document_title: Dental floss

question_text: when did dental floss come on the market

text: Dental floss

text: History[edit]

text: Levi Spear Parmly, a dentist from New Orleans, is credited with inventing the first form of dental floss.[4] In 1819, he recommended running a waxen silk thread "through the interstices of the teeth, between their necks and the arches of the gum, to dislodge that irritating matter which no brush can remove and which is the real source of disease."[5][6] He considered this the most important part of oral care.[4] Floss was not commercially available until 1882, when the Codman and Shurtleft company started producing unwaxed silk floss.[7] In 1898, the Johnson & Johnson Corporation received the first patent for dental floss that was made from the same silk material used by doctors for silk stitches.[7]

text: One of the earliest depictions of the use of dental floss in literary fiction is found in James Joyce's famous novel Ulysses (serialized 1918–1920), but the adoption of floss was low before World War II. Physician Charles C. Bass developed nylon floss during World War II.[7] Nylon floss was found to be better than silk because of its greater abrasion resistance and because it could be produced in great lengths and at various sizes.[7]

text: Use[edit]

text: Dental professionals recommend that a person floss once per day before or after brushing to allow the fluoride from the toothpaste to reach between the teeth.[8][9] Floss is commonly supplied in plastic dispensers that contain 10 to 100 meters of floss. After pulling out approximately 40 cm of floss, the user pulls it against a blade in the dispenser to cut it off. The user then strings the piece of floss on a fork-like instrument or holds it between their fingers using both hands with about 1–2 cm of floss exposed. The user guides the floss between each pair of teeth and gently curves it against the side of the tooth in a 'C' shape and guides it under the gumline. This removes particles of food stuck between teeth and dental plaque that adhere to dental surfaces below the gumline.[3]

text: Types of floss[edit]

text: A variety of dental flosses are commonly available. Floss is available in many forms including waxed, unwaxed monofilaments and multifilaments. Dental floss that is made of monofilaments coated in wax slides easily between teeth, does not fray and is generally higher in cost than its uncoated counterparts. The most important difference between available dental flosses is thickness. Waxed and unwaxed floss are available in varying widths. Studies have shown that there is no difference in the effectiveness of waxed and unwaxed dental floss,[10] but some waxed types of dental floss are said to contain antibacterial agents and/or sodium fluoride. Factors to consider in choosing a floss include the amount of space between teeth and user preference. Dental tape is a type of floss product which is wider and flatter than conventional floss. Dental tape is recommended for people with larger tooth surface area.[10]

text: The ability of different types of dental floss to remove dental plaque does not vary significantly;[11] the least expensive floss has essentially the same impact on oral hygiene as the most expensive.

text: Factors to be considered when choosing the right floss or whether the use of floss as an interdental cleaning device is appropriate may be based on:[10]

text:
The tightness of the contact area: determines the width of floss
The contour of the gingival tissue
The roughness of the interproximal surface
The client's manual dexterity and preference: to determine if supplemental device is required

text: Specialized plastic wands, or floss picks, have been produced to hold the floss. These may be attached to or separate from a floss dispenser. While wands do not pinch fingers like regular floss can, using a wand may be awkward and can also make it difficult to floss at all the angles possible with regular floss. These types of flossers also run the risk of missing the area under the gum line that needs to be flossed. On the other hand, the enhanced reach of a wand can make flossing the back teeth easier.

text: Dental floss is the most frequently recommended cleaning aid for teeth sides with a normal gingiva contour in which the spaces between teeth are tight and small.[10] The dental term ‘embrasure space’ describes the size of the triangular-shaped space immediately under the contact point of two teeth.[10] The size of the embrasure space is useful in selecting the most appropriate interdental cleaning aid. There are three interproximal embrasure types or classes as described below:[10]

text:
Type I – the gums fills embrasure space completely
Type II – the gums partially fills embrasure space
Type III – the gums do not fill embrasure space

text: The table below describes the types of interdental non-powered self-care products available.[10]

text:
Interdental Nonpowered Self-Care Products
Description
Indications
Contraindications and limitations
Common problems experienced during misuse of product
The number of times it can be used/duration of use

Waxed floss
Traditional string floss, Nylon waxed Monofilament floss also available coated in polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), Does not fray
Type I embrasures, Floss cleans between the gum and tooth
Type II and III embrasures
Floss cuts, Floss clefts, Circulation to fingers may cut off from wrapping floss too tight, Inability to reach back teeth due to manual dexterity problems
One time use. Dispose after use

Unwaxed floss
Traditional string floss, Unwaxed, multifilaments
Type I embrasures, Floss cleans between the gum and tooth
Type II and III embrasures
See waxed floss
One time use. Dispose after use

Dental tape
Waxed floss that has a wider and flatter design to conventional floss
Type I embrasures, Floss cleans between the gum and tooth that may have large tooth surface area
Type II and III embrasures
See waxed floss
One time use. Dispose after use

Tufted/braided dental floss/ Superfloss
Regular diameter floss, wider tufted portion looks like yarn. Tip of product also resembles a threader
Type II and III embrasures. Under pontics of fixed partial dentures
Type I embrasures
Trauma from forcing threader into tissues. Yarnlike portion/fibers may catch on appliances or dental work (which may cause gum irritation/problem)
One time use. Dispose after use

Floss holder
Handle with two prongs in Y or F Shape
Type I embrasures. Recommended for individuals that lack manual dexterity, who are physically challenged, or who have a strong gag reflex. Floss holders may assist caregivers
Type II and III embrasures
Unable to maintain tension of floss against tooth and fully wrap around tooth side. Need to set a fulcrum/finger rest (e.g. cheek, chin) to avoid trauma to gums and floss cuts
Can be used a number of times, however floss is to be changed after each use

Floss threader
A nylon loop designed to resemble a needle with large opening to thread floss. Tip of floss threader inserted and pulled through the space between two teeth to allow cleaning of the teeth sides
Type I embrasures: tight contacts between teeth, floss between and under abutment teeth and pontics of fixed prosthesis (e.g. fixed bridges and dental implants), under orthodontic appliances such as wires and lingual bar, under bars for implants
Type II and III embrasures
Trauma to gums from flossing threader into tissues
Can be used a number of times, however floss is to be changed after each use

Threader-tip floss
A length of floss with an attached threader tip.
Type I embrasures, Floss cleans between the gum and tooth
Type II and III embrasures
See waxed floss
One time use. Dispose after use

text: The table below describes the different types of Interdental powered self-care products available.[10]

text:
Interdental Powered Self-Care Products
Description
Indications
Contraindications and limitations
Common problems experienced during misuse of product

Power flossers
Bow type tip and Single filament nylon tip
Type I embrasures: Individuals with physical challenges. Individuals that cannot master traditional string floss. Individual preference.
Type II and III embrasures. Tight contacts between teeth or crowded teeth
Floss cuts or clefts with floss holder designs. Unable to maintain tension or wrap floss completely around tooth side.

text: Benefits[edit]

text: Evidence[edit]

text: The American Dental Association has stated that flossing in combination with tooth brushing can help prevent gum disease[12] and halitosis.[13] A 2011 review of trials concluded that flossing in addition to tooth brushing reduces gingivitis compared to tooth brushing alone. In this review, researchers found "some evidence from 12 studies that flossing in addition to tooth brushing reduces gingivitis compared to tooth brushing alone", but only discovered "weak, very unreliable evidence from 10 studies that flossing plus tooth brushing may be associated with a small reduction in plaque at 1 and 3 months."[14]

text: A 2008 systematic review of 11 studies concluded that adjunctive flossing was no more effective than tooth brushing alone in reducing plaque or gingivitis.[3] The authors concluded that "the dental professional should determine, on an individual patient basis, whether high-quality flossing is an achievable goal."[3] The review also states that "routine instruction of flossing in gingivitis patients as helpful adjunct therapy is not supported by scientific evidence".[3] Two studies found no effect of floss among dental students.[3] One review reported that professional flossing of children reduced dental caries risk, but self-flossing did not.[15]

text: In response to an Associated Press investigation, the US government stopped recommending flossing in their 2015 U.S. dietary guidelines, having deliberately changed their focus to food and nutrition, and stated that effects of flossing had never been researched as required.[16][17]

text: Incorrect usage[edit]

text: Although flossing is commonly used as a means of disrupting the oral biofilm between the teeth and therefore preventing gingival disease (such as gingivitis or periodontitis), its effectiveness is determined by the client's preference, technique and motivation to floss daily.[18]

text: Flossing is considered to be a more difficult method of interdental cleaning than using an interdental brush.[18] Interdental brushes are said to be preferred due to their one-handed method of use and time efficiency compared to flossing.[18]

text: A groove in the gingival margin, known as a floss cleft, can form after repeatedly using floss incorrectly along the mesial and distal surfaces of the tooth.[19]

text: Traumatic flossing immediately after the placement of amalgam fillings can also result in an amalgam tattoo.[20]

text: Floss for orthodontic appliances[edit]

text: It is widely acknowledged in dental literature that orthodontic appliances, such as brackets, wires, and bands, as an outcome of their greater surface area, can harbour greater accumulations of plaque with more virulent changes in bacterial composition, which can ultimately cause a reduction in periodontal health as indicated by increased gingival recession, bleeding on probing, and plaque retention measurements.[21] Furthermore, fixed appliances makes plaque control more challenging and restricts the natural cleaning action of the tongue, lips, and cheek to remove food and bacterial debris from tooth surfaces, and also creates new plaque stagnation areas that stimulate the colonisation of pathogenic bacteria.[22] It is the general consensus among dental academia that patients undergoing orthodontic treatment maintain a high level of plaque control through not only conscientious toothbrushing, but also proximal surface cleaning via interdental aids, with dental floss being the most recommended by dental professionals.[21] As toothbrushing alone is ineffective at removing plaque between tooth surfaces when bonded appliances are in place, clinical studies have demonstrated that dental floss, when used correctly, leads to substantial improvements in proximal gingival health.[21] Although it is clear that orthodontic patients who utilise floss enjoy better gingival health and less plaque retention relative to those who do not, flossing is not always entirely embraced as it can be difficult and more time-consuming, which is shown to discourage a lot of patients from performing this task regularly to prevent dental disease.[21]

text: Floss threader[edit]

text: A floss threader is loop of fiber that is shaped in order to produce better handling characteristics. It is (similar to fishing line) used to thread floss into small, hard to reach sites around teeth.[23] Threaders are sometimes required to floss with dental braces, fix retainers, and bridge.

text: Floss pick[edit]

text: A floss pick is a disposable oral hygiene device generally made of plastic and dental floss. The instrument is composed of two prongs extending from a thin plastic body of high-impact polystyrene material. A single piece of floss runs between the two prongs. The body of the floss pick generally tapers at its end in the shape of a toothpick. There are two types of angled floss picks in the oral care industry, the 'Y'-shaped angle and the 'F'-shaped angle floss pick. At the base of the arch where the 'Y' begins to branch there is a handle for gripping and maneuvering before it tapers off into a pick.

text: Floss picks are manufactured in a variety of shapes, colors and sizes for adults and children. The floss can be coated in fluoride, flavor or wax.[24]

text: History of floss pick[edit]

text: In 1888, B.T. Mason wrapped a fibrous material around a toothpick and dubbed it the 'combination tooth pick.'[25] In 1916, J.P. De L'eau invented a dental floss holder between two vertical poles.[26] In 1935, F.H. Doner invented what today's consumer knows as the 'Y'-shaped angled dental appliance.[27] In 1963, James B. Kirby invented a tooth-cleaning device that resembles an archaic version of today's F-shaped floss pick.[28]

text: In 1972, an inventor named Richard L. Wells found a way to attach floss to a single pick end.[29] In the same year, another inventor named Harry Selig Katz came up with a method of making a disposable dental floss tooth pick.[30] In the end of 1980s floss picks became mass marketed in various versions.


document_title: Ghost Rider (Johnny Blaze)

question_text: who saved ghost rider from his deal with mephisto

root

text: Ghost Rider (Johnny Blaze)

text: Publication history[edit]

text: Following the western comics character who originally used the name, the first superhero Ghost Rider, Johnny Blaze, debuted in Marvel Spotlight #5 (Aug. 1972), created by writer-editor Roy Thomas, writer Gary Friedrich, and artist Mike Ploog. After a seven-issue tryout run in Marvel Spotlight,[3] the character received a self-titled Ghost Rider series in 1973, with penciller Jim Mooney handling most of the first nine issues. Several different creative teams mixed-and-matched until penciller Don Perlin began a long stint with issue #26, eventually joined by writer Michael Fleisher through issue #58.

tag: p

text: Thomas, Marvel's editor-in-chief at the time, described the character's genesis:

text: I had made up a character as a villain in Daredevil—a very lackluster character—called Stunt-Master... a motorcyclist. Anyway, when Gary Friedrich started writing Daredevil, he said, "Instead of Stunt-Master, I'd like to make the villain a really weird motorcycle-riding character called Ghost Rider." He didn't describe him. I said, "Yeah, Gary, there's only one thing wrong with it," and he kind of looked at me weird, because we were old friends from Missouri, and I said, "That's too good an idea to be just a villain in Daredevil. He should start out right away in his own book." When Gary wasn't there the day we were going to design it, Mike Ploog, who was going to be the artist, and I designed the character. I had this idea for the skull-head, something like Elvis' 1968 Special jumpsuit, and so forth, and Ploog put the fire on the head, just because he thought it looked nice. Gary liked it, so they went off and did it.[4]

text: Friedrich on the above, in 2001:

text: Well, there's some disagreement between Roy, Mike, and I over that. I threatened on more than one occasion that if Marvel gets in a position where they are gonna make a movie or make a lot of money off of it, I'm gonna sue them, and I probably will. ...It was my idea. It was always my idea from the first time we talked about it, it turned out to be a guy with a flaming skull and rode a motorcycle. Ploog seems to think the flaming skull was his idea. But, to tell you the truth, it was my idea.[5]

text: Ploog recalled, in a 2008 interview:

text: Now, there's been all kinds of dialog about who was the creator of Ghost Rider. Gary Friedrich was the writer on it. ... The flaming skull: That was the big area of dispute. Who thought of the flaming skull? To be honest with you I can't remember. What else were you going to do with him? You couldn't put a helmet on him, so it had to be a flaming skull. As far as his costume went, it was part of the old [Western] Ghost Rider's costume, with the Western panel front. The stripes down the arms and the legs were there merely so I could make the character['s costume] as black as I possibly could and still keep track of his body. It was the easiest way to design him.[6]

text: Tony Isabella wrote a two-year story arc in which Blaze occasionally encountered an unnamed character referred to as "the Friend" who helped Blaze stay protected from Satan. Isabella said that with editorial approval he'd introduced the character, who "looked sort of like a hippie Jesus Christ and that's exactly who He was, though I never actually called Him that...."[7] At the story arc's climax, Isabella had planned that Blaze "accepts Jesus Christ into his life. This gives him the strength to overcome Satan, though with more pyrotechnics than most of us can muster. He retains the Ghost Rider powers he had been given by Satan, but they are his to use as his new faith directs him."[8] However, Isabella said, Jim Shooter,[9] then an assistant editor, "took offense at my story. The issue was ready to go to the printer when he pulled it back and ripped it to pieces. He had some of the art redrawn and a lot of the copy rewritten to change the ending of a story two years in the making. 'The Friend' was revealed to be, not Jesus, but a demon in disguise. To this day, I consider what he did to my story one of the three most arrogant and wrongheaded actions I've ever seen from an editor."[7]

text: During his run on Ghost Rider, Tony Isabella put Blaze in the lineup of his new superteam series, The Champions, in order to fulfill an editorial mandate that the team include at least one character with their own series.[10] Bob Hall, who pencilled four issues of the series, later commented that "Ghost Rider never seemed to fit. Why on Earth would the ultimate loner be in a group? It must have been difficult to write and to me he always seemed like a different character than the Friedrich-and-Ploog guy."[10] Ghost Rider remained with the series throughout its short run (October 1975 – January 1978).[10]

text: Blaze's Ghost Rider's career ends when the demon Zarathos, who inhabited Blaze's body as Ghost Rider, flees in issue #81 (June 1983), the finale, in order to pursue the villain named Centurious. Now free of his curse, Blaze goes off to live with Roxanne. Blaze occasionally appeared in the subsequent 1990–1998 series, Ghost Rider, which starred a related character, Daniel Ketch. This series revealed Blaze and Roxanne eventually got married and had two children.

text: Blaze returned as Ghost Rider in a 2001 six-issue miniseries written by Devin Grayson; a second miniseries written by Garth Ennis in 2005; and an ongoing monthly series that began publication in July 2006.

text: Ownership contention[edit]

text: On April 4, 2007, Friedrich filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court – Southern District of Illinois against Marvel Enterprises, Sony Pictures, Columbia TriStar Motion Pictures, Relativity Media, Crystal Sky Pictures, Michael DeLuca Productions, Hasbro and Take-Two Interactive, alleging his copyrights to the Ghost Rider character have been exploited and utilized in a "joint venture and conspiracy". The lawsuit states that the film rights and merchandising reverted from Marvel to him in 2001.[11] He amended the complaint on March 25, 2011.[12] The case was transferred to the federal New York State Southern District Court on February 14, 2008.[13]

text: The suit concluded on December 28, 2011, with Marvel prevailing on all but one count.[14] U.S. District Judge Katherine Forrest ruled that Marvel Entertainment owned the character, saying Friedrich gave up any ownership claim when he signed checks containing language relinquishing all rights. She said  Friedrich had also signed a 1978 agreement with Marvel relinquishing rights.[15] Marvel countersued[16][17] with the parties reaching a settlement in which Marvel dropped the suit in exchange for Friedrich paying $17,000 in damages, ceasing to sell Ghost Rider-related items of his own creation and ceasing to promote himself as the creator of the character for financial gain. Friedrich was allowed to sell his autograph on officially licensed Ghost Rider merchandise.[18]

text: On June 11, 2013, Second Circuit Court of Appeals Judge Denny Chin overturned the original decision, calling the contract language "ambiguous" and sending the case back to trial.[19][20] set for November.[21] On September 6, Friedrich's attorney told the court both parties "have amicably agreed to resolve all claims."[21]

text: Fictional character biography[edit]

text: This section's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Johnny Blaze, a stunt daredevil, was the son of Barton Blaze and Naomi Kale, born in Waukegan, Illinois. He spent his early years in the Quentin Carnival where his parents starred in a stunt show with Craig "Crash" Simpson. Johnny's mother walked out on Barton and Johnny and took the family's remaining two children, Barbara and Danny, with her.

text: Losing his mother caused Johnny to repress many of his memories of her and his siblings. When his father died in a stunt, Johnny was adopted by Crash and Mona Simpson. The Simpsons helped Johnny by fabricating his past with the hope that it would be less painful than the truth. Now believing that his real mother was Clara Blaze, who had died, Johnny became an enthusiastic member of the Simpson clan, growing closer to their daughter, Roxanne. The two soon became inseparable and, as they grew older their fondness for one another moved beyond familiarity.

text: Blaze would eventually join the Simpsons in their own traveling stunt show, the Crash Simpson Stunt Cycle Extravaganza. Crash had become a real father figure in Blaze's eyes, and on learning of Crash's life-threatening cancer, Blaze turned to the occult. His studies led him to a spell which supposedly could summon Satan himself. Johnny was unaware that he had in fact summoned Mephisto. Desperate to save Crash, Blaze sold his soul to Mephisto in return for Crash's cancer to be cured.[22]

text: Crash Simpson's cancer was cured and Johnny believed he would live; however, Crash soon died after a stunt trying to jump over 22 cars. Mephisto, when confronted by Blaze over Crash's death, declared that he had kept his end of the bargain. Johnny's exact words in the bargain had been for Crash to be spared the cancer which was killing him, not for him to live, though this had been Johnny's intent. True to his word, Mephisto had ensured that Crash had not died of cancer, but instead had lost his life during the failed jump, which Mephisto quickly pointed out when he came to claim his prize. Blaze, still at the mercy of Mephisto, believed he would lose his soul until he was saved by Roxanne. Roxanne proclaimed her love for Blaze, and drove Mephisto away with the purity of her emotion.[22]

text: Blaze was unaware that Mephisto had bonded him with the demon Zarathos as an act of revenge for not being able to obtain Johnny's soul for himself. Johnny was transformed into a Ghost Rider, a leather-clad skeleton, his head cloaked in a sheath of flame, the night after Crash's death. While Johnny still had his soul, he was forced to punish the wicked and evil upon Mephisto's demands whenever needed.[22] Whenever he was in the presence of evil he would transform into the Ghost Rider, to exact the devil's revenge, returning the evil to Hell. Blaze was not completely lost in the transformation however, and would also help the innocent when they were in danger.[23]

text: As the Ghost Rider, he encountered Daimon Hellstrom.[24] Johnny later came to work as a movie stuntman for Delazny Studios.[25] As the Ghost Rider, he teamed with the Champions,[26] Morbius, Man-Thing, and Werewolf by Night.[27] He lost a motorcycle stunt riding championship to Flagg Fargo,[28] and later came to work as a stunt rider for the Quentin Carnival.[29] Eventually, Zarathos would gain control of Johnny Blaze, and the Ghost Rider would become the spirit of Zarathos unleashed. Johnny himself was becoming stronger as well, and the conflicting personalities led to a battle over Blaze's physical body.[30]

text: Centurious appeared, stealing Blaze's soul into his soul crystal. Zarathos, weakened from the ordeal used the last of his strength to shatter the crystal, freeing Blaze's soul and many others contained inside of the crystal as well. Before the crystal was reformed, Centurious was absorbed into the crystal. Zarathos followed him into the crystal, freeing Blaze from the curse, restoring his soul, and ending his time as the Ghost Rider.[31]

text: For a while, Johnny became a drifter and then an adventurer. He eventually became the owner of the carnival. In time, he learned of the existence of Daniel Ketch as the Ghost Rider. Believing the new Ghost Rider to be Zarathos, Johnny traveled to New York City to kill him.[32] Johnny abducted Ketch and battled the Ghost Rider. Johnny became convinced that Ketch was not Zarathos, and aided him against Blackout.[33] Alongside the Ghost Rider and Spider-Man, Blaze then fought the Hobgoblin.[34] He also helped Ghost Rider and the X-Men battle the Brood Queen.[35]

text: He later teamed up with the new Ghost Rider to form the "Spirits of Vengeance". During this time Blaze would again ride a bike with wheels of fire and would sling a hellfire spitting pump-gun. Their mentor Caretaker would later reveal that they were in fact brothers. In the team's first appearance, they battled Lilith and her Lilin.[36]

text: Blaze went back to leading his carnival. Despite it being staffed with many powerful entities, it was nearly destroyed in a demonic attack led by the creature Vengeance. The dead, friend and foe alike, were taken by government forces to be dissected. Blaze, with the help of friends, living and dead, breaks into the facility and destroys all the bodies.[volume & issue needed]

text: A later confrontation with the forces of evil would lead to Roxanne's death.[volume & issue needed] Blaze would later become a demon hunter and hunt down the demons responsible for her death and kill them all.[volume & issue needed] Roxanne was later discovered to have been resurrected as or simply transformed into the being named The Black Rose.[volume & issue needed] She was later returned to Johnny, despite memory loss, in the final issue of the Dan Ketch series of Ghost Rider.[volume & issue needed]

text: Starting over, Blaze eventually found a new job as an accountant and a new girlfriend, Chloe, in the 2001 Marvel Knights series "The Hammer Lane". Though it at first seemed he was free from the curse, Johnny would eventually transform back into Ghost Rider, since Zarathos had reconstituted himself in Johnny Blaze, despite being turned into a stone statue after his battle with the Midnight Sons.[37]

text: This Ghost Rider entity spoke only a singular line, and was much more savage than Noble Kale.[volume & issue needed] At first, there was no indication as to who or what this creature was.[volume & issue needed] However, this entity would appear to be Zarathos, as it is stated in the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe A-Z Volume 4 (TPB).

text: Johnny Blaze soon found himself constantly pursued by demons of Hell, intent on forcing him to make good on the demonic pact he had made. It was all that the Ghost Rider could do to outrun the evil, but it was not enough. Eventually, Johnny was captured and taken to Hell.[volume & issue needed]

text: The "Road to Damnation" series, by Garth Ennis and Clayton Crain, finds Johnny Blaze trapped in an endless cycle of torture and escape in the Pit. It is here that the angel Malachi appears to the Ghost Rider, offering to free him from Hell with his soul intact, in exchange for hunting down the demon Kazann who has been unleashed upon the Earth.[volume & issue needed]

text: Malachi tells Blaze that the only way he will be freed from Hell permanently is to beat the Archangel Ruth to Kazann, in order to stave off the destruction that she will cause should she fight him. Along the way, Blaze meets a demon, Hoss, who is also in pursuit of Kazann, and offers to help the Ghost Rider since they share the same goal.[volume & issue needed]

text: Hoss and Blaze fight with Ruth and she steals his bike; they pursue her in Hoss' Cadillac. When they arrive to where Ruth is Kazann is already free, thanks to the efforts of a corrupt paraplegic business owner named Earl Gustav. Hoss and Ruth fight while Blaze battles Kazann, who lets Johnny know he's been duped by Malachi. As this happens Gustav's secretary, Jemima Catmint, makes her boss recite an incantation that sends Kazaan back to Hell. Johnny thinks he's free, but gets shot in the head by a dying priest (whom he had blasted with hellfire earlier) with a holy bullet and is sent back to Hell. He confronts Malachi who reveals that he tricked Johnny. Johnny threatens to kill him, but is prevented from doing so by Ruth, who kills him herself. Hoss appears, and reveals that Kazann and Malachi were actually brothers, who passed information to each other about Heaven and Hell. Once Kazann escaped from Hell, Malachi needed to find someone (Ghost Rider) to get him back before Ruth, in order to prevent Kazann from spilling the beans about Malachi exchanging secrets of Heaven with him while he was being tortured by angels.[volume & issue needed]

text: In July, 2006, a new ongoing monthly series began with a story titled "Vicious Cycle", which was written by Daniel Way, with art by Mark Texeira and Javier Saltares (the same artistic team from the 1990s series). The storyline takes place after the Ennis mini-series, and features Johnny Blaze finally escaping Hell.[volume & issue needed]

text: Blaze's escape is a plot engineered by Lucifer himself, as when Johnny escapes from Hell the devil comes with him. During a battle at a gas station, Blaze defeats the corpse of a recently deceased father that has been animated by the devil. Detecting the magical disturbance caused by Ghost Rider's escape, Doctor Strange investigates the situation, but, believing Doctor Strange to be Lucifer in disguise, Blaze attacks him, and for the first time he uses the Penance Stare, debilitating Doctor Strange. It is then that the celestial being Numecet appears and reveals the intent of Lucifer to Blaze.[volume & issue needed]

text: Having healed Doctor Strange, Numecet tells Johnny Blaze that he is stronger than he can comprehend and is a vital part of Lucifer's plans, as he intends for the Ghost Rider to kill each of the bodies he has possessed. It is revealed that when Lucifer traveled to the mortal realm his essence shattered and spread to 666 recently deceased people, each one of them resurrected and imbued with a portion of the devil's strength. In order to reform his body each one of the human hosts has to die, but they cannot die from suicide as that is a sin and would send the devil back to hell, requiring them to provoke others into killing them. As each one falls the remaining will become even stronger, and Ghost Rider must kill them because, although others can kill the bodies at first, eventually the remaining hosts will become so powerful that no other being could kill them. Numecet attempts to dissuade Blaze but to no avail, Blaze vowing that he will force the devil into a single corporeal form and then drag him back to Hell once and for all.[volume & issue needed]

text: During the Civil War storyline, Johnny ends up in Sleepy Hollow, Illinois where a serial killer is decapitating local children and soon learns his identity: the supervillain known as Jack O'Lantern. Killed by the Punisher, Stevie Levins' body is occupied by one of the several aspects of Lucifer. The local sheriff thinks Blaze is to blame but soon realizes the truth. Ghost Rider and the sheriff confront Levins/Lucifer at the door of a preacher's house, and after a short fight Ghost Rider tears out Levins/Lucifer's heart and smashes his head.[38]

text: During the World War Hulk storyline, Johnny Blaze angers the Ghost Rider when he tries to save several people and allows the Lucifer fragment they were currently fighting to escape. Later after watching a broadcast on TV, Blaze decides to go to New York and fight the Hulk, against the Ghost Rider's will. The issue ends with Ghost Rider coming to a halt on his motorcycle in front of the Hulk.[39] After attempting to urge the Hulk to stop, Ghost Rider engages the Hulk. Their battle is monitored by Doctor Strange and Mister Fantastic. Doctor Strange believes that the entity that supplies Ghost Rider's mystic power is possibly capable of defeating the Hulk, stating that his powers are limitless, and only inhibited by the human side of the Ghost Rider, even going as far as to call his powers "godlike". However, as it is Johnny Blaze, not the fully powered demon Zarathos who is engaging the Hulk, the Hulk easily defeats Ghost Rider. After Johnny is knocked out, Zarathos himself emerges and rides off because, as Doctor Strange says in the end of the issue, Ghost Rider protects only the innocent, which none of the Illuminati are.[40]

text: Johnny eventually manages to defeat Lucifer by 'killing' one host by shoving a truck's gear-stick through its head and breaking its spine, leaving the host biologically alive but incapacitated. While the host is kept alive by Dixie, a trucker Johnny had encountered, Blaze tracks down what Lucifer believes is his final host and defeats it, exploiting the fact that Lucifer is only at half-strength. As soon as Johnny kills this host, Dixie and a group of local police are able to kill the brain-damaged Lucifer fragment – who now possesses the full soul of the devil but is in no condition to use that power – and send him back to Hell.[41]

text: Seven Riders show their flaming heads for the first time in this story arc by writer Jason Aaron and artist Tan Eng Huat. Daniel Ketch returns with a new mission: to collect the powers of all the Ghost Riders for the angel Zadkiel to prevent the corruption of the powers with their human hosts. Zadkiel has other motives he keeps to himself, of which he needs the powers of the Riders for: to tear down the walls of New Jerusalem and wage war on Heaven. The story begins in Tibet with Chinese soldiers harassing a village, questioning them about weapons that killed two of his garrison patrols. During the harassment a peasant enters on a donkey. After a few exchange of words and an order to kill given by the General, the peasant changes and kills the General's men while his back is turned. When the General turns back he sees the Ghost Rider and gets a Penance Stare for his trouble. After the attack the Rider goes back to his sanctuary where he is visited by Danny Ketch. A short while later Sister Sara and Johnny Blaze arrive at the sanctuary to find out how to get back at Zadkiel. After entering, they find the peasant and donkey burnt to husks.[42]

text: That night the two are visited by Ketch and begins a battle with a show of power. When Blaze does the Penance Stare to his brother, he sees exactly what has transpired. Ketch has murdered the hosts of numerous Riders for their powers. During a show of pity for the fallen, Ketch is able to return the Stare on Blaze and sends Blaze into temporary insanity. Before Ketch is able to take the power of Zarathos, he is stopped by the new caretaker Sister Sara. She rescues Blaze and they go to a safehouse. At the safehouse, during Blaze's self-pity and Sara's trying to pick him back up, they are visited by two more Ghost Riders, the Arabic Molek and the Chinese Bai Gu Jing, whom they follow to Japan.[43]

text: When Blaze's team arrives in Japan, they learn Ketch has already taken the power of the Rider Yoshio Kannabe. After the conquest, Ketch has another talk with Zadkiel via communications link. During the conversation, Zadkiel massacres the squad of the Asura who guard the gates of Heaven. Zadkiel tells Ketch to wait to attack the Riders til the last ones are together. Meanwhile, elsewhere in the world, former cop Kowalski follows a contact to get a hellfire shotgun for his revenge on Blaze.[44]

text: After acquiring the item he is then driven to the middle of a desert to sit and wait for his chance. After leaving Japan, Blaze's team journeys to the City of the Skulls in the Congo where the last stand would be made. There they meet the Lords of the Congo, the Ghost Riders Baron Skullfire and Marinette Bwachech, and their Phantom Riders. During the day Sara tells Molek about her new experience becoming a Caretaker, and her wonders about religion, with which she is given secret information that Molek knows about both. As the Ghost Riders and their forces ready for battle, Blaze has his eyes opened back up by two children who go to participate in the fight. He quickly snaps out of his depression and joins the others for the final battle.[45]

text: During the course of the battle Baron Skullfire dies and the spirit is transferred to one of the Phantom Riders, after which Ketch creates hellfire duplicates of himself to take the on the warriors. A wager is then made by Blaze and Ketch on a race between the brothers around the world for the fates of the powers. During the race, Blaze is critically injured by Kowalski's shotgun and Ketch takes the Rider from him as his duplicates overpower the others. Moments later, Ketch relinquishes the power of the Spirits of Vengeance to Heaven, with Zadkiel now able to storm it. The sound of the gates falling is enough to be felt by Spider-Man's spider-sense, and loud enough to be heard even in Hell and Asgard. When an injured Blaze returns to the City of the Skulls, Ketch falls from the sky, revealing that the battle for Heaven has already been decided. As more energies fall from the heavens, one strikes Kowalski and changes him into a new Rider that looks a lot like Vengeance.[46]

text: After the battle with Zadkiel and his Black Host, Johnny Blaze parts ways with Ketch and Sara. He eventually wanders to a Japanese village, living in the nearby temple. The villagers are suddenly invaded by demons and their flesh is transformed into heinous forms by a creature called the Skinbender. Blaze's attempt to fight back result in her trying to morph his flesh, but finds his skin burns to the touch due to his power, prompting her to demand he transform into Ghost Rider. When he does, she breaks down crying, claiming he is the most beautiful thing she had ever seen and begged for him to speak. He simply responds with "Burn," leading a storm of fire to rain onto the village, incinerating the demons and restoring the villagers to their normal states. At the same time, Sara arrives in the village to reunite with Blaze to continue their quest against Zadkiel. She finds him in the process of grinding up the Skinbender, before tossing her into the sea. Sara then consoles Blaze, asking him to think of his family and asks where they are. He replies, saying that they are in Heaven. They then depart from the village to continue their journey.[47]

text: The Antichrist, Kid Blackheart, after being hunted down by Zadkiel's agents on Earth, is saved by occult terrorist Jaine Cutter, despite Daimon Hellstorm's efforts to slay him. Eventually, the three encounter Johnny, Danny and Sara, and are forced to join forces in a desperate attempt to defeat Zadkiel in Paradise. Eventually, after reaching Heaven with Danny, he and Danny both attack Zadkiel, but are quickly overwhelmed; however, the spirits of Blaze's deceased wife and children encourage him to rise and continue to fight Zadkiel, rallying the combined forces of the Spirits of Vengeance (whom Ketch had been tricked into returning to Heaven by Zadkiel) against the renegade Archangel. After Zadkiel realizes that he was not, and never would be, the one true God, as Blaze tells him, "Only God can make a Ghost Rider, Zadkiel. You should know that. And only God can destroy one. You may have been able to shift that power around, to even leech it from its hosts. But you were never really able to control it. And you certainly couldn't kill it. You're not God, Zadkiel. You're just another power-mad wannabe who desperately needs his ass kicked. And that's exactly what the Ghost Riders are for", he is defeated and banished to Hell, with God, revealed to have never perished at all, reclaiming Heaven and thanking Blaze for all he did for Paradise and its billions of souls.[48]

text: During the Shadowland storyline, Kingpin and Lady Bullseye perform a ritual which brings back Ghost Rider in a plot to attack the Hand.[49] After Ghost Rider returns to Kingpin, he is forced to travel to Japan to confront the ancient ninja clan the Hand, and, unable to directly combat them due to the Hand magic binding him, provokes them into killing him. Blaze's soul emerges in a white void, and God, after telling him he is needed still, sends him back to the mortal realm, and, in gratitude for his role in defeating Zadkiel, aiding him by reinforcing him with a battalion force of Black Host warrior angels who are able to quickly slaughter the Hand ninjas with ease. Freed from the curse, Blaze rides off into the distance on his motorcycle.[50]

text: During the Fear Itself storyline, Johnny Blaze becomes more agitated about his curse and is then approached by a mysterious figure known as Adam who claims he can help Blaze be rid of the Ghost Rider once and for all. Blaze was ambivalent to the man's gesture thinking there was a catch to his offer but Adam simply put that the curse will be passed to someone he never met. Blaze accepts the offer and was told to drive the Rider out of his soul. Blaze was finally rid of the Rider for good from then on while Adam went about his way to find a new host for the Ghost Rider. In Dayton, Ohio when Sin (in the form of Skadi) attacks the city, she fights a new female Ghost Rider. After the female Ghost Rider is defeated, Mephisto appears before Johnny Blaze stating that he has damned the human race and will help Johnny out.[51]

text: Explaining that 'Adam' was the original Adam, Mephisto reveals that the new Ghost Rider is a girl named Alejandra that Adam has raised in isolation for years, intending to use her to purge the world of sin, unconcerned about the fact that this will deprive humanity of free will.[52] Despite his distaste at working with Mephisto for anything – the devil's motives clarified as being to preserve his own existence – Blaze is able to convince Alejandra to abandon Adam's plan after she renders an entire town catatonic. However, although Johnny was initially willing to let her serve as the new Ghost Rider, when her attempt to regain the town's lost sin nearly sends the world to Hell – her efforts only being narrowly defeated by the new Venom, Red Hulk and X-23 – Blaze is finally convinced by Doctor Strange to take back the Ghost Rider mantle, following Alejandra into Hell as she attempts to kill Mephisto and regaining the full power of the Ghost Rider, although Alejandra retains a fragment of its power for herself.[53]

text: Much later, Ghost Rider joins Red Hulk's Thunderbolts to help take out Mercy, when she was unleashed.[2] During a mission in which General Ross is searching for his missing men in an ancient temple in the South American jungles, the Leader incites a spell that momentarily removes the flame from Johnny Blaze. In the brief moment where he has lost the Spirit of Vengeance, Blaze is brutally torn apart and killed by a swamp demon.[54]

text: General Ross is the only one to survive the mission and comes face to face with Mansuco, one of the men he was looking for that acquired divine powers. Mancuso gives Ross the option to either die on the spot or erase the mission from history. Ross chooses to erase the mission from the timestream returning Johnny Blaze to life.[55]

text: Following several other missions, the Punisher quit the Thunderbolts, only to find that his safehouse had been booby-trapped and destroyed.[volume & issue needed] Setting out for revenge on the Thunderbolts for the attack, Punisher attempted to slay the Ghost Rider with Mephisto's sword which he got from Zadkiel. Ghost Rider thwarted this attempt, but ultimately Punisher was able to release Johnny from the Spirit of Vengeance by decapitating his flaming skull with his own chain.[volume & issue needed]  The curse once again leaves Johnny, only to return to him by the series' end.[56]

text: In All New, All-Different Marvel, Johnny learns of the new Ghost Rider in East Los Angeles.[57] When confronting Reyes, Johnny realizes that this new Ghost Rider is a body indwelt by two human souls.[58] Once he finally learns the identities of these two souls—those being the soul of the serial killer Eli Morrow and his host, Robbie Reyes—Johnny decides to help Reyes learn how to be a true Ghost Rider by controlling his inner evil. Johnny helps Reyes fight Eli's former Russian mob allies and the supervillain Mister Hyde, aka Calvin Zabo. When Robbie finally gains control over Eli's soul, the Ghost Riders bid him farewell, Johnny telling the young new Ghost Rider if he has trouble again to call on his fellow Ghost Riders.[59]

text: Powers and abilities[edit]

text: As a primal agent of Heaven, empowered by the Spirits of Vengeance, created by the power of God Himself ages past to enact vengeance upon the sinners of mankind, Johnny Blaze is one of the most powerful entities within the mortal and immortal realms. The common theme of the Ghost Rider is a human host who transforms into a flaming-headed skeleton with a vehicle and supernatural powers. When riding their vehicles, they can travel faster than conventional vehicles and can maneuver impossible feats such as riding straight up a vertical surface or across water.

text: Initially when transformed, Blaze's motorcycle would simply catch fire. Later, he could create a cycle made of pure flame (hellfire). Hellfire is a supernatural flame which typically burns the soul and not the body, but also could be used as regular flame. Projecting hellfire as a weapon is his main form of attack. He also possesses heightened reflexes and superhuman strength, as well as almost total invulnerability to physical damage. Any damage he does take is quickly recovered, as Ghost Rider is made of pure hellfire, which he can use to immediately regenerate any lost limbs or holes in his body.

text: For a time, when Daniel Ketch was the Ghost Rider, Johnny did not have his typical powers. Instead, he wielded a shotgun that fired mystical force-blasts and rode a mystic motorcycle (both somehow empowered by exposure to Ketch's hellfire).

text: In the newest incarnation of Johnny Blaze as Ghost Rider, another main weapon in his arsenal has been his chain, which was first used by the Danny Ketch Ghost Rider. The chain, much like the rest of Ghost Rider, is made of hellfire given a solid physical substance. Ghost Rider can control the exact movement of the chain with his mind, allowing it to do things normal chains cannot, such as reach vast distances and wrap around enemies without fail. The chain is seemingly unbreakable.

text: This incarnation's most powerful weapon is the Penance Stare. When he locks eyes with his victim, he can make them experience all the emotional pain and suffering that they have inflicted on everyone in their lifetime, permanently damaging their soul in the process. The only person known to have recovered from the Penance Stare is Doctor Strange, but this was under exceptional circumstances and required the aid of an angelic being to restore him to normal.[60]  Punisher was able to resist the Penance Stare because he regretted nothing which momentarily stunned the Ghost Rider.[61]

text: The demonic entity Zarathos, which is the current source of Ghost Rider's power, has been described by Doctor Strange (the Sorcerer Supreme of Earth, whom the Rider overpowered once in direct combat) to possess sufficient mystical power to challenge the Green Scar incarnation of the Hulk, as shown in World War Hulk.[40] Zarathos is also able to re-manifest himself within Blaze when seemingly destroyed or exorcised, unless placed within a new host.

text: Other versions[edit]

text: Ultimate Marvel[edit]

text: In the Ultimate Marvel Universe, Ghost Rider made his debut in Ultimate Comics: Avengers (vol. 2) #2.[62] Ultimate Ghost Rider's origin is explained in Ultimate Comics: Avengers (vol. 2) #4. Young twenty-something couple Johnny Blaze and Roxanne Simpson decided on a cross-country trip across the United States. One day they came across a bar where they befriended a biker gang, who kept buying them beer. The friendship was a ruse as they killed an intoxicated Blaze as part of a satanic ritual. During the ritual they bartered their souls with Satan in exchange for wealth and power. Satan granted their request, but kept the upper hand. The deceased Blaze also made a deal; Satan will get his soul in exchange for the assured safety of Roxanne. For twenty years Blaze was trained to become the Ghost Rider, and was sent into the world to get his revenge. He tracks down and kills the members of the motorcycle gang—now rich and in positions of power—individually. Due to these deaths an executive order comes down from the White House: kill the Ghost Rider. The Avengers are recruited into the mission with no knowledge of the Ghost Rider except that he is 7 feet tall and has the strength of Thor.[63] When the Avengers were unsuccessful in stopping the Ghost Rider from killing his next target, the truth behind the Ghost Rider is learned, and the leader of the motorcycle gang is now the Vice-President, Bobby Blackthorne.[63] Johnny dragged the Vice President into a church which turned them both back into human form, allowing the Punisher to finish off the Vice President, pleading his case, Johnny was allowed to leave. He is later seen in a park with Satan watching Roxanne, who was brought back to life with no memory of what was done. Satan agrees to let her live her life if Johnny continues to be his Ghost Rider, to which he agrees.[64]

text: In other media[edit]

text: This section is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this section to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (March 2018)

text: Television[edit]

text: The Johnny Blaze version of Ghost Rider appears in the Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. episode "Spirit of Vengeance", voiced by Fred Tatasciore.[65] This version is able to haunt and take control vehicles of all sizes, visualized by the vehicles catching fire and allowing weapons, such as some tanks he took over, to shoot fireballs. Unlike other versions of the Ghost Rider, this one could generate electricity and lightning from blue fire, as well as create a vortex of lightning that cured Abomination of his gamma and transformed him back into a human. However, like other versions, this one was able to make portals to other dimensions to appear on walls and other surfaces, such as a mountainside.

tag: ul

text: Film[edit]

text:
In 2007, Columbia Pictures released the movie Ghost Rider, starring Nicolas Cage as the adult Johnny Blaze and Matt Long as a teen. The character faces Blackheart and his father Mephistopheles.
Nicolas Cage reprised the role in a sequel, Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance (2011). Here the character is recruited by an Eastern European sect to save a boy named Danny from being possessed by Roarke (a form of Mephistopheles) and Blackout.
In 2013, the film rights to the character reverted to Marvel Studios.[66]

text: Video games[edit]

text:
Ghost Rider (Johnny Blaze) is featured as an unlockable character in the video game Marvel: Ultimate Alliance, voiced by Nolan North.[67] Danny Ketch's costume is an alternate costume for Johnny Blaze/Ghost Rider.
He is available as downloadable content for the game LittleBigPlanet, as part of "Marvel Costume Kit 2".[68][69]
Ghost Rider (Johnny Blaze) appears as a non-playable character in Dante's ending in Marvel vs. Capcom 3: Fate of Two Worlds.[70] He is not available as a playable character, however he is playable in the updated version Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3.[71] Richard Grieco reprises his role.
He is a playable character in Marvel Super Hero Squad Online.[citation needed]
Ghost Rider is a playable character in Marvel: Avengers Alliance.[citation needed]
Ghost Rider is a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes voiced by Andrew Kishino.[72] In the 7th Bonus Mission at the circus in Central Park, Ghost Rider helps Black Widow, Hawkeye, and Iceman fight Nightmare and his army of skeletons.
Ghost Rider is a playable character in Marvel Heroes.[73]
Ghost Rider is a playable character in Marvel: Future Fight.[74]
Ghost Rider (Johnny Blaze) is a playable character in the match-three mobile game Marvel Puzzle Quest. He was added to the game in November 2015.[75]
Ghost Rider (Johnny Blaze) is a playable character in Marvel: Contest of Champions.[76]
Johnny Blaze returns as a playable character in Marvel vs. Capcom: Infinite, reprised by Fred Tatasciore.[77]


document_title: England national football team manager

question_text: who was england manager in last world cup

text: England national football team manager

text: Position[edit]

text: Role[edit]

text: The England manager's role means he has sole responsibility for all on-the-field elements of the England team. Among other activities, this includes selecting the national team squad, the starting team, captain, tactics, substitutes and penalty-takers. Before 1946, the "Select Committee" (as appointed by the FA) would manage all issues barring the actual match day team selection, formation and tactics which was left to the head coach for the event. However interference was common, and not only from the FA. After the Second World War, with the relaunch of competitive international calendar, the manager's role expanded to take in all elements: from the selection of hotel and training camp venues, through to food and travel arrangements.

text: The manager is given a free hand in selecting his coaching ("back room") staff. For example, in 2008 Fabio Capello appointed four Italians (Franco Baldini as general manager, Italo Galbiati as assistant coach, Franco Tancredi as goalkeeping coach and Massimo Neri as fitness coach);[20] he then appointed Englishman Stuart Pearce, the England under-21s coach, as an England coach, with Capello stating "From the start I made it clear that I wanted an English coach as part of my coaching team."[21]

text: The England manager may also involve himself in wider issues beyond the on-the-field team issues. The England manager is expected to advise the FA on how to approach the complex bidding system that surrounds the arrangement of fixtures for a qualifying campaign.[22] On a more tactical level, a host of other details can be influenced; Capello is even believed to have instructed the Wembley Stadium ball boys to return balls at speed when they go out of play.[23]

text: Appointment[edit]

text: The process of appointing a new England manager is undertaken by an FA committee, comprising board members and other high-ranking FA officials. For example, the members of the selection panel which appointed Sven-Göran Eriksson in 2001 were: chief executive Adam Crozier, chairman Geoff Thompson, vice-chairman Dave Richards, club chairmen and FA board members David Dein and Peter Ridsdale, and technical director Howard Wilkinson.[24]

text: National significance[edit]

text: The England manager's job has been compared in importance to that of the Prime Minister.[18] Passion for football as England's national sport is coupled with patriotism and Wembley Stadium as the "home" of football.[25] The dismissal or appointment of an England manager is front-page news and the subject of intense interest.[26] Large sums are wagered on England winning,[27] and during tournaments the country is festooned in Saint George's flags; during the 2006 World Cup, 27% of English adults bought a flag in one month alone.[28] Shops and offices will be deserted as vast numbers of people watch the game.[29][30]

text: The England manager's job is made more complex by his dependence on the co-operation of clubs and their managers in releasing players for friendlies, and "club versus country" conflict is said to have happened when permission is refused, given reluctantly, or negotiated.[31] There are also repeated comments that the length of the English season (the top flight plays 38 league matches) is unhelpful for preparing tired players for major tournaments, but the self-interest of the Premier League makes a reduction in the number of games unlikely,[32] particularly in light of the 2008 proposal for Game 39, a match played between Premier League clubs outside the country. This combination of factors, coupled with England's mediocre record in major championships has led to the England manager's job being described as the "impossible job".[3]

text: History[edit]

text: Full-time era begins (1946–62)[edit]

text: Before 1946, the England national football team had been under the leadership of a Football Association (FA) official and a trainer, usually from a London club.[33] Appointed in 1946, initially as chief coach, Walter Winterbottom had been a member of the FA "International Selection Committee". The England squad was selected by an FA committee during his tenure, with Winterbottom's role restricted to selecting the starting team together with the coaching and tactics.[2] In his first game as manager, he led England to a 7–2 victory over Ireland at Windsor Park, Belfast in the 1946–47 British Home Championship.[34] Success in the Home Championship in 1950 resulted in England's qualification to the 1950 World Cup in Brazil. During the tournament, England suffered a shock defeat against the United States,[35] and went out of the tournament with another 1–0 defeat, this time to Spain.[34]

text: England experienced another surprise upset under Winterbottom's guidance in 1953 when Hungary defeated England 6–3 at Wembley Stadium. Winterbottom said afterwards, "... The press tended to think we would win easily, but I tried to point out that the Hungarians were actually a great side."[36] He guided England to first place in the 1953–54 British Home Championship, which qualified the team for the 1954 World Cup in Switzerland, but saw his side knocked out in the quarter-finals, going down 4–2 against Uruguay.[34] Three wins and a draw from four matches enabled England's qualification for the 1958 World Cup,[37] only for Winterbottom's side to fail in the group play-off stage, losing 1–0 to the Soviet Union.[38] England lost to Brazil in the quarter-final of the 1962 World Cup in Chile and, under attack from the British press,[39] Winterbottom resigned five months later.[34] He remains the longest serving manager of England.

text: World Cup success (1962–74)[edit]

text: Alf Ramsey took control of the team in 1962,[40] but unlike Winterbottom, Ramsey had been a club manager, winning the League championship with Ipswich Town.[41] Upon his appointment, he declared England would win the 1966 World Cup.[42] His first match in charge resulted in a 5–2 loss at Parc des Princes against France.[43] England automatically qualified for the 1966 World Cup as hosts and, after a goalless draw in the first match against Uruguay, four consecutive victories saw England through to the final against West Germany. A 4–2 victory, after extra time, won England the World Cup for the only time. As a result of his and England's achievements, Ramsey was awarded a knighthood in 1967. The following year England finished third at Euro 1968 in Rome, but Ramsey reflected "We are world champions. Third place is not our real position."[44]

text: Automatic qualification for the 1970 World Cup was secured as world champions so Ramsey led England on a pre-tournament tour of South America. The effects of altitude on the team led Ramsey to appoint the first full-time team doctor, Neil Phillips, who helped prepare the squad for the forthcoming tournament in Mexico. England were defeated in the quarter-final by West Germany; with a 2–0 lead with 25 minutes of the match remaining, Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton and goalscorer Martin Peters,[45] but West Germany went on to win 3–2 after extra time. Ramsey was heavily criticised in the British press for the substitutions.[46] Losing out to West Germany again, this time in a two-legged qualifying play-off for Euro 1972, Ramsey prepared England for qualification for the 1974 World Cup. Needing a win against Poland, Ramsey's tactical use of substitutions was again called into question as the match ended in a 1–1 draw.[47] England had failed to qualify for the World Cup, and Ramsey was dismissed the following May.[46]

text: Turbulent times (1974–82)[edit]

text: Joe Mercer took control of the team on a caretaker basis for seven matches,[48] before the FA appointed Don Revie on a five-year contract. It was a year before Revie's England suffered a defeat but despite this, he changed his starting line-up for every game. His relationship with the FA had broken down and his team-building exercises, including carpet bowls and indoor golf, led to disconsolation in the squad. A 2–0 defeat to the Netherlands at Wembley Stadium turned the press against him; some commentators compared the loss to the 6–3 defeat by Hungary in 1953. Convinced he was to be replaced by Bobby Robson, he announced he was to become manager of the United Arab Emirates team. Selling his story to the Daily Mail, he subsequently resigned on 11 July 1977. Revie was charged with bringing the game into disrepute and was banned by the FA in a "kangaroo court" for ten years. On appeal to the High Court, the ban was overturned but the judge ordered Revie to pay two-thirds of the costs.[49] Brian Clough applied for the position in 1977, but the FA rejected him[50] and Ron Greenwood was appointed, initially as a temporary replacement for Revie, but later in 1977 on a permanent basis. Bobby Moore described him as "the encyclopaedia of football", and he guided England to Euro 1980 without a defeat during qualification.[51][52]

text: The team exited the tournament at the group stage and Greenwood turned his attention to qualification for the 1982 World Cup in Spain. Defeats in Switzerland and Romania led Greenwood to consider resignation, but a victory over Hungary convinced him to stay.[51] A 2–1 defeat in Oslo, which led to commentator Bjørge Lillelien's famous outburst concluding with "Your boys took a hell of a beating!", meant England required at least a point in their final qualifying game against Hungary. A Paul Mariner goal secured victory and qualification for the team.[53] Wins over France, Czechoslovakia and Kuwait allowed England into the second round group but two 0–0 draws ended in England going out of the tournament, without having lost a game.[52] Greenwood retired immediately after the World Cup and on 7 July 1982, two days after England were knocked out of the 1982 World Cup, Bobby Robson was appointed England manager, selecting former West Bromwich Albion teammate Don Howe as his chief coach.[54]

text: Robson and "The Hand of God" (1982–90)[edit]

text: Robson's tenure included 28 qualifying matches, of which only one, against Denmark in 1983, resulted in a defeat.[55] This contributed to England's failure to qualify for Euro 1984,[56] and Robson offered his resignation. It was rejected by the FA chairman, Bert Millichip, and Robson went on to lead the England team to qualify for the 1986 World Cup in Mexico.[57] England were defeated in the quarter-final by Argentina with a brace of goals from Diego Maradona; the infamous "Hand of God" goal, and the "Goal of the Century" he scored five minutes later.[58]

text: Robson's England dropped only one point in qualifying for Euro 1988, which included an 8–0 win over Turkey.[56] However, this was followed by failure at the tournament itself, held in West Germany, where England were knocked out in the group stage. They finished bottom of their group, succumbing to defeats against the Republic of Ireland, the Netherlands and the Soviet Union.[59] Robson was vilified by the British press, and after a draw in a friendly with Saudi Arabia, one newspaper demanded: "In the name of Allah, go".[60] Robson led England without conceding a goal through qualification for the 1990 World Cup.[61]

text: As in the 1986 World Cup, Robson was denied the service of his captain, Bryan Robson, who suffered an achilles tendon injury which prevented him playing in the latter stages of the tournament.[62] England topped their group, accumulating four points from their three games.[63] However their progress was not without controversy. England changed formation from their traditional 4–4–2 to incorporate a sweeper, with some sources suggesting this was due to player revolt after the 1–1 draw in the first match with the Republic of Ireland.[64] Robson denies this claim in his autobiography.[65] This was followed by victories over Belgium and Cameroon in the knock-out stages, to set up a semi-final with West Germany.[63]

text: England lost the match on a penalty shoot-out, after the score had been level at 1–1 following extra time.[66] Robson's last public appearance before his death from cancer was at the Sir Bobby Robson Trophy match in July 2009, played between veterans from that 1990 semi-final as a tribute to his life and in aid of his cancer charity.[67]

text: Controversial times (1990–2002)[edit]

text: Robson had announced before the tournament that he would step down from the post after the finals and Graham Taylor was appointed, having been approached in April 1990 by the FA.[68] Failure to proceed past the group stage of Euro 1992 with a 2–1 defeat against Sweden led to newspaper headlines such as "Swedes 2 Turnips 1" and Taylor's nickname of "Turnip Head".[69] Following defeat to the Netherlands in the penultimate qualifying match for the 1994 World Cup, for only the third time in its history, England had failed to qualify for the World Cup.[70] The qualifying campaign was recorded in a television documentary, and Taylor's remark "Do I not like that" soon after entered popular culture.[71]

text: Failure in the qualification resulted in Taylor resigning, and Terry Venables took over the helm in 1994. As England were hosts for Euro 1996, he did not manage the team in a competitive match for over two years.[72] In January 1996, he announced that he would resign after the tournament as a result of several court cases, but led England to the semi-finals, where they were defeated by Germany on penalties.[73] He was replaced by Glenn Hoddle, whose unorthodox off-the-field approach in bringing in faith healer Eileen Drewery to help the team drew significant criticism.[74] Hoddle suggested she was "more of an agony aunt" but during the 1998 World Cup, the press suggested Drewery had influenced Hoddle in squad selection.[75] England were knocked out of the tournament in the second round, once again on penalties, this time against Argentina.[76] Hoddle's diary portraying his version of events at the World Cup was subsequently published, drawing further criticism.

text: An interview with Matt Dickinson, a reporter from The Times, suggested that Hoddle had a "controversial belief that the disabled, and others, are being punished for sins in a former life."[77] Hoddle's comments were criticised by several notable politicians, including Sports Minister Tony Banks and Prime Minister Tony Blair.[78] Hoddle stated that he was not prepared to resign and claimed his words were misinterpreted and pointed out his contributions and commitment to organisations helping the disabled.[79] The FA terminated Hoddle's contract soon afterwards,[80] which was welcomed by representatives of disabled groups.[81]

text: Howard Wilkinson was caretaker manager for two games, before the appointment of Kevin Keegan in February 1999. Initially combining the job with a role at Fulham, Keegan was made full-time coach in May.[82] He led England to qualification for Euro 2000 following success in a two-legged play-off against Scotland. Two 3–2 losses resulted in England leaving the tournament at the group stage. A loss to Germany in the last international match at the old Wembley Stadium in the first 2002 World Cup qualifying match led to Keegan's resignation.[82] Keegan resigned an hour after the team was booed off by England fans; he told the FA officials that he felt "a little short at this level".[83] Wilkinson again returned as caretaker for one more match, followed by Peter Taylor who presided over a friendly loss to Italy.[84]

text: Foreign management (2002–12)[edit]

text: The FA then took the unprecedented, and widely criticised step of appointing the first non-Englishman as coach, in the form of Swede Sven-Göran Eriksson.[6] Eriksson had a good record in European domestic football, with success in Portugal and Italy, and had led clubs to win the UEFA Cup on two occasions.[85] He led England to qualify for the 2002 World Cup with David Beckham scoring the vital equaliser against Greece, deep into injury time.[86] England were knocked out by Brazil in the quarter-finals and Eriksson came under fire for his "ice-cool" appearance on the touchline failing to inspire his team,[85] senior player Gareth Southgate remarking after the tournament that "we needed Winston Churchill but we got Iain Duncan Smith".[87]

text: Eriksson led England to qualification for Euro 2004 but once more the team fell at the quarter-final stage, again losing on penalties, this time to Portugal.[88] Losing 1–0 to Northern Ireland in Belfast during the qualification for the 2006 World Cup led to fans chanting "Sack the Swede", frustrated again at the lack of obvious emotion in Eriksson while his coach, Steve McClaren, was much more animated.[85]

text: In January 2006, the FA announced that Eriksson would stand down after the World Cup. With the team losing in the quarter-final again to Portugal and again on penalties, Eriksson duly left the post in July. The search for Eriksson's replacement was controversial. It became clear that the FA wanted to appoint Luiz Felipe Scolari, but the approach was botched, and Scolari turned down the offer.[89] Ultimately, Eriksson was replaced by the man who had coached the side under him, Steve McClaren.

text: Qualification for Euro 2008 proved too much, England losing the final qualifier against Croatia 3–2 in November 2007, when a draw would have been enough to take England to the finals.[90] The British press turned on McClaren, former Scottish international Alan Hansen stating that "... what McClaren should be held accountable for is that with a squad of this quality he failed to qualify from what seemed a reasonably straightforward group ...".[91] McClaren was dismissed the day following the defeat to Croatia,[92] and was replaced in December 2007 by Italian Fabio Capello.[93] The defeat to Croatia is remembered in the sports press for the infamous moniker “Wally with the Brolly”. A reference to McLaren’s pitchside prescence under an umbrella in a match played in heavy rain.[94]

text: Capello led England to qualification for the 2010 World Cup, winning nine of the team's ten qualifying matches.[95] However, the team's performance in the tournament proper was less impressive. Two lacklustre draws in the group stage against the United States and Algeria were followed by an ignominious 4–1 defeat by traditional rivals Germany in the Round of 16. The team's performance was at least partly attributed to selection and tactical errors by Capello[96] and led to calls for his dismissal. However, on 2 July, the FA confirmed that he would remain in the role until 2012,[8] with Capello himself confirming his intention to step down and retire after Euro 2012.[97]

text: Conflicting reports came out of the FA as to whether the next manager would be English. On 15 August 2010, the FA's Adrian Bevington stated to the BBC that "we should have an English manager after (Euro 2012)",[98] but on 22 September, the FA's Director of Football Development, Trevor Brooking, stated that "We would like to go English (but) we've got to see what English people are available".[99] Two weeks later, Capello's England qualified for Euro 2012 with a 2–2 draw away against Montenegro.[100] In February 2012, Capello resigned following the FA's decision to remove the captaincy of the national side from John Terry, with Englishman Stuart Pearce taking over the role on a caretaker basis.[101]

text: Return to English appointees (2012–)[edit]

text: Following a 3–2 defeat at Wembley Stadium by the Netherlands in March,[102] Pearce was replaced on 1 May 2012 by West Bromwich Albion manager Roy Hodgson on a four-year contract.[11] Despite being based in Kraków in Poland, England's first fixture in Euro 2012 was in Donetsk against France, which ended in a 1–1 draw.[103] Subsequent victories over Sweden and tournament co-hosts Ukraine resulted in a quarter-final match against Italy.[104] The game ended goalless after extra time, sending the game to a penalty shoot-out which Italy won 4–2. Hodgson claimed that England's exit from major tournaments had become a "national obsession".[105] With a 2–0 victory over Poland in October 2013, Hodgson led England to qualification for the 2014 World Cup.[106]

text: However, in the 2014 World Cup, England lost two consecutive group matches, against Italy and Uruguay, by 2–1 on each occasion. This was the first time England had lost two group matches since the 1950 World Cup (when they lost against the United States and Spain) and the first time England had been eliminated at the group stage since the 1958 World Cup.[107] This was also the first time that England had not won a match at the tournament since 1958, and England's points total of one from three matches was its worst ever in the World Cup.[108]

text: England qualified for UEFA Euro 2016 in September 2015, following a 6–0 win over San Marino.[109] On 27 June 2016, almost immediately after England were knocked out 2–1 by Iceland in the round of 16, Hodgson resigned as manager.[12]

text: On 22 July, Sam Allardyce was appointed England manager on a two-year contract.[13] After only 67 days in the job, a video published by The Daily Telegraph showed Allardyce making insulting statements against former manager Roy Hodgson, and explaining how to circumvent regulations of The FA on third party ownership of players. He subsequently left the role as manager of England later that day.[14] Former England international defender and England under-21 coach Gareth Southgate was given the senior role on a caretaker basis for four matches while the FA considered their options. Two wins, including a 3–0 victory over Scotland, and a draw in qualifying matches for the 2018 World Cup and a 2–2 draw with Spain in a friendly followed under Southgate's temporary management, before he was formally appointed to the position full-time on 30 November 2016 on a four-year deal.[15]

text: Media reaction[edit]

text: The reaction of the British media to the England national team manager reflects the changing nature of the British media generally.[110] In recent times, managers have been attacked personally, for their personal beliefs, or private lives.

text: Personal attacks[edit]

text: The press had long campaigned for changes in management style and / or replacement of the manager himself, but a watershed was reached under the tenure of Graham Taylor, whose unsuccessful reign led to the manager being pilloried in the tabloids. Most notably, The Sun newspaper reacted to a damaging defeat by Sweden at Euro 1992, by the accompaniment of the headline "Swedes 2 Turnips 1" with a photographic montage of a turnip superimposed on Taylor's head.[111] Taylor was thereafter often referred to in the media as "Graham Turnip" or "Turnip Taylor".[89][112]

text: Subsequent footballing ignominies were then followed by other depictions of Taylor as a vegetable; England's first game after Euro 92 ended in a 1–0 defeat to Spain, and The Sun pictured Taylor as a "Spanish onion".[113] When he resigned, following the loss of the 1994 World Cup spot to Norway, they reverted to the turnip image, accompanying the front-page headline, "That's yer allotment".[114]

text: Following Roy Hodgson's appointment, The Sun mocked his rhotacism manner of speech with a "Bwing on the Euwos!" front-page headline.[115] The FA called the headline "unacceptable" and more than 100 people complained to the Press Complaints Commission.[115]

text: Issues-based[edit]

text: Glenn Hoddle attracted the media spotlight for two key issues unrelated to on-the-pitch affairs. In the first, his reliance upon purported faith healer Eileen Drewery was questioned.[74] Drewery became part of the official England staff, and players were pressured to see her,[116] even though many of them were sceptical.[117] However, far more opprobrium was caused by Hoddle's comments about disabled people:[118]

text:
“

You and I have been physically given two hands and two legs and half-decent brains. Some people have not been born like that for a reason. The karma is working from another lifetime. I have nothing to hide about that. It is not only people with disabilities. What you sow, you have to reap.

”

text: Public opinion, based upon the immediate media furore resulted in (according to one BBC poll) 90% of respondents believing Hoddle should not continue as English coach.[119] However, the BBC survey showed that while many considered his comments insensitive to the disabled, others defended his right to express his religious beliefs by claiming that to dismiss him would constitute religious discrimination.[120]

text: Private life[edit]

text: Eriksson's private life came under scrutiny, with a number of well-publicised accusations of trysts with women including Ulrika Jonsson,[121] and FA secretary Faria Alam,[122] despite his on-going relationship with Nancy Dell'Olio.[123] Though Eriksson maintained in press conferences that his personal life was a private matter,[124] his relationships with Jonsson in 2002 and Alam in 2004 were subject to tabloid headlines for several weeks.[125]

text: Campaigns[edit]

text: The media, both broadsheet and tabloid, have sometimes campaigned for a manager to be dismissed, appointed or retained. Campaigns for managers to be dismissed have been front-page news, with eye-catching headlines including "The final ron-devouz", "In the Name of Allah Go", "Norse Manure", "Blair Gives Hoddle The Red Card" for (respectively) Greenwood, Robson, Taylor and Hoddle.[126]

text: Eriksson survived several scandals whilst in office, but his tenure was eventually ended when he was one of a series of celebrities targeted by a tabloid 'sting', orchestrated by The Fake Sheikh, Mazher Mahmood.[127] Eriksson's indiscretions revealed by the newspaper "... proved the final straw for the FA", although Eriksson was permitted to stay on in the role until the end of the 2006 World Cup.[128]

text: These campaigns have also sometimes backfired. Former FA chief executive, Graham Kelly recalled a campaign, orchestrated by The Sun against Bobby Robson, that began in 1984 (six years before his resignation):[126]

text:
“

The Sun was handing over "Robson Out" badges at England games as early as 1984 but the FA's then chief executive, Graham Kelly, recalled that with every press attack, his backing increased. "The irony was that just before the 1990 World Cup, the chairman, Bert Millichip, finally lost patience, let his tongue run away with him, and said that Robson either had to win the World Cup or go, and Bobby reacted by approaching PSV Eindhoven. Had this not happened, he would have served another four years, believe me."

”

text: Sections of the media have often campaigned for a particular person to be appointed England manager. At various times, but particularly during the tenure of Bobby Robson, the media campaigned for the appointment of Brian Clough. Robson once told FA chairman Bert Millichip "I'm having a rough time and everybody wants Brian – give the job to him. If he's successful, everybody's happy. If he fails, that's the end of the clamour for Brian Clough to be England manager." Robson added, "He would have ruffled a few feathers and disturbed the corridors of power but I think he would have been a good England manager. He had good judgement, knew how to design a team and was a great motivator."[129] Terry Venables was also the subject of a media campaign for dismissal during his time as manager but was then supported by the press to return to the role in 2000.[126]

text: Steve McClaren received media criticism, and, as failure to qualify for Euro 2008 looked increasingly likely, the headlines became more visceral. In January 2008, football magazine When Saturday Comes described the newspaper coverage of his final month as "relentless and remorseless".[130] Both tabloids and broadsheets published critical pieces, with The Times headlining an editorial "Fail and McClaren has to go".[130]

text: The media have also parodied this genre of campaigns for recruitment, dismissal or retention of managers. In October 2000, The Sun launched a campaign promoting a donkey as the new England manager.[131]

text: Statistical summary[edit]

text: The following table provides a summary of the complete record of each England manager including their progress in both the World Cup and the European Championship.[132]

text:
Manager

England career

P

W

D

L

Win %

Competitions

Walter Winterbottom

1946–1962

7002139000000000000♠139

7001780000000000000♠78

7001330000000000000♠33

7001280000000000000♠28

07001561000000000000♠56.1

1950 World Cup – group stage1954 World Cup – quarter-final1958 World Cup – group play-off1962 World Cup – quarter-final

Alf Ramsey

1963–1974

7002113000000000000♠113

7001690000000000000♠69

7001270000000000000♠27

7001170000000000000♠17

07001611000000000000♠61.1

1964 European Nations' Cup – failed to qualify1966 World Cup – championsEuro 1968 – third place1970 World Cup – quarter-finalEuro 1972 – failed to qualify1974 World Cup – failed to qualify

Joe Mercer (caretaker)

1974

7000700000000000000♠7

7000300000000000000♠3

7000300000000000000♠3

7000100000000000000♠1

07001429000000000000♠42.9

—

Don Revie

1974–1977

7001290000000000000♠29

7001140000000000000♠14

7000800000000000000♠8

7000700000000000000♠7

07001483000000000000♠48.3

Euro 1976 – failed to qualify

Ron Greenwood

1977–1982

7001550000000000000♠55

7001330000000000000♠33

7001120000000000000♠12

7001100000000000000♠10

07001600000000000000♠60.0

1978 World Cup – failed to qualifyEuro 1980 – group stage1982 World Cup – second round

Bobby Robson

1982–1990

7001950000000000000♠95

7001470000000000000♠47

7001300000000000000♠30

7001180000000000000♠18

07001495000000000000♠49.5

Euro 1984 – failed to qualify1986 World Cup – quarter-finalEuro 1988 – group stage1990 World Cup – fourth place

Graham Taylor

1990–1993

7001380000000000000♠38

7001180000000000000♠18

7001130000000000000♠13

7000700000000000000♠7

07001474000000000000♠47.4

Euro 1992 – group stage1994 World Cup – failed to qualify

Terry Venables

1994–1996[note 1]

7001230000000000000♠23

7001110000000000000♠11

7001110000000000000♠11

7000100000000000000♠1

07001478000000000000♠47.8

Euro 1996 – semi-final

Glenn Hoddle

1996–1999

7001280000000000000♠28

7001170000000000000♠17

7000600000000000000♠6

7000500000000000000♠5

07001607000000000000♠60.7

1998 World Cup – second round

Howard Wilkinson (caretaker)

1999, 2000[note 2]

7000200000000000000♠2

5000000000000000000♠0

7000100000000000000♠1

7000100000000000000♠1

005000000000000000000♠0.0

—

Kevin Keegan

1999–2000

7001180000000000000♠18

7000700000000000000♠7

7000700000000000000♠7

7000400000000000000♠4

07001389000000000000♠38.9

Euro 2000 – group stage

Peter Taylor (caretaker)

2000[note 3]

7000100000000000000♠1

5000000000000000000♠0

5000000000000000000♠0

7000100000000000000♠1

005000000000000000000♠0.0

—

Sven-Göran Eriksson

2001–2006

7001670000000000000♠67

7001400000000000000♠40

7001170000000000000♠17

7001100000000000000♠10

07001597000000000000♠59.7

2002 World Cup – quarter-finalEuro 2004 – quarter-final2006 World Cup – quarter-final

Steve McClaren

2006–2007

7001180000000000000♠18

7000900000000000000♠9

7000400000000000000♠4

7000500000000000000♠5

07001500000000000000♠50.0

Euro 2008 – failed to qualify

Fabio Capello

2008–2012

7001420000000000000♠42

7001280000000000000♠28

7000800000000000000♠8

7000600000000000000♠6

07001667000000000000♠66.7

2010 World Cup – second round

Stuart Pearce (caretaker)

2012[note 4]

7000100000000000000♠1

5000000000000000000♠0

5000000000000000000♠0

7000100000000000000♠1

005000000000000000000♠0.0

—

Roy Hodgson

2012–2016

7001560000000000000♠56

7001330000000000000♠33

7001150000000000000♠15

7000800000000000000♠8

07001589000000000000♠58.9

Euro 2012 – quarter-final2014 World Cup – group stageEuro 2016 – Round of 16

Sam Allardyce

2016

7000100000000000000♠1

7000100000000000000♠1

5000000000000000000♠0

5000000000000000000♠0

7002100000000000000♠100.0

—

Gareth Southgate

2016–[note 5]

7001250000000000000♠25

7001130000000000000♠13

7000700000000000000♠7

7000500000000000000♠5

07001520000000000000♠52.0

2018 World Cup - Fourth Place

text: Key: P–games played, W–games won, D–games drawn; L–games lost, %–win percentage

text: Statistical summary for British Home championships[edit]

text: The following table provides a summary of results for each England manager in the British Home Championship, held annually until the 1983–84 season.[133]

text:
Manager

England career

P

W

S

%

Titles

Notes

Walter Winterbottom

1946–1962

16

7

7

41

1946–47, 1947–48, 1949–50, 1952–53, 1953–54, 1956–57, 1960–61

[note 6]

Alf Ramsey

1963–1974

10

6

2

60

1964–65, 1965–66, 1966–67, 1967–68, 1970–71, 1972–73

[note 7]

Joe Mercer

1974

1

0

1

0

—

—

Don Revie

1974–1977

3

1

0

33

1974–75

—

Ron Greenwood

1977–1982

4

3

0

75

1977–78, 1978–79, 1981–82

[note 8]

Bobby Robson

1982–1990

2

1

0

50

1982–83

[note 9]

text: Key: P–Number of complete tournaments played,[note 10] W–Number of tournaments won, S–Number of tournaments shared, %–outright win percentage

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Statistics for Terry Venables exclude the abandoned match against the Republic of Ireland on 15 February 1995

Jump up ^ Howard Wilkinson took control of the team on two separate occasions, both times as caretaker-manager

Jump up ^ Peter Taylor managed the team on a one-off basis as caretaker-manager

Jump up ^ Stuart Pearce managed the team on a one-off basis as caretaker-manager

Jump up ^ Gareth Southgate took over as caretaker-manager, for four games, until he was formally appointed full-time on 30 November 2016.

Jump up ^ Winterbottom resigned before the completion of the 1962–63 British Home Championship

Jump up ^ Ramsey took over midway through the 1962–63 British Home Championship

Jump up ^ The 1980–81 British Home Championship was abandoned due to civil unrest in Northern Ireland

Jump up ^ The last British Home Championship was played in 1984

Jump up ^ Only British Home Championships managed entirely by each manager are included

tag: ol


document_title: El Chapo (TV series)

question_text: when will season 3 of el chapo come out on netflix

text: El Chapo (TV series)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Marco de la O as Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán
Humberto Busto as Conrado Higuera Sol "Don Sol" (a fictionalized portrayal of Genaro García Luna)
Alejandro Aguilar as Toño
Rodrigo Abed as Amado Carrillo Fuentes (alias "El Señor de los Cielos")
Luis Fernando Peña as Armando "Rayo" López
Juan Carlos Oliva as Héctor Luis Palma Salazar (alias "El Güero Palma")
Antonio de la Vega as Arturno Bernal Leyda (a fictionalized portrayal of Arturo Beltrán Leyva)
Rolf Petersen as Ramón Avendaño (a fictionalized portrayal of Ramón Arellano Félix)
Carlos Hernán Romo as Benjamín Avendaño (a fictionalized portrayal of Benjamín Arellano Félix)
Héctor Holten as President Carlos Salinas de Gortari
Diego Vásquez as Ismael Zambada García (alias "El Mayo" and/or "Don Ismael")
Teté Espinoza as Chío
Luis Rábago as General Blanco
Dolores Heredia as Gabriela Saavedra

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Ricardo Lorenzana as Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo (alias "El Padrino")
Mauricio Mejía as Pablo Escobar
Biassini Segura as "El Lobito" Avendaño
Valentina Acosta as Alejandra (Alejandrina María Salazar Hernández)
Juliette Pardau as Graciela (Griselda López Pérez)
Abril Schreiber as Guadalupe
Hugo Gómez as Attorney Federico Livas
Joseph Fusezzy as Charles Pilliod (U.S. Ambassador)
David Ojalvo as DEA Administrator John C. Lawn
Camilo Amores as Arturo Guzmán Loera (alias "El Pollo")

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
7
April 23, 2017 (2017-04-23)
May 21, 2017 (2017-05-21)[7][8]

2
12
September 17, 2017 (2017-09-17)[9][10]
December 3, 2017 (2017-12-03)[11]

3
TBA
2018
TBA

text: Season 1 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Chapter 1"
April 23, 2017 (2017-04-23)
1.73[12]

Joaquín Guzmán is a man who seeks to open his way in the illegal world of drug trafficking. for this he makes himself known with his other colleagues like El Chapo and seeks to change the rules of business at all costs. To start with everything knows that he needs to risk dying and looks for the Colombian capo named Pablo Escobar and offers to spend a ton of merchandise in only 48 hours but if he does not he will be a dead man. Joaquín is a lover of the tunnels to cross the drug along the Mexican border without any danger of being discovered and this will be his key to climbing the business. When everything seems to go perfectly El Chapo receives the news of his father's death by a severe illness and although his relationship was not the best he wanted to say goodbye but time did not work in his favor.

2
2
"Chapter 2"
April 23, 2017 (2017-04-23)
1.73[12]

Joaquín Guzmán Loera initiates a war against the Avendaño to avenge the death of his compadre and of the family of El Güero. Amado, General Blanco and Don Sol decide to blame El Chapo for the murder of Cardinal Posadas Ocampo.

3
3
"Chapter 3"
April 30, 2017 (2017-04-30)
1.60[13]

Ramón will do his best to get revenge on El Chapo. Don Sol meets with Gabriela to question her about the crimies of Colonel Blanco that he has been able to maintain in the dark.

4
4
"Chapter 4"
May 7, 2017 (2017-05-07)
1.58[14]

El Chapo proposes to Herrerías to give him part of his merchandise in El Salvador as long as they are associated. El Chapo is quoted to talk business with Herrerías but everything turns out to be a deception of Lieutenant Rosado to be able to deliver it to the police.

5

6
5

6
"Chapter 5 and 6"
May 14, 2017 (2017-05-14)
1.37[15]

El Chapo is taken to Mexico thanks to the military. Conrado Sol is given the task of holding a press conference where he presents El Chapo as the most important drug trafficker in Mexico. Gabriela is murdered for having had copies of the unpublished newspaper file of Colonel Blanco that implicates him. El Chapo begins his days in jail and this puts him thinking about how to escape.

7
7
"Chapter 7"
May 21, 2017 (2017-05-21)
1.54[16]

El Chapo spent four months isolated in The Paddies on orders from La Licenciada. After a long time in the punishment cell, El Chapo returns to his cell where he believes he can rest from so many humiliations.

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

8
1
"Chapter 1"
September 17, 2017 (2017-09-17)[17][18]
1.45[19]

El Chapo is once again the news of the moment around the world. El Chapo proposes to his new allies to work together to get rid of the Avedaño cartel.

9
2
"Chapter 2"
September 24, 2017 (2017-09-24)
1.18[20]

El Chapo asks Chito for help so that he can escape from prison in exchange for making him part of his team. Conrado is looking for Mirta to offer his services against narco and thus be able to put himself back into the government.

10
3
"Chapter 3"
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)
1.19[21]

El Chapo prepares the fall of the Avendaño and keeps Don Sol informed of all his movements. Don Sol warns the president to gain his trust and be appointed as the operational director of the federal police.

11
4
"Chapter 4"
October 8, 2017 (2017-10-08)
N/A

The Chapo carries out a lethal attack against the gulf cartel. El Cano and his accomplices set up a new breed of hired assassins.

12
5
"Chapter 5"
October 15, 2017 (2017-10-15)
N/A

El Chapo is pressed by the government to avoid a new war. El Chapo talks with Chente and proposes to leave apart personal rivalries for stability in business.

13
6
"Chapter 6"
October 22, 2017 (2017-10-22)
N/A

Before a new electoral year, 'Don Sol' looks for the way to stay in the next government. "El Chapo" meets Elba Coronado, a 17-year-old teenager, and falls hopelessly in love with her.

14
7
"Chapter 7"
October 29, 2017 (2017-10-29)
N/A

El Chapo believes he has everything to become the king of the narco and therefore plans to make his move bolder. El Chapo decides to go for Chente and El Cano to snatch Juarez and Nuevo Laredo.

15
8
"Chapter 8"
November 5, 2017 (2017-11-05)
1.35[22]

Evelina, a humble peasant decides to go to Culiacán to look for her daughter who was kidnapped by the Sinaloa cartel. Omar, a teenager from Nuevo Laredo, is kidnapped, drugged and forced to kill for 'Los Emes'.

16
9
"Chapter 9"
November 12, 2017 (2017-11-12)
1.13[23]

Arturo Bernal Leyda, one of the main partners of 'El Chapo' in 'La Federación', takes the risk of leading the negotiations with his fiercest enemies. 'El Chapo' negotiates with 'Don Sol' to let his son go free.

17
10
"Chapter 10"
November 19, 2017 (2017-11-19)
1.15[24]

In a tragic and unexpected turn of events, Sinaloa's own sicarios confuse the presence of Arturo Meza and the son of El Chapo with Arturo Bernal's.

18
11
"Chapter 11"
December 3, 2017 (2017-12-03)[11]
1.30[25]

After recognizing the body of his son, El Chapo takes refuge in the ranch of his mother to take grief. In the city, the enemies of El Chapo give no respite and continue the war. Don Sol demands the presence of El Chapo in the battle.

19
12
"Chapter 12"
December 3, 2017 (2017-12-03)[11]
1.30[25]

El Chapo reaffirms his destiny and unlike what his enemies expected the pain of his son's death has not sunk him, on the contrary, it has fueled his ambition. Joaquín confirms that he is back and stronger than ever.