document_title: Partition of the Ottoman Empire

question_text: where was an independent arab state created after world war i

text: Partition of the Ottoman Empire

text: Background[edit]

text: The Western powers had long believed that they would eventually become dominant in the area claimed by the weak central government of the Ottoman Empire. Britain anticipated a need to secure the area because of its strategic position on the route to Colonial India, and perceived itself as locked in a struggle with Russia for imperial influence known as The Great Game.[5] These powers disagreed over their contradictory post-war aims and made several dual and triple agreements.[6]

text: French Mandates[edit]

text: Syria and Lebanon became a French protectorate (thinly disguised as a League of Nations Mandate).[7] French control was met immediately with armed resistance, and, in order to combat Arab nationalism, France divided the Mandate area into Lebanon and four sub-states.[8]

text: Mandate of Syria[edit]

text: Mandate of Lebanon[edit]

text: Greater Lebanon was the name of a territory created by France. It was the precursor of modern Lebanon. It existed between 1 September 1920 and 23 May 1926. France carved its territory from the Levantine land mass (mandated by the League of Nations) in order to create a "safe haven" for the Maronite Christian population. Maronites gained self-rule and secured their position in the independent Lebanon in 1943.

text: French intervention on behalf of the Maronites had begun with the capitulations of the Ottoman Empire, agreements made during the 16th to the 19th centuries. In 1866, when Youssef Bey Karam led a Maronite uprising in Mount Lebanon, a French-led naval force arrived to help, making threats against the governor, Dawood Pasha, at the Sultan's Porte and later removing Karam to safety.

text: British Mandates[edit]

text: The British were awarded three mandated territories, with one of Sharif Hussein's sons, Faisal, installed as King of Iraq and Transjordan providing a throne for another of Hussein's sons, Abdullah. Mandatory Palestine was placed under direct British administration, and the Jewish population was allowed to increase, initially under British protection. Most of the Arabian peninsula fell to another British ally, Ibn Saud, who created the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932.

text: Mandate of Mesopotamia[edit]

text: Great Britain and Turkey disputed control of the former Ottoman province of Mosul in the 1920s. Under the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne Mosul fell under the British Mandate of Mesopotamia, but the new Turkish republic claimed the province as part of its historic heartland. A three-person League of Nations committee went to the region in 1924 to study the case and in 1925 recommended the region remain connected to Iraq, and that the UK should hold the mandate for another 25 years, to assure the autonomous rights of the Kurdish population. Turkey rejected this decision. Nonetheless, Britain, Iraq and Turkey made a treaty on 5 June 1926, that mostly followed the decision of the League Council. Mosul stayed under British Mandate of Mesopotamia until Iraq was granted independence in 1932 by the urging of King Faisal, though the British retained military bases and transit rights for their forces in the country.

text: Mandate of Palestine[edit]

text: During the war, Britain produced three contrasting, but feasibly compatible, statements regarding their ambitions for Palestine. Britain had supported, through British intelligence officer T. E. Lawrence (aka: Lawrence of Arabia), the establishment of a united Arab state covering a large area of the Arab Middle East in exchange for Arab support of the British during the war. The Balfour Declaration of 1917 encouraged Jewish ambitions for a national home. Lastly, the British promised via the Hussein–McMahon Correspondence that the Hashemite family would have lordship over most land in the region in return for their support in the Great Arab Revolt.

text: The Arab Revolt, which was in part orchestrated by Lawrence, resulted in British forces under General Edmund Allenby defeating the Ottoman forces in 1917 in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign and occupying Palestine and Syria. The land was administered by the British for the remainder of the war.

text: The United Kingdom was granted control of Palestine by the Versailles Peace Conference which established the League of Nations in 1919. Herbert Samuel, a former Postmaster General in the British cabinet who was instrumental in drafting the Balfour Declaration, was appointed the first High Commissioner in Palestine. In 1920 at the San Remo conference, in Italy, the League of Nations mandate over Palestine was assigned to Britain. In 1923 Britain transferred a part of the Golan Heights to the French Mandate of Syria, in exchange for the Metula region.

text: Independence movements[edit]

text: When the Ottomans departed, the Arabs proclaimed an independent state in Damascus, but were too weak, militarily and economically, to resist the European powers for long, and Britain and France soon re-established control.

text: During the 1920s and 1930s Iraq, Syria and Egypt moved towards independence, although the British and French did not formally depart the region until after World War II. But in Palestine, the conflicting forces of Arab nationalism and Zionism created a situation which the British could neither resolve nor extricate themselves from. The rise to power of Nazism in Germany created a new urgency in the Zionist quest to create a Jewish state in Palestine, leading to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, see also History of Palestine.

text: Arabian Peninsula[edit]

text: On the Arabian Peninsula, the Arabs were able to establish a number of independent states. In 1916 Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, established the Kingdom of Hejaz, while the Emirate of Riyadh was transformed into the Sultanate of Nejd. In 1926 the Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz was formed, which in 1932 became the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen became independent in 1918, while the Arab States of the Persian Gulf became de facto British protectorates, with some internal autonomy.

text: Anatolia[edit]

text: The Russians, British, Italians, French, Greeks, Assyrians and Armenians all made claims to Anatolia, based on a collection of wartime promises, military actions, secret agreements, and treaties. According to the Treaty of Sèvres, all but the Assyrians would have had their wishes honored. Armenia was to be given a significant portion of the east, known as Wilsonian Armenia, extending as far down as the Lake Van area and as far west as Mush, Greece was to be given Smyrna and the area around it (and likely would have gained Constantinople and all of Thrace, which was administered as internationally controlled and demilitarized territory), Italy was to be given control over the south-central and western coast of Anatolia around Antalya, France to be given the area of Cilicia, and Britain to be given all the area south of Armenia. The Treaty of Lausanne, by contrast, forfeited all arrangements and territorial annexations.

text: Russia[edit]

text: In March 1915, Foreign Minister Sergey Sazonov told British and French Ambassadors George Buchanan and Maurice Paléologue that a lasting postwar settlement demanded Russian possession of "the city of Constantinople, the western shore of the Bosporus, Sea of Marmara, and Dardanelles, as well as southern Thrace up to the Enos-Midia line", and "a part of the Asiatic coast between the Bosporus, the Sakarya River, and a point to be determined on the shore of the Bay of İzmit."[11] The Constantinople Agreement was made public by the Russian newspaper Izvestiya in November 1917, to gain the support of the Armenian public for the Russian revolution.[12] However, the said revolution effectively ended Russian plans.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: The British seeking control over the straits of Marmara led to the Occupation of Constantinople, with French assistance, from 13 November 1918 to 23 September 1923. After the Turkish War of Independence and the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne, the troops left the city.

text: Italy[edit]

text: Under the 1917 Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne between France, Italy, and the United Kingdom, Italy was to receive all southwestern Anatolia except the Adana region, including İzmir. However, in 1919 the Greek Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos obtained the permission of the Paris Peace Conference to occupy İzmir, overriding the provisions of the agreement.

text: France[edit]

text: Under the secret Sykes–Picot Agreement of 1916, the French obtained Hatay, Lebanon and Syria and expressed a desire for part of South-Eastern Anatolia. The 1917 Agreement of St. Jean-de-Maurienne between France, Italy and the United Kingdom allotted France the Adana region.

text: The French army, along with the British, occupied parts of Anatolia from 1919 to 1921 in the Franco-Turkish War, including coal mines, railways, the Black Sea ports of Zonguldak, Karadeniz Ereğli and Constantinople, Uzunköprü in Eastern Thrace and the region of Cilicia. France eventually withdrew from all these areas, after the Armistice of Mudanya, the Treaty of Ankara and the Treaty of Lausanne.

text: Greece[edit]

text: The western Allies, particularly British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, promised Greece territorial gains at the expense of the Ottoman Empire if Greece entered the war on the Allied side. The promised territories included eastern Thrace, the islands of Imbros (Gökçeada) and Tenedos (Bozcaada), and parts of western Anatolia around the city of İzmir.

text: In May 1917, after the exile of Constantine I of Greece, Greek prime minister Eleuthérios Venizélos returned to Athens and allied with the Entente. Greek military forces (though divided between supporters of the monarchy and supporters of Venizélos) began to take part in military operations against the Bulgarian army on the border. That same year, İzmir was promised to Italy under the Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne between France, Italy and the United Kingdom.

text: At the 1918 Paris Peace Conference, based on the wartime promises, Venizélos lobbied hard for an expanded Hellas (the Megali Idea) that would include the large Greek communities in Northern Epirus, Thrace (including Constantinople) and Asia Minor. In 1919, despite Italian opposition, he obtained the permission of the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 for Greece to occupy İzmir.

text: South West Caucasian Republic[edit]

text: The South West Caucasian Republic was an entity established on Russian territory in 1918, after the withdrawal of Ottoman troops to the pre-World War I border as a result of the Armistice of Mudros. It had a nominally independent provisional government headed by Fakhr al-Din Pirioghlu and based in Kars.

text: After fighting broke out between it and both Georgia and Armenia, British High Commissioner Admiral Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe occupied Kars on 19 April 1919, abolishing its parliament and arresting 30 members of its government. He placed Kars province under Armenian rule.

text: Armenia[edit]

text: In the later years of the world war, the Armenians in Russia established a provisional government in the south-west of the Russian Empire. Military conflicts between the Turks and Armenians both during and after the war eventually determined the borders of the state of Armenia.

text: Administration for Western Armenia[edit]

text: In April 1915, Russia supported the establishment of the Armenian provisional government under Russian-Armenian Governor Aram Manukian, leader of the resistance in the Defense of Van. The Armenian national liberation movement hoped that Armenia could be liberated from the Ottoman regime in exchange for helping the Russian army. However, the Tsarist regime had a secret wartime agreement with the other members of the Triple Entente about the eventual fate of several Anatolian territories, named the Sykes–Picot Agreement.[11] These plans were made public by the Armenian revolutionaries in 1917 to gain the support of the Armenian public.[13]

text: In the meantime, the provisional government was becoming more stable as more Armenians were moving into its territory. In 1917, 150,000 Armenians relocated to the provinces of Erzurum, Bitlis, Muş and Van.[14] And Armen Garo (known as Karekin Pastirmaciyan) and other Armenian leaders asked for the Armenian regulars in the European theatre to be transferred to the Caucasian front.

text: The Russian revolution left the front in eastern Turkey in a state of flux. In December 1917, a truce was signed by representatives of the Ottoman Empire and the Transcaucasian Commissariat. However, the Ottoman Empire began to reinforce its Third Army on the eastern front. Fighting began in mid-February 1918. Armenians, under heavy pressure from the Ottoman army and Kurdish irregulars, were forced to withdraw from Erzincan to Erzurum and then to Kars, eventually evacuating even Kars on 25 April. As a response to the Ottoman advances, the Transcaucasian Commissariat evolved into the short-lived Transcaucasian Federation; its disintegration resulted in Armenians forming the Democratic Republic of Armenia on 30 May 1918. The Treaty of Batum, signed on 4 June, reduced the Armenian republic to an area of only 11,000 km².

text: Wilsonian Armenia[edit]

text: At the Paris Peace Conference, 1919, the Armenian Diaspora and the Armenian Revolutionary Federation argued that Historical Armenia, the region which had remained outside the control of the Ottoman Empire from 1915 to 1918, should be part of the Democratic Republic of Armenia. Arguing from the principles in Woodrow Wilson's "Fourteen Points" speech, the Armenian Diaspora argued Armenia had "the ability to control the region", based on the Armenian control established after the Russian Revolution. The Armenians also argued that the dominant population of the region was becoming more Armenian as Turkish inhabitants were moving to the western provinces. Boghos Nubar, the president of the Armenian National Delegation, added: "In the Caucasus, where, without mentioning the 150,000 Armenians in the Imperial Russian Army, more than 40,000 of their volunteers contributed to the liberation of a portion of the Armenian vilayets, and where, under the command of their leaders, Antranik and Nazerbekoff, they, alone among the peoples of the Caucasus, offered resistance to the Turkish armies, from the beginning of the Bolshevist withdrawal right up to the signing of an armistice."[15]

text: President Wilson accepted the Armenian arguments for drawing the frontier and wrote: "The world expects of them (the Armenians), that they give every encouragement and help within their power to those Turkish refugees who may desire to return to their former homes in the districts of Trebizond, Erzerum, Van and Bitlis remembering that these peoples, too, have suffered greatly."[16] The conference agreed with his suggestion that the Democratic Republic of Armenia should expand into present-day eastern Turkey.

text: Georgia[edit]

text: After the fall of the Russian Empire, Georgia became an independent republic and sought to maintain control of Batumi as well as Ardahan, Artvin, and Oltu, the areas with Muslim Georgian elements, which had been acquired by Russia from the Ottomans in 1878. The Ottoman forces occupied the disputed territories by June 1918, forcing Georgia to sign the Treaty of Batum. After the demise of the Ottoman power, Georgia regained Ardahan and Artvin from local Muslim militias in 1919 and Batum from the British administration of that maritime city in 1920. It claimed but never attempted to control Oltu, which was also contested by Armenia. Soviet Russia and Turkey launched a near-simultaneous attack on Georgia in February–March 1921, leading to new territorial rearrangements finalized in the Treaty of Kars, by which Batumi remained within the borders of now-Soviet Georgia, while Ardahan and Artvin were recognized as parts of Turkey.

text: Republic of Turkey[edit]

text: Between 1918 and 1923, Turkish resistance movements led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk forced the Greeks and Armenians out of Anatolia, while the Italians never established a presence. The Turkish revolutionaries also suppressed Kurdish attempts to become independent in the 1920s. After the Turkish resistance gained control over Anatolia, there was no hope of meeting the conditions of the Treaty of Sèvres.

text: Before joining the Soviet Union, the Democratic Republic of Armenia signed the Treaty of Alexandropol, on 3 December 1920, agreeing to the current border between the two countries, though the Armenian government had already collapsed due to a concurrent Soviet invasion on 2 December. Afterwards Armenia became an integral part of the Soviet Union. This border was ratified again with the Treaty of Moscow (1921), in which the Bolsheviks ceded the already Turkish-occupied provinces of Kars, Igdir, Ardahan, and Artvin to Turkey in exchange for the Adjara region with its capital city of Batumi.

text: Turkey and the newly formed Soviet Union, along with the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic and Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, ratified the Treaty of Kars on 11 September 1922, establishing the north-eastern border of Turkey and bringing peace to the region, despite none of them being internationally recognized at the time. Finally, the Treaty of Lausanne, signed in 1923, formally ended all hostilities and led to the creation of the modern Turkish republic.


document_title: The Guide

question_text: list of characters of the guide by rk narayan

root

text: The Guide

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: Railway Raju (nicknamed) is a disarmingly corrupt tour guide who is famous among tourists. He falls in love with a beautiful dancer, Rosie, the neglected wife of archaeologist Marco. Marco doesn't approve of Rosie's passion for dancing. Rosie, encouraged by Raju, decides to follow her dreams and start a dancing career. They start living together, but Raju's mother doesn't approve their relationship, and leaves them. Raju becomes Rosie's stage manager and soon, with the help of Raju's marketing tactics, Rosie becomes a successful dancer. Raju, however, develops an inflated sense of self-importance and tries to control her life and he wants to build as much wealth as possible. Raju gets involved in a case of forgery and gets a two-year sentence. After completing the sentence, Raju passes through a village where he is mistaken for a sadhu (a spiritual guide). Since he doesn't want to return in disgrace to Malgudi, he decides to stay in an abandoned temple, close to the village. There is a famine in the village and Raju is expected to keep a fast in order to make it rain. Raju confesses the entire truth about his past to Velan, who had developed a complete faith in Raju like the rest of the villagers. With media publicizing his fast, a huge crowd gathers (much to Raju's resentment) to watch him fast. After fasting for several days, he goes to the riverside one morning as part of his daily ritual, where his legs sag down as he feels that the rain is falling in the hills. The ending of the novel leaves unanswered the question of whether he died, and whether the drought ended.

tag: p

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: The film Guide was released in 1965, based on the novel. It starred Dev Anand as Raju, Waheeda Rehman as Rosie, Kishore Sahu (cameo), and Leela Chitnis in the lead roles. The film's score was composed by S.D.Burman.

text: The novel was also adapted into a play in 1968.[2] The play was profiled in the William Goldman book The Season: A Candid Look at Broadway.


document_title: The Rising of the Moon

question_text: when was the rising of the moon written

question_tokens: when was the rising of the moon written

text: The Rising of the Moon

text: "The Rising of the Moon" is an Irish ballad recounting a battle between the United Irishmen and the British Army during the Irish Rebellion of 1798.

text: Description[edit]

text: The ballad's singer is told that the "pikes must be together at the rising of the moon" to engage in rebellion.  The pikemen gather, but are defeated.  Despite the loss, the listener is told that there are those who will "follow in their footsteps" to again revolt.

text: The ballad has taken the tune of another Irish ballad, "The Wearing of the Green",[1] and was first published in John Keegan Casey's 1866 collection of poems and songs, A Wreath of Shamrocks.  The lyrics were written by Casey (1846–70), the "Fenian Poet", who based the poem on the failed 1798 uprising in Granard, County Longford.[1]

text: The ballad has been in circulation since circa 1865.[2] The earliest verifiable date found in publication is 1867.[3]

text: The ballad refers to the outbreak of the 1798 rebellion, as United Irish rebels convey the order to rise.  The air of hope and optimism associated with the ultimately doomed rebellion was intended to provide inspiration for rebels preparing to take to the field in another ill-fated venture, the Fenian rebellion of 1867.

text: Multiple variants of the lyrics have been published in folk music collections.[4][5][6][7][8][9]  In the late 19th century, the ballad was also published through the printing of broadsides.[10][11]

text: The song remains popular and the tune is widely recognised in Ireland today, as it is often taught in schools, played regularly at official and sporting events, and has been covered by a wide variety of musicians, including The Dubliners, The Clancy Brothers, The High Kings, Tommy Makem and Peter, Paul and Mary.

text:
If they aren't able to destroy the desire for freedom, they won't break you. They won't break me because the desire for freedom, and the freedom of the Irish people, is in my heart. The day will dawn when all the people of Ireland will have the desire for freedom to show.
It is then we'll see the rising of the moon.
—final lines of the final entry of Bobby Sands' hunger strike diary[12]

tag: div


document_title: Russia at the FIFA World Cup

question_text: when was the last time russia went to the world cup

question_tokens: when was the last time russia went to the world cup

text: Russia at the FIFA World Cup

text: Overview[edit]

text: History[edit]

text:
Year

Round

Position

GP

W

D*

L

GS

GA

as  Soviet Union

 1930
Did not enter

 1934

 1938

 1950

 1954

 1958
Quarter-finals
6th
5
2
1
2
5
6

 1962
Quarter-finals
6th
4
2
1
1
9
7

 1966
Fourth place
4th
6
4
0
2
10
6

 1970
Quarter-finals
5th
4
2
1
1
6
2

 1974
Disqualified[2]

 1978
Did not qualify

 1982
Second group stage
7th
5
2
2
1
7
4

 1986
Round of 16
10th
4
2
1
1
12
5

 1990
Group stage
17th
3
1
0
2
4
4

as  Russia

 1994
Group stage
18th
3
1
0
2
7
6

 1998
Did not qualify

  2002
Group stage
22nd
3
1
0
2
4
4

 2006
Did not qualify

 2010

 2014
Group stage
24th
3
0
2
1
2
3

 2018
Quarter-finals
8th
5
2
2
1
11
7

 2022
To be determined

   2026

Total
Best: 4th
11/21
45
19
10
16
77
54

tag: table

text: Record vs[edit]

text: As Soviet Union[edit]

text:
FIFA World Cup matches (By team)

Total : 15 Wins - 6 Ties - 10 Losses - 31 games played

Against

Wins

Draws

Losses

Total

GS

GA

GD

 Argentina
0
0
1
1
0
2
-2

 Austria
1
0
0
1
2
0
+2

 Belgium
2
0
1
3
8
5
+3

 Brazil
0
0
2
2
1
4
-3

 Cameroon
1
0
0
1
4
0
+4

 Canada
1
0
0
1
2
0
+2

 Chile
1
0
1
2
3
3
0

 Colombia
0
1
0
1
4
4
0

 El Salvador
1
0
0
1
2
0
+2

 England
1
1
0
2
3
2
+1

 France
0
1
0
1
1
1
0

 Hungary
2
0
0
2
8
1
+7

 Italy
1
0
0
1
1
0
+1

 Mexico
0
1
0
1
0
0
0

 New Zealand
1
0
0
1
3
0
+3

 North Korea
1
0
0
1
3
0
+3

 Poland
0
1
0
1
0
0
0

 Portugal
0
0
1
1
1
2
-1

 Romania
0
0
1
1
0
2
-2

 Scotland
0
1
0
1
2
2
0

 Sweden
0
0
1
1
0
2
-2

 Uruguay
1
0
1
2
2
2
0

 West Germany
0
0
1
1
1
2
-1

 Yugoslavia
1
0
0
1
2
0
+2

text: As Russia[edit]

text:
FIFA World Cup matches (By team)

Total : 4 Wins - 4 Ties - 6 Losses - 14 games played

Against

Wins

Draws

Losses

Total

GS

GA

GD

 Algeria
0
1
0
1
1
1
0

 Belgium
0
0
2
2
2
4
-2

 Brazil
0
0
1
1
0
2
-2

 Cameroon
1
0
0
1
6
1
+5

 Croatia
0
1
0
1
2
2
0

 Egypt
1
0
0
1
3
1
+2

 Japan
0
0
1
1
1
0
+1

 Saudi Arabia
1
0
0
1
5
0
+5

 Spain
0
1
0
1
1
1
0

 South Korea
0
1
0
1
1
1
0

 Sweden
0
0
1
1
1
3
-2

 Tunisia
1
0
0
1
2
0
+2

 Uruguay
0
0
1
1
0
3
-3

text: Last update 08 July 2018

text: Soviet Union in Sweden 1958[edit]

text:
showvteSoviet Union squad  –  1958 FIFA World Cup
1 Yashin
2 Kesarev
3 Krizhevsky
4 Kuznetsov
5 Voynov
6 Netto
7 Apukhtin
8 V. Ivanov
9 Simonyan (c)
10 Salnikov
11 Ilyin
12 Maslachenko
13 Belyayev
14 Ostrovskis
15 Maslyonkin
16 Tsaryov
17 A. Ivanov
18 Bubukin
19 Gusarov
20 Falin
21 Fedosov
22 Yerokhin
Coach: Kachalin

text:
Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GAv

Pts

 Brazil

3
2
1
0
5
0
∞
5

 Soviet Union

3
1
1
1
4
4
1.00
3

 England

3
0
3
0
4
4
1.00
3

 Austria

3
0
1
2
2
7
0.28
1

text:
Soviet Union

2 – 2

 England

Simonyan  13'A. Ivanov  56'

(Report)

 66' Kevan 85' (pen.) Finney

text:
Soviet Union

2 – 0

 Austria

A. Ivanov  15'V. Ivanov  62'

(Report)

text:
Soviet Union

0 – 2

 Brazil

(Report)

 3', 77' Vavá

text: Group Play-off[edit]

text:
Soviet Union

1 – 0

 England

Ilyin  69'

(Report)

text: Quarter-final[edit]

text:
Soviet Union

0 – 2

 Sweden

(Report)

 49' Hamrin 88' Simonsson

text: Soviet Union in Chile 1962[edit]

text:
showvteSoviet Union squad  –  1962 FIFA World Cup
1 Yashin
2 Maslachenko
3 Kotrikadze
4 Dubinski
5 Chokheli
6 Ostrovskis
7 Maslyonkin
8 Shesternyov
9 Manoshin
10 Netto (c)
11 Sabo
12 Voronin
13 Gusarov
14 Ivanov
15 Kanevski
16 Mamykin
17 Meskhi
18 Metreveli
19 Ponedelnik
20 Serebryanikov
21 Khusainov
22 Chislenko
Coach: Kachalin

text:
Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GAv

Pts

 Soviet Union

3
2
1
0
8
5
1.60
5

 Yugoslavia

3
2
0
1
8
3
2.67
4

 Uruguay

3
1
0
2
4
6
0.67
2

 Colombia

3
0
1
2
5
11
0.45
1

text:
Soviet Union

2 – 0

 Yugoslavia

Ivanov  51'Ponedelnik  83'

(Report)

text:
Soviet Union

4 – 4

 Colombia

Ivanov  8', 11'Chislenko  10'Ponedelnik  56'

(Report)

 21' Aceros  68' (Olympic goal) Coll 72' Rada 86' Klinger

text:
Soviet Union

2 – 1

 Uruguay

Mamykin  38'Ivanov  89'

(Report)

 54' Sasía

text: Quarter-final[edit]

text:
Soviet Union

1 – 2

 Chile

Chislenko  26'

(Report)

 11' Sánchez 29' Rojas

text: Soviet Union in England 1966[edit]

text:
showvteSoviet Union squad  –  1966 FIFA World Cup fourth place
1 Yashin
2 Serebryanikov
3 Ostrovskis
4 Ponomaryov
5 Afonin
6 Shesternyov (c)
7 Khurtsilava
8 Sabo
9 Getmanov
10 Danilov
11 Chislenko
12 Voronin
13 Korneyev
14 Sichinava
15 Khusainov
16 Metreveli
17 Porkujan
18 Banishevskiy
19 Malofeyev
20 Markarov
21 Kavazashvili
22 Bannikov
Coach: Morozov

text:
Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GAv

Pts

 Soviet Union

3
3
0
0
6
1
6.00
6

 North Korea

3
1
1
1
2
4
0.50
3

 Italy

3
1
0
2
2
2
1.00
2

 Chile

3
0
1
2
2
5
0.40
1

text:
Soviet Union

3 – 0

 North Korea

Malofeyev  31'  88'Banishevskiy  33'

(Report)

text:
Soviet Union

1 – 0

 Italy

Chislenko  57'

(Report)

text:
Soviet Union

2 – 1

 Chile

Porkujan  28'  85'

(Report)

 32' Marcos

text: Quarter-final[edit]

text:
Soviet Union

2 – 1

 Hungary

Chislenko  5'Porkujan  46'

(Report)

 57' Bene

text: Semi-final[edit]

text:
Soviet Union

1 – 2

 West Germany

Porkujan  88'

(Report)

 42' Haller 67' Beckenbauer

text: Bronze Final[edit]

text:
Soviet Union

1 – 2

 Portugal

Malofeyev  43'

(Report)

 12' (pen.) Eusébio  89' Torres

text: Soviet Union in Mexico 1970[edit]

text:
showvteSoviet Union squad  –  1970 FIFA World Cup
1 Shmuts
2 Kavazashvili
3 Afonin
4 Dzodzuashvili
5 Kaplychnyi
6 Lovchev
7 Logofet
8 Khurtsilava
9 Shesternyov (c)
10 Zykov
11 Asatiani
12 Kiselyov
13 Yashin
14 Muntyan
15 Serebryanikov
16 Byshovets
17 Yevryuzhikhin
18 Metreveli
19 Nodia
20 Puzach
21 Khmelnitsky
22 Porkujan
Coach: Kachalin

text:
Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

 Soviet Union

3
2
1
0
6
1
+5
5

 Mexico

3
2
1
0
5
0
+5
5

 Belgium

3
1
0
2
4
5
–1
2

 El Salvador

3
0
0
3
0
9
–9
0

text:
Soviet Union

0 – 0

 Mexico

(Report)

text:
Soviet Union

4 – 1

 Belgium

Byshovets  14'  63'Asatiani  57'Khmelnitsky  76'

(Report)

 86' Lambert

text:
Soviet Union

2 – 0

 El Salvador

Byshovets  51'  74'

(Report)

text: Quarter-final[edit]

text:
Soviet Union

0 – 1 (a.e.t.)

 Uruguay

(Report)

 116' Espárrago

text: Soviet Union in Spain 1982[edit]

text:
showvteSoviet Union squad  –  1982 FIFA World Cup
1 Dasayev
2 Sulakvelidze
3 Chivadze (c)
4 Khidiyatullin
5 Baltacha
6 Demyanenko
7 Shengelia
8 Bessonov
9 Gavrilov
10 Oganesian
11 Blokhin
12 Bal
13 Daraselia
14 Borovsky
15 Andreyev
16 Rodionov
17 Buryak
18 Susloparov
19 Yevtushenko
20 Romantsev
21 Vi. Chanov
22 Vy. Chanov
Coach: Beskov

text:
Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

 Brazil

3
3
0
0
10
2
+8
6

 Soviet Union

3
1
1
1
6
4
+2
3

 Scotland

3
1
1
1
8
8
0
3

 New Zealand

3
0
0
3
2
12
–10
0

text:
Soviet Union

1 – 2

 Brazil

Bal  34'

(Report)

 75' Sócrates 87' Éder

text:
Soviet Union

3 – 0

 New Zealand

Gavrilov  25'Blokhin  48'Baltacha  69'

(Report)

text:
Soviet Union

2 – 2

 Scotland

Chivadze  60'Shengelia  84'

(Report)

 15' Jordan 87' Souness

text: Second round Group A[edit]

text:
Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

 Poland

2
1
1
0
3
0
+3
3

 Soviet Union

2
1
1
0
1
0
+1
3

 Belgium

2
0
0
2
0
4
–4
0

text:
Soviet Union

1 – 0

 Belgium

Hovhannisyan  48'

(Report)

text:
Soviet Union

0 – 0

 Poland

(Report)

text: Soviet Union in Mexico 1986[edit]

text:
showvteSoviet Union squad  –  1986 FIFA World Cup
1 Dasayev
2 Bezsonov
3 Chivadze
4 Morozov
5 Demyanenko (c)
6 Bubnov
7 Yaremchuk
8 Yakovenko
9 Zavarov
10 Kuznetsov
11 Blokhin
12 Bal
13 Litovchenko
14 Rodionov
15 Larionov
16 Chanov
17 Yevtushenko
18 Protasov
19 Belanov
20 Aleinikov
21 Rats
22 Krakovsky
Coach: Lobanovskiy

text:
Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

 Soviet Union

3
2
1
0
9
1
+8
5

 France

3
2
1
0
5
1
+4
5

 Hungary

3
1
0
2
2
9
–7
2

 Canada

3
0
0
3
0
5
–5
0

text:
Soviet Union

6 – 0

 Hungary

Yakovenko  2'Aleinikov  4'Belanov  24' (pen.)Yaremchuk  66'Dajka  75' (o.g.)Rodionov  80'

(Report)

text:
Soviet Union

1 – 1

 France

Rats  53'

(Report)

 60' Fernández

text:
Soviet Union

2 – 0

 Canada

Blokhin  58'Zavarov  74'

(Report)

text: Round of 16[edit]

text:
Soviet Union

3 – 4 (a.e.t.)

 Belgium

Belanov  27'  70'  111' (pen.)

(Report)

 56' Scifo 77' Ceulemans 102' Demol 110' Claesen

text: Soviet Union in Italy 1990[edit]

text:
showvteSoviet Union squad  –  1990 FIFA World Cup
1 Dasayev (c)
2 Bezsonov
3 Khidiyatullin
4 Kuznetsov
5 Demyanenko
6 Rats
7 Aleinikov
8 Litovchenko
9 Zavarov
10 Protasov
11 Dobrovolski
12 Borodyuk
13 Tsveiba
14 Lyutyi
15 Yaremchuk
16 Chanov
17 Zygmantovich
18 Shalimov
19 Fokin
20 Gorlukovich
21 Broshin
22 Uvarov
Coach: Lobanovskiy

text:
Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

 Cameroon

3
2
0
1
3
5
–2
4

 Romania

3
1
1
1
4
3
+1
3

 Argentina

3
1
1
1
3
2
+1
3

 Soviet Union

3
1
0
2
4
4
0
2

text:
Soviet Union

0 – 2

 Romania

(Report)

 42'  57' (pen.) Lăcătuş

text:
Soviet Union

0 – 2

 Argentina

(Report)

 27' Troglio 79' Burruchaga

text:
Soviet Union

4 – 0

 Cameroon

Protasov  20'Zygmantovich  29'Zavarov  55'Dobrovolski  63'

(Report)

text: Russia in USA 1994[edit]

text:
showvteRussia squad  –  1994 FIFA World Cup
1 Cherchesov
2 Kuznetsov
3 Gorlukovich
4 Galyamin
5 Nikiforov
6 Ternavskiy
7 Pyatnitsky
8 Popov
9 Salenko
10 Karpin
11 Beschastnykh
12 Tetradze
13 Borodyuk
14 Korneev
15 Radchenko
16 Kharin (c)
17 Tsymbalar
18 Onopko
19 Mostovoi
20 Ledyakhov
21 Khlestov
22 Yuran
Coach: Sadyrin

text:
Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

 Brazil

3
2
1
0
6
1
+5
7

 Sweden

3
1
2
0
6
4
+2
5

 Russia

3
1
0
2
7
6
+1
3

 Cameroon

3
0
1
2
3
11
–8
1

text:
Russia

0 – 2

 Brazil

(Report)

 26' Romário 52' (pen.) Raí

text:
Russia

1 – 3

 Sweden

Salenko  4' (pen.)

(Report)

 37' (pen.) Brolin 59', 81' Dahlin

text:
Russia

6 – 1

 Cameroon

Salenko  15'  41'  44' (pen.)  72'  75'Radchenko  81'

(Report)

 46' Milla

text: Russia in South Korea/Japan 2002[edit]

text:
showvteRussia squad  –  2002 FIFA World Cup
1 Nigmatullin
2 Kovtun
3 Nikiforov
4 Smertin
5 Solomatin
6 Semshov
7 Onopko (c)
8 Karpin
9 Titov
10 Mostovoi
11 Beschastnykh
12 Cherchesov
13 Daev
14 Chugainov
15 Alenichev
16 Kerzhakov
17 Semak
18 Sennikov
19 Pimenov
20 Izmailov
21 Khokhlov
22 Sychev
23 Filimonov
Coach: Romantsev

text:
Legend

Group winners and runners-up advance to the round of 16

Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

 Japan

3
2
1
0
5
2
+3
7

 Belgium

3
1
2
0
6
5
+1
5

 Russia

3
1
0
2
4
4
0
3

 Tunisia

3
0
1
2
1
5
–4
1

text:
Russia

2 – 0

 Tunisia

Titov  59'Karpin  64' (pen.)

(Report)

text:
Russia

0 – 1

 Japan

(Report)

 51' Inamoto

text:
Russia

2 – 3

 Belgium

Beschastnykh  52'Sychev  88'

(Report)

 7' Walem 78' Sonck 82' Wilmots

text: Russia in Brazil 2014[edit]

text:
showvteRussia squad  –  2014 FIFA World Cup
1 Akinfeev
2 Kozlov
3 Shchennikov
4 Ignashevich
5 Semyonov
6 Kanunnikov
7 Denisov
8 Glushakov
9 Kokorin
10 Dzagoev
11 Kerzhakov
12 Lodygin
13 Granat
14 V. Berezutski (c)
15 Mogilevets
16 Ryzhikov
17 Shatov
18 Zhirkov
19 Samedov
20 Fayzulin
21 Ionov
22 Yeshchenko
23 Kombarov
Coach: Capello

text: Standings[edit]

text:
Pos

Team[ vte ]

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

Qualification

1

 Belgium

3

3

0

0

4

1

+3

9

Advance to knockout stage

2

 Algeria

3

1

1

1

6

5

+1

4

3

 Russia

3

0

2

1

2

3

−1

2

4

 South Korea

3

0

1

2

3

6

−3

1

text: Russia vs South Korea[edit]

text: This was the first time the two countries have played each other in the FIFA World Cup, though they did play a friendly in 2013, which Russia won 2-1. The match ended in a 1-1 draw, with both goals being in the second half.

text:
Russia

1–1

 South Korea

Kerzhakov  74'

Report

Lee Keun-ho  68'

text:
Russia

South Korea

text:
GK
1
Igor Akinfeev

RB
22
Andrey Yeshchenko

CB
4
Sergei Ignashevich

CB
14
Vasili Berezutski (c)

LB
23
Dmitri Kombarov

DM
8
Denis Glushakov

 72'

CM
20
Viktor Fayzulin

CM
18
Yuri Zhirkov

 71'

RW
19
Aleksandr Samedov

LW
17
Oleg Shatov
 49'
 59'

CF
9
Aleksandr Kokorin

Substitutions:

MF
10
Alan Dzagoev

 59'

FW
11
Aleksandr Kerzhakov

 71'

MF
7
Igor Denisov

 72'

Manager:

 Fabio Capello

GK
1
Jung Sung-ryong

RB
12
Lee Yong

CB
5
Kim Young-gwon

CB
20
Hong Jeong-ho

 73'

LB
3
Yun Suk-young

RM
17
Lee Chung-yong

CM
14
Han Kook-young

CM
16
Ki Sung-yueng
 30'

LM
9
Son Heung-min
 13'
 84'

CF
10
Park Chu-young

 56'

CF
13
Koo Ja-cheol (c)
 90'

Substitutions:

FW
11
Lee Keun-ho

 56'

DF
6
Hwang Seok-ho

 73'

MF
7
Kim Bo-kyung

 84'

Manager:

Hong Myung-bo

text:
Man of the Match:
Son Heung-min (South Korea)
Assistant referees:
Hernán Maidana (Argentina)
Juan Pablo Belatti (Argentina)
Fourth official:
Roberto Moreno (Panama)
Fifth official:
Eric Boria (United States)

text: Belgium vs Russia[edit]

text:
Belgium

1–0

 Russia

Origi  88'

Report

text:
Belgium

Russia

text:
GK
1
Thibaut Courtois

RB
2
Toby Alderweireld
 73'

CB
15
Daniel Van Buyten

CB
4
Vincent Kompany (c)

LB
3
Thomas Vermaelen

 31'

CM
6
Axel Witsel
 54'

CM
8
Marouane Fellaini

RW
14
Dries Mertens

 75'

AM
7
Kevin De Bruyne

LW
10
Eden Hazard

CF
9
Romelu Lukaku

 57'

Substitutions:

DF
5
Jan Vertonghen

 31'

FW
17
Divock Origi

 57'

DF
11
Kevin Mirallas

 75'

Manager:

Marc Wilmots

GK
1
Igor Akinfeev

RB
2
Aleksei Kozlov

 62'

CB
14
Vasili Berezutski (c)

CB
4
Sergei Ignashevich

LB
23
Dmitri Kombarov

DM
8
Denis Glushakov
 38'

CM
20
Viktor Fayzulin

RW
19
Aleksandr Samedov

 90'

AM
6
Maksim Kanunnikov

LW
17
Oleg Shatov

 83'

CF
9
Aleksandr Kokorin

Substitutions:

DF
22
Andrey Yeshchenko

 62'

MF
10
Alan Dzagoev

 83'

FW
11
Aleksandr Kerzhakov

 90'

Manager:

 Fabio Capello

text:
Man of the Match:
Eden Hazard (Belgium)
Assistant referees:
Mark Borsch (Germany)
Stefan Lupp (Germany)
Fourth official:
Carlos Vera (Ecuador)
Fifth official:
Byron Romero (Ecuador)

text: Algeria vs Russia[edit]

text:
Algeria

1–1

 Russia

Slimani  60'

Report

Kokorin  6'

text:
Algeria

Russia

text:
GK
23
Raïs M'Bolhi

RB
20
Aïssa Mandi

CB
4
Essaïd Belkalem

CB
5
Rafik Halliche (c)

LB
6
Djamel Mesbah
 39'

CM
12
Carl Medjani

CM
14
Nabil Bentaleb

RW
10
Sofiane Feghouli

AM
11
Yacine Brahimi

 71'

LW
18
Abdelmoumene Djabou

 77'

CF
13
Islam Slimani

 90+2'

Substitutions:

MF
7
Hassan Yebda

 71'

FW
9
Nabil Ghilas
 87'
 77'

FW
15
El Arbi Hillel Soudani

 90+2'

DF
17
Liassine Cadamuro
 90+2'[nb 1]

Manager:

 Vahid Halilhodžić

GK
1
Igor Akinfeev

RB
2
Aleksei Kozlov
 59'

CB
14
Vasili Berezutski (c)

CB
4
Sergei Ignashevich

LB
23
Dmitri Kombarov
 57'

CM
8
Denis Glushakov

 46'

CM
20
Viktor Fayzulin

RW
19
Aleksandr Samedov

AM
9
Aleksandr Kokorin

LW
17
Oleg Shatov

 67'

CF
11
Aleksandr Kerzhakov

 81'

Substitutions:

MF
7
Igor Denisov

 46'

MF
10
Alan Dzagoev

 67'

FW
6
Maksim Kanunnikov

 81'

Manager:

 Fabio Capello

text:
Man of the Match:
Islam Slimani (Algeria)
Assistant referees:
Bahattin Duran (Turkey)
Tarık Ongun (Turkey)
Fourth official:
Joel Aguilar (El Salvador)
Fifth official:
Juan Zumba (El Salvador)

text: Russia in Russia 2018[edit]

text:
showvteRussia squad  –  2018 FIFA World Cup
1 Akinfeev (c)
2 Fernandes
3 Kutepov
4 Ignashevich
5 Semyonov
6 Cheryshev
7 Kuzyayev
8 Gazinsky
9 Dzagoev
10 Smolov
11 Zobnin
12 Lunyov
13 Kudryashov
14 Granat
15 Al. Miranchuk
16 An. Miranchuk
17 Golovin
18 Zhirkov
19 Samedov
20 Gabulov
21 Yerokhin
22 Dzyuba
23 Smolnikov
Coach: Cherchesov

text:
Pos

Team[ vte ]

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

Qualification

1

 Uruguay

3

3

0

0

5

0

+5

9

Advance to knockout stage

2

 Russia (H)

3

2

0

1

8

4

+4

6

3

 Saudi Arabia

3

1

0

2

2

7

−5

3

4

 Egypt

3

0

0

3

2

6

−4

0

text:
Russia

5–0

 Saudi Arabia

Gazinsky  12'Cheryshev  43', 90+1'Dzyuba  71'Golovin  90+5'

Report

text:
Russia

3–1

 Egypt

Fathy  47' (o.g.)Cheryshev  59'Dzyuba  62'

Report

Salah  73' (pen.)

text:
Uruguay

3–0

 Russia

Suárez  10'Cheryshev  23' (o.g.)Cavani  90'

Report

text: Knockout stage[edit]

text:
Spain

1–1 (a.e.t.)

 Russia

Ignashevich  12' (o.g.)

Report

Dzyuba  41' (pen.)

Penalties

Iniesta
Piqué
Koke
Ramos
Aspas

3–4

 Smolov
 Ignashevich
 Golovin
 Cheryshev

text:
Russia

2–2 (a.e.t.)

 Croatia

Cheryshev  31'
Fernandes  115'

Report

Kramarić  39'
Vida  101'

Penalties

Smolov
Dzagoev
Fernandes
Ignashevich
Kuzyayev

3–4

 Brozović
 Kovačić
 Modrić
 Vida
 Rakitić

text: Record players[edit]

text: Russia's record World Cup player is Dynamo Moscow legend Lev Yashin. The 1958 FIFA World Cup in particular, which was the first one to be widely broadcast on television, had a major part in introducing Yashin's active and demanding goalkeeping style to the world at large. FIFA have established him as the best goalkeeper of the 20th century by repeatedly naming him in all-star teams like the FIFA World Cup Dream Team in 2002.

text:
No.

Name

Matches

World Cups

1

Lev Yashin
13
1958, 1962 and 1966

2

Volodymyr Bezsonov
10
1982, 1986 and 1990

3

Valentin Ivanov
9
1958 and 1962

Valery Voronin
9
1962 and 1966

Albert Shesternyov
9
1966 and 1970

Rinat Dasayev
9
1982, 1986 and 1990

Anatoliy Demyanenko
9
1982, 1986 and 1990

Oleh Kuznetsov
9
1994 and 1998

9

Igor Akinfeev
8
2014 and 2018

Sergei Ignashevich
8
2014 and 2018

Aleksandr Samedov
8
2014 and 2018

text: Top goalscorers[edit]

text: Russia's top goalscorers at the FIFA World Cup, Valentin Ivanov and Oleg Salenko, have won a Golden Boot award each. Salenko is the only player who has ever scored five goals in a single World Cup match, and the only player to win the Golden Boot even though his team has been eliminated in the Group stage.

text:
No.

Name

Goals

World Cups

1

Oleg Salenko
6
1994

2

Valentin Ivanov
5
1958 (1) and 1962 (4)

3

Igor Chislenko
4
1962 (2) and 1966 (2)

Valeriy Porkuyan
4
1966

Anatoliy Byshovets
4
1970

Igor Belanov
4
1986

Denis Cheryshev
4
2018

8

Eduard Malofeyev
3
1966

Artem Dzyuba
3
2018

10

Aleksandr Ivanov
2
1958

Viktor Ponedelnik
2
1962

Oleh Blokhin
2
1982 and 1986

Oleksandr Zavarov
2
1986 and 1990


document_title: Desert National Park

question_text: what species of plant can be found in the great thar desert

text: Desert National Park

text: Geography and location[edit]

text: Situated in Jaisalmer and Barmer districts of Indian state Rajasthan.

text: Flora and fauna[edit]

text: The blackbuck is a common antelope of this region. The national park's other notable inhabitants are the desert fox, wolf and desert cat. Birdlife in this sandy habitat is vivid and spectacular. Birds such as sandgrouse, partridges, bee-eaters, larks, and shrikes are commonly seen. In the winter, the birdlife is augmented by species such as the demoiselle crane and MacQueen's bustard.

text: Perhaps the greatest attraction of the park is a bird called the great Indian bustard, an endangered species found only in India. Desert National Park is one of the last sites in which this species can be found in good numbers. As such, the species draws in thousands of birdwatchers from all over the world. In addition to the great Indian bustard, the park supports a variety of other birds of interest to birdwatchers and conservationists alike.

text: The Thar Desert, often called an 'ocean of sand', covers a large area of western Rajasthan. The fragile ecosystem of the Thar supports a unique and varied wildlife. In this vast ocean of sands lies the famous Desert National Park, which provides an excellent example of the ecosystem of the Thar Desert and its diverse wildlife adventure.

text: The vegetation is sparse, and patches of sewan grass and aak shrub (Calotropis) can be seen. The landscape includes craggy rocks and compact salt lake bottoms, as well as intermediate areas and both fixed and shifting dunes. Around 20 percent of the vast expanse is covered with sand dunes.

text: Flora: ronj, palm trees, ber, dhok.

text: Mammals: desert fox, Bengal fox, desert cat, wolf, hedgehog, blackbuck and chinkara.

text: Reptiles: spiny-tailed lizard, monitor lizard, saw-scaled viper, Russell's viper, common krait.

text: Avifauna: sandgrouse, partridges, bee-eaters, larks and shrikes are year-round residents, while demoiselle crane and houbara bustard arrive in winter. Raptors include tawny and steppe eagles, long-legged and honey buzzards, and falcons.[2]

text: Attractions[edit]

text: Indian bustard: The endangered Indian bustard is the major attraction of Desert National Park. Brown and white in colour, the bustard is a metre tall and has long bare legs and a long neck. One can spot this tall and graceful ground-dwelling bird near the Sudashri waterhole. Sam Sand Dunes:

text: These dunes are located near the Thar Desert.

text: Gadsisar Sagar Tank: This tank is among the tourist places in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan. Thousands of migratory birds come to this place every year.

text: Tourism[edit]

text: Jeep Safari enables tourists to explore a wider area of the park in relatively short span of time.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Desert Jird at the Desert NP

Indian fox a common resident of Desert National Park

Chinkara commonly known as Indian gazelle at Desert NP

tag: ul


document_title: Justice League (film)

question_text: when does jystice league come out on dvd

text: Justice League (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Thousands of years ago, Steppenwolf and his legions of Parademons attempted to take over Earth with the combined energies of three Mother Boxes. They were foiled by a unified army that includes the Olympian Gods, Amazons, Atlanteans, mankind, and the Green Lantern Corps. After repelling Steppenwolf's army, the Mother Boxes were separated and hidden in locations on the planet. In the present, mankind is in mourning over Superman, whose death triggers the Mother Boxes to reactivate and Steppenwolf's return to Earth in an effort to regain favor with his master, Darkseid. Steppenwolf aims to gather the artifacts to form "The Unity", which will destroy Earth's ecology and terraform it in the image of Steppenwolf's homeworld.

text: Steppenwolf retrieves the Mother Box from Themyscira, prompting Queen Hippolyta to warn her daughter Diana of Steppenwolf's return. Diana joins Bruce Wayne in his attempt to unite other metahumans to their cause, with Wayne going after Arthur Curry and Barry Allen, while Diana tries to locate Victor Stone. Wayne fails to persuade Curry, but manages to recruit an enthusiastic Allen onto the team. Although Diana fails to convince Stone to join, he agrees to help them locate the threat if he discovers their location. Stone later joins the team after his father Silas, along with several other S.T.A.R. Labs employees, is kidnapped by Steppenwolf seeking to acquire the Mother Box from mankind.

text: Steppenwolf attacks Atlantis to retrieve the next Mother Box, forcing Curry into action. The team receives intel from Commissioner James Gordon leading them to Steppenwolf's army, based in an abandoned facility under Gotham Harbor. Although the group manages to rescue the kidnapped employees, the facility is flooded during combat, which traps the team until Curry helps delay the flood so they can escape. Stone retrieves the last Mother Box, which he had hidden, for the group to analyze. Stone reveals that his father used the Mother Box to rebuild Stone's body after an accident almost cost him his life. Facing overwhelming odds against Steppenwolf's army, Wayne decides to use the Mother Box to resurrect Superman, not only to help them fight off Steppenwolf's invasion, but also to restore hope to mankind. Diana and Curry are hesitant about the idea, but Wayne forms a secret contingency plan in case Superman returns as a nemesis.

text: Clark Kent's body is exhumed and placed in the amniotic fluid of the genesis chamber of the Kryptonian ship alongside the Mother Box, which in turn activates and successfully resurrects Superman. However, Superman's memories have not returned, and he attacks the group after Stone accidentally launches a projectile at him. On the verge of being killed by Superman, Batman enacts his contingency plan: Lois Lane. Superman calms down and leaves with Lane to his family home in Smallville, where he reflects and his memories slowly come back. In the turmoil, the last Mother Box is left unguarded, and Steppenwolf retrieves it with ease. Without Superman to aid them, the five heroes travel to a village in Russia where Steppenwolf aims to unite the Mother Boxes once again and remake Earth. The team fights their way through the Parademons to reach Steppenwolf, although they are unable to distract him enough for Stone to separate the Mother boxes. Superman arrives and assists Allen in evacuating the city, as well as Stone in separating the Mother Boxes. The team defeats Steppenwolf, who, overcome with fear, is attacked by his own Parademons before they all teleport away.

text: In the aftermath of the battle, Bruce and Diana agree to set up a base of operations for the team, with room for more members. Diana steps back into the public spotlight as a hero; Barry acquires a job in Central City's police department, impressing his father; Victor continues to explore and enhance his abilities with his father in S.T.A.R. Labs; Arthur returns to Atlantis; and Superman resumes his life as reporter Clark Kent. In a mid-credits scene, Barry and Clark compete in a race to the Pacific coast to see who is faster. In a post-credits scene, Lex Luthor puts a decoy in his place and escapes from Arkham Asylum, and then recruits Slade Wilson to form their own league.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Ben Affleck as Bruce Wayne / Batman:
A wealthy socialite, and the owner of Wayne Enterprises. He dedicates himself to protecting Gotham City from its criminal underworld as a highly trained, masked vigilante equipped with various tools and weapons.
Henry Cavill as Kal-El / Clark Kent / Superman:
A member of, and inspiration for, the Justice League, a Kryptonian survivor, and a journalist for the Daily Planet based in Metropolis.
Amy Adams as Lois Lane:
An undaunted and compassionate award-winning journalist for the Daily Planet and the love interest for Kent.[7]
Gal Gadot as Diana Prince / Wonder Woman:
An antiquities dealer, acquaintance of Wayne, and an immortal Amazonian warrior, who is the crown princess of Themyscira and daughter of Hippolyta and Zeus. She is endowed with metahuman attributes and abilities inherited from her parents.
Ezra Miller as Barry Allen / The Flash:
A Central City University student, who can move at superhuman speeds with his ability to tap into the Speed Force.
Jason Momoa as Arthur Curry / Aquaman:
The heir to the throne of the undersea nation of Atlantis.[8] His metahuman aquatic abilities and physical attributes originate from his Atlantean physiology.
Ray Fisher as Victor Stone / Cyborg:
A former college athlete who, after being cybernetically reconstructed after a nearly fatal car accident, is turned into a techno-organic being enhanced by reactive, adaptive biomimetic alien technology. His enhancements include the abilities of flight, variable weaponry and technopathy. Fisher portrays the character through the use of motion capture for the cybernetic portion of his body.[9]
Jeremy Irons as Alfred Pennyworth: Wayne's butler, chief of security, and trusted confidant.[10]
Diane Lane as Martha Kent: Kent's adoptive mother.[7]
Connie Nielsen as Hippolyta: Diana's mother and Queen of the Amazons.[7]
J. K. Simmons as James Gordon: The Commissioner of the Gotham City Police Department, and close ally of Batman.[7]
Ciarán Hinds as the voice of Steppenwolf: An alien military officer from Apokolips who leads an army of Parademons and is searching for the three Mother Boxes held on Earth. The character is described as "old, tired" and trying to find a way to escape his role of servitude under Darkseid.[11] Hinds portrayed the villain through use of motion capture and received some advice in the process from Liam Neeson, who had recently done similar work in A Monster Calls.[12]

text: The Olympian Old Gods Zeus, Ares and Artemis are portrayed by fitness model Sergi Constance, stuntman Nick McKinless, and MMA fighter Aurore Lauzeral, respectively.[13][14] All three were required to reach a specific degree of physicality, with Snyder instructing McKinless to sport "veins like worms and paper thin skin". In the finished film, McKinless' face was replaced with David Thewlis's face, and Thewlis received the credit as Ares.[13] Robin Wright reprises her role as Antiope during a flashback sequence.[15] Amber Heard portrays the Atlantean Mera.[7] During a scene depicting Steppenwolf's first invasion of Earth, Julian Lewis Jones appears as King Atlan, while Francis Magee portrays King Arthur Pendragon, credited as ancient king of Atlantis and ancient king of men, respectively.[16][17] Joe Morton reprises his role as Silas Stone, Victor Stone's father and S.T.A.R. Labs' head while Billy Crudup appears as Henry Allen, Barry Allen's father.[15] Joe Manganiello and Jesse Eisenberg appear uncredited in a post-credits scene as Slade Wilson / Deathstroke and Lex Luthor, respectively.[18] Michael McElhatton appears as the leader of a group of terrorists who clash with Wonder Woman early in the film,[19] while Holt McCallany makes an uncredited appearance as a burglar.[20] Marc McClure, who portrayed Jimmy Olsen in the Christopher Reeve Superman film series, has a cameo as a police officer.[21] An unidentified Green Lantern appears at the beginning of the film, created by use of CGI and embodied by an uncredited actor. Willem Dafoe and Kiersey Clemons filmed scenes as Nuidis Vulko and Iris West, respectively, although their roles were cut from the final film. Both actors are signed for multiple films and will appear in future installments of the franchise, Aquaman and Flashpoint, respectively.[22][23] Early in production, a scene depicting Green Lanterns Kilowog and Tomar-Re visiting Batman was filmed as another post-credits scene, further teasing Green Lantern Corps. The scene was later scrapped.[24]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In February 2007, it was announced that Warner Bros. had hired husband and wife duo Michele and Kieran Mulroney to write a script for a Justice League film.[25] The news came around the same time that Joss Whedon's long-developed Wonder Woman film was cancelled,[26] as well as The Flash, written and directed by David S. Goyer.[27] Reportedly titled Justice League: Mortal,[28] Michele and Kiernan Mulroney submitted their script to Warner Bros. in June 2007, receiving positive feedback,[29] which prompted the studio to immediately fast track production in the hope of beginning filming before the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike.[30] Warner Bros. was less willing to proceed with development of a sequel to Superman Returns, having been disappointed with its box office. Brandon Routh was not approached to reprise the role of Superman in Justice League: Mortal,[31] nor was Christian Bale from Batman Begins.[32] Warner Bros. intended for Justice League: Mortal to be the start of a new film franchise, and to branch out into separate sequels and spin-offs.[33] Shortly after filming The Dark Knight,[34] Bale stated in an interview that "It'd be better if it doesn't tread on the toes of what our Batman series is doing," and felt it would make more sense for Warner Bros. to release the film after The Dark Knight Rises.[32] Jason Reitman was the original choice to direct Justice League, but he turned it down, as he considers himself an independent filmmaker and prefers to stay out of big budget superhero films.[35] George Miller signed to direct in September 2007,[30] with Barrie Osbourne producing[36] on a projected $220 million budget.[37]

text: The following month, roughly 40 actors and actresses auditioned for the ensemble superhero roles, among them Joseph Cross, Michael Angarano, Max Thieriot, Minka Kelly, Adrianne Palicki and Scott Porter. Miller had intended to cast younger actors, as he wanted them to "grow" into their roles over the course of several films.[34] D. J. Cotrona was cast as Superman,[33] along with Armie Hammer as Batman.[38] Jessica Biel reportedly declined to play Wonder Woman role after negotiations.[39] The character was also linked to actresses Teresa Palmer and Shannyn Sossamon, along with Mary Elizabeth Winstead, who confirmed that she had auditioned.[40] Ultimately, Megan Gale was cast as Wonder Woman,[41] while Palmer was cast as Talia al Ghul, whom Miller had in mind to act with a Russian accent.[42] The script for Justice League: Mortal would have featured John Stewart as Green Lantern, a role originally offered to Columbus Short.[43] Hip hop recording artist and rapper Common was cast,[44] with Adam Brody as Barry Allen / Flash,[45] and Jay Baruchel as the lead villain, Maxwell Lord.[46] Longtime Miller collaborator Hugh Keays-Byrne had been cast in an unnamed role, rumored to be Martian Manhunter. Santiago Cabrera was eventually revealed to be Aquaman after the film was cancelled.[47] Marit Allen was hired as the original costume designer before her untimely death in November 2007,[48] and the responsibilities were assumed by Weta Workshop.[49]

text: However, the writers strike began that same month and placed the film on hold. Warner Bros. had to let the options lapse for the cast,[50] but development was fast tracked once more in February 2008 when the strike ended. Warner Bros. and Miller wanted to start filming immediately,[51] but production was pushed back three months.[33] Originally, the majority of Justice League: Mortal was to be shot at Fox Studios Australia in Sydney,[37] with other locations scouted nearby at local colleges,[36] and Sydney Heads doubling for Happy Harbor.[28] The Australian Film Commission had a say with casting choices, giving way for George Miller to cast Gale, Palmer and Keays-Bryne, all Australian natives. The production crew was composed entirely of Australians, but the Australian government denied Warner Bros. a 40 percent tax rebate as they felt they had not hired enough Australian actors.[37][52] Miller was frustrated, stating that "A once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for the Australian film industry is being frittered away because of very lazy thinking. They're throwing away hundreds of millions of dollars of investment that the rest of the world is competing for and, much more significantly, highly skilled creative jobs."[53] Production offices were then moved to Vancouver Film Studios in Canada. Filming was pushed back to July 2008, while Warner Bros was still confident they could produce the film for a summer 2009 release.[54][55]

text: With production delays continuing, and the success of The Dark Knight in July 2008,[56] Warner Bros. decided to focus on the development of individual films featuring the main heroes, allowing director Christopher Nolan to separately complete his Batman trilogy with The Dark Knight Rises in 2012. Gregory Noveck, senior vice president of creative affairs for DC Entertainment, stated, "we're going to make a Justice League movie, whether it's now or 10 years from now. But we're not going to do it and Warners is not going to do it until we know it's right."[57] Actor Adam Brody joked "They [Warner Brothers] just didn't want to cross their streams with a whole bunch of Batmans in the universe."[58] Warner Bros. relaunched development for a solo Green Lantern film, released in 2011 as a critical and financial disappointment. Meanwhile, film adaptations for The Flash and Wonder Woman continued to languish in development, while filming for a Superman reboot commenced in 2011 with Man of Steel, produced by Nolan and written by Batman screenwriter David S. Goyer. Shortly after filming on Man of Steel was complete, Warner Bros hired Will Beall to write the script for a new Justice League film.[59] Warner Bros. president Jeff Robinov explained that Man of Steel would be "setting the tone for what the movies are going to be like going forward. In that, it's definitely a first step."[60] The film included references to the existence of other superheroes in the DC Universe,[61] and set the tone for a shared fictional universe of DC Comics characters on film.[62] Goyer stated that should Green Lantern appear in a future installment, it would be a rebooted version of the character, unconnected to the 2011 film.[63]

text: With the release of Man of Steel in June 2013, Goyer was hired to write a sequel, as well as a new Justice League, with the Beall draft being scrapped.[64] The sequel was later revealed to be Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, a team-up film featuring Henry Cavill as Superman, Ben Affleck as Batman, Gal Gadot as Wonder Woman, Ezra Miller as The Flash, Jason Momoa as Aquaman, and Ray Fisher as Victor Stone / Cyborg, the latter three in minor roles that became more significant in the Justice League film. The universe is separate from Nolan and Goyer's work on The Dark Knight trilogy, although Nolan was still involved as an executive producer for Batman v Superman.[65] In April 2014, it was announced that Zack Snyder would also direct Goyer's Justice League script.[66] Warner Bros. was reportedly courting Chris Terrio to rewrite Justice League the following July, after having been impressed with his rewrite of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[67] On October 15, 2014, Warner Bros. announced the film would be released in two parts, with Part One on November 17, 2017, and Part Two on June 14, 2019. Snyder was set to direct both films.[68] In early July 2015, EW revealed that the script for Justice League Part One had been completed by Terrio.[69] Zack Snyder stated that the film would be inspired by the New Gods comic series by Jack Kirby.[70] Although Justice League was initially announced as a two-part film, with the second part set for release two years after the first, Snyder stated in June 2016 that they would be two distinct, separate films and not one film split into two parts, both being stand-alone stories.[71][72]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In April 2014, Ray Fisher was cast as Victor Stone / Cyborg. He first cameoed in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, followed by a larger role in Justice League.[73][74] Henry Cavill, Ben Affleck, Gal Gadot, Diane Lane and Amy Adams also reprised their roles from Batman v Superman.[68][75] In October 2014, Jason Momoa was cast as Arthur Curry / Aquaman and debuted as the character in Dawn of Justice.[76][77] On October 20, 2014, Momoa told ComicBook.com that the Justice League film would be released first, and that is what they were preparing for. He thought the solo Aquaman film may be Aquaman's origin story.[78] On January 13, 2016, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Amber Heard was in negotiations to appear in the film as Aquaman's love interest Mera.[79] In March 2016, producer Charles Roven said that Green Lantern would not appear in any film before Justice League Part Two, and stated that they "could put Green Lantern in some introduction in Justice League 2, or barring that, a movie after."[80] Also in March, The Hollywood Reporter announced that J. K. Simmons had been cast as Commissioner James Gordon,[81] and Heard was confirmed to join the cast as Mera.[82] Adams also confirmed that she would reprise her role as Lois Lane in both Justice League films.[83][84] By April 2016, Willem Dafoe had been cast in an undisclosed role,[85] later revealed to be Nuidis Vulko,[86] while Cavill confirmed that he would return for both Justice League films.[87] In May 2016, Jeremy Irons confirmed he would appear as Alfred Pennyworth.[10] That same month, Jesse Eisenberg stated that he would reprise his role as Lex Luthor, and in June 2016, confirmed his return in an interview with Shortlist magazine.[88][89] In July 2016, Julian Lewis Jones was cast in an undisclosed role, later revealed to be Atlan, the king of Atlantis.[16] Laurence Fishburne, who portrays Perry White in the DCEU, said he declined to reprise his role in the film due to scheduling conflicts.[90] In April 2017, Michael McElhatton revealed that he had a role in Justice League, which was later revealed to be a bank robber who faces off against Wonder Woman.[19]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography commenced on April 11, 2016, with shooting taking place at Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden, as well as various locations around London and Scotland. Additional filming took place in Chicago, Illinois, Los Angeles, and Djúpavík, in the Westfjords[91] of Iceland.[85][92][93] The old herring factory in Djúpavík was one Iceland filming location (Ben Affleck appeared to be standing near the herring oil tanks in the "Heroes" trailer). Snyder's longtime cinematographer Larry Fong was replaced by Fabian Wagner due to scheduling conflicts.[93] Affleck also served as executive producer.[94] In May 2016, it was revealed that Geoff Johns and Jon Berg would produce the Justice League films, and would also be in charge of the DC Extended Universe, after the largely negative critical reception of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[95] The same month, Irons stated that the Justice League storyline would be more linear and simple, compared to the theatrical version of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[96] Johns confirmed on June 3, 2016 that the title of the film is Justice League,[97] and later stated that the film would be "hopeful and optimistic" in comparison to previous DCEU films.[98] Filming wrapped in October 2016.[99][100][101]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: In May 2017, Snyder stepped down during post-production of the film to properly deal with the death of his daughter. Joss Whedon, whom Snyder had previously brought on to rewrite some additional scenes, took over to handle post-production duties in Snyder's place.[102] In July 2017, it was announced the film was undergoing two months of reshoots in London and Los Angeles, with Warner Bros. putting about $25 million into them (more than the typical $6–10 million additional filming costs).[103] The reshoots coincided with Cavill's schedule for Mission: Impossible – Fallout, for which he had grown a moustache which he was contracted to keep while filming, so Justice League's VFX team used special effects to digitally remove the moustache in post-production.[104] Warner Bros. later announced that Whedon would receive a screenwriting credit on the film alongside Chris Terrio.[105]

text: Music[edit]

text: In March 2016, Hans Zimmer, who co-composed the score for Man of Steel and Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, stated that he had officially retired from the "superhero business".[106] Junkie XL, who wrote and composed the soundtrack of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice with Zimmer, was originally scoring the film.[107] In June 2017, Danny Elfman was announced to have replaced Junkie XL.[108] Elfman had previously composed the films Batman and Batman Returns, and the theme music for Batman: The Animated Series. Elfman confirmed that he would use the Batman theme music from the 1989 film for Batman in the film, and would also briefly use John Williams' Superman theme during "a dark, twisted moment" in the film.[109][110] The film features a cover of Leonard Cohen's "Everybody Knows" performed by Sigrid, "Icky Thump" performed by the White Stripes, and a cover of the Beatles' "Come Together" performed by Gary Clark Jr. and Junkie XL.[111]

text: Release[edit]

text: Justice League held its world premiere in Beijing on October 26, 2017, and was theatrically released in North America in standard, RealD 3D and IMAX on November 17, 2017.[112] Justice League was released on Digital HD on February 13, 2018, and was released on Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D, 4K Ultra-HD Blu-ray and DVD on March 13, 2018.[113]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Justice League grossed $229 million in the United States and Canada, and $428.9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $657.9 million, against a production budget of $300 million.[3] It had a worldwide opening of $278.8 million, the 24th biggest of all-time.[114][115] The estimated gross worldwide for the film to break even is around $750 million.[116]

text: In the United States and Canada, industry tracking initially forecast the film debuting to $110–120 million from 4,051 theaters (including 400 IMAX screens).[117] It made $13 million from Thursday night previews, up from the $11 million made by Wonder Woman the previous June.[118] However, after making $38.8 million on its first day (including Thursday previews), weekend projections were lowered to $95 million. It ended up debuting to $93.8 million, down 45% from Batman v Superman's opening of $166 million, and being the first film of the DCEU to open under $100 million. Deadline.com attributed the low figure to lukewarm audience reaction to the film and most of its predecessors, as well as poor critical reception, and partly Warner-owned[not in citation given] film review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes not posting their aggregated score until the day before release, causing speculation and doubt from filmgoers.[119] In its second weekend, the film dropped 56% to $41.1 million, finishing second at the box office, behind newcomer Coco.[120] It was the second-best second weekend hold of the DCEU, behind Wonder Woman's 43%, but the lowest overall gross.[121] In its third week it again finished second behind Coco, grossing $16.7 million.[122]

text: Internationally, the film was projected to debut to $215–235 million for a worldwide opening of $325–355 million.[123] It made $8.5 million on its first day from nine countries, including South Korea, France and Brazil.[118] It ended up having a $185 million international debut from 65 countries, including $57.1 million from China, $9.8 million from the United Kingdom, $9.6 million from Mexico and $8.8 million from South Korea. The film broke a record in the Philippines with a debut of $1.12M (PHP 57.3M), making it the biggest industry opening day for a film there in 2017.[124] In Brazil, the film opened to $14.2 million, the biggest opening in the country's history.[114]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Justice League received praise for its action sequences and performances (primarily Gadot and Miller) but criticism for the writing, pacing and CGI, as well as the plot (regarded as thin), and the villain (regarded as underdeveloped).[125] On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 40%, based on 313 reviews, with an average rating of 5.3/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Justice League leaps over a number of DC movies, but its single bound isn't enough to shed the murky aesthetic, thin characters, and chaotic action that continue to dog the franchise."[126] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 45 out of 100, based on 52 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[127] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 85% overall positive score (average 4 out of 5 stars) and a 69% "definite recommend".[119][128]

text: Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars, praising the cast, especially Gadot, and saying "It's a putting-the-band-together origins movie, executed with great fun and energy."[129] Owen Gleiberman of Variety gave the film a positive review and wrote, "Justice League... has been conceived, in each and every frame, to correct the sins of Batman v Superman. It's not just a sequel—it's an act of franchise penance. The movie... is never messy or bombastic. It's light and clean and simple (at times almost too simple), with razory repartee and combat duels that make a point of not going on for too long."[130]

text: Writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers gave the film 2.5 out of 4 stars, praising the cast but criticizing the action sequences and writing, saying: "The scenes of the League members together, bickering and bonding, spike the film with humor and genuine feeling, creating a rooting interest in the audience. Without it, the film would crumble."[131] Conversely, Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter, while praising Gadot and Miller, called the film visually ugly and boring, saying, "Fatigue, repetition and a laborious approach to exposition are the keynotes of this affair, which is also notable for how Ben Affleck, donning the bat suit for the second time, looks like he'd rather be almost anywhere else but here."[132]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film's poster was nominated for "Best Action Poster" by the Golden Trailer Awards in June 2017.[133] In December 2017, Ezra Miller was nominated for "Best Comedic Performance" for his role as Barry Allen by the San Diego Film Critics Society.[134] Justice League was nominated for "Most Disappointing Film" by the Oklahoma Film Critics Circle Awards, and it was tied in second place with The Dark Tower.[135]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: A sequel was scheduled to be released in June 2019,[68] but has since been delayed to accommodate the release for a standalone Batman film.[136] By March 2017, producer Charles Roven announced that Zack Snyder would return as director.[137] In October 2017, J. K. Simmons stated that the studio is working on a sequel script, alongside The Batman.[138] Shortly after the release of Justice League, Henry Cavill stated that he is under contract with Warner Bros. to play Superman for one more film.[139]

text: In December 2017, it was reported that there were "no immediate plans" for Zack Snyder to direct a Justice League sequel, or any other DC films, with Snyder instead being relegated to an executive producer position. This comes after a reshuffling of film production staff at Warner Bros. due to the film's financial performance.[140]