document_title: Relative dating

question_text: who was the first person to use fossils for dating rock layers

text: Relative dating

text: Geology[edit]

text: The regular order of occurrence of fossils in rock layers was discovered around 1800 by William Smith. While digging the Somerset Coal Canal in southwest England, he found that fossils were always in the same order in the rock layers. As he continued his job as a surveyor, he found the same patterns across England. He also found that certain animals were in only certain layers and that they were in the same layers all across England. Due to that discovery, Smith was able to recognize the order that the rocks were formed. Sixteen years after his discovery, he published a geological map of England showing the rocks of different geologic time eras.

text: Principles of relative dating[edit]

text: Methods for relative dating were developed when geology first emerged as a natural science in the 18th century. Geologists still use the following principles today as a means to provide information about geologic history and the timing of geologic events.

text: Uniformitarianism[edit]

text: The principle of Uniformitarianism states that the geologic processes observed in operation that modify the Earth's crust at present have worked in much the same way over geologic time.[2] A fundamental principle of geology advanced by the 18th century Scottish physician and geologist James Hutton, is that "the present is the key to the past." In Hutton's words: "the past history of our globe must be explained by what can be seen to be happening now."[3]

text: Intrusive relationships[edit]

text: The principle of intrusive relationships concerns crosscutting intrusions. In geology, when an igneous intrusion cuts across a formation of sedimentary rock, it can be determined that the igneous intrusion is younger than the sedimentary rock. There are a number of different types of intrusions, including stocks, laccoliths, batholiths, sills and dikes.

text: Cross-cutting relationships[edit]

text: The principle of cross-cutting relationships pertains to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut. Faults are younger than the rocks they cut; accordingly, if a fault is found that penetrates some formations but not those on top of it, then the formations that were cut are older than the fault, and the ones that are not cut must be younger than the fault. Finding the key bed in these situations may help determine whether the fault is a normal fault or a thrust fault.[4]

text: Inclusions and components[edit]

text: The principle of inclusions and components states that, with sedimentary rocks, if inclusions (or clasts) are found in a formation, then the inclusions must be older than the formation that contains them. For example, in sedimentary rocks, it is common for gravel from an older formation to be ripped up and included in a newer layer. A similar situation with igneous rocks occurs when xenoliths are found. These foreign bodies are picked up as magma or lava flows, and are incorporated, later to cool in the matrix. As a result, xenoliths are older than the rock which contains them.

text: Original horizontality[edit]

text: The principle of original horizontality states that the deposition of sediments occurs as essentially horizontal beds. Observation of modern marine and non-marine sediments in a wide variety of environments supports this generalization (although cross-bedding is inclined, the overall orientation of cross-bedded units is horizontal).[4]

text: Superposition[edit]

text: The law of superposition states that a sedimentary rock layer in a tectonically undisturbed sequence is younger than the one beneath it and older than the one above it. This is because it is not possible for a younger layer to slip beneath a layer previously deposited. The only disturbance that the layers experience is bioturbation, in which animals and/or plants move things in the layers. however, this process is not enough to allow the layers to change their positions. This principle allows sedimentary layers to be viewed as a form of vertical time line, a partial or complete record of the time elapsed from deposition of the lowest layer to deposition of the highest bed.[4]

text: Faunal succession[edit]

text: The principle of faunal succession is based on the appearance of fossils in sedimentary rocks. As organisms exist at the same time period throughout the world, their presence or (sometimes) absence may be used to provide a relative age of the formations in which they are found. Based on principles laid out by William Smith almost a hundred years before the publication of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, the principles of succession were developed independently of evolutionary thought. The principle becomes quite complex, however, given the uncertainties of fossilization, the localization of fossil types due to lateral changes in habitat (facies change in sedimentary strata), and that not all fossils may be found globally at the same time.[5]

text: Lateral continuity[edit]

text: The principle of lateral continuity states that layers of sediment initially extend laterally in all directions; in other words, they are laterally continuous. As a result, rocks that are otherwise similar, but are now separated by a valley or other erosional feature, can be assumed to be originally continuous.

text: Layers of sediment do not extend indefinitely; rather, the limits can be recognized and are controlled by the amount and type of sediment available and the size and shape of the sedimentary basin. Sediment will continue to be transported to an area and it will eventually be deposited. However, the layer of that material will become thinner as the amount of material lessens away from the source.

text: Often, coarser-grained material can no longer be transported to an area because the transporting medium has insufficient energy to carry it to that location. In its place, the particles that settle from the transporting medium will be finer-grained, and there will be a lateral transition from coarser- to finer-grained material. The lateral variation in sediment within a stratum is known as sedimentary facies.

text: If sufficient sedimentary material is available, it will be deposited up to the limits of the sedimentary basin. Often, the sedimentary basin is within rocks that are very different from the sediments that are being deposited, in which the lateral limits of the sedimentary layer will be marked by an abrupt change in rock type.

text: Inclusions of igneous rocks[edit]

text: Melt inclusions are small parcels or "blobs" of molten rock that are trapped within crystals that grow in the magmas that form igneous rocks. In many respects they are analogous to fluid inclusions. Melt inclusions are generally small – most are less than 100 micrometres across (a micrometre is one thousandth of a millimeter, or about 0.00004 inches). Nevertheless, they can provide an abundance of useful information. Using microscopic observations and a range of chemical microanalysis techniques geochemists and igneous petrologists can obtain a range of useful information from melt inclusions. Two of the most common uses of melt inclusions are to study the compositions of magmas present early in the history of specific magma systems. This is because inclusions can act like "fossils" – trapping and preserving these early melts before they are modified by later igneous processes. In addition, because they are trapped at high pressures many melt inclusions also provide important information about the contents of volatile elements (such as H2O, CO2, S and Cl) that drive explosive volcanic eruptions.

text: Sorby (1858) was the first to document microscopic melt inclusions in crystals. The study of melt inclusions has been driven more recently by the development of sophisticated chemical analysis techniques. Scientists from the former Soviet Union lead the study of melt inclusions in the decades after World War II (Sobolev and Kostyuk, 1975), and developed methods for heating melt inclusions under a microscope, so changes could be directly observed.

text: Although they are small, melt inclusions may contain a number of different constituents, including glass (which represents magma that has been quenched by rapid cooling), small crystals and a separate vapour-rich bubble. They occur in most of the crystals found in igneous rocks and are common in the minerals quartz, feldspar, olivine and pyroxene. The formation of melt inclusions appears to be a normal part of the crystallization of minerals within magmas, and they can be found in both volcanic and plutonic rocks.

text: Included fragments[edit]

text: The law of included fragments is a method of relative dating in geology. Essentially, this law states that clasts in a rock are older than the rock itself.[6] One example of this is a xenolith, which is a fragment of country rock that fell into passing magma as a result of stoping. Another example is a derived fossil, which is a fossil that has been eroded from an older bed and redeposited into a younger one.[7]

text: This is a restatement of Charles Lyell's original principle of inclusions and components from his 1830 to 1833 multi-volume Principles of Geology, which states that, with sedimentary rocks, if inclusions (or clasts) are found in a formation, then the inclusions must be older than the formation that contains them. For example, in sedimentary rocks, it is common for gravel from an older formation to be ripped up and included in a newer layer. A similar situation with igneous rocks occurs when xenoliths are found. These foreign bodies are picked up as magma or lava flows, and are incorporated, later to cool in the matrix. As a result, xenoliths are older than the rock which contains them...

text: Planetology[edit]

text: Relative dating is used to determine the order of events on Solar System objects other than Earth; for decades, planetary scientists have used it to decipher the development of bodies in the Solar System, particularly in the vast majority of cases for which we have no surface samples. Many of the same principles are applied. For example, if a valley is formed inside an impact crater, the valley must be younger than the crater.

text: Craters are very useful in relative dating; as a general rule, the younger a planetary surface is, the fewer craters it has. If long-term cratering rates are known to enough precision, crude absolute dates can be applied based on craters alone; however, cratering rates outside the Earth-Moon system are poorly known.[8]

text: Archaeology[edit]

text: Relative dating methods in archaeology are similar to some of those applied in geology. The principles of typology can be compared to the biostratigraphic approach in geology.


document_title: Butter pecan

question_text: what is butter pecan ice cream made out of

root

text: Butter pecan

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
Butter pecan

Butter pecan caramel ice cream

Place of origin
United States

Main ingredients
pecans, butter, and vanilla

 Cookbook: Butter pecan   Media: Butter pecan

text: Butter pecan is a flavor, prominent especially in the United States, in cakes, cookies, and ice cream. Roasted pecans, butter, and vanilla flavor are used in butter pecan baked goods. Butter pecan ice cream is smooth vanilla ice cream with a slight buttery flavor, with pecans added. It is manufactured by many major ice cream brands. A variant of the recipe is butter almond, which replaces the pecans with almonds.

tag: p

text: Butter Pecan is a popular flavor of ice cream produced by many companies and is also one of the thirty-one flavors of Baskin Robbins.[1] Butter pecan is the third most popular ice cream flavor in the U.S.[2]

text: Butter pecan cookies

tag: ul

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: In the movie Sister Act (1992), Sister Mary Lazarus calls ice cream a "sin" and a "wicked indulgence" and then complains that they do not have any butter pecan.[3]


document_title: Earth's orbit

question_text: what is the true shape of earths orbit

question_tokens: what is the true shape of earths orbit

text: Earth's orbit

text: History of study[edit]

text: Heliocentrism is the scientific model that first placed the Sun at the center of the Solar System and put the planets, including Earth, in its orbit. Historically, heliocentrism is opposed to geocentrism, which placed the Earth at the center. Aristarchus of Samos already proposed a heliocentric model in the 3rd century BC. In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus' De revolutionibus presented a full discussion of a heliocentric model of the universe[4] in much the same way as Ptolemy had presented his geocentric model in the 2nd century. This "Copernican revolution" resolved the issue of planetary retrograde motion by arguing that such motion was only perceived and apparent. "Although Copernicus's groundbreaking book...had been [printed] over a century earlier, [the Dutch mapmaker] Joan Blaeu was the first mapmaker to incorporate his revolutionary heliocentric theory into a map of the world."[5]

text: Influence on Earth[edit]

text: Because of Earth's axial tilt (often known as the obliquity of the ecliptic), the inclination of the Sun's trajectory in the sky (as seen by an observer on Earth's surface) varies over the course of the year. For an observer at a northern latitude, when the north pole is tilted toward the Sun the day lasts longer and the Sun appears higher in the sky. This results in warmer average temperatures, as additional solar radiation reaches the surface. When the north pole is tilted away from the Sun, the reverse is true and the weather is generally cooler. Above the Arctic Circle and below the Antarctic Circle, an extreme case is reached in which there is no sunlight at all for part of the year. This is called a polar night. This variation in the weather (because of the direction of the Earth's axial tilt) results in the seasons.[6]

text: Events in the orbit[edit]

text: By astronomical convention, the four seasons are determined by the solstices –  the two points in the Earth's orbit of the maximum tilt of the Earth's axis, towards the Sun or away from the Sun –  and the equinoxes –  the two points in the Earth's orbit where the Earth's tilted axis and an imaginary line drawn from the Earth to the Sun are exactly perpendicular to one another. The solstices and equinoxes divide the year up into four approximately equal parts. In the northern hemisphere winter solstice occurs on or about December 21; summer solstice is near June 21; spring equinox is around March 20; and autumnal equinox is about September 23.[7] The effect of the Earth's axial tilt in the southern hemisphere is the opposite of that in the northern hemisphere, thus the seasons of the solstices and equinoxes in the southern hemisphere are the reverse of those in the northern hemisphere (e.g. the northern summer solstice is at the same time as the southern winter solstice).

text: In modern times, Earth's perihelion occurs around January 3, and the aphelion around July 4 (for other eras, see precession and Milankovitch cycles). The changing Earth–Sun distance results in an increase of about 6.9%[8] in total solar energy reaching the Earth at perihelion relative to aphelion. Since the southern hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun at about the same time that the Earth reaches the closest approach to the Sun, the southern hemisphere receives slightly more energy from the Sun than does the northern over the course of a year. However, this effect is much less significant than the total energy change due to the axial tilt, and most of the excess energy is absorbed by the higher proportion of water in the southern hemisphere.[9]

text: The Hill sphere (gravitational sphere of influence) of the Earth is about 1,500,000 kilometers (0.01 AU) in radius, or approximately 4 times the average distance to the moon.[10][nb 2] This is the maximal distance at which the Earth's gravitational influence is stronger than the more distant Sun and planets. Objects orbiting the Earth must be within this radius, otherwise they can become unbound by the gravitational perturbation of the Sun.

text:
Orbital characteristics

epoch
J2000.0[nb 3]

aphelion
152.10×10^6 km (94.51×10^6 mi)
1.0167 AU[nb 4]

perihelion
147.10×10^6 km (91.40×10^6 mi)
0.98329 AU[nb 4]

semimajor axis
149.60×10^6 km (92.96×10^6 mi)
1.000001018 AU[11]

eccentricity
0.0167086[11]

inclination
7.155° to Sun's equator
1.578690°[12] to invariable plane

longitude of the ascending node
174.9°[11]

longitude of perihelion
102.9°[11]

argument of periapsis
288.1°[11][nb 5]

period
365.256363004 days[13]

average speed
29.78 km/s (18.50 mi/s)[3]
107,200 km/h (66,600 mph)

text: The following diagram shows the relation between the line of solstice and the line of apsides of Earth's elliptical orbit. The orbital ellipse goes through each of the six Earth images, which are sequentially the perihelion (periapsis — nearest point to the Sun) on anywhere from January 2 to January 5, the point of March equinox on March 19, 20, or 21, the point of June solstice on June 20, 21, or 22, the aphelion (apoapsis — farthest point from the Sun) on anywhere from July 3 to July 5, the September equinox on September 22, 23, or 24, and the December solstice on December 21, 22, or 23.[7] The diagram shows an exaggerated shape of Earth's orbit; the actual orbit is less eccentric than pictured.

text: Because of the axial tilt of the Earth in its orbit, the maximal intensity of Sun rays hits the Earth 23.4 degrees north of equator at the June Solstice (at the Tropic of Cancer), and 23.4 degrees south of equator at the December Solstice (at the Tropic of Capricorn).[14]

text: Future[edit]

text: Mathematicians and astronomers (such as Laplace, Lagrange, Gauss, Poincaré, Kolmogorov, Vladimir Arnold, and Jürgen Moser) have searched for evidence for the stability of the planetary motions, and this quest led to many mathematical developments and several successive "proofs" of stability for the Solar System.[15] By most predictions, Earth's orbit will be relatively stable over long periods.[16]

text: In 1989, Jacques Laskar's work indicated that the Earth's orbit (as well as the orbits of all the inner planets) can become chaotic and that an error as small as 15 meters in measuring the initial position of the Earth today would make it impossible to predict where the Earth would be in its orbit in just over 100 million years' time.[17] Modeling the Solar System is a subject covered by the n-body problem.


document_title: List of Back to the Future characters

question_text: who played michael j fox girlfriend in back to the future

text: List of Back to the Future characters

text: Main characters[edit]

text: Marty McFly[edit]

text: Martin Seamus "Marty" McFly (portrayed by Michael J. Fox in the films and voiced by David Kaufman in the animated series and AJ LoCascio in Back to the Future: The Game) is the son of George McFly and Lorraine Baines McFly. Marty travels between the past and the future, encountering his ancestors and descendants. Marty and his friend Doc Brown help restore the space-time continuum while encountering Biff Tannen (or members of the Tannen clan) at various points in time.

text: Emmett "Doc" Brown[edit]

text: Doctor Emmett Lathrop "Doc" Brown (portrayed by Christopher Lloyd in the films and Back to the Future: The Game, and voiced by Dan Castellaneta in the animated series) is the inventor of the DeLorean time machine. At various points in time, Doc helps Marty restore the space-time continuum and reverse the changes that were caused by time travel.

text: In 2008, the character was selected by film magazine Empire as one of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time, ranking at #76.[1]

text: Biff Tannen[edit]

text: Biff Howard Tannen (portrayed by Thomas F. Wilson in the films and animated series and voiced by Kid Beyond in Back to the Future: The Game) is the main antagonist of the first 2 films and a local bully who harassed George McFly and has once altered history in the second film. He comes from a long line of bullies in Hill Valley, most of whom harassed members of the McFly family. Biff is also a descendant of Buford Tannen (also portrayed by Wilson), who is one of Hill Valley's outlaws during the 1880s.

text: McFly family[edit]

text: George McFly[edit]

text: George Douglas McFly (portrayed by Crispin Glover in Back to the Future and by Jeffrey Weissman in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III and voiced by Michael X. Sommers in Back to the Future: The Game) is the father of Marty, Linda and Dave from the union with his wife Lorraine Baines McFly. Although he is one of the main characters in the first movie, George only makes cameos in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III.

text: In the first film, George is portrayed as weak and the main target of Biff Tannen's bullying. The novelization of the film expounds on George's history of weakness, describing two incidents in which he is unable to stand up for himself. In 1955, in contrast with Marty, George did not have any friends for support and was targeted not only by Biff and his gang but also other kids in school. He has a penchant for science fiction, and writes some of his own but never allows himself to share them with anyone due to his fear of rejection. In 1955, with Marty's help, he gets the courage to stand up to Biff, knocking him unconscious. As a result, he and Lorraine fall in love and George becomes popular in school for defeating Biff in a fight. In the new future, they are both happily married with George working as a college professor and being a successful writer who orders Biff around. In the alternate timeline in Part II, George was murdered by Biff in 1973.

text: George's character was greatly reduced in the sequels, and the role was recast to Jeffrey Weissman.[2] Weissman wore prosthetics to resemble Glover and imitated Glover's rendering of McFly, and his scenes were spliced with shots of Glover from Back to the Future.[3] The result was so convincing that many people were fooled by it.[3] Glover did not appreciate this, and sued. The lawsuit resulted in the adoption of stricter rules by the Screen Actors Guild to prevent this situation from occurring again.[3]

text: Lorraine Baines-McFly[edit]

text: Lorraine Baines-McFly (portrayed by Lea Thompson and voiced by Aimee Miles in Back to the Future: The Game) is the wife of George McFly and the mother of Marty, Linda and Dave. She is the eldest daughter of Sam (George DiCenzo) and Stella (Frances Lee McCain) Baines, and sister of Milton (Jason Hervey), Sally (Maia Brewton), Toby, and Joey.

text: In Back to the Future, Lorraine is initially portrayed in 1985 as middle-aged and unhappy. After Marty changes the timeline, she is shown to be fit and happily married to George in 1985. In Part II, she is still happily married to George in 2015, but in the dystopian alternate 1985 timeline she is widowed and married to Biff.

text: Dave McFly[edit]

text: David "Dave" McFly (portrayed by Marc McClure) is the eldest child of George and Lorraine McFly. In 1985 before Marty went to 1955, Dave works at Burger King, but in the post-time travel 1985 he wears a suit as a nondescript white-collar worker for an accounting firm. In a deleted scene from Part II, the alternate 1985 timeline shows that Dave is an alcoholic and a gambling addict following George's death and Lorraine's second marriage to Biff.

text: Linda McFly[edit]

text: Linda McFly (portrayed by Wendie Jo Sperber) is the middle child and only daughter of George and Lorraine McFly. In 1985 before Marty went to 1955, Linda is having boy trouble and it is unknown if she is in college or has a job. In 1985 after Marty went to 1955, Linda works in a boutique and has gained the attention of many boys.

text: Seamus and Maggie McFly[edit]

text: Seamus and Maggie McFly (portrayed by Michael J. Fox and Lea Thompson) are Irish immigrants and the paternal great-great-grandparents of Marty McFly. In Part III, Marty is befriended by Seamus and Maggie. While Maggie does not trust the "strange young man", Seamus has a familiar feeling about him and believes that helping him is the right thing to do. They have a son named William (Marty's great-grandfather). Much like his descendants, Seamus is harassed by a member of the Tannen family, Buford Tannen.

text: Maggie McFly is played by Lea Thompson, who also plays Marty's mother Lorraine, even though Maggie is not an ancestor of Lorraine; in a DVD commentary track for Part III, Bob Gale states that the creative team considered it important to include Thompson in the film, and he imagines that McFly men are simply "genetically predisposed" to be attracted to women who look like her.

text: Marty (Jr.) and Marlene McFly[edit]

text: Marty (Jr.) and Marlene McFly (both portrayed by Michael J. Fox) are Marty McFly and Jennifer Parker's future fraternal twin son and daughter in Part II.

text: Originally Marty (Jr.) was to be arrested for joining a robbery initiated by Griff and his gang. Marlene attempted to help Marty Jr. break out of jail but failed and was sentenced to 20 years in a woman's prison. Doc and Marty prevented the event from ever happening.

text: Brown family[edit]

text: Clara Clayton[edit]

text: Clara Clayton (portrayed by Mary Steenburgen in both Back to the Future Part III and the animated series) is the wife of Doc Brown and mother of Jules and Verne Brown.

text: Clara moved to Hill Valley and originally died in an accident when her wagon plummeted into Shonash Ravine, which was renamed Clayton Ravine in her memory. The animated series reveals that Clara, along with the rest of the family, moves to the early 1990s and lives in a farmhouse outside of Hill Valley. She then becomes a teacher at Hill Valley Elementary School.

text: Jules and Verne Brown[edit]

text: Jules Eratosthenes Brown and Verne Newton Brown (portrayed by Todd Cameron Brown and Daniel Evans in Back to the Future Part III and voiced by Josh Keaton and Troy Davidson in the animated series) are the two children of Doc Brown and his wife, Clara, who named them after their favorite author Jules Verne.

text: The characters had minor, non-speaking roles in Back to the Future Part III but were further developed in the animated series. Jules, an introvert, mostly imitates his father's interests and mannerisms while Verne appears to be more outgoing and extroverted. Several plot points of the animated series revolve around either Jules or Verne altering history and the steps necessary to correct the damage.

text: Copernicus[edit]

text: Copernicus is Doc's dog from 1955. Like his other dogs, Copernicus was used in many of Doc's experiments. When Copernicus died, he was replaced by Einstein.

text: Einstein[edit]

text: Einstein (portrayed by Tiger in the first film and Freddie in the other two and voiced by Danny Mann in the animated series) is Doc Brown's pet Catalan sheepdog. He later becomes one of the main characters in the animated series as the Brown family's dog.

text: In the first film, Doc successfully tests his time machine by placing Einstein in it and sending him one minute into the future. In the animated series, Einstein becomes anthropomorphic and smarter, helping Doc with his inventions for traveling to the past and the future.

text: Tannen family[edit]

text: Irving "Kid" Tannen[edit]

text: Kid Tannen is Biff's father who only appears in the Back to the Future game. Kid is a gangster who runs a local speakeasy in the 1930s Hill Valley. He, like the rest of the Tannen family, bullies the McFly family forcing Marty's grandfather Arthur to do his accounting. Kid is brought down with the help of Marty, a young version of Doc, and Arthur McFly. He later marries Edna Strickland and reforms from his criminal ways with her help.

text: Buford "Mad Dog" Tannen[edit]

text: Buford Tannen (portrayed by Thomas F. Wilson in Back to the Future Part III) is the main antagonist of the third film. He is the great-grandfather of Biff Tannen and the local town outlaw in 1885 Hill Valley. He was nicknamed "Mad Dog" by a newspaper reporter, due to his violent temper and propensity for drooling, a nickname Tannen greatly despises. Buford is cruel, homicidal, rude, and emotionally unstable. He displays a need for control and is brought down to childlike tantrums when he is humiliated or makes mistakes, whether it be something that happens to him or something he says or does. He is often accompanied by his gang (played by Christopher Wynne, Sean Sullivan and Mike Watson), and developed a feud with Marshal James Strickland and his deputies.

text: Griff[edit]

text: Griff (portrayed by Thomas F. Wilson in both Back to the Future Part II and in the animated series) is a grandson of Biff. He is part of a gang that also consists of "Data", "Spike", and "Whitey" (portrayed by Ricky Dean Logan, Darlene Vogel, and Jason Scott Lee).

text: In the animated series, Griff makes a brief cameo appearance in the episode "Solar Sailors" where his grandson, Ziff (also voiced by Wilson), is detained after he attempts to sabotage Marta McFly's space cruiser due to his hatred towards her family.

text: Griff's last name is never mentioned in the movies, which means he could either be the son of Biff's son Biff Jr, or the son of Biff's daughter, Tiffaney. However, in the animated series, Ziff refers that both he and Griff are Tannens.

text: Biff Tannen, Jr.[edit]

text: In the animated series, Biff Jr. is the son of Biff Tannen. Like his father and paternal relatives, he likes to bully and steal from children around him including Jules and Verne Brown with whom he developed a feud. In addition, Biff Jr. delights vandalizing other people's properties. Biff Jr. lives with his father with whom he has an abusive relationship. He is voiced by Benji Gregory.

text: Strickland family[edit]

text: Gerald Strickland[edit]

text: Gerald Strickland[4] (portrayed by James Tolkan) is the authoritarian discipline officer of Hill Valley High School. He is the grandson of Chief Marshal James Strickland of Hill Valley 1885.

text: There is a reference from Verne Brown that there is another Strickland who works at Hill Valley Elementary School as its vice principal.[episode needed]

text: James Strickland[edit]

text: James Strickland (portrayed by James Tolkan in Back to the Future Part III) is the chief marshal of Hill Valley in 1885 and the grandfather of Mr. Strickland. He also has an unnamed son (portrayed by Kaleb Henley), who will become Gerald Strickland's father.

text: Edna Strickland[edit]

text: Edna Strickland, in Back to the Future: The Game, is the sister of Gerald Strickland. She is somewhat nicer than her brother, but still set in her ways towards upholding strong morals and abolishing crime and laziness. After Marty alters her original timeline, Edna marries Kid Tannen who becomes the father of Biff Tannen.

text: Other characters[edit]

text: Jennifer Parker[edit]

text: Jennifer Jane Parker is the girlfriend (and, in 2015 in Back to the Future Part II, the wife) of Marty McFly.

text: The character was played by Claudia Wells in Back to the Future. However, Wells was not available to film the sequels for personal reasons, and the role was recast to Elisabeth Shue although Wells reprised her role as Jennifer in Back to the Future: The Game as a punk rock version of her character. Consequently, the opening scene of Back to the Future Part II was re-shot with Shue taking Wells' place, rather than using the ending of Back to the Future. In the spin-off Back to the Future: the Animated Series, Jennifer was voiced by Cathy Cavadini.

text: In 1985, Jennifer attends Hill Valley High School, along with her boyfriend Marty. In the animated series, Jennifer is enrolled to Hill Valley College with Marty after graduating high school and working part-time as a tutor. She lives with her family on a ranch, the deed to the which was owned by Biff Tannen, after one of his ancestors forced Jennifer's great-great-grandfather to sign it over by holding Jennifer's great-great-grandmother hostage. In the episode "A Friend in Deed", Marty travels back in time to 1875 and sabotages the deal with help from Jules and Verne.[5]

text: In the future witnessed in Back to the Future Part II, Jennifer and Marty had two children, Marlene and Marty Jr. (both played by Michael J. Fox)

text: Douglas J. Needles[edit]

text: Douglas J. Needles (portrayed by Flea in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III) is an acquaintance of Marty McFly and Jennifer Parker from Hill Valley High School. Like his school's alumnus, Biff Tannen, Needles also has his own gang (portrayed by Christopher Wynne, J.J. Cohen, and Ricky Dean Logan) and develops a rivalry with Marty. Needles often goads Marty into doing reckless things such as a street race that leads Marty to crash into a Rolls Royce and an illegal transaction which results in his firing in 2015.

text: Goldie Wilson[edit]

text: Goldie Wilson (played by Donald Fullilove in part 1) is a young man working at Lou's Cafe in 1955 who goes on to become the first black Mayor of Hill Valley in the 1980s. A campaign poster shows the name Goldie in quotation marks, suggesting Goldie is a nickname, presumably in reference to his gold tooth. He would also have a grandson, Goldie Wilson III (also played by Fullilove) in Part II, who works as a car salesman.

text: Match, Skinhead, and 3-D[edit]

text: Match (portrayed by Billy Zane), Skinhead (portrayed by Jeffrey Jay Cohen), and 3-D (portrayed by Casey Siemaszko) are the three high school boys who make up Biff Tannen's gang in 1955. Their nicknames are only given in the films' novels, screenplays, and credits. Only one of their real names is mentioned in the movies – Biff refers to Skinhead as Joey in one of the 1955 scenes in Back to the Future Part II, while outside of the "Enchantment Under the Sea" dance.

text: In the alternate 1985, the three work in Biff's casino as his bodyguards. Each gets his nickname from a distinctive character trait. Match often has a match sticking out of his mouth; Skinhead has very short, close-cropped hair; 3-D is always wearing a pair of anaglyphic 3-D glasses (a reference to the 3-D movies that were popular in the 1950s).


document_title: eBay

question_text: what does the e in ebay stand for

question_tokens: what does the e in ebay stand for

text: eBay

text: History[edit]

text: Early years[edit]

text: The AuctionWeb was founded in California on September 3, 1995, by French-born Iranian-American computer programmer Pierre Omidyar as part of a larger personal site.[5] One of the first items sold on AuctionWeb was a broken laser pointer for $14.83. Astonished, Omidyar contacted the winning bidder to ask if he understood that the laser pointer was broken. In his responding email, the buyer explained: "I'm a collector of broken laser pointers."[6]

text: Reportedly, eBay was simply a side hobby for Omidyar until his Internet service provider informed him he would need to upgrade to a business account due to the high volume of traffic to his website. The resulting price increase (from $30/month to $250) forced him to start charging those who used eBay, and was not met with any animosity.[7] It resulted in the hiring of Chris Agarpao as eBay's first additional employee to handle the number of checks coming in for fees.[citation needed]

text: Jeffrey Skoll was hired as the first new president of the company in early 1996. In November 1996, eBay entered into its first third-party licensing deal, with a company called Electronic Travel Auction, to use SmartMarket Technology to sell plane tickets and other travel products. Growth was phenomenal; in January 1997 the site hosted 2,000,000 auctions, compared with 250,000 during the whole of 1996.[8]

text: The company officially changed the name of its service from AuctionWeb to eBay in September 1997. Originally, the site belonged to Echo Bay Technology Group, Omidyar's consulting firm. Omidyar had tried to register the domain name echobay.com, but found it already taken by the Echo Bay Mines, a gold mining company,[9] so he shortened it to his second choice, eBay.com.[10]

text: In 1997 the company received $6.7 million in funding from the venture capital firm Benchmark Capital.[11]

text: Meg Whitman was hired by the board as eBay president and CEO in March 1998. At the time, the company had 30 employees,[12] half a million users and revenues of $4.7 million in the United States.[13]

text: The frequently repeated story that eBay was founded to help Omidyar's fiancée trade Pez candy dispensers was fabricated by a public relations manager, Mary Lou Song, in 1997 to interest the media, which were not interested in the company's previous explanation about wanting to create a "perfect market".[14] This was revealed in Adam Cohen's book, The Perfect Store (2002),[5] and confirmed by eBay.[14]

text: Regardless of that, after eBay went public, both Omidyar and Skoll became instant billionaires. eBay's target share price of $18 was all but ignored as the price went to $53.50 on the first day of trading.[15]

text: Beanie Babies and eBay[edit]

text: The Pez dispenser myth generated enormous amounts of publicity and led to some of eBay's most explosive early growth among toy collectors. With Beanie Babies as the leader in the toy category at the time, and the most difficult brand to find in retail stores, Beanie Babies quickly became the dominant product on eBay accounting for 10% of all eBay listings in 1997.[16] On September 21, 1998, eBay went public [17]. In the risk factors section of the annual report filed with the US Securities and Exchange Commission in 1998, Omidyar notes eBay's dependence on the continued strength of the Beanie Babies market.[16][18]

text: As the company expanded product categories beyond collectibles into almost any saleable item, business grew quickly.[6] In February 2002 the company purchased iBazar, a similar European auction web site founded in 1998,[19] and then bought PayPal on October 3, 2002.[20]

text: By early 2008 the company had expanded worldwide, counting hundreds of millions of registered users as well as 15,000 employees and revenues of almost $7.7 billion. After nearly ten years at eBay, Whitman decided to enter politics. On January 23, 2008, the company announced that Whitman would step down on March 31, 2008, and John Donahoe was selected to become president and CEO.[21] Whitman remained on the board of directors and continued to advise Donahoe through 2008. In late 2009 eBay completed the sale of Skype for $2.75 billion, but still owned 30% equity in the company.[22]

text: In 2012 eBay was charged by the United States Department of Justice with entering into non-solicitation agreements with other technology companies involving their highly skilled employees.[23]

text: On September 30, 2014, eBay announced it would spinoff PayPal into a separate publicly traded company, a demand made nine months prior by activist hedge fund magnate Carl Icahn. The spinoff completed on July 18, 2015. eBay’s then chief executive, John Donahoe, stepped down from that role.[24][25][26]

text: On January 31, 2018, eBay announced that they would replace PayPal as its primary payments provider with Netherlands-based start-up Adyen. The transition is set to be completed by 2021, but PayPal will remain an acceptable payment option on the site until July 2023.[27]

text: Corporate affairs[edit]

text: Board of directors[edit]

text: As of November 2014 the board of directors was as follows:[28]

text:
Devin Wenig, new eBay CEO and president since 2015
Fred D. Anderson, former managing director of Elevation Partners, director of eBay since July 2003
Edward W. Barnholt, former president and CEO of Agilent Technologies, director of eBay since April 2005
Scott Cook, founder of Intuit, director of eBay since June 1998
John Donahoe, eBay’s former president and CEO since March 2008, former director of eBay since January 2008
David Dorman, non-executive chairman of Motorola, director of eBay since June 2014
William Clay Ford, Jr., executive chairman of Ford Motor Company, director of eBay since July 2005
Kathleen C. Mitic, founder and CEO of Sitch Inc, director of eBay since September 2011
David M. Moffett, former CEO of Freddie Mac, director of eBay since July 2007
Pierre Omidyar, director and chairman of eBay, since its incorporation in May 1996
Richard T. Schlosberg, former president and CEO of the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, director of eBay since March 2004
Thomas J. Tierney, co-founder of the Bridgespan Group, director of eBay since March 2003

text: Logo[edit]

text: In September 2012, eBay introduced a new logo set in the Univers typeface, but using a thinner variation of it,[29] installed on the website on October 10, 2012. It replaces the logo with a thicker variation of Univers which had been use since its establishment in 1995.

text:
1995–2012

2012–present

text: Profit and transactions[edit]

text: eBay generates revenue by a complex system of fees for services, listing product features, and a final value fee for sales proceeds by sellers. As of November 2012, the US-based eBay.com charges $0.10 to $2, based on the opening or reserve price, as an insertion fee for a basic auction-style listing without any adornments. The Final Value Fee amounts to 10% of the total amount of the sale, which is the price of the item plus shipping charges.[30] Fixed-price listings have an insertion fee of $0.30, and the final value fee varies based on category and total amount of the sale (e.g., 13% for DVDs & Movies up to $50).[31] The UK-based ebay.co.uk[32] takes from £0.15 to a maximum rate of £3 per £100 for an ordinary listing and up to 10% of the final price. Reduced Final Value Fees are available to business registered customers.

text: Under US law, a state cannot require sellers located outside the state to collect a sales tax, making purchases more attractive to buyers. Although some state laws require resident purchasers to pay use tax on out-of-state purchases, it is not a common practice.[citation needed] However, sellers that operate as a business do follow state tax regulations on eBay transactions.[33][34] However Value Added Tax (VAT), the EU countries' sales tax, is different. eBay requires sellers to include the VAT element in their listing price and not as an add-on and thus profits by collecting fees based not only on the sale price "ex VAT" but also on the VAT.[35] In a similar manner eBay also charges its Final Value Fees on all shipping charges.

text: The company's business strategy includes increasing international trade.[36][37] eBay has already expanded to over two dozen countries, including China and India. Strategic international expansion has failed in Taiwan and Japan, where Yahoo! had a head start, and New Zealand, where Trade Me is the dominant online auction website. eBay also notably failed in China due to competition from local rival Taobao.[38] eBay entered the Chinese market in 2002 and shut down its Chinese site in 2007.[39] In India too, eBay's operations came to a halt[40] after it sold off its India operations[41] to country's largest ecommerce company Flipkart, in the latter's $1.4Bn fundraise,[42] where eBay was a participant too.

text: In its Q1 2008 results, total payment volume via PayPal increased 17%, but off the eBay auction site it was up 61%.[43]

text: For most listing categories, eBay sellers are permitted to offer a variety of payment systems such as Escrow.com,[44] PayPal, Paymate, Propay, and Skrill.[45] Propay and Skrill were banned effective September 27, 2015, citing low usage.[46]

text: Escrow.com is eBay's approved escrow site. The transactions processed through Escrow.com largely are in relation to eBay Motors; however, they are not restricted to this type of listing.[44]

text: eBay runs an affiliate program under the name eBay Partner Network.[47] eBay affiliate marketers were originally paid a percentage of the eBay seller's transaction fees, with commissions ranging from 50% to 75% of the fees paid for an item purchased. In October 2009, eBay changed to an affiliate payout system that it calls Quality Click Pricing, in which affiliates are paid an amount determined by an undisclosed algorithm. The total earnings amount is then divided by the number of clicks the affiliate sent to eBay and is reported as Earnings Per Click, or EPC. In October 2013, ePN launched a new pricing model. The new model is more transparent and is based on category-level base commission rates with bonuses available for referring new and reactivated buyers.[48]

text: On April 18, 2012 eBay reported a 29% Q1 revenue increase to $3.3 billion compared to their Q1 in 2011. Net income was reported to be at $570 million for the quarter.[49]

text: Environmental record[edit]

text: On May 8, 2008, eBay announced the opening of its newest building on the company's North Campus in San Jose, which is the first structure in the city to be built from the ground up to LEED Gold standards.[50] The building, the first the company had built in its 13-year existence, uses an array of 3,248 solar panels, spanning 60,000 square feet (5,600 m2), and providing 650 kilowatts of power to eBay's campus.[51] The array can supply 15–18% of the company's total energy requirements, reducing the amount of greenhouse gases that would be produced to create that energy by other means.[51] SolarCity, the company responsible for designing the array, estimates that the solar panels installed on eBay's campus will prevent 37 million pounds of carbon dioxide from being released into the environment as a result of replaced power production over the next three decades. Creating an equivalent impact to remove the same amount of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere would require planting 322 acres (1.30 km2) of trees.

text: The design of the building also incorporates other elements to reduce its impact on the environment. The building is equipped with a lighting system that detects natural ambient light sources and automatically dims artificial lighting to save 39% of the power usually required to light an office building. eBay's newest building also reduces demand on local water supplies by incorporating an eco-friendly irrigation system, and low-flow shower heads and faucets. Even during construction, more than 75% of the waste from construction was recycled. eBay also runs buses between San Francisco and the San Jose campus to reduce the number of commuting vehicles.[50] In 2014, eBay and several other Oregon businesses signed the Oregon Business Climate Declaration to promote local job growth and slow carbon pollution.[52]

text: Acquisitions[edit]

text: PayPal[edit]

text: On October 3, 2002, PayPal became a wholly owned subsidiary of eBay.[53] Its corporate headquarters were sited in San Jose, California,[54] United States at eBay's North First Street satellite office campus. On September 30, 2014, eBay Inc. announced the divestiture of PayPal as an independent company, which was completed on July 20, 2015.[55]

text: Craigslist[edit]

text: In the summer of 2004, eBay acknowledged that it had acquired 25% of classified listings website Craigslist. Former Craigslist executive Phillip Knowlton was the seller, and he insisted that his former employer was aware of his plans to divest his holdings. Initially, eBay assured Craigslist that they would not ask the company to change the way it does business.

text: In March 2005, eBay launched the classifieds service Kijiji. In April 2008, eBay sued Craigslist to "safeguard its four-year financial investment", claiming that in January 2008, Craigslist took actions that "unfairly diluted eBay's economic interest by more than 10%."[56] Craigslist countersued in May 2008 "to remedy the substantial and ongoing harm to fair competition" that Craigslist claimed was constituted by eBay's actions as a Craigslist shareholder.[57] In September 2010, Delaware Judge William Chandler ruled that the actions of Craigslist were unlawful and that the actions taken by Craigslist founders Jim Buckmaster and Craig Newmark had "breached their fiduciary duty of loyalty", and restored eBay's stake in the company to 28.4% from a diluted level of 24.85%.[58] However, the judge dismissed eBay's objection to a staggered board provision, citing that Craigslist has the right to protect its own trade secrets.[59][60] eBay spokesman Michael Jacobson stated "We are very pleased that the court gave eBay what it sought from the lawsuit."[58]

text: Skype[edit]

text: In October 2005, eBay Inc. acquired Skype Technologies,[61] developer of the Skype VoIP and Instant messaging service, significantly expanding its customer base to more than 480 million registered users worldwide. eBay later sold a majority stake in Skype in November 2009, while retaining a minority investment in the company.[62] This eventually led to the sale of the entire Skype business to Microsoft for $8.5 billion in May 2011.[63]

text: StubHub[edit]

text: StubHub's acquisition by eBay was announced in January 2007 for a reported $310 million.[64][65][66] According to CNN Money, 2007 was a very successful year for the company, handling five million individual transactions, more than in the previous six years combined of its history.[67] Staffing at StubHub had increased to 350 workers by the time of the sale.[66] Eight months after the acquisition, StubHub reached an exclusive agreement with Major League Baseball (MLB).[67] They get a piece of the 25% in commissions StubHub earns on either end of a sale. Ticketmaster filed a lawsuit against StubHub and eBay in 2007, alleging "intentional interference" with Ticketmaster's contractual rights.[68]

text: Corrigon[edit]

text: In October 2016, eBay acquired Corrigon, a visual search engine, for less than $30 million.[69]

text: Use for data analysis[edit]

text: eBay is a publicly visible market which has attracted an interest from economists, who have used it to analyze aspects of buying and selling behavior, auction formats, etc., comparing them with previous theoretical and empirical findings.

text: Computer information systems researchers have also shown interest in eBay. Michael Goul, Chairman of the Computer Information Systems department of the W. P. Carey School of Business at Arizona State University, published an academic case based on eBay’s big data management and use in which he discusses how eBay is a data-driven company that processes 50 petabytes of data a day.[70]

text: eBay uses a system that allows different departments in the company to check out data from their data mart into sandboxes for analysis. According to Goul, eBay has already experienced significant business successes through its data analytics. eBay employs 5,000 data analysts to enable data-driven decision making.[70]

text: Third party[edit]

text: In 2006 the accounting software company Intuit launched a web-based donation tracking service called ItsDeductible. The service uses data from eBay to help users assign a market value to the items they donate.[71]

text: Visual search[edit]

text: In July 2017 eBay released an image search capability allowing users to find listings on the site that match an item depicted in a photo, using artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies.[72]

text: GCHQ[edit]

text: UK's GCHQ has a suite of tools for monitoring target use of eBay, named ELATE.[73]

text: Items[edit]

text: Millions of collectibles, decor, appliances, computers, furnishings, equipment, domain names,[74] vehicles, and other miscellaneous items are listed, bought, or sold daily on eBay. In 2006, eBay launched its Business & Industrial category, breaking into the industrial surplus business. Generally, anything can be auctioned on the site as long as it is not illegal and does not violate the eBay Prohibited and Restricted Items policy.[75] Services and intangibles can be sold, too. Large international companies, such as IBM, sell their newest products and offer services on eBay using competitive auctions and fixed-priced storefronts. Separate eBay sites such as eBay US and eBay UK allow the users to trade using the local currency. Software developers can create applications that integrate with eBay through the eBay API by joining the eBay Developers Program.[76] In June 2005, there were more than 15,000 members in the eBay Developers Program, comprising a broad range of companies creating software applications to support eBay buyers and sellers as well as eBay Affiliates.

text: Numerous government and police agencies[77] around the world now use eBay as well as traditional auctions to dispose of seized and confiscated goods.

text: Controversy has arisen over certain items put up for bid. For instance, in late 1999 a man offered one of his kidneys for auction on eBay, attempting to profit from the potentially lucrative (and, in the United States, illegal) market for transplantable human organs.[78]

text: Beginning in August 2007, eBay required listings in "Video Games" and "Health & Beauty" to accept its payment system PayPal and sellers could only accept PayPal for payments in the category "Video Games: Consoles".[79] Starting January 10, 2008, eBay said sellers can only accept PayPal as payment for the categories "Computing > Software", "Consumer Electronics > MP3 Players", "Wholesale & Job Lots > Mobile & Home Phones", and "Business, Office & Industrial > Industrial Supply / MRO".[80] eBay announced that starting in March 2008, eBay had added to this requirement that all sellers with fewer than 100 feedbacks must offer PayPal and no merchant account may be used as an alternative.[81][82] This is in addition to the requirement that all sellers from the United Kingdom have to offer PayPal.[83]

text: Further, and as noted below, it was a requirement to offer PayPal on all listings in Australia and the UK. In response to concerns expressed by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, however, eBay has since removed the policy on the ebay.com.au website requiring sellers to offer PayPal as a payment option.

text: On April 24, 2006, eBay opened its new eBay Express site, which was designed to work like a standard Internet shopping site for consumers with United States addresses.[84] It closed in 2008.[citation needed] Selected eBay items were mirrored on eBay Express, where buyers shopped using a shopping cart to purchase from multiple sellers. The UK version was launched to eBay members in mid-October 2006, but on January 29, 2008, eBay announced its intention to close the site.[85] The German version, eBay Express Germany,[86] was also opened in 2006 and closed in 2008.

text: At the 2008 eBay Developer's Conference, eBay announced the Selling Manager Applications program (SM Apps).[87] The program allows approved developers to integrate their applications directly into the eBay.com interface.[88] The applications created by developers are available for subscription by eBay members who also subscribe to Selling Manager.

text: eBay maintains a number of specialty sites including the discussion boards, groups, answer center, chat rooms, and reviews and guides. eBay's mobile offerings include SMS alerts, a WAP site, Java ME clients, and mobile applications for Windows Phone, Android OS, and Apple iPhone.

text: The initiative Choice in eCommerce was founded on May 8, 2013 by several online retailers in Berlin, Germany.[89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97] The cause was, in the view of the initiative, sales bans and online restrictions by individual manufacturers. The dealers felt cut off from their main sales channel and thus deprived them the opportunity to use online platforms like Amazon, eBay, or Rakuten in a competitive market for the benefit of their customers.

text: Unusual items[edit]

text: Many unusual items have been placed for sale on eBay, including at least two previously undiscovered species, including the Coelopleurus exquisitus sea urchin.[98][99]

text: Prohibited or restricted items[edit]

text: In its earliest days, eBay was nearly unregulated. However, as the site grew, it became necessary to restrict or prohibit auctions for various items. Note that some of the restrictions relate to eBay.com (the US site), while other restrictions apply to specific European sites (such as Nazi paraphernalia). Regional laws and regulations may apply to the seller or the buyer. Generally, if the sale or ownership of an item is regulated or prohibited by one or more states, eBay will not permit its listing. Among the hundred or so banned or restricted categories:

text:
Tobacco (tobacco-related items and collectibles are accepted.)[100]
Alcohol (alcohol-related collectibles, including sealed containers, as well as some wine sales by licensed sellers are allowed, some sites such as ebay.com.au allow licensed liquor sales)[101] (eBay announced September 21, 2012, it will begin removing listings for beer and liquor from its site after a story was aired on ABC series 20/20.)[102]
Drugs and drug paraphernalia[103]
Items that "promote or glorify hatred, violence, racial, sexual, or religious intolerance, or promote organizations with such views." This includes Nazi paraphernalia, although there are exceptions to this rule for Nazi items such as stamps, letters, and envelopes displaying Nazi postmarks (must comply with the currency and stamp policy)
Historically accurate WWII military model kits that have Nazi symbols[104] and items depicting the Confederate battle flag.[105]
Bootleg recordings[106]
Firearms and ammunition (as of January 1, 1999),[107] including any parts that could be used to assemble a firearm as well as (as of July 30, 2007) any firearm part that is required for the firing of a gun, including bullet slugs, brass casings and shells, slides, cylinders, magazines, firing pins, trigger assemblies, etc. Various types of knives are also forbidden.
Police and emergency service vehicular warning equipment such as red or blue lights and sirens (antique or collectible items are exempt)
Intentionally soiled underwear (see Panty fetishism) and dirty used clothing[108]
Forged, illegal, stolen, or confidential documents, which include passports, Social Security cards, drivers licenses, voter registration cards, birth certificates, school documents, medical records, financial information, government license plates, or government classified information documents. Any item that is used to modify documents is also restricted.[109]
Human body parts, organs, and remains (with an exception for skeletons and skulls for scientific study, provided they are not Native American in origin)[110]
Live animals (with certain exceptions)[111]
Certain copyrighted works or trademarked items[112]
Lottery tickets, sweepstakes tickets, or any other gambling items.[113]
Military hardware such as working weapons or explosives with the exception of demilitarized vehicles.
Any object of Iranian, Cuban, or North Korean origin.
Enriched uranium, plutonium, and other fissile material.
Certain categories of sexually oriented material, which must be listed in the "Adult Only" category,[114] notwithstanding certain items prohibited:[114]

Child pornography
Materials deemed obscene, including bestiality, necrophilia, rape, coprophilia, and incest
Used sex toys
Services including any sexual activity
Links to sites that contain prohibited items
Adult products that are delivered digitally

Virtual items from massively multiplayer online games, restrictions that vary by country[115][116]
Ivory products[111]
Knives, other than some cutlery, are prohibited in the UK following the criminal importation into the UK (by BBC Watchdog researchers) of several knives that were already illegal to own or import under existing UK legislation. The ban also includes empty leather knife scabbards if they are listed under the category of "knives" on one of the eBay sites[117]
Fortune-telling and witchcraft-related services[118]
Souls, ghosts, and other "items whose existence cannot be verified" are prohibited.[119][120][121]
Many other items are either wholly prohibited or restricted in some manner.[122]

text: Bidding[edit]

text: Auction-style listings[edit]

text: Bidding on eBay (old or new)'s auction-style listing is called proxy bidding and is essentially equivalent to a Vickrey auction (sealed-bid), with the following exceptions.

text:
The winning bidder pays the second-highest bid plus one bid increment amount (that is, some small predefined amount relative to the bid size), instead of simply the highest bid. However, since the bid increment amounts are relatively insignificant compared to the bid size, they are not considered from a strategic standpoint.[123]
The highest bidder's bid is sealed, as in a Vickrey auction, but the current winning bid (second highest plus one increment) is displayed throughout the auction to allow price discovery.[124]
Because eBay's auction-style listings are sealed-bid, it is usually to all bidders' advantage that bids are made only at the very end of the auction. Early bids will not always increase the bidder's chance of winning the auction, and will often raise the item's final price (winning bid) for the winner.
eBay also allows sellers to offer a "Buy it Now" price that will end the auction immediately. The Buy It Now price is available until someone bids on the item, or until the reserve price is met. When the Buy It Now option disappears, the auction-style listing proceeds normally.[125]

text: Seller ratings[edit]

text: In 2008, eBay implemented a system of seller ratings with four categories. Buyers are asked to rate the seller in each of these categories with a score of one to five, with five being the highest rating. Unlike the overall feedback rating, these ratings are anonymous; neither sellers nor other users learn how individual buyers rated the seller. The listings of sellers with a rating of 4.3 or below in any of the four rating categories appear lower in search results. Power Sellers are required to have scores in each category above 4.5.[126][127][128][129][130]

text: In a reversal of roles, on January 24, 2010, Auctionbytes.com held an open survey in which sellers could rate eBay, as well as competing auction and marketplace sites.[131] In the survey, users were asked to rank 15 sites based on five criteria: profitability, customer service, communication, ease of use, and recommendation.

text: eBay was ranked 13th,[132] after other large sites such as Amazon and Craigslist, as well as lesser-known selling sites such as Atomic Mall, eCRATER, and Ruby Lane. In individual category rankings, eBay was rated the worst of all the 15 sites on customer service and communication, and average on ease of use. Some respondents stated they would have given eBay a rating of 10, three to five years ago. eBay was rated twelfth out of fifteen in the Recommended Selling Venue category.

text: Charity auctions[edit]

text: Using MissionFish as an arbiter, eBay allows sellers to donate a portion of their auction proceeds to a charity of the seller's choice.[133] The program is called eBay Giving Works in the US, and eBay for Charity[134] in the UK. eBay provides a partial refund of seller fees for items sold through charity auctions.[135] As of March 4, 2010, $154 million has been raised for US nonprofits by the eBay Community since eBay Giving Works began in 2003.[136]

text: Some high-profile charity auctions have been advertised on the eBay home page.[137] As of June 2010, the highest successful bid on a single item for charity was for the annual "Power Lunch"[138] with investor Warren Buffett at the famous Smith & Wollensky Steakhouse in New York. The winning bid was $2.63 million with all of the proceeds going to the Glide Foundation. The winning bidder was not made public, but was able to bring up to seven friends to the lunch. In 2012, a higher bid, of $3.46 million, also going to the Glide Foundation, won a lunch with Buffet.[139] In 2016 an anonymous bidder won a $3.45 million lunch with Warren Buffett and the money raised from the auction was given to Glide Foundation.[140]

text: The previous highest successful bid on a single item for charity was for a letter[141] sent to Mark P. Mays, CEO of Clear Channel (parent company of Premiere Radio Networks the production company that produces The Rush Limbaugh Show and Glenn Beck Program) by Senator Harry Reid and forty other Democratic senators, complaining about comments made by conservative talk show host Rush Limbaugh. The winning bid was $2,100,100, with all of the proceeds going to the Marine Corps-Law Enforcement Foundation, benefiting the education of children of men and women who have died serving in the armed forces. The winning bid was matched by Limbaugh in his largest charity donation to date.[142]

text: In 2007; eBay Canada partnered with Montreal-based digital branding agency CloudRaker to develop a campaign to raise money for Sainte-Justine children's hospital in Montreal. They aligned themselves with Internet phenomenon Têtes à claques to create an eBay auction based on popular T-A-C character Uncle Tom, an infomercial host who pitches absurd products. eBay and CloudRaker reproduced Uncle Tom's imaginary products, The Body Toner Fly Swatter, The Willi Waller Potato Peeler, and the LCD Shovel and sold them online. In six weeks, they raised $15,000 for Hôpital St-Justine with one fly swatter, one potato peeler, and one shovel, a world record. The Body Toner Fly Swatter sold for $8,600, the Willi Waller Potato Peeler sold for $3,550, and the LCD Shovel sold for $2,146.21.

text: Shipping[edit]

text: During auction setup, eBay provides shipping-method choices to sellers: ordinary mail, express mail, and/or courier service. The seller may choose to offer only one shipping method to buyers; or the seller may offer buyers a choice of options.

text: Very-low-value items shipped directly from China are sometimes shipped by surface mail (sea mail), which is inexpensive but takes one to two months.[143] If the buyer is in a hurry, he or she might be able to pay an extra fee to upgrade to second-class Surface Air Lifted shipping or to first-class airmail shipping.

text: Since 2012, eBay has been enlisting sellers into its "Global Shipping Program". If a seller uses the program, non-domestic buyers pay a fee to Pitney Bowes. The seller sends the item to a Pitney Bowes facility in the US (or UK), which then forwards it to the buyer, taking care of all international shipping requirements. The program is claimed to enhance the product selection available to international buyers.[144]

text: Controversy and criticism[edit]

text: Common eBay criticisms involve the policy of requiring the use of PayPal for payments and concerns over fraud, forgeries and intellectual property violations in auction items.[citation needed] There are also issues of how negative feedback after an auction can offset the benefits of using eBay as a trading platform.[citation needed] eBay has been criticized for not paying UK taxes: the Sunday Times reported in October 2012 that eBay paid only £1.2m in tax on sales of over £800m.[145]

text: 2014 security breach[edit]

text: On May 21, 2014 the company revealed that the consumer database of usernames, passwords, phone numbers, and physical addresses had been breached between late February and early March. Users were advised to change their passwords; to expedite this, a "change password" feature was added to profiles of users who had not yet done so. The Syrian Electronic Army took responsibility for the attack. The SEA said that even though the hack revealed millions of users' banking details to them, they would not misuse the data. They had replaced the front pages of the websites with their own logo, called "Defacing" in technical terms. The hack caused eBay's share price to crash in intra-day trade as a result of the breach of security.[146][147][148][149]


document_title: Moore (surname)

question_text: where does the last name moore originate from

text: Moore (surname)

text: Meanings and origins[edit]

text:
From Middle English mor meaning "open land" or "bog" and given to persons dwelling near a moor or heath.
The Old Irish Moores are O'Morda, from the Irish Gaelic word morda, meaning "stately and noble". The French persons named de Mora, who were established in Ireland's Munster province, were known as O'More after 200 years in Co. Leix. After WW1, "Moore" as a phonetic rendering of the name derived from the word "moor", or "healthy mountain," became the written version for similar-sounding names.[citation needed]
Alternatively of Gaelic/Manx origin Moar, this name was for a collector of manorial rents on the Isle of Man.
The spelling "Moore" was sometimes used to indicate a son of someone called More - this being one use where spelling is significant.
Possibly derived from Maurus,[citation needed] a Roman first name which meant "dark skinned" in Latin, and related to the Old French More meaning "Moor," such as Berber, a colloquial nickname for a person of dark complexion, often describing someone of North African descent.
Possibly originated from early references to persons who worked with boats at a wharf or moorage.
The De La Mare surname from French Normandy was progressively anglicized in England as "de la Mare" (Walter de la Mare), "De La More", "More", and "Moore" in England.

text: Frequency[edit]

text: In the United States, "Moore" ranked 16th among all surnames in the 2000 census, accounting for 0.26% of the population, falling from 9th in the 1990 census.[2][3]


document_title: August: Osage County (film)

question_text: where was the movie august osage county filmed

text: August: Osage County (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The title designates time and location: an unusually hot August in a rural area outside Pawhuska, Oklahoma. Beverly Weston (Sam Shepard), an alcoholic, once-noted poet, interviews and hires a young Cheyenne woman Johnna (Misty Upham) as a live-in cook and caregiver for his strong-willed and contentious wife Violet (Meryl Streep), who is suffering from oral cancer and addiction to narcotics. Shortly after this, he disappears from the house, and Violet calls her sister and daughters for support. Her sister Mattie Fae (Margo Martindale) arrives with husband Charles Aiken (Chris Cooper). Violet's middle daughter Ivy (Julianne Nicholson) is single and the only one living locally; Barbara (Julia Roberts), her oldest, who has inherited her mother's mean streak, arrives from Colorado with her husband Bill (Ewan McGregor) and 14-year-old daughter Jean (Abigail Breslin). Barbara and Bill are separated, but they put up a united front for Violet.

text: After five days, the sheriff arrives with the news that Beverly took his boat out on the lake and has drowned. Youngest daughter Karen (Juliette Lewis) arrives with the latest in a string of boyfriends, Steve Huberbrecht (Dermot Mulroney), a sleazy Florida businessman whom she introduces as her fiancé. Mattie Fae and Charles's shy, awkward son "Little Charles" (Benedict Cumberbatch) misses the funeral because he overslept and is met at the bus station by his father. Charles loves his son, whereas Mattie constantly belittles him. Ivy confides to Barbara that she is in love with her cousin, "Little Charles", who plans to move to New York, and she cannot have children because she had a hysterectomy. She feels this is her only chance to finally marry.

text: The family sits down to dinner after the funeral, fueled by Violet's brutal "truth telling", which results in Barbara pouncing on her mother. She decides she has had enough of her mother's drug addiction and confiscates all her several kinds of pills. Later, after Violet has had a chance to sober up, she has a tender moment with her daughters and shares a story that demonstrates how cruel her own mother was when she longed for a new pair of cowgirl boots when she was in her early teens.

text: As "Little Charles" sings Ivy a song he has written for her, Mattie Fae walks in and berates him. This exhausts Charles's patience with his wife's lack of love and compassion for her son, and he threatens to leave her if she keeps it up. Mattie subsequently reveals to Barbara, who unintentionally listened in, that she had a long-ago affair with Beverly, and Charles is in fact their younger half-brother and that is the true reason why Ivy and "Little Charles" cannot be together.

text: That evening, Steve and Jean are playfully sharing a joint of marijuana. Johnna sees this and, sensing that he intends to molest her, goes after him with a shovel. Barbara confronts Jean and slaps her. This compels Bill to take Jean back to Colorado, leaving Barbara. Karen also leaves with Steve.

text: Later, Ivy tries to tell her mother about her love for "Little Charles". Barbara tries to deflect the admission. Violet tells Ivy that Charles is actually her brother, something Violet knew all along. Ivy leaves and promises to never come back. In the last confrontation between Violet and Barbara, Violet admits she was contacted by Beverly from his motel the week after he had left home, but did nothing to help him until after she removed money from the couple's joint safe deposit box. By this time he had already drowned. This revelation leads Barbara to depart, realizing that her mother has slipped beyond help. Violet is left with only Johnna.

text: Barbara is driving through the plains, stops, gets out of the car, cries then gets back in the car and follows signage showing highways and number of miles to Wichita, Salina and Denver.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Meryl Streep as Violet Weston
Julia Roberts as Barbara Weston-Fordham
Ewan McGregor as Bill Fordham
Abigail Breslin as Jean Fordham
Chris Cooper as Charles Aiken
Julianne Nicholson as Ivy Weston
Margo Martindale as Mattie Fae Aiken
Benedict Cumberbatch as Charles "Little Charles" Aiken Jr.
Juliette Lewis as Karen Weston
Misty Upham as Johnna Monevata
Dermot Mulroney as Steve Huberbrecht
Sam Shepard as Beverly Weston

text: Production[edit]

text: John Wells directed,[6] while Bob and Harvey Weinstein, Steve Traxler, Jean Doumanian, and George Clooney produced the film.[7][8] Renée Zellweger and Andrea Riseborough were considered for a role. Riseborough was cast but dropped out due to scheduling conflicts. Juliette Lewis replaced her.[9] Chloë Grace Moretz also auditioned for the role of Jean Fordham.[10]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography took place between October 16 and December 8, 2012,[8] in Bartlesville and Pawhuska, Oklahoma, and Los Angeles, California.

text: Release[edit]

text: August: Osage County premiered at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival[11][12] on September 9, 2013, before its release in select cities on December 27, 2013, followed by a wide release on January 10, 2014, in the United States. It was also released on January 1, 2014, in Australia. In its limited box-office debut, the film grossed $179,475 from five theaters, a $35,895 per-screen average.[13]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: August: Osage County received mixed-to-positive reviews with the entire cast being praised for their performances, especially Streep and Roberts. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes sampled 177 reviews, and as of February 8, 2015, the film holds a 64% approval rating, with an average score of 6.4/10. The website's consensus reads, "The sheer amount of acting going on in August: Osage County threatens to overwhelm, but when the actors involved are as talented as Meryl Streep and Julia Roberts, it's difficult to complain." There was also significant praise for the performances of Chris Cooper, Margo Martindale, Juliette Lewis, and Julianne Nicholson, with some critics stating that this film gives the finest ensemble acting seen in years.[14] Another review aggregator, Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, calculated an average score of 58, based on 45 reviews, considered to be "mixed or average reviews".[15]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Awards

Award
Category
Recipient
Outcome

Academy Awards[16]
Best Actress
Meryl Streep
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Julia Roberts
Nominated

AACTA International Awards[17]
Best Actress
Meryl Streep
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Julia Roberts
Nominated

AARP Annual Movies for Grownups Awards[18]
Best Supporting Actor
Chris Cooper
Won

American Cinema Editors[19]
Best Edited Feature Film - Comedy/Musical
Stephen Mirrione
Nominated

Art Directors Guild[20]
Excellence in Production Design - Contemporary Film
David Gropman
Nominated

BAFTA Awards[21]
Best Supporting Actress
Julia Roberts
Nominated

Britannia Awards[22]
British Artist of the Year
Benedict Cumberbatch (also for his work on 12 Years a Slave, The Fifth Estate, The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug, and Star Trek Into Darkness)
Won

Critics' Choice Movie Awards[23]
Best Actress
Meryl Streep
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Julia Roberts
Nominated

Best Adapted Screenplay
Tracy Letts
Nominated

Detroit Film Critics Society[24]
Best Actress
Meryl Streep
Nominated

Best Ensemble

Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Julia Roberts
Nominated

Golden Globe Awards[25][26]
Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy
Meryl Streep
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture
Julia Roberts
Nominated

Hollywood Film Festival[27]
Ensemble of the Year
Meryl Streep, Julia Roberts, Ewan McGregor, Chris Cooper, Abigail Breslin, Benedict Cumberbatch, Juliette Lewis, Margo Martindale, Dermot Mulroney, Julianne Nicholson, Sam Shepard, and Misty Upham
Won

Supporting Actress of the Year
Julia Roberts
Won

Motion Picture Sound Editors Golden Reel Awards[28][29]
Best Sound Editing: Dialogue & ADR in a Feature Film
Lon Bender
Nominated

Oklahoma Film Critics Circle[30]
Not-So-Obviously Worst Film

Won

Phoenix Film Critics Society[31][32]
Best Cast

Nominated

Best Adapted Screenplay
Tracy Letts
Nominated

Best Actress
Meryl Streep
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Julia Roberts
Nominated

Satellite Awards[33]
Best Actress – Motion Picture
Meryl Streep
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture
Julia Roberts
Nominated

Screen Actors Guild Awards[34]
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role
Meryl Streep
Nominated

Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role
Julia Roberts
Nominated

Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture
Meryl Streep, Julia Roberts, Ewan McGregor, Chris Cooper, Abigail Breslin, Benedict Cumberbatch, Juliette Lewis, Margo Martindale, Dermot Mulroney, Julianne Nicholson, Sam Shepard, and Misty Upham
Nominated

St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association[35]
Best Actress
Meryl Streep
Nominated

Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association[36]
Best Actress
Meryl Streep
Nominated

Best Acting Ensemble
Meryl Streep, Julia Roberts, Ewan McGregor, Chris Cooper, Abigail Breslin, Benedict Cumberbatch, Juliette Lewis, Margo Martindale, Dermot Mulroney, Julianne Nicholson, Sam Shepard, and Misty Upham
Nominated

Writers Guild of America Award[37]
Best Adapted Screenplay
Tracy Letts
Nominated

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Gustavo Santaolalla composed the original music for August: Osage County. The soundtrack was released on January 7, 2014 through Sony Classical.[38]

text:
No.
Title
Artist
Length

1.
"Hinnom, TX"
Bon Iver
3:50

2.
"Last Mile Home"
Kings of Leon
4:34

3.
"Lay Down Sally"
Eric Clapton
3:48

4.
"Don't Let Go"
Adam Taylor
1:47

5.
"The Kiss"
Adam Taylor
2:20

6.
"The Stroke"
Billy Squier
3:39

7.
"Gawd Above"
John Fullbright
3:34

8.
"The Decision"
Adam Taylor
1:36

9.
"Forward"
Adam Taylor
1:04

10.
"Violet's Song"
JD & The Straight Shot
3:51

11.
"Can't Keep It Inside"
Benedict Cumberbatch
1:19

12.
"End Credits"
Anibal Kerpel
4:55

13.
"And Then They're Here"
Anibal Kerpel
1:09

14.
"Barb Balcony/Street Beater (aka Sanford & Son Theme)"
Anibal Kerpel
2:15

Total length:
39:41

text: An album of Santaolalla's score was released digitally on January 3, 2014.[39]

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"August Osage County (Main Theme)"
0:47

2.
"The Fields"
2:01

3.
"Arrival"
1:51

4.
"Impermanence"
3:03

5.
"Riding"
1:04

6.
"Lost"
1:08

7.
"Running Free"
1:47

8.
"Morning"
1:34

9.
"Family Visits"
0:49

10.
"Diagnosis"
1:23

11.
"Back At The House"
0:37

12.
"Crossing The Line"
1:24

13.
"August Osage County (Complete)"
4:56

14.
"A New Beginning"
2:02

Total length:
24:26


document_title: Back to square one

question_text: where does back to square one come from

question_tokens: where does back to square one come from

text: Back to square one

text: Look up back to square one in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

text: "Back to square one" is a phrase that means "to go back to the beginning, after a dead-end or failure".

text: It can also refer to:

text:
Square One (puzzle), also called "Back to Square One"
Back to Square One (film), a 1994 German film


document_title: St. Thomas Aquinas High School (Florida)

question_text: what division is st thomas aquinas high school

text: History[edit]

text: St. Anthony High School was founded by the Dominican Sisters of Adrian, Michigan in 1936. The school grew to a student body of 42 in four years, boasting nine graduates who comprised the Class of 1940.

text: The school was renamed Central Catholic High School and moved to its present location in 1952. The original Central Catholic campus consisted of the main office wing, library, 15 classrooms, patio, cafeteria, kitchen, coaches’ office, and locker room facilities. The school erected a statue of Mary in 1957 that still graces the campus today.

text: In September 1961, due to the opening of a second Catholic school in Fort Lauderdale, the school chose St. Thomas Aquinas as its patron and official name.[1]

text: Academics[edit]

text: On May 29, 1996, President Bill Clinton presented St. Thomas Aquinas High School with the Department of Education Blue Ribbon Award for excellence in education. This was the second time St. Thomas Aquinas received recognition by the U.S. Department of Education. During the 1984-1985 school year, the school was first recognized as a "School of Excellence".

text: St. Thomas Aquinas High School has been named to the Catholic High School Honor Roll five times (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2010). It is the only Catholic high school in the Archdiocese of Miami to have been listed as one of the Top 50 Catholic high schools in the United States for five years.[2]

text: Admissions[edit]

text: St. Thomas Aquinas accepts students from 105 feeder schools, 46 Catholic parishes, and three counties.[3] An Entrance Exam is required for all incoming Freshmen. Prospective students must also submit their first semester 8th grade report card and two letters of recommendation from their current school.[4] Prospective transfer students must submit an application along with a copy of their current high school transcript and two academic letters of recommendation from current school officials.[5]

text: Faculty and curriculum[edit]

text: The St. Thomas Aquinas faculty consists of three religious and 127 laypersons, with 74 teachers holding advanced degrees. The ratio of students to teaching faculty stands at 17 to 1. The faculty averages 20 years of teaching experience and 12 years of experience at the school.[2]

text: The school offers 195 different courses in 9 subjects: English, Mathematics, Physical Education, Science, Social Studies, Foreign Language, Fine Arts, Computer/Graphic Arts, and Theology. Students are grouped by ability with course offerings at Advance Placement, Honors and College-Preparatory levels.

text: Athletics[edit]

text: In 2005, St. Thomas Aquinas was recognized by Sports Illustrated as the third best high school athletic program in the nation.[6] The criteria emphasized all-around excellence during the last 10 years and included state championships won and the number of college athletes produced.

text: In 2011, St. Thomas Aquinas was named the nation's top athletic program by Maxpreps.[7]

text: The Raiders have won 106 FHSAA state championships and have graduated such student athletes as Chris Evert, Michael Irvin and Sanya Richards-Ross. The school has been awarded the Broward County all-sports trophy by the Sun-Sentinel for 35 consecutive years. The athletic department has also won the FHSAA Dodge Sunshine Cup every year since the awards inception in 1995.[8]

text: State Championships[edit]

text: Men[edit]

text:
Baseball - 1995, 2003
Basketball - 2001
Cross Country - 2013, 2015, 2016
Football - 1992, 1997, 1999, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016
Lacrosse - 2016, 2017
Soccer - 1996, 1997, 1998, 2005, 2011
Swimming - 1993, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004
Tennis - 1989, 1994, 2009
Track and Field - 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014
Water Polo - 2013
Wrestling - 1985

text: Women[edit]

text:
Cross Country - 2012, 2013
Golf - 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 2001
Soccer - 1990, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2004, 2005, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2017
Softball - 2002, 2003, 2013, 2014
Swimming - 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004
Tennis - 1972, 1985, 1986, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008
Track and Field - 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2013, 2014, 2015
Volleyball - 1995, 2004, 2014, 2015, 2016

text: Notable alumni[edit]

text: Athletics[edit]

text:
Foluke Akinradewo, professional volleyball player, member of U.S. Women's National Team at 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics
Staci Appelbaum, Teacher, professional awesome person, also known as AppleDABOMB
Bradley Ally, Olympian and bronze medalist in 200m Individual Medley at 2007 Pan American Games
Carlos Asuaje, professional baseball player for San Diego Padres
Geno Atkins, professional football player and 6-time Pro Bowler for the Cincinnati Bengals
Alejandro Bedoya, professional soccer player for Philadelphia Union and member of U.S. Men's National Team at 2014 FIFA World Cup
Giovani Bernard, professional football player for Cincinnati Bengals
Joey Bosa, professional football player and Pro Bowler for the Los Angeles Chargers
Bobby Brown, former professional football player
Curt Brown, former professional baseball player
Duron Carter, professional football player for Saskatchewan Roughriders
Joe Castiglione, athletic director at University of Oklahoma
Jeremy Cain, former professional football player
Stephen Cardullo, professional baseball player for Colorado Rockies
Audra Cohen, former professional tennis player and 2007 NCAA women's singles champion
John Congemi, former professional football player and college football analyst for ESPN
Marco Dawson, professional golfer and winner of 2015 Senior British Open
Phillip Dorsett, professional football player for New England Patriots
Tyler Drake, 2015 Ivy League Player of the Year at University of Pennsylvania
Jason Dufner, professional golfer and winner of 2013 PGA Championship
Eric Eichmann, former professional soccer player, member of U.S. Men's National Team at 1990 FIFA World Cup
Chris Evert, former professional tennis player,member of International Tennis Hall of Fame
Jeanne Evert, former professional tennis player
Sean Gallagher, former professional baseball player
Marcus Gilbert, professional football player for Pittsburgh Steelers
Rashad Greene, professional football player for Jacksonville Jaguars
Tyler Greene, former professional baseball player
Tavares Gooden, former professional football player
Richard Goodman, former professional football player
Arman Hall, Olympian and gold medalist in 4 × 400 m relay at 2016 Summer Olympics
Leonard Hankerson, former professional football player
Stefan Humphries, former professional football player and Super Bowl Champion
Michael Irvin, former professional football player and member of Pro Football Hall of Fame
Lamarcus Joyner, professional football player for Los Angeles Rams
Sarah Lihan, Olympian who placed 9th in women's sailing 470 at 2012 Summer Olympics
Brandon Linder, professional football player for Jacksonville Jaguars
Mark Merklein, former professional tennis player and 1993 NCAA men's singles champion
Chad Mottola, former professional baseball player
Gene Monahan, former head athletic trainer for New York Yankees
Ed Nelson, former professional basketball player
Kirsten Nieuwendam, Olympian who competed in 400m Hurdles at 2008 Summer Olympics and 2012 Summer Olympics
John O'Korn, quarterback for University of Michigan
Kirk Olivadotti, assistant coach for Washington Redskins
Michael Palardy, professional football player for Carolina Panthers
Sterling Palmer, former professional football player
Brian Piccolo, former professional football player, inspiration for film Brian's Song
Vladislav Polyakov, Olympian and gold medalist in 200m Breaststroke at 2006 FINA World Championships
Daryl Porter, former professional football player
Sanya Richards-Ross, Olympian and gold medalist in women's 400m at 2012 Summer Olympics
Cody Riggs, professional football player for Tennessee Titans
Shawn Riggans, former professional baseball player
Jake Rudock, professional football player for the Detroit Lions
Twan Russell, former professional football player, Director of Youth and Community Programs for Miami Dolphins
Khalifa St. Fort, Olympian and gold medalist in 4 × 100 m relay at 2015 World Championships
Nate Salley, former professional football player
Robby Scott, professional baseball player for Boston Red Sox
Dezmen Southward, professional football player for the Carolina Panthers.
Mike Stanley, former professional baseball player and 1995 American League All-Star
Seilala Sua, Olympian who placed 10th in discus at 2000 Summer Olympics
India Trotter, former professional soccer player and member of U.S. Women's National Team
Major Wright, former professional football player
James White, professional football player for New England Patriots and 2-time Super Bowl Champion
Ed Yarnall, former professional baseball player
Sam Young, professional football player for Miami Dolphins

text: Arts, entertainment, and civil service[edit]

text:
Margaux Avedisian, comedian and bitcoin entrepreneur
Michael Connelly, author of The Lincoln Lawyer and former President of Mystery Writers of America
Steven Conrad, screenwriter and producer of The Weather Man, The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, and The Pursuit of Happyness
Billy Crudup, actor who appeared in Watchmen, Without Limits, Almost Famous, Jackie and Big Fish
Katie Edwards, member of Florida House of Representatives
Parris Glendening, former Governor of Maryland
Martin Grady Jr., current Peabody Scholar at Vanderbilt University
Charles Liteky, former Army chaplain and Medal of Honor recipient
Courtney Marsh, filmmaker of Academy Award nominated documentary Chau, Beyond the Lines
Gerard John Schaefer, police officer and serial killer[9]
C. Dale Young, poet and recipient of 2012 Guggenheim Fellowship
William J. Zloch, U.S. District Court Judge for the Southern District of Florida
Kine Williams, nurse