document_title: Pentecost

question_text: when did the holy spirit descended upon the apostles

question_tokens: when did the holy spirit descended upon the apostles

text: Pentecost

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The term Pentecost comes from the Greek Πεντηκοστή (Pentēkostē) meaning "fiftieth" (50th). It refers to the festival celebrated on the fiftieth day after Passover, also known as the "Feast of Weeks"[i]  and the "Feast of 50 days" in rabbinic tradition.[3]

text: The Septuagint uses the term Pentēkostē to refer to the "Feast of Pentecost" only twice, in the deuterocanonical Book of Tobit and 2 Maccabees.[4][5][6] The Septuagint writers also used the word in two other senses: to signify the year of Jubilee (Leviticus 25:10),[4] an event which occurs every 50th year, and in several passages of chronology as an ordinal number.[ii] The term has also been used in the literature of Hellenistic Judaism by Philo of Alexandria and Josephus.[3]

text: Hebrew Bible[edit]

text: In Judaism the Festival of Weeks (Hebrew: שבועות Shavuot) was a harvest festival that was celebrated seven weeks and one day after the first Sabbath of the Feast of Unleavened Bread in Deuteronomy 16:9 or seven weeks and one day after the Sabbath in Leviticus 23:16.[8] The Festival of Weeks was also called the feast of Harvest in Exodus 23:16 and the day of first fruits in Numbers 28:26.[9] In Exodus 34:22 it is called the "firstfruits of the wheat harvest."[10] The date for the "Feast of Weeks" originally came the day after seven full weeks following the first harvest of grain.[11][12] In Jewish tradition the fiftieth day was known as the Festival of Weeks.[9][10]

text: After the destruction of the temple in 70 AD offerings could no longer be brought to the Temple and the festival started to have a different focus, the giving of the law on Sinai.[8] This feast eventually received the name Pentecost from the Koine Greek word Pentekoste meaning fiftieth day. The actual mention of fifty days comes from Leviticus 23:16.[13][1]

text: New Testament[edit]

text: In Christian tradition, Pentecost sees the descent of the Holy Spirit on the first Christians. The biblical narrative of Pentecost is given in the second chapter of the Acts of the Apostles. Peter's sermon in Acts 2:14-36 stresses the resurrection and exaltation.[5] In his sermon, Peter quotes Joel 2:28-32 and Psalm 16 to indicate that first Pentecost marks the start of the Messianic Age. About one hundred and twenty followers of Christ (Acts 1:15) were present, including the Twelve Apostles (Matthias was Judas' replacement) (Acts 1:13, 26), Jesus' mother Mary, other female disciples and his brothers (Acts 1:14).[14] While those on whom the Spirit had descended were speaking in many languages, the Apostle Peter stood up with the eleven and proclaimed to the crowd that this event was the fulfillment of the prophecy.[15] In Acts 2:17, it reads: "'And in the last days,' God says, 'I will pour out my spirit upon every sort of flesh, and your sons and your daughters will prophesy and your young men will see visions and your old men will dream dreams." He also mentions (2:15) that it was the third hour of the day (about 9:00 am). Acts 2:41 then reports: "Then they that gladly received his word were baptized: and the same day there were added unto them about three thousand souls."[16] Critical scholars believe some features of the narrative are theological constructions. Scholars believe that even if the Pentecost narrative is not literally true, it does signify an important event in the history of the early Church which enabled the rapid spread of Christianity. Within a few decades important congregations had been established in all major cities of the Roman Empire.[5]

text: Peter stated that this event was the beginning of a continual outpouring that would be available to all believers from that point on, Jews and Gentiles alike.[17]

text: Location of the first Pentecost[edit]

text: Traditional interpretation holds that the Descent of the Holy Spirit took place in the Upper Room, or Cenacle, while celebrating the day of Pentecost. The Upper Room was mentioned in Luke 22:11-12 where Jesus says:

text: ... say to the owner of the house 'The Teacher asks you, "Where is the guest room, where may I eat the Passover with my disciples?"' He will show you a large room upstairs, already furnished. Make preparations for us there.[19]

text: The Upper Room is also mentioned in Acts 1:13-14:

text: When they had entered the city, they went to the room upstairs where they were staying, Peter, and John, and James, and Andrew, Philip and Thomas, Bartholomew and Matthew, James son of Alphaeus, and Simon the Zealot, and Judas son of James. All of these were constantly devoting themselves to prayer, together with certain women, including Mary the mother of Jesus, as well as his brothers.[20]

text: Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical books[edit]

text: In Tobit 2:1 Pentēkostē is  used as an alternate name for the Jewish holiday of Shavuot.[21] The NABRE translation of this passage reads: "on our festival of Pentecost, the holy feast of Weeks".[22]

text: Liturgical celebration[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Liturgical year
Western
Advent
Christmastide
Epiphanytide
Ordinary Time
Pre-Lent / Shrovetide
Lent
Holy Week
Paschal Triduum
Eastertide
Pentecost
Ordinary Time / Kingdomtide

Eastern
Nativity Fast
Christmastide
Ordinary Time
Pre-Great Lent
Great Lent
Eastertide
Apostles' Fast
Ordinary Time

East Syriac Rite
Weeks of Annunciation
Weeks of Epiphany
Weeks of Great Fast
Weeks of Resurrection
Slihe or Weeks of Apostles
Qaita or Weeks of Summer
Eliya-Sliba-Muse or Weeks of Eliyah, Cross and Muse
Qudas Edta or Weeks of Dedication of Church
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text: Eastern churches[edit]

text: In the Eastern Orthodox Church, Pentecost is one of the Orthodox Great Feasts and is considered to be the highest ranking Great Feast of the Lord, second in rank only to Easter. The service is celebrated with an All-night Vigil on the eve of the feast day, and the Divine Liturgy on the day of the feast itself. Orthodox churches are often decorated with greenery and flowers on this feast day, and the celebration is intentionally similar to the Jewish holiday of Shavuot, which celebrates the giving of the Mosaic Law.

text: The feast itself lasts three days. The first day is known as "Trinity Sunday"; the second day is known as "Spirit Monday" (or "Monday of the Holy Spirit"); and the third day, Tuesday, is called the "Third Day of the Trinity."[23] The Afterfeast of Pentecost lasts for one week, during which fasting is not permitted, even on Wednesday and Friday. In the Orthodox Tradition, the liturgical color used at Pentecost is green, and the clergy and faithful carry flowers and green branches in their hands during the services.

text: A popular tradition arose in both west and east  of decorating the church with roses on Pentecost, leading to a popular designation of Pentecost as Latin: Festa Rosalia or "Rose Feast"; in Greek this became ρουσάλια (rousália).[24] This led to Rusalii becoming the Romanian language term for the feast, as well as the Neapolitan popular designation Pasca rusata ("rosey Easter").[25] In modern times, the term in Greek refers to the eve of Pentecost, not Pentecost itself; or, in the case of Megara in Attica, to the Monday and Tuesday after Pascha,[26] as roses are often used during the whole liturgical season of the Pentecostarion, not just Pentecost. John Chrysostom warned his flock not to allow this custom to replace spiritually adorning themselves with virtue in reception of the Fruits of the Holy Spirit.[24]

text: An extraordinary service called the "Kneeling Prayer" is observed on the night of Pentecost. This is a Vespers service to which are added three sets of long poetical prayers, the composition of Saint Basil the Great, during which everyone makes a full prostration, touching their foreheads to the floor (prostrations in church having been forbidden from the day of Pascha (Easter) up to this point).  Uniquely, these prayers include a petition for all of those in hell, that they may be granted relief and even ultimate release from their confinement, if God deems this possible.[27]

text: All of the remaining days of the ecclesiastical year, until the preparation for the next Great Lent, are named for the day after Pentecost on which they occur (for example, the 13th Tuesday After Pentecost).

text: The Second Monday after Pentecost is the beginning of the Apostles' Fast (which continues until the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul on June 29). Theologically, Orthodox do not consider Pentecost to be the "birthday" of the Church; they see the Church as having existed before the creation of the world (cf. The Shepherd of Hermas)[28]

text: The Orthodox icon of the feast depicts the Twelve Apostles seated in a semicircle (sometimes the Theotokos (Virgin Mary) is shown sitting in the center of them). At the top of the icon, the Holy Spirit, in the form of tongues of fire, is descending upon them. At the bottom is an allegorical figure, called Kosmos, which symbolizes the world. Although Kosmos is crowned with earthly glory he sits in the darkness caused by the ignorance of God. He is holding a towel on which have been placed 12 scrolls, representing the teaching of the Twelve Apostles.

text: In the ancient Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, Pentecost is one of the seven Major "Lord's Feasts". It is celebrated at the time of ninth hour (3:00pm) on the Sunday of Pentecost by a special three-segment prayer known as the "Office of Genuflection (Kneeling Prayer)". This feast is followed with the "Apostles Fast" which has a fixed end date on the fifth of the Coptic month of Epip [which currently falls on July 12, which is equivalent to June 29, due to the current 13-day Julian-Gregorian calendar offset]. The fifth of Epip is the commemoration of the Martyrdom of St. Peter and Paul.

text: Western churches[edit]

text: The liturgical celebrations of Pentecost in Western churches are as rich and varied as those in the East. The main sign of Pentecost in the West is the color red. It symbolizes joy and the fire of the Holy Spirit.

text: Priests or ministers, and choirs wear red vestments, and in modern times, the custom has extended to the lay people of the congregation wearing red clothing in celebration as well. Red banners are often hung from walls or ceilings to symbolize the blowing of the "mighty wind"[29] and the free movement of the Spirit.[30]

text: The celebrations may depict symbols of the Holy Spirit, such as the dove or flames, symbols of the church such as Noah's Ark and the Pomegranate, or especially within Protestant churches of Reformed and Evangelical traditions, words rather than images naming for example, the gifts and Fruits of the Spirit. Red flowers at the altar/preaching area, and red flowering plants such as geraniums around the church are also typical decorations for Pentecost masses/services. These symbolize the renewal of life, the coming of the warmth of summer, and the growth of the church at and from the first Pentecost.[31]   In the southern hemisphere, for example, in southern Australia, Pentecost comes in the mellow autumntide, after the often great heat of summer, and the red leaves of the poinsettia have often been used to decorate churches then.

text: These flowers often play an important role in the ancestral rites, and other rites, of the particular congregation. For example, in both Protestant and Catholic churches, the plants brought in to decorate for the holiday may be each "sponsored" by individuals in memory of a particular loved one, or in honor of a living person on a significant occasion, such as their Confirmation day.[31]

text: In the German speaking lands, in Central Europe, and wherever the people of these nations have wandered, green branches are also traditionally used to decorate churches for Pentecost. Birch is the tree most typically associated with this practice in Europe, but other species are employed in different climates.

text: The singing of Pentecost hymns is also central to the celebration in the Western tradition. Hymns such as Martin Luther's "Komm, Heiliger Geist, Herre Gott" (Come, Holy Spirit, God and Lord),[32][33] Charles Wesley's "Spirit of Faith Come Down"[34][35] and "Come Holy Ghost Our Hearts Inspire"[36] or Hildegard von Bingen's "O Holy Spirit Root of Life"[37][38] are popular. Some traditional hymns of Pentecost make reference not only to themes relating to the Holy Spirit or the church, but to folk customs connected to the holiday as well, such as the decorating with green branches.[39] Other hymns include "Oh that I had a Thousand Voices" ("O daß ich tausend Zungen hätte")[40][41] by German, Johann Mentzer Verse 2: "Ye forest leaves so green and tender, that dance for joy in summer air…" or "O Day Full of Grace" ("Den signede Dag")[42][43] by Dane, N. F. S. Grundtvig verse 3: "Yea were every tree endowed with speech and every leaflet singing…".

text:
As Pentecost closes the Easter Season in the Roman Catholic Church, the dismissal with the double alleluia is sung at the end of Mass.[44] The Paschal Candle is removed from the sanctuary at the end of the day.
In the Roman Catholic Church, Veni Sancte Spiritus is the sequence hymn  for the Day of Pentecost. This has been translated into many languages and is sung in many denominations today. As an invocation of the Holy Spirit, Veni Creator Spiritus is sung during liturgical celebrations on the feast of Pentecost.[45][46]

text: Trumpeters or brass ensembles are often specially contracted to accompany singing and provide special music at Pentecost services, recalling the Sound of the mighty wind.[29] While this practice is common among a wide spectrum of Western denominations (Eastern Churches do not employ instrumental accompaniment in their worship) it is particularly typical, and distinctive to the heritage of the Moravian Church.[47]

text: Another custom is reading the appointed Scripture lessons in multiple foreign languages recounting the speaking in tongues recorded in Acts 2:4–12.[48]

text: In the Middle Ages, cathedrals and great churches throughout Western Europe were fitted with a peculiar architectural feature known as a Holy Ghost hole: a small circular opening in the roof that symbolized the entrance of the Holy Spirit into the midst of the congregation. At Pentecost, these Holy Ghost holes would be decorated with flowers, and sometimes a dove figure lowered through into the church while the narrative of Pentecost was read. Holy Ghost holes can still be seen today in European churches such as Canterbury Cathedral.[citation needed]

text: Similarly, a large two dimensional dove figure would be, and in some places still is, cut from wood, painted, and decorated with flowers, to be lowered over the congregation, particularly during the singing of the sequence hymn, or Veni Creator Spiritus. In other places, particularly Sicily and the Italian peninsula, rose petals were and are thrown from the galleries over the congregation, recalling the tongues of fire. In modern times, this practice has been revived, and adapted as well, to include the strewing of origami doves from above or suspending them, sometimes by the hundreds, from the ceiling.[49]

text: In some cases, red fans, or red handkerchiefs, are distributed to the congregation to be waved during the procession, etc. Other congregations have incorporated the use of red balloons, signifying the "Birthday of the Church". These may be borne by the congregants, decorate the sanctuary, or released all at once.

text: Fasting, baptisms, and confirmations[edit]

text: For some Protestants, the nine days between Ascension Day, and Pentecost are set aside as a time of fasting and universal prayer in honor of the disciples' time of prayer and unity awaiting the Holy Spirit. Similarly among Roman Catholics, special Pentecost novenas are prayed. The Pentecost Novena is considered the first novena, all other novenas prayed in preparation of various feasts deriving their practice from those original nine days of prayer observed by the disciples of Christ.

text: While the Eve of Pentecost was traditionally a day of fasting for Catholics, contemporary canon law no longer requires it. Both Catholics and Protestants may hold spiritual retreats, prayer vigils, and litanies in the days leading up to Pentecost. In some cases vigils on the Eve of Pentecost may last all night. Pentecost is also one of the occasions specially appointed for the Lutheran Litany to be sung.[50]

text: From the early days of Western Christianity, Pentecost became one of the days set aside to celebrate Baptism. In Northern Europe Pentecost was preferred even over Easter for this rite, as the temperatures in late spring might be supposed to be more conducive to outdoor immersion as was then the practice. It is proposed that the term Whit Sunday derives from the custom of the newly baptized wearing white clothing, and from the white vestments worn by the clergy in English liturgical uses. The holiday was also one of the three days each year (along with Christmas and Easter) Roman Catholics were required to confess and receive Holy Communion in order to remain in good ecclesiastical standing.[51]

text: Holy Communion is likewise often a feature of the Protestant observance of Pentecost as well. It is one of the relatively few Sundays some Reformed denominations may offer the communion meal, and is one of the days of the year specially appointed among Moravians for the celebration of their Love Feasts. Ordinations are celebrated across a wide array of Western denominations at Pentecost, or near to it. In some denominations, for example the Lutheran Church, even if an ordination or consecration of a deaconess is not celebrated on Pentecost, the liturgical color will invariably be red, and the theme of the service will be the Holy Spirit.

text: Above all, Pentecost is a day for the Confirmation celebrations of youths. Flowers, the wearing of white robes, or white dresses recalling Baptism, rites such as the laying on of hands, and vibrant singing play prominent roles on these joyous occasions, the blossoming of Spring forming an equal analogy with the blossoming of youth.

text: The typical image of Pentecost in the West is that of the Virgin Mary seated centrally and prominently among the disciples with flames resting on the crowns of their heads. Occasionally, parting clouds suggesting the action of the "mighty wind",[29] rays of light and the Dove are also depicted. Of course, the Western iconographic style is less static and stylized than that of the East, and other very different representations have been produced, and, in some cases, have achieved great fame such as the Pentecosts by Titian, Giotto, and el Greco.

text: St. Paul already in the 1st century notes the importance of this festival to the early Christian communities. (See: Acts 20:16 & 1 Corinthians 16:8) Since the lifetime of some who may have been eyewitnesses, annual celebrations of the descent of the Holy Spirit have been observed. Before the Second Vatican Council Pentecost Monday as well was a Holy Day of Obligation during which the Catholic Church addressed the newly baptized and confirmed. After the Council, Pentecost Monday is no longer solemnized.

text: Nevertheless, Pentecost Monday remains an official festival in many Protestant churches, such as the (Lutheran) Church of Sweden, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, and others. In the Byzantine Catholic Rite Pentecost Monday is no longer a Holy Day of Obligation, but rather a simple holiday. In the Extraordinary Form of the liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church, as at Easter, the liturgical rank of Monday and Tuesday of Pentecost week is a Double of the First Class[52] and across many Western denominations, Pentecost is celebrated with an octave culminating on Trinity Sunday. However, in the modern Roman Rite (Ordinary Form), Pentecost ends after Evening Prayer on the feast day itself, with Ordinary Time resuming the next day.

text: Marking the festival's importance, in several denominations, such as the Lutheran, Episcopal, and United Methodist churches, and formerly in the Roman Catholic Church, all the Sundays from the holiday itself until Advent in late November or December are designated the 2nd, 3rd, Nth, Sunday after Pentecost, etc. Throughout the year, in Roman Catholic piety, Pentecost is the third of the Glorious Mysteries of the Holy Rosary, as well as being one of the Stations of the Resurrection or Via Lucis.

text: In some Evangelical and Pentecostal churches, where there is less emphasis on the liturgical year, Pentecost may still be one of the greatest celebrations in the year, such as in Germany or Romania. In other cases, Pentecost may be ignored as a holy day in these churches. In many evangelical churches in the United States, the secular holiday, Mother's Day, may be more celebrated than the ancient and biblical feast of Pentecost.[53] Some evangelicals and Pentecostals are observing the liturgical calendar and observe Pentecost as a day to teach the Gifts of the Holy Spirit.[clarification needed]

text: Across denominational lines Pentecost has been an opportunity for Christians to honor the role of the Holy Spirit in their lives, and celebrate the birth of the Church in an ecumenical context.[54][55]

text: Classical compositions for Pentecost[edit]

text: The Lutheran church of the Baroque observed three days of Pentecost. Some composers wrote sacred cantatas to be performed in the church services of these days. Johann Sebastian Bach composed several cantatas for Pentecost, including Erschallet, ihr Lieder, erklinget, ihr Saiten! BWV 172, in 1714 and Also hat Gott die Welt geliebt, BWV 68, in 1725. Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel wrote cantatas such as Werdet voll Geistes (Get full of spirit) in 1737.[56] Mozart composed an antiphon Veni Sancte Spiritus in 1768.

text: Olivier Messiaen composed an organ mass Messe de la Pentecôte in 1949/50. In 1964 Fritz Werner wrote an oratorio for Pentecost Veni, sancte spiritus (Come, Holy Spirit) on the sequence Veni sancte spiritus, and Jani Christou wrote Tongues of Fire, a Pentecost oratorio. Richard Hillert wrote a Motet for the Day of Pentecost for choir, vibraphone, and prepared electronic tape in 1969. Violeta Dinescu composed Pfingstoratorium, an oratorio for Pentecost for five soloists, mixed chorus and small orchestra in 1993.  Daniel Elder's 21st century piece, "Factus est Repente", for a cappella choir, was premiered in 2013.

text: Customs and traditions[edit]

text: In Italy it was customary to scatter rose petals from the ceiling of the churches to recall the miracle of the fiery tongues; hence in Sicily and elsewhere in Italy Whitsunday is called Pasqua rosatum. The Italian name Pasqua rossa comes from the red colours of the vestments used on Whitsunday.[57]

text: In France it was customary to blow trumpets during Divine service, to recall the sound of the mighty wind which accompanied the Descent of the Holy Spirit.[57]

text: In the north west of England, church and chapel parades called Whit Walks take place at Whitsun (sometimes on Whit Friday, the Friday after Whitsun).[58] Typically, the parades contain brass bands and choirs; girls attending are dressed in white. Traditionally, Whit Fairs (sometimes called Whitsun Ales)[59] took place. Other customs such as morris dancing[60] and cheese rolling[61] are also associated with Whitsun. "Whitsunday" has been the name of the day in the Church of England. (The Book of Common Prayer only once uses the word "Pentecost" for the festival. Though some[who?] think that name derives from white clothes worn by newly baptised in Eastertide, it may well be seen as derived from "wit", hence "wisdom", the reference being to Holy Wisdom (Sancta Sophia, Hagia Sophia), referred to in Proverbs and the Book of Wisdom, with which the Holy Spirit has often been identified.

text: In Finland there is a saying known virtually by everyone which translates as "if one has no sweetheart until Pentecost, he/she will not have it during the whole summer."[citation needed]

text: In Port Vila, the capital of Vanuatu, people originating from Pentecost Island usually celebrate their island's name-day with a special church service followed by cultural events such as dancing.[citation needed]

text: Date and public holiday[edit]

text: The earliest possible date is May 10 (as in 1818 and 2285). The latest possible date is June 13 (as in 1943 and 2038). The day of Pentecost is seven weeks after Easter Sunday: that is to say, the fiftieth day after Easter inclusive of Easter Sunday.[62] Pentecost may also refer to the 50 days from Easter to Pentecost Sunday inclusive of both.[63] Because Easter itself has no fixed date, this makes Pentecost a moveable feast.[64]

text: While Eastern Christianity treats Pentecost as the last day of Easter in its liturgies, in the Roman liturgy it is usually a separate feast.[65] The fifty days from Easter Sunday to Pentecost Sunday may also be called Eastertide.[65]

text: Since Pentecost itself is on a Sunday, it is automatically considered to be a public holiday in countries with large Christian denominations.

text: Pentecost Monday is a public holiday in many European countries including Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Romania (since 2008), (most parts of) Switzerland, Ukraine and also in the African nations Senegal, Benin and Togo.

text: In Sweden it was also a public holiday, but Pentecost Monday (Annandag Pingst) was replaced by Swedish National Day on June 6, by a government decision on December 15, 2004. In Italy and Malta, it is no longer a public holiday. It was a public holiday in Ireland until 1973, when it was replaced by Early Summer Holiday on the first Monday in June. In the United Kingdom the day is known as Whit Monday, and was a bank holiday until 1967 when it was replaced by the Spring Bank Holiday on the last Monday in May. In France, following reactions to the implementation of the Journée de solidarité envers les personnes âgées, Pentecost Monday has been reestablished as a regular (not as a working) holiday on May 3, 2005.[66]

text: Literary allusions[edit]

text: According to legend, King Arthur always gathered all his knights at the round table for a feast and a quest on Pentecost:

text:
So ever the king had a custom that at the feast of Pentecost in especial, afore other feasts in the year, he would not go that day to meat until he had heard or seen of a great marvel.
[67]

text: German poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe declared Pentecost "das liebliche Fest" – the lovely Feast, in a selection by the same name in his Reineke Fuchs.

text: "Pfingsten, das liebliche Fest", speaks of Pentecost as a time of greening and blooming in fields, woods, hills, mountains, bushes and hedges, of birds singing new songs, meadows sprouting fragrant flowers, and of festive sunshine gleaming from the skies and coloring the earth – iconic lines idealizing the Pentecost holidays in the German-speaking lands.

text:
Further, Goethe records an old peasant proverb relating to Pentecost in his "Sankt-Rochus-Fest zu Bingen"[69]
– Ripe strawberries at Pentecost mean a good wine crop.

text: Alexandre Dumas, père mentions of Pentecost in Twenty Years After (French: Vingt ans après), the sequel to The Three Musketeers. A meal is planned for the holiday, to which La Ramée, second in command of the prison, is invited, and by which contrivance, the Duke is able to escape. He speaks sarcastically of the festival to his jailor, foreshadowing his escape : "Now, what has Pentecost to do with me? Do you fear, say, that the Holy Ghost may come down in the form of fiery tongues and open the gates of my prison?"[70]

text: William Shakespeare mentions Pentecost in a line from Romeo and Juliet Act 1, Scene V. At the ball at his home, Capulet speaks in refuting an overestimate of the time elapsed since he last danced: "What, man? 'Tis not so much, 'tis not so much! 'Tis since the nuptial of Lucentio, Come Pentecost as quickly as it will, Some five-and-twenty years, and then we mask'd."[71] Note here the allusion to the tradition of mumming, Morris dancing and wedding celebrations at Pentecost.

text: Images[edit]

text:
A Western depiction of the Pentecost, painted by Jean II Restout, 1732.

Medieval western illustration of the Pentecost from the Hortus deliciarum of Herrad of Landsberg (12th century)

An Eastern Orthodox icon of the Pentecost


document_title: Escape attempts and victims of the inner German border

question_text: how did the soviets first attempt to stem the flow of refugees leaving east germany for west berlin

root

text: Refugee flows and escape attempts[edit]

text: Between 1945 and 1988, around 4 million East Germans migrated to the West. 3.454 million of them left between 1945 and the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961. The great majority simply walked across the border or, after 1952, exited through West Berlin. After the border was fortified and the Berlin Wall was constructed, the number of illegal border crossings fell drastically. The numbers fell further as the border defenses were improved over the subsequent decades. In 1961, 8,507 people fled across the border, most of them through West Berlin. The construction of the Berlin Wall that year reduced the number of escapees by 75% to around 2,300 per annum for the rest of the decade. The Wall changed Berlin from being one of the easiest places to cross the border, from the East, to being one of the most difficult.[1] The number of escapees fell further to 868 per annum during the 1970s and to only 334 per annum between 1980 and 1988. However, escapees were never more than a small minority of the total number of emigrants from East Germany. Far more people left the country after being granted official permits, by fleeing through third countries or by being ransomed by the West German government. During the 1980s, only about 1% of those who left East Germany did so by escaping across the border.[2]

tag: p

text:
East German Refugees, 1961–1988 [2]

Total
Official
permits
Escapes through
other countries
Direct
escapes
Ransomed by
West Germany

1962–70
229,652
146,129
56,970
21,105
5,448

1971–79
131,176
85,434
27,576
7,816
10,350

1980–88
203,619
150,918
36,152
2,672
13,872

Total (+ 1961)
616,066
382,481
163,815
40,100
29,670

tag: table

text: Escapees had various motives for attempting to flee East Germany. The vast majority had an essentially economic motive: they wished to improve their living conditions and opportunities in the West. Some fled for political reasons, but many were impelled to leave by specific social and political events. The imposition of collective agriculture and the crushing of the 1953 East German uprising prompted thousands to flee to the West, as did further coercive economic restructuring in 1960. Thousands of those who fled did so to escape the clearance of their villages along the border. By the 1980s, the number of escape attempts was rising again as East Germany's economy stagnated and living conditions deteriorated.[3]

text: Attempts to flee across the border were carefully studied and recorded by the East German authorities to identify possible weak points. These would be addressed by strengthening the fortifications in vulnerable areas. The East German Army (NVA) and the Ministry for State Security (Stasi) carried out statistical surveys to identify trends. In one example, a study was carried out by the NVA at the end of the 1970s to review attempted "border breaches" (Grenzdurchbrüche). It found that 4,956 people had attempted to escape across the border between 1 January 1974 and 30 November 1979. Of those, 3,984 people (80.4%) were arrested by the People's Police in the Sperrzone, the outer restricted zone. 205 people (4.1%) were caught at the signal fence. Within the inner security zone, the Schutzstreifen, a further 743 people (15%) were arrested by the border guards. 48 people (1%) were stopped – i.e. killed or injured – by landmines and 43 people (0.9%) by SM-70 directional mines on the border fence. A further 67 people (1.35%) were intercepted at the border fence (shot and/or arrested). The study highlighted the effectiveness of the SM-70 as a means of stopping people getting across the fence. A total of 229 people – just 4.6% of attempted escapees, representing less than one in twenty – made it across the border fence. Of these, the largest number (129, or 55% of successful escapees) succeeded in making it across the fence in unmined sectors. 89 people (39% of escapees) managed to cross both the minefields and the border fence, but just 12 people (6% of the total) succeeded in getting past the SM-70s.[4]

text: Escape attempts were severely punished by the East German state. From 1953, the regime described the act of escaping as Republikflucht (literally "flight from the Republic"), by analogy with the existing military term Fahnenflucht ("desertion"). A successful escapee was not a Flüchtling ("refugee") but a Republikflüchtiger ("Republic-deserter"). Those who attempted to escape were called Sperrbrecher (literally "blockade runners" but more loosely translated as "border violators").[3] Those who helped escapees were not Fluchthelfer ("escape helpers"), the Western term, but Menschenhändler ("human traffickers").[5] Such ideologically coloured language enabled the regime to portray border crossers as little better than traitors and criminals.[6] An East German propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the official view of escapees:

text: Both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole German nation, leaving the GDR is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity.

text: Those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve West German Reaction and militarism, whether they know it or not. Is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a "guaranteed future" one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting, and is already showing the first fruits, for the place that favors a new war and destruction?

text: Is it not an act of political depravity when citizens, whether young people, workers, or members of the intelligentsia, leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the American or British secret services or work for the West German factory owners, Junkers, or militarists? Does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness? ...

text: [W]orkers throughout Germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the German Democratic Republic, the strong bastion of the fight for peace, to serve the deadly enemy of the German people, the imperialists and militarists.[7]

text: Republikflucht became a crime in 1957, punishable by heavy fines and up to three years' imprisonment. Any act associated with an escape attempt was subject to this legislation. Those caught in the act were often tried for espionage as well and given proportionately harsher sentences.[8] More than 75,000 people – an average of more than seven people a day – were imprisoned for attempting to escape across the border, serving an average of one to two years' imprisonment. Border guards who attempted to escape were treated much more harshly and were on average imprisoned for five years.[9] Those who helped escapees were also subject to punishment, facing prison terms or deportation to internal exile in faraway towns. Some 50,000 East Germans suffered this fate between 1952 and 1989.[10]

text: Escape methods[edit]

text: Refugees used a variety of methods to escape across the border. The great majority crossed on foot, though some took more unusual routes. One of the most spectacular was the balloon escape in September 1979 of eight people from two families in a home-made hot-air balloon. Their flight involved an ascent to more than 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) before landing near the West German town of Naila,[11] inspiring the film Night Crossing. Other escapees relied more on physical strength and endurance. An escapee in 1987 used meat hooks to scale the border fences,[12] while in 1971 a doctor swam 45 kilometres (28 mi) across the Baltic Sea from Rostock almost to the Danish island of Lolland, before he was picked up by a West German yacht.[13] Another escapee used an air mattress to escape across the Baltic in 1987.[14] Mass escapes were rare. One of the few that succeeded took place on 2 October 1961, when 53 people from the border village of Böseckendorf – a quarter of the village's population – escaped en masse, followed by another 13 inhabitants in February 1963.[15] An unusual mass escape occurred in September 1964 when 14 East Germans, including eleven children, were smuggled across the border in a refrigerated truck. They were able to escape detection by being concealed under the carcasses of slaughtered and stuffed pigs being transported to the West.[16]

text: Those working on or near the border were occasionally able to use their privileged access and knowledge to escape. For the border guards, this presented special dangers, as their colleagues were under orders to shoot without warning if an escape attempt was made. The dilemmas they faced were highlighted in the May 1969 defection of a soldier and a non-commissioned officer (NCO) of the Grenztruppen. When the NCO made his escape, the soldier, Jürgen Lange, decided not to shoot him. As this exposed Lange to severe punishment by his superiors for disobeying the order to shoot, Lange made his own escape ten minutes later. When he reached the West German side, Lange found that his rifle had been sabotaged by his NCO to prevent him firing in the first place.[17] Soviet soldiers also sometimes escaped across the border, though this was very rare. Only eight such defections succeeded between 1953 and 1984.[18]

text: The traffic was not one-way; thousands of people a year migrated from West Germany to East Germany. The East German press described such individuals as "west zone refugees" who were fleeing "political pressure", "growing unlawfulness" or "worsening economic conditions". Research carried out by the West German government found more prosaic reasons, such as marital problems, family estrangement and the homesickness of those who had lived in East Germany in the past.[19] A number of Allied military personnel, including British, French, German and United States troops, also defected.[20] By the end of the Cold War, as many as 300 United States citizens were thought to have defected across the Iron Curtain for a variety of reasons[21] – whether to escape criminal charges, for political reasons or because (as the St. Petersburg Times put it) "girl-hungry GI's [were tempted] with seductive sirens, who usually desert the love-lorn soldier once he is across the border." The fate of such defectors varied considerably. Some were sent straight to labour camps on charges of espionage. Others committed suicide, while a few were able to find wives and work on the eastern side of the border.[22]

text: Order to fire[edit]

text: From 1945 onwards, unauthorised crossers of the inner German border risked being shot by Soviet or East German border guards. The use of deadly force was termed the Schießbefehl ("order to fire" or "command to shoot"). It was formally in force as early as 1948, when regulations concerning the use of firearms on the border were promulgated. A regulation issued to East German police 27 May 1952 stipulated that "failure to obey the orders of the Border Patrol will be met by the use of arms." From the 1960s through to the end of the 1980s, the border guards were given daily verbal orders (Vergatterung) to "track down, arrest or annihilate border violators." The GDR formally codified its regulations on the use of deadly force in March 1982, when the State Border Law mandated that firearms were to be used as the "maximum measure in the use of force" against individuals who "publicly attempt to break through the state border".[23] The GDR's leadership explicitly endorsed the use of deadly force. General Heinz Hoffmann, the GDR Minister of Defence, declared in August 1966 that "anyone who does not respect our border will feel the bullet." In 1974, Erich Honecker, as Chairman of the National Defense Council of East Germany, ordered: "Firearms are to be ruthlessly used in the event of attempts to break through the border, and the comrades who have successfully used their firearms are to be commended."[24]

text: East German border guards had a standard procedure to follow if they detected unauthorised individuals in the border zone. (Though the West Germans referred to the control strip as a "death strip", deadly force could be used at any location along the border – it did not depend on an individual's being in, or crossing, the control strip.) If the individual was less than 100 metres (330 ft) away, the border guard would first order: "Stop! Border sentry! Hands up!" ("Halt! Grenzposten! Hände hoch!") or "Stop, stand still, or I will shoot!" ("Halt! Stehenbleiben, oder ich schieße!"). If the individual was further away or on the Western side of the border fence the guard was authorised to shoot without warning. If the escapee was a fellow border guard, he could be shot immediately from any distance without prior warning. Border guards were instructed not to shoot if innocent bystanders might be hit or if the escapee had made it into West German territory, or if the line of fire was into West Germany. In practice, though, shots fired from East Germany often landed in West German territory.[25]

text: The border guards were under considerable pressure to obey the Schießbefehl. If they shot escapees they were rewarded with medals, bonuses and sometimes promotion. In one typical example, the killers of one would-be escapee in East Berlin in February 1972 were rewarded by being decorated with the "Order of Merit of the Border Troops of the GDR" and a bonus of 150 marks.[26] By contrast, failure to shoot or suspicion that a shooter had deliberately missed was punished.[27]

text: The Schießbefehl was, not surprisingly, very controversial in the West and was singled out for criticism by the West Germans. The West German authorities established a "Central Recording Office" to record details of deaths on the border, with the ultimate aim of prosecuting the offenders. This significantly discomfited the East German authorities, who repeatedly but unsuccessfully demanded the office's closure.[28] The GDR authorities occasionally suspended the Schießbefehl on occasions when it would have been politically inconvenient to have to explain dead refugees, such as during a visit to the GDR by the French foreign minister in 1985.[23] It was also a problem for many of the East German border guards and was the motivating factor behind a number of escapes, when guards facing a crisis of confidence defected because of their unwillingness to shoot fellow citizens.[27]

text: Deaths on the border[edit]

text: It is not known how many people died on the inner German border or who they were, as East Germany treated such information as a closely guarded secret. But numbers have risen steadily since unification, as evidence has been gathered from East German records. Current unofficial estimates put the figure at up to 1,100 people,[29] though officially released figures give a lower count for the death toll before and after the Berlin Wall was built.

text:
People killed crossing the East German borders before and after 13 August 1961: figures as of 2000 [30]

Before 13 August 1961 (1)
After 13 August 1961 (1)
Total (1)
Total (2)

Inner German border
100
271
371
290

Berlin border/Wall
16
239
255
96

Baltic Sea
15
174
189
17

GDR border guards
11
16
27
 –

Soviet troops
1
5
6
 –

Berlin ring road
 –
 –
 –
90

Aircraft shot down
14
3
17
 –

Total
160
753
916
519

text:
(1) Figures from the Arbeitsgemeinschaft 13. August
(2) Figures from the Zentrale Erfassungsstelle für Regierungs- und Vereinigungskriminalität

text: There were many ways to die on the inner German border. Some escapees were shot by the border guards, while others were killed by mines and booby-traps. A substantial number drowned while trying to cross the Baltic and the Elbe river. Some died of heart attacks during their escape attempts; in one incident, a baby died after its parents gave it sleeping pills to keep it quiet during the crossing.[31]

text: Not all of those killed on the border were attempting to escape. On 13 October 1961, Westfälische Rundschau journalist Kurt Lichtenstein was shot on the border near the village of Zicherie after he attempted to speak with East German farm workers. His death aroused condemnation across the political spectrum in West Germany; he was a former parliamentary representative of the German Communist Party.[32] The incident prompted students from Braunschweig to erect a sign on the border protesting the killing.[33] An apparent mix-up over papers at a border crossing point led to the shooting of Benito Corghi, an Italian truck driver, in August 1976. Corghi was a member of the Italian Communist Party, which denounced the killing. The episode severely embarrassed the East German government and produced an unusual apology.[34] In one notorious shooting on 1 May 1976, a former East German political prisoner, Michael Gartenschläger, who had fled to the West some years before, was ambushed and killed by a Stasi commando squad on the border near Büchen as he tried to dismantle an SM-70 anti-personnel mine. When his body was buried it was described merely as an "unknown body fished out of the water". The Stasi's after-action report, however, declared that "before he could carry out the act [of removing the mine], Gartenschläger was liquidated by security forces of the GDR".[35]

text: Twenty-five East German border guards died after being shot from the Western side of the border or by resisting escapees or (often accidentally) by their own colleagues.[36] The East German government described them as "victims of armed assaults and imperialist provocations against the state border of the GDR"[37] and alleged that "bandits" in the West took potshots at border guards doing their duty – a version of events that was uncorroborated by Western accounts of border incidents.

text: The two sides commemorated their dead in significantly different ways. Various mostly unofficial memorials were set up on the western side by people seeking to commemorate victims of the border. West Germans such as Michael Gartenschläger and Kurt Lichtenstein were commemorated with signs and memorials, some of which were supported by the government. After the policy of détente was initiated in the 1970s this became politically inconvenient and state support for border memorials largely ceased. The taboo in East Germany surrounding escapees meant that the great majority of deaths went unpublicised and uncommemorated. The border guards who died on the frontier were, however, portrayed as "martyrs" by the East German regime. Four stone memorials were erected in East Berlin to mark their deaths.[38] The regime named schools, barracks and other public facilities after the dead guards and used their memorials as places of pilgrimage to signify that (as a slogan put it) "their deaths are our commitment" to maintaining the border. After 1989 the memorials were vandalised, neglected and ultimately removed.[39]

text: Few East German escapees were commemorated in the West, not least because their identities were mostly unknown until after 1989. One notable exception was Helmut Kleinert, a 23-year-old from Quedlinburg in Saxony-Anhalt who was machine-gunned to death on 1 August 1963 as he and his 22-year-old pregnant wife attempted to cross the border near Hohegeiß in the Harz mountains.[40] A memorial dedicated to "The Unknown" was soon erected by local people on the western side of the border. When Kleinert's identity became known in the West, his name was added to the memorial. It became something of a shrine with piles of flowers and wreaths deposited by visitors. The East German regime strongly objected and erected a watchtower nearby, from which threats and communist propaganda were broadcast across the border. Ultimately, in August 1971, the memorial was replaced by a stone set 150 metres (490 ft) away and out of sight of the border.[41]


document_title: Duel (1971 film)

question_text: who was driving the truck in the movie duel

text: Duel (1971 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: David Mann is a middle-aged salesman driving on a business trip. He encounters a tanker truck on a two-lane highway in the Mojave Desert, traveling below the speed limit and expelling sooty diesel exhaust. Mann passes the truck, but the truck then roars past him. When Mann overtakes and passes it again, the truck blasts its horn. Mann leaves it in the distance.

text: Mann pulls into a gas station, and shortly afterward the truck arrives and parks next to him. Through the space beneath the truck bed, he sees the driver is wearing cowboy boots. Mann phones his wife, who is upset with him after an argument the previous night. The gas station attendant refills Mann's car and mentions that it needs a new radiator hose, but he says he will get it fixed later.

text: Back on the road, the truck catches up, passes, and blocks Mann’s path each time he attempts to pass. After antagonizing Mann for some time, the driver waves him past. However, when Mann attempts to pass he almost runs into an oncoming vehicle. He realizes the truck driver tried to trick him into a crash, so he passes the truck using an unpaved turnout next to the highway and taunts the driver as he speeds past.

text: The truck tailgates Mann at high speeds, forcing him to increase his speed to avoid being rear-ended. Mann finally drives his car off the road and collides with a fence opposite a diner. The truck continues down the road, and Mann enters the diner to compose himself. Though he assumes the truck driver's road rage has been satisfied, upon returning from the restroom he sees the truck parked outside. He studies the diner patrons and confronts a man wearing the same cowboy boots he saw on the truck driver. Offended, the driver strikes Mann and drives away in a different truck. The pursuing truck leaves seconds later, indicating its driver was never inside the diner.

text: Mann leaves the diner and stops to help a stranded school bus, but his front bumper becomes caught underneath the bus's rear bumper. The truck appears at the end of a tunnel. Mann panics, frees his car by jumping on the hood while the bus driver puts the car in reverse, and flees. To Mann's slight chagrin, the truck starts the bus by giving it a push-start to get it moving. Shortly afterward, Mann is stopped at a railroad crossing when the truck pushes his car toward a passing freight train. After the train passes, Mann crosses the tracks and pulls over. The truck continues down the road and Mann follows.

text: Mann stops at a gas station to call the police and replace his radiator hose, but when he steps into the phone booth, the truck drives into it. Mann jumps clear just in time, However, the truck also drives into some glass cages, featuring wild animals, where Mann barely escapes from getting bitten by a rattlesnake. The lady who runs the station cries out in horror as the truck destroys her cages and potentially kills some of the animals that lived in them. He gets into his car and speeds away. Around a corner he pulls off the road, hiding behind an embankment as the truck drives past.

text: After a long wait, Mann heads off again but finds the truck waiting for him down the road. Mann attempts to speed past, but it moves across the road, blocking his way. Mann seeks help from an older couple in a car, but they flee when the truck backs up towards them at speed. The truck stops before hitting Mann's car and the driver waves him past. At one point, Mann observes a black-and-white car parked on the side of the road. Thinking that it is a police car, he skids to a stop, only for him to realize that it is a pest control vehicle. He speeds off and the chase continues. The truck chases him up a mountain range. The radiator hose of Mann's car breaks, causing the car to overheat. He barely makes the summit and coasts downhill in neutral as the truck bears down on him. However, a sign states that trucks have to use low gear the next twelve miles and the truck driver is forced to slow down, allowing Mann to gain speed.

text: Mann's car cools off enough to allow him to drive up a dirt road and the truck follows him. He turns to face his opponent on a hill overlooking a canyon. He places his briefcase on the accelerator and steers toward the oncoming truck, jumping from the car at the last moment. The tanker hits the car, which bursts into flames, obscuring the truck driver's view. The driver realizes it is too late and honks one final time at Mann, before the truck plunges over the cliff, killing him. Above the wreckage, Mann jumps up and down, laughing with glee and relief. Physically and mentally exhausted and with no way to get home, he sits at the cliff's edge and throws stones into the canyon as the sun sets.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Dennis Weaver as David Mann
Jacqueline Scott as Mrs. Mann
Carey Loftin as the Truck Driver
Eddie Firestone as Café owner
Lou Frizzell as Bus Driver
Eugene Dynarski as Man in café
Lucille Benson as Lady at Snakerama
Tim Herbert as Gas station attendant

Charles Seel as Old man
Shirley O'Hara as Waitress
Alexander Lockwood as Jim, Old man in car
Amy Douglass as Old woman in car
Sweet Dick Whittington as Radio interviewer
Dale Van Sickel as Car Driver
Shawn Steinman as Girl on School Bus (uncredited)

text: Production[edit]

text: The script is adapted by Richard Matheson from his own short story, originally published in Playboy magazine. Matheson got the inspiration for the story when he was tailgated by a trucker while on his way home from a golfing match with friend Jerry Sohl on November 22, 1963, the same day as the John F. Kennedy assassination.[1] After a series of unsuccessful attempts to pitch the idea as an episode for various television series, he decided to write it as a short story instead.[1] In preparation for writing the story, he drove from his home to Ventura and recorded everything he saw on a tape recorder.[1]

text: The original short story was given to Spielberg by his secretary, who told him that it was being made into a movie of the week and suggested he apply to be the director.[2] Duel was Spielberg's second feature-length directing effort, after his 1971 The Name of the Game NBC television series episode "L.A. 2017".

text: Much of the movie was filmed in and around the communities of Canyon Country, Agua Dulce, and Acton, California. In particular, sequences were filmed on the Sierra Highway, Agua Dulce Canyon Road, Soledad Canyon Road, and Angeles Forest Highway. Many of the landmarks from Duel still exist today, including the tunnel, the railroad crossing, and Chuck's Café, where Mann stops for a break. The building is still on Sierra Highway and has housed a French restaurant called Le Chene since 1980.[3] The "Snakerama" gas station seen in the film also appears in Spielberg's comedy film 1941 (1979) as an homage to Duel, with actress Lucille Benson again appearing as the proprietor.

text: Production of the television film was overseen by ABC's director of movies of the week Lillian Gallo.[4] The original made-for-television version was 74 minutes long and its filming was completed in 13 days (three longer than the scheduled 10 days), leaving 10 days for editing prior to broadcast as the ABC Movie of the Week. Following Duel's successful TV airing, Universal released the film overseas in 1972. The TV movie was not long enough for theatrical release, so Universal had Spielberg spend two days filming several new scenes, turning Duel into a 90-minute film. The new scenes were set at the railroad crossing, school bus, and the telephone booth. A longer opening sequence was added with the car backing out of a garage and driving through the city. Expletives were also added, to make the film sound less like a television production.[citation needed]

text: Spielberg lobbied to have Dennis Weaver in the starring role because he admired Weaver's work in Orson Welles' Touch of Evil.[2] Weaver repeats one of his lines from Touch of Evil, telling the truck driver in the cafe that he has "another think coming." This phrase is commonly misstated as "another thing coming", as Weaver's character did in Touch of Evil.[5]

text: In the Archive of American Television website, Spielberg is quoted in an interview given by Weaver as saying: "You know, I watch that movie at least twice a year to remember what I did".[6]

text: The truck as the villain[edit]

text: Matheson's script made explicit that the unnamed truck driver, the villain of the film, is unseen aside from the shots of his arms and boots that were needed to convey the plot.[7] In the DVD documentary, Spielberg observes that the fear of the unknown is perhaps the greatest fear of all and that Duel plays heavily to that fear. Throughout the film, the driver of the truck remains anonymous and unseen, with the exception of two separate shots where his arm waves Weaver on into oncoming traffic, and another shot where Weaver observes the driver's snakeskin boots. His motives for targeting Weaver's character are never revealed. Spielberg says that the effect of not seeing the driver makes the real villain of the film the truck itself, rather than the driver.

text: Vehicles[edit]

text: The car was carefully chosen, a red Plymouth Valiant, although three cars were used in the actual production of the movie.[8] The original release of Duel featured a 1970 model with a 318 V-8 engine[9] and "Plymouth" spelled out in block letters across the hood, as well as trunk lid treatment characteristic of the 1970 model; a 1971 model with a 225 Slant Six was also used.[10] When the film was released in theaters and scenes were added, a 1972 model with a 225 Slant Six was added, with the "Plymouth" name on the hood as one emblem.

text: Spielberg did not care what kind of car was used in the film, but insisted the final chosen model be red to enable the vehicle to stand out from the general landscape in the wide shots of the desert highway.[2]

text: Spielberg had what he called an "audition" for the truck, wherein he viewed a series of trucks to choose the one for the film. He selected the older 1955 Peterbilt 281 over the current flat-nosed "cab-over" style of trucks because the long hood of the Peterbilt, its split windshield, and its round headlights gave it more of a "face", adding to its menacing personality.[2] Additionally, Spielberg said that the multiple license plates on the front bumper of the Peterbilt subtly suggested that the truck driver is a serial killer, having "run down other drivers in other states".[2] For each shot, several people were tasked to make it uglier; each successively adding oil, grease, fake dead insects and other blemishes.[7]

text: The truck had twin rear axles, a CAT 1674 turbocharged engine with a 13-speed transmission, making it capable of hauling loads over 30 tons and top speeds reaching 75–80 mph. During the original filming, the crew only had one truck, so the shots of the truck falling off the cliff had to be completed in one take.[7] For the film's theatrical release, though, two additional trucks were purchased in order to film the additional scenes that were not in the original made-for-television version (the school bus scene and the railroad crossing scene). One of these, a 1964 Peterbilt 351, virtually identical to the original truck except for its air intake, was later destroyed in another movie production. Only one of those trucks has survived, a 1960 Peterbilt 281 that was kept and prepared as a back up truck for the 351 truck, but wasn't used.[11]

text: Stock footage of both vehicles was later used in an episode of the television series The Incredible Hulk, titled "Never Give a Trucker an Even Break". Spielberg was not happy about this, but the usage was legal, as the show was produced by Universal and the Duel contract said nothing about reusing the footage in other Universal productions.[12]

text: The 1960 Peterbilt 281 truck was purchased several times. It is currently owned by a truck collector and is on display at Brad's Trucks in North Carolina.[13]

text: Music[edit]

text: The film's original score was composed by Billy Goldenberg, who had previously written the music for Spielberg's segment of the Night Gallery pilot and his Columbo episode "Murder by the Book," and co-scored Spielberg's The Name of the Game episode "L.A. 2017" with Robert Prince. Spielberg and Duel producer George Eckstein told him that because of the short production schedule, he would have to write the music during filming, and Goldenberg visited the production on location at Soledad Canyon to help get an idea of what would be required. Spielberg then had Goldenberg ride in the tanker truck being driven by stunt driver Carey Loftin on several occasions; the experience terrified the composer, although he did eventually get used to it. Goldenberg then composed the score in about a week, for strings, harp, keyboards and heavy use of percussion instruments, with Moog synthesiser effects but eschewing brass and woodwinds. He then worked with the music editors to "pick from all the pieces (they) had and cut it together (with the sound effects and dialogue)." Much of his score was ultimately not used in the finished film.[14][15] In 2015 Intrada Records released a limited edition album featuring the complete score, plus four radio source music tracks composed by Goldenberg.

text: Release[edit]

text: Duel was initially shown on American television as an ABC Movie of the Week installment. It was eventually released to cinemas in Europe and Australia; it had a limited cinema release to some venues in the United States, while it was widely praised in the UK. The film's success enabled Spielberg to establish himself as a film director.[2]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film received many positive reviews and is often considered one of the greatest TV movies ever made.[16][17] On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, Duel currently has a score of 87% based on 39 reviews, with an average rating of 7.7 out of 10.).[18]

text: Interpretations of Duel often focus on the symbolism of Mann and the truck. Some critics follow Spielberg's own interpretation of the story as an indictment against the mechanization of life, both by literal machines and by social regimentation.[19] The theme of gender performativity in Mann's quest to prove his manhood is another interpretation several observers have noted.[19][20] The film has been placed at #66 on The 100 Scariest Movie Moments on Bravo.

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Avoriaz Fantastic Film Festival

text: Grand Prize: 1973[21]

tag: ul

text: Emmy

text: Outstanding Achievement in Film Sound Editing: 1972[22]

text: Golden Globe

text: Best Movie Made for TV: 1972[23]

text: Emmy

text: Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography for Entertainment Programming – For a Special or Feature Length Program Made for Television: 1972[24]

text: Saturn Award

text: Best DVD Classic Film Release: 2005[25]

text: References in other works[edit]

text: In computer games[edit]

text:
In 18 WOS PTTM, the truck appears as a very rare, exclusive mod since its upload in 2006.
In Euro Truck Simulator 2, the Peterbilt 351 and its interiors (mods, not part of the vanilla game) are based on the truck from the movie. It may come back in American Truck Simulator as both a 281 and as a 351.
In Grand Theft Auto V, a random encounter is based on the film.
In Hard Truck: 18 Wheels of Steel, the "Rusty" truck was based on the truck from Duel.
In Hidden Folks, in the Suburb-level, one of the hidden characters the player is tasked with finding is Driver Dave, who is tailgated by a crazy truck driver on one of the streets.

text: In film[edit]

text:
The dinosaur roar sound effect that is heard as the truck goes over the cliff is also heard in Jaws (1975), also directed by Spielberg, as the shark's carcass sinks into the ocean. Spielberg has said that this is because he feels there is a "kinship" between Duel and Jaws, as they are both about "these leviathans targeting everyman." He has also said that inserting the sound effect into Jaws was "my way of thanking Duel for giving me a career."[2]
The anime film Lupin III: The Mystery of Mamo (1978) parodies Duel by depicting a chase scene whereby lead characters Arsène Lupin III, Daisuke Jigen and Goemon Ishikawa XIII, driving in a red Austin Cooper, are pursued by a giant Kenworth W900 sent by the film's villain, Mamo, to eliminate them.[26]
The truck from Duel is seen in the film Torque (2004) and causes a biker to wipe out shortly after a red 4-door Valiant had driven past the bikers.
The horror anthology film Nightmares (1983) featured a segment very similar to Duel, though with overt supernatural elements.
In Fire Down Below (1997), the scene where Taggart is chased and nearly run off the road before luring the truck to ram his truck off of a cliff is directly inspired by Duel.
The Barcelona-based Spanish filmmaker Enric Folch crowdfunded the documentary film The Devil on Wheels.[27] The documentary centers the development of Duel.[28][29]
The film Joy Ride (2001) is heavily influenced by Duel and contains many direct references. In one scene a similar model truck menaces the protagonists, but the driver is revealed to be harmless.
The film Wrecker (2015), starring Drea Whitburn and Anna Hutchison, is almost a shot for shot remake of Duel.

text: In music[edit]

text:
The image of the truck pushing the Plymouth over the cliff is seen on the cover of the album Smokin' Taters! by Kentucky-based band Nine Pound Hammer.
The Swervedriver song "Duel" from their album Mezcal Head was named after the film.[30]
In David Lee Roth's (1994) music video "She's my Machine", the truck appears several times as a green tanker truck.

text: In print[edit]

text:
The Mr. Monk book Mr. Monk on the Road features a similar sub-plot in which Adrian Monk, driving a rented RV, is pursued by a truck like that from Duel, which meets a similar end, although the truck driver's motive is known.
In the third part of JoJo's Bizarre Adventure, Stardust Crusaders, the Wheel of Fortune chapters have various references to the movie, as the protagonists must deal with an assassin controlling a car (which resembles a Plymouth).
In 2009, writers Stephen King and Joe Hill decided to honor Matheson's classic with an homage prose story titled "Throttle." In time, this was turned into a four-issue miniseries called "Road Rage". IDW Publishing gave both "Duel" and "Throttle" two issues each to find a new audience with their comic book adaptation. "Road Rage" #1 was released to the public on Feb 15th, 2012.[31]

text: In television[edit]

text:
Stock footage from Duel appears throughout The Incredible Hulk first season episode "Never Give a Trucker an Even Break" (originally airdate on CBS: April 28, 1978).[32] Spielberg was reportedly "not too happy about it," according to Matheson.[33]
In the Red Dwarf series 8 episode "Only the Good...", Arnold Rimmer claims that a scar on the right side of his neck resulted from a friend's attacking him with the video case from the film Duel.
The opening scene of the Transformers: Prime episode "Nemesis Prime" pays homage to Duel.
The one-hour special Tiny Toons' Night Ghoulery features a parody segment of the film named "Fuel" with Calamity Coyote.
The Bob's Burgers season four episode "Christmas in the Car" contains numerous references to Duel when Bob is terrorized by a candy-cane shaped truck.
In the television murder mystery series Murder, She Wrote episode "The Cemetery Vote", Jessica is traveling along a country road as a passenger in a station wagon when they are chased and rammed by a large powerful truck covered in mud with the driver invisible behind a mud-caked windshield.
It was the movie of the week for the Svengoolie program on November 5, 2016, his first airing of the film.[34]

text: Notes[edit]


document_title: List of The Mick episodes

question_text: when does season 2 of the mick air

question_tokens: when does season 2 of the mick air

text: List of The Mick episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
17
January 1, 2017 (2017-01-01)
May 2, 2017 (2017-05-02)

2
20
September 26, 2017 (2017-09-26)
TBA

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Pilot"
Randall Einhorn
Dave Chernin & John Chernin
January 1, 2017 (2017-01-01)
1AZT01
8.58[4]

Irresponsible woman Mackenzie "Mickey" Molng is visiting her sister Poodle, who married into wealth, when Poodle and her husband Christopher are arrested by the FBI for fraud and tax evasion. Poodle asks Mickey to watch her children until things are sorted out. Mickey immediately clashes with oldest daughter Sabrina and neighbor Liz, gives bad advice to middle child Chip, and causes youngest child Ben to have an allergic reaction. Just as Mickey decides she isn't cut out for parenting, Poodle calls to say that she and Christopher are fleeing the country.

2
2
"The Grandparents"
Randall Einhorn
Dave Chernin & John Chernin
January 3, 2017 (2017-01-03)
1AZT02
3.37[5]

Mickey decides to return to her home in Rhode Island with Alba in tow, leaving the kids in the hands of their strict, stern grandmother (from Christopher's side). However, Mickey is forced back to Greenwich when Jimmy's loan shark pays a visit.

3
3
"The Buffer"
Todd Biermann
Laura Chinn
January 10, 2017 (2017-01-10)
1AZT04
2.97[6]

Mickey learns that Sabrina isn't using any form of birth control in her relations with boyfriend Kai. After several unsuccessful attempts to change Sabrina's mind, Mickey and Alba team up to trick Sabrina into thinking she's pregnant. Meanwhile, Chip wants to get a girl at school to make out with him, and gets bad advice from Jimmy.

4
4
"The Balloon"
Randall Einhorn
Scott Marder
January 15, 2017 (2017-01-15)
1AZT07
4.09[7]

After forgetting Ben's birthday, Mickey and family scramble to throw him a belated party. Jimmy hires a washed-up birthday clown for Ben's party with a questionable recreational habit. Sabrina and Chip rent a pony for Ben, which ends up taking Chip on an adventure around the neighborhood.

5
5
"The Fire"
Kat Coiro
Brian Keith Etheridge and Dave Chernin & John Chernin
January 17, 2017 (2017-01-17)
1AZT08
2.77[8]

Ben has an apparently imaginary friend causing him to do strange things, so Chip tries to remedy the problem by spending more time with his little brother. After Mickey and Sabrina's smoking habit causes a fire that burns down Liz's guest house, they consider blaming it on Ben.

6
6
"The Master"
Iain MacDonald
Harper Dill
January 24, 2017 (2017-01-24)
1AZT06
2.76[9]

After a date with Jimmy becomes a disaster, Mickey meets Teddy Grant (Dave Annable), a wealthy heir who she quickly falls for. She then makes a fool of herself, becoming inebriated from alcohol and sea sick medication on their first date on his yacht. After discovering the master bedroom in the family mansion, Mickey plans on using it for her second date with Teddy. However, Chip and Sabrina argue over the room, with Chip wanting the room free until his parents return home, while Sabrina wants the room for herself, telling Chip their parents aren't coming back. Meanwhile, Alba keeps Ben preoccupied by watching kid-friendly programming on his tablet, but accidentally sets him up to watch horror films instead.

7
7
"The Country Club"
Randall Einhorn
Christine Nangle
January 31, 2017 (2017-01-31)
1AZT05
2.97[10]

The Pembertons' financial advisor says he can't figure out what's going on with their money, but suggests they keep a low profile. At the same time, they learn that tabloid columnist Oliver Fishburn (Sam Pancake) is writing a damning piece about the Pembertons' fall from grace ever since Poodle and Christopher were busted for tax evasion. Mickey decides to go to their country club to intercept him. This backfires when Chip finds he has been demoted to the last foursome in a golf tournament, while Sabrina has to relive an embarrassing incident from her early childhood.

8
8
"The Snitch"
Randall Einhorn
Scott MacArthur
February 7, 2017 (2017-02-07)
1AZT09
2.48[11]

The captain of Chip's school lacrosse team rewards the players for a big win by texting them all a photo of a nude woman (with the head and face not shown). Chip is caught by the principal viewing the photo and has to decide between saving himself or snitching on the team captain, which Mickey strongly suggests he not do. However, when Chip realizes whose body is in the photo, the decision is made for him. Meanwhile, the family Rolls Royce is keyed by someone while Alba is out in it with Ben, forcing Alba to make Ben ignore what he heard from Mickey and become a snitch himself.

9
9
"The Mess"
Geeta V. Patel
Lindsay Golder
February 14, 2017 (2017-02-14)
1AZT10
2.47[12]

Mickey is not surprised when Sabrina and Chip won't recognize her authority, but she is disappointed when they start to turn Ben against her, too. As the kids and Jimmy head off to a white trash party thrown by Sabrina's friend, Mickey tries to gain leverage any way she can and earn their respect.

10
10
"The Baggage"
Matt Sohn
Scott Marder
February 21, 2017 (2017-02-21)
1AZT11
2.38[13]

Mickey does not want her latest romantic interest Dante (Bert Belasco) to know about her "baggage", but it turns out he is great with the Pemberton kids – perhaps to a fault. Meanwhile, the other men who are interested in Mickey (Jimmy, Jerry from the club, and Fred the Fed) try to sabatoge her romance with Dante. Also, Ben keeps killing his pet rabbit, only to have it replaced by Alba every time because she doesn't think he's ready to learn about death.

11
11
"The New Girl"
Randall Einhorn
Brian Keith Etheridge
February 28, 2017 (2017-02-28)
1AZT03
2.41[14]

After the principal strongly suggests that Ben does not fit in and is falling behind in his studies, Mickey angrily pulls him from the school. With only two schools accepting new students, one of them a public school 40 miles away, Mickey lets Ben dress up like a girl and tries to present him as transgender to the private all-girls school across the street. Meanwhile, after Mickey suggests that Sabrina and Chip have no diversity in their life, both hang with Alba and try to learn more about her culture.

12
12
"The Wolf"
Randall Einhorn
Mehar Sethi
March 21, 2017 (2017-03-21)
1AZT12
2.25[15]

Chip goes through a website to get an Eastern European girlfriend named Yulia (Izabella Miko). He then sends her money to come to America, however, Mickey is sure he's been taken and tries to give him life lessons to toughen him up. Meanwhile, Sabrina's fiancé Kai quits his schooling for his career path and starts hanging out with Jimmy, causing Sabrina to worry that Kai will be a lifelong slacker like Jimmy.

13
13
"The Bully"
Kat Coiro
Nancy M. Pimental
March 28, 2017 (2017-03-28)
1AZT13
2.41[16]

After hearing that Sabrina is being bullied online by a classmate, Mickey tries to help by learning how to be a cyber-bully herself, but she only makes things worse. Meanwhile, Jimmy can't afford to have a painful tooth extracted because he has no insurance, so he attempts a self-extraction with help from Chip and Ben.

14
14
"The Heater"
Randall Einhorn
Scott Marder
April 4, 2017 (2017-04-04)
1AZT14
2.09[17]

When Mickey notices Ben has used casino chips for planets in a solar system diorama, and Ben reveals there are more chips hidden in his dad's den, Mickey's old gambling addiction kicks in. Alba tries to rescue Mickey from the casino, but gets caught up in the rush herself. With the two gone, Sabrina, Chip and Jimmy argue over who should be in charge of the household. Meanwhile, Ben travels to the casino on a bus all alone and is encountered by Alba outside the casino who brings him back safely.

15
15
"The Sleepover"
Silver Tree
Dominic Dierkes & Christian Lander
April 11, 2017 (2017-04-11)
1AZT15
2.17[18]

Chip is thrilled when a popular classmate named Dylan (Griffin Gluck) seems to like him, and he invites him for a sleepover in hopes that it will increase his own popularity. It turns out Dylan is using Chip to have a place to make out with his girlfriend, given that Mickey has a reputation for being a lax parental guardian. Meanwhile, Ben's recurring nightmare becomes all too real when Jimmy pulls a prank on Alba.

16
16
"The Implant"
Richie Keen
Dave Chernin & John Chernin
April 25, 2017 (2017-04-25)
1AZT17
2.27[19]

Sabrina says her mom promised her breast implants for her 18th birthday and wants to cash in the gift early. Mickey goes along and suggests they first wear implants under their bras so she can prove to Sabrina how her life will change. But a mishap when the ladies do brunch leads to an expensive implant being destroyed. Meanwhile, Mickey orders Jimmy to do some "man stuff" with Chip and Ben after the boys are afraid of a spider. Jimmy takes them to a New England Patriots football game, where he gets into a fight with Green Bay Packers fans.

17
17
"The Intruder"
Matt Sohn
Mehar Sethi
May 2, 2017 (2017-05-02)
1AZT16
1.89[20]

The family has an encounter with a couple of home intruders who turn out to be Christopher and Poodle, the kids' fugitive parents. Their return puts Mickey at odds with them on who is a better fit for the children. Meanwhile, Jimmy is shot during the altercation which lands him in a hospital bed and in police custody for some outstanding warrants. He then decides to play the long game in exchanging Christopher and Poodle's freedom for his own. Poodle forces Alba to be the maid again, so she schemes to rid the household of her and Christopher for good. Jimmy is last seen being electrically shocked after the police receive the parents' whereabouts from Alba. Christopher and Poodle are eventually attacked by police dogs and arrested, but not before Poodle states that Chip isn't Christopher's biological son. In the aftermath, Mickey and the family prepare to tell Ben about the news, but he has lit his room on fire, and the entire Pemberton house is soon engulfed in flames.

text: Season 2 (2017–18)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

18
1
"The Hotel"
Richie Keen
Dave Chernin & John Chernin
September 26, 2017 (2017-09-26)
2AZT01
2.67[21]

After losing their mansion, the family takes up residence in an expensive resort hotel. With their spending out of control, their financial advisor Barry (Jason Kravits) freezes their accounts and the family is forced to move into a much cheaper hotel room. In response, Mickey and Sabrina attempt to blackmail Barry with incriminating photos, but the plot backfires and the family moves back to their ruined mansion. Meanwhile, Jimmy takes Chip under his wing, but their relationship is challenged by Chip's desire to hide his problems from his friends. In an attempt to cure Alba of her alcoholism, Ben performs an exorcism on her.

19
2
"The Friend"
Matt Sohn
Heather Flanders
October 3, 2017 (2017-10-03)
2AZT02
2.41[22]

With the family squabbling, Mickey goes to the gym to escape them. There, she meets Trish (Michaela Watkins), a divorcee looking for companionship, and makes her first real friend. She also sets up Trish with Jimmy, and the two fall for each other, encouraged by Alba, who wants to spend more time with Mickey. But Mickey is surprised to find herself becoming jealous of Jimmy being with Trish. When Mickey and Alba crash the wedding of Trish's ex, Mickey confesses her feelings for Jimmy before fainting from blood loss due to a injury she sustained. Trish ends up saving Mickey by donating her blood, and she and Jimmy move back in together. Meanwhile, Chip's attempt to convince his siblings he's "cool" by fighting a squirrel in his room ends with him getting bitten and contracting rabies.

20
3
"The Visit"
Kat Coiro
Scott Marder
October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)
2AZT03
2.24[23]

After a meltdown at a picnic, Mickey decides to take Sabrina to visit her mother in prison, while Jimmy takes Chip and Ben to see Christopher. Poodle's sincere apology to Sabrina upsets Mickey, who feels that her sister purposefully ignored her contributions as guardian. The two sisters get in a fight, which Sabrina breaks up. Chip and Jimmy try to press Christopher's abusive cellmate Ziggy to leave him be, but get blown off. Ben makes friends with some other inmates, who stab Ziggy to death on his behalf. Mickey and Poodle repair their relationship, with Poodle promising to free up some accounts to help her kids. Christopher contacts Chip and thanks him for his efforts, while also hinting that Chip isn't his biological son.

21
4
"The Haunted House"
Matt Sohn
Scott MacArthur
October 17, 2017 (2017-10-17)
2AZT04
2.26[24]

Mickey and Jimmy prepare to throw their annual Halloween party, over Chip's objections. However, things get complicated when Jimmy's planned pranks fail to work as expected, Mickey is forced to pose as a community policeman after knocking a real one out, and Sabrina finds herself with competition for the boy she planned to romance and rants about it publicly, inadvertently insulting everyone at the party with her condescending attitude. Ben eats too much candy and vomits on some electrical cords, triggering all the pranks at once and creating a massive explosion. To cover up the disaster, Mickey allows the real policeman to take credit for busting some vandals she caught earlier. In the aftermath, Jimmy begins planning for next year's party.

22
5
"The Invention"
Rebecca Asher
Matthew Libman & Daniel Libman
November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)
2AZT05
2.07[25]

Two faculty members tell Mickey they think Ben needs a boost in his ADHD medication. Mickey didn't even know Ben was taking medication and wants him off it completely. She and Alba try to get Ben to come up with an idea for the school's invention fair, but none of Ben's ideas make any sense. Mickey and Alba are also at a loss for ideas, so as they set up Ben's booth, they decide the best course of action is to make it look like all the booths were vandalized and they begin trashing the place. Ben then arrives and reveals his invention: a vest that holds school supplies for his teacher. Elsewhere, the Acorn Boys Club that Chip organized when he was ten has decided they need more "adult" thrills. Enter Jimmy, who brings a crossbow to the next meeting, which Chip and his friends enjoy. However, after a member gets shot in the shoulder by accident, Chip disbands the club and burns down their meeting house.

23
6
"The Matriarch"
Kat Coiro
Eric Falconer
November 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)
2AZT07
2.10[26]

Mickey, Jimmy and the kids attend the 100th birthday of great-grandmother Rita (Judith Roberts). Tippy attempts to throw them out until Rita, confusing Mickey and Chip for her friend, Helen, and Helen's brain-damaged son, Dippy, insists they stay. When Tippy goes out of town to unwind, Mickey moves the family into her house and takes advantage of Rita's confusion. Jimmy and Sabrina argue over one of the house staff, Jimmy wanting to befriend him and Sabrina wanting to make him her slave. Meanwhile, Ben and Alba get lost in a hedge maze. Mickey and Chip start to argue over Rita. Mickey enjoys being spoiled by Rita but Chip resents being treated as an invalid until he starts getting pampered as well. Eventually, Mickey discovers that Rita is a lesbian and Helen was her lover. Mickey tries to let her down gently by blaming Dippy, which leads Rita to attempt to kill Chip. They decide to leave but after Rita dies in a freak accident, Tippy runs off, leaving her house (and the Colonel) in Mickey's care.

24
7
"The Homecoming"
Richie Keen
Rob Rosell
November 21, 2017 (2017-11-21)
2AZT06
2.14[27]

Jimmy returns to his and Mickey's home town of Warwick to receive an award for his prowess as a star pitcher on the high school baseball team. Things become strained when Jimmy learns that a prank Mickey pulled was responsible for the injury that prevented him from going pro. He ends up getting drunk and setting off fireworks during his ceremony, unintentionally injuring a young pitcher who, coincidentally, was very close to breaking Jimmy's school record for strikeouts. Meanwhile, Chip and Sabrina wander the town, and Chip later wants to call the police when his shoes are stolen. Chip becomes a laughingstock when the thieves are revealed to be a few kids of elementary school age, but he has them arrested nonetheless when they take illicit pictures of Sabrina. Mickey tries to apologize to Jimmy, but he realizes she's not being sincere and decides to walk home.

25
8
"The Teacher"
Eva Longoria
Lindsay Golder
November 28, 2017 (2017-11-28)
2AZT09
2.21[28]

Sabrina has become a pet pupil of her poetry teacher, whom Mickey is convinced is just trying to get in Sabrina's pants. After a poetry reading at a local coffee shop, Mickey sleeps with the teacher instead, earning the ire of Sabrina while putting the teacher's job in jeopardy. Meanwhile, Chip is lamenting his lack of popularity and asks Jimmy's help to make him cooler. Jimmy's idea is to have Ben punch Chip to give him a black eye. He then gives Chip instructions to remain vague and mysterious when his classmates ask what caused the black eye, but Chip instead makes up a story about taking on kids from the public school which leads to a very real fight. Pleased with his ability to help his brother, Ben decides to "help" the loser kids in his class become more popular by punching them all in the eye.

26
9
"The Divorce"
Matt Sohn
Dominic Dierkes
December 5, 2017 (2017-12-05)
2AZT10
2.44[29]

Poodle and Christopher announce their decision to divorce, and reveal to Chip that his real father is a man named Howard Buckley (Matthew Glave). This causes him to fall into despair, until Alba reveals that Howard is very rich. Mickey realizes that she and Jimmy are drifting apart romantically, and they decide to go on a date. Chip locates Howard in Stamford and meets him. Howard thinks Chip is a nice young man, and asks him to escort his daughter Kelly for the night, not knowing she is Chip's half-sister. Chip defends Kelly against an abusive boyfriend. Kelly then kisses him, and when he confesses he's her brother, she kicks him in the crotch. Jimmy gets beaten up by two men who mistake him for a rapist when he and Mickey have a drunken hookup. Howard remembers Poodle, but refuses to believe Chip is his son and throws him out. Mickey and Jimmy conclude that their relationship is toxic, and that they still don't know what they mean to each other.

27
10
"The Climb"[30]
TBA
TBA
January 2, 2018 (2018-01-02)
2AZT11
TBD

28
11
"The Trip"[31]
TBA
TBA
January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)
2AZT12
TBD

29
12
"The Dump"[32]
TBA
TBA
January 16, 2018 (2018-01-16)
2AZT08
TBD

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Season 1 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Pilot"
January 1, 2017
2.8/9
8.58[4]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

2
"The Grandparents"
January 3, 2017
1.3/4
3.37[5]
0.9
2.27
2.2
5.64[33]

3
"The Buffer"
January 10, 2017
1.2/4
2.97[6]
0.9
2.14
2.1
5.11[34]

4
"The Balloon"
January 15, 2017
1.7/5
4.09[7]
0.8
1.82
2.5
5.91[34]

5
"The Fire"
January 17, 2017
1.1/4
2.77[8]
0.8
1.91
1.9
4.68[35]

6
"The Master"
January 24, 2017
1.0/4
2.76[9]
0.9
1.95
1.9
4.71[36]

7
"The Country Club"
January 31, 2017
1.1/4
2.97[10]
0.7
1.65
1.8
4.62[37]

8
"The Snitch"
February 7, 2017
1.0/3
2.48[11]
0.7
1.69
1.7
4.15[38]

9
"The Mess"
February 14, 2017
1.0/4
2.47[12]
0.7
1.69
1.7
4.16[39]

10
"The Baggage"
February 21, 2017
0.9/3
2.38[13]
0.7
1.51
1.6
3.89[40]

11
"The New Girl"
February 28, 2017
0.9/3
2.41[14]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

12
"The Wolf"
March 21, 2017
0.8/3
2.25[15]
0.7
1.52
1.5
3.77[41]

13
"The Bully"
March 28, 2017
0.9/3
2.41[16]
0.6
1.42
1.5
3.82[42]

14
"The Heater"
April 4, 2017
0.8/3
2.09[17]
0.7
1.46
1.5
3.55[43]

15
"The Sleepover"
April 11, 2017
0.8/3
2.17[18]
0.6
1.32
1.4
3.48[44]

16
"The Implant"
April 25, 2017
0.9/3
2.27[19]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

17
"The Intruder"
May 2, 2017
0.7/3
1.89[20]
0.6
1.36
1.3
3.25[45]

text: Season 2 (2017–18)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"The Hotel"
September 26, 2017
0.9/3
2.67[21]
0.6
1.40
1.5
4.06[46]

2
"The Friend"
October 3, 2017
0.9/3
2.41[22]
N/A
1.26
N/A
3.67[47]

3
"The Visit"
October 10, 2017
0.8/3
2.24[23]
N/A
1.24
N/A
3.48[48]

4
"The Haunted House"
October 17, 2017
0.8/3
2.26[24]
N/A
1.35
N/A
3.61[49]

5
"The Invention"
November 7, 2017
0.7/3
2.07[25]
0.7
1.44
1.4
3.51[50]

6
"The Matriarch"
November 14, 2017
0.7/3
2.10[26]
0.5
1.22
1.2
3.32[51]

7
"The Homecoming"
November 21, 2017
0.7/3
2.14[27]
0.5
1.15
1.2
3.29[52]

8
"The Teacher"
November 28, 2017
0.8/3
2.21[28]
N/A
1.10
N/A
3.31[53]

9
"The Divorce"
December 5, 2017
0.8/3
2.44[29]
N/A
1.19
N/A
3.63[54]

10
"The Climb"
January 2, 2018
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

11
"The Trip"
January 9, 2018
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD