document_title: Health

question_text: the choices that individuals make that influence health status are known as

text: Health

text: History[edit]

text: The definition of health has evolved over time. In keeping with the biomedical perspective, early definitions of health focused on the theme of the body's ability to function; health was seen as a state of normal function that could be disrupted from time to time by disease. An example of such a definition of health is: "a state characterized by anatomic, physiologic, and psychological integrity; ability to perform personally valued family, work, and community roles; ability to deal with physical, biological, psychological, and social stress".[10] Then, in 1948, in a radical departure from previous definitions, the World Health Organization (WHO) proposed a definition that aimed higher: linking health to well-being, in terms of "physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity".[11] Although this definition was welcomed by some as being innovative, it was also criticized as being vague, excessively broad, and was not construed as measurable. For a long time, it was set aside as an impractical ideal and most discussions of health returned to the practicality of the biomedical model.[12]

text: Just as there was a shift from viewing disease as a state to thinking of it as a process, the same shift happened in definitions of health. Again, the WHO played a leading role when it fostered the development of the health promotion movement in the 1980s. This brought in a new conception of health, not as a state, but in dynamic terms of resiliency, in other words, as "a resource for living". 1984 WHO revised the definition of health defined it as "the extent to which an individual or group is able to realize aspirations and satisfy needs and to change or cope with the environment. Health is a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living; it is a positive concept, emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities".[13] Thus, health referred to the ability to maintain homeostasis and recover from insults. Mental, intellectual, emotional, and social health referred to a person's ability to handle stress, to acquire skills, to maintain relationships, all of which form resources for resiliency and independent living.[12]

text: Since the late 1970s, the federal Healthy People Initiative has been a visible component of the United States’ approach to improving population health.[14] In each decade, a new version of Healthy People is issued,[15] featuring updated goals and identifying topic areas and quantifiable objectives for health improvement during the succeeding ten years, with assessment at that point of progress or lack thereof. Progress has been limited to many objectives, leading to concerns about the effectiveness of Healthy People in shaping outcomes in the context of a decentralized and uncoordinated US health system. Healthy People 2020 gives more prominence to health promotion and preventive approaches and adds a substantive focus on the importance of addressing social determinants of health. A new expanded digital interface facilitates use and dissemination rather than bulky printed books as produced in the past. The impact of these changes to Healthy People will be determined in the coming years.[16]

text: Systematic activities to prevent or cure health problems and promote good health in humans are undertaken by health care providers. Applications with regard to animal health are covered by the veterinary sciences. The term "healthy" is also widely used in the context of many types of non-living organizations and their impacts for the benefit of humans, such as in the sense of healthy communities, healthy cities or healthy environments. In addition to health care interventions and a person's surroundings, a number of other factors are known to influence the health status of individuals, including their background, lifestyle, and economic, social conditions, and spirituality; these are referred to as "determinants of health." Studies have shown that high levels of stress can affect human health.[17]

text: Determinants[edit]

text: Generally, the context in which an individual lives is of great importance for both his health status and quality of their life. It is increasingly recognized that health is maintained and improved not only through the advancement and application of health science, but also through the efforts and intelligent lifestyle choices of the individual and society. According to the World Health Organization, the main determinants of health include the social and economic environment, the physical environment, and the person's individual characteristics and behaviors.[18]

text: More specifically, key factors that have been found to influence whether people are healthy or unhealthy include the following:[18][19][20]

text:
Income and social status
Social support networks
Education and literacy
Employment/working conditions
Social environments
Physical environments

Personal health practices and coping skills
Healthy child development
Biology and genetics
Health care services
Gender
Culture

text: An increasing number of studies and reports from different organizations and contexts examine the linkages between health and different factors, including lifestyles, environments, health care organization, and health policy, one specific health policy brought into many countries in recent years was the introduction of the sugar tax. Beverage taxes came into light with increasing concerns about obesity, particularly among youth. Sugar-sweetened beverages have become a target of anti-obesity initiatives with increasing evidence of their link to obesity.[21]– such as the 1974 Lalonde report from Canada;[20] the Alameda County Study in California;[22] and the series of World Health Reports of the World Health Organization, which focuses on global health issues including access to health care and improving public health outcomes, especially in developing countries.[23]

text: The concept of the "health field," as distinct from medical care, emerged from the Lalonde report from Canada. The report identified three interdependent fields as key determinants of an individual's health. These are:[20]

text:
Lifestyle: the aggregation of personal decisions (i.e., over which the individual has control) that can be said to contribute to, or cause, illness or death;
Environmental: all matters related to health external to the human body and over which the individual has little or no control;
Biomedical: all aspects of health, physical and mental, developed within the human body as influenced by genetic make-up.

text: The maintenance and promotion of health is achieved through different combination of physical, mental, and social well-being, together sometimes referred to as the "health triangle."[24][25] The WHO's 1986 Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion further stated that health is not just a state, but also "a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities."[26]

text: Focusing more on lifestyle issues and their relationships with functional health, data from the Alameda County Study suggested that people can improve their health via exercise, enough sleep, maintaining a healthy body weight, limiting alcohol use, and avoiding smoking.[27] Health and illness can co-exist, as even people with multiple chronic diseases or terminal illnesses can consider themselves healthy.[28]

text: The environment is often cited as an important factor influencing the health status of individuals. This includes characteristics of the natural environment, the built environment, and the social environment. Factors such as clean water and air, adequate housing, and safe communities and roads all have been found to contribute to good health, especially to the health of infants and children.[18][29] Some studies have shown that a lack of neighborhood recreational spaces including natural environment leads to lower levels of personal satisfaction and higher levels of obesity, linked to lower overall health and well being.[30] This suggests that the positive health benefits of natural space in urban neighborhoods should be taken into account in public policy and land use.

text: Genetics, or inherited traits from parents, also play a role in determining the health status of individuals and populations. This can encompass both the predisposition to certain diseases and health conditions, as well as the habits and behaviors individuals develop through the lifestyle of their families. For example, genetics may play a role in the manner in which people cope with stress, either mental, emotional or physical. For example, obesity is a very large problem in the United States that contributes to bad mental health and causes stress in a lot of people's lives[31]. (One difficulty is the issue raised by the debate over the relative strengths of genetics and other factors; interactions between genetics and environment may be of particular importance.)

text: Potential issues[edit]

text: This section has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation, footnoting, or external linking. (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: There are a lot of types of health issues common with many people across the globe. Disease is one of the most common. According to GlobalIssues.org, approximately 36 million people die each year from non-communicable (not contagious) disease including cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes and chronic lung disease (Shah, 2014).

text: As for communicable diseases, both viral and bacterial, AIDS/HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria are the most common also causing millions of deaths every year (2014).

text: Another health issue that causes death or contributes to other health problems is malnutrition majorly among children. One of the groups malnutrition affects most is young children. Approximately 7.5 million children under the age of 5 die from malnutrition, and it is usually brought on by not having the money to find or make food (2014).

text: Bodily injuries are also a common health issue worldwide. These injuries, including broken bones, fractures, and burns can reduce a person's quality of life or can cause fatalities including infections that resulted from the injury or the severity injury in general (Moffett, 2013).[32]

text: Some contributing factors to poor health are lifestyle choices. These include smoking cigarettes, and also can include a poor diet, whether it is overeating or an overly constrictive diet. Inactivity can also contribute to health issues and also a lack of sleep, excessive alcohol consumption, and neglect of oral hygiene (2013). There are also genetic disorders that are inherited by the person and can vary in how much they affect the person and when they surface (2013).

text: The one health issue that is the most unfortunate because the majority of these health issues are preventable is that approximately 1 billion people lack access to health care systems (Shah, 2014). It is easy to say that the most common and harmful health issue is that a lot of people do not have access to quality remedies.[33][34]

text: Mental health[edit]

text: The World Health Organization describes mental health as "a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community".[35] Mental Health is not just the absence of mental illness.[36]

text: Mental illness is described as 'the spectrum of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral conditions that interfere with social and emotional well-being and the lives and productivity of people. Having a mental illness can seriously impair, temporarily or permanently, the mental functioning of a person. Other terms include: 'mental health problem', 'illness', 'disorder', 'dysfunction'.[37]

text: Roughly a quarter of all adults 18 and over in the US are considered diagnosable with mental illness. Mental illnesses are the leading cause of disability in the US and Canada. Examples include, schizophrenia, ADHD, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and autism.[38]

text: Many teens suffer from mental health issues in response to the pressures of society and social problems they encounter. Some of the key mental health issues seen in teens are: depression, eating disorders, and drug abuse. There are many ways to prevent these health issues from occurring such as communicating well with a teen suffering from mental health issues. Mental health can be treated and be attentive to teens' behavior.[39]

text: Many factors contribute to mental health problems, including:

text:
Biological factors, such as genes or brain chemistry
Life experiences, such as trauma or abuse
Family history of mental health problems

text: Maintaining[edit]

text: Achieving and maintaining health is an ongoing process, shaped by both the evolution of health care knowledge and practices as well as personal strategies and organized interventions for staying healthy.

text: Diet[edit]

text: An important way to maintain your personal health is to have a healthy diet. A healthy diet includes a variety of plant-based and animal-based foods that provide nutrients to your body. Such nutrients give you energy and keep your body running. Nutrients help build and strengthen bones, muscles, and tendons and also regulate body processes (i.e. blood pressure). The food guide pyramid is a pyramid-shaped guide of healthy foods divided into sections. Each section shows the recommended intake for each food group (i.e. Protein, Fat, Carbohydrates, and Sugars). Making healthy food choices is important because it can lower your risk of heart disease, developing some types of cancer, and it will contribute to maintaining a healthy weight.[42]

text: The Mediterranean diet is commonly associated with health-promoting effects due to the fact that it contains some bioactive compounds like phenolic compounds, isoprenoids and alkaloids.[43]

text: Exercise[edit]

text: Physical exercise enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health and wellness. It strengthens muscles and improves the cardiovascular system. According to the National Institute of Health (NIH) there are four types of exercise; Endurance, Strength, Flexibility, and Balance. Endurance exercises are those that will elevate your heart including; walking, jogging, running, hiking etc. [44]

text: Sleep[edit]

text: Sleep is an essential component to maintaining health. In children, sleep is also vital for growth and development. Ongoing sleep deprivation has been linked to an increased risk for some chronic health problems. In addition, sleep deprivation has been shown to correlate with both increased susceptibility to illness and slower recovery times from illness.[45] In one study, people with chronic insufficient sleep, set as six hours of sleep a night or less, were found to be four times more likely to catch a cold compared to those who reported sleeping for seven hours or more a night.[46] Due to the role of sleep in regulating metabolism, insufficient sleep may also play a role in weight gain or, conversely, in impeding weight loss.[47] Additionally, in 2007, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, which is the cancer research agency for the World Health Organization, declared that "shiftwork that involves circadian disruption is probably carcinogenic to humans," speaking to the dangers of long-term nighttime work due to its intrusion on sleep.[48] In 2015, the National Sleep Foundation released updated recommendations for sleep duration requirements based on age and concluded that "Individuals who habitually sleep outside the normal range may be exhibiting signs or symptoms of serious health problems or, if done volitionally, may be compromising their health and well-being."[49]

text:
Age and condition
Sleep Needs

Newborns (0–3 months)
14 to 17 hours

Infants (4–11 months)
12 to 15 hours

Toddlers (1–2 years)
11 to 14 hours

Preschoolers (3–5 years)
10 to 13 hours

School-age children (6–13 years)
  9 to 11 hours

Teenagers (14–17 years)
  8 to 10 hours

Adults (18–64 years)
  7 to 9 hours

Older Adults (65 years and over)
  7 to 8 hours

text: Role of science[edit]

text: Health science is the branch of science focused on health. There are two main approaches to health science: the study and research of the body and health-related issues to understand how humans (and animals) function, and the application of that knowledge to improve health and to prevent and cure diseases and other physical and mental impairments. The science builds on many sub-fields, including biology, biochemistry, physics, epidemiology, pharmacology, medical sociology. Applied health sciences endeavor to better understand and improve human health through applications in areas such as health education, biomedical engineering, biotechnology and public health.

text: Organized interventions to improve health based on the principles and procedures developed through the health sciences are provided by practitioners trained in medicine, nursing, nutrition, pharmacy, social work, psychology, occupational therapy, physical therapy and other health care professions. Clinical practitioners focus mainly on the health of individuals, while public health practitioners consider the overall health of communities and populations. Workplace wellness programs are increasingly adopted by companies for their value in improving the health and well-being of their employees, as are school health services in order to improve the health and well-being of children.

text: Role of public health[edit]

text: Public health has been described as "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals."[50] It is concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on population health analysis. The population in question can be as small as a handful of people or as large as all the inhabitants of several continents (for instance, in the case of a pandemic). Public health has many sub-fields, but typically includes the interdisciplinary categories of epidemiology, biostatistics and health services. Environmental health, community health, behavioral health, and occupational health are also important areas of public health.

text: The focus of public health interventions is to prevent and manage diseases, injuries and other health conditions through surveillance of cases and the promotion of healthy behavior, communities, and (in aspects relevant to human health) environments. Its aim is to prevent health problems from happening or re-occurring by implementing educational programs, developing policies, administering services and conducting research.[51] In many cases, treating a disease or controlling a pathogen can be vital to preventing it in others, such as during an outbreak. Vaccination programs and distribution of condoms to prevent the spread of communicable diseases are examples of common preventive public health measures, as are educational campaigns to promote vaccination and the use of condoms (including overcoming resistance to such).

text: Public health also takes various actions to limit the health disparities between different areas of the country and, in some cases, the continent or world. One issue is the access of individuals and communities to health care in terms of financial, geographical or socio-cultural constraints to accessing and using services.[52] Applications of the public health system include the areas of maternal and child health, health services administration, emergency response, and prevention and control of infectious and chronic diseases.

text: The great positive impact of public health programs is widely acknowledged. Due in part to the policies and actions developed through public health, the 20th century registered a decrease in the mortality rates for infants and children and a continual increase in life expectancy in most parts of the world. For example, it is estimated that life expectancy has increased for Americans by thirty years since 1900,[53] and worldwide by six years since 1990.[54]

text: Self-care strategies[edit]

text: Personal health depends partially on the active, passive, and assisted cues people observe and adopt about their own health. These include personal actions for preventing or minimizing the effects of a disease, usually a chronic condition, through integrative care. They also include personal hygiene practices to prevent infection and illness, such as bathing and washing hands with soap; brushing and flossing teeth; storing, preparing and handling food safely; and many others. The information gleaned from personal observations of daily living – such as about sleep patterns, exercise behavior, nutritional intake and environmental features – may be used to inform personal decisions and actions (e.g., "I feel tired in the morning so I am going to try sleeping on a different pillow"), as well as clinical decisions and treatment plans (e.g., a patient who notices his or her shoes are tighter than usual may be having exacerbation of left-sided heart failure, and may require diuretic medication to reduce fluid overload).[55]

text: Personal health also depends partially on the social structure of a person's life. The maintenance of strong social relationships, volunteering, and other social activities have been linked to positive mental health and also increased longevity. One American study among seniors over age 70, found that frequent volunteering was associated with reduced risk of dying compared with older persons who did not volunteer, regardless of physical health status.[56] Another study from Singapore reported that volunteering retirees had significantly better cognitive performance scores, fewer depressive symptoms, and better mental well-being and life satisfaction than non-volunteering retirees.[57]

text: Prolonged psychological stress may negatively impact health, and has been cited as a factor in cognitive impairment with aging, depressive illness, and expression of disease.[58] Stress management is the application of methods to either reduce stress or increase tolerance to stress. Relaxation techniques are physical methods used to relieve stress. Psychological methods include cognitive therapy, meditation, and positive thinking, which work by reducing response to stress. Improving relevant skills, such as problem solving and time management skills, reduces uncertainty and builds confidence, which also reduces the reaction to stress-causing situations where those skills are applicable.

text: Occupational[edit]

text: In addition to safety risks, many jobs also present risks of disease, illness and other long-term health problems. Among the most common occupational diseases are various forms of pneumoconiosis, including silicosis and coal worker's pneumoconiosis (black lung disease). Asthma is another respiratory illness that many workers are vulnerable to. Workers may also be vulnerable to skin diseases, including eczema, dermatitis, urticaria, sunburn, and skin cancer.[59][60] Other occupational diseases of concern include carpal tunnel syndrome and lead poisoning.

text: As the number of service sector jobs has risen in developed countries, more and more jobs have become sedentary, presenting a different array of health problems than those associated with manufacturing and the primary sector. Contemporary problems, such as the growing rate of obesity and issues relating to stress and overwork in many countries, have further complicated the interaction between work and health.

text: Many governments view occupational health as a social challenge and have formed public organizations to ensure the health and safety of workers. Examples of these include the British Health and Safety Executive and in the United States, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, which conducts research on occupational health and safety, and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, which handles regulation and policy relating to worker safety and health.[61][62][63]


document_title: Italian meal structure

question_text: when is the main meal of the day traditionally served in italy

root

text: Italian meal structure

text: Daytime meal structure[edit]

text: Breakfast (Colazione)[edit]

text: Italian breakfast (prima colazione) consists of caffè latte (hot coffee with milk) or coffee with bread or rolls, butter and jam. A cookie-like rusk hard bread, called fette biscottate, and cookies are commonly eaten. Children drink hot chocolate, plain milk, or hot milk with very little coffee. If breakfast is eaten in a bar (coffee shop), it is composed of cappuccino and cornetto (frothed hot milk with coffee and a pastry) or espresso and pastry. Other products, such as breakfast cereals, fruit salad (macedonia), muesli and yogurt, are becoming increasingly common as part of the meal. However, Italian breakfasts vary by region and by season. In some regions, such as Tuscany and Umbria, in the past, people used to drink red wine (notably Chianti) into which they would dip their biscuits.

tag: p

text: It is also very common for Italians to have a quick breakfast snack during the middle of the morning (typically a tramezzino or bread roll).

text: Lunch (Pranzo)[edit]

text: Lunch is usually regarded as the most important meal. Most shops close for the pausa pranzo (lunch break) between 13:00 and 15:00. In most schools, children are given a lunch break when they can go home for lunch, or eat at the school cafeteria, or eat a packed lunch. Since the introduction of fast foods, takeaways and frozen and tinned foods, Italians tend to eat less home-made food but fresh food is still quite common and most people buy bread, milk and other foods daily. Many adults still make their own food (e.g., tomato sauce from their own tomatoes) and takeaways are not very frequent. A typical Italian lunch consists of a first course il primo (pasta, rice or similar), a second-course il secondo (meat or fish) served together with a side dish il contorno (vegetable or salad) and fruit.

text: Commuters and other workers tend to eat less often at home but instead, have a quick meal in a restaurant or pizzeria. Many foreign fast-food chains operate in Italy, especially in big cities and along motorways. Italian fast-food chains, like Autogrill, are also prevalent, often featuring versions of local dishes.

text: Mid-afternoon snack (Merenda)[edit]

text: Many children and adults have a mid-afternoon snack called merenda, generally consumed after school or in mid-afternoon. This may include a wide variety of foods. Merenda is often similar to breakfast, and might consist of a hot milky drink with bread and honey/jam or brioches; other foods are also eaten, such as yogurt, gelato, granita, fruit salad (or just fruit), nuts, biscuits and cookies, cake, sweets, etc.

text: Supper (Cena)[edit]

text: For cena, people tend to have the same or more amount of food than for "pranzo" and usually it consists of the same kind of dishes reported above.

text: Formal meal structure[edit]

text: A structure of an Italian meal in its full form, usually performed during festivities.[1]


document_title: Benedict's reagent

question_text: what color is glucose in benedict's test

question_tokens: what color is glucose in benedict 's test

text: Benedict's reagent

text: Benedict test[edit]

text: To test for the presence of monosaccharides and reducing disaccharide sugars in food, the food sample is dissolved in water, and a small amount of Benedict's reagent is added. During a water bath, which is usually 4–10 minutes, the solution should progress in the colors of blue (with no reducing sugar present), green, yellow, orange, red, and then brick red precipitate or brown (with high reducing sugar present). A color change would signify the presence of a reducing sugar.[3] The common disaccharides lactose and maltose are directly detected by Benedict's reagent because each contains a glucose with a free reducing aldehyde moiety, after isomerization.

text: Sucrose (table sugar) contains two sugars (fructose and glucose) joined by their glycosidic bond in such a way as to prevent the glucose isomerizing to aldehyde, or the fructose to alpha-hydroxy-ketone form. Sucrose is thus a non-reducing sugar which does not react with Benedict's reagent. Sucrose indirectly produces a positive result with Benedict's reagent if heated with dilute hydrochloric acid prior to the test, although after this treatment it is no longer sucrose. The acidic conditions and heat break the glycosidic bond in sucrose through hydrolysis. The products of sucrose decomposition are glucose and fructose, both of which can be detected by Benedict's reagent, as described above.

text: Starches do not react or react very poorly with Benedict's reagent, due to the relatively small number of reducing sugar moieties, which occur only at the ends of carbohydrate chains. Inositol (myoinositol) is another carbohydrate which produces a negative test.

text: Benedict's reagent can be used to test for the presence of glucose in urine. Glucose in urine is called glucosuria and can be indicative of diabetes mellitus, but the test is not recommended or used for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. A false positive reaction can be due to the presence of other reducing substances in urine such as ascorbic acid (during intake of vitamin supplements), drugs (levodopa, contrast used in radiological procedures) and homogentisic acid (alkaptonuria).

text: Benedict's solution[edit]

text: Benedict's solution is a deep-blue solution used to test for the presence of the aldehyde functional group, - CHO.[3] It is an aqueous alkaline mixture of CuSO4 and sodium citrate. Here sodium citrate is the complexing agent that keeps Cu2+ in solution, which would otherwise precipitate as cupric carbonate. The substance to be tested is heated up to 95 °C (for example, in a water bath) with Benedict's solution; formation of a brick-red precipitate indicates presence of the aldehyde group in relatively high concentrations.[3] Since simple sugars (e.g., glucose) give a positive test, the solution is used to test for the presence of glucose in urine, a symptom of diabetes. One litre of Benedict's solution contains 173 grammes sodium citrate, 100 grammes sodium carbonate, and 17.3 grammes cupric sulphate pentahydrate. It reacts chemically similarly to Fehling's solution; the cupric ion (complexed with citrate ions) is reduced to cuprous ion by the aldehyde group (which is oxidised), and precipitates as cuprous oxide, Cu2O.

text:
Experiment
Observation
Inference

Substance in water + 3ml Benedict's solution, then boil for few minutes and allow to cool.
Red, green, or yellow precipitate is obtained
Reducing sugar e.g. Glucose is present

Substance in water + 3ml Benedict's solution, then boil for few minutes and allow to cool.
Solution remains clear or is a little blue
Reducing sugar is not present

tag: table

text: Quantitative reagent[edit]

text: Benedict's quantitative reagent contains potassium thiocyanate and is used to determine how much reducing sugar is present.[3] This solution forms a copper thiocyanate precipitate which is white and can be used in a titration. The titration should be repeated with 1% glucose solution instead of the sample for calibration.


document_title: White House press corps

question_text: who sits in the front row at the white house press briefing

text: White House press corps

text: Overview[edit]

text: The White House Press Secretary or a deputy generally holds a weekday news briefing in the James S. Brady Press Briefing Room. The room currently seats 49 reporters. Each seat is assigned to a news gathering organization, with the most prominent organizations occupying the first two rows. Reporters who do not have an assigned seat may stand. Often a smaller group of reporters known as the "White House press pool" is assembled to report back to their colleagues on events where the venue would make open coverage logistically difficult.[citation needed]

text: When a new U.S. president is elected, some news organizations change their correspondents, most often to the reporter who had been assigned to cover the new president during the preceding campaign. For example, after the 2008 presidential campaign, ABC News moved Jake Tapper, who had covered Barack Obama during his presidential campaign, to the White House correspondent's position.[citation needed]

text: History[edit]

text: The White House press corps had their first duties in the White House in the early 1900s. An urban legend exists of President Theodore Roosevelt noticing a group of correspondents in the rain looking for sources for their stories and inviting them into the White House. Subsequent historical research outlines how reporters were able to start with small stories in the White House and then grew their presence and influence over a span of many years.[1]

text: Correspondents[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Current[edit]

text: Television[edit]

text:
Jim Acosta – CNN[2]
Yasmeen Sami Alamiri – CGTN
Gustau Alegret – Nuestra Tele Noticias 24 Horas
Jacqueline Alemany – CBS News
Peter Alexander – NBC News
Wes Barrett – Fox News
Emel Bayrak – TRT Turkish Radio and Television Corporation
James Bays – Al Jazeera English
Kate Bennett – CNN
Margaret Brennan – CBS News[3]
David Brody – Christian Broadcasting Network
Blake Burman – Fox Business News
Ching-Yi Chang – Shanghai Media Group
Ronica Cleary – Fox 5 DC WTTG
Kaitlan Collins – CNN
Stephen Collinson – CNN
Sara Cook – NHK
Kevin Corke – Fox News
Philip Crowther – France 24
Zoe Daniel – ABC News (Australia)
Jeremy Diamond – CNN
Kristin Donnelly – NBC News
Devin Dwyer – ABC News
Arden Farhi – CBS News
Katherine Faulders – ABC News
Alan Fisher – Al Jazeera English
Jon Garcia – ABC News
Major Garrett – CBS News[4]
Serafin Gómez – Fox News
Noah Gray – CNN
Kimberly Halkett – Al Jazeera English
Dan Hausle – WHDH
Caroline Horn – CBS News
Jillian Hughes – CBS News
Hallie Jackson – NBC News[5]
Lesa Jansen – Fox News
Chris Jansing – MSNBC
Eamon Javers – CNBC
Athena Jones – CNN
Jonathan Karl – ABC News[6]
Peter Kleim – n-tv
Raquel Krähenbühl – GloboNews
Elizabeth Landers – CNN
Richard Latendresse – TVA Group
Kevin Liptak – CNN
Cordelia Lynch – Sky News
Joy Malbon – CTV News
Allie Malloy – CNN
Mark Meredith – Nexstar Media Group
Dan Merica – CNN
Victor Montoro – C-SPAN
Sara Murray – CNN
Kelly O'Donnell – MSNBC
John R. Parkinson – ABC News
Jordyn Phelps – ABC News
Fernando Pizzaro – Univision
John Roberts – Fox News[7]
Janet Rodriguez – Univision
Arlette Saenz – ABC News
Steve Scully – C-SPAN[8]
Jon Sopel – BBC
Jessica Stone – CGTN
Amber Strong – Christian Broadcasting Network
Margaret Talev – Bloomberg Television[9]
Kayla Tausche – CNBC[10]
Scott Thuman – ABC 7 News WJLA-TV; Sinclair Broadcast Group
Cecilia Vega – ABC News[11]
Ali Vitali – NBC News
Kristen Welker – NBC News[12]
Jennifer Wishon – Christian Broadcasting Network
Trey Yingst – One America News Network
Jeff Zeleny – CNN

tag: ul

text: Print and Internet[edit]

text:
Kristina Anderson – AWPS News
Melanie Arter – CNSNews.com
Peter Baker – New York Times
Rebecca Ballhaus – The Wall Street Journal
Andrew Beatty – Agence France-Presse[13]
Michael Bender – The Wall Street Journal
Jennifer Bendery – The Huffington Post
Brian Bennett – Los Angeles Times
John T. Bennett – Roll Call
Nadia Bilbassy – Al Arabiya English
Josh Boak – Associated Press
Cheryl Bolen – Bloomberg BNA
Dave Boyer – The Washington Times
Paul Brandus – West Wing Reports
Robin Bravender – Environment & Energy Publishing
Jon-Christopher Bua – EuroNews[14]
Miriam Burgués – EFE
Julie Bykowicz – Associated Press
Adrian Carrasquillo – BuzzFeed
Jérôme Cartillier – Agence France-Presse[15]
Conrad Chaffee – Tokyo Shimbun
Francesca Chambers – Mail Online
Cho Yi-jun – The Chosun Ilbo
Dave Clarke – The Washington Post
Jill Colvin – Associated Press
George E. Condon Jr. – National Journal
David Corn – Mother Jones
Jerome Corsi – infowars.com
Jeanne Cummings – The Wall Street Journal
Anne Walters Custer – Deutsche Presse-Agentur
Kelly Daschle – Associated Press
Shirish V. Dáte – Huffington Post
Julie Davis – New York Times
Josh Dawsey – Politico
Tom DeFrank – National Journal
Mike Dorning – Bloomberg News
Edward-Isaac Dovere – Politico
Al Drago – New York Times
Dan Eggen – The Washington Post
Juliet Eilperin – The Washington Post
Jennifer Epstein – Bloomberg News
J. Jesús Esquivel – Proceso
Jordan Fabian – The Hill[16]
Andrew Feinberg – BroadbandBreakfast.com
Linda Feldman – Christian Science Monitor
Dan Freedman – Hearst Communications
Josh Gerstein – Politico
Todd J. Gillman – The Dallas Morning News
John Gizzi – Newsmax
Raghubir Goyal – India Globe[14]
Rosie Gray – The Atlantic
Maggie Haberman – New York Times
Anthony Harper – InterMountain Christian News; Christian Newspaper Association
Bryant Harris – Yomiuri Shimbun
Peter Heinlein – Voice of America
Kathleen Hennessey – Associated Press
Steven L. Herman – Voice of America
Steve Holland – Reuters
David Jackson – USA Today
Jennifer Jacobs – Bloomberg News
Lalit Jha – Press Trust of India
Chris Johnson – Washington Blade
Jenna Johnson – The Washington Post
Cameron Joseph – Talking Points Memo
Brian Karem – The Sentinel Newspapers
Annie Karni – Politico
Olivier Knox – Yahoo! News
Gregory Korte – USA Today
Anita Kumar – The McClatchy Company
Martha Joynt Kumar – White House Transition Project[14]
Mark Landler – New York Times
Lucía Leal – EFE
Evan Lehmann – Environment & Energy Publishing
Jonathan Lemire – Associated Press
Annie Linskey – The Boston Globe
Ryan Lizza – The New Yorker
Frank Lockwood – Arkansas Democrat-Gazette
Fred Lucas – The Daily Signal
Catherine Lucey – Associated Press
Lachlan Markay – The Daily Beast
Jeff Mason – Reuters
Kyle Mazza – UNF News
Tara McKelvey – BBC News
Erin McPike – Independent Journal Review
Steven A. Miller – The Washington Times
Zeke Miller – Time
Gabby Morrongiello – The Washington Examiner
David Nakamura – The Washington Post
Daniel Nasaw – The Wall Street Journal
Steven Nelson – The Washington Examiner
Emily Ngo – Newsday
Peter Nicholas – The Wall Street Journal
Matthew Nussbaum – Politico
Toluse Olorunnipa – Bloomberg News
Franco Ordoñez – The McClatchy Company
Damian Paletta – The Washington Post
Tara Palmeri – Politico
Ashley Parker – The Washington Post
Amie Parnes – The Hill
Christi Parsons – tronc
Katie Pavlich – Townhall
Ksenija Pavlovic – The Pavlovic Today
Maria Peña – La Opinion/impreMedia
Shannon Pettypiece – Bloomberg[17]
Alex Pfeiffer – The Daily Caller
Abby Phillip – The Washington Post
Heidi Przybyla – USA Today
Louise Radnofsky – The Wall Street Journal
Roberta Rampton – Reuters
Ayesha Rascoe – Reuters
Andrew Restuccia – Politico
Cara Rinkoff - Sputnik News Wires
Philip Rucker – The Washington Post
Vivian Salama – Associated Press
Mary Alice Salinas – Voice of America
Darren Samuelsohn – Politico
Debra J. Saunders – Las Vegas Review-Journal
Demetri Sevastopulo – Financial Times
Michael D. Shear – New York Times
Alexis Simendinger – Real Clear Politics
Justin Sink – Bloomberg News
Andrei Sitov – Itar-Tass News Agency
Donovan Slack – USA Today
David Smith – The Guardian
Sara Sorcher – USA Today
Charlie Spiering – Breitbart
Niall Stanage – The Hill
Jim Stinson – LifeZette
Eli Stokols – The Wall Street Journal
Darlene Superville – Associated Press
Jonathan Swan – Axios
Lynn Sweet – Chicago Sun-Times
ChiaChieh Tang – Sina News
Heather Timmons – Quartz
Ken Thomas – Associated Press
Glenn Thrush – New York Times[18]
Jake Turx – Ami
John Wagner – The Washington Post
Hunter Walker – Yahoo! News
Kenneth T. Walsh – U.S. News & World Report
Michael Warren – The Weekly Standard
Sarah Westwood – The Washington Examiner
Anna Wilding – Herald de Paris
Michael Wilner – The Jerusalem Post
Lucian Wintrich – The Gateway Pundit
Michael S. Moates – The Narrative Times [19]

text: Radio[edit]

text:
Geoff Bennett – NPR
Greg Clugston – Salem Radio Network
Bob Costantini – Westwood One News
Jon Decker – Fox News Radio
Justin Duckham – Talk Media News
John Fredericks – The John Fredericks Show
Scott Horsley – NPR
Victoria Jones – Talk Media News
Tamara Keith – NPR
Mark Knoller – CBS Radio News
Connie Lawn – USA Radio Network
Mara Liasson – NPR
Steven Portnoy – CBS Radio News
Ellen Ratner – Talk Media News
Jared Rizzi – SiriusXM POTUS
April Ryan – American Urban Radio Networks
Karen Travers – ABC News Radio
Robert S. Weiner – Main Street Radio Network

text: Notable former correspondents[edit]

text:
Mike Allen – Politico
Jim Angle – National Public Radio
Jim Axelrod – CBS News
Bret Baier – Fox News
Richard Benedetto – USA Today
Bob Berkowitz – CNN
Wolf Blitzer – Jerusalem Post
David Bloom – NBC News
Caren Bohan – Reuters
Rita Braver – CBS News
David Broder – The Washington Post
Tom Brokaw – NBC News
Campbell Brown – NBC News
Carl Cameron – Fox News
Lou Cannon – The Washington Post, National Journal
Ann Compton – ABC News Radio
Helene Cooper – The New York Times
Steve Daley – Chicago Tribune
James Deakin – St. Louis Post-Dispatch
Ann Devroy – Gannett Company, USA Today, The Washington Post
John Dickerson – Time
Sam Donaldson – ABC News
John Donvan – ABC News
Bill Downs – ABC News
Mike Emanuel – Fox News
Trude Feldman – The New York Times, The Washington Post
Thomas Friedman – The New York Times
David Gregory – NBC News
Wendell Goler – Fox News
Don Gonyea – NPR
Savannah Guthrie – NBC News
Ed Henry – Fox News
Brit Hume – ABC News
Gwen Ifill – The New York Times
Chris Jansing – MSNBC
Tom Jarriel – ABC News
Herb Kaplow – NBC News
John King – CNN
Greg Kelly – Fox News
Michelle Kosinski – CNN[20]
Carl Leubsdorf – The Baltimore Sun, The Dallas Morning News
Jennifer Loven – Associated Press
Suzanne Malveaux – CNN
Christoph von Marschall – Der Tagesspiegel
Jane Mayer – The Wall Street Journal
Sarah McClendon
Myles Miller – The Daily
Andrea Mitchell – NBC News
Terry Moran – ABC News
Sophia A. Nelson – Jet Magazine
Norah O'Donnell – NBC News, MSNBC, CBS News
Susan Page – USA Today
John Palmer – NBC News
Scott Pelley – CBS News
Bill Plante – CBS News
Sean Quinn – FiveThirtyEight.com
Martha Raddatz – ABC News
Dan Rather – CBS News
Chip Reid – CBS News
John D. Roberts – CBS News
Bill Sammon – The Washington Times, The Washington Examiner
Bob Schieffer – CBS News
Ari Shapiro – National Public Radio
Claire Shipman – NBC News
Hugh Sidey – Time
Mark Smith – Associated Press
Paul Sperry – Investor's Business Daily
Lesley Stahl – CBS News
Sam Stein – The Huffington Post
Jake Tapper – ABC News
Helen Thomas – Hearst Newspapers, United Press International
Bob Thompson – Hearst Newspapers
Chuck Todd – NBC News
Alvin Toffler – York Gazette Daily
Jim VandeHei – The Washington Post
Mike Viqueira – Al Jazeera America
Chris Wallace – NBC News
Brian Williams – NBC News
Juan Williams – The Washington Post
Richard Wolffe – Newsweek
Judy Woodruff – NBC News
Byron York – National Review


document_title: 2012–13 Manchester United F.C. season

question_text: when did west ham last win at old trafford

text: 2012–13 Manchester United F.C. season

text: Pre-season and friendlies[edit]

text: Manchester United preceded their 2012–13 campaign with a global tour, including trips to South Africa for the first time since 2008, China for the first time since 2009 and Norway for the first time since 2002. The tour began with matches against South African teams AmaZulu on 18 July 2012 and Ajax Cape Town on 21 July 2012.[1] They then travelled to China to play Shanghai Shenhua on 25 July 2012 at the Shanghai Stadium,[2] before moving on to Norway to play Vålerenga at the Ullevaal Stadion in Oslo on 5 August,[3] and Sweden to play Spanish side Barcelona at Ullevi, Gothenburg, on 8 August 2012.[4] The final game of the pre-season tour was against Hannover 96 (whom they had not played since 1965) at the AWD-Arena on 11 August 2012.[5]

text:
Date
Opponents
H / A
Result
F–A
Scorers
Attendance

18 July 2012
AmaZulu
A
1–0
Macheda 20'

21 July 2012
Ajax Cape Town
A
1–1
Bebé 90+2'

25 July 2012
Shanghai Shenhua
N
1–0
Kagawa 68'
42,725

5 August 2012
Vålerenga
A
0–0

8 August 2012
Barcelona
N
0–0
(0–2p)

47,141

11 August 2012
Hannover 96
A
4–3
Hernández 31', Rooney (2) 69', 82', Kagawa 85'
35,800

text: Premier League[edit]

text: The fixtures for the 2012–13 season were announced on 18 June at 09:00 BST.[6]

text: United's first game was away from home at Goodison Park to Everton on 20 August 2012,[7] a game that they lost to a goal by Marouane Fellaini in the 57th minute. It was United's first Premier League opening game defeat since 2004.

text: United then returned to Old Trafford where they played against Fulham. The game started with Fulham taking the lead in third minute through a Damien Duff goal, a goal which marked Fulham's first goal at Old Trafford since 2006. United levelled the game seven minutes later through a spectacular volley from Robin van Persie who scored his first goal for United after joining the team a week before. United then took the lead in the 35th minute through Shinji Kagawa who, like Van Persie, scored his first United goal. Rafael made the scoreline 3–1 just five minutes before half-time. In the second-half Fulham managed to reduce United's lead after an own goal by United defender Nemanja Vidić, who collided with goalkeeper David de Gea and back-heeled the ball into the net.

text: United's next game was against Southampton, and Southampton took shock 1–0 and 2–1 goal leads through Rickie Lambert and Morgan Schneiderlin before a Van Persie hat-trick saved United at the death after he earlier missed a penalty. In the next game, United thrashed Wigan 4–0 with summer signings Alexander Büttner and Nick Powell scoring their first goals. Hernández and Scholes also got on the scoresheet. United's next game was against archrivals Liverpool. Liverpool took the lead but United fought back with goals from Rafael and a penalty from Van Persie and won the game 2–1. United then suffered a 3–2 loss at the hands of Tottenham. Tottenham took a 2–0 lead. At half-time, Wayne Rooney made his return and contributed with an assist, but Tottenham held on take victory.

text: The next match saw Manchester United win 3–0 against Newcastle United at St James' Park. Goals from Jonny Evans and Patrice Evra, both headed from corners gave United a 2–0 lead before Tom Cleverley scored a curling screamer from 25 yards. The next match saw United win 4–2 against Stoke City, Wayne Rooney scored an own goal in the 11th minute before equalising in the 28th minute. Van Persie gave United the lead just before the break, and Danny Welbeck's diving header gave United a two-goal advantage before Michael Kightly cut the margin in the 58th minute. Seven minutes later, Wayne Rooney scored to restore Man Utd's two-goal lead and win the game 4–2.

text: United then played title rivals Chelsea at Stamford Bridge, a stadium where they had not won in the past 10 years. In the first 12 minutes United struck twice. The first was a David Luiz own goal after Robin van Persie's shot hit the post and bounced off the Brazilian, and then the Dutchman himself scored the second. Juan Mata scored for Chelsea just before half time, and Ramires equalised for the hosts ten minutes after the break. Branislav Ivanović was shown the red card for a foul near the area, and nine minutes later Fernando Torres received a second yellow for diving. Substitute Hernández scored the goal that saw the visitors emerge victorious.

text: The next game was at Old Trafford against rivals Arsenal, in which Van Persie scored against his former club within three minutes of the start. Wayne Rooney missed a penalty just before half time, but Patrice Evra doubled United's lead after heading Rooney's cross into the net. Arsenal pulled a goal back in the final minute via Santi Cazorla. An away visit to Aston Villa turned out to be a thrilling game which saw United fall two goals behind from Andreas Weimann before substitute Hernández scored twice and assisted an own goal that gave United the victory.

text: United suffered their third defeat of the season away to Norwich City, falling to a single goal from former Manchester United youth Anthony Pilkington. United then entertained Queens Park Rangers and fell behind after 52 minutes. However, they responded strongly with Jonny Evans and Darren Fletcher both netting from Wayne Rooney corners. Hernández scored the third goal to make the points safe. United then had visiting West Ham United as their next rivals. United won the match 1–0 thanks to an early Van Persie goal after just 31 seconds that deflected over Jussi Jääskeläinen.

text: United established a three-point lead over their closest rivals Manchester City after edging a seven-goal thriller against Reading at Madejski Stadium. Hal Robson-Kanu lashed home the opener, then Anderson cracked in an equaliser and Wayne Rooney slid home a penalty before Adam le Fondre and Sean Morrison quickly headed in from corners to have the hosts 3–2 up by 23 minutes. Despite the defensive lapses, Manchester United fought back through an irresistible attacking display, and Rooney clinically turned in Patrice Evra's cross to level again, before turning provider for Robin van Persie to spring the hosts' offside trap and beat Adam Federici to make it 3–4 in 34 minutes. United held on to the lead in a nervous second half to win the match.

text: United then played city rivals and closest contenders Manchester City at the Etihad Stadium. Wayne Rooney scored two goals in the first half hour to give United a two-goal cushion. But the match looked to have turned completely with half an hour left as Ashley Young had a goal wrongly ruled out for offside before Yaya Touré netted within seconds. It allowed the Blues to stage a comeback that led to Pablo Zabaleta levelling from a corner on 86 minutes. Incredibly, Van Persie, with a deflected free kick, had the final say in stoppage time to end City's unbeaten run at home that lasted almost two years and inflict their first league defeat since April 2012. In winning the match, United stretched the advantage at the summit to six points.

text: In their next match, United faced Sunderland at Old Trafford and goals from Robin van Persie and Tom Cleverley gave United a two-goal lead at half-time before Wayne Rooney gave United a three-goal advantage in the second half. Fraizer Campbell scored the only goal for the visitors, heading in Stéphane Sessègnon's cross. United held on to win the game 3–1. United then played Swansea City at the Liberty Stadium. Patrice Evra headed the Reds in front before Swansea striker Michu netted his 13th goal of the season in a see-sawing first half. The game ended at 1–1 – United's first draw of the season – but it was enough to ensure a lead of four points at the top of the table on Christmas Day.

text: Manchester United played Newcastle United at Old Trafford on Boxing Day in what turned out to be a classic. United conceded first when James Perch scored for Newcastle in the fourth minute. Jonny Evans then scored for both teams in quick succession, first equalising for United before putting through his own net to restore Newcastle's lead; the goal was originally ruled out for offside against Papiss Cissé, who was lurking behind Evans, but referee Mike Dean allowed it to stand, having deemed that Cissé was not interfering with play. Patrice Evra scored close to the hour mark to make the scores level with a 25-yard strike to mark his best season in terms of goals. Papiss Cissé then scored with a sublime finish to make it 3–2 on 68 minutes, only for Robin van Persie to get United's third equaliser three minutes later. Then United did what they do best with Javier Hernández dramatically scoring a winner with just seconds of the 90 minutes left to win the game 4–3. With Manchester City losing away at Sunderland, United extended their lead at the top to seven points.

text: United then played West Bromwich Albion at Old Trafford, making five changes to the side that played on Boxing Day with Shinji Kagawa returning to the side behind Danny Welbeck. Ashley Young's drilled cross was deflected off Gareth McAuley into his own net in the ninth minute for United's opener. Later in injury time, substitute Robin van Persie scored a wonderful curling shot assisted by Antonio Valencia to make it 2–0.

text: United then played Wigan Athletic at the DW Stadium, making three changes to the side that beat West Brom. Javier Hernández latched onto a rebound from Patrice Evra's shot and Robin van Persie rounded Iván Ramis and converted before half time. In the second half, Hernández smashed a volley after a blocked Van Persie free kick. Van Persie himself scored the fourth goal after receiving a short-driving cross from Danny Welbeck from the left hand side of the post to make it 4–0. The game was their fifth clean sheet in the league so far this season. United's next game was against arch-rivals Liverpool. Van Persie made it 1–0 and Evra's header which touched Vidić's head made it 2–0. Liverpool pulled one back but it was not enough. United then drew against Tottenham, Van Persie again opened the scoring with a header but Tottenham equalised in the dying moments of the game through Clint Dempsey.

text: In the next game, United played Southampton at home. After going 1–0 down within three minutes, United once again pulled it back with two goals from Wayne Rooney in the first half to win 2–1. After their midweek home win, United then travelled to London to play Fulham where the deadlock was finally broken by a goal from Rooney in the 79th minute. United held on for the 1–0 win to go nine points clear at the top of the table. United then capitalised on the defeat of their nearest neighbours and closest rivals at Southampton the day before by beating Everton 2–0 at Old Trafford to extend their lead at the top of the table to twelve points with goals from Ryan Giggs early in the first half and Van Persie just before half time and avenging the 1–0 defeat they suffered in their first match of the season.

text: After that Manchester United travelled to Loftus Road and had it easy with a 2–0 win over QPR where Rafael scored a 30-yard screamer and Giggs scored a clinical finish on his 999th appearance. This meant that Manchester United have opened up a 15-point lead, though this was reduced to 12 after Manchester City won 2–0 over Chelsea. Next, Manchester United hosted Norwich City at the "Theatre of Dreams" and again opened up a 15-point lead with a 4–0 win. Kagawa scored a hat-trick, becoming the first Asian player to do so in the Premier League.[8]

text: On 16 March, Manchester United took advantage of their neighbours and closest title rivals Manchester City's loss to Everton earlier in the day by beating Reading. The game finished 1–0 from a deflected goal by Wayne Rooney after a surging run from Rio Ferdinand. This extended Manchester United's lead to 15 points with nine games to play. After the international break, United faced a trip to the Stadium of Light to play Sunderland on 30 March. Again United won 1–0 thanks to a Titus Bramble own goal after Van Persie's shot had deflected off him. By winning, United set a new record by winning 25 of their opening 30 games.

text: On 8 April, Manchester United returned to Old Trafford to play their second Manchester derby, where United were handed their first loss in 18 games after City won 2–1. James Milner scored the first for City with a deflected drive, but United equalised after Phil Jones headed a Van Persie free-kick against Vincent Kompany. Sergio Agüero, however, scored at the near post after a mazy run. United bounced back from derby disappointment by beating Stoke City at the Britannia Stadium. Michael Carrick scored a toe poke from a corner in the second minute and a late Van Persie penalty secured the points for United. Van Persie also ended his barren run of nine games without a goal.

text: Manchester United had to play a midweek fixture away to West Ham. This was a tough game that saw the hosts go ahead twice through Ricardo Vaz Tê and Mohamed Diamé. But United equalised twice through Antonio Valencia, who netted his first goal of the season, and Robin van Persie. The game ended 2–2.

text: On 22 April, Manchester United beat Aston Villa 3–0 to win their 13th Premier League title and 20th English championship after Manchester City had lost to Tottenham the day before. In the second minute, Robin van Persie scored after a lay-off from Ryan Giggs to make the score 1–0. Van Persie scored again in the 13th minute with a volley from a through ball over the top by Wayne Rooney. Sir Alex Ferguson and many others hailed it as one of the goals of the season. In the 33rd minute, Van Persie completed his hat-trick with another assist from Giggs. United clinched their 20th league title and Sir Alex Ferguson clinched his 13th title with United.

text: On 28 April, Manchester United travelled to the Emirates Stadium to face Arsenal. The home team gave United a guard of honour, but Van Persie received a torrid reception by his old fans. Arsenal scored first through a Theo Walcott goal in the second minute that was disputed to be offside. United scored at the end of the first half through a Van Persie penalty after the striker was fouled by Bacary Sagna. Both teams had chances to score in the second half but neither did and the score finished 1–1.

text: United then faced Chelsea at Old Trafford, recording their third-straight defeat to the Blues in the season after losing 0–1, courtesy of a Phil Jones own goal. A week later, Sir Alex Ferguson managed his last game at Old Trafford against Swansea. United took the lead through Javier Hernández, but conceded a strike from Michu in the 52nd minute. Quite oddly, it was Rio Ferdinand who scored the winner with three minutes to go, smashing home a Van Persie corner. Ferguson retired with dignity as he and his team received their medals.

text: Ferguson's last game in charge was against West Brom at The Hawthorns, taking a 5–2 lead with ten minutes to go. But they failed to hold on and conceded a 5–5 draw, setting a record for the first match in the Premier League for both teams to score five goals each.

text:
Date
Opponents
H / A
Result
F–A
Scorers
Attendance
League
position

20 August 2012
Everton
A
0–1

38,415
16th

25 August 2012
Fulham
H
3–2
Van Persie 10', Kagawa 35', Rafael 41'
75,352
7th

2 September 2012
Southampton
A
3–2
Van Persie (3) 23', 87', 90+2'
31,609
5th

15 September 2012
Wigan Athletic
H
4–0
Scholes 51', Hernández 63', Büttner 66', Powell 82'
75,142
2nd

23 September 2012
Liverpool
A
2–1
Rafael 51', Van Persie 81' (pen.)
44,263
2nd

29 September 2012
Tottenham Hotspur
H
2–3
Nani 51', Kagawa 53'
75,566
3rd

7 October 2012
Newcastle United
A
3–0
Evans 8', Evra 15', Cleverley 71'
52,203
2nd

20 October 2012
Stoke City
H
4–2
Rooney (2) 27', 65', Van Persie 44', Welbeck 46'
75,585
2nd

28 October 2012
Chelsea
A
3–2
Luiz 4' (o.g.), Van Persie 12', Hernández 75'
41,644
2nd

3 November 2012
Arsenal
H
2–1
Van Persie 3', Evra 67'
75,492
1st

10 November 2012
Aston Villa
A
3–2
Hernández (2) 58', 87', Vlaar 63' (o.g.)
40,538
1st

17 November 2012
Norwich City
A
0–1

26,840
2nd

24 November 2012
Queens Park Rangers
H
3–1
Evans 64', Fletcher 68', Hernández 72'
75,603
1st

28 November 2012
West Ham United
H
1–0
Van Persie 1'
75,572
1st

1 December 2012
Reading
A
4–3
Anderson 13', Rooney (2) 16' (pen.), 30', Van Persie 34'
24,095
1st

9 December 2012
Manchester City
A
3–2
Rooney (2) 16', 29', Van Persie 90+2'
47,166
1st

15 December 2012
Sunderland
H
3–1
Van Persie 16', Cleverley 19', Rooney 59'
75,582
1st

23 December 2012
Swansea City
A
1–1
Evra 16'
20,650
1st

26 December 2012
Newcastle United
H
4–3
Evans 25', Evra 58', Van Persie 71', Hernández 90'
75,596
1st

29 December 2012
West Bromwich Albion
H
2–0
McAuley 9' (o.g.), Van Persie 90'
75,595
1st

1 January 2013
Wigan Athletic
A
4–0
Hernández (2) 35', 63', Van Persie (2) 43', 88'
20,342
1st

13 January 2013
Liverpool
H
2–1
Van Persie 19', Vidić 54'
75,501
1st

20 January 2013
Tottenham Hotspur
A
1–1
Van Persie 25'
35,956
1st

30 January 2013
Southampton
H
2–1
Rooney (2) 8', 27'
75,600
1st

2 February 2013
Fulham
A
1–0
Rooney 79'
25,670
1st

10 February 2013
Everton
H
2–0
Giggs 13', Van Persie 45+1'
75,525
1st

23 February 2013
Queens Park Rangers
A
2–0
Rafael 23', Giggs 80'
18,337
1st

2 March 2013
Norwich City
H
4–0
Kagawa (3) 45+1', 76', 87', Rooney 90'
75,586
1st

16 March 2013
Reading
H
1–0
Rooney 21'
75,605
1st

30 March 2013
Sunderland
A
1–0
Bramble 27' (o.g.)
43,760
1st

8 April 2013
Manchester City
H
1–2
Kompany 59' (o.g.)
75,498
1st

14 April 2013
Stoke City
A
2–0
Carrick 4', Van Persie 66' (pen.)
27,191
1st

17 April 2013
West Ham United
A
2–2
Valencia 31', Van Persie 77'
34,692
1st

22 April 2013
Aston Villa
H
3–0
Van Persie (3) 2', 13', 33'
75,591
1st

28 April 2013
Arsenal
A
1–1
Van Persie 44' (pen.)
60,112
1st

5 May 2013
Chelsea
H
0–1

75,500
1st

12 May 2013
Swansea
H
2–1
Hernández 39', Ferdinand 87'
75,572
1st

19 May 2013
West Bromwich Albion
A
5–5
Kagawa 6', Olsson 9' (o.g.), Büttner 30', Van Persie 53', Hernández 63'
26,438
1st

text:
Pos
Club
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts

1
Manchester United
38
28
5
5
86
43
+43
89

2
Manchester City
38
23
9
6
66
34
+32
78

3
Chelsea
38
22
9
7
75
39
+36
75

text: Pld = Matches played; W = Matches won; D = Matches drawn; L = Matches lost; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; GD = Goal difference; Pts = Points

text: FA Cup[edit]

text: United entered the FA Cup at the Third Round stage with the other Premier League clubs, as well as those from the Championship. The draw was made on 2 December 2012, with the ties taking place on the weekend of 5–6 January 2013. United was drawn in an away match against West Ham United.[9] The game ended in a 2–2 draw which meant United had to play against West Ham United again, this time at Old Trafford on 16 January 2013, beating them 1–0 in the process.

text: The draw for the Fourth Round took place on 6 January 2013, and gave United a home match on 26 January against Fulham,[10] which United won 4–1.

text: The draw for the Fifth Round took place on 27 January 2013, and gave United another home match, this time against fellow Premier League club Reading.[11] The game which was played on 18 February 2013 gave United a 2–1 win.[12]

text: The draw for the Sixth Round took place on 17 February 2013, and gave United another home match,[13] this time against fellow Premier League club Chelsea.[14] The game which was played on 10 March 2013 ended in a 2–2 draw which meant United had to play against Chelsea again, this time at Stamford Bridge on 1 April. The game finished with United losing 1–0, meaning that United were knocked out, with Chelsea proceeding to face Manchester City in the semi-finals.

text:
Date
Round
Opponents
H / A
Result
F–A
Scorers
Attendance

5 January 2013
Round 3
West Ham United
A
2–2
Cleverley 23', Van Persie 90+1'
32,922

16 January 2013
Round 3
Replay
West Ham United
H
1–0
Rooney 9'
71,081

26 January 2013
Round 4
Fulham
H
4–1
Giggs 3' (pen.), Rooney 50', Hernández (2) 52', 66'
72,596

18 February 2013
Round 5
Reading
H
2–1
Nani 69', Hernández 72'
75,213

10 March 2013
Round 6
Chelsea
H
2–2
Hernández 5', Rooney 11'
75,196

1 April 2013
Round 6
Replay
Chelsea
A
0–1

40,704

text: League Cup[edit]

text: As one of seven English clubs who qualified for European competition in the 2011–12 season, United received a bye to the Third Round of the League Cup. The draw took place on 30 August 2012, with United being paired with fellow Premier League club Newcastle United.[15] United defeated Newcastle 2–1 on 26 September. Later that day they were drawn against Chelsea for their Fourth Round match.[16]

text:
Date
Round
Opponents
H / A
Result
F–A
Scorers
Attendance

26 September 2012
Round 3
Newcastle United
H
2–1
Anderson 44', Cleverley 58'
46,358

31 October 2012
Round 4
Chelsea
A
4–5 (a.e.t.)
Giggs (2) 22', 120' (pen.), Hernández 43', Nani 59'
41,126

text: UEFA Champions League[edit]

text: Group stage[edit]

text: Having finished in the top three in the league last season, United began their Champions League campaign in the group stage. Courtesy of their UEFA coefficient, they were seeded in Pot 1 for the draw, which took place in Monaco on 30 August 2012.[17] United were drawn into Group H, along with Braga of Portugal, Turkish champions Galatasaray and Romanian champions CFR Cluj.[18] Manchester United were previously drawn with Galatasaray in both 1993–94 and 1994–95, while Braga and CFR Cluj were new opponents.[19]

text: United ensured qualification into the knockout stage on 7 November when they won away at Braga by a score of 3–1. United fell behind early in the second half when Braga was awarded a penalty as the result of a Jonny Evans challenge. Alan converted the penalty in the 49th minute to put the home side ahead. The match was halted for approximately 12 minutes due to the floodlights going out. When play resumed, Robin van Persie tied the match in the 80th minute with a long-range strike. United were then awarded a penalty in the 85th minute, which Wayne Rooney successfully converted. Javier Hernández then put the game away in stoppage time. With top spot in the group secured United, fielding younger squads, lost both of their final matches 1–0 to Galatasaray and CFR Cluj.

text:
Date
Opponents
H / A
Result
F–A
Scorers
Attendance
Group
position

19 September 2012
Galatasaray
H
1–0
Carrick 7'
74,653
2nd

2 October 2012
CFR Cluj
A
2–1
Van Persie (2) 29', 49'
16,259
1st

23 October 2012
Braga
H
3–2
Hernández (2) 25', 75', Evans 62'
73,195
1st

7 November 2012
Braga
A
3–1
Van Persie 80', Rooney 85' (pen.), Hernández 90+2'
15,388
1st

20 November 2012
Galatasaray
A
0–1

50,278
1st

5 December 2012
CFR Cluj
H
0–1

71,521
1st

text:
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts

 Manchester United
6
4
0
2
9
6
+3
12

 Galatasaray
6
3
1
2
7
6
+1
10

 CFR Cluj
6
3
1
2
9
7
+2
10

 Braga
6
1
0
5
6
11
−6
3

text: Knockout phase[edit]

text: The draw for the round of 16 was made in Nyon, Switzerland, on 20 December 2012. The first leg was played on 13 February 2013 away from home, and the second leg was played on 5 March 2013 at Old Trafford. As winners of their group, United were drawn against defending Spanish league champions, Real Madrid, who finished as runners-up in Group D. It was fifth tie between the two famed clubs and the first time they have faced one another since 2003 when Real Madrid won the quarter-final tie 6–5 on aggregate. This also marked the first time United faced Cristiano Ronaldo since selling him to Madrid in 2009 for a record £80 million. In the first tie, United draw 1–1 away from home thanks to a goal by Danny Welbeck. In the second tie, United lost 2–1 at home to Real Madrid after a red card was handed to United player Nani for going in with his foot at chest height in the 56th minute. Cristiano Ronaldo scored against his former club in both ties.

text:
Date
Round
Opponents
H / A
Result
F–A
Scorers
Attendance

13 February 2013
Round of 16
First leg
Real Madrid
A
1–1
Welbeck 20'
85,454

5 March 2013
Round of 16
Second leg
Real Madrid
H
1–2
Ramos 48' (o.g.)
74,959

text: Squad statistics[edit]

text:
No.
Pos.
Name
League
FA Cup
League Cup
Europe
Total
Discipline

Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals

1
GK
 David de Gea
28
0
5
0
1
0
7
0
41
0
0
0

2
DF
 Rafael
27(1)
3
4
0
1
0
6(1)
0
38(2)
3
8
1

3
DF
 Patrice Evra
34
4
3
0
0
0
5
0
42
4
5
0

4
DF
 Phil Jones
13(4)
0
4
0
0
0
3
0
20(4)
0
4
0

5
DF
 Rio Ferdinand
26(2)
1
2
0
0
0
3(1)
0
31(3)
1
3
0

6
DF
 Jonny Evans
21(2)
3
2
0
0
0
5
1
28(2)
4
2
0

7
MF
 Antonio Valencia
24(6)
1
3(3)
0
0
0
2(2)
0
29(11)
1
7
0

8
MF
 Anderson
9(8)
1
3
0
2
1
3(1)
0
17(9)
2
1
0

9
FW
 Dimitar Berbatov
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

10
FW
 Wayne Rooney
22(5)
12
3
3
1
0
5(1)
1
31(6)
16
7
0

11
MF
 Ryan Giggs
12(10)
2
2(2)
1
1
2
3(2)
0
18(14)
5
1
0

12
DF
 Chris Smalling
10(5)
0
5
0
0
0
2
0
17(5)
0
2
0

13
GK
 Anders Lindegaard
10
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
13
0
0
0

14
FW
 Javier Hernández
9(13)
10
6
4
2
1
5(1)
3
22(14)
18
1
0

15
DF
 Nemanja Vidić
18(1)
1
2
0
0
0
2
0
22(1)
1
4
0

16
MF
 Michael Carrick
34(2)
1
3(2)
0
0
0
5
1
42(4)
2
4
0

17
MF
 Nani
7(4)
1
4(1)
1
1
1
3(1)
0
15(6)
3
1
1

18
MF
 Ashley Young
17(2)
0
1(1)
0
0
0
0(2)
0
18(5)
0
1
0

19
FW
 Danny Welbeck
13(14)
1
3(1)
0
2
0
5(2)
1
23(17)
2
1
0

20
FW
 Robin van Persie
35(3)
26
0(4)
1
0
0
5(1)
3
40(8)
30
7
0

21
FW
 Ángelo Henríquez
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

22
MF
 Paul Scholes
8(8)
1
1(2)
0
0
0
1(1)
0
10(11)
1
10
0

23
MF
 Tom Cleverley
18(4)
2
4
1
1
1
5
0
28(4)
4
2
0

24
MF
 Darren Fletcher
2(1)
1
0
0
2
0
3(2)
0
7(3)
1
0
0

25
MF
 Nick Powell
0(2)
1
0
0
0(2)
0
2
0
2(4)
1
0
0

26
MF
 Shinji Kagawa
17(3)
6
2(1)
0
0
0
3
0
22(4)
6
1
0

27
FW
 Federico Macheda
0
0
0
0
0(1)
0
0(2)
0
0(3)
0
0
0

28
DF
 Alexander Büttner
4(1)
2
3
0
2
0
3
0
12(1)
2
1
0

31
DF
 Scott Wootton
0
0
0
0
2
0
1(1)
0
3(1)
0
1
0

33
FW
 Bebé
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

34
MF
 Larnell Cole
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

35
MF
 Jesse Lingard
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

36
DF
 Marnick Vermijl
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0

37
MF
 Robbie Brady
0
0
0
0
0(1)
0
0
0
0(1)
0
0
0

38
DF
 Michael Keane
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
1
0

39
DF
 Tom Thorpe
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

40
GK
 Ben Amos
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

41
FW
 Joshua King
0
0
0
0
0
0
0(1)
0
0(1)
0
0
0

42
DF
 Tyler Blackett
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

44
MF
 Adnan Januzaj
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

45
MF
 Davide Petrucci
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

46
MF
 Ryan Tunnicliffe
0
0
0
0
0(2)
0
0
0
0(2)
0
0
0

48
FW
 Will Keane
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

49
DF
 Freddie Veseli
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

50
GK
 Sam Johnstone
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

—
DF
 Fábio
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

—
FW
 Wilfried Zaha
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

—
—
Own goals
–
6
–
0
–
0
–
1
–
7
–
–

text: Statistics accurate as of 19 May 2013[20]

text: Transfers[edit]

text: In[edit]

text:
Date
Pos.
Name
From
Fee

1 July 2012
MF
 Shinji Kagawa
 Borussia Dortmund
Undisclosed[21]

1 July 2012
MF
 Nick Powell
 Crewe Alexandra
Undisclosed[22]

17 August 2012
FW
 Robin van Persie
 Arsenal
Undisclosed[23]

21 August 2012
DF
 Alexander Büttner
 Vitesse
Undisclosed[24]

5 September 2012
FW
 Ángelo Henríquez
 Universidad de Chile
Undisclosed[25]

26 January 2013
FW
 Wilfried Zaha
 Crystal Palace
Undisclosed[26]

text: Out[edit]

text:
Date
Pos.
Name
To
Fee

15 May 2012
DF
 Ritchie De Laet
 Leicester City
Undisclosed[27][28]

15 May 2012
MF
 Matty James
 Leicester City
Undisclosed[27][28]

1 July 2012
MF
 Oliver Norwood
 Huddersfield Town
Undisclosed[29][30]

1 July 2012
MF
 Paul Pogba
 Juventus
Tribunal[31]

1 July 2012
DF
 Zeki Fryers
 Standard Liège
Free[32]

1 July 2012
GK
 Tomasz Kuszczak
Released[33]

1 July 2012
GK
 Liam Jacob
Released[33]

1 July 2012
FW
 Michael Owen
Released[33]

1 July 2012
GK
 Joe Coll
Released[33]

9 July 2012
MF
 Park Ji-Sung
 Queens Park Rangers
Undisclosed[34]

31 August 2012
FW
 Dimitar Berbatov
 Fulham
Undisclosed[35]

2 January 2013
FW
 Joshua King
 Blackburn Rovers
Undisclosed[36]

8 January 2013
MF
 Robbie Brady
 Hull City
Undisclosed[37]

13 May 2013
DF
 Sean McGinty
Released[38]

19 May 2013
MF
 Paul Scholes
Retired[39]

text: Loan out[edit]

text:
Date from
Date to
Pos.
Name
To

2 July 2012
30 June 2013
DF
 Fábio
 Queens Park Rangers[40]

13 July 2012
2 January 2013
FW
 John Cofie
 Sheffield United[41][42]

20 July 2012
7 January 2013
DF
 Reece Brown
 Coventry City[43][44]

31 July 2012
3 January 2013
GK
 Ben Amos
 Hull City[45]

4 August 2012
13 September 2012
DF
 Sean McGinty
 Oxford United[46]

31 August 2012
30 June 2013
MF
 Luke Giverin
 Royal Antwerp[47]

31 August 2012
2 January 2013
FW
 Gyliano van Velzen
 Royal Antwerp[42][47]

5 November 2012
2 January 2013
MF
 Robbie Brady
 Hull City[48][49]

6 November 2012
30 June 2013
DF
 Michael Keane
 Leicester City[49][50][51]

6 November 2012
2 January 2013
MF
 Jesse Lingard
 Leicester City[49][50]

6 November 2012
5 January 2013
DF
 Sean McGinty
 Carlisle United[52][53]

22 November 2012
31 December 2012
FW
 Joshua King
 Blackburn Rovers[54]

1 January 2013
30 June 2013
FW
 Bebé
 Rio Ave[55]

2 January 2013
30 June 2013
FW
 Ángelo Henríquez
 Wigan Athletic[56]

9 January 2013
30 June 2013
MF
 Davide Petrucci
 Peterborough United[57][58]

9 January 2013
30 June 2013
DF
 Scott Wootton
 Peterborough United[57]

24 January 2013
30 June 2013
FW
 Federico Macheda
 VfB Stuttgart[59]

25 January 2013
25 March 2013
DF
 Luke McCullough
 Cheltenham Town[60][61]

26 January 2013
30 June 2013
FW
 Wilfried Zaha
 Crystal Palace[26]

8 February 2013
8 March 2013
FW
 John Cofie
 Notts County[62][63]

21 February 2013
21 March 2013
MF
 Ryan Tunnicliffe
 Barnsley[64][65]

25 February 2013
30 June 2013
DF
 Reece Brown
 Ipswich Town[66]

20 March 2013
30 June 2013
GK
 Sam Johnstone
 Walsall[67]

28 March 2013
30 June 2013
DF
 Sean McGinty
 Tranmere Rovers[68]


document_title: Pain ladder

question_text: how many steps in world health organization pain ladder

text: Pain ladder

text: The ladder[edit]

text: The WHO guidelines recommend prompt oral administration of drugs ("by the mouth") when pain occurs, starting, if the patient is not in severe pain, with non-opioid drugs such as paracetamol (acetaminophen) or aspirin,[1] with or without "adjuvants" such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) including COX-2 inhibitors. Then, if complete pain relief is not achieved or disease progression necessitates more aggressive treatment, a weak opioid such as codeine, dihydrocodeine or tramadol is added to the existing non-opioid regime. If this is or becomes insufficient, a weak opioid is replaced by a strong opioid, such as morphine, diamorphine, fentanyl, buprenorphine, oxymorphone, oxycodone, or hydromorphone, while continuing the non-opioid therapy, escalating opioid dose until the patient is pain free or at the maximum possible relief without intolerable side effects. If the initial presentation is severe pain, this stepping process should be skipped and a strong opioid should be started immediately in combination with a non-opioid analgesic.[2]

text: The guideline directs that medications should be given at regular intervals ("by the clock") so that continuous pain relief occurs, and ("by the individual") dosing by actual relief of pain rather than fixed dosing guidelines. It recognizes that breakthrough pain may occur and directs immediate rescue doses be provided.

text:
WHO Pain Ladder

Step 1.
Mild pain:

Non-opioid
+
Optional adjuvant
If pain persists or increases, go to step 2.

Step 2.
Moderate pain:
Weak opioid
+
Non-opioid
+
Optional adjuvant
If pain persists or increases, go to step 3.

Step 3.
Severe pain:
Strong opioid
+
Non-opioid
+
Optional adjuvant
Freedom from pain.

text: The usefulness of the second step (weak opioid) is being debated in the clinical and research communities. Some authors challenge the pharmacological validity of the step and, pointing to their higher toxicity and low efficacy, argue that a weak opioid, with the possible exception of tramadol due to its unique action, could be replaced by smaller doses of a strong opioid.[2]

text: Not all pain yields completely to classic analgesics, and drugs that are not traditionally considered analgesics, but which reduce pain in some cases, such as steroids or bisphosphonates, may be employed concurrently with analgesics at any stage. Tricyclic antidepressants, class I antiarrhythmics, or anticonvulsants are the drugs of choice for neuropathic pain. Up to 90 percent of cancer patients, immediately preceding death, use such adjuvants. Many adjuvants carry a significant risk of serious complications.[2]

text: History[edit]

text: The ladder was developed by a team that included Jan Stjernswärd and Mark Swerdlow.[3]


document_title: Galactic year

question_text: how long does it take for the milky way to rotate

text: Galactic year

text: The galactic year, also known as a cosmic year, is the duration of time required for the Sun to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy.[1] Estimates of the length of one orbit range from 225 to 250 million terrestrial years.[2] The Solar System is traveling at an average speed of 828,000 km/h (230 km/s) or 514,000 mph (143 mi/s) within its trajectory around the galactic center,[3] a speed at which an object could circumnavigate the Earth's equator in 2 minutes and 54 seconds; that speed corresponds to approximately one 1300th of the speed of light.

text: The galactic year provides a conveniently usable unit for depicting cosmic and geological time periods together. By contrast, a "billion-year" scale does not allow for useful discrimination between geologic events, and a "million-year" scale requires some rather large numbers.[4]

text: Timeline of the universe and Earth's history in galactic years[edit]

text: The following list assumes that 1 galactic year is 225 million years.

text:
About 61.32 galactic years ago
Big Bang

About 54 galactic years ago
Birth of the Milky Way

20.44 galactic years ago
Birth of the Sun

17–18 galactic years ago
Oceans appear on Earth

16.889 galactic years ago
Life begins on Earth

15.555 galactic years ago
Prokaryotes appear

12 galactic years ago
Bacteria appear

10 galactic years ago
Stable continents appear

6.666 galactic years ago
Eukaryotes appear

6.8 galactic years ago
Multicellular organisms appear

2.4 galactic years ago
Cambrian explosion occurs

2 galactic years ago
The first brain structure appeared in worms

1.11 galactic year ago
Permian–Triassic extinction event

0.2935 galactic years ago
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event

0.001 galactic years ago
Appearance of modern humans

Present day

1 galactic year from now
All the continents on Earth may fuse into a supercontinent. Three potential arrangements of this configuration have been dubbed Amasia, Novopangaea, and Pangaea Ultima[5]

2–3 galactic years from now
Tidal acceleration moves the Moon far enough from Earth that total solar eclipses are no longer possible

4 galactic years from now
Carbon dioxide levels fall to the point at which C4 photosynthesis is no longer possible. Multicellular life dies out[6]

12 galactic years from now
The Earth's magnetic field shuts down [7] and charged particles emanating from the Sun gradually deplete the atmosphere [8]

15 galactic years from now
Surface conditions on Earth are comparable to those on Venus today

22 galactic years from now
The Milky Way and Andromeda Galaxy begin to collide

25 galactic years from now
Sun ejects a planetary nebula, leaving behind a white dwarf

30 galactic years from now
The Milky Way and Andromeda will complete their merger into a giant elliptical galaxy called Milkomeda or Milkdromeda [9]

500 galactic years from now
The Universe's expansion causes all galaxies beyond the Milky Way's Local Group to disappear beyond the cosmic light horizon, removing them from the observable universe [10]

2000 galactic years from now
Median Point of the Local Group of 47 galaxies[11] will coalesce into a single large galaxy [12]