document_title: Double (basketball)

question_text: who had the last quadruple double in the nba

text: Double (basketball)

text: Double-double[edit]

text: A double-double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double-digit number total in two of five statistical categories—points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocked shots—in a game. The most common double-double combination is points and rebounds, followed by points and assists.[2] Double-doubles are fairly common in the NBA. During the 2008–09 season, 69 players who were eligible for leadership in the main statistical categories recorded at least 10 double-doubles during the season.[3]

text: Special double-doubles are rare. One such double-double is called double double-double (also referred to as 20–20 or Double-20). It occurs when a player accumulates 20 or more in two different statistical categories in a game.[4][5][6] Another such double-double is called a triple double-double (also referred to as 30–30).[7] The only player in NBA history to record a 40-40 is Wilt Chamberlain, who achieved the feat eight times in his career. Of the five instances, four were recorded in his rookie season, and the fifth was achieved the following year where he recorded 78 points and 43 rebounds in a game. Wilt Chamberlain also holds the record for most career double-doubles (regular season and playoffs) with 1111. Tim Duncan is second with 1005, followed by Kareem Abdul-Jabbar with 1004.

text: NBA[edit]

text: Double-double leaders (in regular season)[edit]

text: The following is a list of regular season double-double leaders since the 1983–84 season:

text:
^
Denotes active player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

text:
Point-rebound[8]

Rank
Name
Total

1
Duncan, TimTim Duncan
841

2
Malone, KarlKarl Malone*
811

3
Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon*
774

4
Garnett, KevinKevin Garnett
741

5
O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal*
727

6
Barkley, CharlesCharles Barkley*
706

7
Howard, DwightDwight Howard^
687

8
Ewing, PatrickPatrick Ewing*
580

9
Robinson, DavidDavid Robinson*
543

10
Gasol, PauPau Gasol^
518

11
Willis, KevinKevin Willis
488

12
Randolph, ZachZach Randolph^
480

13
Mutombo, DikembeDikembe Mutombo*
469

14
Williams, BuckBuck Williams
459

15
Webber, ChrisChris Webber
440

16
Malone, MosesMoses Malone*
435

17
Parish, RobertRobert Parish*
430

18
Marion, ShawnShawn Marion
427

19
Oakley, CharlesCharles Oakley
426

20
Thorpe, OtisOtis Thorpe
411

Point-assist[9]

Rank
Name
Total

1
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton*
714

2
Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson*
514

3
Nash, SteveSteve Nash
436

4
Thomas, IsiahIsiah Thomas*
408

5
Kidd, JasonJason Kidd
402

6
Paul, ChrisChris Paul^
407

7
Johnson, KevinKevin Johnson
319

8
Westbrook, RussellRussell Westbrook^
281

9
Williams, DeronDeron Williams^
275

10
Strickland, RodRod Strickland
271

11
Jackson, MarkMark Jackson
242

Payton, GaryGary Payton*
242

13
Wall, JohnJohn Wall^
224

14
Hardaway, TimTim Hardaway
279

15
Marbury, StephonStephon Marbury
210

16
Miller, AndreAndre Miller
197

17
James, LeBronLeBron James^
192

18
Porter, TerryTerry Porter
188

19
Rondo, RajonRajon Rondo^
181

20
Davis, BaronBaron Davis
177

text: Facts[edit]

text: Longest continuous streak of double-doubles: According to the Elias Sports Bureau, Wilt Chamberlain holds the record with 227 consecutive double-doubles from 1964 to 1967.[10] Chamberlain also holds the second and third longest continuous streaks of double-doubles with 220 and 133.[10] This record is before the ABA–NBA merger in 1976. The longest streak of double-doubles since the merger was 53 games, achieved by Kevin Love, then of the Minnesota Timberwolves.[11]

text: Triple-double[edit]

text: A triple-double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double digit number total in three of five statistical categories—points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocked shots—in a game. The most common way for a player to achieve a triple-double is with points, rebounds, and assists, though on occasion players may record 10 or more steals or blocked shots in a game.[12] The origin of the term "triple-double" is unclear. Some sources claim that it was coined by former Los Angeles Lakers public relations director Bruce Jolesch in the 1980s in order to showcase Magic Johnson's versatility,[13][14] while others claim that it was coined by then Philadelphia 76ers media relations director Harvey Pollack in 1980.[15][16] The triple-double became an officially recorded statistic during the 1979–80 season.

text: There has been occasional controversy surrounding triple-doubles made when a player achieves the feat with a late rebound. Players with nine rebounds in a game have sometimes been accused of deliberately missing a shot late in the game in order to recover the rebound; a few have even gone so far as shooting off their opponent's basket trying to score a triple-double. To deter this, NBA rules allow rebounds to be nullified if the shot is determined not to be a legitimate scoring attempt.[17]

text: NBA[edit]

text: From the 1990–91 to the 2010–11 season, the NBA averaged 34.5 triple-doubles per season, roughly 1 in every 36 games.[19]

text: From the 2011–12 to the 2016–17 season, the NBA saw a dramatic increase in the number of triple-doubles, with an average of 57.33 triple-doubles per season, roughly 1 in every 22 games.[20] Russell Westbrook was responsible for 74 of the triple-doubles during that span, or 21.5% of the 344 total triple-doubles.

text: Triple-double leaders (in regular season)[edit]

text: The following is a list of regular season triple-double leaders:

text:
All-time triple-double leaders (regular season)

Rank
Name
Triple-doubles

1
Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson*
181[21]

2
Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson*
138[21]

3
Kidd, JasonJason Kidd
107[22][23]

4
Westbrook, RussellRussell Westbrook^
93[24]

5
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
78[21]

6
James, LeBronLeBron James^
62[21]

7
Bird, LarryLarry Bird*
59[25]

8
Lever, FatFat Lever
43[21]

9
Cousy, BobBob Cousy*
33[26]

Harden, JamesJames Harden^
33[27]

11
Havlicek, JohnJohn Havlicek*
31[28]

12
Rondo, RajonRajon Rondo^
30[29]

13
Hill, GrantGrant Hill
29[30]

14
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
28[21]

15
Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor*
26[31]

16
Drexler, ClydeClyde Drexler*
25[21]

17
Frazier, WaltWalt Frazier*
23[32]

18
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
21[33]

Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*
21[34]

Richardson, Micheal RayMicheal Ray Richardson
21

Green, DraymondDraymond Green^
21

Chris Webber
21[35]

text: Facts[edit]

text:
First triple-double in league history: According to the Harvey J. Pollack NBA Statistical Yearbook, Dolph Schayes (Syracuse Nationals) might have logged the league's first triple-double on February 8, 1951, versus the New York Knicks. He had 18 points, 22 rebounds and 13 assists.[36]
Averaging a triple-double in a single season: Oscar Robertson (Cincinnati Royals) and Russell Westbrook (Oklahoma City Thunder) are the only players in NBA history to achieve this feat.[13][37] During the 1961–62 season, Robertson averaged 30.8 points, 12.5 rebounds, and 11.4 assists per game.[13][38] Although Robertson only achieved the feat for a full season once, his cumulative stats over his first 5 seasons gave him an average of 30.3 points, 10.4 rebounds, and 10.6 assists per game.[38] Westbrook finished the 2016–17 season averaging 31.6 points, 10.7 rebounds, and 10.4 assists.[39]
Most triple-doubles in a single season: In 2016–17, Russell Westbrook (Oklahoma City Thunder) recorded 42 triple-doubles.[37][40]
Most triple-doubles in road games in a single season: Russell Westbrook (Oklahoma City Thunder) recorded 17 of 42 triple-doubles in away games.[41]
Most 50-point triple-doubles in a single season: Russell Westbrook (Oklahoma City Thunder) recorded three 50-point triple-doubles in the 2016–17 season. James Harden is the other player to record more than one 50-point triple double with two in the same season.[41] It is more than likely that Wilt Chamberlain recorded many 50-point triple-doubles during his historic 1961-62 NBA season, but they remain unofficial, as steals and blocked shots were not yet recorded as official statistics.[36]

text:
Most triple-doubles in a single season

Rank
Name
Triple-doubles
Team
NBA season

1
Russell Westbrook
42
Oklahoma City Thunder
2016–17

2
Oscar Robertson
41
Cincinnati Royals
1961–62

3
Wilt Chamberlain
31
Philadelphia 76ers
1967–68

4
Oscar Robertson
26
Cincinnati Royals
1960–61

Oscar Robertson
26
Cincinnati Royals
1963–64

6
Oscar Robertson
22
Cincinnati Royals
1964–65

Wilt Chamberlain
22
Philadelphia 76ers
1966–67

James Harden
22
Houston Rockets
2016–17

9
Oscar Robertson
20
Cincinnati Royals
1962–63

10
Magic Johnson
18
Los Angeles Lakers
1981–82

Russell Westbrook
18
Oklahoma City Thunder
2015–16

12
Magic Johnson
17
Los Angeles Lakers
1988–89

13
Fat Lever
16
Denver Nuggets
1985–86

14
Michael Jordan
15
Chicago Bulls
1988–89

15
Magic Johnson
13
Los Angeles Lakers
1987–88

Magic Johnson
13
Los Angeles Lakers
1990–91

Grant Hill
13
Detroit Pistons
1996–97

Jason Kidd
13
New Jersey Nets
2007–08

Draymond Green
13
Golden State Warriors
2015–16

LeBron James
13
Cleveland Cavaliers
2016–17

20
Jason Kidd
12
New Jersey Nets
2006–07

text:
Most triple-doubles in NBA playoffs: Magic Johnson recorded 30 playoff triple-doubles over his career; LeBron James is second with 19.[42]
Most triple-doubles in NBA Finals: LeBron James recorded 9 Finals triple-doubles over his career.
Averaging a triple-double in an NBA Finals: LeBron James (Cleveland Cavaliers), in the 2017 Finals, averaged 33.6 points, 12.0 rebounds, and 10.0 assists per game.
Youngest player: Lonzo Ball (Los Angeles Lakers), aged 20 years and 15 days, logged a triple-double on November 11, 2017, versus the Milwaukee Bucks. He had 19 points, 12 rebounds, and 13 assists.[43]
Oldest player: Karl Malone (Los Angeles Lakers), aged 40 years and 127 days—the only 40-year-old player to do so—logged a triple-double on November 28, 2003, versus the San Antonio Spurs. He had 10 points, 11 rebounds, and 10 assists.[44]
Fastest triple-double: Jim Tucker (Syracuse Nationals), holds the record for the fastest triple double. On February 20, 1955, Tucker, in his rookie year, recorded the mark in just 17 minutes. He finished the game with 12 points, 10 rebounds and 12 assists in a 104-84 win over the New York Knicks.[45]
Double-triple-double[46] (at least 20 of any 3 statistics): Wilt Chamberlain (Philadelphia 76ers) is the only player to have accomplished this; in a February 2, 1968 game versus Detroit Pistons, Chamberlain tallied 22 points, 25 rebounds, and 21 assists.[47]
Most points scored in a triple-double: Russell Westbrook (Oklahoma City Thunder) holds the record for the most points scored in a triple-double with 57 points, 13 rebounds, and 11 assists on March 29, 2017 against the Orlando Magic in overtime. The previous record was 53 points, by both Wilt Chamberlain and James Harden.[48]
Triple-double not including points: The only such triple-double occurred on February 10, 2017, when Draymond Green (Golden State Warriors) scored only 4 points, but collected 12 rebounds, 10 assists, and 10 steals against the Memphis Grizzlies.[49]
Longest continuous streak of triple-doubles: Wilt Chamberlain (Philadelphia 76ers) holds the record for the most consecutive triple-doubles. In 1968, from March 8 to March 20, he recorded a triple-double in nine straight games.[50] The second longest streak is seven, a record jointly held by Robertson, Michael Jordan, and Westbrook.[51][52][53]
Triple-doubles by teammates: Has occurred three times in the NBA.

March 14, 1964, Donnie Butcher (Detroit Pistons) had 19 points, 15 rebounds, and 15 assists and Ray Scott had 23 points, 20 rebounds, and 11 assists against the New York Knicks.[54]
January 3, 1989, Michael Jordan (Chicago Bulls) had 41 points, 11 assists, and 10 rebounds and Scottie Pippen had 15 points, 12 assists, and 10 rebounds against the Los Angeles Clippers.[55]
April 7, 2007, New Jersey Nets Vince Carter had 46 points, 16 rebounds, and 10 assists and Jason Kidd had 10 points, 16 rebounds, and 18 assists against the Washington Wizards.[56]

Triple-doubles by opponents: This has occurred only ten times since 1983–84, four times involving Jason Kidd (while playing for three different teams):[36]

Magic Johnson and Jeff Ruland (Los Angeles at Washington, February 10, 1984)[57]
Jason Kidd and Clyde Drexler (Dallas at Houston, April 11, 1995)[58]
Kidd and Drexler (Phoenix at Houston, March 22, 1997)[59]
Gary Payton and Chris Webber (Seattle at Sacramento, April 18, 2000)[60]
Kidd and Jay Williams (New Jersey at Chicago, November 9, 2002)[61]
Kidd and Tracy McGrady (New Jersey at Orlando, February 23, 2003)[62]
Caron Butler and Baron Davis (Washington at Golden State, November 23, 2007)[63]
Victor Oladipo and Michael Carter-Williams (Orlando at Philadelphia, December 3, 2013 (2 OT))[64]

Oladipo and Carter-Williams were both rookies when accomplishing the feat, marking the first and only time in NBA history that two rookies have recorded triple-doubles in the same game. These were the first career triple-doubles for both players. The last time that two players had recorded their first career triple-doubles in the same game was when Donnie Butcher and Ray Scott (Detroit Pistons) did it on March 14, 1964 (they were not rookies).[65]

Russell Westbrook and Giannis Antetokounmpo (Oklahoma City at Milwaukee, March 6, 2016)[66]
LeBron James and Stephen Curry (Cleveland at Golden State, June 4, 2017)

text: NCAA Division I[edit]

text:
Most triple-doubles in a career:

Men's: Kyle Collinsworth (BYU, 2010–12, 2014–16) with 12 — six in 2014–15 and six again as a senior in 2015–16.[67] Prior to the triple-double being tracked as an NCAA statistic, Oscar Robertson (Cincinnati) had 10—five in 1958–59 and five in 1959–60.[68]
Women's: Sabrina Ionescu (Oregon, 2016–present) with 8 – four in 2016–17 and four so far in 2017–18.[69]

Consecutive triple-doubles: In Division I men's play, David Edwards (Texas A&M), Penny Hardaway (Memphis State), Tony Lee (Robert Morris), Gerald Lewis (SMU), Shaquille O’Neal (LSU), and Kevin Roberson (Vermont) each recorded two consecutive games with a triple-double.[70]

text: Uniquely, Danielle Carson recorded three consecutive triple-doubles in the 1985–86 season, becoming the only Division I player of either sex to do so. She began by recording 12 points, 10, rebounds, and 12 assists against Akron on November 29, 1985. The following day, she recorded 20 points, 12 rebounds, and at least 20 assists against Kent State (her exact assists total in that game is unknown). Finally, on December 2 against Cleveland State, Carson recorded 26 points, 15 rebounds, and 14 assists.[71]

text:
Most triple-doubles in a single season:

Men's: Kyle Collinsworth (BYU), with six – performed twice: in the 2014–15 season, and again in 2015–16.[67]
Women's: Danielle Carson (Youngstown State), also with six in the 1985–86 season.[71]

Triple-doubles in NCAA tournament history:

text:
Name
Team
Score
Opponent
Round
Date
Minutes
played
Points
Rebounds
Assists
Steals
Blocks
Reference

Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson
Cincinnati
98–85
Louisville
Third place
000000001959-03-21-0000March 21, 1959
39
39
17
10
—
—
[73]

Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson
Michigan State
95–64
Lamar
Second round
000000001979-03-10-0000March 10, 1979
35
13
17
10

Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson
Michigan State
101–67
Penn
Final Four
000000001979-03-24-0000March 24, 1979
35
29
10
10
3
0
[73]

Grant, GaryGary Grant
Michigan
97–109
North Carolina
Second round
000000001987-03-14-0000March 14, 1987
39
24
10
10
1
0
[74]

O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal
LSU
94–83
BYU
First round
000000001992-03-19-0000March 19, 1992
31
26
13
4
1
11
[73]

Cain, DavidDavid Cain
St. John's
85–67
Texas Tech
First round
000000001993-03-18-0000March 18, 1993
37
12
11
11
1
0
[75]

Miller, AndreAndre Miller
Utah
76–51
Arizona
Elite Eight
000000001998-03-21-0000March 21, 1998
36
18
14
13
2
1
[73]

Wade, DwyaneDwyane Wade
Marquette
83–69
Kentucky
Elite Eight
000000002003-03-29-0000March 29, 2003
35
29
11
11
1
4
[73]

Aldrich, ColeCole Aldrich
Kansas
60–43
Dayton
Second round
000000002009-03-22-0000March 22, 2009
31
13
20
1
0
10
[76]

Green, DraymondDraymond Green
Michigan State
76–78
UCLA
First round
000000002011-03-17-0000March 17, 2011
37
23
11
10
4
0
[77]

Green, DraymondDraymond Green
Michigan State
89–67
Long Island
Second round
000000002012-03-16-0000March 16, 2012
35
24
12
10
1
0
[78]

text:
Name
Team
Score
Opponent
Round
Date
Points
Rebounds
Assists
Steals
Blocks
Reference

Lander, CassandraCassandra Lander
Cincinnati

Georgia
First round
000000001982-03-12-0000March 12, 1982
17
11
10
—
—
[71]

Donovan, AnneAnne Donovan
Old Dominion

Penn State
Elite Eight
000000001983-03-26-0000March 26, 1983
20
13
—
—
12
[71]

Davis, JoniJoni Davis
Missouri

LSU
First round
000000001984-03-18-0000March 18, 1984
14
11
10
—
—
[71]

Meier, KatieKatie Meier
Duke

Manhattan
First round
000000001987-03-11-0000March 11, 1987
16
11
10
—
—
[71]

Jordan, PaulinePauline Jordan
UNLV

Colorado
Second round
000000001989-03-18-0000March 18, 1989
22
17
—
—
11
[71]

Henning, SonjaSonja Henning
Stanford

Cal State Fullerton
Second round
000000001991-03-16-0000March 16, 1991
19
10
10
—
—
[71]

Johnson, NiesaNiesa Johnson
Alabama

Duke
Second round
000000001995-03-18-0000March 18, 1995
28
12
14
—
—
[71]

Henderson, TracyTracy Henderson
Georgia

Louisville
Second round
000000001995-03-19-0000March 19, 1995
14
13
—
—
10
[71]

Penicheiro, TichaTicha Penicheiro
Old Dominion

Saint Francis (PA)
First round
000000001998-03-13-0000March 13, 1998
22
—
15
14
—
[71]

Powell, NicoleNicole Powell
Stanford

Weber State
First round
000000002002-03-16-0000March 16, 2002
20
11
10
—
—
[71]

Powell, NicoleNicole Powell
Stanford

Tulane
Second round
000000002002-03-18-0000March 18, 2002
16
10
10
—
—
[71]

Haynie, KristinKristin Haynie
Michigan State

Vanderbilt
Sweet Sixteen
000000002005-03-27-0000March 27, 2005
16
10
10
—
—
[71]

Diggins, SkylarSkylar Diggins
Notre Dame

Maryland
Elite Eight
000000002012-03-27-0000March 27, 2012
13
10
10
—
—
[71]

Mosqueda-Lewis, KaleenaKaleena Mosqueda-Lewis
Connecticut

Saint Joseph's
Sweet Sixteen
000000002014-03-25-0000March 25, 2014
20
10
10
—
—
[71]

Logic, SamanthaSamantha Logic
Iowa

Baylor
Elite Eight
000000002015-03-27-0000March 27, 2015
13
10
14
—
—
[71]

text:
Others

Kalara McFadyen of the Memphis Lady Tigers achieved perhaps the most unusual triple-double in history, and she did it without scoring a point or even attempting a shot from either the field or the free-throw line. On February 3, 2002, in a women's Division I game against Charlotte, she had 12 assists, 10 steals, and 10 rebounds.[79][80]

text: Quadruple-double[edit]

text: A quadruple-double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double digit number total in four of five statistical categories—points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocked shots—in a game.[81] This feat is extremely rare:[81][82] only four players have officially recorded a quadruple-double in National Basketball Association (NBA) history. The first American male player above the high school level to officially record a quadruple-double was Nate Thurmond, who achieved this feat in 1974 while playing for the NBA's Chicago Bulls. The first American female player above the high school level to officially record a quadruple-double was Ann Meyers, who achieved this feat in 1978 while playing for the UCLA Bruins, when women's college sports were under the auspices of the AIAW.[83] The first male player in NCAA Division I history to record a quadruple-double was Lester Hudson in 2007.[84] The first Division I women's player to have officially recorded a quadruple-double since the NCAA began sponsoring women's sports in 1981–82 was Veronica Pettry of Loyola of Chicago in 1989. Only three other women have done so since, and Shakyla Hill's quadruple-double for Grambling State in 2018 was the first since 1993. An earlier player, Jackie Spencer of Louisville, accomplished the feat against Cincinnati during the 1984–85 season, but the NCAA did not record assists and steals throughout Division I women's basketball at that time. The Metro Conference, then home to both schools, did officially record these statistics, but the NCAA did not start doing so until 1985–86 for assists and 1987–88 for steals.[71]

text: NBA[edit]

text: Quadruple-doubles have only been possible since the 1973–74 season, when the NBA started recording both blocked shots and steals. It is often speculated by observers that other all-time greats, namely Oscar Robertson (all time triple-doubles leader with 181[85][86]), Wilt Chamberlain, Bill Russell and Jerry West could conceivably have had quadruple-doubles.[82] West's biography at NBA.com claims that he once recorded an unofficial quadruple-double with 44 points, 12 rebounds, 10 assists and 10 blocks.[87] A biography of Wilt Chamberlain claims that he also recorded an unofficial quadruple-double in Game 1 of the 1967 Eastern Division Finals against the Boston Celtics, when he had 24 points, 32 rebounds, 13 assists and 12 blocks.[88]

text: The reason why [the quadruple-double] is such a hard thing to accomplish is because it requires a player to be completely dominant on both ends of the court without being too selfish—so he can get the assists—and without fouling out trying to block every shot or grab every rebound. A lot of guys can get the points, rebounds and assists, but it's the defensive stuff that messes everybody up. You have to love defense to get a quadruple-double. There's no way around it.

text: The four players listed below are the only players who have officially recorded a quadruple-double in an NBA game. Except for Thurmond, who retired before the award was established in 1983, all of them have won NBA Defensive Player of the Year at least once.[89]

text:
Name
Date
Team
Score
Opponent
Min
Points
Reb
Assists
Steals
Blocks
Overtime
Ref

Thurmond, NateNate Thurmond*
000000001974-10-18-0000October 18, 1974
Chicago Bulls
120–115
Atlanta Hawks
45
22
14
13
0 or 1
12
Yes (OT)
[90]

Robertson, AlvinAlvin Robertson
000000001986-02-18-0000February 18, 1986
San Antonio Spurs
120–114
Phoenix Suns
36
20
11
10
10
0
No
[91]

Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon*
000000001990-03-29-0000March 29, 1990
Houston Rockets
120–94
Milwaukee Bucks
40
18
16
10
1
11
No
[92]

Robinson, DavidDavid Robinson*
000000001994-02-17-0000February 17, 1994
San Antonio Spurs
115–96
Detroit Pistons
43
34
10
10
2
10
No
[93]

text: Only seven other players (Clyde Drexler did it twice) have managed to finish with triple-doubles and a total of 9 in a fourth statistical category (statistical categories in which they fell short are in bold):

text:
Name
Date
Team
Opponent
Minutes
played
Points
Rebounds
Assists
Steals
Blocks
Overtime
Reference

Barry, RickRick Barry*
000000001974-10-29-0000October 29, 1974
Golden State Warriors
Buffalo Braves
43
30
10
11
9
—
No
[94][95]

Steele, LarryLarry Steele
000000001974-11-16-0000November 16, 1974
Portland Trail Blazers
Los Angeles Lakers
44
12
11
9
10
—
No
[96][97]

Moore, JohnnyJohnny Moore
000000001985-01-08-0000January 8, 1985
San Antonio Spurs
Golden State Warriors
36
26
11
13
9
—
No
[98]

Bird, LarryLarry Bird*[a]
000000001985-02-18-0000February 18, 1985
Boston Celtics
Utah Jazz
33
30
12
10
9
—
No
[99][100]

Richardson, Micheal RayMicheal Ray Richardson
000000001985-10-30-0000October 30, 1985
New Jersey Nets
Indiana Pacers
54
38
11
11
9
—
Yes (3 OT)
[101]

Drexler, ClydeClyde Drexler*
000000001986-01-10-0000January 10, 1986
Portland Trail Blazers
Milwaukee Bucks
42
26
9
11
10
—
No
[97]

Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon*[b]
000000001990-03-03-0000March 3, 1990
Houston Rockets
Golden State Warriors
40
29
18
9[b]
5
11
No
[102]

Drexler, ClydeClyde Drexler*
000000001996-11-01-0000November 1, 1996
Houston Rockets
Sacramento Kings
42
25
10
9
10
—
No
[103]

text: Notes

text:
a Bird sat out the entire fourth quarter. After three quarters, head coach K. C. Jones informed Bird that he was one steal away from a quadruple-double and asked if he wanted to stay in the game. Bird declined, saying that he "already did enough damage."[104][105]
b Olajuwon was credited with 9 assists in the original box score. However, after Rockets officials reviewed the game tape and discovered what they believe was an uncredited assist in the first quarter, they revised the box score, crediting Olajuwon with 10 assists and the third quadruple-double in NBA history. NBA's director of operations, Rod Thorn, requested to review the tape. After reviewing the tape, the league disallowed Olajuwon's quadruple-double and announced that his original line—with 9 assists—is official.[106][107]

text: Other men's basketball[edit]

text: Accurate as of April 2017[update]

text:
League
Name
Date
Team
Opponent
Points
Rebounds
Assists
Steals
Blocks
Overtime
Reference

French National League
Lewis, DerrickDerrick Lewis[c]
000000001990-02-24-0000February 24, 1990
Reims
Lorient
20
11
—
12
10
No
[108]

National Basketball League (Australia)
Rowe, DarenDaren Rowe[d]
000000001990-01-01-00001990
Geelong Supercats
North Melbourne Giants
25
17
11
—
11
No
[109]

Chinese Basketball Association
Hu Xuefeng
000000002004-12-08-0000December 8, 2004
Jiangsu Dragons
Yunnan Bulls
16
10
12
10
—
No
[110]

FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship
Rubio, RickyRicky Rubio
000000002006-08-19-0000August 19, 2006
Spain
Croatia
19
10
13
11
—
No
[111]

Metropolitan Basketball Association
Belano, DonbelDonbel Belano
000000001999-08-14-0000August 14, 1999
Davao Eagles
Nueva Ecija Patriots
19
11
11
10
—
No
[111]

American Basketball Association (2000–)
Staten, JamelJamel Staten
000000002007-02-02-0000February 2, 2007
Minnesota Ripknees
St. Louis Stunners
17
11
11
10
—
No
[112]

NCAA Division I men
Hudson, LesterLester Hudson[e]
000000002007-11-13-0000November 13, 2007
UT Martin
Central Baptist
25
12
10
10
1
No
[84][113]

Continental Basketball Association
Blackburn, JermaineJermaine Blackburn
000000002008-12-20-0000December 20, 2008
East Kentucky Miners
West Virginia Wild
22
10
14
10
—
No
[114]

High school boys
Benimon, JerrelleJerrelle Benimon
000000002009-02-17-0000February 17, 2009
Fauquier HS
Osbourn HS
13
17
11
—
10
No
[115]

Chinese Basketball Association
Williams, ChrisChris Williams
000000002009-12-25-0000December 25, 2009
Qingdao Doublestar
Dongguan Leopards
15
11
11
11
—
No
[116]

High school boys
Isaiah Grant
000000002014-12-06-0000December 6, 2014
Sequoia Pathway Academy
Berean Academy
11
10
10
10
–
No
[117]

NJCAA
Clifford Wilson
000000001979-02-14-0000February 14, 1979
Fulton-Montgomery
Hudson Valley
31
18
10
—
15
No

NJCAA
Monroe Pippins
000000001995-02-09-0000February 9, 1995
Fulton-Montgomery
Herkimer
34
17
10
11
—
No

Ukrainian First league
Vitaliy Bykov
000000002016-12-17-0000December 17, 2016
BC Zaporizhya-2
BC Kramatorsk
14
13
11
12
—
No
[118]

Liga Super Basketball U-18
Natan Oliveira
000000002017-04-08-0000April 8, 2017
Colégio Sul Americano
Rappers
32
11
10
16
—
No
[119]

text: Notes

text:
c This is the only quadruple-double in French National League history.[108]
d This is the only quadruple-double in National Basketball League history.[109]
e This is the only quadruple-double in NCAA Division I men's basketball history.[84] The opponent, Central Baptist, plays in the NAIA.

text: Women's basketball[edit]

text: Mostly accurate as of January 2018[update]. NCAA records are complete for Divisions I and II, but not for Division III; specifically, entering the 2017–18 season, there have been a total of eight quadruple-doubles in Division III play, and one player, Suzy Venet of Mount Union (1994–1998), had two in her career, both in the 1996–97 season.[120] NAIA records are also incomplete.

text:
League
Name
Date
Team
Opponent
Points
Rebounds
Assists
Steals
Blocks
Reference

American Basketball League
Black, DebbieDebbie Black
000000001996-12-08-0000December 8, 1996
Colorado Xplosion
Atlanta Glory
10
14
12
10
—
[121][122]

Israeli Basketball Super League
Brown, EdwinaEdwina Brown
000000002008-12-01-0000December 2008
Ramat Hen
Hapoel Holon
22
10
10
10
—
[123]

Greek Women's Basketball League
Dimitrakou, ZoiZoi Dimitrakou
000000002009-03-22-0000March 22, 2009
G.S. Megas Alexandros
Aris Holargou
49
18
10
12
—
[124]

Russian Premier League
Kalmykova, MariaMaria Kalmykova
000000002001-01-21-0000January 21, 2001
Chevakata Vologda
Dynamo Kursk
20
15
11
—
11
[125]

European U16 Championship
Verameyenka, AnastasiyaAnastasiya Verameyenka
000000002003-04-20-0000April 20, 2003
Belarus U16 NT
Czech U16 NT
21
10
—
10
12
[126]

AIAW Division I women
Meyers, AnnAnn Meyers
000000001978-02-18-0000February 18, 1978
UCLA
Stephen F. Austin
20
14
10
10
—
[83]

NCAA Division I women
Spencer, JackieJackie Spencer[a]
000000001985-02-02-0000February 2, 1985
Louisville
Cincinnati
14
12
14
10
—
[127]

NCAA Division I women
Pettry, VeronicaVeronica Pettry
000000001989-03-04-0000March 4, 1989
Loyola (Chicago)
Detroit
12
10
22
11
—
[127]

NCAA Division I women
Jones, RamonaRamona Jones
000000001991-01-14-0000January 14, 1991
Lamar
UCF
10
10
10
12
—
[127]

NCAA Division I women
Tate, SonjaSonja Tate
000000001993-01-27-0000January 27, 1993
Arkansas State
Mississippi Valley State
29
14
10
10
—
[127]

NCAA Division I women
Hill, ShakylaShakyla Hill
000000002018-01-03-0000January 3, 2018
Grambling State
Alabama State
15
10
10
10
—
[128]

NCAA Division II women
Watkins, TereskaTereska Watkins
000000001997-02-08-0000February 8, 1997
Fort Valley State
 ???
12
12
10
10
—
[129]

NCAA Division III women
Esteves, EvitaEvita Esteves
000000002004-02-05-0000February 5, 2004
Emmanuel (MA)
Johnson & Wales
10
10
11
13
—
[130][131]

NCAA Division III women
Purnell, DannaDanna Purnell
000000002007-02-10-0000February 10, 2007
SUNY-Old Westbury
New Rochelle
14
10
11
13
—
[130][132]

NCAA Division III women
Williams, LatiquaLatiqua Williams
000000002008-11-16-0000November 16, 2008
Bard
New Rochelle
21
13
10
11
—
[133]

NAIA women
Gonzales, SuzanneSuzanne Gonzales[b]
000000001989-02-11-0000February 11, 1989
Southern Colorado
Western State[135]
13
12
10
11
—
[129]

Ukrainian Professional Basketball League
Iagupova, AlinaAlina Iagupova
000000002011-05-15-0000May 15, 2011
BC Dnipro
Luhanski Lastivky
28
15
13
10
—
Stats

text:
Jump up ^ The NCAA does not consider Spencer's quadruple-double to be official. Although the Metro Conference, then home to both teams involved in this game, kept records in all of the relevant statistical categories in the 1984–85 season, the NCAA did not. Assists were not recorded throughout Division I women's basketball until 1985–86, and steals were not so recorded until 1987–88.[127]
Jump up ^ Although Gonzales played for a school that is now a member of NCAA Division II, the NCAA does not consider her quadruple-double to be official for two reasons. First, the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference, then as now home to both teams involved in this game, then competed in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), and was not an NCAA conference until 1992–93.[134] In addition, the NCAA did not record steals throughout Division II women's basketball until 1992–93.[129]

text: Quintuple-double[edit]

text: A quintuple-double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double-digit number total in all five statistical categories—points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocked shots—-in a single game.[136] There are only two known quintuple-doubles, both done at the high-school level. The first was recorded by Tamika Catchings of Duncanville High School (Duncanville, Texas) with 25 points, 18 rebounds, 11 assists, 10 steals and 10 blocks in 1997.[137] The second was by Aimee Oertner of Northern Lehigh High School (Slatington, Pennsylvania), who had 26 points, 20 rebounds, 10 assists, 10 steals, and 11 blocks on January 7, 2012.[138]

text: Five-by-five[edit]

text: A five-by-five is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a total of five in five statistical categories—points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocks—in a single game.[139] Statistics for steals and blocks were not kept in the NBA until the 1973–74 season, so NBA five-by-fives were only possible from that season onward. Hakeem Olajuwon (six times) and Andrei Kirilenko (three times) are the only players to have recorded multiple five-by-fives (based on records since the 1984–85 season).[139] Both are also the only players to record five-by-sixes (at least six in all five statistical categories).[139] Only twice has a five-by-five coincided with a triple-double (both by Olajuwon) and only three times has a player recorded a five-by-five without registering at least a double-double (two by Kirilenko and one by Marcus Camby).

text: NBA[edit]

text: The following is a list of known five-by-fives. Note the list contains all five-by-fives since the 1984–85 season, as well as one before. There may be other five-by-fives in the NBA that occurred before the 1984–85 season.

text:
Name
Date
Age
Team
Score
Opponent
Points
Rebounds
Assists
Steals
Blocks
Overtime
Reference

Erving, JuliusJulius Erving
000000001979-12-05-0000December 5, 1979
7004108780000000000♠29 years, 286 days
Philadelphia 76ers
132–120
San Antonio Spurs
28
7
10
5
5
No
[140][141]

Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon
000000001987-03-10-0000March 10, 1987
7003881400000000000♠24 years, 48 days
Houston Rockets
127–136
Seattle SuperSonics
38
17
6
7
12
Yes (2OT)
[142]

Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon
000000001990-03-03-0000March 3, 1990
7003990300000000000♠27 years, 41 days
Houston Rockets
129–109
Golden State Warriors
29
18
9
5
11
No
[102]

Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon
000000001992-04-11-0000April 11, 1992
7004106730000000000♠29 years, 81 days
Houston Rockets
92–99
Dallas Mavericks
19
13
6
5
5
No
[143]

Robinson, DavidDavid Robinson
000000001992-11-10-0000November 10, 1992
7003995800000000000♠27 years, 96 days
San Antonio Spurs
104–98
Milwaukee Bucks
29
9
5
5
10
No
[144]

Coleman, DerrickDerrick Coleman
000000001993-01-15-0000January 15, 1993
7003934000000000000♠25 years, 208 days
New Jersey Nets
110–105
Philadelphia 76ers
21
10
7
5
5
Yes (OT)
[145]

Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon
000000001993-04-22-0000April 22, 1993
7004110490000000000♠30 years, 91 days
Houston Rockets
112–110
Minnesota Timberwolves
33
13
5
5
5
Yes (OT)
[146]

Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon
000000001993-11-05-0000November 5, 1993
7004112460000000000♠30 years, 288 days
Houston Rockets
110–88
New Jersey Nets
24
19
6
5
5
No
[147]

Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon
000000001993-12-30-0000December 30, 1993
7004113010000000000♠30 years, 343 days
Houston Rockets
110–104
Minnesota Timberwolves
34
10
5
5
8
No
[148]

Divac, VladeVlade Divac
000000001995-02-22-0000February 22, 1995
7003988100000000000♠27 years, 19 days
Los Angeles Lakers
112–100
Philadelphia 76ers
19
12
8
5
5
No
[149]

Tinsley, JamaalJamaal Tinsley
000000002001-11-16-0000November 16, 2001
7003866200000000000♠23 years, 261 days
Indiana Pacers
113–120
Minnesota Timberwolves
12
9
15
6
5
Yes (2OT)
[150]

Kirilenko, AndreiAndrei Kirilenko
000000002003-12-03-0000December 3, 2003
7003832300000000000♠22 years, 288 days
Utah Jazz
101–107
Houston Rockets
19
5
7
8
5
Yes (OT)
[151]

Kirilenko, AndreiAndrei Kirilenko
000000002003-12-10-0000December 10, 2003
7003833000000000000♠22 years, 295 days
Utah Jazz
95–73
New York Knicks
10
12
6
6
5
No
[152]

Camby, MarcusMarcus Camby
000000002004-01-09-0000January 9, 2004
7004108850000000000♠29 years, 293 days
Denver Nuggets
106–96
Utah Jazz
8
11
5
5
8
No
[153]

Kirilenko, AndreiAndrei Kirilenko
000000002006-01-03-0000January 3, 2006
7003908500000000000♠24 years, 319 days
Utah Jazz
90–80
Los Angeles Lakers
14
8
9
6
7
No
[154]

Batum, NicolasNicolas Batum
000000002012-12-16-0000December 16, 2012
7003876800000000000♠24 years, 2 days
Portland Trail Blazers
95–94
New Orleans Hornets
11
5
10
5
5
No
[155]

Green, DraymondDraymond Green
000000002015-12-11-0000December 11, 2015
7003941300000000000♠25 years, 282 days
Golden State Warriors
124–119
Boston Celtics
24
11
8
5
5
Yes (2OT)
[156]

text: Facts[edit]

text: All facts based on data since 1985–86:

text:
Greatest five-by-fives (most of each stat): Hakeem Olajuwon, on March 10, 1987, became the first in NBA history to record a five-by-six (at least 6 each of all five statistics: points, rebounds, assists, blocks, steals).[157] It took nearly twenty years for the second official occurrence in NBA history. Andrei Kirilenko, on January 3, 2006, recorded a five-by-six against the Lakers. Though his numbers were not quite as impressive as Olajuwon's, Kirilenko performed the feat in regulation.
Most five-by-fives in a career: Hakeem Olajuwon leads all players with 6 career five-by-fives.[139] Andrei Kirilenko, with 3, is the only other player with more than one career five-by-five.
Most five-by-fives in the same season: Only twice has a player recorded two five-by-fives in a season. Olajuwon in the 1993–94 season, and Kirilenko in the 2003–04 season.
Quickest pair of five-by-fives: Kirilenko performed a five-by-five on December 3, 2003, and completed another just a week later, on December 10, 2003. The second quickest five-by-fives were completed by Olajuwon on November 5, 1993 and another, 55 days later, on December 30, 1993.
Youngest player: Kirilenko's first NBA five-by-five came on December 3, 2003, making him the youngest to record a five-by-five at age 7003832300000000000♠22 years, 288 days.
Oldest player: Olajuwon is the oldest player to record a five-by-five. His last career five-by-five came on December 30, 1993, at which time he was 7004113010000000000♠30 years, 343 days old.


document_title: Gabriel Iglesias

question_text: who does gabriel iglesias play in the star

root

text: Gabriel Iglesias

text: Early life

text: Iglesias was born Gabriel Jesus Iglesias in San Diego, California,[3] the youngest of six children of Esther P. Mendez and Jesus Iglesias.[4] He was raised by his single mother.[5] He is of Mexican heritage. He grew up in Riverside, Corona, Santa Ana, Baldwin Park, and Compton before settling in Section 8, low-income housing in Long Beach, where Iglesias spent most of his youth.[3][5]

tag: p

text: Career

text: Iglesias worked for a cell phone company in Los Angeles and in 1997 went into comedy full-time, though it resulted in his being evicted from his home and losing his car.[5][6]

text: Iglesias often references his weight in his comedy, often saying, "Oh, I'm not fat, I'm fluffy".[6]

text: In 2000, he appeared in season 6 of the Nickelodeon sketch comedy series All That, co-starring with Amanda Bynes and Nick Cannon.[6]

text: In 2007, Iglesias voiced an entire Mexican family in "Padre de Familia", a sixth season episode of the Fox TV animated comedy Family Guy. That same year, he began voicing a recurring set of identical twin characters on The Emperor's New School, a Disney animated series that he describes as his favorite voice work.[6]

text: Iglesias was a contestant on the fourth season of reality TV series Last Comic Standing in 2006, surviving elimination to become one of the final eight comics. He was disqualified at that point for having used a smuggled BlackBerry to communicate with family and friends, which violated the rules of the show.[6][7]

text: In 2011, Comedy Central debuted Gabriel Iglesias Presents Stand Up Revolution, a standup showcase series which Iglesias produces and hosts.

text: Iglesias has hosted/co-hosted six episodes of Equals Three. In 2012 he played a strip club DJ and drug dealer in the 2012 film Magic Mike.

text: Iglesias voiced Ned and Zed in the 2013 DisneyToon Studios film, Planes.[8] He also voiced characters in the animated films The Nut Job (2014)[9][10] and El Americano: The Movie (2016).[8]

text: Iglesias is featured in the new reality show Fluffy Breaks Even, which is currently shown on Fuse TV.

text: Awards and honors

text: On February 10, 2012, Iglesias was presented with several awards by the city of El Paso, Texas, including the key to the city and the Beacon of H.O.P.E Award from the nonprofit organization Operation H.O.P.E.[11]

text: Personal life

text: This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Iglesias lives in Whittier, California.[12] In The Fluffy Movie, Iglesias describes how at his heaviest, which he states was 445 pounds (202 kilograms), he was diagnosed with Type II Diabetes, and with his blood sugar spiking to over 300 regularly, was given two years to live by his doctor. He said the shock of being told he had two years to live prompted him to reevaluate how he took care of himself, and explained that he decided to lose weight in order to insure his continued presence in the lives of his loved ones. Iglesias described the struggle to incorporate a healthier lifestyle, relating how he was told by a specialist that his heavy touring schedule precluded him from being a candidate for bariatric surgery, and how he resorted instead to weight-lifting, Diamond Dallas Page Yoga, and a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet, which helped him shed over 100 pounds (45 kilograms).

text: Filmography

text: Film

text:
Year

Title

Role

Notes

2002

Entre vivos y plebeyos

Piarta

Short film

2003

El Matador

Gabe

–

2004

Days of Santiago

Coquero

–

2006

The Surfer King

Aokee

–

2012

Magic Mike

Tobias

–

2013

Planes

Ned and Zed

Voice

2014

The Nut Job

Jimmy[13]

Voice

2014

A Haunted House 2

Miguel[14]

–

2014

The Fluffy Movie

Himself[15]

Stand-up comedy film

2014

The Book of Life

Pepe Rodríguez

Voice

2015

Magic Mike XXL

Tobias

–

2016

Norm of the North

Pablo and Stan

Voice

2016

El Americano: The Movie

García[16][17]

Voice

2016

Gabriel Iglesias: I’m Sorry For What I Said While I Was Hungry

Himself[18]

Stand-up comedy film

2017

Smurfs: The Lost Village

Jokey Smurf

Voice

2017

The Nut Job 2: Nutty by Nature

Jimmy

Voice

2017

Coco

Head Clerk

Voice

2017

The Star

Rufus

Voice

2017

Ferdinand

Cuatro

Voice

2018

Show Dogs

Sprinkles

Voice

2018

Blazing Samurai

Chuck

Voice

text: Television

text:
Year

Title

Role

Notes

2000

All That

Various Characters

2000

Premium Blend

Performer

Season 3, Episode 8

2002

My Wife and Kids

Nabu

Season 2, Episode 17

2003

Comedy Central Presents

Himself

Stand-up special

2006

Last Comic Standing

Himself

Contestant

2006–2008

The Emperor's New School

Guaca

2007

Live at Gotham

Himself

Host

2007

Hot and Fluffy

Himself

Stand-up special

2007

Family Guy

Mexican No. 5

VoiceEpisode: "Padre de Familia"

2009

Just for Laughs

Himself

Performer

2009

I'm Not Fat... I'm Fluffy

Himself

Stand-up special

2011–2014

Gabriel Iglesias Presents Stand Up Revolution

Himself

Creator, writer, executive producer

2012

The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange

ChickenKrazy KlausMr. Cash and SmashMr. Juicy Fun

Voice

2013

Aloha Fluffy: Parts 1 and 2

Himself

Stand-up special

2014-2015

Cristela

Alberto

Recurring Role

2015

Fluffy Breaks Even

Himself

Reality series

2016

WWE SmackDown

Himself

2016

WWE Tribute to the Troops

Himself

2017

Narcos

Fluffy Gangster

Season 3, Episode 2

2018

Modern Family

Jorge (Gloria's ex)

Season 9, Episode 18

2018

Double Dare

Himself

"Chatty Cheerleaders vs. Showtime Swag" (Season 1, Episode 16)[19]

text: Discography

text:
Hot and Fluffy (2008) Image Entertainment
We Luv Fluffy (2009)
Aloha Fluffy (2013) Comedy Central

tag: ul


document_title: Three wise monkeys

question_text: where did see no evil hear no evil speak no evil come from

text: Three wise monkeys

text: Origin[edit]

text: The source that popularized this pictorial maxim is a 17th-century carving over a door of the famous Tōshō-gū shrine in Nikkō, Japan. The carvings at Toshogu Shrine were carved by Hidari Jingoro, and believed to have incorporated Confucius’s Code of Conduct, using the monkey as a way to depict man’s life cycle. There are a total of eight panels, and the iconic three wise monkeys picture comes from panel 2. The philosophy, however, probably originally came to Japan with a Tendai-Buddhist legend, from China in the 8th century (Nara Period). It has been suggested that the figures represent the three dogmas of the so-called middle school of the sect.

text: In Chinese, a similar phrase exists in the Analects of Confucius from 2nd to 4th century B.C.: "Look not at what is contrary to propriety; listen not to what is contrary to propriety; speak not what is contrary to propriety; make no movement which is contrary to propriety" (非禮勿視，非禮勿聽，非禮勿言，非禮勿動).[9] It may be that this phrase was shortened and simplified after it was brought into Japan.

text: It is through the Kōshin rite of folk religion that the most significant examples are presented. The Kōshin belief or practice is a Japanese folk religion with Chinese Taoism origins and ancient Shinto influence. It was founded by Tendai Buddhist monks in the late 10th century. A considerable number of stone monuments can be found all over the eastern part of Japan around Tokyo. During the later part of the Muromachi period, it was customary to display stone pillars depicting the three monkeys during the observance of Kōshin.

text: Though the teaching had nothing to do with monkeys, the concept of the three monkeys originated from a simple play on words. The saying in Japanese is mizaru, kikazaru, iwazaru (見ざる, 聞かざる, 言わざる) "see not, hear not, speak not", where the -zaru is a negative conjugation on the three verbs, matching zaru, the modified form of saru (猿) "monkey" used in compounds. Thus the saying (which does not include any specific reference to "evil") can also be interpreted as referring to three monkeys.

text: The shrine at Nikko is a Shinto shrine, and the monkey is an extremely important being in the Shinto religion. The monkey is believed to be the messenger of the Hie Shinto shrines, which also have connections with Tendai Buddhism. There are even important festivals that are celebrated during the year of the Monkey (occurring every twelve years) and a special festival is celebrated every sixteenth year of the Kōshin.

text: "The Three Mystic Apes" (Sambiki Saru) were described as "the attendants of Saruta Hito no Mikoto or Kōshin, the God of the Roads".[10] The Kōshin festival was held on the 60th day of the calendar. It has been suggested that during the Kōshin festival, according to old beliefs, one’s bad deeds might be reported to heaven "unless avoidance actions were taken…". It has been theorized that the three Mystic Apes, Not Seeing, Hearing, or Speaking, may have been the "things that one has done wrong in the last 59 days".

text: According to other accounts, the monkeys caused the Sanshi and Ten-Tei not to see, say or hear the bad deeds of a person. The Sanshi (三尸) are the Three Corpses living in everyone's body. The Sanshi keep track of the good deeds and particularly the bad deeds of the person they inhabit. Every 60 days, on the night called Kōshin-Machi (庚申待), if the person sleeps, the Sanshi will leave the body and go to Ten-Tei (天帝), the Heavenly God, to report about the deeds of that person. Ten-Tei will then decide to punish bad people, making them ill, shortening their time alive, and in extreme cases putting an end to their lives. Those believers of Kōshin who have reason to fear will try to stay awake during Kōshin nights. This is the only way to prevent the Sanshi from leaving their body and reporting to Ten-Tei.

text: An ancient representation of the "no see, no hear, no say, no do" can be found in four golden figurines in the Zelnik Istvan Southeast Asian Gold Museum. These golden statues date from the 6th to 8th century. The figures look like tribal human people with not very precise body carvings and strong phallic symbols.[11] This set indicates that the philosophy comes from very ancient roots.

text: It is not clear how or when the saying travelled; in Ethiopia the Ge'ez language has the saying "Let the eye fast, let the mouth fast, let the ears fast."[12]

text: Meaning of the proverb[edit]

text: Just as there is disagreement about the origin of the phrase, there are differing explanations of the meaning of "see no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil".

text:
In Buddhist tradition, the tenets of the proverb are about not dwelling on evil thoughts.
In the Western world both the proverb and the image are often used to refer to a lack of moral responsibility on the part of people who refuse to acknowledge impropriety, looking the other way or feigning ignorance.[13]
It may also signify a code of silence in gangs, or organized crime.

text: Variations[edit]

text: Sometimes there is a fourth monkey depicted, Shizaru, who symbolizes the principle of "do no evil". He may be shown crossing his arms or covering his genitals. In another variation, a fourth monkey is depicted with a sulking posture and the caption "have no fun".[citation needed] Yet another variation has the fourth monkey hold its nose to avoid a stench and has been dubbed "smell no evil" accordingly.[4]

text: According to Osho Rajneesh, the monkey symbolism originated in ancient Hindu tradition and Buddhist monks spread this symbolism across Asia. The original Hindu and Buddhist version contains 4 monkeys and the fourth monkey covers his genitals.The Buddhist version means this as "Don't do anything evil".

text: In Hindu original version the meaning of the fourth monkey is totally different from the popular Buddhist version. It means, "Hide your pleasures. Hide your enjoyment, don't show it to anybody."[citation needed]

text: Osho Rajneesh gave his own meaning regarding this. The first monkey denotes 'Don't listen to the truth because it will disturb all your consoling lies'. The second monkey denotes 'Don't look at the truth; otherwise your God will be dead and your heaven and hell will disappear'. The third monkey denotes 'Don't speak the truth, otherwise you will be condemned, crucified, poisoned, tortured by the whole crowd, the unconscious people. You will be condemned, don't speak the truth!' The fourth monkey denotes "Keep your pleasures, your joys, hidden. Don't let anybody know that you are a cheerful man, a blissful man, an ecstatic man, because that will destroy your very life. It is dangerous".[14]

text: Cultural influences[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The three wise monkeys, and the associated proverb, are known throughout Asia and in the Western world. They have been a motif in pictures, such as the ukiyo-e (Japanese woodblock printings) by Keisai Eisen, and are frequently represented in modern culture.

text: Mahatma Gandhi's one notable exception to his lifestyle of non-possession was a small statue of the three monkeys. Today, a larger representation of the three monkeys is prominently displayed at the Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, where Gandhi lived from 1915 to 1930 and from where he departed on his famous salt march. Gandhi's statue also inspired a 2008 artwork by Subodh Gupta, Gandhi's Three Monkeys.[15]

text: The maxim inspired an award-winning 2008 Turkish film by director Nuri Bilge Ceylan called Three Monkeys (Üç Maymun).

text: Unicode characters[edit]

text: Unicode provides emoji representations of the monkeys in the Emoticons block as follows:[16]

text:
Mizaru: U+1F648 🙈 SEE-NO-EVIL MONKEY
Kikazaru: U+1F649 🙉 HEAR-NO-EVIL MONKEY
Iwazaru: U+1F64A 🙊 SPEAK-NO-EVIL MONKEY


document_title: Studio apartment

question_text: how many square feet is a studio apartment

text: Studio apartment

text: Design[edit]

text: These kinds of apartments typically consist of one large room which serves as the living, dining, and bedroom. Kitchen facilities may either be located in the central room, or in a small separate room, and the bathroom is usually in its own smaller room.

text: The studio apartment is an apartment with a single room. They are also known as single room dwelling places or studio flats. There are several types available; the straight studio is very basic, while the alcove studio has a wing. The wing or nook is off the main area, which can be utilized for dining or sleeping.[2]

text: Size[edit]

text: Studio apartment sizes vary considerably. In the United States, the average size is 500 to 600 sq ft.[2]

text: Global variations[edit]


document_title: List of Death in Paradise characters

question_text: who played richard poole on death in paradise

text: List of Death in Paradise characters

text: Table of character appearances[edit]

text:
Character

Actor

Series/Episodes

Episode count

Years

DI Richard Poole

Ben Miller

1.1-3.1

17

2011–2014

DS Camille Bordey

Sara Martins

1.1-4.4

28

2011–2015

Officer Dwayne Myers

Danny John-Jules

1.1-7.8

56

2011-2018

Sergeant Fidel Best

Gary Carr

1.1-3.8

24

2011–2014

Commissioner Selwyn Patterson

Don Warrington

1.1-

35

2011-

Harry the Lizard

Animated

1.1-

Various

2011-

Catherine Bordey

Elizabeth Bourgine

1.2-

43

2011-

Aidan Miles

Adrian Dunbar

1.7-1.8

2

2011

DI Humphrey Goodman

Kris Marshall

3.1-6.6

30

2014-17

Sally Goodman

Morven Christie

3.1, 3.8

2

2014

DS Florence Cassell

Josephine Jobert

4.1-

32

2015-

Officer JP Hooper

Tobi Bakare

4.5-

28

2015-

Martin Goodman QC

James Fox[a]

4.7-4.8

2

2015

Rosey Fabrice

Fola Evans Akingbola

5.3, 5.5-5.6, 5.8

4

2016

Martha Lloyd

Sally Bretton

5.8-6.1, 6.3-6.4, 6.6

5

2016-2017

DI Jack Mooney

Ardal O'Hanlon

6.5-

12

2017-

Nelson Myers

Ram John Holder

6.5-6.6, 7.7-7.8

4

2017-2018

Siobhan Mooney

Grace Stone

6.6-7.1

4

2017-18

Darlene Curtis

Ginny Holder

7.3-

3

2018-

text: Episode count is as of episode 7.8

text:
Cast list is in chronological order of appearance (episode-wise) in the programme, and in the case of cast who began featuring in the programme at the same time, in credit order.
Morven Christie and James Fox both featured in voice-only for their first appearances - episodes 3.1 and 4.7, respectively.
List consists of all main and recurring characters.

text: Current characters[edit]

text: Characters currently starring in the programme, in standard credit order:

text: Detective Inspector Jack Mooney[edit]

text:
Jack MooneyDeath in Paradise characterPortrayed by
Ardal O'HanlonDuration
2017-First appearance
Series 6, Episode 5Classification
Main castProfileOccupation
Detective Inspector
showFamilySisters
BridgetEileenDaughters
Siobhan MooneyUncles
Terence

text: A police detective inspector from London, Detective Inspector Jack Mooney is a recent widower, his wife having passed away from a long illness a month ago, although he gives the impression that it was longer when talking with others so that people won't feel too sorry for him. Jack meets D.I. Humphrey Goodman, D.S. Florence Cassell and Officer Dwayne Myers from Saint Marie, acting as their London liaison when a case requires them to travel to London to track their suspects. After solving the case, Humphrey reassigned from Saint Marie Police to stay in London to be with his girlfriend, Martha Lloyd, but nominates Jack as his successor as Saint Marie's new Detective Inspector. Initially assuming that this is just a holiday of a few weeks, Jack goes to Saint Marie with his daughter, Siobhan, but accepts the suggestion of this becoming a more long-term exchange for the opportunity to make a new life away from memories of his lost wife. He has already begun work on renovating the cabin to dispose of old furniture and incorporate a bed due to his own discomfort at sleeping in a hammock. While still just officially on holiday, Mooney assists the team in resolving a re-opened investigation into the death of a newspaper editor eight years ago, subsequently exposing those responsible for murdering one of the candidates in the recent mayoral election. After this, he and Siobhan decide to accept the offer to stay.

text: Detective Sergeant Florence Cassell[edit]

text:
Florence CassellDeath in Paradise characterPortrayed by
Joséphine JobertDuration
2015-First appearance
Series 4, Episode 1Classification
Main castProfileOccupation
Detective Sergeant
showFamilyBrothers
5 unnamed brothers

text: At the age of 27, Cassell replaces Fidel as Sergeant at the start of Series 4, and later is promoted to Detective Sergeant when Camille Bordey leaves midway through the series. She works efficiently and gets along with all the team, establishing a strong connection with Goodman when she is promoted. She is sent a note by Camille in order to know how to 'control' Goodman, and they both drink to Camille after she helps solve her first case as Detective Sergeant. She is very intelligent and always observes suspects carefully for any clues. In the team's visit to the UK, Cassell proved more willing to explore little details of life in Britain than Myers, although she still found the Guinness thick for her taste.

text: Officer JP Hooper[edit]

text:
JP HooperDeath in Paradise characterPortrayed by
Tobi BakareDuration
2015-First appearance
Series 4, Episode 5Classification
Main castProfileOccupation
Officer
showFamilyWife
Rosey Fabrice

text: Replaces Florence Cassell as a new police officer in series 4, episode 5 when she is promoted. He is 21, and the youngest member of the team. He is taken under the wing of Dwayne - a police officer who Hooper says he heard all about at police training college. He initially ended up watering the plants on his first day, because of a lack of things to do. He slept in the police cells temporarily because he could not find a place to live. Goodman found him one night, amidst much screaming and shock; Catherine, who had a spare room after Camille's departure, invited him to stay with her, an offer JP enthusiastically took up. He has a brother, who, when JP was three years old, pushed him into a swimming pool, leading to JP developing a fear of water. In series five he meets Rosey Fabrice (a girl who was in the year above him in school and he had a crush on) when she is a suspect in a murder during a charity fashion show. They soon begin dating and fall in love. Eventually, after being in a relationship for several months, JP proposes to Rosey and she gladly accepts. In the final episode of Series 5, JP and Rosey got married.

text: Catherine Bordey[edit]

text:
Catherine BordeyDeath in Paradise characterPortrayed by
Élizabeth BourgineDuration
2011-First appearance
Series 1, Episode 2Classification
supporting castProfileOccupation
Landlady  Bar Owner/Waitress  Mayor of Saint Marie (6.8-present)
showFamilyDaughters
Camille Bordey

text: Camille's French mother and owner of a bar where the police team often chat about the case over a drink. She makes a particularly good cup of tea, according to DI Richard Poole, although generally their relationship with each other is strained because of his prejudice toward the French. She raised Camille as a single mother and is therefore very close to her; she does not react badly when Camille confirms she is thinking of leaving, in fact, she supports Camille and respects her choices, urging her to do whatever makes her happy. When Camille leaves, she has a spare room and lets the homeless JP stay in it when Goodman finds out he has nowhere to live and is sleeping in the police cells. In series 5 episode 5, JP told Catherine that he's in love with his high school crush, Rosey Fabrice, but was told not to confess by Dwayne, which angers Catherine, who confronts Dwayne to encourage JP to confess to Rosey.

text: Following the resignation of Mayor Joseph Richards in a scandal at the end of Series 6, Episode 1, Catherine decided to stand as a candidate in the mayoral election to replace him. She was successfully elected in Series 6, Episode 8 after one of the other candidates was murdered due to an old vendetta and the other was convinced to stand down from the election by the police team after they discovered his hypocritical actions. During the investigation, it is strongly implied that the killers attempted to frame Catherine for the murder, but this part of the plan failed as none of the team could believe that Catherine would do such a thing.

text: Commissioner Selwyn Patterson[edit]

text:
Selwyn PattersonDeath in Paradise characterPortrayed by
Don WarringtonDuration
2011-First appearance
Series 1, Episode 1Classification
supporting castProfileOccupation
Commissioner

text: The island's police commissioner, who has risen through the ranks to become Saint Marie's top policeman, in charge of staffing. He advises the team on cases of particular difficulty or of political or social interest where the island's most notable figures are involved, ranging from asking Poole to be cautious about accusing a man with a particular reputation on the island to asking Poole not to disprove the idea that a notorious pirate hid his treasure on the island. It was revealed in episode 3.3 that Judge Ann Stone (Josette Simon) put him in jail for a day over parking fines. Initially more apparently focused on political implications over individuals, such as being angered at Poole when a suspect was stabbed in the back while in Poole's custody because of the implications for public perception, he has shown signs of softening over time, such as allowing an incident where Officer Meyers told a journalist that the commissioner blundered around like an old goat to be dismissed as a significant misquote, and warmly welcomed new D.I. Jack Mooney to the island after Humphrey Goodman requested reassignment.

text: Past characters[edit]

text: Characters who have previously starred in a main role in the programme, in standard credit order:

text: Detective Inspector Richard Poole[edit]

text:
Richard PooleDeath in Paradise characterPortrayed by
Ben MillerDuration
2011-14First appearance
Series 1, Episode 1Last appearance
Series 3, Episode 1Classification
main castProfileOccupation
Detective Inspector

text: A British inspector assigned to the island to investigate the previous inspector's murder, Poole was instructed to remain on the island as the new police detective. Despite his distaste for the island and inexperience with tropical weather - to the point where he continued to wear his old suits - he often showed a useful knack for making deductive leaps based on minimal information and apparently random events, and favoured making arrests by addressing all the suspects at once before identifying the killer. In series 2 he grew slightly more relaxed. He recommended Fidel for the sergeant's exam. Poole briefly returned to London, but in spite of his distaste for Saint Marie, he chose to return. Richard was murdered in the first episode of Series 3, at an on-island reunion of Cambridge university classmates, by Helen Reid, when he threatened to expose her identity theft, and was replaced by DI Humphrey Goodman.

text: Detective Sergeant Camille Bordey[edit]

text:
Camille BordeyDeath in Paradise characterPortrayed by
Sara MartinsDuration
2011-15First appearance
Series 1, Episode 1Last appearance
Series 4, Episode 4Classification
main castProfileOccupation
Detective Sergeant
showFamilyFather
Marlon CroftMother
Catherine Bordey

text: A former undercover investigator, she was assigned to the precinct because her cover was blown when she was arrested during Poole's first investigation. She was the team's best investigator after Poole, often handling the computer work. Initially, she and Poole did not get along as a result of a culture clash. Over time their relationship became a friendship, and showed some hints of romance - when he briefly left the island, she admitted she admired him considerably, and was pleased when he chose to return. His murder in the opening scenes of Series 3 clearly devastated her and she was unsure about his successor, DI Humphrey Goodman, although she warmed to him over time. She was then offered an undercover job in Paris, and she decided to leave. As she left, she kissed Humphrey. She had not previously expressed emotions for him, although he had for her.

text: Her mother Catherine owns a popular local bar. Her father, Marlon Croft, who lives in the neighboring island of St. Lucia, reappears in the episode 5 of season 3, protecting his goddaughter, who's implicated in a case. After suspecting him, Camille starts reconciling with him.

text: Sergeant Fidel Best[edit]

text:
Fidel BestDeath in Paradise characterPortrayed by
Gary CarrDuration
2011-14First appearance
Series 1, Episode 1Last appearance
Series 3, Episode 8Classification
main castProfileOccupation
Sergeant; Officer
showFamilyWife
Juliette BestDaughters
Rosie Best

text: Young and hard-working, Fidel is married to a woman called Juliette and has a daughter named Rosie who was born in the Series 1 finale. He is put forward for his sergeant's exams by his boss, DI Richard Poole, in series 2, in recognition of his hard work. He passes them, and officially becomes a sergeant. Fidel often gets stressed and sticks to protocol, whereas Dwayne is the complete opposite. Nevertheless, the two become great friends. At the start of series 4, in a phone call between him and Dwayne (his voice does not feature; the conversation is shown from Dwayne's end), it is revealed that he has been promoted and is now working on the neighbouring island of St. Lucia.

text: Detective Inspector Humphrey Goodman[edit]

text:
Humphrey GoodmanDeath in Paradise characterPortrayed by
Kris MarshallDuration
2014-17First appearance
Series 3, Episode 1Last appearance
Series 6, Episode 6Classification
Main castProfileOccupation
Detective Inspector
showFamilyFather
Martin GoodmanWife
Sally Goodman (divorced)Aunts
Mary Goodman

text: Humphrey is assigned to Saint Marie after the murder of D.I. Richard Poole at the start of Series 3. Clues from Poole's investigation helped Goodman reveal the motive and the killer's identity; Goodman commented that Poole had 'solved his own murder.' Goodman stayed on in Saint Marie after his wife Sally announced she would not be joining him on the Caribbean island. He became the chief inspector on the island, and took to Poole's old habit of announcing the murderer in front of all the suspects and his police team. Though he is very clumsy, often forgetting things or finding himself with nothing to take notes on, he has a knack at being able to solve murders instantly, looking at the meaning of small details, much like his predecessor. He embraces Caribbean life much more than Poole did. He fell in love with his detective sergeant, Camille Bordey, often coming close to revealing his feelings for her. He tried to stop her leaving when she requested a job in Paris, but conceded. He shared a passionate kiss with her just before she left the island. Her successor, Florence Cassell, also managed to get along with Goodman, often sharing jokes and they dedicate a drink to Camille after their first solved case. He would later develop romantic feelings for Martha Lloyd and they kissed at the start of series 6. She leaves at episode 6.4 to London, but after a case takes Humphrey to London he meets up with her and they reconcile. After solving the case, he decides to resign as DI On Saint Marie to remain with Martha in London. He is replaced by DI Jack Mooney (Ardal O'Hanlon)

text: Officer Dwayne Myers[edit]

text:
Dwayne MyersDeath in Paradise characterPortrayed by
Danny John-JulesDuration
2011-18First appearance
Series 1, Episode 1Last appearance
Series 7, Episode 8Classification
Main castProfileOccupation
Officer
showFamilyFather
Nelson MyersAunts
LilibethJean

text: Dwayne is the longest-standing officer of the Saint Marie police force, but utterly lacks ambition; he has complete faith in his seniors and perhaps too good an understanding of the criminal world on the island. Dwayne often uses unlawful means to get his job done, and has an eye for the ladies, sometimes getting distracted, even by his senior DS Florence Cassell. He is the go-to man for any investigations into the shadier aspects of Saint Marie. It is revealed he has a sister, who locked him in a trunk for three hours when he was five years old; this led to Dwayne developing a secret fear of the dark. His parents divorced when he was very young and his father abandoned him after a few months of weekend visits, leaving Dwayne to grow up on his own. As of Series 4, episode 5, he is the last remaining original team member apart from Commissioner Selwyn Patterson.

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text: Characters who have featured in more than one episode of the programme, yet are not part of the main cast, in chronological order of appearance:

text:
Harry the Lizard: (Various episodes, Series 1-) The animated companion to both lead detectives, he lives at the house and likes mashed-up fruit and bugs. He was originally kept by DI Richard Poole, and later passed on to DI Humphrey Goodman. He is often asked rhetorical questions by the detectives when they are pondering details of a case or just talking about other matters. After Humphrey left, his new owners are DI Jack Mooney and his daughter Siobhan.
Aidan Miles (Adrian Dunbar): (Series 1, episodes 7&8) A possible love interest for Catherine Bordey, until DI Richard Poole exposed him as a murderer in the series 1 finale. He was in hiding on the island, and his name was in a puzzle compiled by his victim, hence revealing his crime.
Sally Goodman (Morven Christie): (Series 3, episode 1 (voice only) & episode 8) DI Goodman's wife who was originally planning to join her husband on Saint Marie, but confirmed by voicemail in the series 3 premiere that she was leaving him, wished for a divorce and would not join him. In the series 3 finale, she arrived on the island asking Humphrey to come back to her, but he declined, feeling that she had already proven that she didn't have any faith in their relationship by not coming to the island with him in the first place. In episode 4.8, during a conversation between Humphrey and Martin Goodman, it was revealed that Sally was engaged to a lawyer called Derek Grundy and at an event also attended by Humphrey's parents she was continually asking after Humphrey.
Martin Goodman QC (James Fox): (Series 4, episode 7 (voice only) & episode 8) DI Goodman's father who came to Saint Marie in order to persuade Humphrey to return home and go back to his former wife, Sally, but conceded that Goodman was good at his job after he witnessed his son solve a baffling murder case, he allows Humphrey to stay.
Rosey Fabrice (Fola Evans Akingbola)– the love interest of officer JP Hooper after he recognised her from school (she was in the year above him) and was a suspect in a murder at a charity fashion show. She recognised JP at the end and they had a drink together at Catherine's Bar. JP realise he's in love with Rosey and tells her how he feels. They soon began a relationship. Months later, JP proposed to Rosey and she accepts. They got married on the finale. JP mentioned to Dwayne that he and Rosey had been arguing.
Martha Lloyd (Sally Bretton): An old girlfriend of DI Goodman. Humphrey almost ran Martha over and they recognised each other. Both of them mentioned that they're both separated from their spouses and they agree to go on a date. But Humphrey forgot about it. During JP Hooper and Rosey Fabrice's wedding, Martha almost ran Humphrey over and they agreed to go on another date. Martha returns to Saint Marie to see Humphrey and they start a relationship. Martha moves into Humphrey's shack. Humphrey and Martha go on a romantic trip to Hotel Cecile and the staff mistake them as a newlywed couple. But their romantic getaway is ended on the first day as another murder case happened and Martha had to leave so that Humphrey could investigate the murder. She eventually returned to London to start her dream job at a newly-opened restaurant, but when another case took the team to London, Humphrey visited her to officially talk things over and was inspired to stay and be with her.
Nelson Myers (Ram John Holder): Nelson is Dwayne Myers' estranged father, who lives in London. When Dwayne goes to his aunt, Lilibeth's house to visit her, Nelson told Dwayne that Lilibeth is away and he's looking after her house.
Siobhan Mooney (Grace Stone): Siobhan is Jack Mooney's daughter. She lives in London with her father where he works as a police detective inspector, with her mother having died a month before he meets the rest of the Saint Marie team from a long illness. When D.I. Humphrey Goodman reassigned from Saint Marie Police, Jack replaces him and he and Siobhan move to Saint Marie. She leaves in the first episode of the next season to return to the UK for university.

text: Further pages[edit]

text:
Death in Paradise
List of Death in Paradise episodes

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ James Fox was not credited for his appearance in episode 4.7.

tag: ol


document_title: Pleurisy

question_text: sharp pain in right side when taking deep breath

text: Pleurisy

text: Signs and symptoms[edit]

text: The defining symptom of pleurisy is a sudden sharp, stabbing, burning or dull pain in the right or left side of the chest during breathing, especially when one inhales and exhales.[9] It feels worse with deep breathing, coughing, sneezing, or laughing. The pain may stay in one place, or it may spread to the shoulder or back.[10] Sometimes, it becomes a fairly constant dull ache.[11]

text: Depending on its cause, pleuritic chest pain may be accompanied by other symptoms:[12]

text:
Dry cough
Fever and chills
Rapid, shallow breathing
Shortness of breath
Tachycardia
Sore throat followed by pain and swelling in the joints

text: Causes[edit]

text: The pleural space can be invaded by fluid, air, and particles from different parts of the body which fairly complicates the diagnosis.[12][13] Viral infection (coxsackie B virus, HRSV, CMV, adenovirus, EBV, parainfluenza, influenza) is the most common cause of pleurisy. However, many other different conditions can cause pleuritic chest pain:[11]

text:
Aortic dissections
Autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus (or drug-induced lupus erythematosus), Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and rheumatoid arthritis
Bacterial infections associated with pneumonia and tuberculosis
Chest injuries (blunt or penetrating)
Familial Mediterranean fever, an inherited condition that often causes fever and swelling in the abdomen or the lungs
Fungal or parasitic infections
Heart surgery, especially coronary-artery bypass grafting
Cardiac problems (ischemia, pericarditis)
Inflammatory bowel disease
Lung cancer and lymphoma
Other lung diseases like cystic fibrosis, sarcoidosis, asbestosis, lymphangioleiomyomatosis, and mesothelioma
Pneumothorax
Pulmonary embolisms, which are blood clots that enter the lungs

text: When the space between the pleurae starts to fill with fluid, as in pleural effusion, the chest pain can be eased but a shortness of breath can result, since the lungs need room to expand during breathing. Some cases of pleuritic chest pain are idiopathic, which means that the exact cause cannot be determined.

text: Diagnosis[edit]

text: A diagnosis of pleurisy or another pleural condition is based on a medical history, physical examinations, and diagnostic tests.[12] The goals are to rule out other sources of the symptoms and to find the cause of the pleurisy so that the underlying disorder can be treated.

text: Physical examination[edit]

text: A doctor uses a stethoscope to listen to the breathing. This method detects any unusual sounds in the lungs. A person with pleurisy may have inflamed layers of the pleurae that make a rough, scratchy sound as they rub against each other during breathing. This is called pleural friction rub.

text: Diagnostic tests[edit]

text: Depending on the results of the physical examination, diagnostic tests are sometimes performed.

text: Chest x-ray[edit]

text: A chest x-ray takes a picture of the heart and lungs. It may show air or fluid in the pleural space. It also may show the cause (e.g., pneumonia, a fractured rib, or a lung tumor) of the pleurisy.

text: Sometimes an x-ray is taken while lying on the painful side. This may show fluid, as well as changes in fluid position, that did not appear in the vertical x-ray.

text: Blood test[edit]

text: Blood tests can detect bacterial or viral infections, pneumonia, rheumatic fever, a pulmonary embolism, or lupus.

text: ECG[edit]

text: Electrocardiography test can determine if a heart condition contributes to the symptoms.

text: Ultrasound[edit]

text: Ultrasonography uses sound waves to create an image. It may show where fluid is located in the chest. It also can show some tumors. Although ultrasound may detect fluid around the lungs, also known as a pleural effusion, sound waves are scattered by air. Therefore, an actual picture of the lungs cannot be obtained with ultrasonography.

text: Computed tomography (CT) scan[edit]

text: A CT scan provides a computer-generated picture of the lungs that can show pockets of fluid. It also may show signs of pneumonia, a lung abscess, or a tumor.

text: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)[edit]

text: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), also called nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) scanning, uses powerful magnets to show pleural effusions and tumors.

text: Arterial blood gas[edit]

text: In arterial blood-gas sampling, a small amount of blood is taken from an artery, usually in the wrist. The blood is then checked for oxygen and carbon-dioxide levels. This test shows how well the lungs are taking in oxygen.

text: Thoracentesis[edit]

text: Once the presence of an excess fluid in the pleural cavity, or pleural effusion, is suspected and location of fluid is confirmed, a sample of fluid can be removed for testing.[14] The procedure to remove fluid in the chest is called a diagnostic thoracentesis.[15] The doctor inserts a small needle or a thin, hollow, plastic tube in the chest wall and withdraws fluid.[16]

text: Thoracentesis can be done in the doctor's office or at the hospital. Ultrasound is used to guide the needle to the fluid that is trapped in small pockets around the lungs.

text: Thoracentesis usually does not cause serious complications. Generally, a chest x-ray is done after the procedure to evaluate the lungs. Possible complications of thoracentesis include the following:

text:
Bleeding and bruising where the needle went in. In rare cases, bleeding may occur in or around the lung. The doctor can use a chest tube to drain the blood. In some cases, surgery is needed.
Infection where the needle went in
Injury to the liver or spleen (in rare cases)
Pain.
Pneumothorax, or buildup of air in the pleural space, with a collapsed or partially collapsed lung. Sometimes air comes in through the needle or the needle makes a hole in the lung. Usually, a hole will seal itself. But sometimes air can build up around the lung and make it collapse. A chest tube can remove the air and let the lung expand again.

text: The lung fluid is examined under a microscope and is evaluated for the presence of chemicals and for its color and texture. The degree of clarity is an indicator of infection, cancer, or other conditions that may be causing the buildup of fluid or blood in the pleural space.

text: Biopsy[edit]

text: If tuberculosis or cancer is suspected, a small piece of the pleura may be examined under a microscope to make a definitive diagnosis. This is called a biopsy.

text: Several approaches to taking tissue samples are available

text:
Insertion of a needle through the skin on the chest to remove a small sample of the outer layer of the pleura.
Insertion of a small tube with a light on the end (endoscope) into tiny cuts in the chest wall in order to visualize the pleura. Small pieces of tissue can be biopsied though the endoscope.
Removal of a sample of the pleura through a small cut in the chest wall. This is called an open pleural biopsy. It is usually done if the sample from the needle biopsy is too small for an accurate diagnosis.

text: Treatment[edit]

text: Treatment has several goals:[12]

text:
Relief of symptoms
Removal of the fluid, air, or blood from the pleural space
Treatment of the underlying condition

text: Procedures[edit]

text: If large amounts of fluid, air, or blood are not removed from the pleural space, they may cause the lung to collapse.

text: The surgical procedures used to drain fluid, air, or blood from the pleural space are as follows:

text:
During thoracentesis, a needle or a thin, hollow, plastic tube is inserted through the ribs in the back of the chest into the chest wall. A syringe is attached to draw fluid out of the chest. This procedure can remove more than 6 cups (1.5 litres) of fluid at a time.
When larger amounts of fluid must be removed, a chest tube may be inserted through the chest wall. The doctor injects a local painkiller into the area of the chest wall outside where the fluid is. A plastic tube is then inserted into the chest between two ribs. The tube is connected to a box that suctions the fluid out. A chest x-ray is taken to check the tube's position.
A chest tube is also used to drain blood and air from the pleural space. This can take several days. The tube is left in place, and the patient usually stays in the hospital during this time.
Sometimes the fluid contains thick pus or blood clots, or it may have formed a hard skin or peel. This makes it harder to drain the fluid. To help break up the pus or blood clots, the doctor may use the chest tube to put certain medicines into the pleural space. These medicines are called fibrinolytics. If the pus or blood clots still do not drain out, surgery may be necessary.

text: Medications[edit]

text: A couple of medications are used to relieve pleurisy symptoms:

text:
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or anti-inflammatory agents to control pain and decrease inflammation. Only indomethacin (brand name Indocin) has been studied with respect to relief of pleurisy.[17]
Codeine-based cough syrups to control the cough

text: There may be a role for the use of corticosteroids (for tuberculous pleurisy), tacrolimus (Prograf) and methotrexate (Trexall, Rheumatrex) in the treatment of pleurisy. Further studies are needed.

text: Lifestyle changes[edit]

text: The following may be helpful in the management of pleurisy:

text:
Lying on the painful side may be more comfortable
Breathing deeply and coughing to clear mucus as the pain eases. Otherwise, pneumonia may develop.
Getting rest

text: Treating the cause[edit]

text: Ideally, the treatment of pleurisy is aimed at eliminating the underlying cause of the disease.

text:
If the pleural fluid is infected, treatment involves antibiotics and draining the fluid. If the infection is tuberculosis or from a fungus, treatment involves long-term use of antibiotics or antifungal medicines.
If the fluid is caused by tumors of the pleura, it may build up again quickly after it is drained. Sometimes anti-tumor medicines will prevent further fluid buildup. If they don't, the doctor may seal the pleural space. This is called pleurodesis. Pleurodesis involves the drainage of all the fluid out of the chest through a chest tube. A substance is inserted through the chest tube into the pleural space. This substance irritates the surface of the pleura. This causes the two layers of the pleurae to squeeze shut so there is no room for more fluid to build up.
Chemotherapy or radiation treatment also may be used to reduce the size of the tumors.
If congestive heart failure is causing the fluid buildup, treatment usually includes diuretics and other medicines.

text: The treatment for pleurisy depends on its origin and is prescribed by a physician on a base of an individual assessment.[18] Paracetamol (acetaminophen) and amoxicillin, or other antibiotics in case of bacterial infections, are common remedies dispensed by doctors to relieve the initial symptoms and pain in the chest, while viral infections are self-limited. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), preferably indometacin, are usually employed as pain control agents.[12]

text: Alternative treatments[edit]

text: A number of alternative or complementary medicines are being investigated for their anti-inflammatory properties, and their use in pleurisy. At this time, clinical trials of these compounds have not been performed.

text: Extracts from the Brazilian folk remedy Wilbrandia ebracteata ("Taiuia") have been shown to reduce inflammation in the pleural cavity of mice.[19][20] The extract is thought to inhibit the same enzyme, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), as the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.[20]

text: Related problems[edit]

text: Pleurisy is often associated with complications that affect the pleural space.

text: Pleural effusion[edit]

text: In some cases of pleurisy, excess fluid builds up in the pleural space. This is called a pleural effusion. The buildup of fluid usually forces the two layers of the pleura apart so they don't rub against each other when breathing. This can relieve the pain of pleurisy. A large amount of extra fluid can push the pleura against the lung until the lung, or a part of it, collapses. This can make it hard to breathe.

text: In some cases of pleural effusion, the extra fluid gets infected and turns into an abscess. This is called an empyema.

text: Pleural effusion involving fibrinous exudates in the fluid may be called fibrinous pleurisy. It sometimes occurs as a later stage of pleurisy.

text: A person can develop a pleural effusion in the absence of pleurisy. For example, pneumonia, heart failure, cancer, or a pulmonary embolism can lead to a pleural effusion.

text: Pneumothorax[edit]

text: Air or gas also can build up in the pleural space. This is called a pneumothorax. It can result from acute lung injury or a lung disease like emphysema. Lung procedures, like surgery, drainage of fluid with a needle, examination of the lung from the inside with a light and a camera, or mechanical ventilation, also can cause a pneumothorax.

text: The most common symptom is sudden pain in one side of the lung and shortness of breath. A pneumothorax also can put pressure on the lung and cause it to collapse.

text: If the pneumothorax is small, it may go away on its own. If large, a chest tube is placed through the skin and chest wall into the pleural space to remove the air.

text: Hemothorax[edit]

text: Blood also can collect in the pleural space. This is called hemothorax. The most common cause is injury to the chest from blunt force or surgery on the heart or chest. Hemothorax also can occur in people with lung or pleural cancer.

text: Hemothorax can put pressure on the lung and force it to collapse. It also can cause shock, a state of hypoperfusion in which an insufficient amount of blood is able to reach the organs.

text: Prognosis[edit]

text: Pleurisy and other disorders of the pleurae can be serious, depending on what caused them. Generally, pleurisy treatment has an excellent prognosis, but if left untreated it can cause severe complications. For example, a resulting pulmonary heart disease cor pulmonale, which manifests itself with an inflammation of the arms and legs, can lead to heart failure. If the conditions that caused the pleurisy or other pleural disorders were adequately diagnosed and treated early, one can expect a full recovery. Help of a pulmonologist (respiratory physician in the U.K. and Australia) may be enlisted to address the underlying cause and chart post-illness rehabilitation.

text: Notable cases[edit]

text:
Gaius Marius, a Roman general and statesman, according to Plutarch died of the disease in 86 BC.[21]
Flavius Constantius III, a co-emperor of the Western Roman Empire, died of pleurisy according to Sidonius Apollinaris on 2 September 421 AD.[22]
Charlemagne, known as the father of Europe for reuniting much of the Roman Empire, died in 814 of pleurisy.[23]
Catherine de' Medici, sometimes described as a "wife of one King and mother of three others", died from pleurisy in January 1589 at age 69.[24]
Benjamin Franklin developed fever and chest pain in 1790 at the age of 84. He spent ten days in bed having severe cough and difficulty breathing. He died after an abscess in his lungs burst from what is believed to be a case of pleurisy.[25]
Juan O'Donojú, last viceroy of the Spanish colony of New Spain (Mexico), died of pleurisy on 8 October 1821.[26]
Francis Scott Key died in 1843 at the home of his daughter Elizabeth Howard in Baltimore from pleurisy.[27]
William Wordsworth, the English poet, died of pleurisy aged 80 on 23 April 1850.[28]
Dominic Savio, Italian Saint, became ill and died in March 1857 at the age of 14 possibly from pleurisy.[29]
Tad Lincoln, the fourth and youngest son of Abraham Lincoln, had difficulty breathing when lying down and had to sleep sitting in a chair, and probably died of pleuristic attack, which was believed to be tubercular in origin, in Chicago in 1871 at age 18.[30]
Devil Anse Hatfield, a leader of the Hatfield clan and the driving force of the infamous Hatfield–McCoy feud, had a bout of pleurisy in the 1890s (probably 1897).[31]
Frank C. Stanley, former Peerless Quartet member, died of pleurisy at the age of 41 on 12 December 1910 at his home in Orange.[32]
Mahatma Gandhi suffered from pleurisy during the First World War, while he was in London.[33]
Enrico Caruso was struggling with pleurisy in the winter of 1920–1921, which contributed to his premature death.[34][35]
Eli Bowen, a circus performer known as "The Legless Wonder", or "The Legless Acrobat", died on 2 May 1924 in Coney Island of pleurisy days before a scheduled performance for The Dreamland Circus at age 79.[36]
Erik Satie, French composer, died from pleurisy at l'Hôpital St. Joseph on 1 July 1925.[37]
Rudolph Valentino, an international movie star, died in August 1926 from pleurisy at age 31.[38]
Alvin Kraenzlein was the first athlete to win four Olympic titles in a single event at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris. He suffered from bouts of pleurisy at the end of 1927 and died from a related complication early 1928 at the age of 51.[39]
Thomas Hardy, English novelist and poet, became ill with pleurisy and died of related causes in 1928 at age 87.[40]
Anna Pavlova, one of the world's most famous ballerinas, died unexpectedly of pleurisy at age 49 at the Hotel des Indes in The Hague in January 1931,[41]
Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr., a Broadway impresario, who was credited with staging several hit musicals including Show Boat (1927), died on 22 July 1932 of pleurisy after a lung infection at age 65.[42]
Kenji Miyazawa, a Japanese poet and writer, suffered from chronic pleurisy and died of pneumonia in September 1933 at age 37.[43]
Nino Manfredi, prominent actor in the commedia all'italiana genre, was given three months to live for his bilateral pleurisy in 1937. He eventually survived and died at age 83 in 2004.[44]
Sir Robert Chesebrough, inventor of Vaseline, suffered pleurisy in his 50s and is said to have treated it by rubbing his whole body with petroleum jelly.[45]
Carson McCullers, author of The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter, was diagnosed with influenza and pleurisy in 1944.[46]
Ringo Starr, former Beatles drummer and solo artist, had chronic-pleurisy at age 13 in 1953.[47]
LeBron James, an American professional basketball player, was diagnosed with pleurisy after being admitted to the Cleveland Clinic in October 2005 with complaints about chest pain during practice.[48]
Ken Griffey Jr., an American professional baseball player, complained of soreness in the chest and, after a chest x-ray, was diagnosed with pleurisy in April, 2007.[49]
Edmund Husserl, a German philosopher who established the school of phenomenology died of a form of pleurisy on 27 April 1938.[50]


document_title: Ontario rubric

question_text: what percentage is a level 4 in ontario

question_tokens: what percentage is a level 4 in ontario

text: Ontario rubric

text: The Ontario rubric is a rubric system used to mark students in the Ontario provincial school system.

text: The Ontario rubric is typically a chart with five columns.  The first defines the category that is being evaluated, and the other four show levels 1 through 4. Level 1 is 50%–60%, Level 2 is 60%–70%, Level 3 is 70%–80%, and Level 4 is 80%–100%.  Some teachers represent a perfect mark by suffixing a plus sign to the 4+ ("Level 4++").

text:
Level [1]
Percent [2]

4+
95% - 100%

4
87% - 94%

4-
80% - 86%

3+
77% - 79%

3
73% - 76%

3-
70% - 72%

2+
67% - 69%

2
63% - 66%

2-
60% - 62%

1+
57% - 59%

1
53% - 56%

1-
50% - 52%

R
0% - 49%

text: The rows are typically broken into four strands:

text:
Knowledge/Understanding
Thinking/Inquiry
Application
Communication

text: In the elementary schools they are also sometimes organized into sections for projects,  for example:

text:
Appearance/ Neatness
Organization
Information and Understanding
General Appeal

text: Rubrics are used for marking. Their purpose is for a more objective marking process when marking subjective items. i.e. an essay, piece of artwork, tech project, or any project with multiple components i.e. computer program. They also aim to avoid student/teacher confusion.  Rubrics provide a breakdown of these four strands. These strands are not weighted evenly. For example, If a student receives a low mark in only one of the rows, their overall grade could be drastically reduced if that strand is weighted heavier than the others.  Similarly, if one receives a low mark in a strand that is not weighed heavily, it can have little effect on their mark.

text: The Ontario Rubric appears to be evolving into something known as a "competency profile".  Competency profiles are seen as being more user-friendly for teachers and students than the traditional text-based list of criteria.

text: Criticisms[edit]

text: Some criticize the Ontario rubric as they feel a student is no longer being assessed based solely on his or her ability to comprehend and utilize the learned material, but is instead being marked on the processes used.  They also feel that this limits creativity and growth on the part of the student as he/she becomes used to completing work within the confines of the rubric fearing that creativity will potentially result in a loss of marks. Instead others just construct rubrics that do not constrict creativity.


document_title: Bum Bright

question_text: who owned the dallas cowboys before bum bright

text: Bum Bright

text: Early life[edit]

text: Bright received his bachelor's degree in petroleum engineering from Texas A&M University in 1943. After graduating, he enlisted in the U.S. Army. He was assigned to the Army Corps of Engineers and deployed to Europe during the Second World War. Bright remained in the Army until 1946, obtaining the rank of captain.[2]

text: Business[edit]

text: Bright returned to Texas in 1946 and began investing in oil and natural gas leases. Later he expanded to trucking, banks, real estate, and savings and loans. His investments made him a millionaire by the age of 31.[3] In 1990, he was listed as one of the 100 richest people in Texas.[4]

text: Dallas Cowboys owner[edit]

text: In 1984, Bright (along with 11 limited business partners, including Craig Hall[5]) purchased the Dallas Cowboys NFL franchise from Clint Murchison, Jr. for $85 million.

text: The Cowboys made the playoffs in his first season as owner, losing to the Los Angeles Rams in the first round and finishing with a 10-6 record. The team's performance declined over the next three seasons, posting records of 7-9, 7-8, and 3-13.

text: After suffering financial losses, including an estimated $29 million in the 1988 collapse of First Republic Bank Corporation, Bright sold the franchise to Jerry Jones in 1989 for $140 million.[3] Jones made many changes to the team, including firing longtime head coach Tom Landry. Later, Bright claimed that he wanted to fire Landry himself as early as 1987, but general manager Tex Schramm claimed he didn't have a successor in place yet.[6]

text: Politics[edit]

text: An outspoken conservative, Bright was highly critical of John F. Kennedy. In response to President Kennedy's visit to Texas in 1963, Bright co-sponsored a political advertisement in the Dallas Morning News to criticize the President's policies. The full-page ad ran on November 22, 1963, the day that Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas.[2][7]

text: He also disapproved of the extent of federal welfare programs. In a 1990 interview with Texas Monthly, he stated, "Our unrestrained welfare programs encourage people to be non-productive and, therefore, hungry and helpless."[4]

text: Connection to Texas A&M[edit]

text: Bright was known for publicly supporting his alma mater, Texas A&M University, and its athletics programs. After the Texas A&M football team upset the University of Texas in 1967, he had one million matchboxes with the inscription "Tee Hee Hee: Texas A&M 10, Texas 7" printed and distributed throughout the state of Texas.[4]

text: He served as the chairman of the Texas A&M University System Board of Regents from 1981 to 1985. In 1991, Texas A&M named him a Distinguished Alumnus. A&M also presented him with the Sterling C. Evans medal in 2002.[8]

text: Bright donated an unrestricted contribution of $25 million to Texas A&M in 1997. In 2000, he donated another $5 million to support renovation of the school's football stadium, Kyle Field. Two buildings on Texas A&M's campus bear his name: the Bright Athletic Complex and the H. R. "Bum" Bright Building.[2]