document_title: Apennine Mountains

question_text: mountain range in tuscany part of the appennines

text: Apennine Mountains

text: Geography[edit]

text: The Apennines are divided into three sectors: northern (Italian: Appennino settentrionale), central (Appennino centrale), and southern (Appennino meridionale).[8]

text: A number of long hiking trails wind through the Apennines. Of note is European walking route E1 coming from northern Europe and traversing the lengths of the northern and central Apennines. The Grand Italian Trail begins in Trieste and after winding through the Alpine arc traverses the entire Apennine system, Sicily and Sardinia.

text: Northern Apennines[edit]

text: The northern Apennines consist of three sub-chains: the Ligurian (Appennino ligure), Tuscan-Emilian (Appennino toscano-emiliano), and Umbrian Apennines (Appennino umbro).[9]

text: Ligurian Apennines[edit]

text: The Ligurian Apennines border the Ligurian Sea in the Gulf of Genoa, from about Savona below the upper Bormida River valley to about La Spezia (La Cisa pass) below the upper Magra River valley. The range follows the Gulf of Genoa separating it from the upper Po Valley. The northwestern border follows the line of the Bormida River to Acqui Terme. There the river continues northeast to Alessandria in the Po Valley, but the mountains bend away to the southeast.

text: The upper Bormida can be reached by a number of roads proceeding inland at a right angle to the coast southwest of Savona, the chief one being the Autostrada Torino-Savona. They ascend to the Bocchetta di Altare, sometimes called Colle di Cadibona, 436 m (1,430 ft), the border between the Ligurian Alps along the coast to the west and the Ligurian Apennines. A bronze plaque fixed to a stone marks the top of the pass. In the vicinity are fragments of the old road and three ruins of former fortifications.

text: At Carcare, the main roads connect with the upper Bormida valley (Bormida di Millare) before turning west. The Scrivia, the Trebbia and the Taro, tributaries of the Po River, drain the northeast slopes. The range contains dozens of peaks. Toward the southern end the Aveto Natural Regional Park includes Monte Penna. Nearby is the highest point of Ligurian Apennines, Monte Maggiorasca at 1,780 m (5,840 ft).[9]

text: The main and only feasible overland route connecting the coastal plain of Liguria to the north Italian plain runs through Bocchetta di Altare. It has always been of strategic importance. Defenders of north Italy have had to control it since ancient times, as the various fortifications placed there testify. Trenitalia, the state railway system, highly developed on the coastal plain, now traverses the mountains routinely through a number of railway tunnels, such as the one at Giovi Pass.

text: The southeastern border of the Ligurian Apennines is the Fiume Magra, which projects into the Tyrrhenian Sea south of La Spezia, and the Fiume Taro, which runs in the opposite direction to join the Po River. The divide between the two upper river valleys is the Passo della Cisa (Cisa Pass). Under it (two tunnels) runs the Autostrada della Cisa between Spezia and Parma.

text: Tuscan–Emilian Apennines[edit]

text: Starting at Cisa Pass, the mountain chains turn further to the southeast to cross the peninsula along the border between the Emilia-Romagna and Tuscany regions. They are also named the Tuscan–Emilian Apennines west of the Futa pass and the Tuscan–Romagnol Apennines east of it, or just the Tuscan Apennines.[9] They extend to the upper Tiber River. The highest point is Monte Cimone at 2,165 m (7,103 ft).

text: A separate branch, the Apuan Alps, goes to the southwest bordering the coast south of La Spezia. Whether they are to be considered part of the Apennines is a matter of opinion; certainly, they are part of the Apennine System. Topographically only the valley of the River Serchio, which running parallel to the coast turns and exits into the Tyrrhenian Sea north of Pisa, separates the Apuan Alps from the Apennines; geologically the rock is of a slightly different composition: marble. The Roman marble industry was centered at Luna, and is now active in Carrara.

text: As the Tuscan Apennines divide the peninsula between the Po Valley and the plains and hills of Tuscany and Lazio, transportation over them is essential to political and economic unity. Historically the Romans used the Via Flaminia between Rome and Rimini. The montane distance between Florence in Tuscany and Bologna in Emilia-Romagna is shorter, but exploitation of it required the conquest of more rugged terrain, which was not feasible for the ancients. Railway lines were constructed over the mountains in the early 19th century but they were of low capacity and unimprovable.

text:
Since 1856 a series of tunnels have been constructed to conduct "the Bologna-Florence rail line", which is neither a single line nor a single tunnel. The Porrettana Line went into service in 1864, the Direttissima in 1934 and the High Speed in 1996.[10] A few dozen tunnels support the three of them, the longest on the High-Speed Line being the Voglia Tunnel at 16.757 km (10.412 mi).[11] The longest is on the Direttissima, the Great Apennine Tunnel, which at 18.5 kilometres (11.5 miles) is the longest entirely within Italy, although the Simplon Tunnel, which connects Italy and Switzerland, is longer.[note 3] Automobile traffic is carried by the Autostrada del Sole, Route A1, which goes through numerous shorter tunnels, bypassing an old road, originally Roman, through Futa Pass. In December 2015, a new Route A1 called Variante di Valico was opened after many years of construction consisting of major tunnels (the longest being the new 8.6-kilometre (5.3-mile) 'Tunel Base') and new overpasses notably shortening the traveling time between Florence and Bologna by road.
Inside the Tuscan–Romagnol Apennines are in the southern part also the  Foreste Casentinesi, Monte Falterona, Campigna National Park.
Geographically the southernmost sharp limit of the Tuscan–Romagnol Apennines is the Bocca Serriola pass that is politically in northern Umbria and links Fano and Città di Castello.

text: The Tiber River at Rome flows from Monte Fumaiolo in the Tuscan-Romagnol  Apennine from northeast to southwest, projecting into the Tyrrhenian Sea at right angles to the shore. The upper Tiber, however, flows from northwest to southeast, gradually turning through one right angle clockwise. The northern Tiber valley is deep and separates the  Apennines on the left bank from a lesser range, the Tuscan Anti- or Sub-Apennines on its right.

text: Central Apennines[edit]

text: The Apennine System forms an irregular arc with centers of curvature located in the Tyrrhenian Sea. The northern and southern segments comprise parallel chains that can be viewed as single overall mountain ridges, such as the Ligurian Mountains. The center, being thicker and more complex, is geologically divided into an inner and an outer arc with regard to the centers of curvature. The geologic definition, however, is not the same as the geographic.

text: Based on rock type and orogenic incidents, the northern segment of the arc is divided into the Outer Northern Apennines (ONA) and the Inner Northern Apennines (INA).[12] The Central Apennines are divided into the Umbrian–Marchean (Appennino umbro-marchigiano) or Roman Apennines in the north and the Abruzzi Apennines (Appennino abruzzese) in the south.It extends from Bocca Serriola pass in the north to Forlì pass in the south.[9]

text: Umbrian–Marchean Apennines[edit]

text:
The west border of the Umbrian-Marchean Apennines (or "Umbro-Marchean") runs through Cagli. They extend south to the Tronto River, the south border of the ONA.
The highest peak, Monte Vettore, at 2,478 m (8,130 ft), is part of the Monti Sibillini, incorporated into Parco Nazionale dei Monti Sibillini. Further inland is Parco Sasso Simone e Simoncello[13] and further south Parco naturale regionale Gola della Rossa di Frasassi, in which are the Gola della Rossa ("Canyon of the Red") and Frasassi Caves. The Italian Park Service calls it the "green heart" of Italy. The region is heavily forested, such as the Riserva Naturale Statale Gola del Furlo, where Furlo Pass on the Via Flaminia is located. Both the Etruscans and the Romans constructed tunnels here.

text: Abruzzi Apennines[edit]

text: The Abruzzi Apennines, located in Abruzzo, Molise (formerly part of Abruzzo) and southeastern Lazio, contain the highest peaks and most rugged terrain of the Apennines. They are known in history as the territory of the Italic peoples first defeated by the city of Rome. Coincidentally they exist in three parallel folds or chains surviving from the orogeny.[9] These extend in a northwest-southeast direction from the River Tronto to the River Sangro, which drain into the Adriatic. The coastal hills of the east extend between San Benedetto del Tronto in the north and Torino di Sangro in the south.

text: The eastern chain consists mainly of the southern part of the Monti Sibillini, the Monti della Laga, the Gran Sasso d'Italia Massif and the Majella Massif. Among them are two national parks: Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park and Majella National Park; and the Regional Park of the Monti Simbruini. Gran Sasso contains Corno Grande, the highest peak of the Apennines.

text: Other features between the western and central ranges are the plain of Rieti, the valley of the Salto, and the Lago Fucino; while between the central and eastern ranges are the valleys of Aquila and Sulmona. The chief rivers on the west are the Nera, with its tributaries the Velino and Salto, and the Aniene, both of which fall into the Tiber. On the east there is at first a succession of small rivers which flow into the Adriatic, from which the highest points of the chain are some 20 km distant, such as the Tronto, Tordino, Vomano and others. The Pescara, which receives the Aterno from the north-west and the Gizio from the south-east, is more important; and so is the Sangro.

text: The central Apennines are crossed by the railway from Rome to Pescara via Avezzano and Sulmona: the railway from Orte to Terni (and thence to Foligno) follows the Nera valley; while from Terni a line ascends to the plain of Rieti, and thence crosses the central chain to Aquila, whence it follows the valley of the Aterno to Sulmona. In ancient times the Via Salaria, Via Caecilia and Via Valeria-Claudia all ran from Rome to the Adriatic coast. The volcanic mountains of the province of Rome are separated from the Apennines by the Tiber valley, and the Monti Lepini, part of the Volscian chain, by the valleys of the Sacco and Liri.

text: Southern Apennines[edit]

text: The southern Apennines can be divided into four major regions: (1) Samnite Apennines, (2) Campanian Apennines, (3) Lucan Apennines and (4) Calabrian Apennines including the Sicilian Apennines.They extend from Forlì pass to wards south.

text: Samnite and Campanian Apennines[edit]

text: In the southern Apennines, to the south of the Sangro valley, the three parallel chains are broken up into smaller groups; among them may be named the Matese, the highest point of which is the Monte Miletto 2,050 metres (6,725 ft). The chief rivers on the south-west are the Liri or Garigliano with its tributary the Sacco, the Volturno, Sebeto, Sarno, on the north the Trigno, Biferno and Fortore.[14]

text: The promontory of Monte Gargano, on the east, is completely isolated, and so are the Campanian volcanic arc near Naples. The district is traversed from north-west to south-east by the railway from Sulmona to Benevento and on to Avellino, and from south-west to northeast by the railways from Caianello via Isernia to Campobasso and Termoli, from Caserta to Benevento and Foggia, and from Nocera Inferiore and Avellino to Rocchetta S. Antonio, the junction for Foggia, Spinazzola (for Barletta, Bari, and Taranto) and Potenza. Roman roads followed the same lines as the railways: the Via Appia ran from Capua to Benevento, whence the older road went to Venosa and Taranto and so to Brindisi, while the Via Traiana ran nearly to Foggia and thence to Bari.[14]

text: Lucan Apennines[edit]

text: The valley of the Ofanto, which runs into the Adriatic close to Barletta, marks the northern termination of the first range of the Lucanian Apennines (now Basilicata), which runs from east to west, while south of the valleys of the Sele (on the west) and Basento (on the east)—which form the line followed by the railway from Battipaglia via Potenza to Metaponto—the second range begins to run due north and south as far as the plain of Sibari. The highest point is the Monte Pollino 2,233 metres (7,325 ft). The chief rivers are the Sele—joined by the Negro and Calore—on the west, and the Bradano, Basento, Agri, Sinni on the east, which flow into the gulf of Taranto; to the south of the last-named river there are only unimportant streams flowing into the sea east and west, inasmuch as here the width of the peninsula diminishes to some 64 kilometres (40 mi).[14]

text: Calabrian and Sicilian Apennines[edit]

text: The railway running south from Sicignano to Lagonegro, ascending the valley of the Negro, is planned to extend to Cosenza, along the line followed by the ancient Via Popilia, which beyond Cosenza reached the west coast at Terina and thence followed it to Reggio. The Via Herculia, a branch of the Via Traiana, ran from Aequum Tuticum to the ancient Nerulum. At the narrowest point the plain of Sibari, through which the rivers Coscile and Crati  flow to the sea, occurs on the east coast, extending halfway across the peninsula. Here the limestone Apennines proper cease and the granite mountains of Calabria begin.[14]

text: The first group extends as far as the isthmus formed by the gulfs of South Eufemia and Squillace; it is known as the Sila, and the highest point reached is 1,930 metres (6,330 ft) (the Botte Donato). The forests which covered it in ancient times supplied the Greeks and Sicilians with timber for shipbuilding. The railway from South Eufemia to Catanzaro and Catanzaro Marina crosses the isthmus, and an ancient road may have run from Squillace to Monteleone. The second group extends to the south end of the Italian Peninsula, culminating in the Aspromonte (1,960 metres (6,420 ft)) to the east of Reggio di Calabria. In both groups the rivers are quite unimportant.[14] Finally, the Calabrian southern Apennine Mountains extend along the northern coast of Sicily (the Sicilian Apennines, Italian Appennino siculo)—Pizzo Carbonara (6,493 feet (1,979 m)) being the highest peak.

text: Ecology[edit]

text: Vegetative zones[edit]

text: Ecoregions[edit]

text:
north and central: Apennine deciduous montane forest (temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome)
north through south: Italian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests (Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome)
south: South Apennine mixed montane forests (also a Mediterranean biome)

text: The number of vascular plant species in the Apennines has been estimated at 5,599.  Of these, 728 (23.6%) are in the treeline ecotone. Hemicryptophytes predominate in the entire Apennine chain.[15]

text: Alpine zone[edit]

text: The tree line ecotone is mainly grasslands of the Montane grasslands and shrublands biome; with Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests, and Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub below it. The tree line in the Apennines can be found in the range 1,600 m (5,200 ft) to 2,000 m (6,600 ft).[16] About 5% of the map area covered by the Apennines is at or above the tree line—or in the treeline ecotone. The snow line is at about 3,200 m (10,500 ft), leaving the Apennines below it, except for the one remaining glacier. Snow may fall from October to May. Rainfall increases with latitude.[7] The range's climates, depending on elevation and latitude, are the Oceanic climate and Mediterranean climate.

text: Geology[edit]

text: The Apennines were created in the Apennine orogeny beginning in the early Neogene (about 20 mya, the middle Miocene) and continuing today.[17] Geographically they are partially or appear to be continuous with the Alpine system. Prior to the explosion of data on the topic from about the year 2000 many authors took the approach that the Apennines had the same origin as the Alps. Even today some authors use the term Alpine-Apennine system. They are not, however, the same system and did not have the same origin. The Alps were millions of years old before the Apennines rose from the sea.

text: Both the Alps and the Apennines contain primarily sedimentary rock resulting from sedimentation of the ancient Tethys Sea in the Mesozoic.[citation needed] The northward movement of the African Plate and its collision with the European Plate then caused the Alpine Orogeny, beginning in the late Mesozoic. The band of mountains created extends from Spain to Turkey in a roughly east-west direction and includes the Alps. The Apennines are much younger, extend from northwest to southeast, and are not a displacement of the Alpine chain.

text: The key evidence of the difference is the geologic behavior of the Po Valley in northern Italy. Compressional forces have been acting from north to south in the Alps and from south to north in the Apennines, but instead of being squeezed into mountains the valley has been subsiding at 1 to 4 mm (0.16 in) per year since about 25 mya, before the Apennines existed.[18] It is now known to be not an erosional feature but is a filled portion of the Adriatic Trench, called the Adriatic foredeep after its function as a subduction zone was discovered. The Alps and the Apennines were always separated by this trench and were never part of the same system.[citation needed]

text: Formation of rocks[edit]

text: Apennine orogeny[edit]

text:
The Apennine orogeny is a type of mountain-building in which two simpler types are combined in an apparently paradoxical configuration. Sometimes this is referred to as "syn-orogenic extension", but the term implies that the two processes occur simultaneously during time.
Some scientists imagine that this is relatively rare but not unique in mountain building, whereas others imagine that this is fairly common in all mountain belts.

text:
The RETREAT Project[note 4] have this specific feature as one of their focus points [19]
In essence the east side of Italy features a fold and thrust belt raised by compressional forces acting under the Adriatic Sea. This side has been called the "Apennine-Adriatic Compressional Zone" or the "Apennines Convergence Zone." On the west side of Italy fault-block mountains prevail, created by a spreading or extension of the crust under the Tyrrhenian Sea. This side is called the "Tyrrhenian Extensional Zone." The mountains of Italy are of paradoxical provenience, having to derive from both compression and extension:

text: "The paradox of how contraction and extension can occur simultaneously in convergent mountain belts remains a fundamental and largely unresolved problem in continental dynamics."

text: Both the folded and the fault-block systems include parallel mountain chains. In the folded system anticlines erode into the highest and longest massifs of the Apennines.

text:
According to the older theories (originating from the 1930s to 1970s) of Dutch geologists, including Van Bemmelen, compression and extension can and should occur simultaneously at different depths in a mountain belt. In these theories, these different levels are called Stockwerke. More recent work in geotectonics and geodynamics of the same school of geoscientists (Utrecht and Amsterdam University) by Vlaar, Wortel, and Cloetingh, and their disciples, extended these concepts even further into a temporal realm. They demonstrated that internal and external forces acting upon the mountain belt (e.g., slab pull and intra-plate stress field modulations due to large scale reorganisations of the tectonic plates) result in both longer episodes and shorter phases of general extension and compression acting both upon and inside mountain belts and tectonic arches (See e.g. for extensive reviews, bibliography and discussions on the literature:
Van Dijk (1992),[20]
Van Dijk and Okkes (1991),[21]
Van Dijk & Scheepers (1995),[22]
and Van Dijk et al. (2000a)[23]).

text: Compressional zone[edit]

text: The gradual subsidence of the Po Valley (including that of Venice) and the folding of the mountains of eastern Italy have been investigated using seismic wave analysis of the "Apennine Subduction System."[19] Along the Adriatic side of Italy the floor of the Adriatic Sea, referred to as the "Adriatic lithosphere" or the "Adriatic plate," terms whose precise meaning is the subject of ongoing research, is dipping under the slab on which the Apennines have been folded by compressional forces.

text: Subduction occurs along a fault, along which a hanging wall, or overriding slab is thrust over an overridden slab, also called the subducting slab. The fault that acts as the subduction interface is at the bottom of the Apennine wedge, characterized by a deep groove in the surface, typically filled with sediment, as sedimentation here occurs at a much faster rate than subduction.[citation needed] In north Italy the dip of this interface is 30° to 40° at a depth of 80–90 km.[24]

text: The strike of the Apennine subduction zone forms a long, irregular arc with centers of curvature in the Tyrrhenian Sea following the hanging wall over which the mountains have been raised; i.e., the eastern wall of the mountains. It runs from near the base of the Ligurian Apennines in the Po Valley along the margin of the mountains to the Adriatic, along the coastal deeps of the Adriatic shore, strikes inland at Monte Gargano cutting off Apulia, out to sea again through the Gulf of Taranto, widely around the rest of Italy and Sicily and across inland north Africa.[24] The upper mantle above 250 km (160 mi) deep is broken into the "Northern Apennines Arc" and the "Calabrian Arc", with compressional forces acting in different directions radially toward the arcs' centers of curvature. The overall plate tectonics of these events has been modeled in different ways but decisive data is still missing. The tectonics, however, are not the same as those which created the Alps.[citation needed]

text: Extensional zone[edit]

text: The west side of Italy is given to a fault-block system, where the crust, extended by the lengthening mantle below, thinned, broke along roughly parallel fault lines, and the blocks alternatively sank into grabens or were raised by isostasy into horsts. This system prevails from Corsica eastward to the valley of the Tiber River, the last rift valley in that direction. It runs approximately across the direction of extension. In the fault-block system the ridges are lower and are more steep-sided, since the walls are formed by faults. Geographically they are not considered part of the Apennines proper but are termed "sub-apennine" or "anti-apennine." These mountains are found mainly in Tuscany, Lazio and Campania.

text: Stability of terrain[edit]

text: The terrain of the Apennines (as well as that of the Alps) is to a large degree unstable due to various types of landslides, including falls and slides of rocks and debris, flows of earth and mud, and sink holes. The Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale), a government agency founded in 2008 by combining three older agencies, published in that year a special report, Landslides in Italy, summarizing the results of the IFFI Project (Il Progetto IFFI), the Italian Landslide Inventory (Inventario dei Fenomeni Franosi in Italia), an extensive survey of historical landslides in Italy undertaken by the government starting in 1997. On December 31, 2007, it had studied and mapped 482,272 landslides over 20,500 km2 (7,900 sq mi). Its major statistics are the Landslide Index (LI here), the ratio of the landslide area to the total area of a region, the Landslide Index in Mountainous-Hilly Areas (here LIMH) and the Density of Landslides, which is the number per 100 km2 (39 sq mi).

text: Italy as a whole has a LI of 6.8, a LIMH of 9.1 and a density of 160. Lombardia (LI of 13.9), Emilia-Romagna (11.4), Marches (19.4), Molise (14.0), Valle d'Aosta (16.0) and Piemonte (9.1) are significantly higher.[25] The most unstable terrain in the Apennines when the landslide sites are plotted on the map are in order from most unstable the eastern flanks of the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines, the Central Apennines and the eastern flank of the southern Apennines. Instability there is comparable to the Alps bordering the Po Valley. The most stable terrain is on the western side: Liguria, Tuscany, Umbria and Lazio. The Apennines are slumping away to the northeast into the Po Valley and the Adriatic foredeep; that is, the zone where the Adriatic floor is being subducted under Italy. Slides with large translational or rotational surface movements are most common; e.g., a whole slope slumps into its valley, placing the population there at risk.

text: Glacial ice[edit]

text: Glaciers no longer exist in the Apennines outside the Gran Sasso d'Italia massif. However, post-Pliocene moraines have been observed in Basilicata.

text: Major peaks[edit]

text: The Apennines include about 21 peaks over 1,900 m (6,200 ft), the approximate tree line (counting only the top peak in each massif). Most of these peaks are located in the Central Apennines.[16]

text:
Name
Height

Corno Grande(Gran Sasso massif)
2,912 m (9,554 ft)

Monte Amaro(Majella massif)
2,793 m (9,163 ft)

Monte Velino
2,486 m (8,156 ft)

Monte Vettore
2,476 m (8,123 ft)

Pizzo di Sevo
2,419 m (7,936 ft)

Serra Dolcedorme(Pollino massif)
2,267 m (7,438 ft)

Monte Meta
2,241 m (7,352 ft)

Monte Terminillo
2,217 m (7,274 ft)

Monte Sibilla
2,173 m (7,129 ft)

Monte Cimone
2,165 m (7,103 ft)

Monte Viglio
2,156 m (7,073 ft)

Monte Cusna
2,121 m (6,959 ft)

Montagne del Morrone
2,061 m (6,762 ft)

Monte Prado
2,053 m (6,736 ft)

Monte Miletto(Matese massif)
2,050 m (6,730 ft)

Alpe di Succiso
2,017 m (6,617 ft)

Monte Cotento(Simbruini range)
2,015 m (6,611 ft)

Monte Sirino
2,005 m (6,578 ft)

Montalto(Aspromonte massif)
1,955 m (6,414 ft)

Monte Pisanino
1,946 m (6,385 ft)

Monte Botte Donato(Sila plateau)
1,928 m (6,325 ft)

Corno alle Scale
1,915 m (6,283 ft)

Monte Alto
1,904 m (6,247 ft)

Monte Cervati
1,898 m (6,227 ft)

La Nuda
1,894 m (6,214 ft)

Monte Maggio
1,853 m (6,079 ft)

Monte Maggiorasca
1,799 m (5,902 ft)

Monte Giovarello
1,760 m (5,770 ft)

Monte Catria
1,701 m (5,581 ft)

Monte Gottero
1,640 m (5,380 ft)

Monte Pennino
1,560 m (5,120 ft)

Monte Nerone
1,525 m (5,003 ft)

Monte Fumaiolo
1,407 m (4,616 ft)


document_title: The Kapil Sharma Show

question_text: real name of teacher in kapil sharma show

root

text: The Kapil Sharma Show

text: Format[edit]

text: The series' format is largely identical to that of Comedy Nights with Kapil.[4] The Kapil Sharma Show revolves around Kapil Sharma and his team of comedians, including Sumona Chakravarti, Kiku Sharda, Chandan Prabhakar and Rochelle Rao who play residents of the Shantivan Non-cooperative Housing Society. Normally every episode unfolds in two parts with the first part being a comic skit enacted by the actors of the show and the second part being the celebrity interview where popular personalities from various fields indulge in a light-hearted interaction with Kapil Sharma. Navjot Singh Sidhu is the permanent guest of the show who entertains everyone with his poetry.[5]

tag: p

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main Cast[edit]

text:
Kapil Sharma as Kappu Sharma / Chappu Sharma/ Shamsher Singh (Inspector) / Rajesh Arora /
Sumona Chakravarti as Sarla Gulati (Daughter of Dr. Mashoor Gulati and childhood friend of Kappu)
Kiku Sharda as Bumper (Nurse in 50-50 hospital) / Santosh (Rinku Devi's sister-in-law) / Damodar Ishwarlal Gaitonde (Inspector) / Bachha Yadav (Milkman) / Kaccha Yadav (Brother of Bachha Yadav)
Rochelle Rao as Lottery (Nurse in 50-50 hospital)
Chandan Prabhakar as Chandu (Owner of Dubai tea stall)
Bharti Singh as Talli (a school-going, naughty girl)
Navjot Singh Sidhu as a Permanent Guest

tag: ul

text: Guest cast[edit]

text:
Paresh Ganatra as Auto driver and various characters
Rajiv Thakur as a Policeman and various characters
Upasana Singh as Twinkle (Kappu's neighbour and old friend of Dr. Mashoor Gulati)
Siddharth Sagar as Omerian Khurana (Khajoor's School Principal)
Hussain Dehgamwala as Chunnu Tripathi and various characters
Naveen Bawa as various characters
Atul Parchure as bodyguard and various characters
Debina Bonnerjee in a Guest Role
Sargun Mehta as Dr. Sudha (Guest Role) and various characters
Pooja Gor in a Guest Role
Roshni Chopra in a Guest Role
Manju Sharma as Thandai Devi (Chandu's wife and Khajoor's mother)
Monica Castelino in a Guest Role
Raju Shrivastav as Bumper's Chacha ji

text: Former cast[edit]

text:
Sunil Grover as Dr. Mashoor Gulati / Rinku Devi / Piddu [6]
Ali Asgar as Naani [7]
Sugandha Mishra as Teacher Vidyavati
Bharti Singh as Babli Mausi / Lalli [8]
Naseem Vicky as Chiku (Twinkle's husband and Film Producer) [9]

text: List of Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text:
No.
Guest(s)
Date of Broadcast
Featured Promotion
Ref

1
Shah Rukh Khan
23 April 2016
Fan
[10]

2
Shraddha Kapoor & Tiger Shroff
24 April 2016
Baaghi
[11]

3
Yo Yo Honey Singh
30 April 2016
Zorawar
[12]

4
Wasim Akram & Shaniera Thompson
1 May 2016
Special appearance
[13]

Jimmy Shergill
Vaisakhi List

5
Emraan Hashmi, Prachi Desai, Lara Dutta & Mohammad Azharuddin
7 May 2016
Azhar
[14]

6
Aishwarya Rai, Randeep Hooda, Omung Kumar
8 May 2016
Sarbjit
[15]

7
Saina Nehwal
14 May 2016
Special appearance
[16]

8
Akshay Kumar, Abhishek Bachchan, Chunky Pandey, Jackie Shroff & Ritesh Deshmukh
15 May 2016
Housefull 3
[17]

9
21 May 2016

10
Raveena Tandon & Dwayne Bravo
22 May 2016
Special appearance
[18]

11
Mika Singh, Chris Gayle & Kanika Kapoor
28 May 2016
Special appearance
[19]

12
Shivaji Satam, Aditya Srivastava & Dayanand Shetty
29 May 2016
CID
[20]

13
Bipasha Basu & Karan Singh Grover
4 June 2016
Special Appearance
[21]

14
Sania Mirza & Farah Khan
5 June 2016
Special appearance
[22]

15
Armaan Malik, Amaal Mallik, Randeep Hooda & Kajal Aggarwal
11 June 2016
Do Lafzon Ki Kahani
[23]

16
Rinku Rajguru, Akash Thosar, Nagraj Manjule, Ajay-Atul, Arbaaz Shaikh & Tanaji Galgunde,
12 June 2016
Sairat
[24]

17
Shilpa Shetty, Raj Kundra & Shamita Shetty
18 June 2016
Super Dancer
[25]

18
Rahat Fateh Ali Khan
19 June 2016
Special Appearance
[26]

19
Nawazuddin Siddiqui, Anurag Kashyap, Vicky Kaushal, Vikramaditya Motwane, Vikas Bahl & Madhu Mantena
25 June 2016
Raman Raghav 2.0
[27]

20
Govinda, Sunita Ahuja & Tina Ahuja
26 June 2016
Special Appearance
[28]

21
Navjot Kaur Sidhu & Rabia Sidhu
2 July 2016
Special Appearance
[29]

22
Wadali Brothers & Lakhwinder Wadali
3 July 2016
Special Appearance
[30]

23
Salman Khan & Anushka Sharma
9 July 2016
Sultan
[31]

24
Irrfan Khan & Jimmy Shergill
10 July 2016
Madaari
[32]

25
Riteish Deshmukh, Vivek Oberoi, Aftab Shivdasani, Urvashi Rautela, Indra Kumar
16 July 2016
Great Grand Masti
[33]

26
A. R. Rahman
17 July 2016
Special Appearance
[34]

27
John Abraham, Varun Dhawan & Jacqueline Fernandez
23 July 2016
Dishoom
[35]

28
Abhay Deol, Diana Penty, Ali Fazal & Momal Sheikh
24 July 2016
Happy Bhag Jayegi
[36]

29
Arshad Warsi & Maria Goretti
30 July 2016
The Legend of Michael Mishra
[37]

30
Gauhar Khan & Rajeev Khandelwal
31 July 2016
Fever
[38]

31
Manoj Bajpayee & Mayur Patole
6 August 2016
Budhia Singh - Born to Run
[39]

32
Hrithik Roshan, Pooja Hegde & Ashutosh Gowariker
7 August 2016
Mohenjo Daro
[40]

33
Akshay Kumar, Ileana D'Cruz, Esha Gupta & Arjan Bajwa
13 August 2016
Rustom
[41]

34
14 August 2016

35
Jacqueline Fernandez, Tiger Shroff & Remo D'Souza
20 August 2016
A Flying Jatt
[42]

36
Brett Lee & Tannishtha Chatterjee
21 August 2016
UnIndian
[43]

37
Anup Jalota, Pankaj Udhas & Talat Aziz
27 August 2016
Special Appearance
[44]

38
Sonakshi Sinha
28 August 2016
Akira
[45]

39
Shilpa Shetty, Geeta Kapoor & Anurag Basu
3 September 2016
Super Dancer
[46]

40
Sidharth Malhotra & Katrina Kaif
4 September 2016
Baar Baar Dekho
[47]

41
Sohail Khan, Arbaaz Khan, Nawazuddin Siddiqui & Amy Jackson
10 September 2016
Freaky Ali
[48]

42
Arijit Singh
11 September 2016
Special appearance
[49]

43
Shekhar Ravjiani & The Vamps
17 September 2016
Beliya
[50]

44
Ritesh Deshmukh, Nargis Fakhri & Dharmesh Yelande
18 September 2016
Banjo
[51]

45
Yuvraj Singh & Hazel Keech
24 September 2016
YouWeCan
[52]

46
Prabhu Deva, Tamannaah & Sonu Sood
25 September 2016
Tutak Tutak Tutiya
[53]

47
John Abraham, Sonakshi Sinha & Tahir Raj Bhasin
1 October 2016
Force 2
[54]

48
Anna Hazare & Shashank Udapurkar
2 October 2016
Anna
[55]

49
Anil Kapoor, Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra, Harshvardhan Kapoor & Saiyami Kher
8 October 2016
Mirzya
[56]

50
Jennifer Winget, Kushal Tandon & Aneri Vajani
9 October 2016
Beyhadh
[57]

Shankar Mahadevan, Ehsaan Noorani & Loy Mendonsa
Mirzya
[58]

51
Soha Ali Khan & Neha Dhupia
15 October 2016
31st October,
Moh Maya Money,
No Filter
[59]

52
Paralympic Athletes
16 October 2016
Special Appearance
[60]

53
Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, Ranbir Kapoor & Anushka Sharma
22 October 2016
Ae Dil Hai Mushkil
[61]

54
23 October 2016

55
Ajay Devgan & Kajol
29 October 2016
Shivaay
[62]

56
Ajay Devgan, Kajol, Erika Kaar, Abigail Eames, Sayesha Saigal, Mithoon & Kailash Kher
30 October 2016

57
Shraddha Kapoor, Farhan Akhtar, Arjun Rampal & Prachi Desai
5 November 2016
Rock On 2
[63]

58
Sukhwinder Singh, Rabbi Shergill & Nooran Sisters
6 November 2016
Special Appearance
[64]

59
Mir
12 November 2016
Colkatay Columbus
[65]

Vidya Balan & Arjun Rampal
Kahaani 2
[66]

60
Cast of all programs of Sony TV
19 November 2016
21 years of Sony TV
[67]

Sonu Nigam & Anu Malik
Indian Idol
[68]

Neha Sharma, Aditya Seal & Aashim Gulati
Tum Bin 2
[69]

Ajay−Atul
For Logo Music of Sony TV
[67]

61
Anup Kumar, Ajay Thakur, Jasvir Singh, Rahul Chaudhari & Mohit Chillar
20 November 2016
Kabaddi World Cup Victory Celebration
[70]

62
Shah Rukh Khan & Alia Bhatt
26 November 2016
Dear Zindagi
[71]

63
Ranveer Singh & Vaani Kapoor
27 November 2016
Befikre
[72]

64
Karan Johar
3 December 2016
Special Appearance
[73]

65
Mika Singh & Daler Mehndi
4 December 2016
Sohniye
[74]

66
Virender Sehwag
10 December 2016
Special Appearance
[75]

67
Sunny Deol, Bobby Deol & Shreyas Talpade
11 December 2016
Poster Boys
[76]

68
Sonu Nigam, Anu Malik & Farah Khan
18 December 2016
Indian Idol
[68]

69
Sunny Leone & Daniel Weber
25 December 2016
Special Appearance
[77]

70
Sweta Singh, Meet Bros & Khushboo Grewal
31 December 2016
New Year's Eve
[78]

71
Priyanka Chopra, Simi Chahal & Ranjit Bawa
1 January 2017
Sarvann
[79]

72
Shraddha Kapoor & Aditya Roy Kapoor
7 January 2017
Ok Jaanu
[80]

73
Himesh Reshammiya & Iulia Vântur
8 January 2017
Aap Se Mausiiquii
[81]

74
Mahavir Singh Phogat, Geeta Phogat, Babita Kumari, Ritu Phogat & Sangita Phogat
15 January 2017
Dangal(Aamir khan Great Movie)
[82]

75
Shah Rukh Khan & Nawazuddin Siddiqui
21 January 2017
Raees
[83]

76
Baba Ramdev
22 January 2017
Special Appearance
[84]

77
Richa Sharma
28 January 2017
Special Appearance
[85]

78
Raveena Tandon
29 January 2017
Sabse Bada Kalakar
[86]

Jackie Chan, Sonu Sood, Disha Patani, Amyra Dastur, Miya Muqi & Stanley Tong
Kung Fu Yoga

79
Hrithik Roshan, Rakesh Roshan, Rohit Roy, Ronit Roy, Sanjay Gupta, Urvashi Rautela & Yami Gautam
4 February 2017
Kaabil
[87]

80
Akshay Kumar & Huma Qureshi
5 February 2017
Jolly LLB 2
[88]

81
Neetu Singh & Rishi Kapoor
11 February 2017
Special Appearance
[89]

82
Gurdas Maan
12 February 2017
Special Appearance
[90]

83
Kangana Ranaut & Shahid Kapoor
19 February 2017
Rangoon
[91]

84
Govinda, Shakti Kapoor & Sunita Ahuja
25 February 2017
Aa Gaya Hero
[92]

85
Rekha Bhardwaj & Vishal Bhardwaj
26 February 2017
Special Appearance
[93]

86
Alia Bhatt & Varun Dhawan
4 March 2017
Badrinath Ki Dulhania
[94]

87
Players of Indian National Blind Cricket Team
5 March 2017
Special Appearance
[95]

88
Abbas-Mustan, Kiara Advani & Mustafa Burmawala
11 March 2017
Machine
[96]

89
Remo D'Souza, Terence Lewis & Vaibhavi Merchant
12 March 2017
Special Appearance
[97]

90
Anushka Sharma
18 March 2017
Phillauri
[98]

91
Vidya Balan, Gauahar Khan, Ila Arun, Pallavi Sharda, Poonam Singh Rajput, Ridheema Tiwari, Flora Saini, Priyanka Sethia & Raviza Chauhan
19 March 2017
Begum Jaan
[99]

92
Manoj Bajpayee & Taapsee Pannu
25 March 2017
Naam Shabana
[100]

93
Raju Srivastav, Sunil Pal & Ahsaan Qureshi
26 March 2017
Special Appearance
[101]

94
Raveena Tandon
1 April 2017
Maatr, Sabse Bada Kalakar
[102]

95
Parineeti Chopra & Ayushmann Khurrana
8 April 2017
Meri Pyaari Bindu
[103]

96
Bappi Lahri & Top 5 contestants of Indian Idol Season 9
9 April 2017
Special Appearance
[104][105]

97
Sonakshi Sinha & Shibani Dandekar
15 April 2017
Noor
[106]

98
Shaan & Radhika Mukherjee
16 April 2017
Special Appearance
[107]

99
Hans Raj Hans & Navraj Hans
22 April 2017
Special Appearance
[108]

100
Boman Irani
23 April 2017
Sabse Bada Kalakar
[109]

Mithali Raj, Harmanpreet Kaur, Veda Krishnamurthy & Jhulan Goswami
Special appearance
[110]

101
Salim–Sulaiman & Benny Dayal
29 April 2017
IPL Theme Song
[111]

102
Prem Chopra, Ranjeet & Raza Murad
30 April 2017
Special Appearance
[112]

103
Sunidhi Chauhan & Hitesh Sonik
6 May 2017
Special Appearance
[113]

104
Irrfan Khan, Deepak Dobriyal, Dishita Seghal & Sachin-Jigar
7 May 2017
Hindi Medium
[114]

105
Asha Parekh & Helen
13 May 2017
Special Appearance
[115]

106
Arjun Kapoor, Shraddha Kapoor & Chetan Bhagat
14th May 2017
Half Girlfriend
[116]

107
Manisha Koirala & Shreya Chaudhary
20 May 2017
Dear Maya
[117][118]

108
Huma Qureshi & Saqib Saleem
21 May 2017
Dobaara: See Your Evil
[119]

109
Suresh Raina, Shikhar Dhawan & Hardik Pandya
27 May 2017
Special Appearance
[120]

110
Mahesh Manjrekar, Medha Manjrekar, Sachin Khedekar, Isha Koppikar & Akash Thosar
28 May 2017
Friendship Unlimited
[121]

111
Rajkumar Rao, Shruti Haasan, Gautam Gulati & Gulshan Grover
3 June 2017
Behen Hogi Teri
[122]

112
Sushant Singh Rajput & Kriti Sanon
10 June 2017
Raabta
[123]

113
Riteish Deshmukh & Vivek Oberoi
11 June 2017
Bank Chor
[124]

114
Diljit Dosanjh & Sonam Bajwa
17 June 2017
Super Singh
[125]

115
Baichung Bhutia, Anju Bobby George, Sushil Kumar & Love Raj Singh Dharmshaktu
24 June 2017
OORJA initiative by the Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF)
[126]

116
Paresh Rawal, Kartik Aaryan, Tanvi Azmi & Kriti Kharbanda
25 June 2017
Guest Iin London
[127]

117
Kumar Vishwas, Rahat Indori & Shabeena Adeeb
1 July 2017
Special Appearance
[128]

118
Yusuf Pathan, Irfan Pathan & Mehmood Khan Pathan
2 July 2017
Special Appearance
[129]

119
Sardara Singh, Manpreet Singh, Ramandeep Singh, Akashdeep Singh, Harmanpreet Singh & Jugraj Singh
8 July 2017
Indian Hockey Team
[130]

120
Neil Nitin Mukesh, Kirti Kulhari, Madhur Bhandarkar & Bappi Lahiri
9 July 2017
Indu Sarkar
[131]

121
Prakash Jha, Ekta Kapoor & Plabita Borthakur
15 July 2017
Lipstick Under My Burkha
[132]

122
Tiger Shroff, Nidhhi Agerwal & Sabbir Khan
16 July 2017
Munna Michael
[133]

123
Anil Kapoor, Arjun Kapoor, Ileana D'Cruz, Anees Bazmee, Pawan Malhotra & Rahul Dev
29 July 2017
Mubarakan
[134]

124
30 July 2017
[135]

125
Nawazuddin Siddiqui & Bidita Bag
5 August 2017
Babumoshai Bandookbaaz
[136]

126
Hariharan & Lesle Lewis
6 August 2017
Special Appearance
[137]

127
Kriti Sanon, Ayushmann Khurrana, Rajkummar Rao, Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari, Pankaj Tripathi & Seema Pahwa
12 August 2017
Bareilly Ki Barfi
[138]

128
13 August 2017
[139]

129
Sidharth Malhotra & Jacqueline Fernandez
19 August 2017
A Gentleman
[140]

130
Arjun Rampal, Aishwarya Rajesh, Nishikant Kamat, Rajesh Shringarpure & Anand Ingale
20 August 2017
Daddy
[141]

tag: table

text: Development[edit]

text: On 22 December 2015, The Times of India reported that Sharma had decided to end his Comedy Nights with Kapil series and might move it to Star Plus or Sony Entertainment Television (India) with a new title because of his unhappiness with Colors TV. He said, "Yes, it's true. We told them we would go off the air in December, but since they didn't have a replacement ready, they requested us to continue till January 17".[142] On 4 February 2016, The Times of India reported that the new show would be called Comedy Style.[143] On 2 March, the newspaper confirmed that the new show would air on Sony TV. At a press conference the day before, the show's title was announced as The Kapil Sharma Show. Asked the reason for the change from Comedy Style, Navjot Singh Sidhu said that the show's creative team was uncertain about the name and conducted market research. Sharma's fans wanted a title like Kapil Wala Show, and the team came up with The Kapil Sharma Show.[144]

text: Sharma and his team promoted the future show with live performances in Delhi, Lucknow, Bhopal and Amritsar, and the first episode was shot before a live audience in Delhi. According to Sharma, "Our aim has always been to bring a smile to everyone and with The Kapil Sharma Show we wish to do just that". Sony TV head Danish Khan said, "We are delighted to have Kapil and his talented team of writers and artists to put up this show: The Kapil Sharma Show."[145] The producers invested ₹50 lakh (US$78,000) in the show's first promotion,[146] introduced by Sharma and his team on 1 March. Asked what had hurt him the most after the cancellation of Comedy Nights with Kapil by Colors TV, Sharma said: "I am only hurt by the fact that they (Colors TV) removed the show from YouTube. It had become a historical show. They shouldn’t have removed it."[147]

text: On 1 March a contest, "Kapil Se Mil" ("Meet Kapil") was started by Sony TV to give viewers an opportunity to meet Sharma.[145] The series premiered on 23 April 2016. Originally scheduled for 26 episodes,[148] it was later extended indefinitely.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The Kapil Sharma Show received a mixed reception from critics and audiences.[149] Namrata Thakker of Rediff.com gave it 2.5 stars out of 5 stars, liking the characters of Sunil Grover and Ali Asgar but saying that "the series has big shoes to fill considering how successful their earlier show Comedy Nights With Kapil was."[150] Chaya Unnikrishnan of Daily News and Analysis gave the series two stars out of five but said, "Kapil Sharma’s wit and funny one-liners bring a laugh". Although she praised part of the show ("In fact, the 10 minutes or so where [Sharma] has a monologue is the best part of the show"), Unnikrishnan called it "dull and disappointing".[151] In her 1.5-star review, Letty Mariam Abraham of Mid Day said: "The whole look and feel of the new set is interesting, even if the jokes are old". However, "Kapil brings nothing new to the plate and it seems like waste of the prime time slot."[152]

text: Viewer response[edit]

text: According to the reports published by the Broadcast Audience Research Council, the show's first episode of the show generated 8,943 responses. Although some viewers were happy to see the same contestants back after watching Comedy Nights with Kapil, others were disappointed with the show's repetitive humour and chaos.[153] The series' 16th episode, featuring the Sairat team and airing on 12 June 2016, had good ratings show in the non-fiction category.[154]


document_title: Hunter King (Home and Away)

question_text: who plays hunter grandmother in home and away

text: Hunter King (Home and Away)

text: Casting[edit]

text: Scott Lee's casting was revealed when he appeared alongside the Home and Away cast at the Logie Awards in May 2015.[1] He had been filming with the show for around three months prior to his appearance.[2] Two months later, Lee's casting as Hunter was officially announced.[3] Lee told his agent that he did not think he would win the role, as he believed that he had performed badly in his audition. He later received a callback and started filming the following week.[4] Actor Reece Milne also auditioned for the role of Hunter, before he was cast as Tank Snelgrove a month later.[5] The role marks Lee's television acting debut.[6] Lee commented that joining the cast was "very exciting",[3] and he told Kaylee Martin of The West Australian: "It's Home and Away, you grow up watching it and I just thought 'if I'd ever get on that show, it would be so out of this world'. It was really bizarre and strange walking past Ray Meagher and all the people who have been on there that you grow up watching, I'm over the moon."[6] Lee made his first appearance as Hunter during the episode broadcast on 27 July 2015.[6]

text: Development[edit]

text: Characterisation[edit]

text: Ahead of his first appearance, Lee described Hunter as being "angsty, brooding and moody".[3] Lee told Stephen Downie of TV Week that Hunter's actions stem from his desire to have a family and be loved by them.[2] His grandfather's death left him without a "solid" male role model in his life, and Lee thought Hunter was "searching for support."[2] Lee also thought Hunter was misunderstood, saying "he may seem very disrespectful, but at the end of the day he is a hurt soul..."[7] The actor also said Hunter had "a bit of a temper" and that his issue stem from his tough upbringing.[8] Lee found Hunter's "bad guy" persona fun to play, as he was nothing like that in real life. He explained, "Hunter is very misunderstood and treads on people's toes in a big way, when you get the chance to do something different that's away from yourself it's really cool."[6]

text: Lee also enjoyed exploring the similarities between himself and his character, especially with Hunter's background being quite different to his own.[8] As he settled into the Bay, Hunter's attitude started to change. Lee explained that Hunter realised that he cannot continue to act in the same manner, as he was pushing those around him away.[9] Since Hunter just wanted to be loved and have a good life, he knew that he had to change what he was doing to make that happen.[9] Lee told Kerry Harvey of Stuff.co.nz that Hunter's emotions often took over and he forgot to stop and look at what he had. He also advised his character to stop being "so aggressive" and relax.[8]

text: Introduction[edit]

text: Lee told Peter Way of the Macarthur Chronicle Wollondilly that Hunter's arrival would cause trouble between some of the established couples within the show.[3] After following his mother, Charlotte King (Erika Heynatz), to Summer Bay,[7] Hunter burns down Leah Patterson-Baker's (Ada Nicodemou) house and assaults Josh Barrett (Jackson Gallagher) after breaking into Summer Bay House.[8] Hunter then asks to meet his father Zac MacGuire (Charlie Clausen), who resides in the town. Hunter later shows up to a community fundraising banquet for Zac and his fiancée Leah, and he reveals that he is Zac's son.[7] Lee explained that Hunter had begun to feel invisible and was no longer able to stand by and watch Zac with his "other family". He also said Hunter was often impulsive and did not think about the consequences of his actions.[7] Zac is shocked by Hunter's revelation and demands answers from Charlotte, who confirms that Hunter is telling the truth. As Zac struggles to understand why Charlotte kept Hunter a secret from him, he ends up rejecting his son.[7] Lee called Zac's bad reaction "a massive slap in the face" for Hunter, and added, "he's waited his whole life to meet his father – he just wants to be a normal kid with a loving family."[7]

text: Hunter's presence causes strain in Zac and Leah's relationship, as he makes it clear to Leah that he wants his father all to himself.[10] Nicodemou explained that Leah does not trust Hunter and although she feels that she should be more accepting, she is uncomfortable around him. Leah also believes that Hunter is trying to get between her and Zac.[10] After voicing her concerns to Zac, he refuses to believe his son is deliberately causing trouble for them. However, Hunter soon "makes a spectacle" by pretending to drown in the sea, leading Zac to miss a meeting with Leah.[10] Nicodemou commented, "After Leah hears that Hunter didn't want to go to hospital, she thinks it was just a plot to get his mum and dad back together. Of course Zac is very upset when she suggests this – she's accused Hunter of things before, and Zac feels she should trust him by now."[10] Leah comes to realise that Zac may be forced to choose between her and Hunter in the future, so she decides to end their engagement, believing that it the best thing for her family.[10] Hunter eventually starts to see Zac and Leah as his second family instead of something that he has to break up.[9]

text: Kidnap and Charlotte's murder[edit]

text: In November 2015, Hunter was involved in his mother's blackmail storyline. Charlotte was being threatened by Trystan Powell (Ben Mingay), who wanted her to find evidence that Darryl Braxton (Steve Peacocke) was still alive. When Charlotte fails to find out any information, Trystan has Hunter kidnapped.[11] Lee told Stephen Downie of TV Week that Hunter goes out to clear his head when he is grabbed by two men. He knows something weird is going on with his mother, and thinks that this has something to do with it.[11] Hunter is dragged into a waiting car and drugged. His stepbrother VJ Patterson (Matt Little) witnesses everything and tries to chase the car, but it pulls away. VJ then alerts Zac and Leah to Hunter's kidnapping and they contact the police.[11] Meanwhile, Hunter wakes up alone in the bush and suffering with the effects of the chloroform used to knock him out. Lee explained, "He is disorientated, confused, and he doesn't know where he is. Waking up in the middle of the bush is a terrifying thing to happen to someone."[11] Hunter manages to stumble through the bush until he is within sight of the road, and when he thinks he hears a car approaching he tries to walk towards the sound. But still suffering from being drugged, Hunter collapses.[11] Downie noted that things did not look good for Hunter, as he needed medical attention and was at risk of exposure after spending a night in the bush.[11] Constable Kat Chapman (Pia Miller) eventually finds Hunter.[12]

text: After Charlotte dies from being shot by a mystery assailant, a whodunnit storyline began and Hunter was named as one of ten suspects.[13] When Kat comes to Summer Bay House with news of Charlotte's death, Hunter is not there as he has briefly left town. When he returns home, he learns of his mother's death and "shuts down and goes numb".[13] Lee continued, "In time these feelings that he's suppressed will comes out, but I think his first stage of grieving is to not deal with it – it's too much to handle."[13] The actor pointed out that Hunter did love Charlotte, explaining that she was his only parent for a large part of his life and while they had some "challenging times" before her death, she was still his mother.[13] Producers introduced Detective Dylan Carter (Jeremy Lindsay Taylor) for the plot, and he immediately begins questioning anyone who had a reason to want Charlotte dead. Hunter is at the top of his list, and Carter thinks that Hunter is capable of killing his mother.[13] Lee thought that there were plenty of things linking Hunter to Charlotte's murder, as they had "a close but turbulent relationship".[13] Zac and Leah also suspect that Hunter could be responsible, having witnessed him losing his temper with Charlotte at their wedding. When asked by Sarah Ellis of Inside Soap if his character was a killer, Lee replied that Hunter easily loses control and was capable of doing some "extreme stuff without thinking of the consequences".[13] He added that many viewers thought that Hunter was guilty and joked that his feelings were hurt by the speculation.[13]

text: After Hunter learns Andy Barrett (Tai Hara) has confessed to murdering Charlotte, he plans to get revenge. Lee quipped, "Nothing is going to stop him."[14] Hunter goes to the police station and demands to speak with Andy, but his request is refused. Downie (TV Week) observed that Hunter was a "ticking time bomb", while Lee said that his character suppressed his emotions in the wake of his mother's death. He also feels guilty that many of the bad things she did – such as killing his cousin Denny Miller (Jessica Grace Smith) – were done to protect him.[14] Struggling to control his emotions, Hunter waits outside the station. When he sees Andy being led from his cell, Hunter grabs a pair of scissors and stabs him.[14]

text: Relationship with Olivia Fraser Richards[edit]

text:
"Hunter and Olivia have both been through a lot and they comfort each other. They're both quite lonely. I think you'd naturally gravitate towards someone like that if you've been through what they have."[15]

—Lee on Hunter and Olivia's relationship.

tag: div

text: Lee hoped Hunter would get a love interest at some point during his tenure, commenting "everyone wants a girlfriend!"[2] In August 2015, Daniel Van Boom of the Daily Mail Australia published photos showing Lee filming a romantic moment between his character and Olivia Fraser Richards played by Raechelle Banno.[16] Hunter befriends Olivia following her return to the Bay two months later.[17] While they are spending time together at the beach pool, Olivia asks Hunter not to look at her when she gets out of the water. However, Hunter "can't resist a peek" and is shocked when he notices Olivia's thighs are covered in scars.[17] Hunter realises that Olivia is hiding something, and he later tells VJ about the scars, as he feels that he cannot talk to Olivia about it.[17] VJ, who is competing with Hunter for Olivia's affections, takes the opportunity to tell Olivia that Hunter saw her scars and says he will be there for her.[17] Olivia helps Hunter to deal with his mother's death and bond with his new family.[8] Their relationship is tested by Hunter's failure to plan for the future,[8] and the arrival of Lindsay Ford (Georgia Flood), who wants Hunter for herself.[18]

text: Hunter surprises her with a romantic "high tea" picnic in the bush. Lee called the gesture "a bit cute".[19] He also said that Hunter spends the day "feeling odd", but he does not get it checked out as he is stubborn. During the picnic, Hunter suddenly doubles over in pain and collapses.[19] Unable to get a phone signal, Olivia leaves Hunter to run to the road and flags down the first car she sees, which happens to be Zac's. As Hunter's condition deteriorates, Zac manages to contact Doctor Nate Cooper (Kyle Pryor), who diagnoses Hunter with a tension pneumothorax.[19] Lee told an Inside Soap writer that he was nervous about the scenes. He wanted them to look as accurate as possible, and was offered advice by a nurse on the set.[19] Nate talks Zac through the procedure to ease Hunter's condition, but as Zac makes the incision with a knife, he is momentarily reminded of the attack he suffered in prison. Zac manages to get Hunter breathing again and he is later given the all-clear at the hospital.[20]

text: The "traumatic" experience brings Hunter and Olivia closer together.[20] Banno said Olivia wants a fresh start, and the fact that their relationship is back on track means a lot to her.[18] When Hunter tries to initiate sex, Olivia appears to be thinking about something else. Olivia organises another picnic for them both, but she is unable to tell Hunter what is bothering her and leaves the date early. Olivia then takes a pregnancy test and learns she is pregnant.[20] When Hunter hears the news, his instinct is to flee, but he realises that he needs to face the situation with Olivia. Banno explained, "They're two 16-year-olds dealing with an adult issue. He was there for her and ready to make the decisions they needed to make together."[21] Hunter and Olivia make the decision to have an abortion. Olivia struggles after the procedure and begins self-harming again.[21]

text: Hunter punches Jordan Walsh (Benny Turland) in the face when he gets drunk at a party. The following day, Jordan tells Olivia that she deserves better, and she considers his advice, as Hunter's actions have really affected their relationship.[22] Olivia attempts to reconcile with Hunter, but when she tells him what Jordan said, Hunter breaks up with her in a "jealous rage". Olivia then accepts that their relationship is over.[22] The couple later reconciled, before breaking up again. Olivia was then paired with newcomer Mason Morgan (Orpheus Pledger).[23] Banno said that Hunter and Olivia hope that they will reunite, but they both have this fear that they might not. The actress stated, "They broke up, not because they don't love each other anymore, but because they seemed a bit toxic around each other."[23] When Hunter receives a job at the Bait Shop, he immediately tells Olivia and asks her to help him celebrate. When he notices a text message on her phone from Mason, they argue and Olivia says that she might be better off with Mason.[23] During an interview with Kerry Harvey of Stuff.co.nz Lee thought Hunter's relationship with Olivia had calmed his character down. He said the couple were "soulmates", who would always love each other, but their relationship had become "a little bit co-dependent".[8]

text: Departure[edit]

text: In the 24 December 2016 – 6 January 2017 edition of TV Week, Lee confirmed that he would be leaving the show at the end of 2017 to pursue his acting career in the United States.[24] Lee stated, "I'm excited. The times I've had has gone so quickly and I've learnt a lot as an actor."[24]

text: Storylines[edit]

text: After spending days following Zac MacGuire and Leah Patterson-Baker around Summer Bay, Hunter breaks into Summer Bay House and rummages through their drawers. Josh Barrett catches him and Hunter knocks him down the stairs. VJ Patterson gives chase and manages to pull Hunter's backpack off of him. Hunter then visits his mother, Charlotte, at her motel room and tells her he is done waiting and wants to meet Zac, his father, now. She realises that he set fire to Zac and Leah's house and sends him away. Upon his return, Hunter finds Zac and reveals that he is his son. VJ confronts Hunter about pushing Josh down the stairs and they fight. Zac and Hunter bond over a shared interest in basketball. Hunter has trouble accepting Leah and VJ as part of his life. He manipulates Zac into spending more time with him, causing a strain on Zac and Leah's relationship. After arguing with them about his behaviour, Hunter breaks into Leah's diner and steals the safe. He accidentally exposes some electrical wiring and knocks over a bucket of water, causing Marilyn Chambers (Emily Symons) to suffer a serious electric shock. Hunter feels guilty, but Charlotte refuses to let him go to the police and instead sends him to stay with his grandmother for a few days.

text: Hunter promises Zac that he will try to be a better son. He soon learns Charlotte has been having sex with Matt Page (Alec Snow), a high school student, and that she has stolen money from his trust fund. He moves out of their apartment and stays with Zac and Leah. Hunter is abducted by Trystan Powell, who wants revenge on Charlotte. He is drugged and left in the bush. Hunter is eventually rescued by Kat Chapman. Hunter begins a relationship with Olivia Fraser Richards. When he learns that Charlotte plans to reveal he was behind the fire at Leah's house and that she killed his cousin, Denny Miller, Hunter leaves the Bay after flagging down passing motorist, Lindsay Ford. On his return, Hunter finds out his mother has died. He finally admits that he caused the fire at Leah's house during Billie Ashford's (Tessa de Josselin) arson trial. He is later accused of his mother's murder. Lindsay tries to break up his relationship when she tells Olivia that she and Hunter kissed. Lindsay takes Alf Stewart's (Ray Meagher) ute and knocks Hunter over when he tries to stop her. He later suffers a collapsed lung during a picnic with Olivia, and Zac performs an emergency procedure to get him breathing properly again.

text: Olivia falls pregnant and she and Hunter decide to have an abortion, as they are not ready to be parents. Hunter and Olivia's relationship is strained and she starts self-harming again. Hunter stabs Andy Barrett after learning he was responsible for Charlotte's death. Hunter is arrested and given community service work. He later learns Andy's brother Josh shot his mother. Hunter befriends Jordan Walsh during his community service and invites him to a party at The Farmhouse. Hunter gets drunk and fights with Jordan, leading to the break up of relationship with Olivia. Olivia's new friend Tabitha Ford (Eliza Scanlen) warns Hunter to stay away from her, before she begins manipulating Olivia. Tabitha frames Hunter when she accesses school records and changes his exam score, resulting in his suspension. Olivia eventually ends her friendship with Tabitha, who seeks revenge. She dresses in a similar style to Olivia, enters Hunter's caravan at night and kisses him in the hope of breaking up his friendship with Olivia. Hunter rescues Olivia when Tabitha poses as Olivia's abuser on social media. Olivia and Hunter reconcile. Hunter becomes stressed about his final exams and his lack of plans for university. He is also tempted to cheat when he is offered the English exam paper.

text: Olivia asks that they take a break from their relationship. Hunter clashes with John Palmer (Shane Withington), when John fails him during his Bronze Medallion exam. Hunter smashes John's walkie talkie after he bumps into him. When a fire breaks out at the caravan park, Hunter is blamed, but John soon realises that he caused the fire and apologises. Hunter later finds John collapsed outside the surf club and he and Olivia call an ambulance. Hunter becomes jealous when Olivia begins dating Mason Morgan. When a bush fire breaks out and heads towards the Summer Grooves music festival, Hunter risks his life to find Olivia and Mason. After escaping the fire, Hunter is injured when he returns to find Olivia, who later turns up safe. The police bring Hunter in for questioning about the recent cases of arson around the town. Hunter fights with Mason, and later suggests to Olivia that they should stay away from each other. After Olivia breaks up with Mason, Hunter helps her out with her university nerves by asking Evelyn to give her a tour of the campus. Hunter and Olivia get back together. After they struggle to find time to see each other, Hunter suggests he and Olivia move in together and she agrees. They eventually find a place, but they are forced to clean it up. After they are burgled, Irene invites them to move in with her. Hunter and Olivia take out VJ to cheer him up, but when he gets drunk and tries to kiss Olivia, Hunter fights with him.

text: Zac falls from the roof of Summer Bay House and Hunter initially blames Leah, as Zac was trying to get her attention. When Zac makes a remark about when his break up with Charlotte occurred, Hunter starts to question his paternity. After learning Zac is planning to leave the Bay, he conducts a DNA test. When Zac says he wants Hunter to come with him, Hunter tries to stop VJ from posting the test, but he is too late. The results arrive and Hunter throws them away, before retrieving them and learning that Zac is not his father. After he tells Zac, he encourages him to leave the Bay. Hunter struggles with the revelation about his paternity and Olivia encourages him to stay in contact with Zac. Alf asks Hunter to help out with an event at the beach, and he clashes with Mason. After he tries to start a fight, Hunter breaks down and tells Mason about Zac. They apologise to each other. Hunter decides to look for his biological father and contacts his grandmother, Peggy King (Caroline Gillmer), who comes to the Bay. He tells her about Zac, but Peggy reacts badly and accuses Hunter of ruining Charlotte's life. Olivia makes things worse when she talks with Peggy, who tells the police about the Diner robbery, leading to Hunter's arrest. He and Olivia have a big argument. Hunter apologises to Irene, Marilyn and Leah, before learning that he will not be charged. Hunter and Peggy reconcile and she suggests that a former neighbour, Wally Burns (Julian Garner), could be his father. Hunter writes to Wally, but the letter is returned to him. However, Wally comes to the Bay and meets with Hunter. He tells him that he cannot be his father, as he is infertile. Hunter asks Wally to take a DNA test, before Wally leaves. He returns a few days later and reveals that a DNA test confirmed that he is Hunter's father. Hunter tries to bond with Wally, but finds that they do not have much in common.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Following Hunter's early appearances, an Inside Soap writer commented, "From what we've seen of Hunter so far, it seems he could be big trouble!"[7] Another writer for the publication called him a "creepy teenager".[10] While Sarah Ellis branded him "volatile".[13] Michael Cregan included the reveal of Hunter's identity in his feature on the top five moments for Tuesday 22 September 2015. Cregan wrote, "At last! The identity of the mysterious stranger lurking around Summer Bay is revealed tonight, and it's worth waiting for. Yes, the hooded stranger is none other than Charlotte's son, Hunter."[25] Lee revealed that when fans met him in real life they appeared to be scared of him due to Hunter's actions.[9] Kerry Harvey of Stuff.com.nz said Hunter "upset locals and fans with his wicked ways."[8] Both Kaylee Martin of The West Australian and Stephen Downie of TV Week branded Hunter a "bad boy".[6][9] Martin also wrote "brooding teenager Hunter will be creating drama and shaking things up".[6] Following Charlotte's death, a reporter for the South Wales Echo noted, "Hunter's world is turned upside down when he finds out about Andy's confession."[26] In November 2015, 58% of TV Week readers voted that they liked Hunter and Olivia as a couple.[27]


document_title: Elk Grove, California

question_text: how did elk grove ca get its name

question_tokens: how did elk grove ca get its name

text: Elk Grove, California

text: History[edit]

text: Spanish explorer Gabriel Moraga entered the region in 1808, naming the valley "Sacramento Valley" in honor of Sacramento, the Holy Sacrament in Spanish, giving the northerly city of Sacramento of which Elk Grove is a suburb its name.[12] A writer on Moraga's expedition wrote of the region: "Canopies of oaks and cottonwoods, many festooned with grapevines, overhung both sides of the blue current. Birds chattered in the trees and big fish darted through the pellucid depths. The air was like champagne, and (the Spaniards) drank deep of it, drank in the beauty around them."[13]

text: Elk Grove was founded in 1850 as a stage stop for travelers coming from Sacramento and the San Francisco Bay Area, when the Elk Grove Hotel and Stage Stop was opened by James Hall and the town was subsequently named after it.[14] In 1868 the Western Division of the Central Pacific Railroad came through about a mile east of Elk Grove. At this new location another hotel was built to accommodate travelers and was also named the Elk Grove Hotel.[15]

text: In the following decades, Elk Grove remained a small farming community with little urban development. In the late 1980s, suburban development projects began to spring up around the community, specifically in the north near Sacramento. This was meant to serve Sacramento's population as well as San Francisco commuters looking for a community relatively near the San Francisco Bay Area which they could settle in and still commute from. This set off a period of rapid suburban growth which peaked in the years 2004 and 2005 when Elk Grove was declared the fastest growing city in the US.

text: On July 1, 2000, Elk Grove incorporated as a city. In 2008 Elk Grove suffered heavily from the subprime mortgage crisis due to its suburban nature.[16]

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±

1960
2,205

—

1970
3,721

68.8%

1980
10,959

194.5%

1990
17,483

59.5%

2000
59,984

243.1%

2010
153,015

155.1%

Est. 2016
169,743
[8]
10.9%

U.S. Decennial Census[17]

text:
[hide]Racial composition
2010[18]

White
46.1%

—Non-Hispanic
38.1%

Black or African American
11.2%

Hispanic or Latino (of any race)
18.0%

Asian
26.3%

text: Education[edit]

text: The Elk Grove Unified School District is the fifth largest school district in California and one of the fastest growing school districts in the nation. Located in southern Sacramento County, the district covers 320 square miles (830 km2), one-third of the county. For the 2002-03 school year, the district served more than 52,500 students, and grew to 62,767 students in the 2016-2017 school year. Those students attend 40 elementary schools, 9 middle schools, 9 high schools and 7 alternative high schools.[19]

text: There are also several private schools in town. A local community college, Cosumnes River College, offers both vocational training and a transfer program to four-year universities. Located nearby are California State University, Sacramento and the University of California, Davis, as well as St. Mary's College. Elk Grove is also the home of the private six-year Universalist religious college Quest Seminary.[20] In 2013, California Northstate University College of Pharmacy that offers a Doctor of Pharmacy degree program relocated to Elk Grove (near Interstate 5).

text: Public libraries[edit]

text: The new Elk Grove Public Library is located at 8900 Elk Grove Blvd in a modern two-story building. It moved to this location in 2008 from its old building one block east. The library is part of the broader Sacramento Public Library system. The Elk Grove Library also serves neighboring communities such as Vineyard, Wilton, Sloughhouse, and Rancho Murieta.[21] Additional local libraries supplement neighborhoods, such as the public Franklin High Library.

text: Government[edit]

text: The City of Elk Grove incorporated on July 1, 2000.[3] It is a general law city with a council/manager form of government.[1] Beginning in 2012, voters elect the mayor directly for a two-year term. Prior to 2012, the mayor's position was a one-year term and was chosen at-large by the city council. The remaining four positions on the city council are elected by districts to four-year terms.[1]

text: On November 8, 2016, Steve Ly became the second directly elected mayor following Gary Davis, and the first Hmong mayor in the United States.[22][23] The remaining councilmembers are Darren Suen (District 1), Pat Hume (District 2), Steve Detrick (District 3) and vacant (District 4).[1]

text: Elk Grove is in California's 7th congressional district, represented by Democrat Ami Bera.[24]

text: The Elk Grove Police Department provides policing services for the city while the Cosumnes Community Services District runs the fire department.

text: Economy[edit]

text: Top employers[edit]

text: According to Elk Grove's 2010 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[25] the top employers in the city are:

text:
#
Employer
# of Employees

1
Elk Grove Unified School District
5,000

2
Apple
1,800

3
Kaiser Permanente
1,468

4
Methodist Hospital of Sacramento
550

5
ALLDATA
400

6
Cosumnes River College
330

7
Walmart
273

8
Bimbo Bakeries USA
265

9
City of Elk Grove
289

10
Bank of Stockton
237

text: Companies based in Elk Grove include ALLDATA, Citizens Telecommunications Company of California, and Frontier Communications of the Southwest.

text: Infrastructure[edit]

text: Buses[edit]

text: Elk Grove is serviced by a fared bus system called e-Tran that encompasses many of the city's main thoroughfares.[26]

text: Sister cities[edit]

text: Elk Grove is a sister city of Concepción de Ataco in El Salvador.[27]

text: Notable people[edit]

text:
Arik Armstead (born 1993), linebacker for NFL's San Francisco 49ers[28]
Armond Armstead (born 1990), defensive tackle for CFL's Toronto Argonauts[29]
Ami Bera (born 1965), physician; U.S. Representative, 7th district, California[30]
Scott Boras (born 1952), baseball sports agent who was named "Most Powerful Sports Agent" in 2013 by Forbes[31]
Lance Briggs (born 1980), linebacker for NFL's Chicago Bears[32]
Bill Cartwright (born 1957), player and coach for NBA's Chicago Bulls[33]
Brian Detrick (born 1989), Professional Slalom Water Skier [34]
Kyle Larson (born 1992), NASCAR driver[35]
Kenny Wiggins, lineman for NFL's Los Angeles Chargers


document_title: List of people convicted of treason

question_text: who was the last person convicted of treason in the united states

text: List of people convicted of treason

text: Armenia[edit]

text: Meruzhan Artzruni, Lord Prince of Vaspurakan (? - 369), for conspiring with one of the Great Persian Kings, Shapur II against his liege-lord, Armenian King Arsaces II (Arshak II), whom he betrayed to Persia. He was captured by Arsaces II's son King Papas (Pap) and executed.

text: Austria[edit]

text: Count Lajos Batthyány de Németújvár, for involvement in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. Executed by firing squad on the same day as the 13 Martyrs of Arad.

text: Austria-Hungary[edit]

text:
Nedeljko Čabrinović, for conspiring to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Vaso Čubrilović, for conspiring to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Veljko Čubrilović, for conspiring to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Trifko Grabez, for conspiring to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Danilo Ilić, for conspiring to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Muhamed Mehmedbašić, for conspiring to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Cvjetko Popović, for conspiring to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Gavrilo Princip, for assassinating Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Nazario Sauro, for fighting for Italy in the First World War

text: Canada[edit]

text:
Louis Riel, executed for leading the Métis in the North-West Rebellion against Canada's expansion into the west.
Kanao Inouye, Kamloops-born sergeant in the Imperial Japanese army in World War II, executed for killing eight Canadian prisoners of war captured at the Battle of Hong Kong.

text: China[edit]

text:
Zhou Fohai, for serving in the Wang Jingwei government in the Second World War
Chen Gongbo, for serving in the Wang Jingwei government in the Second World War
Wang Jingwei, president of the Reorganized National Government of China (puppet government controlled by Japan) in the Second World War

text: Republic of Congo[edit]

text: Pascal Lissouba, former President of the Republic of Congo

text: Czechoslovakia[edit]

text: Karel Čurda, for betraying the Czech Resistance and the assassins of Reinhard Heydrich.

text: Denmark (under the Nazi occupational government)[edit]

text: Henrik Kauffmann was charged with grand (high) treason by the Nazi-occupied Danish government, for helping the Allies.

text: East Germany[edit]

text: Werner Teske

text: England[edit]

text: Estonia[edit]

text:
Aleksei Dressen
Herman Simm
Vladimir Veitman[citation needed]

text: Fiji[edit]

text:
George Speight, for plotting the Fiji coup of 2000. Death sentence commuted to life in prison.
Ratu Jope Seniloli, incumbent Vice-President (in 2004), for his role in the coup of 2000. Sentenced to four years in gaol; released by a sympathetic government after three months.

text: Finland[edit]

text: Lauri Törni, for having served with the German Army at the end of World War II, later received a presidential pardon

text: France[edit]

text:
François Achille Bazaine[1]
Robert Brasillach
Marcel Bucard
Louis-Ferdinand Céline
Cinq-Mars[2]
Joseph Darnand, for leading the Vichy French Milice.
Émile Dewoitine, aviation industrialist sentenced to 20 years forced labour sentence for collaboration.
Charles François Dumouriez[3]
Isabeau of Bavaria[4]
John the Fearless[5]
Pierre Laval, for being Prime Minister of Vichy France.
Jean Victor Marie Moreau[6]
Michel Ney[7]
Philippe Pétain
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord[8]
Marie Antoinette
Louis XVI

text: Germany[edit]

text:
Adolf Hitler, for his role in the Beer Hall Putsch in 1923
Marinus van der Lubbe, for high treason and arson in the Reichstag fire case, in 1933
Sophie Scholl, Hans Scholl and Christoph Probst in 1943 for their involvement in the anti-Nazi White Rose movement
Ulrich Wilhelm Graf Schwerin von Schwanenfeld (1902-1944), a key conspirator in the failed assassination attempt in the July 20 plot in 1944 on Hitler's life
Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg, for the attempted assassination of Hitler in the July 20 plot in 1944
Günter Guillaume, Private Secretary to then-chancellor Willy Brandt, and his wife Christel Guillaume, both officers of East German Staatssicherheit, in 1975
Clyde Lee Conrad, former US Army NCO, the only person to have been handed down a lifetime sentence for treason by a court of the Federal Republic of Germany, in 1990
Klaus Kuron (de), counter-intelligence officer with the Bundesverfassungsschutz who had spied for East German Staatssicherheit, in 1992

text: Great Britain[edit]

text:
Archibald Cameron of Locheil, for his part in the 1745 Jacobite rising
Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat, for his part in the 1745 Jacobite rising
William Maxwell, 5th Earl of Nithsdale, for supporting the Jacobite Rebellion of 1715
Thomas Paine,[9] for publishing anti-British revolutionary literature
Charles Radclyffe, for supporting the Jacobite Rebellion of 1715

text: Greece[edit]

text:
Dimitrios Gounaris, Prime Minister of Greece (1921–1922), convicted of treason in 1922 for the Asia Minor catastrophe. Executed 15 November 1922.
Petros Protopapadakis, Minister of Economy in Dimitrios Gounaris' government and later Prime Minister of Greece (1922), convicted of treason for the Asia Minor catastrophe. Executed 15 November 1922.
Nikolaos Stratos, Minister of Internal Affairs in Gounaris' government, convicted of treason for the Asia Minor catastrophe. Executed 15 November 1922.
Georgios Baltatzis (el), Minister of Foreign Affairs in Gounaris' government, convicted of treason for the Asia Minor catastrophe. Executed 15 November 1922.
Nikolaos Theotokis (el), Minister of Military Affairs in Gounaris' government, convicted of treason for the Asia Minor catastrophe. Executed 15 November 1922.
Georgios Hatzanestis, commanding officer of the Asia Minor and Eastern Thrace Greek army, convicted of treason for the Asia Minor catastrophe. Executed 15 November 1922.
Michail Goudas (el), rear admiral and minister in Gounaris' government, convicted of treason for the Asia Minor catastrophe. Sentenced to life imprisonment.
Xenophon Stratigos, major general and minister in Gounaris' government, convicted of treason for the Asia Minor catastrophe. Sentenced to life imprisonment.
George Papadopoulos, Greek colonel, leader of a military junta (1967-1973), convicted of treason and jailed for life, dying in Korydallos prison.

text: Hawaii[edit]

text: The Republic of Hawaii government had one trial for treason after the failed 1895 Counter-Revolution in Hawaii. Those charged were found guilty, but pardoned after serving time in prison.[10]

text:
Charles T. Gulick (1841–1897), former cabinet minister
Robert William Wilcox (1855–1903), military leader, later delegate to US Congress

text: Hungary[edit]

text:
Imre Nagy, Prime Minister of Hungary, for leading the 1956 Hungarian Revolution.
Count Fidel Palffy
László Rajk
Sándor Szűcs, international footballer, for defecting.

text: India[edit]

text: Muhammad Ayub Thakur

text: Israel[edit]

text:
Meir Tobianski, falsely accused of treason during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. Executed by firing squad but pardoned after his death.
Mordechai Vanunu, for revealing details of Israel's nuclear weapons program to the British press in 1986.
"Prisoner X2", a mole within Mossad.

text: Japan[edit]

text:
Ozaki Hotsumi, journalist and Soviet agent (nominally convicted under the Peace Preservation Law)
Daisuke Namba, Japanese left-wing activist
Kotoku Shusui, Japanese anarchist

text: Kenya[edit]

text: Hezekiah Ochuka, Kenya airforce soldier, for conspiring to overthrow the government of Daniel Moi in 1982

text: Kuwait[edit]

text: Alaa Hussein Ali, for heading the Iraqi puppet government during the Gulf War

text: Mexico[edit]

text: Agustín de Iturbide, for fighting for the royalists' army during the Mexican War of Independence.

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: Anton Mussert, for leading the Dutch puppet regime under Nazi occupation.

text: New Zealand[edit]

text:
Patrick Stanley Vaughan Heenan, for passing information to the Japanese during World War II (Was not convicted under New Zealand civil law)
Hamiora Pere, for fighting against the British government in Te Kooti's War.Sentence was Death by Hanging

text: Norway[edit]

text:
Albert Viljam Hagelin, member of Quisling's government.
Vidkun Quisling, for being Minister President of Nazi-occupied Norway during World War II. The word 'quisling' now means 'traitor'.
Ragnar Skancke, Quisling's minister of Church and Educational Affairs.
Arne Treholt Norwegian diplomat, turned by the KGB

text: Pakistan[edit]

text:
Shakil Afridi, for spying for the Central Intelligence Agency of the United States
Hussain Haqqani, for involvement with a secret memo to Admiral Michael Mullen asking for US intervention in changing Pakistan's military and intelligence agencies.

text: Poland[edit]

text: For the betrayal of General Stefan Rowecki to the Gestapo:

text:
Blanka Kaczorowska (pl) ("Sroka"), as above, emigrated to France in 1971
Ludwik Kalkstein ("Hanka"), protected by the Gestapo during the war, emigrated to France in 1982
Eugeniusz Świerczewski ("Gens"), executed 1944

text: For betrayal of the Polish People's Republic:

text:
Witold Pilecki ("Druh"), death for espionage for the Polish Government-in-exile, executed in 1948, posthumously acquitted in 1990
Ryszard Kukliński ("Jack Strong"), escaped to the USA in 1981, sentenced to death in absentia in 1984, in 1990 sentence changed to 25 years of imprisonment, in 1995 sentence cancelled due to search of the 1st President of the Supreme Court, fully pardoned in 1997
Adam Kaczmarczyk, death for espionage for MI16, executed in 1969

text: Russia[edit]

text:
Valentin Danilov - 14 years for espionage for China
Mikhail Shein
Igor Sutyagin (2004) - 15 years for espionage for USA. Exchanged for Russian spies in 2010.

text: Scotland[edit]

text:
Robert Baillie, for involvement in the Rye House Plot
William Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie, for leading the Raid of Ruthven on King James VI
Murdoch Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany
Patrick Stewart, Earl of Orkney, for usurping King James VI on the Orkney Islands

text: Soviet Union[edit]

text:
Leonid Eitingon circa 1953
Oleg Penkovsky
Adolf Tolkachev, worked with CIA, executed 1986
Gennady Varenik KGB, worked for CIA
Andrey Vlasov
Genrikh Yagoda

text: Spain[edit]

text:
Francisco Xavier Mina, for fighting against the Spanish government in the Mexican War of Independence.
Camilo Torres Tenorio, for leading the independence movement in Colombia

text: Sri Lanka[edit]

text: Velupillai Prabhakaran, the Tamil rebel leader who fought with the government for 30 years.

text: Sweden[edit]

text:
Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt, attempted to overthrow the guardian-government of King Gustav IV Adolf with Russian military assistance.
Johann Patkul, protested the land-recovery project of Charles XI of Sweden and, when unsuccessful, sided with Augustus the Strong and tried to wrest Livonia from Sweden.
Magdalena Rudenschöld, for taking part in the Armfelt conspiracy.
Brita Tott, for exposing military movements to Denmark

text: Switzerland[edit]

text: Jean-Louis Jeanmaire, sentenced to 18 years of prison (released after 12 for good behavior) for leaking information to the Soviet KGB.

text: Turkey[edit]

text: Abdullah Öcalan, life sentence (originally death penalty) for trying to establish a Kurdish state in Turkey.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text:
John Amery, for trying to recruit soldiers and broadcasting propaganda for Nazi Germany.
Roger Casement, for negotiating with Germany to provide arms to Irish revolutionaries during the First World War for use in the Irish Easter 1916 rising; hanged in August 1916.
William Comstive, Charles Stanfield, Richard Addy, Benjamin Hanson and eighteen others were tried and convicted for High Treason for revolt in the West Riding of Yorkshire in 1820.
William Joyce, alias 'Lord Haw-Haw', for broadcasting Nazi propaganda to the United Kingdom during World War II
Members of the British Free Corps: Thomas Haller Cooper and Walter Purdy (death sentences commuted)
Participants in the 1916 Easter Rising in Ireland: Patrick Pearse, Thomas J. Clarke, Thomas MacDonagh, Joseph Mary Plunkett, Edward (Ned) Daly, William Pearse, Michael O'Hanrahan, John MacBride, Éamonn Ceannt, Michael Mallin, Cornelius Colbert, Seán Heuston, Seán Mac Diarmada, James Connolly, and Thomas Kent were shot by firing squad in May 1916.
Arthur Thistlewood, John Brunt, William Davidson, James Ings, Richard Tidd, Charles Cooper, Richard Bradburn, John Harrison, James Wilson and John Shaw Strange participants of the 1820 Cato Street Conspiracy
James Wilson (revolutionary) convicted and executed for High Treason, following his part in the Scottish Insurrection of 1820.

text: United States[edit]

text:
Philip Vigol and John Mitchell, convicted of treason and sentenced to hanging; pardoned by George Washington; see Whiskey Rebellion.
John Fries, the leader of Fries' Rebellion, convicted of treason in 1800 along with two accomplices, and pardoned that same year by John Adams.
Governor Thomas Dorr 1844, convicted of treason against the state of Rhode Island; see Dorr Rebellion; released in 1845; civil rights restored in 1851; verdict annulled in 1854.
John Brown, convicted of treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia in 1859 and executed for attempting to organize armed resistance to slavery.
Aaron Dwight Stevens, took part in John Brown's raid and was executed in 1860 for treason against Virginia.
William Bruce Mumford, convicted of treason and hanged in 1862 for tearing down a United States flag during the American Civil War.
Walter Allen was convicted of treason on September 16, 1922 for taking part in the 1921 Miner's March with the coal companies and the US Army on Blair Mountain, West Virginia. He was sentenced to 10 years and fined. During his appeal to the Supreme Court he disappeared while out on bail. United Mineworkers of America leader William Blizzard was acquitted of the charge of treason by the jury on May 25, 1922.[11]
Martin James Monti, United States Army Air Forces pilot, convicted of treason for defecting to the Waffen SS in 1944. He was paroled in 1960.
Robert Henry Best, convicted of treason on April 16, 1948 and served a life sentence.
Iva Toguri D'Aquino, who is frequently identified by the name "Tokyo Rose," convicted 1949. Subsequently, pardoned by President Gerald Ford.
Mildred Gillars, also known as "Axis Sally", convicted of treason on March 8, 1949; served 12 years of a 10- to 30-year prison sentence.
Tomoya Kawakita, sentenced to death for treason in 1952, but eventually released by President John F. Kennedy to be deported to Japan.

text: Zambia[edit]

text: Steven Lungu, also known as Captain Solo. Sentenced to death for an attempted coup in 1997, he was pardoned in 2010 by President Rupiah Banda.

text: Zimbabwe[edit]

text: Ndabaningi Sithole, for conspiring to kill Robert Mugabe