to finance the takeover.[38]

text: The Hershey Company, based in Pennsylvania, manufactures and distributes Cadbury-branded chocolate (but not its other confectionery) in the United States and has been reported to share Cadbury's "ethos".[39] Hershey had expressed an interest in buying Cadbury because it would broaden its access to faster-growing international markets.[40] But on 22 January 2010, Hershey announced that it would not counter Kraft's final offer.[41][42][43]

text: The acquisition of Cadbury faced widespread disapproval from the British public, as well as groups and organisations including trade union Unite, who estimated that a takeover by Kraft could put 30,000 jobs "at risk".[39][44][45] Controversially, RBS, a bank 84% owned by the United Kingdom Government, funded the Kraft takeover.[46][47]

text: On 2 February 2010, Kraft secured over 71% of Cadbury's shares thus finalising the deal.[48] Kraft had needed to reach 75% of the shares in order to be able to delist Cadbury from the stock market and fully integrate it as part of Kraft. This was achieved on 5 February 2010, and the company announced that Cadbury shares would be de-listed on 8 March 2010.[49]

text: On 3 February 2010, the Chairman Roger Carr, chief executive Todd Stitzer and chief financial officer Andrew Bonfield[50] all announced their resignations. Stitzer had worked at the company for 27 years.[51]

text: On 9 February 2010, Kraft announced that they were planning to close the Somerdale Factory, Keynsham, with the loss of 400 jobs.[52] The management explained that existing plans to move production to Poland were too advanced to be realistically reversed, though assurances had been given regarding sustaining the plant. Staff at Keynsham criticised this move, suggesting that they felt betrayed and as if they have been "sacked twice".[53]

text: In June 2010 the Polish division, Cadbury-Wedel, was sold to Lotte of Korea. The European Commission made the sale a condition of the Kraft takeover. As part of the deal Kraft will keep the Cadbury, Hall's and other brands along with two plants in Skarbimierz. Lotte will take over the plant in Warsaw along with the E Wedel brand.[54]

text: On 4 August 2011, Kraft Foods announced they would be splitting into two companies beginning on 1 October 2012. The confectionery business of Kraft became Mondelēz International, of which Cadbury is a subsidiary.