document_title: List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Hindi

question_text: who has won the 2017 sahitya academy award in hindi language

text: Recipients[edit]

text:
Year
Author
Work
Type of Work

1955
Makhanlal Chaturvedi
Him Tarangini
Poetry

1956
Vasudeva Saran Agrawal
Padmavat Sanjivani Vyakhya
Commentary

1957
Acharya Narendra Devi
Bauddha Dharma Darshan
Philosophy

1958
Rahul Sankrityayan
Madhya Asia Ka Itihas
History

1959
Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar'
Sanskriti Ke Char Adhyayay
A survey of Indian culture

1960
Sumitranandan Pant
Kala aur Burha Chand
Poetry

1961
Bhagwati Charan Verma
Bhoole Bisre Chitra
Novel

1962
No Award

1963
Amrit Rai
Premchand: Kalam Ka Sipahi
Biography

1964
S.H. Vatsyayan 'Agyeya'
Aangan Ke Par Dvar
Poetry

1965
Nagendra
Rasa Siddhanta
Treatise on poetics

1966
Jainendra Kumar
Muktibodh
Novelette

1967
Amritlal Nagar
Amrit Aur Vish
Novel

1968
Harivansh Rai Bachchan
Do Chattanen
Poetry

1969
Shrilal Shukla
Raag Darbari
Novel

1970
Ram Vilas Sharma
Nirala Ki Sahitya Sadhana
Biography

1971
Namwar Singh
Kavita Ke Naye Pratiman
Literary criticism

1972
Bhawani Prasad Mishra
Buni Huyi Rassi
Poetry

1973
Hazari Prasad Dwivedi
Alok Parva
Essays

1974
Shivmangal Singh 'Suman'
Mitti Ki Baraat
Poetry

1975
Bhisham Sahni
Tamas
Novel

1976
Yashpal
Meri Teri Uski Baat
Novel

1977
Shamsher Bahadur Singh
Chuka Bhi Hun Nahin Main
Poetry

1978
Bharat Bhushan Agarwal
Utna Vah Suraj Hai
Poetry

1979
Sudama Pandey
Kal Sunana Mujhe
Poetry

1980
Krishna Sobti
Zindaginama - Zinda Rukh
Novel

1981
Trilochan
Tap Ke Taye Hue Din
Novel

1982
Harishankar Parsai
Viklang Shraddha Ka Daur
Satire

1983
Sarveshwar Dayal Saxena
Khutiyon Par Tange Log
Poetry

1984
Raghuvir Sahay
Log Bhool Gaye Hain
Poetry

1985
Nirmal Verma
Kavve Aur Kala Pani
Short stories

1986
Kedarnath Agarwal
Apurva
Poetry

1987
Shrikant Verma
Magadh
Poetry

1988
Naresh Mehta
Aranya
Poetry

1989
Kedarnath Singh
Akaal Mein Saras
Poetry

1990
Shiv Prasad Singh
Neela Chand
Novel

1991
Girija Kumar Mathur
Main Vaqt Ke Hun Samne
Poetry

1992
Giriraj Kishore
Dhai Ghar
Novel

1993
Vishnu Prabhakar
Ardhanarishwar
Novel

1994
Ashok Vajpeyi
Kahin Nahin Wahin
Poetry

1995
Kunwar Narayan
Koi Doosra Nahin
Poetry

1996
Surendra Verma
Mujhe Chand Chahiye
Novel

1997
Leeladhar Jagoori
Anubhav Ke Aakash Mein Chand
Poetry

1998
Arun Kamal
Naye Ilake Mein
Poetry

1999
Vinod Kumar Shukla
Deewar Main Ek Khirkee Rahathi Thi
Novel

2000
Manglesh Dabral
Hum Jo Dekhte Hain
Poetry

2001
Alka Saraogi
Via Bypass

2002
Rajesh Joshi
Do Panktiyon Ke Beech
Poetry

2003
Kamleshwar
Kitne Pakistan
Novel

2004
Viren Dangwal
Dushchakra Mein Srista
Poetry

2005
Manohar Shyam Joshi
Kyap
Novel

2006
Gyanendrapati
Sanshyatma
Poetry

2007
Amar Kant
Inhin Hathiyaron Se
Novel

2008
Govind Mishra[2]
Kohre Mein Kaid Rang
Novel

2009
Kailash Vajpeyi [3]
Hawa mein Hastakshar
Poetry

2010
Uday Prakash [4]
Mohan Das[5]
Short stories

2011
Kashinath Singh[6]
Rehan Par Ragghu

2012
Chandrakant Devtale[7]
Patthar fenk Raha Hoon
Poetry

2013
Mridula Garg[8]
Miljul Man
Novel

2014
Ramesh Chandra Shah[9]
Vinayak
Novel

2015
Ramdarash Mishra
Aag Ki Hansi
Poetry

2016
Nasira Sharma
Parijat
Novel

2017
Ramesh Kuntal
"Vishw Mithak Sarit Sagar"


document_title: Siege of Louisbourg (1758)

question_text: who was the british brigadier general that captured lighthouse point during the siege of louisbourg

root

text: Siege of Louisbourg (1758)

text: Background[edit]

text: The British government realized that with the Fortress of Louisbourg under French control, the Royal Navy could not sail up the St. Lawrence River unmolested for an attack on Quebec. After an expedition against Louisbourg in 1757 led by Lord Loudon was turned back due to a strong French naval deployment, the British under the leadership of William Pitt resolved to try again with new commanders.

tag: p

text: Pitt assigned the task of capturing the fortress to Major General Jeffrey Amherst. Amherst's brigadiers were Charles Lawrence, James Wolfe and Edward Whitmore, and command of naval operations was assigned to Admiral Edward Boscawen. The chief engineer was John Henry Bastide who had been present at the first siege of Louisbourg in 1745 and was chief engineer at Fort St Philip, Minorca, in 1756 when the British had surrendered the fort and island to the French after a long siege.

text:
As they had in 1757, the French planned to defend Louisbourg by means of a large naval build-up. However, the British blockaded the French fleet sailing from Toulon when it arrived in Cartagena, and defeated a French relief force at the Battle of Cartagena. The French consequently abandoned their attempt to reinforce Louisbourg from the Mediterranean, and only 11 ships were available to oppose the British off Louisbourg. Most cannons and men were move inside the fort and five ships (Appolon, Fidèle, Chèvre, Biche, Diane) were sunk to block the entrance to the harbour.[5] On July 9, the Echo tried to slip out of the harbour under the cover of a dense fog, but was intercepted and seized by HMS Scarborough and HMS Junon.
This left the French with only 5 half empty ships in the harbour : Célèbre (64), Entreprenant (74), Capricieux (64), Prudent (74) and Bienfaisant (64).

text: Order of battle[edit]

text:
Part of a series on the

Military history of
Nova Scotia

Citadel Hill

Events

Battle of Port Royal
1690

Siege of Port Royal
1710

Battle of Jeddore Harbour
1722

Northeast Coast Campaign
1745

Battle of Grand Pré
1747

Dartmouth Massacre
1751

Bay of Fundy Campaign
1755

Fall of Louisbourg
1758

Headquarters established for Royal Navy's North American Station
1758

Halifax Treaties
1760-61

Battle of Fort Cumberland
1776

Raid on Lunenburg
1782

Halifax Impressment Riot
1805

Establishment of New Ireland
1812

Capture of USS Chesapeake
1813

Battle at the Great Redan
1855

Siege of Lucknow
1857

CSS Tallahassee Escape
1861

Departing Halifax for Northwest Rebellion
1885

Departing Halifax for the Boer War
1899

Imprisonment of Leon Trotsky
1917

Jewish Legion formed
1917

Sinking of HMHS Llandovery Castle
1918

Battle of the St. Lawrence
1942–44

Sinking of SS Point Pleasant Park
1945

Halifax VE-Day Riot
1945

Walter Callow Wheelchair Bus established
1947

Notable military regiments

Mi'kmaq militias
1677-1779

Acadian militias
1689-1761

40th Regiment
1717-57

Troupes de la marine
1717-58

Gorham's Rangers
1744-62

Danks' Rangers
1756-62

84th Regiment of Foot
1775-84

Royal Fencible American
1775-83

Royal Nova Scotia Volunteers
1775-83

King's Orange Rangers
1776-83

1st Field Artillery
1791-present

Royal Nova Scotia
1793-1802

Nova Scotia Fencibles
1803-16

The Halifax Rifles (RCAC)
1860-present

The Princess Louise Fusiliers
1867-present

78th Highlanders
1869-71

Cape Breton Highlanders
1871-present

Nova Scotia Rifles
1914-19

No. 2 Construction Battalion
1916-19

West Nova Scotia
1916-present

The Nova Scotia Highlanders
1954-present

Other

Nova Scotia Captivity Narratives
Impressment in Nova Scotia

 Nova Scotia portal
 History of Canada portal
 Canadian Armed Forces portal

v
t
e

tag: table

text: British forces assembled at Halifax, Nova Scotia where army and navy units spent most of May training together as the massive invasion fleet came together. After a large gathering at the Great Pontack, on 29 May the Royal Navy fleet departed from Halifax for Louisbourg. The fleet consisted of 150 transport ships and 40 men-of-war. Housed in these ships were almost 14,000 soldiers, almost all of whom were regulars (with the exception of four companies of American rangers). The force was divided into three divisions: Red, commanded by James Wolfe, Blue, commanded by Charles Lawrence and White commanded by Edward Whitmore. On 2 June the British force anchored in Gabarus Bay, 3 miles (4.8 km) from Louisbourg.

text: The French commander (and governor of Île-Royale (New France), the Chevalier de Drucour, had at his disposal some 3,500 regulars as well as approximately 3,500 marines and sailors from the French warships in the harbour. However, unlike the previous year, the French navy was unable to assemble in significant numbers, leaving the French squadron at Louisbourg outnumbered five to one by the British fleet. Drucour ordered trenches to be prepared and manned by some 2,000 French troops, along with other defences, such as an artillery battery, at Kennington Cove.

text: The siege[edit]

text: Weather conditions in the first week of June made any landing impossible and the British were only able to mount a bombardment of the improvised shore defenses of Gabarus Bay from a frigate. However, conditions improved, and at daybreak on 8 June Amherst launched his assault using a flotilla of large boats, organized in seven divisions, each commanded by one of his brigadiers. French defenses were initially successful and after heavy losses, Wolfe ordered a retreat. However, at the last minute, a boatload of light infantry in Wolfe's division (i.e., members of Rogers Rangers) found a rocky inlet protected from French fire and secured a beachhead. Wolfe redirected the rest of his division to follow. Outflanked, the French retreated rapidly back to their fortress.

text: Continuing heavy seas and the difficulty inherent to moving siege equipment over boggy terrain delayed the commencement of the formal siege. In the meantime, Wolfe was sent with 1,220 picked men around the harbour to seize Lighthouse Point, which dominated the harbour entrance. This he did on 12 June. After eleven days, on 19 June, the British artillery batteries were in position and the orders were given to open fire on the French. The British battery consisted of seventy cannons and mortars of all sizes. Within hours, the guns had destroyed walls and damaged several buildings.

text: On 21 July a mortar round from a British gun on Lighthouse Point struck a 64-gun French ship of the line, Le Célèbre , and set it ablaze. A stiff breeze fanned the fire, and shortly after Le Célèbre caught fire, two other French ships, L'Entreprenant and Le Capricieux, had also caught fire. L'Entreprenant sank later in the day, depriving the French of the largest ship in the Louisbourg fleet.

text: The next major blow to French morale came on the evening of 23 July, at 10:00. A British "hot shot" set the King's Bastion on fire. The King's Bastion was the fortress headquarters and the largest building in North America in 1758. Its destruction eroded confidence and reduced morale in the French troops and their hopes to lift the British siege.

text: Most historians regard the British actions of 25 July as the "straw that broke the camel's back". Using a thick fog as cover, Admiral Boscawen sent a cutting-out party to destroy the last two French ships in the harbour. The British raiders eliminated these two French ships of the line, capturing Bienfaisant and burning Prudent, thus clearing the way for the Royal Navy to enter the harbour. James Cook, who later became famous as an explorer, took part in this operation and recorded it in his ship's log book.[6]

text: Capitulation[edit]

text:
Part of a series on the

History of Nova Scotia

Bluenose

Events

Port Royal established
1605

Conquest of Acadia
1710

Halifax established
1749

Bay of Fundy Campaign
1755

Fall of Louisbourg
1758

Representative Government established
1758

Halifax Treaties
1760-61

First significant Scottish immigration
1773

Battle of Fort Cumberland
1776

Birchtown established
1783

Capture of USS Chesapeake
1813

Freedom of the Press
1835

First Acadian MLA elected
1837

Responsible Government established
1848

Chesapeake Affair
1861

Co Op Movement begins
1861

Anti-Confederation Party elected
1867

Saxby Gale
1869

Launch of William D. Lawrence
1873

First airplane in the British Commonwealth
1909

Halifax Explosion
1917

Nova Scotia [Women’s] Franchise Act
1918

Launch of Bluenose
1922

Coal Miners' Memorial Day
1925

Pugwash Conferences established
1957

Springhill mining disaster
1958

NS Human Rights Commission established
1967

Acadian Federation of Nova Scotia established
1968

First 'Treaty Day'
1986

Westray Mine explosion
1992

First Black MLA elected
1993

Mi'kmaq-Nova Scotia-Canada Tripartite Forum
1997

Viola Desmond Apology
2010

Other

Military history of Nova Scotia
Military history of the Acadians
Military history of the Mi’kmaq people
History of Halifax
Black Nova Scotians

 Nova Scotia portal
 History of Canada portal

v
t
e

text: On 26 July the French surrendered. Having fought a spirited defence, the French expected to be accorded the honours of war, as they had given to the surrendering British at the Battle of Minorca. However, Amherst refused, tales of the atrocities supposedly committed by France's native allies at the surrender of Fort Oswego and Fort William Henry probably fresh in his mind[citation needed]. The defenders of Louisbourg were ordered to surrender all of their arms, equipment and flags. These actions outraged Drucour, but because the safety of the non-combatant inhabitants of Louisbourg depended upon him he reluctantly accepted the terms of surrender. The Cambis regiment refused to honour the terms of surrender, breaking its muskets and burning its regimental flags rather than hand them over to the British victors.[7] Brigadier-General Whitmore was appointed the new Governor of Louisbourg, and remained there with four regiments.[8]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: Louisbourg had held out long enough to prevent an attack on Quebec in 1758. However the fall of the fortress led to the loss of French territory across Atlantic Canada. From Louisbourg, British forces spent the remainder of the year routing French forces and occupying French settlements in what is today New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland. The second wave of the Acadian expulsion began. The British engaged in the St. John River Campaign, the Cape Sable Campaign, the Petitcodiac River Campaign, the Ile Saint-Jean Campaign, and the removal of Acadians in the Gulf of St. Lawrence Campaign (1758).

text: The loss of Louisbourg deprived New France of naval protection, opening the Saint Lawrence to attack. Louisbourg was used in 1759 as the staging point for General Wolfe's famous Siege of Quebec ending French rule in North America. Following the surrender of Quebec, British forces and engineers set about methodically destroying the fortress with explosives, ensuring that it could not return to French possession a second time in any eventual peace treaty. By 1760, the entire fortress was reduced to mounds of rubble. In 1763 the Treaty of Paris saw France formally cede Canada, including Cape Breton Island, to the British. In 1768 the last of the British garrison departed along with most of the remaining civilian inhabitants.[9]

text: Royal Navy Fleet throughout the siege[edit]

text:
Ship
Guns
Admiral
Captain

HMS Namur
90
Edward Boscawen
Matthew Buckle

HMS Royal William
84
Sir Charles Hardy
Thomas Evans

HMS Princess Amelia
80
Admiral Philip Durell
John Bray

HMS Invincible
74

John Bentley

HMS Dublin
74

George Rodney

HMS Terrible
74

Richard Collins

HMS Northumberland
70

Lord Colville

HMS Vanguard
70

Robert Swanton

HMS Orford
70

Richard Spry

HMS Burford
70

James Gambier

HMS Somerset
70

Edward Hughes

HMS Lancaster
70

George Edgcumbe

HMS Devonshire
66

William Gordon

HMS Bedford
64

Thorpe Fowke

HMS Captain
64

John Amherst

HMS Prince Frederick
64

Robert Mann

HMS Pembroke
60

John Simcoe

HMS Kingston
60

William Parry

HMS York
60

Hugh Pigot

HMS Prince of Orange
60

John Fergusson

HMS Defiance
60

Patrick Baird

HMS Nottingham
60

Samuel Marshall

HMS Centurion
54

William Mantell

HMS Sutherland
50

John Rous

text: Artifacts gallery[edit]

text:
English propaganda against Louisbourg and French Canada in 1755

Edward Boscawen Medal

The fortress today, as seen from the harbour

Cannon from Le Prudent, currently at the Battlefields Park, Quebec City

French mortar used during the siege, displayed at the Canadian War Museum, Ottawa.

Louisbourg Canons, Toronto

Map of Louisbourg (1758)

tag: ul


document_title: J. Wellington Wimpy

question_text: who said i will gladly pay you tuesday for a hamburger today

text: J. Wellington Wimpy

text: Inspiration[edit]

text: The character seems to have been inspired by more than one person whom Segar had encountered. Wimpy's personality was based upon that of William Schuchert, the manager of the Chester Opera House where Segar was first employed. "Windy Bill," as he was known, was a pleasant, friendly man, fond of tall tales and hamburgers.[2]

text: Additional sources suggest that Segar composed the character's name from the names of two other acquaintances. According to fellow cartoonist Bill Mauldin, the name was suggested by that of Wellington J. Reynolds, one of Segar's instructors at the Chicago Art Institute.[3] In a brief 1935 interview in The Daily Oklahoman, H. Hillard Wimpee of Atlanta indicated that he was connected to the character, having worked with Segar at the Chicago Herald-Examiner in 1917. It became a custom in the office that whoever accepted an invitation for a hamburger would pay the bill. According to Wimpee, after seeing the character in the newspaper, he wrote Segar in 1922 about Wimpy, "afraid of being connected with what [Segar] was doing with [the character]." He said Segar replied, "'You haven't seen anything yet.'"[4]

text: Character[edit]

text: Wimpy is Popeye's friend. In the cartoons, he mainly plays the role of the "straight man" to Popeye's outbursts and wild antics. Wimpy is soft-spoken, very intelligent, and well educated, but also cowardly, very lazy, overly parsimonious and utterly gluttonous. He is also something of a scam artist and, especially in the newspaper strip, can be underhanded.

text: Hamburgers are Wimpy's all-time favorite food, and he is usually seen carrying or eating one or more at a time – e.g., in Popeye the Sailor Meets Sindbad the Sailor he is seen grinding meat or eating burgers almost the entire time – however, he is usually too cheap to pay for them himself. A recurring joke involves Wimpy's attempts to con other patrons of the diner into buying his meal for him. His best-known catchphrase started in 1931 as, "Cook me up a hamburger. I'll pay you Thursday." In 1932, this then became the famous, "I'll gladly pay you Tuesday for a hamburger today."[5] The phrase was also slightly altered in the episode "Spree Lunch" to "I'll have a hamburger, for which I will gladly pay you Tuesday." This phrase is now commonly used to illustrate financial irresponsibility[6][7][8] and still appears in modern comedies such as The Drew Carey Show and The Office. The initial part of the phrase was even the title of Episode 6 of the fourth season of Cheers "I'll Gladly Pay You Tuesday."

text: In Robert Altman's 1980 live-action musical film Popeye, where Wimpy was played by veteran character actor Paul Dooley, one of Harry Nilsson's original songs, "Everything Is Food," featured Dooley singing the catch-phrase, as he took a hamburger, as "I would gladly pay you Tuesday for a hamburger today." The response from the chorus, as they reclaimed the same hamburger from him, uneaten, was "He would gladly pay you Tuesday for a hamburger today." Later in the film, a sign in a restaurant reads "Positively NO CREDIT. This means YOU, Wimpy."[citation needed]

text: Wimpy had other frequently used lines in the original comic strip. On some occasions, Wimpy tries to placate someone by saying, "I'd like to invite you over to my house for a duck dinner." He then moves away quickly to a safe distance and yells, "You bring the ducks!" Another such line was, "Jones is my name...I'm one of the Jones boys" – an attempt to defuse a hostile situation with a mistaken identity. To deflect an enemy's wrath, he would sometimes indicate a third party and say, "Let's you and him fight", starting a brawl from which he quickly withdrew.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
During World War II, "Wimpy", in reference to the character, was the nickname given to the Vickers Wellington bomber.
Wimpy is also the namesake of the large chain of Wimpy hamburger restaurants which was founded in Chicago in the 1930s and opened in the UK in 1954; it has maintained operations overseas since 1967. Their UK website states, "The name Wimpy is believed to have come from Popeye's friend J Wellington Wimpy who loved hamburgers as much as Popeye loved spinach."[9]
Wimpy can also be found as the mascot for "Wimpy's Seafood Restaurant and Market" in Osterville, MA on Cape Cod. (Established 1938)[10]
Wimpy made a cameo appearance (as an in-gag to both his facial features; in the context of beef related heart disease and affinity for hamburgers) in the Family Guy episode "McStroke".
Wimpy has appeared in two episodes of the Adult Swim animated series Robot Chicken, often using his "I'll gladly pay you Tuesday" line to buy hamburgers. Often it fails. Voiced by Scott Adsit.
In the Good Eats second season episode "Daily Grind" (aka "A Grind is a Terrible Thing to Waste"), Alton Brown prepares the "perfect burger" (as well as meatloaf & meatballs) for a character named "J. Wellington Whimpy" (misspelled, but looking mostly like the version of Wimpy played by Paul Dooley in the Popeye film) played by then cast regular Steve Rooney.[11]
In the final Pooch the Pup cartoon called She Done Him Right, a dog character looking like Wimpy is seen playing a slot machine.[12]
Wimpy's famous catchphrase gives the name to the hamburger review website A Hamburger Today.[13]
Wimpy is also the focus of an animated Bank of America commercial in which he uses a new smartphone app to finally pay for the food he mooched from his friends.[14]
Season 4 Episode 6 of Cheers is named "I'll Gladly Pay You Tuesday".
In the hit video game World of Warcraft, an NPC can be heard repeating "I'll gladly pay you Tuesday for a hamburger today" in the city of Stormwind.


document_title: Federal Open Market Committee

question_text: how many of the regional bank presidents are members of the fomc

text: Federal Open Market Committee

text: Membership[edit]

text: The Committee consists of the seven members of the Federal Reserve Board, the president of the New York Fed, and four of the other eleven regional Federal Reserve Bank presidents, serving one year terms. The Federal Open Market Committee was formed by the Banking Act of 1933 (codified at 12 U.S.C. § 263), and did not include voting rights for the Federal Reserve Board of Governors. The Banking Act of 1935 revised these protocols to include the Board of Governors and to closely resemble the present-day FOMC, and was amended in 1942 to give the current structure of twelve voting members.[3]

text: Four of the Federal Reserve Bank presidents serve one-year terms on a rotating basis. The rotating seats are filled from the following four groups of banks, one bank president from each group: Boston, Philadelphia, and Richmond; Cleveland and Chicago; Atlanta, St. Louis, and Dallas; and Minneapolis, Kansas City, and San Francisco. The New York President always has a voting membership.

text: All of the Reserve Bank presidents, even those who are not currently voting members of the FOMC, attend Committee meetings, participate in discussions, and contribute to the Committee's assessment of the economy and policy options. The Committee meets eight times a year, approximately once every six weeks.

text: Meetings[edit]

text: By law, the FOMC must meet at least four times each year in Washington, D.C. Since 1981, eight regularly scheduled meetings have been held each year at intervals of five to eight weeks. If circumstances require consultation or consideration of an action between these regular meetings, members may be called on to participate in a special meeting or a telephone conference, or to vote on a proposed action by proxy. At each regularly scheduled meeting, the Committee votes on the policy to be carried out during the interval between meetings.

text: Attendance at meetings is restricted because of the confidential nature of the information discussed and is limited to Committee members, nonmember Reserve Bank presidents, staff officers, the Manager of the System Open Market Account, and a small number of Board and Reserve Bank staff.[4]

text: Decision-making process[edit]

text: Before each regularly scheduled meeting of the FOMC, System staff prepare written reports on past and prospective economic and financial developments that are sent to Committee members and to nonmember Reserve Bank presidents. Reports prepared by the Manager of the System Open Market Account on operations in the domestic open market and in foreign currencies since the last regular meeting are also distributed. At the meeting itself, staff officers present oral reports on the current and prospective business situation, on conditions in financial markets, and on international financial developments.

text: In its discussions, the Committee considers factors such as trends in prices and wages, employment and production, consumer income and spending, residential and commercial construction, business investment and inventories, foreign exchange markets, interest rates, money and credit aggregates, and fiscal policy. The Manager of the System Open Market Account also reports on account transactions since the previous meeting.

text: After these reports, the Committee members and other Reserve Bank presidents turn to policy. Typically, each participant expresses his or her own views on the state of the economy and prospects for the future and on the appropriate direction for monetary policy. Then each makes a more explicit recommendation on policy for the coming intermeeting period (and for the longer run, if under consideration).[4]

text: Consensus[edit]

text: Finally, the Committee must reach a consensus regarding the appropriate course for policy, which is incorporated in a directive to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York—the Bank that executes transactions for the System Open Market Account. The directive is cast in terms designed to provide guidance to the Manager in the conduct of day-to-day open market operations. The directive sets forth the Committee's objectives for long-run growth of certain key monetary and credit aggregates.[4]

text: It also sets forth operating guidelines for the degree of ease or restraint to be sought in reserve conditions and expectations with regard to short-term rates of growth in the monetary aggregates. Policy is implemented with emphasis on supplying reserves in a manner consistent with these objectives and with the nation's broader economic objectives.[4]

text: Congressional oversight[edit]

text: Under the Federal Reserve Act, the Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System must appear before Congressional hearings at least twice per year regarding “the efforts, activities, objectives and plans of the Board and the Federal Open Market Committee with respect to the conduct of monetary policy”. The statute requires that the Chairman appear before the House Committee on Financial Services in February and July of odd-numbered years, and before the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs in February and July of even-numbered years.[5]

text: Interest rate targeting[edit]

text: The committee's practice of interest rate targeting has been criticized by some commentators who argue that it may risk an inflationary bias.

text: Possible alternative rules that enjoy some support among economists include the traditional monetarist formula of targeting stable growth in an appropriately chosen monetary aggregate, and inflation targeting, now practiced by many central banks. Under inflationary pressure in 1979, the Fed temporarily abandoned interest rate targeting in favor of targeting non-borrowed reserves. It concluded, however, that this approach led to increased volatility in interest rates and monetary growth, and reversed itself in 1982.[6][7][8]

text: Former Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke spoke sympathetically as a Governor in 2003 of the inflation targeting approach. He explained that even a central bank like the Fed, which does not orient its monetary policies around an explicit, published inflation target, nonetheless takes account of its goal of low and stable inflation in formulating its interest rate targets. Bernanke summed up his overall assessment of inflation targeting as follows:

text: Inflation targeting, at least in its best-practice form, consists of two parts: a policy framework of constrained discretion and a communication strategy that attempts to focus expectations and explain the policy framework to the public. Together, these two elements promote both price stability and well-anchored inflation expectations; the latter in turn facilitates more effective stabilization of output and employment. Thus, a well-conceived and well-executed strategy of inflation targeting can deliver good results with respect to output and employment as well as inflation.

text: Although communication plays several important roles in inflation targeting, perhaps the most important is focusing and anchoring expectations. Clearly there are limits to what talk can achieve; ultimately, talk must be backed up by action, in the form of successful policies. Likewise, for a successful and credible central bank like the Federal Reserve, the immediate benefits of adopting a more explicit communication strategy may be modest. Nevertheless, making the investment now in greater transparency about the central bank's objectives, plans, and assessments of the economy could pay increasing dividends in the future.[9]

text: In keeping with his 2003 speech as Governor, Bernanke as Chairman has attempted to promote greater transparency in Fed communications. The Fed now publicly indicates the range within which it would like to see future inflation.

text: Current members[edit]

text: The 2018 Members of the FOMC:[1]

text:
Jerome Powell, Board of Governors, Chairman
William C. Dudley, New York, Vice Chairman
Thomas I. Barkin, Richmond
Raphael W. Bostic, Atlanta
Lael Brainard, Board of Governors
Loretta J. Mester, Cleveland
Randal K. Quarles, Board of Governors
John C. Williams, San Francisco

text:
James Bullard, St. Louis
Charles L. Evans, Chicago
Esther L. George, Kansas City
Eric Rosengren, Boston
Michael Strine, First Vice President, New York

text:
Federal Reserve Bank Rotation on the FOMC
Committee membership changes at the first regularly scheduled meeting of the year.

text: 2019 Members - New York, Chicago, Boston, St. Louis, Kansas City

text: 2019 Alternate Members - New York†, Cleveland, Philadelphia, Dallas, Minneapolis

text: (Note: For the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, the First Vice President is the alternate for the President.)


document_title: World's Strongest Man

question_text: who has won the world's strongest man the most times

question_tokens: who has won the world 's strongest man the most times

text: World's Strongest Man

text: History[edit]

text: The concept behind "The World's Strongest Men", as it was originally named, was developed in 1977 for CBS by Langstar Inc. David Webster, a Scot who later received an OBE for his services to sport, was the head coordinator of the competition from its inception. Dr Douglas Edmunds, seven-times Scottish shot and discus champion and twice world caber champion[5] worked with Webster and when Webster retired Edmunds took over. These two men were responsible for inviting the competitors and choosing the events. In the meantime, in 1982, CBS sold the rights to the BBC, who in turn sold the rights to TWI. In 1987, the WSM was not held for the only time since its inception. In that year the first and only non-team Pure Strength competition was held but it was not part of the WSM franchise.

text: In 1995, Edmunds and Webster, along with representatives from the competitors including Jamie Reeves, Ilkka Kinnunen and Marcel Mostert formed a governing body called the International Federation of Strength Athletes ("IFSA"). The IFSA began organizing its own bespoke events, such as the IFSA European Championships but also took the lead in working with BBC and TWI to organize the World's Strongest Man competition. For almost a decade the IFSA and WSM were inextricably mixed, but this changed in 2004. The InvestGroup Ventures' sports rights management arm, InvestGroup Sports Management, invested heavily into IFSA and this led to the creation of IFSA Strongman. The strategy was to acquire most of the international assets and properties relating to the strongman sport. In essence this was a new organisation[6] with some, such as Magnus Samuelsson describing it as "a new company...with the same name as our old federation".[7] The attempt at dominance was not well received by TWI and disagreement ensued leading to a split in the sport. Previously, in 2001, the IFSA in its former guise had entered an agreement with World Class Events (WCE), headed by Ulf Bengtsson, to run the Super Series. This Super Series was designed to award the World Championship title, but also acted as a qualifying vehicle for the WSM. When strongman split in 2004, the Super Series sided with TWI forming a rival federation to the IFSA.[6] With the WSM being a TWI owned event, IFSA Holdings announced its own World Championships for 2005, to be held in Quebec, and thus from that point had no involvement in the WSM contest.

text: The split with IFSA, which banned its registered athletes from competing at WSM, meant that not all the recognised best strength athletes in the world were eligible to compete. However, the reputation of WSM as the premier event maintained its lure for broadcasting purposes. In recent years, the competition has been broadcast on ESPN, ESPN2, TSN, Televisa Deportes and Five. The longevity of the contest in strength athletics and its high levels of TV exposure over the years has led to it being described as "the granddaddy of all strongman contests".[6] In recent years, to curb injuries, the contest events have included a certain amount of athleticism rather than being about raw strength. This has led some critics to say that contests such as the Arnold Strongman Classic or Fortissimus are the true strongest man competitions. However, it is routinely described as "the Worlds" by top strongman competitors[6] and despite the critics, it is the leading brand name in the field. No other strongman contest commands close to the WSM's levels of TV exposure.[6]

text: The 2006 competition ended in dramatic fashion, with Phil Pfister edging out Mariusz Pudzianowski in the final event, the Atlas stones. Pfister became the first American to win the competition since 1982, and the first American ever to win the competition outside the USA.

text: In 2008, Derek Poundstone had a large lead over Mariusz Pudzianowski after 3 events but Pudzianowski tied the deadlift event for first place and then won the crucial plane-pull to narrow the gap. Pudzianowski and Poundstone then battled for the title of World's Strongest Man in the last event, the Atlas Stones. Pudzianowski blistered through the event and was able to keep pace with the heavier Poundstone. On the final stone, Pudzianowski was able to capitalize on Poundstone's drop and clinched his fifth title.

text: In 2009, the long running IFSA/WSM split had ended resulting in finally having all of the top strongmen from around the world all in the same contest. 2 time IFSA World Champion Žydrūnas Savickas claimed his first WSM title, with defending champion Mariusz coming in second in his final ever WSM contest. Another up and comer Brian Shaw placed third.

text: Žydrūnas repeated his victory again in 2010, winning by countback against Brian Shaw in the closest finish in WSM history. Top IFSA competitor and fan favorite Mikhail Koklyaev finished third in his WSM debut. Žydrūnas set a world record in the giant wooden log lift with a lift of 212.5 kg (467.5 lbs.).

text: in 2011, Brian Shaw was able to finally capture his first WSM title, just edging out Žydrūnas. Both athletes were tied going into the Atlas Stones and Brian was able to capitalize on his massive height advantage and claim the title. England's Terry Hollands finished in third place, this being his second podium finish after finishing third back in 2007.

text: Going into the 2012 WSM contest, Brian Shaw suffered from nerve damage in his hands and slipped down to fourth place. This opened the door for Žydrūnas to capture his third WSM title, with fellow Lithuanian Vytautas Lalas coming in second and the Icelandic giant Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson placed third. Žydrūnas set a world record in the log lift with a lift of 220 kg (484 lbs.).

text: Competition format and commonly contested events[edit]

text: Initially, eight men representing various sports and strength disciplines were invited to compete against each other in unique events designed to test each individual to the fullest extent. The earliest events were relatively crude, but new ideas were introduced over the years. Some events had a basis in both powerlifting and Highland Games heavy events, and others were created based on mythological feats of strength. There are a number of events that make up each competition. The events used in each individual contest vary in order to prevent favoring certain types of competitor.[citation needed]

text:
Loading Race – Several heavy objects, each weighing between 220–360 pounds (100–163 kg), are loaded onto a truck bed or a similar platform over a course of about 50 feet (15 m).[citation needed]
McGlashen Stones / Atlas Stones – Five heavy round stones increasing in weight from 220–350 pounds (100–159 kg) are lifted and set on platforms. When the stones were first introduced to the competition, it was an individual event and the platforms were all of equal height. The modern Atlas Stones event takes place on a 16–33-foot (5–10 m) long course and the competitors participate two at a time. There are three current variations to the Atlas Stones event. In one, the stones are placed directly in front of the platforms and the competitors must simply lift and place them, generally the lightest stone being placed on the highest platform. In another, the stones are placed in a diagonal line, with the first stone being in front of the first platform, and each subsequent stone is set farther back from the course, with the heaviest stone being farthest away (or vice versa). The third variation sees the five platforms in a straight vertical line with the stones in front of each, and the competitors must place the stones and then move a short distance to the next one. In recent[when?] competitions, this is typically the final event. In the 2015 competition, the maximum stone was 209 kilos(461lbs)[8]
Vehicle Pull – Vehicles such as transport trucks, trams, boxcars, buses, or planes are pulled across a 100-foot (30 m) course as fast as possible. One variation sees the competitors pull the object with a rope toward them. Another has them attached to a rope which is attached to a vehicle, while they use another rope to pull themselves down the course. A third involves no ropes, with the competitors pulling the vehicle while connected to a harness.[9] The 2007 competition featured pulling a fire truck (possibly a nod to 2006 champion Phil Pfister, a professional firefighter), and the 2008 qualifying rounds featured a coal truck (a reference to the coal mining industry in West Virginia, where the competition was held).[10]
Overhead Press – The heaviest possible load is pressed overhead, or a lighter weight is used for repetitions.[11]
Fingal Fingers – A series of hinged poles ("fingers") are lifted starting from a horizontal resting position and flipped over to the other side. The poles get progressively heavier and longer. The event is scored by time and by how many of the poles a competitor was able to flip over. The event takes its name from Fingal, a mythological Gaelic hunter-warrior.[12]
Power Stairs – A series of three Duck Walk implements ranging from 400–600 pounds (181–272 kg) are lifted, step by step, to the top of a flight of stairs.[citation needed]
Squat – Squatting large weights, such as 900 pounds (410 kg) of bricks, a car, or people on a platform. Recently, an apparatus has been used that drops weighted kegs into a cage, one at a time after each successful lift (the event in this case is scored by weight instead of repetitions). The athlete will continue until completion, failure or time expires.[13]
Dead Lift – Lifting weights or vehicles up to about 1,100 pounds (500 kg) straight off the ground until knees lock in a standing position. Lift is for either maximum weight, maximum repetitions with a fixed weight, or for time whilst holding a single repetition. In recent years, a similar keg-loaded apparatus to that described above for the squat has been used.[14][15]
Keg Toss – Competitors must throw kegs, of increasing weight, over a 14 ft 6 in (4.42 m) high bar. A variation using kettlebells was added to the 2015 competition.[citation needed]
Weight Throw - a 50-pound weight is thrown overhead with the goal being to clear a barrier above the competitor. The goal is to throw the weight the highest.
Car Carry – Competitors stand inside a stripped-down automobile, which is missing some of its roof and all of its bottom and interior, and carry it across a twenty-five meter course. Players are scored by how fast they carried the car across the finish line or how far they were able to get the car before the time-limit expired.[citation needed]
Hercules Hold – The athlete stands between two hinged pillars, gripping handles that prevent the pillars from falling to the side. The pillars are held for the longest possible time.[16]
Carry and Drag – An anchor and a chain are carried to the end of a set distance, where they must be attached to each other and then dragged back the same distance.[17] Sometimes, especially in earlier competitions, the anchor was carried but the chain dragged by itself.[citation needed]
Farmer's Walk – Competitors carry heavy objects (usually anvils) weighing from 275-375 lbs (125– 170 kg) in each hand for a set distance, and compete for the fastest time. A variation involves use of a heavy frame with parallel handles or heavy objects attached to handles, and another involves much heavier weights (referred to as the Giant Farmer's Walk).[18] This event is usually done on the same course as the Carry and Drag is and conducted as a race, but one competition in Sanya, China saw the competitors compete individually carrying the weights up a small set of stairs. A competition in Victoria Falls, Zambia saw the competitors race two at a time along a course requiring several turns.[citation needed]
Super Yoke – Apparatus composed of a crossbar and two uprights. The uprights each have a heavy weight attached to them, such as a refrigerator or diesel engine, and the competitors must carry the yoke on their shoulders for a short distance.[19]
Husafell Stone – A flat, somewhat triangular rock weighing around 400 lb (182 kg) is carried high on the chest for a set distance. During the three years in which the competition took place in Africa, this event was known as the Africa Stone.[20]
Duck Walk[21] – A 400 lb (182 kg) pot with a handle is carried, suspended between the legs, over a set course.[citation needed]
Log Throw / Caber Toss – A five meter long log is thrown for distance or for height over a bar. When thrown for distance, the event is conducted similarly to the normal caber toss but with distance replacing technique. The length of the throw is determined by measuring the distance between where the competitor's toes were when he tossed and the tip of the log, based on where it first landed.[citation needed]
Tug of War – One on one tug of war in a single-elimination tournament. In the first few competitions, this determined the champion and served as the final event.[citation needed]
Pole Pushing – One on one pole pushing in a Sumo-style ring in a single-elimination tournament. The pole has handles at either end.[citation needed]
Crucifix – Weights are held straight out at each side for as long a time as possible. A common variation entails weights being held out in front, using either one or both hands.[citation needed]
Giant Dumbbell Press — Single-handed dumbbells are hoisted from the ground onto the competitor's shoulder, from where, with one hand, he must raise it vertically over his head and lockout his arm. With four weights between 100 and 115 kilograms (220 and 254 lb), scoring is based on time and number of successful lifts.[citation needed]
Basque Circle/Stone Circle/Conan's Wheel - A competitor takes hold of the handle of a metal basket by placing the handle on his forearms. Inside the basket, usually, is at least 600 pounds (270 kg) of heavy stones (the 2015 competition replaced the stones with pineapples and at least one earlier competition used a car). Holding the basket in the crook of his elbow, the competitor carries the basket in a clockwise manner over a platform with a 25-meter circumference. The event is contested for distance.[citation needed]
Norse Hammers - Added to the competition for the first time in 2015, the Norse Hammers is similar to the Fingal Fingers event. Three hammers, shaped like those of Norse god Thor, must be flipped over. Unlike the Fingal Fingers, the competitors must lift the hammer from the side before pushing it up. There are three hammers, weighing 350, 365, and 380 pounds, respectively. In order to complete the event, all three hammers must be flipped within the time limit.
Circus Barbell - Similar to the Overhead Press, this event gets its name from the apparatus used which resembles the stereotypical barbell used by circus strongmen. The barbell, which weighs 150 kilograms (330 lb), consists of two heavy spheres with a thick, flexible bar that makes it difficult for the competitors to lift. The event is conducted for reps within a time limit and the movement to complete the lift resembles a clean and press lift.[22]

text: Most championships[edit]

text:
Champion
Country
Times
Years

Mariusz Pudzianowski
 Poland
5
2002, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008

Žydrūnas Savickas
 Lithuania
4
2009, 2010, 2012, 2014

Magnús Ver Magnússon
 Iceland
4
1991, 1994, 1995, 1996

Jón Páll Sigmarsson
 Iceland
4
1984, 1986, 1988, 1990

Brian Shaw
 United States
4
2011, 2013, 2015, 2016[23]

Bill Kazmaier
 United States
3
1980, 1981, 1982

Jouko Ahola
 Finland
2
1997, 1999

Geoff Capes
 United Kingdom
2
1983, 1985

Bruce Wilhelm
 United States
2
1977, 1978

text: Official results – top three places[edit]

text:
Year
Champion
Runner-Up
3rd Place
Location

2017
 Eddie Hall
 Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson
 Brian Shaw
 Gaborone, Botswana

2016
 Brian Shaw
 Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson
 Eddie Hall
 Kasane, Botswana

2015
 Brian Shaw
 Žydrūnas Savickas
 Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson
 Putrajaya, Malaysia

2014
 Žydrūnas Savickas
 Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson
 Brian Shaw
 Los Angeles, California

2013
 Brian Shaw
 Žydrūnas Savickas
 Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson
 Sanya, China

2012[24]
 Žydrūnas Savickas
 Vytautas Lalas
 Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson
 Los Angeles, California

2011
 Brian Shaw
 Žydrūnas Savickas
 Terry Hollands
 Wingate, North Carolina

2010
 Žydrūnas Savickas[25]
 Brian Shaw
 Mikhail Koklyaev
 Sun City, South Africa

2009
 Žydrūnas Savickas
 Mariusz Pudzianowski
 Brian Shaw
 Valletta, Malta

2008
 Mariusz Pudzianowski
 Derek Poundstone
 Dave Ostlund
 Charleston, West Virginia

2007
 Mariusz Pudzianowski
 Sebastian Wenta
 Terry Hollands
 Anaheim, California

2006
 Phil Pfister
 Mariusz Pudzianowski
 Don Pope
 Sanya, China

2005
 Mariusz Pudzianowski
 Jesse Marunde
 Dominic Filiou
 Chengdu, China

2004
 Vasyl Virastyuk
 Žydrūnas Savickas
 Magnus Samuelsson
 Nassau, Bahamas

2003
 Mariusz Pudzianowski
 Žydrūnas Savickas
 Vasyl Virastyuk
 Victoria Falls, Zambia

2002
 Mariusz Pudzianowski
 Žydrūnas Savickas
 Raimonds Bergmanis
 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

2001
 Svend Karlsen
 Magnus Samuelsson
 Janne Virtanen
 Victoria Falls, Zambia

2000
 Janne Virtanen
 Svend Karlsen
 Magnus Samuelsson
 Sun City, South Africa

1999
 Jouko Ahola
 Janne Virtanen
 Svend Karlsen
 Valletta, Malta

1998
 Magnus Samuelsson
 Jouko Ahola
 Wout Zijlstra
 Tangier, Morocco

1997
 Jouko Ahola
 Flemming Rasmussen
 Magnus Samuelsson
 Primm Valley Resort, Nevada

1996
 Magnús Ver Magnússon
 Riku Kiri
 Gerrit Badenhorst
 Port Louis, Mauritius

1995
 Magnús Ver Magnússon
 Gerrit Badenhorst
 Marko Varalahti
 Nassau, Bahamas

1994
 Magnús Ver Magnússon
 Manfred Hoeberl
 Riku Kiri
 Sun City, South Africa

1993
 Gary Taylor
 Magnús Ver Magnússon
 Riku Kiri
 Orange, France

1992
 Ted van der Parre
 Magnús Ver Magnússon
 Jamie Reeves
 Reykjavík, Iceland

1991
 Magnús Ver Magnússon
 Henning Thorsen
 Gary Taylor
 Tenerife, Canary Islands

1990
 Jón Páll Sigmarsson
 O.D. Wilson
 Ilkka Nummisto
 Joensuu, Finland

1989
 Jamie Reeves
 Ab Wolders
 Jón Páll Sigmarsson
 San Sebastián, Spain

1988
 Jón Páll Sigmarsson
 Bill Kazmaier
 Jamie Reeves
 Budapest, Hungary

1986
 Jón Páll Sigmarsson
 Geoff Capes
 Ab Wolders
 Nice, France

1985
 Geoff Capes
 Jón Páll Sigmarsson
 Cees de Vreugd
 Cascais, Portugal

1984
 Jón Páll Sigmarsson
 Ab Wolders
 Geoff Capes
 Mora, Sweden

1983
 Geoff Capes
 Jón Páll Sigmarsson
 Simon Wulfse
 Christchurch, New Zealand

1982
 Bill Kazmaier
 Tom Magee
 John Gamble
 Magic Mountain, California

1981
 Bill Kazmaier
 Geoff Capes
 Dave Waddington
 Magic Mountain, California

1980
 Bill Kazmaier
 Lars Hedlund
 Geoff Capes
 Vernon, New Jersey

1979
 Don Reinhoudt
 Lars Hedlund
 Bill Kazmaier
 Universal Studios, California

1978
 Bruce Wilhelm
 Don Reinhoudt
 Lars Hedlund
 Universal Studios, California

1977
 Bruce Wilhelm
 Bob Young
 Ken Patera
 Universal Studios, California

text: In 1987 the WSM was not held for the only time since its inception. In that year the first and only non-team Pure Strength competition was held. Although it was not part of the WSM franchise, some commentators regard it as a replacement for WSM in that year.[citation needed]

tag: ol

text: Most top three places[edit]

text:
Times

10
 Žydrūnas Savickas

8
 Brian Shaw

7
 Jón Páll Sigmarsson
 Mariusz Pudzianowski

6
 Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson
 Magnús Ver Magnússon
 Geoff Capes

5
 Bill Kazmaier
 Magnus Samuelsson

text: Most times qualified for WSM:  Žydrūnas Savickas,  Magnus Samuelsson - 13 times

text: Most WSM finals:  Žydrūnas Savickas, - 11 times

text: Most consecutive WSM finals:  Terry Hollands - 9 times (2006-2014)

text: Most times WSM top 5 placings:,  Žydrūnas Savickas, - 10 times

text: Championships by country[edit]

text:
Country
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

 United States
11
7
9
27

 Iceland
8
7
4
19

 Poland
5
3
0
8

 United Kingdom
5
2
8
15

 Lithuania
4
7
0
11

 Finland
3
3
5
11

 Sweden
1
3
4
8

 Netherlands
1
2
4
7

 Norway
1
1
1
3

 Ukraine
1
0
1
2

 Denmark
0
2
0
2

 Canada
0
1
1
2

 South Africa
0
1
1
2

 Austria
0
1
0
1

 Latvia
0
0
1
1

 Russia
0
0
1
1

text: Australia, Bulgaria, Estonia, Faroe Islands, Fiji, France, Germany, Grenada, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Kenya, Namibia, Nigeria, Serbia and Samoa have all placed in Top 10 but never won a medal.

text: Hall of Fame[edit]

text: The WSM Hall of Fame was created in 2008, to recognize the greatest competitors in the history of the contest.[26] As of 2015, there are 5 members of the WSM Hall of Fame, Mariusz Pudzianowski, Svend Karlsen, Jón Páll Sigmarsson, Bill Kazmaier and Magnus Samuelsson.[26] The official WSM website holds online voting to determine who is elected to the Hall of Fame as voted by the fans.[26]

text: Hall of Fame Members[edit]

text:
Jón Páll Sigmarsson
 Mariusz Pudzianowski
 Svend Karlsen
 Bill Kazmaier


document_title: Peaky Blinders (TV series)

question_text: how many episodes in a series of peaky blinders

text: Peaky Blinders (TV series)

text: Overview[edit]

text: Peaky Blinders is a gangster family epic set in Birmingham, England in 1919, several months after the end of the First World War in November 1918. The story centres on the Peaky Blinders gang and their ambitious and highly cunning boss Tommy Shelby (played by Cillian Murphy). The gang comes to the attention of Chief Inspector Major Chester Campbell (played by Sam Neill), a detective in the Royal Irish Constabulary sent over by Winston Churchill from Belfast, where he had been sent to "clean up" the city of the Irish Republican Army (IRA), communists, gangs and common criminals.[9][10] Winston Churchill (played by Andy Nyman in series 1 and Richard McCabe in series 2) charged him with suppressing disorder and uprising in Birmingham and recovering a stolen cache of arms meant to be shipped to Libya.[11][12][13] The series concludes on 3 December 1919 – "Black Star Day", the event where the Peaky Blinders plan to take over Billy Kimber's betting pitches at the Worcester Races.

text: The second series sees the Shelby family expand their criminal organisation in the "South and North [of London] while maintaining a stronghold in their Birmingham heartland."[14] It begins in 1921 and ends with a climax at Epsom racecourse on 31 May 1922 – Derby Day .[15]

text: Series three starts and ends in 1924 as it follows Tommy and his family enter an even more dangerous world as they once again expand, this time, internationally. Internet-based film and TV news company Screen Rant said:

text:
“

The season revolves around the notion of social classes and empires, and how they rise and fall with a startling sort of predictability. As the show suggests, over time, empires become too big, too corrupt, and too complicated to sustain themselves and eventually, they collapse. …[T]he season expresses its fears of expansion by teaching Tommy a powerful lesson about the other sharks skulking around in criminal waters – especially when those criminals are the ones involved in governmental plots with massive geopolitical implications. Essentially, Peaky Blinders embarked on a fish out of water story by moving outside its own comfort zone and taking the risk of expanding too much and too quickly. There are times when that risk appears to have paid off[.][16]

”

text: Series three also features Paddy Considine as Father John Hughes; Alexander Siddig as Ruben Oliver, a painter whom Polly enlists to paint her portrait; Gaite Jansen as Russian Grand Duchess Tatiana Petrovna; and Kate Phillips as Linda Shelby, wife of Arthur.

text: Series four begins on Christmas Eve, 1925 and ends following the general strike of May 1926.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Cillian Murphy as Thomas 'Tommy' Shelby OBE DCM MM MP: The overall leader of the Peaky Blinders, and brother of Arthur, John, Ada, and Finn Shelby. Tommy served in World War I with the rank of Sergeant Major and was decorated for bravery. His experiences in World War I left him disillusioned and beset with ongoing nightmares.
Helen McCrory as Polly (Elizabeth) Gray, née Shelby: The aunt of Tommy and his siblings, and treasurer of the Peaky Blinders. She led the organisation when Tommy, Arthur, and John were fighting in World War I. Polly's two children, Anna and Michael, were taken away from her as infants. In series 2, Polly reunites with her son but learns her daughter had died.
Paul Anderson as Arthur Shelby, Jr.: The oldest Shelby sibling and the bulldog of the family. Arthur owns The Garrison. He also suffers from severe shell-shock or PTSD from his experiences in the war, and suffers from violent outbursts, constant mood swings, and attempts at suicide. Arthur is one of the leaders of the Peaky Blinders.
Sam Neill as Chester Campbell (series 1–2): An Ulster Protestant Irish Major drafted from Belfast to locate and recover a missing consignment of Lewis guns accidentally stolen by the Peaky Blinders. Campbell was illustrious for his work in ridding Belfast of its gang elements. Campbell also had developed a vendetta against the Peaky Blinders, in particular, Tommy Shelby, and vowed to destroy Tommy and the Peaky Blinders.
Annabelle Wallis as Grace Shelby née Burgess (series 1–3): A former undercover agent and Ulster Protestant Irish woman working with Chester Campbell. She was undercover as a barmaid at The Garrison.
Joe Cole as John Shelby (series 1–4): The third-youngest Shelby. He was a World War I veteran and was one of the Peaky Blinders' leaders. He was killed by members of the Changretta family who sought vengeance when John killed one of their own.
Sophie Rundle as Ada Thorne, née Shelby: The Shelby brothers' only sister. Ada is the only sibling initially not involved with the Peaky Blinders (by series 3 she takes over a leading position of the Shelby Company branch in the United States, dealing mostly with the legitimite business of the company). She had a son with Freddie Thorne, whom she named Karl (named after Karl Marx).

text: Supporting[edit]

text:
Tom Hardy as Alfie Solomons (series 2–4): The leader of a Jewish gang, in Camden Town. He is violent and unpredictable, but intelligent. Solomons runs a distillery disguised as a bakery.
Adrien Brody as Luca Changretta (series 4): A New York mafioso with a vendetta against the Shelby Family.
Aidan Gillen as Aberama Gold (series 4): A new and dangerous ally of the Shelby Family and lover to Polly Gray.
Charlotte Riley as May Carleton (series 2, 4): A wealthy widow who owns racehorses.
Paddy Considine as Father John Hughes (series 3): A priest working with Section D (The Economic League) in the British government.
Noah Taylor as Derby Sabini (series 2): The leader of an Italian gang in Camden Town.
Charlie Creed-Miles as Billy Kimber (series 1); a local kingpin who runs the local races.
Finn Cole as Michael Gray (series 2–present): Polly Gray's biological son.
Aimee-Ffion Edwards as Esme Shelby, née Lee (series 1–4): John Shelby's wife. Esme married John as part of a deal between the Peaky Blinders and the Lees (a Romani family) to form a partnership.
Kate Phillips as Linda Shelby (series 3–present): Wife of Arthur Shelby.
Charlie Murphy as Jessie Eden (series 4): An enigmatic union convenor and lover to Tommy Shelby.
Natasha O'Keeffe as Lizzie Stark : A former prostitute who works for Tommy as his secretary.
Gaite Jansen as Princess Tatiana Petrovna (series 3); Russian princess.
Iddo Goldberg as Freddie Thorne (series 1): a known communist who fought in the Great War as a sergeant alongside Tommy. Ada Shelby's husband.
Alexander Siddig as Ruben Oliver (series 3); a portrait artist in romantic relationship with Polly Gray
Jack Rowan as Bonnie Gold (series 4); Aberama Gold's boxing champion son

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Harry Kirton as Finn Shelby (series 2–present); the fifth Shelby sibling.
Ned Dennehy as Charlie Strong: Owner of a boatyard and an uncle figure to Tommy.
Packy Lee as Johnny Dogs: A Romani friend of Tommy Shelby.
Ian Peck as Curly: Assistant to Charlie Strong.
Benjamin Zephaniah as Jeremiah Jesus: A preacher and friend of the Peaky Blinders.
Jordan Bolger as Isaiah Jesus (series 2–present): Jeremiah's son and a member of the Peaky Blinders
Tommy Flanagan as Arthur Shelby, Sr.  (series 1): the father of Tommy and his siblings and Polly's brother.
Alfie Evans-Meese as Finn Shelby (series 1): the fifth and youngest Shelby sibling.
Samuel Edward-Cook as Danny "Whizz-Bang" Owen (series 1): a former comrade of Tommy who fought in the Great War.
Andy Nyman as Winston Churchill (series 1)
David Dawson as Roberts (series 1): Billy Kimber's lawyer.
Tony Pitts as Sergeant/Inspector Moss;:a policeman on the Peaky Blinders' pay roll.
Kevin Metcalfe as Scudboat (series 1)
Neil Bell as Harry Fenton (series 1)
Lobo Chan as Mr Zhang (series 1): a Chinese businessman
Tom Vaughan-Lawlor as Malacki Byrne (series 1)
Keith Dunphy as Maguire (series 1)
Kunjue Li as Chinn (series 1)
Richard McCabe as Winston Churchill (series 2)
Adam El Hagar as Ollie (series 2): Alfie Solomons 's right hand
Sam Hazeldine as George Sewell (series 2): Derby Sabini's right hand
Paul Bullion as Billy Kitchen (series 2)
Rory Keenan as Donal Henry (series 2)
Simone Kirby as Irene O'Donnell (series 2)
Wanda Opalinska as Rosemary Johnson (series 2, 4): Michael Gray's foster mother
Erin Shanagher as Mrs. Ross (series 2, 4)
Daniel Fearn as King Maine (series 2, 4)
James Richard Marshall as Henry Russell (series 2)
James Eeles as Digbeth Kid (series 2)
Josh O'Connor as James (series 2)
Dorian Lough as Mario (series 2)
Adam Lawrence as young lover (series 2)
Jan Bijvoet as Grand Duke Leon Petrovna (series 3): Grand Duchess Izabella's husband
Dina Korzun as Grand Duchess Izabella (series 3): Princess Tatiana Petrovna's aunt
Stephanie Hyam as Charlotte Murray(series 3): Michael Gray's girlfriend
Kenneth Colley as Vicente Changretta (series 3): Luca Changretta's father
Bríd Brennan as Audrey Changretta (series 3–4): Luca Changretta's mother
Frances Tomelty as Bethany Boswell (series 3): a wise old Romani
Richard Brake as Anton Kaledin (series 3)
Alex Macqueen as Patrick Jarvis MP (series 3)
Wendy Nottingham as Mary (series 3): a housekeeper
Luca Matteo Zizzari as Matteo (series 4): one of Luca Changretta's henchmen
Jake J. Meniani as Frederico (series 4): one of Luca Changretta's henchmen
Dino Kelly as Goliath (series 4): a giant boxer and Alfie Solomons's nephew.
Kingsley Ben-Adir as Colonel Ben Younger (series 4)
Graeme Hawley as Niall Devlin (series 4): factory boss.
Pauline Turner as Frances (series 4); a housekeeper
Donald Sumpter as Arthur Bigge, 1st Baron Stamfordham; (series 4): King's Private Secretary
Jolyon Coy as Edward Roberts (series 4)
Jamie Kenna as Billy Mills (series 4)
Joseph Long as Chef (series 4)
Andreas Muñoz as Antonio (series 4)
Jenson Clarke as Charles Shelby (series 4): son of Tommy Shelby and Grace Burgess
Ethan Picard-Edwards as Billy Shelby (series 4): son of Arthur Shelby, Jr. and Linda Shelby

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series overview[edit]

text: SeriesEpisodesOriginally airedAverage UK viewers(millions)First airedLast aired1612 September 2013 (2013-09-12)17 October 2013 (2013-10-17)2.38262 October 2014 (2014-10-02)6 November 2014 (2014-11-06)2.18365 May 2016 (2016-05-05)9 June 2016 (2016-06-09)2.384615 November 2017 (2017-11-15)20 December 2017 (2017-12-20)4.05

text: Series 1 (2013)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseriesEpisodeDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateUK viewers(millions) [17]11Episode 1Otto BathurstSteven Knight12 September 2013 (2013-09-12)3.05
Following the Great War in 1919, the Peaky Blinders, led by Thomas "Tommy" Shelby, appropriates a consignment of guns from the local arms factory. Winston Churchill sends Inspector Campbell to Birmingham to retrieve the guns. Campbell reviews Tommy's record, which notes that he was a decorated former sergeant major. Aunt Polly urges Tommy to return the guns, but he feels that he can use them to his advantage. His brother Arthur does not agree with Tommy about fixing horse races, believing it will cause trouble with Billy Kimber, who runs the races. Inspector Campbell and his men capture Arthur and beat him while inquiring about the gun robbery. Campbell propositions Arthur and the gang to work with him to find the guns. Tommy's sister Ada is involved with Freddie Thorne, a communist. Barmaid Grace starts working at the bar. Unbeknownst to the Peaky Blinders, she has been placed in Birmingham by Inspector Campbell to help find the guns. Danny has another PTSD episode and kills an Italian business owner. To avoid a war with the Italians, Tommy agrees to kill Danny, with the Italians watching from across the canal. However, Danny's death is faked and he goes to London on a special assignment.
22Episode 2Otto BathurstSteven Knight19 September 2013 (2013-09-19)2.45
Tommy, Arthur and John meet up with the Lees to look at a horse for the next race. The Lees insult the Peaky Blinders, a fight breaks out and later Tommy receives a bullet with his name on it. Campbell's special force launches a surprise crackdown, targeting socialists and looking for the guns. Freddie and Ada manage to escape, but Freddie has to leave town. Campbell confronts Polly and attacks all the Shelby establishments. In retaliation, Tommy arranges for a reporter to write about a protest burning of the King's picture, which prompts Churchill to pressure Campbell. Tommy meets with Campbell, and gives him an ultimatum: if the Peaky Blinders are left alone, he will return the guns; if the Inspector interferes with his plans, Tommy will send the guns to the IRA and ruin Campbell's work in Belfast. Campbell agrees but later instructs Grace to get close to Tommy and find the location of the guns. Polly realizes Ada is pregnant and tells Tommy, who threatens to kill Freddie. However, he later tells Freddie to take Ada away; Freddie instead proposes to Ada and decides to stay in town. Billy Kimber and his men confront the Shelbies, but Tommy convinces them to join forces in fighting the Lees, their common enemy.
33Episode 3Otto BathurstSteven Knight26 September 2013 (2013-09-26)2.20
Ada and Freddie marry, and Aunt Polly gives them money to leave the country. Tommy's best efforts to keep the guns a secret, it seems that people keep finding out about them, including two IRA members. Grace overhears them trying to blackmail Tommy and follows one of them, but he attacks her. Grace manages to fight her attacker off by shooting him dead in self defence. Tommy warns Kimber that Lee's people will once again rob Kimber's bookies at the races. Tommy brings Grace as his date to Cheltenham races in an attempt to distract Kimber as well as convince him that he should hire the Blinders as his security. Kimber agrees if he can have some time alone with Grace, Tommy agrees. At the last minute, he has a change of heart and claims that Grace is actually a prostitute with 'the clap' (gonorrhea). Freddie decides Tommy is not going to scare him off and returns.
44Episode 4Tom HarperSteven Knight, Stephen Russell3 October 2013 (2013-10-03)2.31
Tommy has made the business legitimate by obtaining a betting licence. Although he doesn't quite trust her, and is suspicious of her, Tommy hires Grace as his secretary. John calls the family together to tell them he has decided his four children need a mother, and he has decided he wants to marry Lizzie, a local prostitute. Tommy disapproves because he doesn't think Lizzie has given up her former profession. The Lees rob the Shelbys' gambling den as revenge for the Peaky Blinders having protected Billy Kimber's bookies at the races. Tommy decides to call a truce with the Lee family so that he can have an ally against Billy Kimber and marries John to Lees' daughter Esme to consummate the agreement. Ada comes to the wedding, but goes into labour soon after. Freddie tries to come to see the new baby, but is arrested when he shows up.
55Episode 5Tom HarperSteven Knight, Toby Finlay10 October 2013 (2013-10-10)2.03
Believing Tommy betrayed Freddie, Ada does not want to see or speak to her family. Although Arthur Sr. (Tommy Flanagan) deserted the family a decade ago, he comes back into town. Tommy wants nothing to do with him, but Arthur Jr. believes he has changed and wants to do anything to help him, including financing the opening of hotels in America. However, Arthur Sr. takes off with the money Arthur Jr. gave him. When Arthur Jr. finally tracks his father down, Arthur Sr. admits he never had any plans and felt that the Shelby family owed him. An IRA member starts inquiring about the man Grace killed. Grace and Tommy kill the other IRA members. Now in love with Tommy, Grace tells Inspector Campbell, if she gives him the location of the guns, he has to leave Tommy and his family alone. She suspects the guns are buried in a false grave after discovering that Danny is not really dead, but in London on business for the Shelby family. Grace gives up the location to Inspector Campbell, and resigns service to the crown. As she has resigned, and the guns found, with the exception of one, Inspector Campbell proposes marriage, which Grace rejects.
66Episode 6Tom HarperSteven Knight17 October 2013 (2013-10-17)2.24
Inspector Campbell knows that Grace has been with Tommy. Nevertheless he confirms to Winston Churchill that Grace should receive some commendation for her part in finding the missing guns. Polly meets with Grace to reveal she knows Grace's secret and that she will never forgive her. The Peaky Blinders, led by Danny, spring Freddie from jail. Tommy gathers the Peaky Blinders and the Lees to take on Kimber's men at the tracks, but Kimber catches the Shelbies off guard and outnumbered by confronting them at home. Freddie helps the Peaky Blinders by bringing out the machine gun from the stolen weapons, but Ada jumps into the middle of the shoot out trying to bring peace. Kimber fires off at the Peaky Blinders, injuring Tommy and killing Danny. Tommy in turn shoots Kimber dead. Tommy meets Grace and she tells him she loves him and will go to London for a few days; she has an idea how they can be together. Tommy writes a letter and flips a coin to decide if he will go with Grace. As this happens, Campbell confronts Grace at the railway station and points his pistol at her. As the scene fades, there is a gunshot.

text: Series 2 (2014)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseriesEpisodeDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateUK viewers(millions) [17]71Episode 1Colm McCarthySteven Knight2 October 2014 (2014-10-02)2.31
Grace shoots Campbell, leaving him lying in his own blood. Two years later, the Garrison is blown up while the family is attending Freddie Thorne's funeral. Tommy tries to get Ada to come back home as he is planning an expansion to London. Tommy goes to the Black Lion to confront those who he thinks blew up the Garrison. Instead he's taken to meet with the IRA and asked to murder someone – which he does. Tommy is informed that Campbell, now a major, is returning to Birmingham. The Shelby family has a meeting regarding the expansion of the bookie business, but Polly and Esme, John's wife, have reservations. Nonetheless, Tommy, Arthur, and John decide to get familiar with the London scene and cause a rumpus at Darby Sabini's club. Polly visits a medium for information on her children that were taken from her, which Esme discovers before being sworn to secrecy by Polly. Tommy hires Lizzie as his secretary. In retaliation for tearing-up Sabini's club, Sabini has his thugs kidnap and attempt to rape Ada, as well as beat Tommy to within an inch of his life. Major Campbell intervenes before Sabini and his men can finish him off. Campbell has agreed with Winston Churchill, that Tommy will be useful to them.
82Episode 2Colm McCarthySteven Knight9 October 2014 (2014-10-09)2.18
Major Campbell visits Tommy in the hospital and threatens him with the knowledge that he knows about the murder Tommy committed for the IRA, and has clearly had Tommy under surveillance for some time. Tommy discharges himself from hospital early, and takes a barge down to London. Tommy meets with vicious gang-leader Alfie Solomons (Tom Hardy) in Camden Town. Tommy has a hard time convincing Alfie that he should align with the Peaky Blinders against Sabini. Tommy tracks down Ada, and buys her a house as a means of laundering money. He also buys Polly a house. Esme has told Tommy about Polly trying to track down her children. Tommy tells Polly her daughter is dead, but he has managed to track down her son. Unfortunately, due to the law, Polly is unable to track down her son until he is 18 years of age. Arthur's flashbacks from the war are getting worse, and during one, he kills a boy during sparring. He starts using cocaine to self-medicate. Following the reopening of the Garrison, Polly's son, Michael shows up on her doorstep.
93Episode 3Colm McCarthySteven Knight16 October 2014 (2014-10-16)2.20
The Shelby brothers hire the Digbeth Kid, a neighborhood boy who loves cowboy movies, to get stood up for gambling to help the local cops meet their arrest quota. While in jail, Sabini's thugs murder the Digbeth Kid to get back at the Peaky Blinders for their intrusion on his turf. Polly and Michael try to get to know each other. Tommy and John meet with Billy, of the Black Country Boys, who fought with them in the war. Tommy tells Billy to round up his men for them to go to work in Camden Town for Alfie Solomons. Michael requests that Tommy gives him a job. Arthur is threatened by the mother of the boy he killed. Tommy tells Major Campbell that the officers played a joke on him and have boarded him in a house that is owned by a not-so-former Madam. The Shelby boys and Michael go to an auction to purchase a horse, and meet horse trainer May Carleton.
104Episode 4Colm McCarthySteven Knight23 October 2014 (2014-10-23)2.06
Tommy meets with his Irish handlers, only to find out they are backed by Major Campbell and the Crown. They order another hit, but Tommy turns them down. Arthur and boys attack one of Sabini's clubs. Tommy hires May Carleton to train his horse. Tommy wants to export whisky to America and Canada – currently under prohibition. Arthur's cocaine habit is starting to get out of control. Tommy tells him to straighten up or he's going to replace him with John. Tommy goes to visit Ada and finds out she has a lodger named James (Josh O'Connor). James is an artist, but Ada explains to Tommy, James is not interested in women. Tommy tells Ada he has set up a trust fund for John's children and her son, Karl. Alfie Solomons and Darby Sabini meet and patch up their differences. Michael and his new friend Isaiah, Jeremiah Jesus' son, try to drink in a bar, but get into a fight because they don't want a black man drinking there. Michael and Isaiah return to the Garrison, but when John and Arthur find out that the Shelby name was disrespected, they burn the bar. Tommy calls Grace in London but immediately hangs up without saying anything when a man answers.
115Episode 5Colm McCarthySteven Knight30 October 2014 (2014-10-30)2.10
Alfie Solomons hosts a Passover Seder and invites unaware Arthur and some of his men; who are soon equally slaughtered and has Arthur sent to prison. Major Campbell has Michael arrested as well. Sabini and the now gruesomely scarred Mario take back control of the Eden Club. Tommy finds his fledgling empire crumbling before him, as his power-base in London is obliterated. Tommy struggles to save his family and regain the upper hand, as the tentative Black Country/Brum alliance is in tatters after the untimely death of Billy Kitchen. Tommy further complicates his love life, by escorting the returning Grace to a passionate date, though still stringing May along, who had earlier expressed her feelings for him. Having slept with Tommy, Grace admits being in London with her husband to procure fertility treatment. Campbell forces Polly to have sex with him, in exchange for Michael's freedom. Tommy attempts to end his romantic relationship with May, though he still wants her to continue training his horse.
126Episode 6Colm McCarthySteven Knight6 November 2014 (2014-11-06)2.24
Tommy decides to settle all his affairs in case he meets an untimely death. He also meets with Alfie Solomons regarding business contracts. Alfie gets Arthur out of prison. Derby Day has arrived. Polly tries to pay off Michael to get him to leave. Tommy collects the Peaky Blinders and gives them their mission at the races. Without firing a shot, they are to collect and burn the licences of Derby Sabini's bookies and steal the bets. Tommy runs into Grace who informs him she's pregnant. Tommy tells her after the race, they will talk. Tommy completes his mission for Major Campbell, but at Lizzie's expense. Major Campbell's men from Northern Ireland, members of the Ulster Volunteers, kidnap Tommy and take him to an empty field while Aunt Polly meets with Major Campbell and shoots him. Michael decides he wants in on the family business.

text: Series 3 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseriesEpisodeDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateUK viewers(millions) [17]131Episode 1Tim MielantsSteven Knight5 May 2016 (2016-05-05)2.95
The series picks up two years later, in 1924, with Thomas Shelby's wedding to Grace Burgess. The Shelby family and their kin have been invited, as well as Grace's family. Composed of cavalrymen, Irish members of the British Army, Grace's family dismays the Shelby family, due to the cavalry's late arrival on the battlefield during the war. The Peaky Blinders have a meeting in the kitchen, where Thomas, in a state of stress, orders the men to be on their best behaviour. Meanwhile, a refugee from Russia, named Anton Kaledin, makes contact with the Peaky Blinders, offering the code "Constantine" as confirmation for the money-exchange meeting with the young Duchess Tatiana Petrovna (Gaite Jansen). Thomas informs her that Kaledin provided the wrong code name, meaning the man must be killed. Arthur confides in Thomas, not wanting to do the job they must carry out, but Thomas tells him they have no choice, or else Tommy will hang. In the end, Arthur kills the impostor.
142Episode 2Tim MielantsSteven Knight12 May 2016 (2016-05-12)2.43
Thomas goes to the Lanchester Factory to inspect armoured vehicles, which are part of a business deal between him and Father John Hughes. After their meeting, Thomas visits the Ritz Hotel to meet with Mr. Romanov, who pays him, with a sapphire, for murdering Kaledin. Arthur and John Shelby meet with Vicente Changretta, who demands an explanation for the burning down of his son's restaurant. John ignores his questions, threatens him, and after Vincent publicly vows to murder him, John beats and cuts Angel Changretta. During a family meeting with the Shelbys, Thomas sides with John, to the surprise of Arthur and Polly. At the Shelby Parlour, Thomas is taken into a prison cell by London coppers and is greeted by Father Hughes. Hughes tells Thomas he will kill Charlie if Tommy visits his sister Ada again, due to her communist connections and that he has easy access to his family. Thomas heads home and finds a card under his son's pillow, which reads: "Charles Shelby – R.I.P.". During a conversation with Grace about the Shelby Charity Foundation dinner, Thomas gives her the sapphire, which she wears at the event. Father Hughes and Patrick Jarvis meet with Thomas, informing him that the Russians want to inspect the vehicles. Later, Tatiana tells Thomas the sapphire Grace is wearing was cursed by a Romani. Thomas attempts to get Grace to take off the necklace, telling her he cannot have anything bad happen to her. A man enters with a gun and shouts "For Angel!", shooting Grace in the upper chest. Arthur, John and Finn brutally beat the man to death as the event turns to chaos with Thomas shouting for an ambulance.
153Episode 3Tim MielantsSteven Knight19 May 2016 (2016-05-19)2.20
Following Grace's funeral, Thomas calls a meeting with Aunt Polly and Michael, and gives them a list of things to do for their "legitimate" business. Afterwards, Arthur and John are ushered in. Thomas tells them to retrieve Vicente Changretta alive and shoot Changretta's wife, but the two are reluctant to murder her. During a family meeting, the Shelbys realise that Thomas has gone, having left a note behind that he'll be back in a few days. Elsewhere, Thomas is heading to Wales with the sapphire necklace. There, he confers with a Romani, whom he asks whether the sapphire is cursed. Leaving the necklace with the woman, he's able to return home with some sense of normality. In the meantime, Arthur and John have procured Changretta, who Thomas threatens to torture, but Arthur shoots in the head as an act of mercy. Back at the mansion, following her help in finding the Soviet informant in the Economic League, Thomas invites Ada to head the family's future office in America. Armed with the name of the informant, Thomas interrupts a meal hosted by the Grand Duchess Izabella Petrovna and secretly alerts her of the information he has acquired. Princess Tatiana sees Thomas to his car, and he tells her that Hughes is the one betraying them to the Soviets and offers to kill him, free of charge.
164Episode 4Tim MielantsSteven Knight26 May 2016 (2016-05-26)2.19
Easter 1924. The Shelbys receive news that their father has died and Tommy announces the plan to his brothers: they will have been hired to provide the Russians with weapons for a rebellion stolen from a train and will, in turn, be paid in jewels but, believing they will betray him, Tommy plans to break into their vault. Linda tells Arthur she is pregnant and wants him out of the family business, which he agrees to do after the job with the Russians is over. His vagueness irritates Linda who demands a bigger cut for Arthur so they can move to America together and convinces Polly, Esme and Lizzie agree to strike, forcing Tommy to reveal the plan of the assassination to Polly. After drinking during a portrait painting session with Oliver, she goes to the Church, inadvertently revealing the plan to the priest during confession, who tells Father Hughes about it. Knowing he is the target, Hughes foils the Peaky Blinders' attempt on his life. Hughes humiliates Tommy, making him apologise for wrongly accusing him in front of Tatiana and her family. He then has Tommy seriously injured, who discovers the actual intent of the robbery, and realizes that his family will lose.
175Episode 5Tim MielantsSteven Knight2 June 2016 (2016-06-02)2.24
Three months later, Tommy has recovered and the planned massive heist involving the Russians is drawing near. Tommy enlists the Peaky Blinders' old antagonist Alfie Solomons to appraise the Russian's jewels, ruining their plan to give Tommy fakes. The Peaky Blinders begin to tunnel underneath their mansion. Tommy makes a deal with the Soviets to ensure the guns on the train will be useless, negating the need to blow up the train and sabotaging the plan to plant evidence at the scene of the explosion incriminating the USSR thus causing an international incident which would lead to Britain cutting off diplomatic relations with Russia. Ada officially joins the Shelby company when she is offered a place in their new Boston office. After previously revealing that he was abused by Hughes, Michael reveals that he too, wishes to kill the priest but Polly tells Tommy that she will bring the business to its knees should her son be the murderer.
186Episode 6Tim MielantsSteven Knight9 June 2016 (2016-06-09)2.27
Thomas's son, Charlie, is kidnapped. Father Hughes reveals to Thomas that he knows about his subterfuge, including the tunnel into the Russian vault and sabotaging the train bombing plot. He demands the jewels as payment and for Thomas himself blow up the train – which must kill six people, in exchange for the safe return of his son. Thomas agrees unconditionally. After some investigation he discovers that Alfie Solomons divulged the plans to Father Hughes. During a confrontation Michael kills Alfie's associate, but Thomas cannot bring himself to kill Alfie. Thomas figures out where Charlie is being held and sends Michael to retrieve him and kill Father Hughes. At the same time Arthur and John set off to carry out the train bombing in case Michael can't rescue Charlie in time. Even though Michael is successful, word doesn't reach the Shelbys in time, and the train is blown up. Meanwhile, Thomas frantically completes the tunnel and blasts into the Russian's vault, stealing several jewels and a valuable Fabergé egg. With his son safe, he meets with Grand Duchess Tatiana, who has been in on the jewel heist the whole time, and plans on taking her share to Vienna. Thomas returns home to distribute the remaining loot to his accomplices, but at the end of the meeting announces the police are at the residence to arrest everyone. The rest of the Peaky Blinders and Shelby family are taken away in handcuffs.

text: Series 4 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseriesTitleDirected byWritten by Original air dateUK viewers(millions) [17]191"The Noose"David CaffreySteven Knight15 November 2017 (2017-11-15)4.12
As Arthur, John, Michael and Polly prepare to hang for their crimes, Tommy's reprieve comes just in time to save their lives. Following their release, the Shelby family is scattered and estranged from one another. On Christmas of 1925, Ada returns from Boston and visits each of them: John and Esme continue their relationship of sex and arguments, Arthur remains stifled by Linda's watchful eye, Michael has begun using cocaine to stay on top of the business and Polly has fallen into a alcohol-fuelled mania, taking prescribed tablets to quell her visions of spirits. Tommy meets with Michael advises him to dispose of Polly's medication and help her through her mental illness without them. Each of the Shelbys receive a letter from Luca Changretta, a member of the Sicilian mafia, marking them for death in retribution for the murder of Angel and Vincente. Tommy and Ada attempt to convince the others to meet on Boxing Day, believing that they will be easier to pick off if they remain separated. However, when Tommy discovers and kills a mafia agent among his staff, he realises the assassination attempts are due to take place on Christmas Day and tries to get word to the rest of the family. After taking Polly and Ada to the meeting, Michael goes to collect John and Esme who Tommy could not get in contact with. A cart pulls up and John and Michael are riddled by a hail of bullets.
202"Heathens"David CaffreySteven Knight22 November 2017 (2017-11-22)3.86
Michael survives his injuries but John is killed. In the wake of his death, Tommy and the rest of the Shelby family agree to put their differences aside while they deal with the mafia threat. Tommy suggests contacting Aberama Gold, a killer-for-hire, something Polly is strongly against. Disobeying her orders, Tommy uses John's funeral to draw Gold out so that they can make a tentative deal. Enraged, Polly attempts to get Michael to flee with her to Australia but he refuses until she helps the family through their current predicament, something she reluctantly agrees to. Linda discovers that Ada is under investigation by the government because of her marriage to a communist but doesn't pass the message on. Gold agrees to fight for the Shelbys if they take on his son, Bonnie. After seeing him knock out a man much larger than him, Tommy and Arthur officially induct him into the Peaky Blinders. Jessie rallys Tommy's workforce and convinces the entire factory to strike. Changretta visits Tommy and lays several bullets on the table, stating that each is for a member of the Shelby family. He plans to keep Tommy alive until the rest are dead but insists that their vendetta be an honourable one, with Tommy agreeing not to involve the police or the death of children or civilians.
213"Blackbird"David CaffreySteven Knight29 November 2017 (2017-11-29)3.96
The Italians launch another attack on the Peaky Blinders. Tommy realises that the Shelbys need to evolve if they are to survive, but some of the family are reluctant to part with tradition. As the strike takes hold at the Lanchester factory, Tommy pays a personal visit to Jessie Eden, but he is outmanoeuvred when she reveals something she knows about his past. Changretta plots to continue the vendetta in the most devastating way possible. As well as identifying an enemy of the Shelby family who could help him, Luca makes direct contact with someone at the heart of the Peaky Blinders organisation.
224"Dangerous"David CaffreySteven Knight6 December 2017 (2017-12-06)3.87
The Peaky Blinders are lured by the Italians into a cat-and-mouse chase on the streets of Birmingham, where it becomes clear that Tommy has met his match. Trapped in Small Heath, Tommy tries to console himself with a visit from an old flame but it soon becomes clear that he can't always get what he wants. As his factory lies idle, Tommy confronts the possibility that the Communists might win and he will be deemed a traitor to his class. Meanwhile, Changretta prepares to spring another trap.
235"The Duel"David CaffreySteven Knight13 December 2017 (2017-12-13)4.06
Thomas Shelby has figured out Polly and Michael have betrayed him but goes to the meeting Polly has set for him and finds himself engaged in bloody battle with Luca Changretta and his gang. Thomas has prepared for the battle ahead of time and manages to single-handedly kill three of Luca's gang members before coming face to face with Luca, however the police arrive and break up the fight. The family gather to find out what happened, Tommy explains what happened, it appears he had been in on it with Polly, he does not tell the family of Michael's betrayal. Lizzie Stark has even greater news to break. Polly Shelby shares a rather magical woodland scene with Aberama Gold. Meanwhile, an army colonel has questions for Ada Shelby about her past as a communist, and Jessie Eden confirms just how far she is prepared to go in pursuit of her cause. And sensing an opportunity to capitalise on his situation, Luca Changretta makes his way to London to present a plan to Alfie Solomons.
246"The Company"David CaffreySteven Knight20 December 2017 (2017-12-20)4.44
As the stage is set for the boxing match between Bonnie Gold and Goliath, Tommy gets a visit from Alfie.  The Shelby girls meet to discuss Lizzie's pregnancy.  Tommy watches the match ringside with Arthur who is worried about Goliath's seconds.  When one of the men leaves the arena, Arthur follows in pursuit and is mortally wounded.  At Arthur's funeral, the widow Changretta approaches with a white flag.  Later at the family home, she reveals the vendetta will be over if Tommy signs over all his assets to Luca Changretta.  Luca and his men meet with the remaining Shelbys in Tommy's basement distillery to sign the documents.  Tommy reveals to Luca that he has sent Michael to America to let the mafiosos know that Luca died in the vendetta.  Realizing he has been outmaneuvered, Luca attacks Tommy, and a fight ensues.  As Tommy is getting the upper hand, Arthur enters the distillery and shoots Luca.  It is revealed that Tommy had Arthur fake his death to lure Luca into the trap. The Shelby's celebrate the end of the vendetta at Tommy's countryside estate, and it is announced that Tommy will be retiring from the business.  Tommy confronts Alfie for his betrayal, who reveals he did so knowing Tommy would track him down and kill him, and that he has cancer. Tommy then kills Alfie and proceeds to take his holiday. However, as the boredom from fishing and golf sets in, Tommy's post-traumatic stress comes back, and he returns to Small Heath.  Tommy returns to Shelby Company, Ltd., and contacts Jessie to let her know he wants to help her and thus acquires the name of her Communist party contacts.  He takes this information to the Crown to secure an endorsement for his campaign for Member of Parliament, an election which Tommy wins.

text: Production[edit]

text: Series 1[edit]

text: Peaky Blinders was created by Steven Knight, directed by Otto Bathurst, and produced by Katie Swinden. The writers are listed as Steven Knight, David Leland, Stephen Russell and Toby Finlay.[18]

text: The series was filmed in Birmingham, Bradford, Dudley, Leeds, Liverpool and Port Sunlight.[19] Railway sequences were filmed between Keighley and Damems, using carriages from the Ingrow Museum of Rail Travel (owned by Vintage Carriages Trust[20]) and carriages owned by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Trust.[21] Many of the scenes for the show were shot at the Black Country Living Museum.[22]

text: Sam Neill enlisted the help of Northern Irish actors James Nesbitt and Liam Neeson to help him perfect a Northern Irish accent for the role of C.I. Campbell. In the end, he had to tone down the accent since the series is being marketed in the United States.[23]

text: Controversially the production did not hire linguists to assist in the show, leading to the gypsies frequently speaking broken Romanian (as opposed to Romani) until series three.

text: Series 2[edit]

text: A second series was commissioned shortly after the broadcast of the first and aired in the autumn of 2014.[24] On 11 January 2014, auditions were held in Digbeth area of Birmingham (near where parts of the series are set) for white and mixed race teenage male extras, resulting in lengthy queues.[25][26]

text: Series 3[edit]

text: Shortly after the final episode of the second series, the show announced via its official Twitter account that it had been renewed for a third series.[27] On 5 October 2015, the official Peaky Blinders Twitter account announced that filming had begun for series 3.[28] Filming wrapped on 22 January 2016, after 78 days of shooting.[29][30]

text: Series 4 and 5[edit]

text: During the initial broadcast of series 3, BBC Two renewed Peaky Blinders for series 4 and 5. Both 4 and 5 will follow suit for six episodes each.[31] Filming for series 4 started in March 2017 and premiered on 15 November 2017.[32] Creator and writer Steven Knight will return to write every episode of series 4 and 5. Cillian Murphy has also confirmed his return for both series; the rest of the main cast are expected to return as well, and it was announced that Charlotte Riley is returning as May Carleton. Adrien Brody and Aidan Gillen have been cast as new characters.[5] On 13 October 2017, it was confirmed that the show will not include The Weinstein Company or its logo in its credits from the fourth series onward, even though the company was formerly involved in the US distribution of the series.[33]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Reception for Peaky Blinders has been largely positive, with notable praise for its writing, acting, visual style, and stylish cinematography. David Renshaw of The Guardian summarised the series as a "riveting, fast-paced tale of post-first world war Birmingham gangsters", praising Murphy as the "ever-so-cool Tommy Shelby" and the rest of the cast for their "powerful performances."[34] Sarah Compton of The Telegraph gave the series a 4/5 rating, praising the show for its originality and "taking all of our expectations and confounding them."[35] Alex Fletcher from Digital Spy believes that "Peaky Blinders has started as sharp as a dart,"[36] while Den of Geek called the series "the most intelligent, stylish and engrossing BBC drama in ages."[37] Cult TV Times critic Hugh David said the show "warrants the billing" by "managing to tick several ratings boxes – period drama, gangster epic, film star leads – yet go against the grain of those in the most interesting of ways."[38]

text: The show has been particularly celebrated for its stylish cinematography and charismatic performances, as well as for casting an eye over a part of England and English history rarely explored on television.[39] Historians have been divided over whether bringing characters and events from other decades into a 1920s story undermines claims to historical accuracy, or whether working-class life in the period is nevertheless depicted in a truthful and resonant way.[40] Reviews for the second series have remained positive, with Ellen E. Jones of The Independent commenting that "Peaky Blinders can now boast several more big-name actors to supplement the sterling work of Cillian Murphy, Helen McCrory and Sam Neill", referring to second series additions Tom Hardy and Noah Taylor.[41]

text: Several critics have also favourably compared the show to US drama Boardwalk Empire,[42][43] which shares the same themes and historical context. Show writer Steven Knight stated in an early interview: "Do you know – and I'm not just saying this – but I've never watched them. I've never seen The Wire, I've never seen Boardwalk Empire, I've never seen any of them." When asked if he deliberately avoided watching these dramas, he responded: "It's sort of deliberate in that I don't really want to be looking at other people's work because it does affect what you do inevitably."[44] On 2 March 2016, Steven Knight told the Crime Scene Quarterly, "I've had unsolicited communication from Michael Mann, the film director, from Dennis Lehane, Snoop Dogg – he's such a fan. And the late David Bowie was a huge fan – more of that to come" (strongly hinting Bowie's involvement on Series 3). It was later confirmed that David Bowie's music would be featured, and Leonard Cohen had also written a new song for series 3.[45][46][47]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Series
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result

1
BAFTA Television Craft Awards
Best Director: Fiction
Otto Bathurst
Won

Best Original Television Music
Martin Phipps
Nominated

Best Photography and Lighting: Fiction
George Steel
Won

Best Production Design
Grant Montgomery
Nominated

Best Sound: Fiction
Stuart Hilliker, Brian Milliken, Matthew Skelding, Lee Walpole
Nominated

Best Special Visual Effects
Bluebolt (VFX), Rushes (Colourist)
Nominated

Biarritz International Festival of Audovisual Programming
Best Actor in a TV Series or Serial
Cillian Murphy
Won

Best Actress in a TV Series or Serial
Helen McCrory
Won

Best Music in a TV Series or Serial
Martin Phipps
Won

Crime Thriller Awards UK
Best Supporting Actress
Helen McCrory
Nominated

RTS Programme Awards
Best Drama Series
"production team"
Won

RTS Craft & Design Awards
Best Costume Design: Drama
Stephanie Collie
Won

Best Make-Up Design: Drama
Loz Schiavo
Nominated

Best Production Design: Drama
Grant Montgomery
Nominated

Judges' Award
"production team"
Won

Televisual Bulldog Awards
Best Drama One-Off or Serial
"production team"
2nd Place

2
BAFTA Television Awards
Best Drama Series
"production team"
Nominated

BAFTA Television Craft Awards
Best Make-Up and Hair
Loz Schiavo
Nominated

Best Photography and Lighting: Fiction
Simon Dennis
Nominated

Best Production Design
Grant Montgomery
Nominated

IFTA Film and Television Awards
Best Leading Actor in a Drama Series
Cillian Murphy
Nominated

Best Costume Design
Lorna Marie Mugan
Won

Best Director: Drama Series
Colm McCarthy
Nominated

RTS Programme Awards
Best Drama Series
"production team"
Nominated

RTS Craft & Design Awards
Best Photography: Drama
Simon Dennis
Nominated

Writers' Guild of Great Britain Awards
Best TV Drama – Long Form
Steven Knight
Nominated

3
National Television Awards
Best Period Drama Series
"Production team"
Nominated

Best Drama Performance
Cillian Murphy
Nominated

Irish Film and Television Awards
Best Leading Actor in a Drama Series
Cillian Murphy
Won

4

BAFTA Television Awards
Best Drama Series
production team
Won

BAFTA Television Craft Awards
Best Costume Design
Alison McCosh
Nominated

Best Editing: Fiction
Dan Roberts (Episode 5)
Nominated

Best Make Up & Hair Design
Loz Schiavo
Nominated

Best Sound: Fiction
Forbes Noonan, Ben Norrington, Jim Goddard, Grant Bridgeman
Nominated

Best Writer: Drama
Stephen Knight
Nominated

TV Choice Awards
Best Drama Series
production team
Pending

Best Actor
Cillian Murphy
Pending

Best Actress
Helen McCrory
Pending

text: Broadcast and release[edit]

text: On 24 September 2014, it was announced that Netflix had acquired exclusive US distribution rights from the Weinstein Company and Endemol. The entirety of series 1 became available for streaming on 30 September 2014; series 2 launched in November 2014.[48] Series 3 was made available 31 May 2016.[49] Due to licensing restrictions, however, most of the show's original soundtrack is not available on the Netflix-distributed version of the series.[50]