document_title: Texas Longhorns football

question_text: when was the last time maryland played texas in football

text: Texas Longhorns football

text: Historical overview[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Beginning in 1893, the Texas Longhorns football program is one of the most highly regarded and historic programs of all time. From 1937 to 1946 the team was led by Hall of Fame coach Dana X. Bible, and then from 1957 to 1976 the team was led by Hall of Fame coach Darrell K Royal, who won three national championships. In 2012, the football program was valued at $805 million, more than the calculated value of several NFL teams. In 2008, ESPN ranked Texas as the seventh-most prestigious college football program since 1936. As of the end of the 2016 season, Texas' all-time record is 891–359–33 (.718), which ranks as the second-most wins in NCAA Division I FBS history. Texas is known for their post-season appearances, ranking second in number of bowl game appearances (53), fourth in bowl game victories (27), most Southwest Conference football championships (27), and most Cotton Bowl Classic appearances and victories. Other NCAA records include 108 winning seasons out of 122 total seasons, 23 seasons with 10 or more wins, 9 undefeated seasons, and 26 seasons with at most one loss or tie. From 1936 to 2012, the Longhorns football teams have been in the AP or coaches' rankings 66 out of 76 seasons (86.8% of the time), finishing those seasons ranked in the top twenty-five 48 times and the top ten 28 times. Texas claims four Division I-A national championships (1963, 1969, 1970 and 2005) and 32 conference championships (3 Big 12 Conference, 27 Southwest Conference, and 2 Texas Intercollegiate Athletic Association).

text: A total of 129 (53 consensus and 22 unanimous) Texas players have been named to College Football All-America Teams, while two Longhorn players, Earl Campbell (1977) and Ricky Williams (1998), have won the Heisman Trophy, college football's most prestigious individual honor. Seventeen Longhorns have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame, while four are enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

text: Home stadium[edit]

text: The Longhorns have played their home games in Darrell K Royal–Texas Memorial Stadium (formerly just "Memorial Stadium" and "Texas Memorial Stadium") on Joe Jamail Field since 1924. The stadium is located on the campus of The University of Texas in Austin, Texas. The current official stadium capacity is 100,119,[4] making it the second largest football venue in the state of Texas,[5] the largest in the Big 12 Conference,[6] the fifth largest on-campus stadium in the NCAA, and the seventh largest non-racing stadium in the world.

text: The stadium has been expanded several times since its original opening, and now includes 100,119 permanent seats, the nation's first high definition video display in a collegiate facility nicknamed "Godzillatron,"[7] and a newly renovated Joe Jamail Field with FieldTurf. The current DKR-Texas Memorial Stadium and Big 12 attendance record was set on September 4, 2016 with 102,315 spectators.

text: The final planned phase of the stadium's expansion includes the construction of permanent seating and an upper deck in the south end zone, completely enclosing the playing field. The stadium's seating capacity is expected to reach 112,000 once the south end zone is fully enclosed, which would mean DKR-Texas Memorial Stadium would surpass Michigan Stadium as the largest football stadium in North America.[8] However, the date of the final construction phase to fully enclose the south end zone has not been set nor have any funds been raised. Varying sources claim this phase may not take place for upwards of 10 to 15 years, though on March 11, 2014 an announcement was made that an exploratory committee has been formed regarding the expansion of the stadium in conjunction with the construction of the Dell Medical School on campus.

text: Before the Longhorns football team moved to DKR, they played their home games at Clark Field from 1894 to 1924. Clark Field was a wooden-structured stadium located on the University of Texas campus.[9] The Longhorns last game at Clark Field before moving to brand new Memorial Stadium occurred on October 25, 1924. The Longhorns battled the Florida Gators to a 7–7 tie that day.[10]

text: Uniforms[edit]

text: Colors[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The 1893 team did not always wear orange. They also wore gold and white uniforms. In 1895, the Texas Athletic Association moved to orange and white colors. In 1897, the Association moved to orange and maroon to save cleaning costs. The Cactus Yearbook at the time listed the University colors as either gold or orange and white until the 1899 Cactus declared the University colors to be gold and maroon. Students at the University's medical branch in Galveston (UTMB) were in favor of royal blue. By 1899, a UT fan could have worn any of yellow, orange, white, red, maroon, or even blue.[11]

text: The Board of Regents held an election in that year to decide the team colors. Students, faculty, staff and alumni were asked vote. 1,111 votes were cast, with 562 in favor of orange and white. Orange and maroon received 310, royal blue 203, crimson 10, and royal blue and crimson 11. For the next thirty years, Longhorn teams wore bright orange on their uniforms, which faded to yellow by the end of the season. By the 1920s, other teams sometimes called the Longhorn squads "yellow bellies," a term that didn't sit well with the athletic department. In 1928, UT football coach Clyde Littlefield ordered uniforms in a darker shade of orange that wouldn't fade, which would later become known as "burnt orange" or "Texas orange." The dark-orange color was used until the dye became too expensive during the Great Depression, and the uniforms reverted to the bright orange for another two decades, until coach Darrell K Royal revived the burnt-orange color in the early 1960s.[11]

text: For the 2009 Lone Star Showdown, the Longhorns wore a Nike Pro Combat uniform.

text: Helmets[edit]

text: From 1961 to 1962, the Longhorns' helmets featured the individual player's number on the side in burnt orange above the "Bevo" logo, which was also in burnt orange, with a large burnt-orange stripe down the middle of the helmet. The burnt-orange stripe was removed in 1963 and the helmet featured only the burnt-orange Bevo logo below the player's number, which was also in burnt orange.In 1967, the team abandoned the individual player's number above the logo, and moved the burnt-orange Bevo logo to the center of the helmet's side. With the exception of the 1969 season, this remained the team's helmet design until 1977.In 1969, the helmet design commemorated the 100th anniversary of the first college football game. The player's number was replaced by a large burnt-orange football above the Bevo logo. Inside the football was a white number "100" that indicated the anniversary year.

text: Championships and bowl games[edit]

text: National championships (9)[edit]

text: The following list of national championships accounts for the four that are officially claimed by the University of Texas (in bold) and the five additional titles awarded by sources recognized by the NCAA, but not claimed by the University. Texas teams have also been selected as national champions in six other years (1918, 1930, 1945, 1947, 1950, 2008) by various nationally published ratings systems or voters which are not recognized by the University or the NCAA.

text:
Year
Coach
Selector
Record
Bowl

1914
David Allerdice
Billingsley Report
8–0
No Bowl

1941
Dana X. Bible
Berryman, Williamson System
8–1–1
No Bowl

1963
Darrell Royal
AP, Coaches
11–0
Won Cotton

1968
Darrell Royal
Devold System, Matthews Grid Ratings, Sagarin Ratings
9–1–1
Won Cotton

1969
Darrell Royal
AP, Coaches, POTUS
11–0
Won Cotton

1970
Darrell Royal
Coaches
10–1
Lost Cotton

1977
Fred Akers
Berryman, Foundation for the Analysis of Competitions and Tournaments (FACT), Sagarin Ratings
11–1
Lost Cotton

1981
Fred Akers
National Championship Foundation
10–1–1
Won Cotton

2005
Mack Brown
BCS, AP, Coaches
13–0
Won Rose

Total National Championships:
9

text: Conference championships (32)[edit]

text: Texas has won 2 Texas Intercollegiate Athletic Association titles, 27 Southwest Conference titles (21 outright), and has won the Big 12 Conference title three times.

text: Texas ranks 6th in total conference championships won among all NCAA teams[13]

text:
Year
Conference
Overall record
Conference record

1913
TIAA
7–1
3–0

1914
TIAA
8–0
4–0

1916[14]
Southwest
7–2
5–1

1918[15]
Southwest
9–0
4–0

1920
Southwest
9–0
5–0

1928
Southwest
7–2
5–1

1930
Southwest
8–1–1
4–1

1942
Southwest
9–2
5–1

1943
Southwest
7–1–1
5–0

1945
Southwest
10–1
5–1

1950
Southwest
9–2
6–0

1952
Southwest
9–2
6–0

1953†
Southwest
7–3
5–1

1959†
Southwest
9–2
5–1

1961†
Southwest
10–1
6–1

1962
Southwest
9–1–1
6–0–1

1963
Southwest
11–0
7–0

1968†
Southwest
9–1–1
6–1

1969
Southwest
11–0
7–0

1970
Southwest
10–1
7–0

1971
Southwest
8–3
6–1

1972
Southwest
10–1
7–0

1973
Southwest
8–3
7–0

1975†
Southwest
10–2
6–1

1977
Southwest
11–1
8–0

1983
Southwest
11–1
8–0

1990
Southwest
10–2
8–0

1994†
Southwest
8–4
4–3

1995
Southwest
10–2–1
7–0

1996
Big 12
8–5
6–2

2005
Big 12
13–0
8–0

2009
Big 12
13–1
8–0

text: † Denotes co-champions

text: Conference affiliations [16]

text:
1893–1895: Independent
1896–1904: Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association
1905–1912: Independent
1913–1914: Texas Intercollegiate Athletic Association
1915–1995: Southwest Conference
1996–present: Big 12 Conference

text: Divisional championships (7)[edit]

text: [17] Texas has won a share of 7 Big 12 South titles, 5 of which resulted in an appearance in the Big 12 Championship Game. Texas is 3–2 in those appearances. As of 2011, the new ten team Big 12 Conference ceased to have divisions and conference championship games.

text:
Year
Division championship
Big 12 CG result
Opponent
PF
PA

1996
Big 12 South
W
Nebraska
37
27

1999
Big 12 South
L
Nebraska
6
22

2001
Big 12 South
L
Colorado
37
39

2002
Big 12 South
NA*
NA
NA
NA

2005
Big 12 South
W
Colorado
70
3

2008
Big 12 South
NA†
NA
NA
NA

2009
Big 12 South
W
Nebraska
13
12

text: *Both Texas and Oklahoma tied in the Big 12 South Division with 6–2 conference records and due to a tie-breaking rule Oklahoma advanced to the Big 12 Championship Game.

text: †A three-way tie in the Big 12 South Division between Texas, Oklahoma and Texas Tech all with 7–1 conference records, due to a tie-breaking rule Oklahoma advanced to the Big 12 Championship Game.

text: Bowl Championship Series games (4)[edit]

text: Texas has played in 4 BCS games, including two BCS National Championships. Texas also played in two Bowl Alliance games (the precursor to the BCS), the 1995 Sugar Bowl and the 1997 Fiesta Bowl.

text:
Season
BCS game
Result
Opponent
PF
PA

2004
Rose Bowl
W
No. 12 Michigan
38
37

2005
Rose Bowl (BCS National Championship Game)
W
No. 1 USC
41
38

2008
Fiesta Bowl
W
No. 10 Ohio State
24
21

2009
BCS National Championship Game
L
No. 1 Alabama
21
37

text: Bowl game appearances (53)[edit]

text: At the end of the 2013 season, Texas is second in all time bowl appearances in the NCAA FBS at 52.[18] (Note: Some years Texas went to two bowls although they were in different seasons)

text:
Bowl game
No. of appearances
First year
Last year
Bowl record

Cotton Bowl
22
1943
2003
11–10–1

Bluebonnet Bowl†
6
1960
1987
3–2–1

Holiday Bowl
5
2000
2011
3–2–0

Sun Bowl
4
1978
1994
2–2–0

Sugar Bowl
3
1948
1995
1–2–0

Alamo Bowl
3
2006
2013
2–1–0

Orange Bowl
2
1949
1965
2–0–0

Fiesta Bowl
2
1997
2009
1–1–0

Rose Bowl
2*
2005
2006*
2–0–0*

BCS National Championship
2*
2006*
2010
1–1–0*

Gator Bowl
1
1974
1974
0–1–0

Freedom Bowl‡
1
1984
1984
0–1–0

Texas Bowl†
1
2014
2014
0–1–0

Total bowl appearances
53
Total bowl record
27–24–2

text: *The 2006 Rose Bowl was both the Rose Bowl Game and the sanctioned BCS National Championship Game, after that season the BCS NCG became a separate game unaffiliated with the major bowl games.

text: † The Bluebonnet Bowl in Houston, TX was discontinued in 1988, but was replaced by the Houston Bowl (2000–2001) and the Texas Bowl (2006–current).

text: ‡ The Freedom Bowl merged with the Holiday Bowl in 1995.

text: Record book[edit]

text: National records

text:
Texas has the third most wins (886) in NCAA college football with an 886–346–33 all-time win/loss record.[19]
Texas ranks 2nd in the NCAA post-season bowl game appearances with 53 appearances as of 2014 with a 27–24–2 record.[20]
Texas is the only football program to post at least 10 wins from 2001–2009 seasons.

text: Conference records

text:
Texas ranks 1st in the Big 12 conference for most bowl game appearances and victories.
Texas ranks 1st with a Big 12 conference record of 109–45 (.707) since conference began in 1996.
Texas ranks 2nd with 5 Big 12 conference championships game appearances with a 3-2 record.
Texas holds the Big 12 Conference record for 21 consecutive conference wins from 2004–2006.
Texas holds the Big 12 Conference record for 13 consecutive conference road wins from 2002-2006
Texas holds the record for the most Southwest Conference Championships won with 27.
Texas won a record 6 straight Southwest Conference Championships from 1968–1973.
Texas is 6th with 32 total conference championships won among all NCAA teams.

text: All-time records against other conferences

text:
Texas holds an 83–30–7 all-time record against the American Athletic Conference.
Texas holds an 18–12–1 all-time record against the Atlantic Coast Conference.
Texas holds a 304–130–10 all-time record against the Big 12 Conference.
Texas holds a 27–11–0 all-time record against the Big 10 Conference.
Texas holds an 87–21–1 all-time record against the Conference USA.
Texas holds a 6–12–0 all-time record against the Division 1A Independents.
Texas holds a 13–1–0 all-time record against the Mountain West Conference.
Texas holds a 37–21–0 all-time record against the Pac-12 Conference.
Texas holds a 189–94–10 all-time record against the Southeastern Conference.
Texas holds an 11–0–0 all-time record against the Sun Belt Conference.

text: Poll records

text:
Texas ranks 6th in total appearances in the AP Poll with 703 weekly appearances since the poll began in 1936.
Texas ranks 1st in total appearances in the BCS Standings with 105 weekly appearances since the rankings began in 1998.
Texas holds the NCAA record of most consecutive weeks ranked at 162 from the 2000–2010 seasons.
Texas has been ranked in 69 of the 81 seasons (1936-2016) the AP has conducted polls.
Texas has appeared in 53 out of the 71 AP pre-season polls (1950-2016).
Texas has been ranked No. 1 in the AP Poll a total of 45 weeks
Texas has been ranked in the top 5 of the AP Poll a total of 267 weeks.
Texas has been ranked in the top 10 of the AP Poll a total of 443 weeks.
Texas has been ranked in the top 25 of the AP Poll a total of 703 weeks.
Texas has finished the season in the top 25 overall in 48 out of 76 possible polls.
Texas has a 30–7–3 record when ranked the No. 1 team in the AP Poll
Texas has played in six No. 1 vs No. 2 matchups and has posted victories in 4 of the six contests
Texas has played in 164 Top 25 AP poll games since 1936 and has posted victories in 95 of those contests

text: Bowl records

text:
Texas is 2nd in the NCAA post-season bowl game appearances with 53 appearances as of 2014 with a 27–24–2 record.
Texas had 6 consecutive bowl streaks from 1959–1964, 8 from 1968–1975, 9 from 1977–1985, and 12 from 1998–2009.
Texas is tied for 3rd place for most all-time bowl victories.
Texas has 4 BCS Bowl appearances with 3–1 record in BCS Bowl games (.750) 2nd most successful.
Texas holds the record for the most Cotton Bowl Classic appearances and victories (22).
Texas is one of four teams to have won all original New Year's Day bowl games (Rose, Fiesta, Sugar, Orange, and Cotton Bowls).

text: Other accomplishments

text:
First college team to implement the famous Wing-T and Wishbone Offenses.
Texas has 108 winning seasons out of 122 total seasons of football.
Texas is 103-18-3 (.843) all-time in season opening games.
Texas is 69-15-3 (.810) in openers at Darrell K Royal - Texas Memorial Stadium
Texas has had 9 undefeated seasons and 26 additional seasons with at most one loss and/or tie.
23 seasons with 10 or more wins.
10 seasons with 11 or more wins.
71 seasons with 8 or more wins.

text: Appearances in the final Associated Press and Coaches polls[edit]

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2017)

text: Texas has made 707 appearances in the Associated Press poll over 81 seasons (1936-2016). Texas has spent 443 weeks in the Top 10, 267 weeks in the Top 5, and 45 weeks at #1. Texas has finished the year ranked in the final Associated Press and/or Coaches polls of the season 48 times with 28 finishes in the Top 10 and 20 finishes in the Top 5:

text:
Year
Record
AP
Coaches

1941
8–1–1
4
N/A

1942
9–2–0
11
N/A

1943
7–1–1
14
N/A

1945
10–1–0
5
N/A

1946
8–2–0
15
N/A

1947
10–1–0
5
N/A

1950
9–2–0
3
2

1952
9–2–0
10
11

1953
7–3–0
11
8

1957
6–4–1
11
11

1959
9–2–0
4
4

1960
7–3–1
N/A
17

1961
10–1–0
3
4

1962
9–1–1
4
4

1963
11–0–0
1
1

1964
10–1–0
5
5

1968
9–1–1
3
5

1969
11–0–0
1
1

1970
10–1–0
3
1

1971
8–3–0
18
12

1972
10–1–0
3
5

1973
8–3–0
14
8

1974
8–4–0
17
N/A

1975
10–2–0
6
7

Year
Record
AP
Coaches

1977
11–1–0
4
5

1978
9–3–0
9
9

1979
9–3–0
12
13

1981
10–1–1
2
4

1982
9–3–0
17
18

1983
11–1–0
5
5

1987
7–5–0
N/A
19

1990
10–2–0
12
11

1994
8–4–0
25
23

1995
10–2–1
14
14

1996
8–5–0
23
23

1998
9–3–0
15
16

1999
9–5–0
21
23

2000
9–3–0
12
12

2001
11–2–0
5
5

2002
11–2–0
6
7

2003
10–3–0
12
11

2004
11–1–0
5
4

2005
13–0–0
1
1

2006
10–3–0
13
13

2007
10–3–0
10
10

2008
12–1–0
4
3

2009
13–1–0
2
2

2012
9–4–0
19
18

text: Individual accomplishments[edit]

text: National awards and honors[edit]

text: The University of Texas has had 129 Longhorns selected to the College Football All-America Team including 53 Consensus and 22 Unanimous; Texas also has 17 players and coaches that have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame.[21]

text:
Major honors

Heisman Trophy
Most Outstanding Player

Earl Campbell – 1977
Ricky Williams – 1998

Maxwell Award
Best Football Player

Tommy Nobis – 1965
Ricky Williams – 1998
Vince Young – 2005
Colt McCoy – 2009

Walter Camp Award
Player of the Year

Ricky Williams – 1998
Colt McCoy – 2008
Colt McCoy – 2009

Chic Harley Award
College Football Player of the Year

Earl Campbell – 1977
Ricky Williams – 1998
Colt McCoy – 2009

Archie Griffin Award
Most Valuable Player

Vince Young – 2005
Colt McCoy – 2009

AT&T ESPN All-America Player
Fans Most Valuable Player

Cedric Benson – 2004
Vince Young – 2005
Colt McCoy – 2009

AP Player of the Year
Most Outstanding Player

Ricky Williams – 1998

SN Player of the Year
Top Collegiate Football Player

Earl Campbell – 1977
Ricky Williams – 1998
Colt McCoy – 2009

UPI Player of the Year
NCAA Coaches Player of the Year

Earl Campbell – 1977

Freshman of the Year
Top Quarterback

Colt McCoy – 2006

University honors

Retired Jersey Numbers
University Honor

Bobby Layne (No. 22) – 1944–1947
Tommy Nobis (No. 60) – 1963–1965
Earl Campbell (No. 20) – 1974–1977
Ricky Williams (No. 34) – 1995–1998
Vince Young (No. 10) – 2003–2005
Colt McCoy (No. 12) – 2006–2009

Offensive honors

Doak Walker Award
Best Running Back

Ricky Williams – 1997
Ricky Williams – 1998
Cedric Benson – 2004
D'Onta Foreman - 2016

Jim Brown Trophy
Top Running Back

Ricky Williams – 1997
Ricky Williams – 1998

Paul Warfield Trophy
Top Wide Receiver

Jordan Shipley – 2009

Davey O'Brien Award
Best Quarterback

Vince Young – 2005
Colt McCoy – 2009

Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award
Outstanding Senior Quarterback

Colt McCoy – 2009

Manning Award
Best Quarterback

Vince Young – 2005
Colt McCoy – 2009

Quarterback of the Year
Top Quarterback

Colt McCoy – 2009

Coaching Honors

AFCA Award
Coach of the Year

Darrell Royal – 1963
Darrell Royal – 1970

Eddie Robinson Award
Coach of the Year

Darrell Royal – 1961
Darrell Royal – 1963

SN National Coach of the Year
Coach of the Year

Darrell Royal – 1963
Darrell Royal – 1969

Paul "Bear" Bryant Award
Coach of the Year

Mack Brown – 2005

Bobby Dodd Award
Coach of the Year

Mack Brown – 2008

Broyles Award
Best Assistant Coach

Greg Davis – 2005

AFCA Award
Assistant Coach of the Year

Mac McWhorter – 2008

Defensive honors

Lombardi Award
Best Defensive Player

Kenneth Sims – 1981
Tony Degrate – 1984
Brian Orakpo – 2008

Nagurski Trophy
Top Defensive Player

Derrick Johnson – 2004
Brian Orakpo – 2008

Outland Trophy
Top Interior Lineman

Scott Appleton – 1963
Tommy Nobis – 1965
Brad Shearer – 1977

Dick Butkus Award
Best Linebacker

Derrick Johnson – 2004

Jack Lambert Trophy
Top Linebacker

Derrick Johnson – 2004

Jim Thorpe Award
Top Defensive Back

Michael Huff – 2005
Aaron Ross – 2006

Ted Hendricks Award
Top Defensive End

Brian Orakpo – 2008
Jackson Jeffcoat - 2013

Bill Willis Trophy
Top Defensive Lineman

Brian Orakpo – 2008

UPI Lineman of the Year
Lineman of the Year

Scott Appleton – 1963
Kenneth Sims – 1981

Other honors

Draddy Trophy (Academic Heisman)
Best On and Off Field Performance

Dallas Griffin – 2007
Sam Acho – 2010

Nils V. "Swede" Nelson Award
Best Sportsmanship

Pat Culpepper – 1962

Wuerffel Trophy
Athletics, Academics, & Community Service

Sam Acho – 2010

Today's Top VIII Award
Outstanding Senior Student-Athletes

Kenneth Sims – 1982

Amos Alonzo Stagg Award
Outstanding Service for College Football

Dana X. Bible – 1954
(Head Coach and Athletic Director)
Darrell Royal – 2010
(Head Coach and Athletic Director)

Disney Spirit Award
College Football's Most Inspirational Figure

Nate Boyer – 2012

text: Conference awards[edit]

text: As of 2009 the Texas Longhorns have had 492 All-Conference Players since 1915, including 292 in the Southwest Conference and 200 in the Big 12 where the Longhorn player have had 63 first team and 43 second team all conference players.[22]

text:
Big 12 Offensive Player of the Year

Ricky Williams, RB, 1997
Ricky Williams, RB, 1998
Major Applewhite, QB, 1999
Vince Young, QB, 2005
Colt McCoy, QB, 2009

Big 12 Offensive Freshman of the Year

Major Applewhite, QB, 1998
Roy Williams, WR, 2000
Cedric Benson, RB, 2001
Vince Young, QB, 2003
Jamaal Charles, RB, 2005
Colt McCoy, QB, 2006

Big 12 Offensive Lineman of the Year

Justin Blalock, 2006

Big 12 Defensive Player of the Year

Casey Hampton, DL, 2000
Derrick Johnson, LB, 2004
Aaron Ross, DB, 2006
Brian Orakpo, DL, 2008
Jackson Jeffcoat, DE, 2013

Big 12 Defensive Freshman of the Year

Cory Redding, DL, 1999
Derrick Johnson, LB, 2001
Rodrique Wright, DL, 2002
Brian Orakpo, DL, 2005
Quandre Diggs, DB, 2011

Big 12 Defensive Lineman of the Year

Brian Orakpo, 2008

Big 12 Coach of the Year

Mack Brown, 2005
Mack Brown, 2009

text: Longhorns in the NFL[edit]

text:
317 Longhorns have been drafted into the NFL, including 43 in the 1st round.[23]
As of March 11, 2017[update], The Longhorns currently have 22 players active on NFL rosters.

text:
Sam Acho, LB, Chicago Bears
Malcolm Brown, RB, Los Angeles Rams
Malcom Brown, DT, New England Patriots
Tarell Brown, CB
Chykie Brown, CB, Cincinnati Bengals
Jamaal Charles, RB, Denver Broncos
Phil Dawson, K, Arizona Cardinals
Quandre Diggs, CB, Detroit Lions
Marquise Goodwin, WR, San Francisco 49ers
Michael Griffin, S, Carolina Panthers
Lamarr Houston, DT, Chicago Bears
Jackson Jeffcoat, DE
Jordan Hicks, LB, Philadelphia Eagles
Derrick Johnson, LB, Kansas City Chiefs
Colt McCoy, QB, Washington Redskins
Henry Melton, DE

Roy Miller, DT, Jacksonville Jaguars
Alex Okafor, LB
Brian Orakpo, OLB, Tennessee Titans
Keenan Robinson, LB
Brian Robison, DE, Minnesota Vikings
Geoff Swaim, TE, Dallas Cowboys
Earl Thomas, S, Seattle Seahawks
Mykkele Thompson, S, New York Giants
Justin Tucker, K, Baltimore Ravens
Kenny Vaccaro, S, New Orleans Saints
Fozzy Whittaker, RB, Carolina Panthers
Chris Whaley, DT, Dallas Cowboys
Aaron Williams, S

text: Culture & Rivalries[edit]

text: Rivalries[edit]

text: Texas has several long-standing rivalries with several schools throughout the duration of the Southwest Conference and the Big 12 Conference. The University's biggest rival historically is their instate rival, Texas A&M University [24][25] which began in 1894 and ran through the 2011 season. Currently, Texas leads the series 76-5-37. Their most significant and most fierce rivalry however is with the University of Oklahoma which began in 1900 and is played annually at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, TX. Texas leads 61-5-45.[26][27] Texas once had a major rivalry with Southwest Conference foe Arkansas where several meetings between the two schools would decide the winner of the Southwest Conference. The rivalry with Arkansas has become less important since Arkansas joined the SEC and because the schools no longer play each other regularly. Texas holds winning records over all four of their main rivals in football.[28][29][30][31]

text: Oklahoma Sooners[edit]

text: Texas has a long-standing rivalry with the University of Oklahoma. The football game between the University of Texas and Oklahoma is commonly known as the "Red River Rivalry" and is held annually in Dallas, Texas at the Cotton Bowl. Dallas is used as a "neutral site" since it is approximately midway between the two campuses. The stadium is split, with each team having an equal number of supporters on each side of the 50 yard line. Texas state flags fly around the Longhorn end of the stadium and Oklahoma state flags fly around the Sooner end. This border rivalry is often considered to be one of the top five current rivalries in the NCAA. The Red River Shootout originated in 1900, while Oklahoma was still a territory of the United States, and it is the longest-running college-football rivalry played on a neutral field.[32] Since 2005, the football game has received sponsorship dollars in return for being referred to as the "SBC Red River Rivalry"[33] (changed to AT&T Red River Rivalry in 2006 after SBC merged with AT&T), a move which has been criticized both for its commercialism[34] and its political correctness.[35] The University of Texas holds its annual Torchlight Parade during the week of the Red River Rivalry.[36] In recent years, this rivalry has taken on added significance, since both football programs have been highly ranked and compete in the same division of the Big 12 conference. In 2005, the Dallas Morning News did an opinion poll of the 119 Division 1A football coaches as to the nations top rivalry game in college football. The Texas-OU game was ranked third.[26] The game typically has conference or even national significance. Since 1945, one or both of the two teams has been ranked among the top 25 teams in the nation coming into 60 out of 65 games. Twice Texas has defeated the Sooners a record eight straight times from 1940–1947 and 1958–1965. One of the most significant meetings was in 1963 with Oklahoma ranked No. 1 and Texas ranked No. 2, the game won by Texas 28–7 en route to their first officially recognized national championship. The series has also had its share of games that came down to the wire and comebacks most recently in 2009 when Texas cemented a 16–13 victory in the fourth quarter over OU. The game has also been the result of controversy. The meeting in 1976 was a heated affair as the Oklahoma staff was accused of spying on Texas' practices, a move later confirmed by former OU head coach Barry Switzer. In the 2008 season Texas scored 45 points over then No. 1 Oklahoma for the win, but even with the victory Texas would not go on to the Big 12 Championship game due to BCS rankings. Six of the last ten showings featured one of the participants in the BCS National Championship Game (2000, 2003–2005, 2008, 2009), including national titles won by Oklahoma in 2000 and by Texas in 2005. Texas leads the all-time series 61–44–5, with a 49–39–4 edge in Dallas. Texas also holds a 35–32–3 advantage over Oklahoma in the post-modern era.

text: Aspects of the rivalry include:

text:
Series began in 1900 and has been played annually at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas since 1929.
The winner of the game is presented the Golden Hat Trophy, a tradition since 1941.
One or both teams has come into the game ranked in the AP Poll 67 of these last 79 years, including every time in the last 16.
Game has had instances of controversy, including Oklahoma coaches spying on practices.
Texas leads the all-time series 61-44-5.
Texas leads the series in Dallas 49-39-4.
Texas leads 35-32-3 in the post-modern era.

text: Nebraska Cornhuskers[edit]

text: Texas A&M Aggies[edit]

text: The first meeting between the football squads of the University of Texas and Texas A&M was in 1894, a 38–0 win for Texas. In fact, Texas won its first seven games against the Aggies, all of them by shutout. By 1915 Texas held a 15–4–2 advantage against the Aggies. The game was a back and forth affair for the next twenty years as the home team usually took the victory in the game, however Texas still maintained the series lead. In 1940, Texas shutout the Aggies 7–0 and kept them from receiving the Rose Bowl bid that year. From that year forward Texas would go on to win thirty-three of the next thirty-eight games over A&M. It was not until the mid-1980s that A&M developed a win streak over Texas and in the late 1990s and 2000s the rivalry would again go back to Longhorns.[37] The Texas/Texas A&M rivalry has given rise to several stereotypes on both sides: Texas A&M is generally portrayed as the rural smaller school while Texas is portrayed as the urban-wealthy larger school. With the exception of the 1994 game, when A&M's probation restricted the Aggies from being televised, the annual football game with Texas A&M traditionally takes place on Thanksgiving Day or the day after each year. This iconic in-state rivalry is often considered one of the top college rivalries of all time. In July 2011, Texas A&M elected to join the Southeastern Conference beginning in 2012. The move to switch conferences resulted in the ending of the 118-year rivalry game between the two schools. On November 24, 2011, Texas faced Texas A&M in College Station in the final scheduled meeting of the rivalry as of January 2012. Texas defeated Texas A&M 27-25 on a last second field goal to win the final meeting. In an attempt to generate more attention for the rivalry in sports other than football, the two schools created the Lone Star Showdown[38] in 2004. Essentially, each time the two schools meet in a sport, the winner of the matchup gets a point. At the end of the year, the school with the most points wins the series and receives the Lone Star Trophy.

text: Aspects of the rivalry include:

text:
Each school mentions the other in its fight song ("and it's goodbye to A&M" in Texas Fight,[39] and the entire second verse of the Aggie War Hymn is about Texas[40]).
The football series is the third longest running rivalry in all of college football. Next to Baseball and Basketball.[41] Since 1900, the last regular season football game is usually reserved for their matchup.[42]
Each school has elaborate pre-game preparations for the annual football clash, including the Aggie Bonfire[43] and the Hex Rally[44]
Texas has a unique lighting scheme for the UT Tower after wins over Texas A&M.[45]
In the past, mischief has preceded the annual game, such as "kidnapping" Bevo.[46][47]
Texas is 76–37–5 all-time against Texas A&M, including 46–20–3 on Thanksgiving Day.
Texas is 46–13–1 all-time against Texas A&M in Austin.
Texas is 25–22–2 at Kyle Field in College Station.

text: Texas Tech Red Raiders[edit]

text: The first meeting between the Texas Longhorns and Texas Tech Matadors (as the team was known until 1937) was in 1928, a 12–0 win for Texas. The teams only faced each other nine times before 1960 with Texas holding an 8-1 record over Tech at the time.[48] From 1960 to 1995, both schools played annually as members of the Southwest Conference. Since 1996, both schools have played as members of the Big 12 Conference.[49] In 1996, the Texas Tech University System was established and the system's first chancellor, John T. Montford, a former member of the Texas State Senate, started the exchange of a traveling trophy between the two universities called the Chancellor's Spurs.[50][51] The spurs are gold and silver and engraved with Texas Tech's Double T and Texas' interlocking UT logo and were first awarded to Texas after a 38-32 victory over the Red Raiders in Lubbock.[51] Texas leads the all-time series 50–15–0 as of the 2016 season.

text: Aspects of the rivalry include:

text:
Both schools have met during the regular season since 1960.
Texas leads the all-time series over Texas Tech 50-15-0 as of the 2016 season.
Texas holds the largest win streak over Texas Tech with 8 straight wins from 1958-1966.
Texas currently holds the win streak over Texas Tech with 1 straight win since 2016.
Texas holds the largest win margin over Texas Tech with a 58-7 victory in 1999.
The winner of the game is awarded the Chancellors Spurs, a tradition since 1996.

text: Arkansas Razorbacks[edit]

text: Old Southwest Conference rivals, Texas and Arkansas first met in 1894, a 54–0 blowout by Texas. In the days of the Southwest Conference, the game between the two schools usually decided which team would win the conference championship. Overall, Texas won the game about 71% of the time, which led to an incredibly fierce and intense rivalry. The two programs have met 78 times, with Texas holding a decisive 56–22–0 advantage, and have had many big games. The meeting in 1969 is the true Game of the Century commemorating the 100th year of college football, which led to the Longhorns' 1969 national championship. This game still does not sit well with Razorback fans to this day.[52] The game saw Arkansas lead throughout only to have Texas come from behind and win in the final minutes, 15–14. The game also saw former President Richard Nixon attend the game and crown the Longhorns the National Champion in the locker room. Although the 1969 Texas-Arkansas game is also commonly known as The Big Shootout, it has not been played annually since Arkansas's departure from the Southwest Conference to the Southeastern Conference in 1991. However, many Longhorn and Razorback fans still consider this matchup an important rivalry. Texas and Arkansas played in September 2008, with Texas winning, 52–10. Texas and Arkansas also played in the 2014 Texas Bowl, which was won by Arkansas, 31-7. Texas and Arkansas have a scheduled regular season meeting in the 2021 season.

text: All-time records versus rivals[edit]

text:
Team
Rivalry name
Trophy
Active?
Games played
First meeting
Last meeting
Texas wins
Texas losses
Ties
Win %

Arkansas Razorbacks
none
none
No
78
1894
2014 lost 31-7
56
22
0
.718

Oklahoma Sooners
Red River Rivalry
Golden Hat
Governors' trophy
Yes
110
1900
2015 Lost 40-45
61
45
5
.579

Texas A&M Aggies
Lone Star Showdown
Lone Star Trophy
No
118
1894
2011 won 27–25
76
37
5
.644

Texas Tech Red Raiders
none
Chancellor's Spurs
Yes
65
1928
2016 Won 45-37
50
16
0
.758

text: All-time records versus current Big 12 teams[edit]

text:
Opponent
Won
Lost
Tied
Percentage
Streak
First Meeting

Baylor
76
26
4
.736
Won 2
1901

Iowa State
13
2
0
.867
Won 2
1979

Kansas
13
3
0
.813
Lost 1
1901

Kansas State
8
10
0
.444
Won 1
1913

Oklahoma
61
45
5
.577
Lost 1
1900

Oklahoma State
24
7
0
.774
Lost 2
1916

TCU
62
24
1
.718
Lost 3
1897

Texas Tech
50
16
0
.758
Won 1
1928

West Virginia
2
4
0
.333
Lost 2
1956

Totals
307
136
10
.689

text: Traditions[edit]

text: The University of Texas is a tradition-rich school, and many of those traditions are associated with athletics events, especially football. Some Longhorn traditions include:

text:
Bevo – the school mascot, a live Texas longhorn steer present for football games and other special events. It is a common misconception that the mascot's name came from Texas students altering a 13-0 branding a group of Aggies gave the steer. In actuality, Bevo received his name several months before the Aggies could vandalize the steer in a Texas alumni magazine. His name came from the slang term for a steer that is destined to become food, beeve, and in a common practice for the 00's and 10's, an "O" was added at the end, similar to Groucho or Harpo Marx.[54]
Big Bertha – Claimed by the University to be the world's largest drum, however Purdue University makes a similar claim about their drum.
"The Eyes of Texas" – the school song, traditionally led by the Orange Jackets on the football field, sung to the tune of I've Been Working on the Railroad
Hook 'em Horns – the school hand signal, was introduced at a pep rally in 1955.[55] Sports Illustrated featured the Hook 'em Horns symbol in front of a Texas pennant on the cover of their September 10, 1973 issue (pictured).[56]
"Texas Fight" – the school fight song
Texas – Fight! cheer – one side of the stadium yells "Texas!" and then the other side yells "Fight" – this is usually repeated several times
Script Texas – half-time routine by the Longhorn Band
Smokey the Cannon – fired in celebration on game day at the moment of kickoff and after Texas scores
The University of Texas Longhorn Band, nicknamed The Showband of the Southwest
The World's Largest Texas Flag is run on the field prior to home football games, bowl games, and other sporting events. It is also dropped from the President's Balcony during pep rallies. It is owned by the UT Alpha Rho chapter of Alpha Phi Omega.
Lighting the Tower (also known as the Main Building) in orange for various types of sporting victories. After National Championship victories, windows are lighted in the main building to display a large number "1".[57]

text: Future non-conference opponents[edit]

text: Announced schedules as of December 22, 2016. [58]

text:
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027

vs Maryland
at Maryland (Landover, MD)
vs Louisiana Tech
vs USF
at Arkansas
vs Ohio State
vs Rice
at Michigan
vs USF

vs Michigan

vs San Jose State
vs USC
vs LSU
at LSU
vs Rice
at USF
vs UCF
vs USF

at USC
vs Tulsa
at Rice (NRG Stadium)

at Ohio State

text: Personnel[edit]

text: Current coaching staff[edit]

text: as of 10/25/2017

text:
Texas Longhorns football current coaching staff

Name
Position
Alma Mater

Tom Herman
Head coach
California Lutheran University

Tim Beck
Offensive coordinator
University of Central Florida

Drew Mehringer
Wide receivers coach
Rice University

Corby Meekins
Tight ends/fullbacks coach
Sam Houston State University

Derek Warehime
Offensive line coach
University of Tulsa

Todd Orlando
Defensive coordinator
University of Wisconsin–Madison

Craig Naivar
Safeties coach
Hardin–Simmons University

Oscar Giles
Defensive Assistant Coach
University of Texas at Austin

Jason Washington
Defensive Assistant Coach
Texas State University

Michael Huff
Defensive Assistant Coach
University of Texas at Austin

vacant
Recruiting Coordinator

Craig Naivar
Special Teams Coordinator

Yancy McKnight
Head Coach for Strength & Conditioning
Football Operations

Tory Tekyl
Director of Football Operations
Football Operations

Fernando Lovo
Assistant AD for Football Operations
Football Operations

Derek Chang
Director of Player Personnel
Football Operations

Bob Shipley
Director of HS Relations and Player Development
Football Operations

text: Head coaches[edit]

text: The team has had 28 head coaches since it started playing organized football in 1893; however, they played without a head coach in their first season. Texas was an original member of the Southwest Conference, joining in 1915. The Longhorns became a charter member of the Big 12 in 1996 when the Southwest Conference disbanded.[61] The Longhorns have played in 1,208 games during their 118 seasons. In those seasons, nine coaches have led Texas to postseason bowl games: Dana X. Bible, Blair Cherry, Ed Price, Darrell Royal, Fred Akers, David McWilliams, John Mackovic, Mack Brown and Charlie Strong. Ten coaches have won conference championships with the Longhorns: Berry Whitaker, Clyde Littlefield, Bible, Cherry, Price, Royal, Akers, McWilliams, Mackovic, and Brown. Royal and Brown have also won national championships with Texas.

text: Royal is the all-time leader in games coached (219), years coached (20) and total wins (167). Frank Crawford has the highest winning percentage of any Longhorn coach after going 5–0 his only year. Of coaches who served more than one season, Whitaker leads with a .865 winning percentage. Jack Chevigny is, in terms of winning percentage, the worst coach the Longhorns have had (.483). Of the 28 Longhorns coaches, Bible and Royal have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. Royal and Brown have each received National Coach of the Year honors from at least one organization. The current coach is Tom Herman, who was hired in November 2016.[62]


document_title: List of National Football League career rushing yards leaders

question_text: who has the most career rushing yards in the nfl

root

text: Players with at least 10,000 rushing yards[edit]

text:
Key

^
Inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame

*
Denotes player who is still active in the NFL

tag: table

text: Through end of 2017 season.

tag: p

text:
Rank
Player
Team(s) by season
Carries
Yards
Average

1
Emmitt Smith^
Dallas Cowboys (1990–2002)
Arizona Cardinals (2003–2004)
4,409
18,355
4.2

2
Walter Payton^
Chicago Bears (1975–1987)
3,838
16,726
4.4

3
Barry Sanders^
Detroit Lions (1989–1998)
3,062
15,269
5.0

4
Curtis Martin^
New England Patriots (1995–1997)
New York Jets (1998–2005)
3,518
14,101
4.0

5
Frank Gore*
San Francisco 49ers (2005–2014)
Indianapolis Colts (2015–2017)
Miami Dolphins (2018–present)
3,226
14,026
4.3

6
LaDanian Tomlinson^
San Diego Chargers (2001–2009)
New York Jets (2010–2011)
3,174
13,684
4.3

7
Jerome Bettis^
St. Louis/L.A. Rams (1993–1995[a])
Pittsburgh Steelers (1996–2005)
3,479
13,662
3.9

8
Eric Dickerson^
Los Angeles Rams (1983–1987[b])
Indianapolis Colts (1987–1991)
Los Angeles Raiders (1992)
Atlanta Falcons (1993)
2,996
13,259
4.4

9
Tony Dorsett^
Dallas Cowboys (1977–1987)
Denver Broncos (1988)
2,936
12,739
4.3

10
Jim Brown^
Cleveland Browns (1957–1965)
2,359
12,312
5.2

11
Marshall Faulk^
Indianapolis Colts (1994–1998)
St. Louis Rams (1999–2005)
2,836
12,279
4.3

12
Adrian Peterson*
Minnesota Vikings (2007–2016)
New Orleans Saints (2017)
Arizona Cardinals (2017)
2,574
12,276
4.8

13
Edgerrin James
Indianapolis Colts (1999–2005)
Arizona Cardinals (2006– 2008)
Seattle Seahawks (2009)
3,028
12,246
4.0

14
Marcus Allen^
Los Angeles Raiders (1982–1992)
Kansas City Chiefs (1993–1997)
3,022
12,243
4.1

15
Franco Harris^
Pittsburgh Steelers (1972–1983)
Seattle Seahawks (1984)
2,949
12,120
4.1

16
Thurman Thomas^
Buffalo Bills (1988–1999)
Miami Dolphins (2000)
2,877
12,074
4.2

17
Fred Taylor
Jacksonville Jaguars (1998–2008)
New England Patriots (2009–2010)
2,534
11,695
4.6

18
Steven Jackson
St. Louis Rams (2004–2012)
Atlanta Falcons (2013–2014)
New England Patriots (2015)
2,764
11,438
4.1

19
John Riggins^
New York Jets (1971–1975)
Washington Redskins (1976–1985)
2,916
11,352
3.9

20
Corey Dillon
Cincinnati Bengals (1997–2003)
New England Patriots (2004–2006)
2,618
11,241
4.3

21
O. J. Simpson^
Buffalo Bills (1969–1977)
San Francisco 49ers (1978–1979)
2,404
11,236
4.7

22
Warrick Dunn
Tampa Bay Buccaneers (1997–2001)
Atlanta Falcons (2002–2007)
Tampa Bay Buccaneers (2008)
2,669
10,967
4.1

23
Ricky Watters
San Francisco 49ers (1992–1994)
Philadelphia Eagles (1995–1997)
Seattle Seahawks (1998–2001)
2,622
10,643
4.1

24
Jamal Lewis
Baltimore Ravens (2000–2006)
Cleveland Browns (2007–2009)
2,542
10,607
4.2

25
Thomas Jones
Arizona Cardinals (2000–2002)
Tampa Bay Buccaneers (2003)
Chicago Bears (2004–2006)
New York Jets (2007–2009)
Kansas City Chiefs (2010–2011)
2,678
10,591
4.0

26
Tiki Barber
New York Giants (1997–2006)
2,217
10,449
4.7

27
Eddie George
Houston Oilers/Tennessee Titans (1996[c]–2003)
Dallas Cowboys (2004)
2,865
10,441
3.6

28
Ottis Anderson
St. Louis Cardinals (1979–1986[d])
New York Giants (1986–1992)
2,562
10,273
4.0

29
LeSean McCoy*
Philadelphia Eagles (2009–2014)
Buffalo Bills (2015–present)
2,185
10,092
4.6

30
Ricky Williams
New Orleans Saints (1999–2001)
Miami Dolphins (2002–2003), (2005–2010)
Baltimore Ravens (2011)
2,431
10,009
4.1

31
Marshawn Lynch*
Buffalo Bills (2007–2010)
Seattle Seahawks (2010–2015)
Oakland Raiders (2017–present)
2,251
10,003
4.3

text: Active player with 9,000–9,999 yards[edit]

text: Through end of 2017 season.

text: Chris Johnson, 9,651

tag: ul

text: Historical rushing yards leaders[edit]

text: Seven players have been recognized as having held the career rushing yards record in the NFL. Since reliable yardage statistics were not recorded prior to 1932, the first NFL player recognized as the career leader in rushing yards was Cliff Battles, who played from 1932 to 1937 for the Boston Braves / Boston Redskins / Washington Redskins.[1] He led the NFL with 576 yards in 1932 and held on to the record throughout his career. Emmitt Smith has held the record since surpassing Walter Payton's long-standing total in 2002.[2]

text:
Reign
Player
Team(s) by season
Carries
Yards
Average

1932–1941
(9 years)
Cliff Battles^
Washington Redskins (1932–1937)
839
3,511
4.2

1941–1949
(8 years)
Clarke Hinkle^
Green Bay Packers (1932–1941)
1,171
3,860
3.3

1949–1958
(9 years)
Steve Van Buren^
Philadelphia Eagles (1944–1951)
1,320
5,860
4.4

1958–1963
(5 years)
Joe Perry^
San Francisco 49ers (1948–1960, 1963)
Baltimore Colts (1961–1962)
1,737
8,378
4.8

1963–1984
(21 years)
Jim Brown^
Cleveland Browns (1957–1965)
2,359
12,312
5.2

1984–2002
(18 years)
Walter Payton^
Chicago Bears (1975–1987)
3,838
16,726
4.4

2002–present
(15 years)
Emmitt Smith^
Dallas Cowboys (1990–2002)
Arizona Cardinals (2003–2004)
4,409
18,355
4.2


document_title: WhatsApp

question_text: who is the founder of what's up

question_tokens: who is the founder of what 's up

text: WhatsApp

text: History

text: WhatsApp, was incorporated in 2009 by Brian Acton and Jan Koum, both former employees of Yahoo!. After Koum and Acton left Yahoo! in September 2007, the duo traveled to South America as a break from work.[11] At one point they applied for jobs at Facebook but were rejected.[11] For the rest of the following years Koum relied on his $400,000 savings from Yahoo!. In January 2009, after purchasing an iPhone and realizing that the App Store would soon create an industry of apps, Koum started visiting his friend Alex Fishman in West San Jose where the three would discuss "... having statuses next to individual names of the people", but this was not possible without an iPhone developer. Fishman found a Russian developer on RentACoder.com, Igor Solomennikov, and introduced him to Koum. Koum named the app "WhatsApp" to sound like "what's up". On February 24, 2009, he incorporated WhatsApp Inc. in California. However, because early versions of WhatsApp often crashed or got stuck at a particular point, Koum felt like giving up and looking for a new job, upon which Acton encouraged him to wait for a "few more months".[11]

text: In June 2009, Apple launched push notifications, allowing users to be pinged when they were not using an app. Koum changed WhatsApp so that when a user's status is changed, everyone in the user's network would be notified.[11] WhatsApp 2.0 was released with a messaging component and the number of active users suddenly increased to 250,000. Acton was still unemployed and managing another startup, and he decided to join the company.[11] In October 2009, Acton persuaded five former friends in Yahoo! to invest $250,000 in seed funding, and Acton became a co-founder and was given a stake. He officially joined on November 1.[11] After months at beta stage, the application eventually launched in November 2009 exclusively on the App Store for the iPhone. Koum then hired a friend who lived in Los Angeles, Chris Peiffer, to develop the BlackBerry version, which arrived two months later.[11]

text: WhatsApp was switched from a free to paid service to avoid growing too fast, mainly because the primary cost was sending verification texts to users. In December 2009, the ability to send photos was added to WhatsApp for the iPhone. By early 2011, WhatsApp was one of the top 20 apps in Apple's U.S. App Store.[11]

text: In April 2011, Sequoia Capital was the only venture investor in WhatsApp and paid approximately $8 million for more than 15 percent of the company, after months of negotiation with Sequoia partner Jim Goetz.[52][53][54]

text: By February 2013, WhatsApp had about 200 million active users and 50 staff members. Sequoia invested another $50 million, and WhatsApp was valued at $1.5 billion.[11]

text: In a December 2013 blog post, WhatsApp claimed that 400 million active users use the service each month.[55]

text: Facebook subsidiary (2014–present)

text: On February 19, 2014, months after a venture capital financing round at a $1.5 billion valuation,[56] Facebook announced it was acquiring WhatsApp for US$19 billion, its largest acquisition to date.[49] At the time, the acquisition was the largest purchase of a venture-backed company in history.[48] Sequoia Capital received an approximate 50x return on its initial investment.[57] Facebook, which was advised by Allen & Co, paid $4 billion in cash, $12 billion in Facebook shares, and (advised by Morgan Stanley) an additional $3 billion in restricted stock units granted to WhatsApp's founders, Koum and Acton.[58] Employee stock was scheduled to vest over four years subsequent to closing.[49] Days after the announcement, WhatsApp users experienced a loss of service, leading to anger across social media.[59]

text: The acquisition caused a considerable number of users to move, or try out other message services as well. Telegram claimed to have seen 8 million additional downloads of its app.[60] Line claimed to have seen 2 million new users for its service.[61]

text: At a keynote presentation at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona in February 2014, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg said that Facebook's acquisition of WhatsApp was closely related to the Internet.org vision.[62][63] According to a TechCrunch article, Zuckerberg's vision for Internet.org was as follows: "The idea, he said, is to develop a group of basic internet services that would be free of charge to use – 'a 911 for the internet.' These could be a social networking service like Facebook, a messaging service, maybe search and other things like weather. Providing a bundle of these free of charge to users will work like a gateway drug of sorts – users who may be able to afford data services and phones these days just don’t see the point of why they would pay for those data services. This would give them some context for why they are important, and that will lead them to paying for more services like this – or so the hope goes."[62]

text: Just three days after announcing that WhatsApp had been purchased by Facebook, Koum said they were working to introduce voice calls in the coming months. He also advanced that new mobile phones would be sold in Germany with the WhatsApp brand, as their main goal was to be in all smartphones.[64]

text: In August 2014, WhatsApp was the most globally popular messaging app, with more than 600 million active users.[65] By early January 2015, WhatsApp had 700 million monthly active users with over 30 billion messages being sent every day.[66] In April 2015, Forbes predicted that between 2012 and 2018, the telecommunications industry will lose a combined total of $386 billion because of OTT services like WhatsApp and Skype.[67] That month, WhatsApp had over 800 million active users.[68][69] By September 2015, the user base had grown to 900 million,[70] and by February 2016 it had grown to one billion.[50]

text: As of November 30, 2015, the Android client for WhatsApp started making links to another messenger called Telegram unclickable and uncopyable.[71][72][73] This is an active block, as confirmed by multiple sources, rather than a bug,[73] and the Android source code which recognises Telegram URLs has been identified.[73] URLs with "telegram" as domain-name are targeted actively and explicitly – the word "telegram" appears in the code.[73] This functioning risks being considered anti-competitive,[71][72][73] and has not been explained by WhatsApp.

text: Recent (2016-present)

text: On January 18, 2016, WhatsApp's founder Jan Koum announced that the service would no longer charge their users a $1 annual subscription fee in an effort to remove a barrier faced by some users who do not have a credit card to pay for the service.[33][34] He also explained that the app would not display any third party advertisement and instead would bring new features such as the ability to communicate with business organizations.[50][74]

text: By June 2016, more than 100 million voice calls are made per day on WhatsApp according to a post on the company's blog.[75]

text: On November 10, 2016, WhatsApp launched a two-step verification feature in beta for Android users. After enabling this feature, users can add their email address for further protection.[76] Also in November 2016, Facebook ceased collecting WhatsApp data for advertising in Europe.[77]

text: On February 24, 2017, (WhatsApp's 8th birthday) WhatsApp launched a new Status feature similar to Snapchat and Facebook stories.[78]

text: On May 18, 2017, it was reported that the European Commission was fining Facebook €110 million for "misleading" it during the 2014 takeover of WhatsApp. The Commission alleged that in 2014, when Facebook acquired the messaging app, it "falsely claimed it was technically impossible to automatically combine user information from Facebook and WhatsApp." However, in the summer of 2016 WhatsApp had begun sharing user information with its parent company, allowing information such as phone numbers to be used for targeted Facebook advertisements. Facebook acknowledged the breach, but said the errors in their 2014 filings were "not intentional."[77]

text: In September 2017 WhatsApp announced a forthcoming business platform which will enable companies to provide customer service to users at scale.[43] Airlines KLM and Aeroméxico both announced their participation in the testing;[79][80][81][82] Both airlines had previously launched customer services on the Facebook Messenger platform.

text: Client markets

text: Until 2017 WhatsApp positioned itself as a solution for a single party with a single smartphone to communicate with another such party, enabling small businesses to use the platform to communicate with customers,[83] but not at scale (e.g. in a contact center[disambiguation needed] environment). However in September 2017 WhatsApp announced what had long been rumored,[84][85] that they are building and testing new tools for businesses to use WhatsApp:[86]

text:
a free WhatsApp Business app for small companies and
an Enterprise Solution for bigger companies operating at a large scale with a global base of customers, like airlines, e-commerce sites, and banks

text: Platform support

text: After months at beta stage, the application eventually launched in November 2009 exclusively on the App Store for the iPhone. In January 2010, support for BlackBerry smartphones was added, and subsequently for Symbian OS in May 2010 and for Android OS in August 2010. In August 2011 a beta for Nokia's non-smartphone OS Series 40 was added. A month later support for Windows Phone was added, followed by BlackBerry 10 in March 2013.[87] In April 2015, support for Samsung's Tizen OS was added.[88] An unofficial port has been released for the MeeGo-based Nokia N9 called Wazapp,[89] as well as a port for the Maemo-based Nokia N900 called Yappari.[90]

text: The oldest device capable of running WhatsApp is the Symbian-based Nokia N95 released in March 2007.

text: In August 2014, WhatsApp released an update to its Android app, adding support for Android Wear smartwatches.[91]

text: In 2014 an unofficial open source plug-in called whatsapp-purple was released for Pidgin, implementing its XMPP and making it possible to use WhatsApp on a Windows or Linux PC.[92][third-party source needed] WhatsApp responded by automatically blocking phone numbers that connected to WhatsApp using this plug-in.[citation needed]

text: On January 21, 2015, WhatsApp launched WhatsApp Web, a web client which can be used through a web browser by syncing with the mobile device's connection.[93]

text: On February 26, 2016, WhatsApp announced they would cease support for BlackBerry (including BlackBerry 10), Series 40 and Symbian S60, as well as older versions of Android (2.2), Windows Phone (7.0) and iOS (6), by the end of 2016.[94] BlackBerry, Series 40 and Symbian support was since then extended further to June 30, 2017.[95] In June 2017 support for BlackBerry and Series 40 was once again extended until the end of 2017, while Symbian was dropped.[96]

text: WhatsApp Web

text: WhatsApp was officially made available for PCs through a web client, under the name WhatsApp Web, in late January 2015 through an announcement made by Koum on his Facebook page: "Our web client is simply an extension of your phone: the web browser mirrors conversations and messages from your mobile device—this means all of your messages still live on your phone". The WhatsApp user's handset must still be connected to the Internet for the browser application to function. All major desktop browsers are supported except for Microsoft Internet Explorer. WhatsApp Web's user interface is based on the default Android one.

text: As of January 21, 2015, the desktop version was only available to Android, BlackBerry and Windows Phone users. Later on, it also added support for iOS, Nokia Series 40, and Nokia S60 (Symbian).[97][98]

text: An unofficial derivative called WhatsAppTime has been developed, which is a standard Win32 application for PCs and supports notifications through the Windows notification area.[99] There are similar solutions for macOS, such as the open-source ChitChat[100][101][102] and multiple wrappers available in the App Store.[citation needed]

text: Windows and Mac

text: On May 10, 2016, the messaging service was introduced for both Windows and macOS operating systems. Similar to the WhatsApp Web format, the app, which will be synced with a user's mobile device, is available for download on the website. It supports OS versions of Windows 8 and OS X 10.9 and higher.[42][103]

text: Technical

text: WhatsApp uses a customized version of the open standard Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP).[104] Upon installation, it creates a user account using one's phone number as the username (Jabber ID: [phone number]@s.whatsapp.net).

text: WhatsApp software automatically compares all the phone numbers from the device's address book with its central database of WhatsApp users to automatically add contacts to the user's WhatsApp contact list. Previously the Android and Nokia Series 40 versions used an MD5-hashed, reversed-version of the phone's IMEI as password,[105] while the iOS version used the phone's Wi-Fi MAC address instead of IMEI.[106][107] A 2012 update now generates a random password on the server side.[108]

text: Some Dual SIM devices may not be compatible with WhatsApp, though there are some workarounds for this.[109]

text: In February 2015, WhatsApp introduced a voice calling feature; this helped WhatsApp to attract a completely different segment of the user population.[110][111] On November 14, 2016, Whatsapp added video calling feature for users across Android, iPhone, and Windows Phone devices.[112][113]

text: Multimedia messages are sent by uploading the image, audio or video to be sent to an HTTP server and then sending a link to the content along with its Base64 encoded thumbnail (if applicable).[114]

text: WhatsApp follows a "store and forward" mechanism for exchanging messages between two users. When a user sends a message, it first travels to the WhatsApp server where it is stored. Then the server repeatedly requests the receiver acknowledge receipt of the message. As soon as the message is acknowledged, the server drops the message; it is no longer available in database of server. WhatsApp server keeps the message only for 30 days in its database when it is not delivered (when the receiver is not active on WhatsApp for 30 days).[115][self-published source?]

text: End-to-end encryption

text: On November 18, 2014, Open Whisper Systems announced a partnership with WhatsApp to provide end-to-end encryption by incorporating the encryption protocol used in Signal into each WhatsApp client platform.[116] Open Whisper Systems said that they had already incorporated the protocol into the latest WhatsApp client for Android, and that support for other clients, group/media messages, and key verification would be coming soon after.[117] WhatsApp confirmed the partnership to reporters, but there was no announcement or documentation about the encryption feature on the official website, and further requests for comment were declined.[118] In April 2015, German magazine Heise Security used ARP spoofing to confirm that the protocol had been implemented for Android-to-Android messages, and that WhatsApp messages from or to iPhones running iOS were still not end-to-end encrypted.[119] They expressed the concern that regular WhatsApp users still could not tell the difference between end-to-end encrypted messages and regular messages.[119] On April 5, 2016, WhatsApp and Open Whisper Systems announced that they had finished adding end-to-end encryption to "every form of communication" on WhatsApp, and that users could now verify each other's keys.[39][120] Users were also given the option to enable a trust on first use mechanism in order to be notified if a correspondent's key changes.[121] According to a white paper that was released along with the announcement, WhatsApp messages are encrypted with the Signal Protocol.[122] WhatsApp calls are encrypted with SRTP, and all client-server communications are "layered within a separate encrypted channel".[122] The Signal Protocol library used by WhatsApp is open-source and published under the GPLv3 license.[122][123]

text: Cade Metz, writing in Wired, said "WhatsApp, more than any company before it, has taken encryption to the masses."[45]

text: WhatsApp Payments

text: WhatsApp Payments is a peer to peer money transfer feature that is set to launch in India. WhatsApp has received permission from the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) to enter into partnership with multiple banks in July, 2017[124] to allow users to make in-app payments and money transfers using the Unified Payments Interface (UPI).[125] UPI enables account-to-account transfers from a mobile app without having any details of the beneficiary's bank.[126]

text: Reception and criticism

text: Security and privacy

text: On January 13, 2017, The Guardian reported that security researcher Tobias Boelter had found that WhatsApp's policy of forcing re-encryption of initially undelivered messages, without informing the recipient, constituted a serious loophole whereby WhatsApp could disclose, or be compelled to disclose, the content of these messages.[127] WhatsApp[128] and Open Whisper Systems[129] officials disagreed with this assessment. A follow-up article by Boelter himself explains in greater detail what he considers to be the specific vulnerability.[130] In June 2017, The Guardian readers’ editor Paul Chadwick wrote that "The Guardian was wrong to report in January that the popular messaging service WhatsApp had a security flaw so serious that it was a huge threat to freedom of speech."[131]

text: "In a detailed review I found that misinterpretations, mistakes and misunderstandings happened at several stages of the reporting and editing process. Cumulatively they produced an article that overstated its case."

text: Chadwick also noted that since the Guardian article, WhatsApp has been "better secured by the introduction of optional two-factor verification in February."[131]

text: Business model

text: In response to the Facebook acquisition in 2014, Slate columnist Matthew Yglesias questioned whether the company's business model of charging users $1 a year was viable in the United States in the long term. It had prospered by exploiting a "loophole" in mobile phone carriers' pricing. "Mobile phone operators aren't really selling consumers some voice service, some data service, and some SMS service", he explained. "They are selling access to the network. The different pricing schemes they come up with are just different ways of trying to maximize the value they extract from consumers."[132] As part of that, carriers sold SMS separately. That made it easy for WhatsApp to find a way to replicate SMS using data, and then sell that to mobile customers for $1 a year. "But if WhatsApp gets big enough, then carrier strategy is going to change", he predicted. "You stop selling separate SMS plans and just have a take-it-or-leave-it overall package. And then suddenly WhatsApp isn't doing anything."[132] The situation may have been different in countries other than the United States.

text: Terrorism

text: In December 2015, it was reported that Islamic State terrorists had been using WhatsApp to plot the November 2015 Paris attacks.[133] ISIL also uses WhatsApp to traffic sex slaves.[134]

text: In March 2017, U.K. Secretary of State Amber Rudd said encryption capabilities of messaging tools like WhatsApp are unacceptable, as news reported that Khalid Masood used the application several minutes before perpetrating the 2017 Westminster attack. Rudd publicly called for police and intelligence agencies to be given access to WhatsApp and other encrypted messaging services to prevent future terror attacks.[135]

text: In April 2017, the perpetrator of the Stockholm attack reportedly used WhatsApp to exchange messages with an ISIS supporter shortly before and after the 2017 Stockholm attack. The messages involved discussing how to make an explosive device and a confession of the perpetration the attack.[136]

text: Scams

text: In May 2016, some WhatsApp users were reported to have been tricked into downloading a third-party application called WhatsApp Gold.[137] The application was part of a scam that infected the users' phones with malware.[137] Another application called "GB Whatsapp" is also considered as a related scam.[citation needed] A message that promises to allow access to their WhatsApp friends' conversations, or their contact lists, has become the most popular hit against anyone who uses the application in Brazil. Since December, 2016, more than 1.5 million people have clicked and lost money[138]

text: Bans

text: China

text: In September 2017, after a series of brief disruptions, security researchers reported to The New York Times that WhatsApp service had been completely blocked in China.[139][140][141]

text: Iran

text: On May 9, 2014, the government of Iran announced that it had proposed to block the access to WhatsApp service to Iranian residents. "The reason for this is the assumption of WhatsApp by the Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg, who is an American Zionist," said Abdolsamad Khorramabadi, head of the country's Committee on Internet Crimes. Subsequently, Iranian president Hassan Rouhani issued an order to the Ministry of ICT to stop filtering WhatsApp.[142][143]

text: Turkey

text: Turkey temporarily banned WhatsApp in 2016, following the assassination of the Russian ambassador to Turkey.[144]

text: Brazil

text: On December 17, 2015, mobile providers in Brazil were ordered to block WhatsApp for 48 hours. The ban was ordered for the service's failure to cooperate with criminal court orders in July and August 2015. The following morning, however, a judge from the appeals court ordered that the ban be lifted for being an unreasonable response, recommending that the company be fined instead. Following the ban, but prior to its reversal, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg responded by stating that he was "stunned that our efforts to protect people's data would result in such an extreme decision by a single judge to punish every person in Brazil who uses WhatsApp. We hope the Brazilian courts quickly reverse course." The competing service Telegram reported that 1.5 million Brazilians had downloaded its app while the WhatsApp ban was in place.[145][146]

text: On March 1, 2016, Diego Dzodan, Facebook's vice-president for Latin America was arrested in Brazil for not cooperating with an investigation in which WhatsApp conversations were requested.[147] On March 2, 2016, at dawn the next day, Dzodan was released because the Court of Appeal held that the arrest was disproportionate and unreasonable.[148]

text: On May 2, 2016, mobile providers in Brazil were ordered to block WhatsApp for 72 hours for the service's second failure to cooperate with criminal court orders.[149][150] Once again, the block was lifted following an appeal, after nearly 24 hours.[151]

text: User statistics

text: As of April 22, 2014, WhatsApp had over 500 million monthly active users, 700 million photos and 100 million videos were being shared daily, and the messaging system was handling more than 10 billion messages each day.[152][153]

text: On August 24, 2014, Koum announced on his Twitter account that WhatsApp had over 600 million active users worldwide. At that point WhatsApp was adding about 25 million new users every month, or 833,000 active users per day.[65][154] With 65 million active users representing 10% of the total worldwide users, India has the largest number of consumers.[155]

text: As of February 2017, WhatsApp has over 1.2 billion users globally.[156]

text: Israel is one of WhatsApp's strongest markets in terms of penetration. According to Globes, already by 2013 the application was installed on 92% of all smartphones, with 86% of users reporting daily use.[157] WhatsApp's group chat feature is reportedly used by many Israeli families to stay in contact with each other.[158]

text: Users in India

text:
In May 2014, WhatsApp crossed 50 million monthly active users in India, which is also its largest country by the number of monthly active users.[159]
In October 2014, WhatsApp crossed 70 million monthly active users in India, which is 10% of its total user base (700 MM).[160]
In February 2017, WhatsApp crossed 200 million monthly active users in India.[161]

text: Competition

text: WhatsApp competes with a number of Asian-based messaging services (that as of 2014, were services like WeChat (468 million active users), Viber (209 million active users[162]) and LINE (170 million active users[163])), WhatsApp handled ten billion messages per day in August 2012,[164] growing from two billion in April 2012,[165] and one billion the previous October.[166] On June 13, 2013, WhatsApp announced that they had reached their new daily record by processing 27 billion messages.[167] According to the Financial Times, WhatsApp "has done to SMS on mobile phones what Skype did to international calling on landlines."[168]


document_title: State of the Union

question_text: when did this annual message officially become known as sotu address

text: State of the Union

text: Ceremony[edit]

text: The practice arises from a duty given to the president in the Constitution of the United States:

text: He shall from time to time give to Congress information of the State of the Union and recommend to their Consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient.

text: Although the language of this State of the Union Clause[5] of the Constitution is not specific, since the 1930s, the President makes this report annually in late January or early February. Between 1934 and 2013 the date has been as early as January 3,[6] and as late as February 12.[7]

text: While not required to deliver a speech, every president since Woodrow Wilson, with the notable exception of Herbert Hoover,[8] has made at least one State of the Union report as a speech delivered before a joint session of Congress. Before that time, most presidents delivered the State of the Union as a written report.[6]

text: Since Franklin Roosevelt, the State of the Union is given typically each January before a joint session of the United States Congress and is held in the House of Representatives chamber of the United States Capitol. Newly inaugurated presidents generally deliver an address to Congress in February of the first year of their term, but this speech is not officially considered to be a "State of the Union".[6]

text: What began as a communication between president and Congress has become a communication between the president and the people of the United States. Since the advent of radio, and then television, the speech has been broadcast live on most networks, preempting scheduled programming. To reach the largest audience, the speech, once given during the day, is now typically given in the evening, after 9pm ET (UTC-5).

text: History[edit]

text: George Washington delivered the first regular annual message before a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1790, in New York City, then the provisional U.S. capital. In 1801, Thomas Jefferson discontinued the practice of delivering the address in person, regarding it as too monarchical (similar to the Speech from the Throne). Instead, the address was written and then sent to Congress to be read by a clerk until 1913 when Woodrow Wilson re-established the practice despite some initial controversy. However, there have been exceptions to this rule. Presidents during the latter half of the 20th century[who?] have sent written State of the Union addresses. The last President to do this was Jimmy Carter in 1981, after his defeat by Ronald Reagan and days before his term ended.[9]

text: For many years, the speech was referred to as "the President's Annual Message to Congress".[10] The actual term "State of the Union" first emerged in 1934 when Franklin D. Roosevelt used the phrase, becoming its generally accepted name since 1947.[10]

text:
Franklin Delano Roosevelt

State of the Union (Four Freedoms) (January 6, 1941)

Franklin Delano Roosevelt's January 6, 1941 State of the Union Address introducing the theme of the Four Freedoms (starting at 32:02)

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: Prior to 1934, the annual message was delivered at the end of the calendar year, in December. The ratification of the 20th Amendment on January 23, 1933, changed the opening of Congress from early March to early January, affecting the delivery of the annual message. Since 1934, the message or address has been delivered to Congress in January or February.

text: The Twentieth Amendment also established January 20 as the beginning of the presidential term. In years when a new president is inaugurated, the outgoing president may deliver a final State of the Union message, but none has done so since Jimmy Carter sent a written message in 1981. In 1953 and 1961, Congress received both a written State of the Union message from the outgoing president and a separate State of the Union speech by the incoming president. Since 1989, in recognition that the responsibility of reporting the State of the Union formally belongs to the president who held office during the past year, newly inaugurated Presidents have not officially called their first speech before Congress a "State of the Union" message.

text: In 1936, President Roosevelt set a precedent when he delivered the address at night. Only once before—when Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to order the U.S. into World War I—had a sitting president addressed Congress at night.[11]

text: Warren Harding's 1922 speech was the first to be broadcast on radio, albeit to a limited audience,[12] while Calvin Coolidge's 1923 speech was the first to be broadcast across the nation.[2] Harry S. Truman's 1947 address was the first to be broadcast on television. Lyndon B. Johnson's address in 1965 was the first delivered in the evening.[12] Three years later, in 1968, television networks in the United States, for the first time, imposed no time limit for their coverage of a State of the Union address. Delivered by Lyndon B. Johnson, this address was followed by extensive televised commentary by, among others, Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Milton Friedman.[13] Ronald Reagan's 1986 State of the Union Address is the only one to have been postponed. He had planned to deliver it on January 28, 1986 but postponed it for a week after learning of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster and instead addressed the nation on the day's events.[14][15] Bill Clinton's 1997 address was the first broadcast available live on the World Wide Web.[16]

text: Delivery of the speech[edit]

text: A formal invitation is made by the Speaker of the House to the President several weeks before each State of the Union Address.[17][18]

text: Invitations[edit]

text: Every member of Congress can bring one guest to the State of the Union address. The President may invite up to 24 guests with the First Lady in her box. The Speaker of the House may invite up to 24 guests in the Speaker’s box. Seating for Congress on the main floor is by a first-in, first-served basis with no reservations. The Cabinet, Supreme Court justices, members of the Diplomatic Corps, and Joint Chiefs have reserved seating.

text: Protocol of entry into House chamber[edit]

text: By approximately 8:30 pm on the night of the address, the members of the House have gathered in their seats for the joint session.[19] Then, the Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the Speaker and loudly announces the Vice President and members of the Senate, who enter and take the seats assigned for them.[19]

text: The Speaker, and then the Vice President, specify the members of the House and Senate, respectively, who will escort the President into the House chamber.[19] The Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the Speaker again and loudly announces, in order, the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps, the Chief Justice of the United States and the Associate Justices, and the Cabinet, each of whom enters and takes their seats when called.[19] The justices take the seats nearest to the Speaker's rostrum and adjacent to the sections reserved for the Cabinet and the members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[20]

text: Just after 9 pm, as the President reaches the door to the chamber,[21] the House Sergeant at Arms stands just inside the doors, faces the Speaker, and waits until the President is ready to enter the chamber.[20] When the President is ready, the Sergeant at Arms always announces his entrance, loudly stating the phrase: "Mister Speaker, the President of the United States!"[21]

text: As applause and cheering begins, the President slowly walks toward the Speaker's rostrum, followed by members of his Congressional escort committee.[21] The President's approach is slowed by pausing to shake hands, hug, kiss, and autograph copies of his speech for Members of Congress.[20] After he takes his place at the House Clerk's desk,[21] he hands two manila envelopes, previously placed on the desk and containing copies of the speech, to the Speaker and Vice President.

text: After continuing applause from the attendees has diminished, the Speaker introduces the President to the Representatives and Senators, stating: "Members of Congress, I have the high privilege and distinct honor of presenting to you the President of the United States."[20][21] This leads to a further round of applause and, eventually, the beginning of the address by the President.[21]

text: At close of the ceremony, attendees leave on their own accord. The Sergeants at Arms guides the President out of the Chamber. Some politicians stay to shake hands with and congratulate the President on his way out.

text: Designated survivor and other logistics[edit]

text: Customarily, one cabinet member (the designated survivor) does not attend the speech, in order to provide continuity in the line of succession in the event that a catastrophe disables the President, the Vice President, and other succeeding officers gathered in the House chamber. Additionally, since the September 11 attacks in 2001, a few members of Congress have been asked to relocate to undisclosed locations for the duration of the speech to form a rump Congress in the event of a disaster.[22] Since 2003, each chamber of Congress has formally named a separate designated survivor.[23][24]

text: Both the Speaker and the Vice President sit at the Speaker's desk, behind the President for the duration of the speech. If either is unavailable, the next highest-ranking member of the respective house substitutes. Once the chamber settles down from the President's arrival, the Speaker officially presents the President to the joint session of Congress. The President then delivers the speech from the podium at the front of the House Chamber.

text: In the State of the Union the President traditionally outlines the administration's accomplishments over the previous year, as well as the agenda for the coming year, often in upbeat and optimistic terms.[25] Since the 1982 address, it has also become common for the President to honor special guests sitting in the gallery, such as American citizens or visiting heads of state. During that 1982 address, President Ronald Reagan acknowledged Lenny Skutnik for his act of heroism following the crash of Air Florida Flight 90.[26] Since then, the term "Lenny Skutniks" has been used to refer to individuals invited to sit in the gallery, and then cited by the President, during the State of the Union.[27][28]

text: State of the Union speeches usually last a little over an hour, partly because of the large amounts of applause that occur from the audience throughout. The applause is often political in tone, with many portions of the speech being applauded only by members of the President's own party. As non-political officeholders, members of the Supreme Court or the Joint Chiefs of Staff rarely applaud in order to retain the appearance of political impartiality. In recent years, the presiding officers of the House and the Senate, the Speaker and the Vice President, respectively, have departed from the neutrality expected of presiding officers of deliberative bodies, as they, too, stand and applaud in response to the remarks of the President with which they agree.

text: For the 2011 address, Senator Mark Udall of Colorado proposed a break in tradition wherein all members of Congress sit together regardless of party, as well as the avoiding of standing;[29] this was in response to the 2011 Tucson Shooting in which Representative Gabrielle Giffords was shot and wounded in an assassination attempt. This practice was also repeated during the 2012 address and every address after.[30]

text: Opposition response[edit]

text: Since 1966,[31] the speech has been followed on television by a response or rebuttal by a member of the major political party opposing the President's party. The response is typically broadcast from a studio with no audience. In 1970, the Democratic Party put together a TV program with their speech to reply to President Nixon, as well as a televised response to Nixon's written speech in 1973.[32] The same was done by Democrats for President Reagan's speeches in 1982 and 1985. The response is not always produced in a studio; in 1997, the Republicans for the first time delivered the response in front of high school students.[33] In 2004, the Democratic Party's response was also delivered in Spanish for the first time, by New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson.[34] In 2011, Minnesota Congresswoman Michele Bachmann also gave a televised response for the Tea Party Express, a first for a political movement.[35]

text: Significance[edit]

text: Although much of the pomp and ceremony behind the State of the Union address is governed by tradition rather than law, in modern times, the event is seen as one of the most important in the US political calendar. It is one of the few instances when all three branches of the US government are assembled under one roof: members of both houses of Congress constituting the legislature, the President's Cabinet constituting the executive, and the Chief Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme Court constituting the judiciary. In addition, the military is represented by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, while foreign governments are represented by the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps. The address has also been used as an opportunity to honor the achievements of some ordinary Americans, who are typically invited by the President to sit with the First Lady.[28]

text: Local versions[edit]

text: Certain states have a similar annual address given by the governor. For most of them, it is called the State of the State address. In Iowa, it is called the Condition of the State Address; in Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, the speech is called the State of the Commonwealth address. The mayor of Washington, D.C. gives a State of the District address. American Samoa has a State of the Territory address given by the governor. Puerto Rico has a State Address given by the governor.

text: Some cities or counties also have an annual State of the City Address given by the mayor, county commissioner or board chair, including Sonoma County, California; Orlando, Florida; Cincinnati, Ohio; New Haven, Connecticut; Parma, Ohio; Detroit, Michigan; Seattle, Washington; Birmingham, Alabama; Boston, Massachusetts; Los Angeles, California; Buffalo, New York; Rochester, New York; San Antonio, Texas; McAllen, Texas; and San Diego, California. The Mayor of the Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County in Nashville, Tennessee gives a speech similar called the State of Metro Address. Some university presidents give a State of the University address at the beginning of every academic term.[36][37] Private companies usually have a "State of the Corporation" or "State of the Company" address given by the respective CEO.[38]

text: The State of the Union model has also been adopted by the European Union,[39] and in France since the presidency of Emmanuel Macron.

text: Historic speeches[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
President James Monroe first stated the Monroe Doctrine during his seventh annual State of the Union Address to Congress on December 2, 1823. It became a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States and one of its longest-standing tenets, and would be invoked by many U.S. statesmen and several U.S. presidents, including Theodore Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, and Ronald Reagan.
The Four Freedoms were goals first articulated by Franklin D. Roosevelt on January 6, 1941. In an address known as the Four Freedoms speech, he proposed four fundamental freedoms that people "everywhere in the world" ought to enjoy: freedom of speech and expression, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.
During his State of the Union Address on January 11, 1944, FDR proposed the Second Bill of Rights. Roosevelt's argument was that the "political rights" guaranteed by the constitution and the Bill of Rights had "proved inadequate to assure us equality in the pursuit of happiness".
During his State of the Union address on January 8, 1964, Lyndon B. Johnson introduced legislation that would come to be known as the "War on Poverty". This legislation was proposed by Johnson in response to a national poverty rate of around nineteen percent. The speech led the United States Congress to pass the Economic Opportunity Act, which established the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) to administer the local application of federal funds targeted against poverty.
During his State of the Union address on January 15, 1975, Gerald R. Ford very bluntly stated that "the state of the Union is not good: Millions of Americans are out of work... We depend on others for essential energy. Some people question their Government's ability to make hard decisions and stick with them; they expect Washington politics as usual." Ford said he didn't "expect much, if any, applause. The American people want action, and it will take both the Congress and the President to give them what they want. Progress and solutions can be achieved, and they will be achieved."

text: In his 2002 State of the Union Address, President George W. Bush identified North Korea, Iran, and Iraq as representing significant threats to the United States. He said, "States like these and their terrorist allies constitute an axis of evil, arming to threaten the peace of the world". In this speech, he would outline the objectives for the War on Terror.

text: TV ratings[edit]

text: Television ratings for recent State of the Union Addresses were:[40][41][42]

text:
Date
President
Viewers,
millions

Households,
millions

Rating
Networks

1/30/2018
Donald Trump
45.551
32.168
26.9
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, ESTRELLA, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNN, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, MSNBC, PBS

2/28/2017
Donald Trump
47.741
33.857
28.7
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, UNIVISION, PBS, CNN, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, MSNBC, NBC UNIVERSO

1/12/2016
Barack Obama
31.334
23.040
19.6
ABC, AL JAZEERA AMERICA, AZTECA, CBS, CNN, FOX, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, GALAVISION, MSNBC, NBC, NBC UNIVERSO, UNIVISION**

1/20/2015
Barack Obama
31.710
23.137
19.9
ABC, AL JAZEERA AMERICA, AZTECA, CBS, CNN, FOX, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, GALAVISION, MSNBC, MUNDOFOX, NBC, UNIVISION**

1/28/2014
Barack Obama
33.299
23.949
20.7
CBS, ABC, NBC, FOX, AZTECA, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, CNN, MSNBC, CNBC, AL JAZEERA AMERICA, GALAVISION, MUN2, UNIVISION**

2/12/2013
Barack Obama
33.497
24.767
21.8
FOX, ABC, CBS, NBC, PBS, AZTECA, UNIVISION, MFX, CNBC, CNN, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, MSNBC, CURRENT, CENTRIC, GALAVISION

1/24/2012
Barack Obama
37.752
27.569
24.0
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, TELEMUNDO, TF, UNIVISION, CNBC, CNN, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, GALAVISION, MSNBC, MUN2

1/25/2011
Barack Obama
42.789
30.871
26.6
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNN, CENTRIC, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/27/2010
Barack Obama
48.009
34.182
29.8
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNN, BET, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

2/24/2009
Barack Obama
52.373
37.185
32.5
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION

1/28/2008
George W. Bush
37.515
27.702
24.7
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO**, UNIVISION

1/24/2007
George W. Bush
45.486
32.968
29.6
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION

2/01/2006
George W. Bush
43.179
30.528
31.2
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, AZTECA AMERICA, TELFUTURA

2/02/2005
George W. Bush
39.432
28.359
35.3
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, TELEFUTURA

1/20/2004
George W. Bush
43.411
30.286
28.0
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/28/2003
George W. Bush
62.061
41.447
38.8
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/29/2002
George W. Bush
51.773
35.547
33.6
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

2/27/2001
George W. Bush
39.793
28.201
27.6
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/27/2000
Bill Clinton
31.478
22.536
22.4
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/19/1999
Bill Clinton
43.500
30.700
31.0
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/27/1998
Bill Clinton
53.077
36.513
37.2
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, CNBC

2/04/1997
Bill Clinton
41.100
27.600
28.4
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN

1/23/1996
Bill Clinton
40.900
28.400
29.6
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN

1/24/1995
Bill Clinton
42.200
28.100
29.5
ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN

1/25/1994
Bill Clinton
45.800
31.000
32.9
ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN

2/17/1993
Bill Clinton
66.900
41.200
44.3
ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN


document_title: Focal point

question_text: what is a focal point in a company

question_tokens: what is a focal point in a company

text: Focal point

text: Look up focal point in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

text: Focal point may refer to:

text:
Focus (optics), the point at which initially collimated rays of light meet after passing through a convex lens, or reflecting from a concave mirror
In Fine art, a Focal Point focuses specifically on a point of interest which makes a canvas unique. (e.g. Girl with a Pearl Earring by Johannes Vermeer)
In mathematics:

Focus (geometry), a special point used in describing conic sections
Focal point is a Critical point of a distance function

In an antenna (electronics):

The driven element, directly connected to the transmission line or source
The passive radiator, a conductive element which is not electrically connected to anything else

Focal point (game theory), an equilibrium more likely to be chosen by the players because it seems special, natural or relevant to them
In computer programs, Telelogic Focal Point is a configurable Web-based decision support platform for requirements management, product management and project portfolio management.
Focal Point (album), a 1976 studio album by McCoy Tyner
Focal Point, an imprint of National Geographic
In business, the person or organization responsible for the coordination of activities and tasks among several groups or networks
Among science fiction fanzines, a fanzine which in its era was central to the fannish culture of the day
In IT service management, the person or entity responsible for coordinating service delivery and acting as an escalation point for service delivery failures
In computer software category, FocalPoint (software), is a project administration and timesheet registration software by The Access Group.
Focal Point, a hardcore punk band from the 1990s featuring Ryan Clark
The publishing house of controversial historian David Irving
Focal Point ft, a christian singing group, students of BYU
A radio program