document_title: Sydney Roosters

question_text: when did the roosters win the last grand final

text: Sydney Roosters

text: History[edit]

text: The Eastern Suburbs District Rugby League Football Club (ESDRLFC) was formed on 24 January 1908[3] at a meeting at the Paddington Town Hall in Sydney[4] after it was decided that the district should enter a team in the newly formed New South Wales Rugby Football League.[5] The ESDRLFC was formed, under its articles of association with the NSWRL, to represent the geographic areas in Sydney covering the Waverley, Randwick, Woollahra, Paddington, Darlinghurst and Vaucluse local government municipalities, as well as the eastern parts of the Sydney CBD. Indeed, the 'suburb' of Sydney, postcode 2000, falls entirely within the official boundaries of the ESDRLFC.

text: Unofficially nicknamed the "Tricolours" due to their red, white and blue playing strip,[6] Eastern Suburbs won its first match, defeating Newtown 32–16 at Wentworth Oval on 20 April 1908.[4] In 1913, it became the first club to win three consecutive premierships;[3][7][8] the line-ups during this period included the likes of Dally Messenger, Harry "Jersey" Flegg and Sandy Pearce, all regarded as all-time rugby league greats.[3][9] However, the club rapidly declined and failed to win the premiership for the next nine seasons.[8]

text: Eastern Suburbs missed the finals once from 1926 to 1942, and in that time won four titles and the minor premiership on seven occasions.[6][10] During this period, Dave Brown set several point-scoring records that still stand.[11] In 1935, the team lost just one game,[12] and recorded the highest winning margin in their history, an 87–7 (106–8 in modern scoring) victory over Canterbury.[13] In 1936, Eastern Suburbs became one of five teams in premiership history to remain undefeated for an entire season,[14] a feat they repeated the following year.[12] They are the only club to remain unbeaten for two consecutive seasons.[15]

text: Despite claiming the premiership in 1945, Eastern Suburbs failed to make the finals for the following seven seasons.[16] A runners-up finish in 1960 was the closest the club came to claiming the premiership during this era.[6] Eastern Suburbs were soundly defeated 31–6 in the grand final that year, by the famous record-beating St George outfit.[17] In 1966, the club fell to new depths and was winless for the first time in its history.[18][19] It was also the last occasion in which the Roosters won the wooden spoon until claiming it again in the 2009 season.[15] It ended a poor run for Eastern Suburbs; from 1963 to 1966, they won 8 of 72 matches, finishing second to last in 1964 and last in the other three years.[20] The club underwent a renaissance in 1967 after appointing Jack Gibson as coach (1967–68), and introducing a new emblem on the playing jerseys, the rooster.[20]

text: From 1972 to 1982, the Roosters won four minor premierships and played in four grand finals,[6] winning two consecutively.[6] Gibson, now dubbed as "Super Coach",[21] returned to lead the team from 1974 to 1976.[22][23] In 1974 and 1975, the team won 39 of 44 matches,[23] both minor premierships, and both grand finals and set a premiership record of 19 consecutive wins.[6][23] The 38–0 grand final victory in 1975 against St George was the largest margin in a first grade grand final,[24] and the record stood for 33 years until superseded by Manly's 40–nil win over the Melbourne Storm in 2008. Though the 1975 grand final was played in the era of an obsolete scoring system with 3-point tries, the winning margin using 4 points for tries would mean that it is still a record for a grand final at 46-0. [25] With line-ups including Mark Harris, Elwyn Walters, John Brass, Bill Mullins, Russell Fairfax, Johnny Mayes, John Peard, Ron Coote, Ian Schubert and captain Arthur Beetson,[3][26] the Centenary of Rugby League panel considered the Roosters of 1974 and 1975 to be among the greatest club teams of all time.[27]

text: Between 1984 and 1995, the Roosters reached the semi-finals once,[15] and became known to critics as the "transit lounge", due to the high frequency of player purchases and releases.[7][28] The club came close to reaching the premiership in 1987 under coach and favourite son Arthur Beetson, being defeated by eventual premiers Manly in a "bruising" major semi-final, 10–6.[29]

text: As the Super League war built up in the mid-1990s, the Roosters recruited high-profile coach Phil Gould and star five-eighth Brad Fittler, both from the Penrith Panthers.[3][28] This helped to quickly send the Roosters back to the upper end of the ladder. Fittler's presence proved invaluable;[28] during his reign, the Roosters competed in four grand finals in five years.[6] In 2002, the club captured its 12th premiership — the first in 27 years — defeating minor premiers the New Zealand Warriors 30–8 in the 2002 NRL grand final.[30]

text: In the 2003 NRL grand final against the Penrith Panthers, the Roosters lost 18–6 in what was their heaviest defeat for the year. A decisive moment occurred midway through the second half: with the scores tied at 6-all, Roosters winger Todd Byrne made a clear break down the sideline and looked set to score a try before being chased down and tackled into touch by Penrith lock forward, Scott Sattler. From then on, the momentum of the game was with Penrith.[30][31] The Roosters' made the Grand Final in 2004, when they ceded a 13–6 half-time lead to be defeated by the Bulldogs 16–13. The match was captain Fittler's last for the team.[32]

text: In 2007, the Roosters became the first club to play 100 seasons of first grade rugby league; they were the only outfit to play in each season since the competition's inception in 1908. They appointed Chris Anderson as coach in 2007 and 2008 following two relatively unsuccessful years under Ricky Stuart.[33] On 9 July 2007, Anderson resigned after a 56–0 loss to the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles.[34] Assistant Coach Fittler acted as the caretaker for the remainder of the 2007 season, before being appointed in August to the top job for two years.[35] With eight rounds remaining in a disappointing 2009 season in which the Roosters finished with the wooden spoon for the first time in 43 years, Fittler was informed he would not be the coach in 2010, his position to be taken by veteran coach Brian Smith. The Roosters wound up winning only five games for the entire season; twice against Cronulla and once against each of Canberra in Canberra, eventual grand finalists Parramatta and Newcastle in Newcastle.

text: A year after finishing last, under the coaching of Brian Smith they reached the 2010 NRL Grand Final where the St. George Illawarra Dragons defeated them 32–8. The Roosters led 8–6 at half time but were overrun in the second half.

text: What followed was another relatively disappointing season at Bondi Junction, with the Roosters finishing 11th in a 2011 season plagued by off-field issues involving 2010 Dally M Medallist Todd Carney (who was later sacked by the Roosters at season's end). However, a four-game winning streak to end the season brought hope for the 2012 season. Other high-profile players including Nate Myles, Mark Riddell, Jason Ryles, Kane Linnett and Phil Graham all left the club at season's end.

text: The Roosters endured a disappointing 2012 season, finishing 13th. Brian Smith resigned from the coaching role shortly after the Roosters' season concluded with a loss to the minor premiers Canterbury, and also at season's end captain Braith Anasta left to join the Wests Tigers in 2013.

text: The 2013 season saw new staff, a new coach, Trent Robinson, and several new players, including big signings Michael Jennings, James Maloney, Luke O'Donnell and Sonny Bill Williams, arrive at the club. This culminated in the Roosters finishing the 2013 season with a 24–12 win over the South Sydney Rabbitohs, securing the minor premiership for the 2013 season and were the NRL's best attacking and defensive team.[36] The Roosters defeated the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles 4–0, in week one of the finals, earning a week's rest. The Roosters defeated the Newcastle Knights 40–14 in week three of the NRL finals, progressing to the 2013 NRL grand final, facing the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles, winning 26–18. It was a great comeback by the Roosters, down by 10 points in the second half they went on to score three consecutive tries to seal the win and their 13th premiership. They then went on to win the 2014 World Club Challenge against Wigan 36–14 to claim the treble of club titles. No team in premiership history had come from a lower ladder position to win the following season’s title.[37]

text:
In the 2014 season, the club finished first on the table winning the minor premiership.  In the preliminary final against arch rivals Souths, Easts lost the match 32-22 in what was retiring legend Anthony Minichiello's final game.[38]
In the 2015 season, Easts finished first on the table and claimed their third consecutive minor premiership.  The Roosters again made the preliminary final with Brisbane this time being the opponents.  The Roosters ended up losing the match 31-12 in front of a sold out crowd at Suncorp Stadium.[39]

text: In the 2016 season, The Roosters finished 15th on the table after enduring a horror season where star player Mitchell Pearce was suspended for 8 matches, fined $125,000 and stripped of the captaincy following a pre season incident where the player who was intoxicated, simulated a sex act with a dog which was filmed on another party goer's mobile phone.  The club also struggled due to injuries to star players such as Boyd Cordner and Jared Waerea-Hargreaves.[40][41]

text: The Roosters finished 2nd at the end of the 2017 season and defeated Brisbane in week one of the finals earning the week off.  Easts opponents in the preliminary final were North Queensland who had finished in 8th position on the table and produced upset victories over Cronulla and Parramatta.  In a game that The Roosters were expected to win, North Queensland surprised everyone winning the match 29-16. [42][43]

text: In 2018, the Roosters finished in 1st place, claiming their 20th minor premiership. They beat the Sharks 21-12 in week one of the finals earning the week off. They then broke their preliminary final hoodoo beating rivals Rabbitohs 12-4 in what was the last sports match ever played at the Sydney Football Stadium. They managed to keep the Rabbitohs tryless and the crowd was the highest ever recorded in a sporting match at the Sydney Football Stadium with 44,380 people attending the match. They played the Storm in the Grand Final and won 21-6 to claim their 14th premiership.

text: Emblem[edit]

text: Eastern Suburbs did not traditionally sport a crest on their jerseys in the first half of the 20th century.[44] Other clubs occasionally sported simple designs on their strip; however, this was not seen consistently on all jerseys until the 1950s and 1960s.[18] In 1967, the club introduced its first logo, displaying the mantra "Easts to Win", following a winless season.[18] The crest also incorporated a rooster or cockerel in the design; one source suggested that this choice of mascot followed after the Roosters' jersey design was inspired by the French national team's jersey.[20][45] Given that the French team's mascot was affectionately known to supporters as le coq, "the rooster", connections have been made as to the choosing of a rooster for Eastern Suburbs' mascot.[20]

text: In 1978, the mantra was replaced with the team's name, "Eastern Suburbs".[28] This name was kept until 1994,[28] when the club changed its team name to the "Sydney City Roosters" for the start of the 1995 season to appeal to the club's widening fan base.[28] In 2000, the club shortened its name to the "Sydney Roosters".[28]

text: Although marketing names have changed, the Roosters are still registered with the National Rugby League competition as the Eastern Suburbs District Rugby League Football Club, the entity holding the NRL licence.[46]

text: Colours[edit]

text: Red, white and blue have been the colours of every jersey design in the club's history;[47] however, the jersey design has undergone several alterations. The red, white and blue colour scheme has traditionally been the colour combination of sporting teams representing Sydney's Eastern Suburbs. Eastern Suburbs Rugby League club adopted these colours in 1908, with its predecessor Rugby Union club, also known as Eastern Suburbs in the Sydney club Rugby Union, having played in the tri-colours. The jersey worn in the first premiership season consisted of several hoops; red stripes dominated over consecutive smaller white and blue stripes. Although the width and the order of these stripes have changed, the basic design has always been maintained.

text: During World War II, the design of the jersey was modified because the dye used to colour jerseys was needed for the war effort.[48] This saw Eastern Suburbs playing in different colours and an altered design. Instead of using the traditional hoops, the side used a sky-blue based jersey and a red and white V-strip around the collar. This is the only noted time in the club's history where the traditional deep blue, red and white combination was absent from the jersey. After the war, the V-strip design reverted to the original blue that had been present in the original jerseys, and the single red and white stripes around the shirt's chest were incorporated with a single white stripe surrounded by a red stripe on either side. This jersey appeared in the 1950s and remains the team's base design.[18]

text: Facing design clashes with other teams in the 1990s, the club adopted a jersey with a similar design to what became known as the "away jersey", replacing the blue backing with white, and the outer red stripe with blue. As the club entered the new century, the team began to wear a "foundation jersey". Although the design differs slightly from the jersey worn in the inaugural 1908 season, it did feature the traditional horizontal striped-design. This jersey is normally worn when the Sydney Roosters face traditional rivals, such as the South Sydney Rabbitohs, or on special occasions such as Anzac Day when the team meets the St George Illawarra Dragons, the product of a team partly formed by the St. George Dragons.

text: Rivals[edit]

text: Main: South Sydney Rabbitohs, St George Illawarra Dragons.

text: Minor: Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, Penrith Panthers, Manly Warringah Sea Eagles, Melbourne Storm, Brisbane Broncos, New Zealand Warriors.

text: Geographic area[edit]

text: The Sydney Roosters, namely the Eastern Suburbs District Rugby League Football Club was formed, under its articles of association with the NSWRL, to represent the geographic areas in Sydney covering the Waverley, Randwick, Woollahra, Paddington, Darlinghurst and Vaucluse local government municipalities, as well as the eastern parts of the Sydney CBD. Despite some junior Rugby League boundaries being redrawn over the 107-year history of the code in Australia, these articles of association remain unchanged. As such, the Roosters represent a small area of Sydney.  The Roosters home turf is also home to a large number of supporters of rival codes and thus is the most competitive sporting market in Australia, with the Roosters flying the flag for Rugby League in Sydney's east.

text: Stadium[edit]

text: Most sources suggest that the Royal Agricultural Ground was often used as a home venue between 1908 and 1910, before the club hosted matches at the Sydney Sports Ground from 1911 onwards.[4][49][50] It was here that the team played all of their home games up until 1986, when the ground was demolished with the Sydney Cricket Ground No. 2 to make way for Sydney's main rectangular field, the Sydney Football Stadium.[51] In 1987, games were moved away to the Newtown Jets' home ground, Henson Park, temporarily to await the completion of the Sydney Football Stadium. The team capitalised on this move, finishing second in the regular season. It was the only time between 1983 and 1995 that the side reached the finals.[10]

text: In 1988, the club moved to the newly built Sydney Football Stadium on the site of the old Sydney Sports Ground,[24] opening the season with a 24–14 defeat at the hands of the St George Dragons in front of 19,295 spectators on a wet night on 4 March 1988.[52] At the Sydney Football Stadium, the Roosters have a 59% win record from 256 games with a 58% and 55% win record at their old grounds the Sydney Sports Ground and the Sydney Cricket Ground respectively.[53]

text: The Roosters played their last game at the Sydney Football Stadium on 22 September 2018 in front of a ground record crowd (44,380).  The Sydney Roosters will play home games at the Sydney Cricket Ground whilst a new stadium is built on the site of the former Sydney Football Stadium.

text: Supporters[edit]

text: Whilst the Roosters have supporters all around the world, its traditional fan base is in Sydney, which is most concentrated in its homeland in the affluent eastern suburbs.[54] The club has an internet message board for supporters, "The Wall", which has been the official forum since 1999. The club has announced that "The Wall" will be closing as of late January 2012. "The Chookpen" is an unofficial site.

text: In 2013 the club tallied the fourth-highest home attendance of all National Rugby League clubs (behind the Brisbane Broncos) with an average of 19,368 spectators at the Sydney Football Stadium.[55]

text: At the club's home ground, the Sydney Football Stadium, the supporters congregate in distinct sections. The "Chook Pen", a designated area in Bay 35,[56] is the preferred location for the most animated fans.[57] Members of the Sydney Cricket and Sports Ground Trust are seated in the Members Pavilion,[58] and season ticket holders are located in Bays 12–14.[59]

text: In 2018, the Roosters had over 16,000 paying members, in addition to the 41,980 members of the Roosters' Leagues Club, which is the major benefactor of the football club[60]. The Easts Leagues Club and the Sydney Roosters "operate as one entity" known as the Easts Group.[61] Under this arrangement, the Eastern Suburbs District Rugby League Football Club is the 'parent company' of the Easts Group. The Football Club delegates, however, overarching responsibility for both football and leagues club operations to a single general manager who oversees the whole group's performance. The leagues club group provides financial support to the football club, only where necessary, as in recent years the football club's sponsorships and TV revenues are generally covering most Rugby League expenditures.

text: Notable supporters[edit]

text:
Doug Bollingercricketer[62]
Mark Bourisbusinessman[63]
Guillaume Brahimichef[64]
Simon Burkeactor[65]
Scott Camtelevision host[66]
Bob Carr39th Premier of New South Wales[67]
General Sir Peter Cosgrove 26th Governor-General of Australia[68]
George Donikiannews presenter[69]
Luke FoleyNew South Wales Opposition Leader[70]
Sir James Darcy FreemanCatholic Cardinal[71]
Amanda Kellermedia personality[72]
Paul KellyAustralian rules football player[73]
Joel Labijournalist
Harold Larwoodcricketer[74]
Alan McGilvraycricket commentator[75]
Erin McNaughtmedia personality[72]
Brett Ogleprofessional golfer[76]
Peter O'Malleyprofessional golfer[62]
Paul Sheehancolumnist[77]
Steve Smithformer captain of the Australia cricket team[78]
Malcolm Turnbull29th Prime Minister of Australia[79]
Jonathan UptinNine News Queensland weekend presenter[80]
Kate Waterhousemedia personality[72]
David Warnerformer vice  captain of the Australia cricket team[78]
Tim Websterradio and television personality[81]
Gus WorlandMedia personality

text: Statistics and records[edit]

text: Anthony Minichiello holds the record for the most first grade games (302),[82] having surpassed Luke Ricketson's tally of 301 matches in round 3 of the finals in 2014.[28] Former team captain Craig Fitzgibbon holds the club record for scoring the most points, tallying 1,376 over his 210 matches.[83][84] Fitzgibbon also broke the all-time point scoring record for a forward in the later rounds of 2006.[85] Dave Brown's tally of 45 points (five tries and 15 goals) in a single match against Canterbury in 1935 remains a competition record after more than seven decades.[6] Ivan Cleary scored 284 points in 1998,[6] which at the time was an all-time points scoring record in a season.[86]

text: Bill Mullins, father of 2002 premiership player Brett, scored 104 tries in his 11-year, 190-game career with Eastern Suburbs between 1968 and 1978,[6] meaning that on average, he scored at least one try every two games. Anthony Minichiello became the highest try scorer in the Roosters history when he scored his 105th try against the Newcastle at Ausgrid Stadium in June 2011. 'Mini' finally retired after the 2014 season, and ended his career with 139 tries. He is also the first fullback in 70 years to win the Grand Final (2013), whilst captaining the Club. Rod O'Loan scored seven tries in a single match against Sydney University in 1935,[6] and Dave Brown's 38 tries in 15 games in the same year remains a competition record.[6]

text: In 1975, the Eastern Suburbs Roosters set an unparalleled 19-match winning streak on their way to their 11th premiership.[23] In a 1935 match against Canterbury, Dave Brown scored 45 points, the highest score and victory margin for the club (the 87–7 scoreline is equivalent to 106–8 under the contemporary scoring system).[6] The winning margin is the second largest overall, behind St. George's 91–6 win over Canterbury a week earlier.[87]

text: The club's record attendance for a regular season game at its home ground—the Sydney Football Stadium—stands at 40,864, achieved in a match on ANZAC Day against the St George Illawarra Dragons in 2017.[52] The 2000 grand final between the Sydney Roosters and the Brisbane Broncos attracted 94,277 spectators to the Olympic Stadium.[52]

text: Squads[edit]

text: Current squad[edit]

text:
Sydney Roosters 2018 Squadviewtalkedit

First team squad

Coaching staff

1067  Mitchell Aubusson  - SR, CE
  - HK
1165  Nat Butcher  - LK, SR
1170  Lindsay Collins  - PR
1119  Boyd Cordner (c) - SR, LK
1171  Mitch Cornish  - HB, FE
1174  Cooper Cronk  - HB
1181  Poasa Faamausili  - PR, LK
  - WG, CE
0000  Brendan Frei  - LK, SR
1083  Jake Friend (c) - HK
0000  Brock Gray  - LK, PR, SR

1177  Matt Ikuvalu  - WG, CE
1167  Luke Keary  - FE, HB
0000  Lachlan Lam  - FE
0000  Bernard Lewis  - WG, FB
1137  Isaac Liu  - LK, PR
1162  Joseph Manu  - CE, WG
1161  Ryan Matterson  - SR, CE, FE
1153  Latrell Mitchell  - FB, CE, WG  (gk)
  - FE, CE
1138  Dylan Napa  - PR
  - LK, PR, SR
1180  Sean O'Sullivan  - HB, FE

0000  Reuben Porter  - SR
1172  Victor Radley  - HK, SR
1175  Reece Robinson  - WG, FB
0000  Billy Smith  - CE
1148  Sio Siua Taukeiaho  - SR, CE, LK  (gk)
1173  James Tedesco  - FB
1168  Zane Tetevano  - PR, SR, LK
1130  Daniel Tupou  - WG
1178  Sitili Tupouniua  - SR
  - PR
1105  Jared Waerea-Hargreaves  - PR

Head coach

Trent Robinson
Assistant coaches

Craig Fitzgibbon
Jason Taylor
Matt King

Legend:
(c) Captain(s)
(vc) Vice captain(s)
 Injured

Updated: 16 July 2018Source(s): roosters.com.au

text: Team of the Century[edit]

text: In 2000, the Sydney Roosters named their "Team of the Century", which included players from 1908 to 2000. The official team is listed below along with their Sydney Roosters cap number.[88]

text:
Team of the Century

First team squad

Coaching staff

639  Russell Fairfax  - FB
587  Bill Mullins  - WG
 18  Dally Messenger  - CE
202  David Brown  - CE
315  Lionel Cooper  - WG
948  Brad Fittler  - FE
210  Viv Thicknesse  - HB
190  Ray Stehr  - PR
 10  Sandy Pearce  - HK
615  Arthur Beetson  - PR
625  Ron Coote  - SR
193  Joe Pearce  - SR
234  Andy Norval  - LK

674  Kevin Hastings
232  Jack Beaton
 66  Jack Watkins
570  Barry Reilly

Head coach

Jack Gibson

Legend:
(c) Captain(s)
(vc) Vice captain(s)

Updated: 22 October 2011Source(s): Player List (archived)

text: The Centurions[edit]

text: In 2007, the Sydney Roosters announced "The Centurions", a team consisting of those regarded as the greatest players to have played 100 or more games for the club between 1908 and 2007. The team was selected by Ray Chesterton, Ian Heads, David Middleton and Alan Clarkson and was unveiled at the centenary season launch at the Michael Algeri Pavilion on 10 March 2007.[89][90]

text:
The Centurions

First team squad

Coaching staff

994  Anthony Minichiello  - FB
587  Bill Mullins  - WG
608  Mark Harris  - CE
595  John Brass  - CE
650  Ian Schubert  - WG
948  Brad Fittler  - FE
674  Kevin Hastings  - HB
190  Ray Stehr  - PR
 10  Sandy Pearce  - HK
615  Arthur Beetson (c) - PR
625  Ron Coote  - SR
193  Joe Pearce  - SR
234  Andy Norval  - LK

989  Craig Fitzgibbon  - SR
206  Ernie Norman
884  Luke Ricketson  - LK
570  Barry Reilly

Head coach

Jack Gibson

Legend:
(c) Captain(s)
(vc) Vice captain(s)

Updated: 22 October 2011Source(s): Centurions

text: Honours[edit]

text: Major Titles[edit]

text: Premierships – 14     1911, 1912, 1913, 1923, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1940, 1945, 1974, 1975, 2002, 2013, 2018

text: Runners-up – 15     1908, 1919, 1921, 1928, 1931, 1934, 1938, 1941, 1960, 1972, 1980, 2000, 2003, 2004, 2010

text: Minor Premierships – 20     1912, 1913, 1923, 1931, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1940, 1941, 1945, 1974, 1975, 1980, 1981, 2004, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2018

text: World Club Challenge – 3     1976, 2003, 2014

text: Minor Titles[edit]

text: Club Championship – 14     1930, 1931, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1945, 1970, 1974, 1975, 2004, 2006, 2013, 2014

text: Second Grade – 9     1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1935, 1937, 1949, 1986, 2004

text: National Youth Competition – 1     2016

text: Jersey Flegg Cup – 14     1914, 1917, 1924, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1941, 1947, 1970, 1976, 1993, 2002, 2004

text: Presidents Cup – 15     1910, 1911, 1913, 1920, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1927, 1938, 1948, 1949, 1955, 1978, 1987, 1993

text: S. G. Ball Cup – 4     1997, 2008, 2010, 2014

text: Amco Cup – 2     1975, 1978

text: City Cup – 3     1914, 1915, 1916

text: Pre-Season Cup – 4     1974, 1977, 1979, 1981

text: Auckland Nines – 1     2017

text: World Sevens – 1     1993

text: NRL Women's team[edit]

text: On 27 March 2018, the Sydney Roosters applied for, and won, a license to participate in the inaugural 2018 NRL Women's season.[91] Adam Hartigan was named as the coach of the women's side.

text: In June 2018, the club used up the maximum of fifteen marquee signings ahead of the inaugural season which will commence in September, including Karina Brown, Isabelle Kelly and Ruan Sims.[92]

text: The club finished runners-up in the inaugural NRL Women's Premiership, losing to the Brisbane Broncos by 34–12 in the 2018 NRL Women's Premiership Grand Final.[93]

text: Current squad[edit]

text: Template:Sydney Roosters Women's Current Squad

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Rakic, Josh (14 March 2010). "There's still reason to hate those Roosters: Champion". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 13 May 2015.

Jump up ^ In Australia, a foundation club is one that played in the first season of a competition. Eastern Suburbs played in the first season of the New South Wales Rugby League premiership in 1908, the predecessor to the National Rugby League competition. Notwithstanding its branding as the Sydney Roosters, the official name of the club, holder of the NRL licence, remains the Eastern Suburbs District Rugby League Football Club, the same licensee since 1908. As such, much of the club's merchandise and paraphernalia, especially those marketed directly to long-serving and dedicated members, includes the insignia ESDRLFC.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Sydney Roosters (Eastern Suburbs)". RL1908.com. Archived from the original on 21 October 2006. Retrieved 15 August 2006.

^ Jump up to: a b c Collis and Whiticker, p. 16.

Jump up ^ Collis and Whiticker, p. 12.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Collis and Whiticker, p. 29.

^ Jump up to: a b "Club History: Sydney Roosters Rugby League 2006". Sydney Roosters. Archived from the original on 4 February 2007. Retrieved 8 October 2006.

^ Jump up to: a b Collis and Whiticker, p. 381.

Jump up ^ Collis and Whiticker, pp. 16–17.

^ Jump up to: a b "Rugby League Tables / Season Summary / Easts". Rugby League Tables & Statistics. Archived from the original on 5 July 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2006.

Jump up ^ Collis and Whiticker, p. 20.

^ Jump up to: a b Collis and Whiticker, p. 21.

Jump up ^ "Rugby League Tables / Regular Season / All Teams". Rugby League Tables & Statistics. Archived from the original on 30 August 2006. Retrieved 6 October 2006.

Jump up ^ "Rugby League Tables / Game Records / Easts". Rugby League Tables & Statistics. Archived from the original on 29 August 2006. Retrieved 6 October 2006.

^ Jump up to: a b c Jeffs, Paul. "Rugby League Tables / Season Summary / Sydney Roosters". Rleague. Archived from the original on 19 April 2009. Retrieved 14 April 2009.

Jump up ^ Collis and Whiticker, pp. 22–23.

Jump up ^ Collis and Whiticker, pp. 24–25.

^ Jump up to: a b c d Collis and Whiticker, p. 23.

Jump up ^ Andrews, p. 658.

^ Jump up to: a b c d Collis and Whiticker, p. 24.

Jump up ^ Collis and Whiticker, pp. 24–26.

Jump up ^ The titling of Gibson as "Super Coach" is common terminology in Australian rugby league references, given his outstanding coaching record. See "Super coach Gibson salutes his favourite players". The Sydney Morning Herald. 14 August 2003. Retrieved 8 October 2006.

^ Jump up to: a b c d Collis and Whiticker, p. 25.

^ Jump up to: a b Collis and Whiticker, p. 26.

Jump up ^ Walter, Brad; Pandaram, Jamie (6 October 2008). "Manly's five-year plan". Brisbane Times. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2009.

Jump up ^ Collis and Whiticker, pp. 25–26.

Jump up ^ "Team of the Century Announced". National Rugby League. 17 April 2008. Archived from the original on 31 May 2010. Retrieved 13 April 2009.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Collis and Whiticker, p. 27.

Jump up ^ Middleton, p. 108.

^ Jump up to: a b Collis and Whiticker, p. 28.

Jump up ^ Brown, Alex; Brown, Malcolm; Maley, Jacqueline (6 October 2003). "Fairytale of the year: Panthers pluck Roosters". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 4 November 2006.

Jump up ^ Haddan, p. 330.

Jump up ^ Walter, Brad (29 August 2006). "A sticky end for Ricky". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 4 November 2006.

Jump up ^ Rothfield, Phil (10 July 2007). "Anderson out, Freddy in". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 13 April 2009.

Jump up ^ "Fittler made Roosters head coach". ABC. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 21 August 2007. Retrieved 13 April 2009.

Jump up ^ Sydney Roosters need to lift their game to go back-to-back, say grand final heroes, by Michael Chammas, The Age, dated 23 February 2014.

Jump up ^ GREATEST 12-MONTH TURNAROUNDS IN AUSTRALIAN RUGBY LEAGUE, by Will Evans, Rugby League Opinions, dated 21 October 2014.

Jump up ^ https://www.nrl.com/news/2014/09/30/sydney-roosters-season-review/

Jump up ^ https://www.nrl.com/news/2015/09/28/roosters-2015-season-review/

Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/mar/03/mitchell-pearce-handed-eight-week-suspension-and-fined

Jump up ^ https://www.roosters.com.au/news/2016/09/05/roosters-2016-season-review/

Jump up ^ https://www.nrl.com/news/2018/08/16/sydney-roosters-boyd-cordner-wont-let-the-scars-of-past-finals-series-hurt-this-year/

Jump up ^ https://www.roosters.com.au/news/2017/09/25/roosters-2017--season-review/

Jump up ^ Collis and Whiticker, pp. 14–27.

Jump up ^ Fagan, Sean (31 July 2006). "Origin of the Rooster and club colours". Sydney Roosters. Archived from the original on 21 September 2007. Retrieved 10 August 2006.

Jump up ^ Bryce, Shannon. "Sydney Roosters History". The World of Rugby League. Archived from the original on 1 October 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2006.

Jump up ^ Fagan, Sean. "Club Histories – New Speculations". Rl1908.com. Archived from the original on 21 October 2006. Retrieved 4 November 2006.

Jump up ^ "War Jersey In-Store NOW". Sydney Roosters. 31 March 2009. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2009.

Jump up ^ The Australian Rugby League records Co-op Retrieved 6 October 2006.

Jump up ^ "Timeline". Sydney Roosters. Archived from the original on 1 May 2007. Retrieved 6 October 2006.

Jump up ^ "Sydney Cricket Ground No. 2". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 6 October 2006.

^ Jump up to: a b c Jeffs, Paul. "Rugby League Tables / All Games / Sydney Roosters". Rugby League Tables & Statistics. Archived from the original on 19 August 2007. Retrieved 13 April 2009.

Jump up ^ Jeffs, Paul. "Rugby League Tables / Win-Loss Record / Venues / Sydney Roosters". Rugby League Tables & Statistics. Archived from the original on 19 April 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2009.

Jump up ^ "Roosters Australia Wide". Sydney Roosters. Archived from the original on 9 July 2006. Retrieved 9 August 2006.

Jump up ^ "Rugby League Tables / 2013 Attendances". Rugby League Tables & Statistics. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2013.

Jump up ^ Constantinou, Menios (24 February 2010). "It's Rooster season". Wentworth Courier. p. 3.

Jump up ^ Huxley, John (26 August 2000). "Geez, don't you just glove those Roosters?". Sydney Morning Herald. p. 1.

Jump up ^ "Membership: SCG Membership". Sydney Cricket and Sports Ground Trust. Retrieved 16 September 2017.

Jump up ^ "How to use your Roosters Membership". Sydney Roosters. Retrieved 21 September 2017.

Jump up ^ "Easts Leagues Club Annual Report" (PDF). Sydney Roosters. Retrieved 9 October 2018.

Jump up ^ "2013 Annual Report". Eastern Suburbs Leagues Club. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2013.

^ Jump up to: a b Weidler, Danny (9 November 2003). "Last word: Stuart's cock-a-hoop". The Sun-Herald. Fairfax Media.

Jump up ^ Masters, Roy (5 June 2003). "Origin II presents the praised, the persecuted, the steward and the sledgehammer". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 6 October 2009.

Jump up ^ Lacy, Christine (1 June 2005). "Telstra now on to its second pick". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 6 October 2009.

Jump up ^ Browne, Rachel (24 July 2005). "My Week: Simon Burke, actor". The Sun-Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 6 October 2009.

Jump up ^ Masters, Roy (5 June 2003). "Origin II presents the praised, the persecuted, the steward and the sledgehammer". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 6 October 2009.

Jump up ^ Masters, Roy (1 April 1990). "Clubs are overdoing this 'them' and 'us' approach". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 6 October 2009.

Jump up ^ Webster, Andrew (17 September 2015). "NRL finals 2015: Sydney Roosters wary of Canterbury Bulldogs' tackling style". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 13 May 2015.

Jump up ^ Marcovic, Bobby; Findlay, Tom (16 September 2001). "Super Scene". The Sun-Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 6 October 2009.

Jump up ^ Hasham, Nicole (20 March 2015). "NSW state election 2015: Luke Foley splurges on rugby league and libraries". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 13 May 2015.

Jump up ^ Masters, Roy (1 April 1990). "Clubs are overdoing this 'them' and 'us' approach". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 6 October 2009.

^ Jump up to: a b c Proszenko, Adrian (18 November 2007). "Give Willie a go". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 13 May 2015.

Jump up ^ Marcovic, Bobby; Findlay, Tom (16 September 2001). "Super Scene". The Sun-Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 6 October 2009.

Jump up ^ Brown, Alex (22 November 2006). "Some of his best mates were the Aussie batsmen he tormented". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 6 October 2009.

Jump up ^ Goodwin, Dorothy (26 September 1982). "Eels Premier Tip". The Sun-Herald. Fairfax Media. p. League Souvenir. Retrieved 27 September 2009.[permanent dead link]

Jump up ^ Centenera, Jeff (7 April 2014). "A Few Drinks with Brett Ogle". Inside Sport. nextmedia. Retrieved 13 May 2016.

Jump up ^ Sheehan, Paul (23 August 2000). "Forget history ... the real winner will not be rugby league". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 6 October 2009.

^ Jump up to: a b Horne, Ben (4 September 2015). "Steve Smith and David Warner flying NRL flag in the Australian cricket team". The Daily Telegraph. News Corp Australia. Retrieved 13 May 2016.

Jump up ^ King, Simon (16 September 2015). "Malcolm Turnbull is a rugby union man but in league with the voters". The Australian. News Corp Australia. Retrieved 13 May 2015.

Jump up ^ "Jonathan Uptin". Twitter. Retrieved 23 September 2018.

Jump up ^ Webster, Andrew (17 September 2015). "NRL finals 2015: Sydney Roosters wary of Canterbury Bulldogs' tackling style". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 13 May 2015.

Jump up ^ Dollin, Shaun & Ferguson, Andrew. "Luke Ricketson – Summary". Rugby League Project. Retrieved 13 April 2009.

Jump up ^ Dollin, Shaun & Ferguson, Andrew. "Craig Fitzgibbon -Summary". Rugby League Project. Retrieved 13 April 2009.

Jump up ^ Jeffs, Paul. "Rugby League Tables / Sydney Roosters Scorers". Rugby League Tables & Statistics. Archived from the original on 24 March 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2009.

Jump up ^ "Fitzgibbon now highest-scoring forward". The Age. 12 August 2006. Retrieved 13 April 2009.

Jump up ^ Zander, Joel (21 September 2003). "Bulldogs blow Storm away". ABC. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 18 April 2009.

Jump up ^ Jeffs, Paul. "Rugby League Tables / Game Records / All Teams". Rugby League Tables & Statistics. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2009.

Jump up ^ "Player List". Sydney Roosters. Archived from the original on 3 January 2008. Retrieved 4 November 2006.

Jump up ^ "Centurions". Sydney Roosters. Archived from the original on 13 April 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2009.

Jump up ^ Mascourd, Steve (10 March 2007). "Twin signing boost for Roosters". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 13 April 2009.

Jump up ^ Newton, Alicia (27 March 2018). "Geographic location the focus as NRL women's teams announced". NRL.com. Retrieved 27 March 2018.

Jump up ^ "Roosters announce NRLW marquee signings". Sydney Roosters. 17 June 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2018.

Jump up ^ Newton, Alicia (30 September 2018). "Broncos smash Roosters to win inaugural NRLW". NRL.com. Retrieved 30 September 2018.

tag: ol


document_title: Organizational life cycle

question_text: what are the stages of organizational life cycle

root

text: Organizational life cycle

text: Development[edit]

text: Although various theorists and academics were involved in the development of the organizational life cycle model, Mason Haire is commonly identified as one of the pioneers of this concept. He was amid the initial few,[6] who suggested that organizations may adhere to a certain path of uniformity in their course of expansion.[7]

tag: p

text: Subsequently, much research has been done on the organizational life cycle theory, and can be found in various literature on organizations.[8] Examples include the various stages in an organization's life cycle, phases of growth experienced by an organization during expansion and implications for these phases of growth.[9]

text: Stages[edit]

text: Generally, there are five stages to an organization's life cycle[3]

text:
Stage 1: Existence : Commonly known as the birth[10] or entrepreneurial stage,[11] “existence” signifies the start of an organization’s expansion. The main importance is centered around the acknowledgement of having an adequate number of customers to keep the organization or business active.[3]
Stage 2: Survival : At this stage, organizations look to pursue growth,[12] establish a framework and develop their capabilities.[11] There is a focus on regularly setting targets for the organization, with the main aim being to generate sufficient revenue for survival and expansion.[10] Some organizations enjoy adequate growth to be able to enter the next stage, whilst others are unsuccessful in achieving this and consequently fail to survive.[3]
Stage 3: Maturity : This stage signifies the organization entering a more formal hierarchy of management (hierarchical organization).[11] A frequent problem encountered at this stage would be those associated with “Red Tape”.[13] Organizations look to safeguard their growth as opposed to focusing on expansion. Top and middle level management specialize in different tasks, such as planning and routine work respectively.[3]
Stage 4: Renewal : Organizations experience a renewal in their structure of management, from a hierarchical to a matrix style, which encourages creativity and flexibility.[3]
Stage 5: Decline : This stage initiates the death of an organization. The decline is identified by the focus on political agenda and authority within an organization,[4] whereby individuals start to become preoccupied with personal objectives, instead of focusing on the objectives of the organization itself. This slowly destroys the functionality and feasibility of the entire organization.[3]

tag: ul

text: Phases of growth[edit]

text: According to Larry Greiner, there are 5 phases of growth in an organization, each indicated by an evolutionary and subsequently, a revolutionary phase.[14]

text: An evolutionary phase, refers to an extended duration of expansion enjoyed by the organization with no significant disruptions. Similarly, a revolutionary phase refers to a period of considerable disturbance within an organization.[14]

text: Phase 1: creative expansion → leadership crisis[edit]

text: Creative expansion (evolutionary phase) leads to a leadership crisis (revolutionary phase). Initially, the organization enjoys expansion through the creativity and proactive nature of its founders.[15] However, this leads to a crisis of leadership, as a more structured form of management is required. The founding members must either assume this role, or empower a competent manager to fulfill this if they are unable to.[14]

text: Phase 2: directional expansion → autonomy crisis[edit]

text: Directional expansion (evolutionary phase) leads to a crisis of autonomy (revolutionary phase). As the organization experiences expansion through directive leadership, a more structured and functional management system is adopted.[11] However, this leads to a crisis of autonomy. Greater delegation of authority to managers of lower levels is required, although at the reluctance of top tier managers who do not wish to have their authority diluted.[14]

text: Phase 3: expansion through delegation → control crisis[edit]

text: Expansion through delegation (evolutionary phase) leads to a crisis of control (revolutionary phase). As the organization expands from delegating more responsibilities to lower level managers, top tier directors start to lessen their involvement in the routine operations, reducing the communication between both levels.[3] This eventually leads to a crisis of control, as lower level managers become accustomed to working without the intrusion of top-level directors. This leads to a conflict of interest with the directors, who feel that they are losing control of the expanded organization.[14]

text: Phase 4: expansion through coordination → red tape crisis[edit]

text: Expansion through coordination (evolutionary phase) leads to a crisis of red tape (revolutionary phase). As an organization expands from improving its coordination, such as through product group formation and authorized planning systems, a bureaucratic system develops.[3] This eventually leads to a crisis of red tape, where many administrative obstacles reduce efficiency and innovation.[14]

text: Phase 5: expansion through collaboration[edit]

text: At this stage, the organization seeks to overcome the barrier of red tape through adopting a more flexible and versatile matrix structure (matrix management). Educational courses are arranged for managers, to equip them with the skills of solving team disputes and to foster greater teamwork. Complex and formal systems are also made simpler, and there is an increased emphasis on the communication between managers, to solve crucial problems. Although Greiner identified expansion through collaboration as the evolutionary phase, he did not specifically identify the succeeding crisis (revolutionary phase), as there was little evidence due to most of the organizations still being in the collaboration phase. However, Greiner predicted that the crisis might involve the exhaustion of members in an organization, due to a strong requirement for innovation and teamwork.[14]

text: Implications for growth phases[edit]

text: There are certain implications for managers in organizations with regards to the phases of growth:

text: Recognizing one's position in the course of expansion[edit]

text: Top tier managers should be aware of their organization's current stage, to be able to execute relevant solutions to the type of crisis faced.[16] Managers should also not be tempted to surpass their current phase due to eagerness. This is because there may be vital experiences from each phase to be learned, that will be required to tackle future phases.[14]

text: Recognizing the restricted variety of solutions[edit]

text: It becomes clear in each phase of revolution that there are only a specific number of solutions that can be applied.[14] Managers should avoid repeating solutions, as this will prevent the evolution of a new phase of growth. It is also important to note that evolution is not a mechanical event, and organizations must actively seek out new solutions to the current crisis that are also suitable for the next stage of growth.[17]

text: Recognizing that solutions result in crisis[edit]

text: Managers should realize that past actions are factors of future consequences. This would help managers in formulating solutions to cope with the crisis that develops in the future.[14]


document_title: Outhouse

question_text: why is there a moon cut out on outhouses

text: Outhouse

text: Design aspects[edit]

text: Common features[edit]

text: Outhouses vary in design and construction. They are by definition outside the dwelling, and are not connected to plumbing, sewer, or septic system. The World Health Organization recommends they be built a reasonable distance from the house balancing issues of easy access versus that of smell.[1]

text: The superstructure exists to shelter the user, and also to protect the toilet itself. The primary purpose of the building is for privacy and human comfort, so that the user is not exposed and does not get wet when it is raining or cold when it is windy. Walls and a roof for privacy and to shield the user from the elements—rain, wind, sleet and snow (depending on locale)—and thus to a small degree, cold weather. However, the building has the secondary effect of protecting the toilet hole from large influxes of water when it is raining, which would flood the hole and flush untreated wastes into the underlying soils before they can decompose.[citation needed]

text: Outhouses are commonly humble and utilitarian, made of lumber or plywood. This is especially so they can easily be moved when the earthen pit fills up. Depending on the size of the pit and the amount of use, this can be fairly frequent, sometimes yearly. As pundit "Jackpine" Bob Cary wrote: "Anyone can build an outhouse, but not everyone can build a good outhouse."[2] Floor plans typically are rectangular or square, but hexagonal outhouses have been built.[3]

text: The arrangements inside the outhouse vary by culture. In Western societies, many, though not all, have at least one seat with a hole in it, above a small pit. Others, often in more rural, older areas in European countries, simply have a hole with two indents on either side for your feet. In Eastern societies, there is a hole in the floor, over which the user crouches. A roll of toilet paper is usually available. Old corn cobs, leaves, or other types of paper are also used.

text: The decoration on the outhouse door has no standard. The well-known crescent moon on American outhouses was popularized by cartoonists and had a questionable basis in fact. There are authors who claim the practice began during the colonial period as an early "mens"/"ladies" designation for an illiterate populace (the sun and moon being popular symbols for the sexes during those times).[4] Others dismiss the claim as an urban legend.[A] What is certain is that the purpose of the hole is for venting and light and there were a wide variety of shapes and placements employed.

text: Different systems[edit]

text: The shelter may cover very different sorts of toilets. A common one is the pit latrine or pit toilet, which collects human feces in a hole in the ground. When properly built and maintained they can decrease the spread of disease by reducing the amount of human feces in the environment from open defecation.[6] When the pit fills to within 0.5 meters (1.6 feet) of the top, it should be either emptied or a new pit constructed and the shelter moved or re-built at the new location.[7] The management of the fecal sludge removed from the pit is complicated. There are both environment and health risks if not done properly. As of 2013 pit latrines are used by an estimated 1.77 billion people.[8] This is mostly in the developing world as well as in rural and wilderness areas.

text: Another system is the bucket toilet, consisting of a seat and a portable receptacle (bucket or pail). These may be emptied by their owners into composting piles in the garden (a low-tech composting toilet), or collected by contractors for larger-scale disposal. Historically, this was known as the pail closet; the municipality employed workers, often known as "nightmen" (from night soil), to empty and replace the buckets. This system was associated in particular with the English town of Rochdale, to the extent that it was described as the "Rochdale System" of sanitation.[9][10] 20th century books report that similar systems were in operation in parts of France and elsewhere in continental Europe.[9] The system of municipal collection was widespread in Australia; "dunny cans" persisted well into the second half of the twentieth century,[11] see below. In Scandinavia and some other countries, outhouses are built over removable containers that enable easy removal of the waste and enable much more rapid composting in separate piles.[citation needed] A similar system operates in India, where hundreds of thousands of workers engage in manual scavenging, i.e. emptying pit latrines and bucket toilets without any personal protective equipment.[12][13][14]

text: High-tech systems are used in some national parks and popular wilderness areas, to cope with the increased volume of people engaged in activities such as mountaineering and kayaking. The growing popularity of paddling, hiking, and climbing has created special waste disposal issues throughout the world. It is a dominant topic for outdoor organizations and their members.[15] For example, in some places the sewage is collected in drums which need to be helicoptered in and out at considerable expense. Alternatively, some parks mandate a "pack it in, pack it out" rule. Many reports document the use of containers for the removal of excrement, which must be packed in and packed out on Mount Everest. Also known as "expedition barrels"[16] or "bog barrels",[17] the cans are weighed to make sure that groups do not dump them along the way.[18] "Toilet tents" are erected.[19][20] This would seem to be an improvement over the prior practices, including the so-called "McKinley system"; there has been an increasing awareness that the mountain needs to be kept clean, for the health of the climbers at least.[16] Worm hold privies, another variant of the composting toilet, are being used by Vermont's Green Mountain Club. These simple outhouses are stocked with red worms (a staple used by home composters).[15] Despite their environmental benefits, composting toilets are likewise subject to regulations.[21]

text: There are other types of toilet that may be covered by an outhouse superstructure, or a toilet tent (e.g. in humanitarian relief operations), or even be installed inside a house that is beyond the reach of sewers. The Swedish Pacto toilet uses a continuous roll of plastic to collect and dispose of waste.[22] A modern analogy to the outhouse is the "Clivus Multrum", which is an electric and waterless composting toilet. They are an alternative to outhouses and septic fields, and provide effective sanitation in areas too remote for sewer lines. Incinerating toilets are installed in several thousand cabins in Norway.[23] These toilets incinerate waste into ashes, using only propane and 12 volt electricity.

text: Public health issues[edit]

text: Outhouse design, placement, and maintenance has long been recognized as being important to the public health. See posters created by the Works Progress Administration.[24]

text: Insect control[edit]

text: Some types of flying insects such as the housefly are attracted to the odor of decaying material, and will use it for food for their offspring, laying eggs in the decaying material. Other insects such as mosquitoes seek out standing water that may be present in the pit for the breeding of their offspring.[citation needed]

text: Both of these are undesirable pests to humans, but can be easily controlled without chemicals by enclosing the top of the pit with tight-fitting boards or concrete, using a sufficiently sealed toilet hole cover that is closed after every use, and by using fine-grid insect screen to cover the inlet and outlet vent holes. This prevents flying insect entry by all potential routes.[citation needed]

text: Parasites[edit]

text: One of the purposes of outhouses is to avoid spreading parasites such as intestinal worms, notably hookworms, which might otherwise be spread via open defecation.

text: Uses[edit]

text: Outhouses on mountain peaks[edit]

text:
On August 29, 2007, the highest outhouse (actually, not a building at all, but a pit toilet surrounded by a low rock wall) in the continental United States, which sat atop Mount Whitney at about 14,494 feet (4,418 m) above sea level, offering a magnificent panorama to the user, was removed. Two other outhouses, in the Inyo National Forest, were closed due to the expense and danger involved in transporting out large sewage drums via helicopter. The annual 19,000 or so hikers of the Mount Whitney Trail, who must pick up National Forest Service permits, are now given Wagbags (a double-sealed sanitation kit) and told how to use them. "Pack it in; pack it out" is the new watchword.[25] Solar-powered toilets did not sufficiently compact the excrement, and the systems were judged failures at that location. Additionally, by relieving park rangers of latrine duty, they were better able to concentrate on primary ranger duties such as talking to hikers.[26] The use of Wagbags and the removal of outhouses is part of a larger trend in US parks.[25] The US National Park Service once built an outhouse that cost above $333,000.[27]
In 2007, Europe's two highest outhouses were helicoptered to the top of France's Mont Blanc at a height of 4,260 metres (13,980 ft). The containers from these outhouses are emptied by helicopter. The facilities will serve 30,000 skiers and hikers annually, thus helping to alleviate the deposit of urine and feces that spread down the mountain face with the spring thaw, and turned it into 'Mont Noir'.[28] More technically, the 2002 book Le versant noir du mont Blanc ("The black hillside of Mont Blanc") exposes problems in conserving the site.[29]
Upon the 5,642-metre (18,510 ft) Mount Elbrus—Russia's highest peak, the highest mountain in all of Europe and topographically dividing Europe from Asia—sits the world's "nastiest outhouse" at 4,206 metres (13,799 ft). It is in the Caucasus Mountains, near the frontier between Georgia and Russia. As one writer opined, "...it does not much feel like Europe when you're there. It feels more like Central Asia or the Middle East."[30][31] The outhouse is surrounded by and covered in ice, perched off the end of a rock, and with a pipe pouring effluvia onto the mountain. It consistently receives low marks for sanitation and convenience, but is considered to be a unique experience.[32]
Australia's highest outhouse — located at Rawson's Pass in the Main Range in Kosciuszko National Park, which each year receives more than 100,000 walkers outside of winter and has a serious human waste management issue, was completed in 2008.[33]
A stone outhouse in Colca Canyon, Peru, has been claimed to be "the world's highest".[34]

text: History[edit]

text: Old outhouse pits are seen as excellent places for archeological and anthropological excavations, offering up a trove of common objects from the past—a veritable inadvertent time capsule—which yields historical insight into the lives of the bygone occupants. This is also called privy digging. It is especially common to find old bottles, which seemingly were secretly stashed or trashed, so their content could be privately imbibed.[35][36][37] Fossilised feces (coprolites) yield much information about diet and health.

text: Australia and New Zealand[edit]

text: "Dunny" or "dunny can" are Australian and New Zealand words for a toilet, particularly an outhouse. For other uses of the word, see Dunny (disambiguation).

text: In suburban areas not connected to the sewerage, outhouses were not always built over pits. Instead, these areas utilized a pail closet, where waste was collected into large cans positioned under the toilet seat, to be collected by contractors (or night soil collectors) hired by property owners or the local council. The used cans were replaced with empty, cleaned cans. Brisbane relied on "dunny carts" until the 1950s (one source says until the 1970s[11][38]); because the population was so dispersed, it was difficult to install sewerage.[39] Tar, creosote, and disinfectant kept the smell down.[40] Academic George Seddon claimed that "the typical Australian back yard in the cities and country towns" had, throughout the first half of the twentieth century, "a dunny against the back fence, so that the pan could be collected from the dunny lane through a trap-door"[41] The person who appeared weekly to empty the buckets beneath the seats was known as the "dunnyman", see gong farmer.

text: The "dunny lanes" provided access to collectors. These access lanes can now be worth considerable sums[42] see Ransom strip.

text: The Great Australian Dunny Race has become an icon during the Weerama Festival at Werribee.[43]

text: Denmark[edit]

text: The remains of a thousand year old Viking outhouse were discovered in 2017. This is the oldest known outhouse in the country, even though evidence cannot establish it to be "the first." This discovery was considered to be culturally significant.[B]

text: United States[edit]

text: Outhouses are typically built on one level, but two-story models are to be found in unusual circumstances. One double-decker was built to serve a two-story building in Cedar Lake, Michigan. The outhouse was connected by walkways. It still stands (but not the building).[C] The waste from "upstairs" is directed down a chute separate from the "downstairs" facility in these instances, so contrary to various jokes about two-story outhouses, the user of the lower level has nothing to fear if the upper level is in use at the same time.

text: The Boston Exchange Coffee House (1809–1818) was equipped with a four-story outhouse[46] with windows on each floor[47]

text: Some outhouses were built surprisingly ornately, almost opulently, considering the time and the place.[48] For example, an opulent 19th century antebellum example (a three-holer) is at the plantation area at the state park in Stone Mountain, Georgia.[49] The outhouses of Colonial Williamsburg varied widely, from simple expendable temporary wood structures to high-style brick.[50] See Jefferson's matched pair of eight-sided brick privies.[50] Thomas Jefferson designed and had built two brick octagons at his vacation home.[50] Such outhouses are sometimes considered to be overbuilt, impractical and ostentatious, giving rise to the simile "built like a brick shithouse." That phrase's meaning and application is subject to some debate; but (depending upon the country) it has been applied to men, women, or inanimate objects.

text: With regards to toilet paper, old newspapers and catalogs from retailers specializing in mail order purchases, such as the Montgomery Ward or Sears Roebuck catalog, were common before toilet paper was widely available. Paper was often kept in a can or other container to protect it from mice, etc. The catalogs served a dual purpose, also giving one something to read.[51]

text: Names[edit]

text: These outdoor toilets are referred to by many terms throughout the English-speaking world.[D] It is not always easy to determine whether a given term was restricted to an outdoor toilet, or whether the meaning had extended, over time and with the development of indoor plumbing, to any toilet. The term "outhouse" is used in North American English for the structure over a toilet, usually a pit latrine ("long drop"). However, in British English "outhouse" means any outbuilding, such as a shed or barn.

text: "Privy", an archaic variant of "private", is used in North America, Scotland, and northern England. "Bog" is common throughout Britain (used to coin the neologism "tree bog"). In Australia and New Zealand, an outdoor toilet is known as a "dunny". The name "little house"[52] (as ty bach) continues as Welsh slang for any toilet. Other terms include "back house", "house of ease", and "house of office". The last was common in 17th-century England and appeared in Samuel Pepys's Diary on numerous occasions.[54]

text: In the Scouting Movement in North America, a widespread term for outhouse is "kybo". This appears to have originated from camps which used Kybo brand coffee cans to hold lye or lime which was sprinkled down the hole to reduce odor. "Keep Your Bowels Open" may be a backronym.[55][56] Temporary encampments may use a tent or tarpaulin over a shallow pit; one name for this is a "hudo".

text: Society and culture[edit]

text: Mythology[edit]

text: Tsi-Ku, also known as Tsi Ku Niang, is described as the Chinese goddess of the outhouse and divination. It is said that a woman could uncover the future by going to the outhouse to ask Tsi-Ku.[57][58] See toilet god.

text: Regulations[edit]

text: United States[edit]

text: Construction and maintenance of outhouses in the US is subject to state and local governmental restriction, regulation and prohibition.[59] It is potentially both a public health issue, which has been addressed both by law and by education of the public as to good methods and practices (e.g., separation from drinking water sources). This also becomes a more prevalent issue as urban and suburban development encroaches on rural areas,[60] and is an external manifestation of a deeper cultural conflict.[61] See also urban sprawl, urban planning, regional planning, suburbanization, urbanization and counterurbanization.

text: Songs and stories[edit]

text:
The double-decker outhouse has been used as an unflattering metaphor for the "Trickle-down theory" of politics, economics, command, management, labor relations, responsibility, etc.[62][63] Depending on who is depicted on top and below, it is an easy and familiar cartoon.[64]
On November 10, 2003, a drawing of an outhouse was used by B.C. cartoonist Johnny Hart as a motif in a controversial and allegedly religiously-themed piece.[65] The cartoonist denied the allegations and the convoluted analysis of the alleged iconography of the cartoon.[citation needed]
Charles "Chic" Sale was a famous comedian in vaudeville and the movies. In 1929 he published a small book, The Specialist,[66] which was a hugely popular "underground" success. Its entire premise centered on sales of outhouses, touting the advantages of one kind or another, and labeling them in "technical" terms such as "one-holers", "two-holers", etc. Over a million copies were sold. In 1931 his monologue "I'm a Specialist"[67] was made into a hit record (Victor 22859) by popular recording artist Frank Crumit (music by Nels Bitterman). As memorialized in the "Outhouse Wall of Fame",[68] the term "Chic Sale" became a rural slang synonym for privies, an appropriation of Mr. Sale's name that he personally considered unfortunate. (See Outhouse humor.)
Folk singer Billy Edd Wheeler wrote and performed a song titled "The Little Brown Shack Out Back", a sentimental look at the outhouse.[69]
In Newfoundland, a well-known song entitled "Good Old Newfie Outhouse" sings the praises of using the outhouse when it is -25 degrees out, mentioning pleasures like pants being frozen in position at the knees. A version by singer Bobby Evans is available on an album called Silly Songs on iTunes.[70]

text: Races and pranks[edit]

text:
In Michigan, the Upper Peninsula's Trenary has the largest outhouse race,[71][72] but Mackinaw City is home to an annual and largest "outhouse race south of the Mackinac Bridge".[73] Other famous outhouse races are during the Yale Bologna Festival and in Dawson City, Yukon.
As a college student, Richard Nixon achieved renown by providing a three-hole outhouse to be tossed onto the traditional campus bonfire.[74]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Outhouse in the mountains in northern Norway

Outhouse used by sharecroppers on display, Louisiana State Cotton Museum, Lake Providence

A brick outhouse at Thomas Jefferson's Poplar Forest estate near Lynchburg, Virginia

An outhouse display in an Old West setting on a Colorado ranch

Outhouse used in the 19th century: Manistee Ranch in Glendale, Arizona, US

Outhouse used in the 19th century: Sahuaro Ranch in Glendale, Arizona, US

Eight-seat stone outhouse at the Thomas Leiper Estate near Wallingford, Pennsylvania

Triple-seated outhouse, Wauchope, New South Wales, Australia

Outhouse at Walcha, New South Wales, Australia