document_title: A Different World

question_text: who sang the theme song for it's a different world

question_tokens: who sang the theme song for it 's a different world

text: A Different World

text: Concept[edit]

text: While it was a spin-off from The Cosby Show, A Different World typically addressed issues that were avoided by The Cosby Show writers (race and class relations, or the Equal Rights Amendment). One episode that aired in 1990 was one of the first American network television episodes to address the HIV/AIDS epidemic.[4] The original premise was to have a white student there and have Lena Horne as an acting teacher, but in production, the premise changed from being a story about a white girl in a black college to a black girl (Denise Huxtable) in a black college with a white friend.[5][6] It was ultimately decided that Denise, who was of college age, would be spun off and have a white roommate in order to show the dynamic of a white girl in predominantly black surroundings.[7] Meg Ryan was originally cast for this role, but she decided to pursue a film career, so Marisa Tomei was cast. The first season of Hillman's student body consisted of both black and white students, but this was changed at the beginning of the second season and a very predominantly black student body maintained until the series ended.

text: Season two changes[edit]

text: After the first season, it came to Cosby's and the producers' attention that the series was not accurately portraying a historically black college and life on campus, so Debbie Allen, an alumna of Howard University, was hired as the chief creative force to revamp the show. During the summer of 1988, Lisa Bonet announced that she and husband Lenny Kravitz were having a baby. Allen was in favor of having a young pregnant student in the show, but Cosby said that Lisa Bonet may be pregnant but not Denise Huxtable.[8] It was felt that viewers would not accept Denise as an unwed mother, having grown to know her as a "good girl" after four seasons of The Cosby Show. Thus it was decided that Denise would drop out of Hillman, return home to her family, and eventually travel to Africa throughout the fifth season of The Cosby Show, ensuring that viewers would not see a pregnant Denise. Allen was also in favor of keeping Tomei, as she herself recalls a white student at Howard and wanted to relate that in the show and even had possible premises for her character, such as meeting Dwayne's parents and seeing the other side of racism.[8] However, Tomei left the show, and she and Marie-Alise Recasner were replaced by Cree Summer and Charnele Brown, respectively. Darryl M. Bell and Sinbad were promoted to the principal cast, and Glynn Turman and Lou Myers were added as supporting cast members. These changes led to the placement of Whitley and Dwayne at the center of a wider ensemble, dealing with more relevant issues of the day.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Actor
Character
Seasons

1
2
3
4
5
6

Lisa Bonet
Denise Huxtable
Main

Guest

Marisa Tomei
Maggie Lauten
Main

Dawnn Lewis
Jaleesa Vinson-Taylor
Main

Jasmine Guy
Whitley Marion Gilbert
Main

Loretta Devine
Stevie Rallen
Main

Kadeem Hardison
Dwayne Cleophus Wayne
Main

Mary Alice
Leticia "Lettie" Bostic
Main

Darryl M. Bell
Ronald "Ron" Marlon Johnson
Recurring
Main

Sinbad
Coach Walter Oakes
Recurring
Main

Charnele Brown
Kimberly Reese

Main

Cree Summer
Winifred "Freddie" Brooks

Main

Glynn Turman
Colonel Bradford Taylor

Main

Lou Myers
Vernon Gaines

Recurring
Main

Ajai Sanders
Gina Deveaux

Recurring
Main

Jada Pinkett
Lena James

Recurring
Main

Karen Malina White†
Charmaine Tyesha Brown

Guest
Main

*After leaving the series, Lisa Bonet returned for a guest appearance as Denise in season three (episode: "Forever Hold Your Peace").
†Prior to joining the cast as a regular, Karen Malina White appears as Charmaine in season five (episode: "Conflict of Interest").

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Cory Tyler as Terrence Taylor (seasons 4 and 5)
Patrick Malone as Terrell Walker (season 6)
Bumper Robinson as Dorian Heywood (season 6)
Michael Ralph as Spencer Boyer (season 6), various characters (seasons 4 and 5)
Gary Dourdan as Shazza Zulu (seasons 5 and 6, guest starring in episode 86)
Marie-Alise Recasner as Millie (season 1)
Andrew Lowery as Matthew (Freddie's cousin/Kim's boyfriend; season 4)
Kim Wayans as Allison (season 1)
Alisa Gyse Dickens as Kinu Owens (Dwayne's girlfriend; 9 episodes)
Jenifer Lewis as Dean Dorothy Dandridge Davenport (9 episodes)
Diahann Carroll as Marion Gilbert (Whitley's mother; 7 episodes)
Patti LaBelle as Adele Wayne (Dwayne's mother; 7 episodes)
Roger Guenveur Smith as Prof. Howard Randolph (season 4)
Rosalind Cash as Dean Hughes (4 episodes)
Ron O'Neal as Mercer Gilbert (Whitley's father; 4 episodes)
Phylicia Rashad as Clair Huxtable (4 episodes)
Jonell Green as Dashawn Curtis (4 episodes)
Bill Cosby as Cliff Huxtable (3 episodes)
Keshia Knight Pulliam as Rudy Huxtable (3 episodes)
Robert Guillaume as Dean Winston and Professor Murphy(history professor/Kim's medical professor; 3 episodes)
Harold Sylvester as Woodson Wayne (Dwayne's father; 3 episodes)
Malcolm Jamal Warner as Theo Huxtable (2 episodes)

text: Guest stars[edit]

text:
Vanessa Bell Calloway as Lily Connors (season 3, episode 18) & Jaleesa's sister (Danielle; season 4, episode 18)
Tisha Campbell-Martin as Josie Webb (2 episodes)
Nestor Carbonell as Malik Velasquez (Whitley's mother's hired "boyfriend"; 2 episodes)
Art Evans as Mr. Johnson (Ron's father; 2 episodes)
IMx as Whitley's students (2 episodes)
Richard Roundtree as Clinton Reese (Kim's father; Season 3 episodes 8 & 9)
Halle Berry as Jaclyn (Ron's girlfriend; season 4, episode 15)
The Boys as Mice 2 Men (singing group; season 5, episode 13)
Dean Cain as Brian (A&M University student; season 5, episode 14)
Wayne Federman as A&M Wolf (season 5, episode 14)
Ernie Sabella as Campus Security (season 5, episode 14)
En Vogue as Faith, Hope, Charity, and Henrietta (Mr. Gaines' nieces; season 6, episode 16)
Whoopi Goldberg as Dr. Jordan (professor; season 4, episode 24)
David Alan Grier as Professor Byron Walcott (season 1, episode 9)
James Avery as bowler (season 3, episode 4)
Alfonso Ribeiro as Zach Duncan (prospective freshman; season 3, episode 19)
Heavy D as himself (season 3, episode 6)
Lena Horne as herself (season 6, episode 25)
Jesse Jackson as himself (season 2, episode 21)
Trina McGee as Gennifer (season 5, episode 18)
Khandi Alexander as Theressa Stone (season 2, episode 21)
Gladys Knight as herself (season 2, episode 5)
Kris Kross as Dwayne's juvenile mentees (season 6, episode 11)
Tupac Shakur as Piccolo (season 6, episode 21)
Obba Babatundé as Frank (season 3, episode 22)
Blair Underwood as Zelmer Collier (season 4, episode 14)
Billy Dee Williams as Langston Paige (landlord; season 6, episode 23)
Thomas Mikal Ford as Lamar Vinson (Jaleesa's ex-husband, season 2, episode 17)
Raven-Symoné as Olivia Kendall (Denise's step-daughter, season 3, episode 5)

text: Notable episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings[9]

First aired
Last aired
Rank
Rating

1
22
September 24, 1987 (1987-09-24)
July 7, 1988 (1988-07-07)
2
25.0

2
22
October 6, 1988 (1988-10-06)
May 4, 1989 (1989-05-04)
3
23.0

3
25
September 28, 1989 (1989-09-28)
May 3, 1990 (1990-05-03)
4
21.1

4
25
September 20, 1990 (1990-09-20)
May 2, 1991 (1991-05-02)
4
17.5

5
25
September 19, 1991 (1991-09-19)
May 14, 1992 (1992-05-14)
17
15.2

6
25
September 24, 1992 (1992-09-24)
July 9, 1993 (1993-07-09)
N/A
N/A

text: In season one, the episode "Rudy and the Snow Queen" marks the beginning of the softening of Whitley's image as a spoiled troublemaker at Hillman. Denise's kid sister Rudy (Keshia Knight-Pulliam) visits Hillman and becomes smitten with Whitley. Flattered at the attention, Whitley befriends the little girl, but when it becomes clear that she's trumping Denise as a role model, Whitley has a change of heart, steps back and gently persuades Rudy to return to her sister.

text: In season two, the episode titled "No Means No" deals with date rape. Freddie has a crush on Hillman's new top-notch baseball star Garth Parks (played by Taimak). Dwayne hears Garth discuss a disturbing incident involving another woman. Dwayne goes to Walter (Sinbad) for advice, and Walter tells him about date rape. Dwayne tries to warn Freddie, but she does not believe Garth would do such a thing. Later at a dance, Garth goes off alone with Freddie and attempts to rape her, but Dwayne finds them and fights Garth. At the end of the episode, Walter takes Garth to the police station for his assault on Freddie and the rape of the other woman.

text: In January 1991 (seven days before the beginning of Operation Desert Storm), Blair Underwood guest-starred in the episode "War and Peace" (written by Jasmine Guy and Dominic Hoffman) about the impending Persian Gulf War. A Different World became the first situation comedy to address this topic, and "War and Peace" was one of the highest-rated episodes of season four.[10]

text: In the season four episode "Ms. Understanding", Hillman student Shazza Zulu (Gary Dourdan) peddles a book he has written and self-published that is highly critical of African-American men and their allegedly sexist behavior. The episode is based on the controversy surrounding the book The Blackman's Guide to Understanding the Blackwoman  [sic]. This book, written by controversial African American author Shahrazad Ali, blamed many of the problems within the black family and the black community on African American women. Although many black women found the book highly offensive and intellectually deficient, African American men purchased hundreds of thousands of copies in 1989 and 1990, leading to a temporary rift between many African American men and women. Ali's book is mentioned specifically in the 1990 episode "Time Keeps on Slippin'" where Ron suggests putting it in the time capsule to represent a female point of view, but is shouted down by the women in the group.

text: The season five episode "Mammy Dearest" addresses two subjects almost never discussed on prime time television: the "mammy" image and its negative effect upon African Americans' sense of beauty and self-worth, and the little-known fact that some well-to-do African-Americans actually owned slaves themselves. Kim is disheartened with the display of several "mammy" dolls in a cultural exhibit, while Whitley learns that some of her African-American ancestors were slave owners. In some regions of the U.S., blacks owning black slaves (or relatives) would ensure that they would not be sold to leave the town.

text: The season five episode "Cat's in the Cradle" deals with racism, from both sides of the proverbial fence. While attending a Hillman football game on a predominantly white campus, Ron and Dwayne are involved in a bias incident with three white students, which culminates with Ron and Dwayne fighting the white students as they attempt to spraypaint the word "Nigger" on Ron's car, stopping them before they could complete the slur. They are all arrested by the campus police. They share with the campus police chief (Ernie Sabella) the perspectives of the incident, shown from each side. Predictably, it shows drastically different takes. The racist act by the white students is not alone, however, as Dwayne is guilty of the same prejudice by assuming the white campus chief is racist. Poignantly, the ending scene find both parties returning to the parking lot where the altercation started, only to find that some unknown other person or persons finished spray-painting the "Nigger" slur on the car. This episode features one of actor Dean Cain's earliest television appearances.

text: The season five episode "Love Taps" dealt with domestic violence. Gina has been dating an up-and-coming rapper named Dion, a.k.a. "I'm Down" (played by Edafe Blackmon), who many of the students admire, including Terrance. When Lena suspects that Dion has been beating up on Gina (who is sporting a black eye), she confronts her about it, but Gina makes excuses for Dion's rages and tells Lena to back off. Lena confides in Kim about Gina's situation; Kim informs Lena that some things should not be kept secret. Eventually, Dion's reputation is spread all over campus. After having a heart-to-heart talk with Whitley and engaging in a confrontation with Dion (in front of Terrance who has called the police), Gina finally decides to press assault charges against him.

text: Various episodes in the last two seasons of the series referenced contemporary high-profile cases of sexual harassment, such as the Mitsubishi scandal [11] and the Clarence Thomas-Anita Hill hearings. In the episode "Bedroom at the Top," Whitley is sexually harassed at her new job by an executive. The Anita Hill hearings also are mentioned in the episode "The Little Mister," in which Dwayne dreams about the 1992 elections imagining himself as Hillary Clinton, while Whitley is Bill.

text: The season six premiere includes Whitley and Dwayne's recounting of their honeymoon in Los Angeles, during which four white police officers who were on trial for the videotaped beating of African American motorist Rodney King were acquitted of state criminal charges, sparking the 1992 Los Angeles riots. (Actors Roseanne Barr and Tom Arnold, comedian Gilbert Gottfried and rapper Sister Soulja made cameo appearances in this two-part episode.)[12]

text: In "Homie, Don't You Know Me?" (one of the "lost episodes" from season 6), rapper Tupac Shakur portrays Lena's (Jada Pinkett) old boyfriend from back home. The two bump heads over Lena's new college "attitude", not to mention her new boyfriend Dorian (Bumper Robinson). This is one of the few television sitcom appearances made by Tupac, though his appearance was more serious than the show's tone itself.

text: The season four episode "If I Should Die Before I Wake" dealt with the AIDS epidemic. It featured actress Tisha Campbell-Martin as Hillman student Josie, who reveals during a class project that she has contracted the disease from a former boyfriend and would probably die shortly after graduating college. Because of the reveal, some of the students (including Gina and Terrance) start to treat Josie as an outcast by either covering their face around her, or refusing to have her serve food at the Pit. Their attitudes towards Josie change after being chastised by Kim and Mr. Gaines. The dialogue also causes Whitley (who was still a virgin) to put off a sexual relationship with Dwayne. Whoopi Goldberg stars as the professor who conducts the class.

text: Connections to The Cosby Show[edit]

text: As a show developed by Bill Cosby for a character from The Cosby Show, A Different World had many connections to its parent program, even before the latter program was created. The third season finale of The Cosby Show, entitled "Hillman", was essentially a pilot episode for the new show.

text: The theme song was co-written by Stu Gardner, Bill Cosby, and Dawnn Lewis – who was also a cast member. In the online interviews related to the 2006 "Hillman College Reunion," Lewis revealed that her being approached to write the song and to audition were two separate events that occurred within a short time of each other, such that she thought it was a practical joke by her friends. The song was performed by Phoebe Snow in season one, then by Aretha Franklin in seasons two through five, and Boyz II Men in season six.

text: The spin-off program featured many appearances by characters from the parent program, especially in the initial season, in which Denise's father Cliff (Bill Cosby), mother Clair (Phylicia Rashad), younger sisters Vanessa (Tempestt Bledsoe) and Rudy, brother Theo (Malcolm-Jamal Warner), and grandfather Russell (Earle Hyman) all appeared on the show, either at Hillman or at the other end of a phone call. Denise's departure from Hillman after Season 1 did not stop her mother from reappearing on the show. Three of Phylicia Rashad's four appearances as Hillman alumna Clair Huxtable took place after season one, and in one of these, she brought her younger daughter Vanessa to tour the college. Sondra was the only Huxtable child not to appear on the show. Martin (Joseph C. Phillips) and Olivia (Raven Symone) appear in season 3 episode "Forever Hold Your Peace" along with Phylicia Rashad and Lisa Bonet. Elvin (Geoffrey Owens) and Pam (Erika Alexander) also never appeared on the show.

text: Producer/director Debbie Allen is the real-life sister of Phylicia Rashad. Allen made one guest appearance on The Cosby Show, playing an aggressive aerobics instructor who helps Clair slim down for a special occasion. Allen appeared in later seasons in a recurring role as Whitley's psychiatrist. Dwayne and Whitley also visited the Huxtable home in an episode featuring the revelation that Denise had married and would not return to Hillman.

text: A young Kadeem Hardison appeared on The Cosby Show as one of Theo Huxtable's friends in the first-season episode "A Shirt Story", though not playing Dwayne.

text: Sinbad also appeared on The Cosby Show as a car salesman in third-season episode "Say Hello to a Good Buy."

text: A Hillman alumna by the name of "Louise Sujay" was mentioned on both Cosby and A Different World by Clair Huxtable, Whitley Gilbert and her mother Marion.

text: Like Lisa Bonet, Karen Malina White brought her Cosby Show character to Hillman. Charmaine was the best friend of Clair Huxtable's cousin Pam Tucker. White's Cosby Show costar Allen Payne turned down an offer to bring his role as Charmaine's boyfriend Lance Rodman to A Different World as a regular during Season 6, preferring instead to pursue a movie career; he and Jada Pinkett starred in the 1994 film Jason's Lyric, which is considered to be a milestone in both their careers. Payne did appear in one episode during season five in which Charmaine visits Hillman as a prospective student, bringing Lance along to see if he can gain admission as well. When Charmaine arrives at Hillman, she and Lance are maintaining a long-distance relationship and he is mentioned in multiple episodes. Lance and Charmaine later break up over the phone.

text: Years later, Tempestt Bledsoe (who played Vanessa on Cosby) and Darryl M. Bell (who played Ron on A Different World) became a real-life couple and co-starred on the 2009 Fox Reality Channel series Househusbands of Hollywood.

text: Hillman College[edit]

text: Hillman College is a fictional, historically Black college, founded in 1881 and located in the commonwealth of Virginia. The exact locality of the school is never revealed, but several geographic references are made which allude to the campus either being located somewhere in the Hampton Roads area or in the Roanoke Metropolitan Area. The school's motto is Deus Nondum Te Confecit, which literally translates from Latin to: God has not yet finished. The school colors are maroon and gray. Visual shots of the Hillman campus that were used in the series were actually filmed at two real-life Black colleges, Clark Atlanta University and Spelman College, both in Atlanta, Georgia.

text: The first references to Hillman on The Cosby Show were made during season one, when it is mentioned as the place where Cliff Huxtable and Clair Hanks went to school while they were engaged. Cliff's father Russell is also a Hillman alumnus. The school made its first on-screen appearance in the third-season finale of The Cosby Show, titled "Hillman", when Cliff and Clair and their family attend a Hillman commencement ceremony which also honored a retiring professor.

text: Hillman College Reunion[edit]

text: In August 2006, Nick at Nite aired a week-long marathon showing episodes of A Different World. Lisa Bonet, Dawnn Lewis, Jasmine Guy, Kadeem Hardison, Darryl M. Bell, Cree Summer, and Sinbad reunited for short vignettes that provided a glimpse of the current state of their characters. Nick at Nite's "Hillman College Reunion"[13] website added details beyond those shown on television.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Critics say that A Different World benefited from airing between The Cosby Show and Cheers on Thursday night; however, the show consistently ranked first or second among African American viewers during most of its run.[14]

text: Media reaction[edit]

text: The Hollywood Reporter is quoted as stating that when Debbie Allen became the producer (and usually director) of A Different World after the first season, she transformed it "from a bland Cosby spin-off into a lively, socially responsible, ensemble situation comedy."[14]

text: The Museum of Broadcast Communications states that Debbie Allen:

text: On August 23 & 24, 2012, Debbie Allen, the former chief creative force of A Different World from 1988 to 1993, wrote on Twitter that she wants to reboot A Different World. Over a million people on Facebook, Twitter, and blogs reacted to the tweet and approve the potential reboot.[15]

text: Impact on African-American culture[edit]

text: Because of Debbie Allen's influence as the producer (and usually director) of A Different World after the first season, African-American youth who watched the show often cite it as a defining reason why many of them decided to attend a historically Black college or university.[16][17]

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: Urban Works released Season 1 of A Different World on DVD in Region 1 on November 8, 2005. Several release dates for a Season 2 DVD were announced (May 2006,[18] July 2006,[19] and September 2006[20]), but the DVD was never released. Urban Works was acquired by First Look Studios in early 2006. The distribution rights for the series have since reverted to the production company, Carsey-Werner Productions.

text:
DVD Title
Release Date
No. of
Episodes
Additional Information

Season 1
November 8, 2005
22

cast interviews
out-takes
a retrospective overview of the series with cast members
an un-aired, "lost" episode featuring Tupac Shakur and Jada Pinkett-Smith


document_title: List of Miss Universe titleholders

question_text: when was the last time miss america won miss universe

root

text: List of Miss Universe titleholders

text: Titleholders[edit]

text:
Year
Represented
Titleholder
Age [A]
Height
Hometown
Date

1952
 Finland
Armi Kuusela[1]
17
5 ft 6 in (168 cm)
Muhos
June 28, 1952

1953
 France
Christiane Martel[2]
21
5 ft 6 in (168 cm)
Créteil
July 17, 1953

1954
 United States
Miriam Stevenson[3]
21
5 ft 6 in (168 cm)
Winnsboro
July 24, 1954

1955
 Sweden
Hillevi Rombin[B][4][5]
21
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)
Alfta
July 22, 1955

1956
 United States
Carol Morris[6]
20
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)
Ottumwa
July 20, 1956

1957
 Peru
Gladys Zender[7]
18
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)
Lima
July 19, 1957

1958
 Colombia
Luz Marina Zuluaga[B][8]
19
5 ft 4 in (163 cm)
Pereira
July 26, 1958

1959
 Japan
Akiko Kojima[9]
22
5 ft 6 in (168 cm)
Tokyo
July 24, 1959

1960
 United States
Linda Bement[10]
18
5 ft 6 in (168 cm)
Salt Lake City
July 09, 1960

1961
 Germany
Marlene Schmidt[11]
24
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Stuttgart
July 15, 1961

1962
 Argentina
Norma Nolan[12]
24
5 ft 5 in (165 cm)
Buenos Aires
July 14, 1962

1963
 Brazil
Iêda Maria Vargas[13]
18
5 ft 6 in (168 cm)
Porto Alegre
July 20, 1963

1964
 Greece
Corinna Tsopei[14]
20
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Athens
August 01, 1964

1965
 Thailand
Apasra Hongsakula[15]
18
5 ft 4 in (163 cm)
Bangkok
July 24, 1965

1966
 Sweden
Margareta Arvidsson[16]
18
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Gothenburg
July 16, 1966

1967
 United States
Sylvia Hitchcock[B][17]
21
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)
Miami
July 15, 1967

1968
 Brazil
Martha Vasconcellos[18]
20
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Salvador
July 13, 1968

1969
 Philippines
Gloria Diaz[19]
18
5 ft 5 in (165 cm)
Aringay
July 19, 1969

1970
 Puerto Rico
Marisol Malaret[20]
20
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
San Juan
July 11, 1970

1971
 Lebanon
Georgina Rizk[21]
18
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)
Beirut
July 24, 1971

1972
 Australia
Kerry Anne Wells[22]
20
5 ft 11 in (180 cm)
Perth
July 29, 1972

1973
 Philippines
Margarita Moran[23]
19
5 ft 6 in (168 cm)
Manila
July 21, 1973

1974
 Spain
Amparo Muñoz[B][24]
20
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Málaga
July 19, 1974

1975
 Finland
Anne Marie Pohtamo[25]
19
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Helsinki
July 19, 1975

1976
 Israel
Rina Messinger[26]
20
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)
Kiryat Tiv'on
July 11, 1976

1977
 Trinidad and Tobago
Janelle Commissiong[27]
24
5 ft 5 in (165 cm)
Port of Spain
July 16, 1977

1978
 South Africa
Margaret Gardiner[28]
18
5 ft 10 in (178 cm)
Cape Town
July 24, 1978

1979
 Venezuela
Maritza Sayalero[29]
18
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Caracas
July 20, 1979

1980
 United States
Shawn Weatherly[30]
20
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Sumter
July 08, 1980

1981
 Venezuela
Irene Sáez[31]
19
5 ft 10 in (178 cm)
Caracas
July 20, 1981

1982
 Canada
Karen Dianne Baldwin[32]
18
5 ft 10 in (178 cm)
London
July 26, 1982

1983
 New Zealand
Lorraine Downes[33]
19
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Auckland
July 11, 1983

1984
 Sweden
Yvonne Ryding[34]
21
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)
Eskilstuna
July 09, 1984

1985
 Puerto Rico
Deborah Carthy-Deu[35]
19
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
San Juan
July 15, 1985

1986
 Venezuela
Bárbara Palacios[36]
22
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Caracas
July 21, 1986

1987
 Chile
Cecilia Bolocco[37]
22
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Santiago
May 27, 1987

1988
 Thailand
Porntip Nakhirunkanok[38]
20
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Bangkok
May 24, 1988

1989
 Netherlands
Angela Visser[39]
22
5 ft 9 in (175 cm)
Rotterdam
May 23, 1989

1990
 Norway
Mona Grudt[40]
19
5 ft 6 in (168 cm)
Trondheim
April 15, 1990

1991
 Mexico
Lupita Jones[41]
23
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)
Mexicali
May 17, 1991

1992
 Namibia
Michelle McLean[42]
19
6 ft 0 in (183 cm)
Windhoek
May 8, 1992

1993
 Puerto Rico
Dayanara Torres[43]
18
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)
Toa Alta
May 21, 1993

1994
 India
Sushmita Sen[44]
18
5 ft 9 in (175 cm)
New Delhi
May 21, 1994

1995
 United States
Chelsi Smith[45]
21
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Deer Park
May 12, 1995

1996
 Venezuela
Alicia Machado[46]
19
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Maracay
May 17, 1996

1997
 United States
Brook Lee[47]
26
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)
Pearl City
May 16, 1997

1998
 Trinidad and Tobago
Wendy Fitzwilliam[48]
25
6 ft 0 in (183 cm)
Diego Martin
May 12, 1998

1999
 Botswana
Mpule Kwelagobe
19
5 ft 9 in (175 cm)
Gaborone
May 26, 1999

2000
 India
Lara Dutta[49]
22
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Mumbai
May 12, 2000

2001
 Puerto Rico
Denise Quiñones[50]
20
5 ft 10 in (178 cm)
Lares
May 11, 2001

2002
 Russia
Oxana Fedorova (Dethroned)
24
5 ft 10 in (178 cm)
Pskov
May 29, 2002

 Panama
Justine Pasek (Succeeded)[D][51]
23
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)
Panama City
September 24, 2002

2003
 Dominican Republic
Amelia Vega[52]
18
6 ft 2 in (188 cm)
Santiago de los Caballeros
June 03, 2003

2004
 Australia
Jennifer Hawkins[53]
20
5 ft 11 in (180 cm)
Newcastle
June 01, 2004

2005
 Canada
Natalie Glebova[54]
23
5 ft 11 in (180 cm)
Toronto
May 31, 2005

2006
 Puerto Rico
Zuleyka Rivera[55]
18
5 ft 9 in (175 cm)
Salinas
July 23, 2006

2007
 Japan
Riyo Mori[56]
20
5 ft 9 in (175 cm)
Shizuoka
May 28, 2007

2008
 Venezuela
Dayana Mendoza[57]
22
5 ft 10 in (178 cm)
Caracas
July 14, 2008

2009
Stefanía Fernández[58]
18
5 ft 10 in (178 cm)
Mérida
August 23, 2009

2010
 Mexico
Ximena Navarrete[59]
22
5 ft 9 in (175 cm)
Guadalajara
August 23, 2010

2011
 Angola
Leila Lopes[60]
25
5 ft 10 in (178 cm)
Benguela
September 12, 2011

2012
 United States
Olivia Culpo[61]
20
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)
Cranston
December 19, 2012

2013
 Venezuela
Gabriela Isler
25
5 ft 10 in (178 cm)
Valencia
November 09, 2013

2014
 Colombia
Paulina Vega
22
5 ft 9 in (175 cm)
Barranquilla
January 25, 2015

2015
 Philippines
Pia Wurtzbach
26
5 ft 6 in (168 cm)
Cagayan de Oro
December 20, 2015

2016
 France
Iris Mittenaere[62]
24
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
Lille
January 29, 2017

2017
 South Africa
Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters
22
5 ft 7 in (170 cm)
Sedgefield
November 26, 2017

tag: table

text: Gallery of winners[edit]

text:
Miss Universe 2016
Iris Mittenaere
France

Miss Universe 2015
Pia Wurtzbach
Philippines

Miss Universe 2014
Paulina Vega
Colombia

Miss Universe 2013
Gabriela Isler
Venezuela

Miss Universe 2012
Olivia Culpo
United States

Miss Universe 2011
Leila Lopes
Angola

Miss Universe 2010
Ximena Navarrete
Mexico

Miss Universe 2009
Stefanía Fernández,
Venezuela

Miss Universe 2008
Dayana Mendoza,
Venezuela

Miss Universe 2007
Riyo Mori,
Japan

Miss Universe 2006
Zuleyka Rivera,
Puerto Rico

Miss Universe 2005
Natalie Glebova,
Canada

Miss Universe 2004
Jennifer Hawkins
Australia

Miss Universe 2003
Amelia Vega,
Dominican Republic

Miss Universe 2002
Justine Pasek,
Panama

Miss Universe 2001
Denise Quiñones,
Puerto Rico

Miss Universe 2000
Lara Dutta,
India

Miss Universe 1999
Mpule Kwelagobe,
Botswana

Miss Universe 1997
Brook Lee,
United States

Miss Universe 1994
Sushmita Sen,
India

Miss Universe 1993
Dayanara Torres,
Puerto Rico

Miss Universe 1991
Lupita Jones,
México

Miss Universe 1989
Angela Visser, Netherlands

Miss Universe 1987
Cecilia Bolocco, Chile

Miss Universe 1984
Yvonne Ryding, Sweden

Miss Universe 1980
Shawn Weatherly, United States

Miss Universe 1977
Janelle Commissiong, Trinidad and Tobago

Miss Universe 1976
Rina Mor, Israel

Miss Universe 1967
Sylvia Hitchcock, United States

Miss Universe 1956
Carol Morris, United States

Miss Universe 1953
Christiane Martel, France

Miss Universe 1952
Armi Kuusela, Finland

tag: ul

text: Countries/Territory by winning the title[edit]

text:
Country/Territory
Titles
Year(s)

 United States
8
1954, 1956, 1960, 1967, 1980, 1995, 1997, 2012

 Venezuela
7
1979, 1981, 1986, 1996, 2008, 2009, 2013

 Puerto Rico
5
1970, 1985, 1993, 2001, 2006

 Philippines
3
1969, 1973, 2015

 Sweden
1955, 1966, 1984

 South Africa
2
1978, 2017

 France
1953, 2016

 Colombia
1958, 2014

 Mexico
1991, 2010

 Japan
1959, 2007

 Canada
1982, 2005

 Australia
1972, 2004

 India
1994, 2000

 Trinidad and Tobago
1977, 1998

 Thailand
1965, 1988

 Finland
1952, 1975

 Brazil
1963, 1968

 Angola
1
2011

 Dominican Republic
2003

 Panama
2002[B]

 Russia
2002[A]

 Botswana
1999

 Namibia
1992

 Norway
1990

 Netherlands
1989

 Chile
1987

 New Zealand
1983

 Israel
1976

 Spain
1974

 Lebanon
1971

 Greece
1964

 Argentina
1962

 Germany
1961

 Peru
1957

text:
Notes
A Resigned
B Took over title

tag: p


question_text: who is running for us senate from ohio

question_tokens: who is running for us senate from ohio

text: Democratic primary[edit]

text: Candidates[edit]

text: Nominee[edit]

text: Sherrod Brown, incumbent U.S. Senator[3]

text: Results[edit]

text:
Democratic primary results[4]

Party

Candidate

Votes

%

Democratic

Sherrod Brown (incumbent)

605,448

100.0

Total votes

605,448

100.0

text: Republican primary[edit]

text: Candidates[edit]

text: Nominee[edit]

text: Jim Renacci, U.S. Representative[5]

text: Eliminated in primary[edit]

text:
Melissa Ackison, businesswoman[6]
Don Elijah Eckhart, candidate for the Republican nomination in 2016[7]
Mike Gibbons, investment banker[8]
Dennis Jones[9]
Dan Kiley[10]

text: Withdrawn[edit]

text: Josh Mandel, Ohio State Treasurer and nominee for the U.S. Senate in 2012[11][12]

text: Declined[edit]

text:
Ken Blackwell, former mayor of Cincinnati, former Ohio State Treasurer, and former Ohio Secretary of State[13]
Rick Jones, Butler County Sheriff[14][15]
John Kasich, Governor of Ohio, former U.S. Representative[16]
Mary Taylor, Lieutenant Governor of Ohio (ran for governor and lost the primary)[14]
Pat Tiberi, U.S. Representative[17][18][19][20]
J. D. Vance, author and venture capitalist[21][22][23][24]

text: Endorsements[edit]

text:
showMike Gibbons

U.S. Senators
Rand Paul, U.S. Senator (R-KY) and 2016 presidential candidate[25]
Notable Individuals
Fred Dailey, Former Ohio Agriculture Director[26]
Doug Dieken[27]
Wes Farno, Former Chair of the Auglaize County Republican Party[28]
Charlie Frye, Chair of the Ashtabula County Republican Party[29]
Christopher Gagin, Chair of the Belmont County Republican Party[30]
Steve Hall, Chair of the Coschocton County Republican Party[31]
Larry Hardin, Chair of the Morrow County Republican Party[31]
Richard Jones, Sheriff of Miami County[32]
Thad Lichtensteiger, Chair of the  Van Wert County Republican Party[31]
Bo Pelini, Youngstown State Penguins football coach, former Nebraska Cornhuskers football coach[33]
Phil Plummer, Sheriff of Montgomery County and Chair of Montgomery County Republican Party[34]
Rob Radway, Chair of the Hardin County Republican Party[31]
Ethan Reynolds, Mayor of New Carlisle[35]
Jim Roberts, Chair of the Seneca County Republican Party[36]
Carolyn Robey-Warren, President of Ohio Carry[37]
State Representatives
Marilyn Reid (former)[38]
Andy Thompson[39]
State Senators
Randy Gardner (Majority Leader)[40]
Frank Hoagland[41]
Jay Hottinger[42]
Matt Huffman[43]
Joy Padgett (former), current chairwoman of Ohio Women for Trump[44]
County Commissioners
Jeff Benton, Delaware County Commissioner[45]
Rodney Creech, Preble County Commissioner[35]
Mike Kerschner, Seneca County Commissioner[46]
Shayne Thomas, Seneca County Commissioner[46]
Jenny Vermillion, Crawford County Commissioner[46]
Doug Weisenauer,  Crawford County Commissioner[46]
Organizations
America's Liberty PAC[47]
Citizens for Trump[48]
Cuyahoga Valley Republicans[49]
Ohio Carry[37]
Right to Life Action Coalition of Ohio[50]
Tea Party Express[51]
County Parties
Clermont County Republican Party[52]
Defiance County Republican Party[53]
Franklin County Republican Party[54]
Madison County Republican Party[55]
Miami County Republican Party[56]
Knox County Republican Party[57]

text:
showJosh Mandel (withdrawn)

U.S. Senators
Tom Cotton, U.S. Senator (R-AR)[58]
Ted Cruz, U.S. Senator (R-TX), and 2016 presidential candidate[59]
Mike Lee, U.S. Senator (R-UT)[60]
Rob Portman, U.S. Senator (R-OH)[61]
Marco Rubio, U.S. Senator (R-FL), and 2016 presidential candidate[62]
Pat Toomey, U.S. Senator (R-PA)[63]
Individuals
Mike Cernovich, Conservative activist and writer[64]
Jack Posobiec, Conservative activist[64]
Labor unions
CPPA – Cleveland Police Patrolmen's Association[65]
Organizations
Citizens United[66]
Club for Growth[67]
FreedomWorks[68]
Senate Conservatives Fund[69]
Tea Party Express[70]

text: Polling[edit]

text:
Poll source

Date(s)administered

Samplesize

Marginof error

MelissaAckison

DonEckhart

MikeGibbons

DanKiley

JimRenacci

Undecided

Baldwin Wallace University

April 24 – May 2, 2018

323

–

4%

1%

11%

4%

25%

55%

Fallon Research

April 4–7, 2018

502

± 4.4%

3%

2%

7%

1%

21%

65%

OnMessage (R-Renacci)

March 20, 2018

–

–

3%

3%

8%

3%

36%

47%

SurveyUSA

March 16–20, 2018

541

± 5.7%

5%

5%

10%

1%

21%

58%

text:
show
Hypothetical polling

with Josh Mandel

Poll source

Date(s)administered

Samplesize

Marginof error

MelissaAckison

MichaelGibbons

JoshMandel

Undecided

Remington Research Group (R-Mandel)

September 26–28, 2017

1,268

± 2.8%

5%

5%

50%

40%

with Matt Huffman

Poll source

Date(s)administered

Samplesize

Marginof error

MattHuffman

JoshMandel

Undecided

Club for Growth

December 11–12, 2016

600

± 4.0%

8%

62%

30%

with Pat Tiberi

Poll source

Date(s)administered

Samplesize

Marginof error

JoshMandel

PatTiberi

Undecided

Club for Growth

December 11–12, 2016

600

± ?%

60%

12%

27%

text: Results[edit]

text: 70–80%   60–70%   50–60%   40–50%   <40%

text: <40%   40–50%   50–60%

text:
Republican primary results[4]

Party

Candidate

Votes

%

Republican

Jim Renacci

360,455

47.39

Republican

Mike Gibbons

241,099

31.70

Republican

Melissa Ackison

99,368

13.06

Republican

Dan Kiley

30,321

3.99

Republican

Don Eckhart

29,441

3.87

Total votes

760,684

100.00

text: General election[edit]

text: Candidates[edit]

text:
Sherrod Brown (D)
Stephen Faris (write-in)[71]
Philena Irene Farley (G, write-in)[72]
Bruce Jaynes (L)
Jim Renacci (R)

text: Debates[edit]

text:
Complete video of debate, October 14, 2018
Complete video of debate, October 20, 2018

text: Endorsements[edit]

text:
showSherrod Brown (D)

U.S. Senators
Cory Booker, U.S. Senator (D-NJ)[73]
Al Franken, former U.S. Senator (DFL-MN)[74]
Kamala Harris, U.S. Senator (D-CA)[75]
Amy Klobuchar, U.S. Senator (DFL-MN)[74]
Patty Murray, U.S. Senator (D-WA)[76]
Gary Peters, U.S. Senator (D-MI)[77]
Elizabeth Warren, U.S. Senator (D-MA)[78]
Chris Coons, U.S. Senator (D-DE)[79]
Others
Joyce Beatty, U.S. Representative (D-OH)[80]
Madeleine Albright, author and former U.S. Secretary[81]
Justin Fairfax, Lieutenant Governor of Virginia[82]
Amy Schumer, actress[83]
Labor unions
National Education Association[84]
Ohio State AFL–CIO[85]
United Automobile Workers[86]
United Mine Workers of America[87]
Organizations
Council for a Livable World[88]
Democracy for America[89]
End Citizens United[90]
Feminist Majority Political Action Committee [91]
Human Rights Campaign[92]
JStreet[93]
League of Conservation Voters Action Fund[94]
LegitAction[95]
MoveOn.org[96]
National Committee to Preserve Social Security and Medicare[97]
National Organization for Women[98]
Natural Resources Defense Council [94]
Ohio State Medical Association[99]
Sierra Club[100]
Ohio Society of CPAs[101]
Population Connection[102]

text:
showJim Renacci (R)

U.S. Executive Branch officials
Donald Trump, President of the United States[103]
Mike Pence, Vice President of the United States[104]
U.S. Senators
Rob Portman, U.S. Senator (R-OH)[105]
Statewide Office Holders
Josh Mandel, Ohio Treasurer[106]
Mary Taylor, Lieutenant Governor of Ohio[107]
State Representatives
Steve Hambley
U.S. Representatives
Steve Chabot (OH-1)[108]
Warren Davidson (OH-8)[108]
Bob Gibbs (OH-7)[108]
Bill Johnson (OH-6)[108]
Jim Jordan (OH-4)[108]
David Joyce (OH-14)[108]
Bob Latta (OH-5)[108]
Steve Stivers (OH-15)[108]
Mike Turner (OH-10)[108]
Brad Wenstrup (OH-2)[108]
Mayors
Rob Duncan, Norwalk[109]
Bob Meilander, Kipton
Notable Individuals
Zachary Hall, Chairman of the Lucas County Teen Age Republicans
Anthony Scaramucci, Former White House Communications Director
Donald Trump Jr., businessman and son of U.S. President Donald Trump[110]
County Parties
Brown County Republican Party[111]
Cuyahoga County Republican Party[112]
Fulton County Republican Party[113]
Lake County Republican Party[114]
Preble County Republican Party[115]
Summit County Republican Party[116]
Organizations
Business-Industry Political Action Committee[117]
Ohio Black Republican Association[118]
Ohio Right to Life[119]
Cuyahoga Valley Republicans[120]
National Rifle Association[121]
Students for Trump[122]
National Right to Life[123]
National Federation of Independent Business[124]
Ohio Society of CPAs[101]
Ohioans for Concealed Carry[125]
State Parties
Ohio Republican Party[126]
Newspapers
Note: These endorsements are only for the primary, not the general election.

The Plain Dealer[127]
The Vindicator[128]

text: Predictions[edit]

text:
Source

Ranking

As of

The Cook Political Report[129]

Likely D

September 28, 2018

Inside Elections[130]

Safe D

October 26, 2018

Sabato's Crystal Ball[131]

Likely D

June 13, 2018

Fox News[132]

Likely D

July 9, 2018

CNN[133]

Likely D

October 5, 2018

RealClearPolitics[134]

Likely D

June 21, 2018

text: Polling[edit]

text:
Poll source

Date(s)administered

Samplesize

Marginof error

SherrodBrown (D)

JimRenacci (R)

Other

Undecided

Emerson College

October 26–28, 2018

566

± 4.3%

49%

43%

2%[135]

6%

Baldwin Wallace University

October 19–27, 2018

1,051

± 3.8%

51%

32%

–

17%

Suffolk University

October 4–8, 2018

500

± 4.4%

54%

36%

0%[136]

10%

Baldwin Wallace University

September 8 – October 8, 2018

1,017

± 3.5%

50%

33%

–

18%

University of Akron

September 10 – October 4, 2018

1,000

± 3.0%

43%

31%

–

26%

Ipsos

September 13–21, 2018

1,074

± 3.0%

50%

39%

2%

9%

Triton Polling & Research (R)

September 18–20, 2018

1,003

± 3.1%

53%

42%

–

5%

Marist College

September 16–20, 2018

564 LV

± 5.0%

49%

35%

7%[137]

8%

52%

39%

1%

7%

796 RV

± 4.2%

49%

33%

10%[138]

9%

52%

39%

1%

8%

Baldwin Wallace University

September 5–15, 2018

1,048

± 3.6%

49%

32%

–

19%

Morning Consult

September 2–11, 2018

1,592

± 2.0%

47%

31%

–

22%

Change Research (D-Innovation Ohio)

August 31 – September 4, 2018

822

± 3.0%

46%

42%

–

12%

TRZ Communications (R-WTPC)

June 30 – July 10, 2018

1,485

± 3.0%

45%

41%

–

14%

SurveyMonkey/Axios

June 11 – July 2, 2018

951

± 5.0%

52%

44%

–

4%

Marist College

June 17–22, 2018

778

± 4.4%

51%

38%

1%

10%

Quinnipiac University

June 7–12, 2018

1,082

± 3.7%

51%

34%

1%

12%

Suffolk University

June 6–11, 2018

500

± 4.4%

53%

37%

2%

8%

America First Action (R)

May 29–31, 2018

400

± 4.9%

45%

41%

–

10%

Fallon Research

May 21–25, 2018

800

± 3.5%

48%

34%

3%[139]

15%

Grassroots Targeting (R-Ohio First)

April 2018

1,266

–

41%

40%

–

19%

SurveyUSA

March 16–20, 2018

1,408

± 3.5%

52%

38%

–

11%

Baldwin Wallace University

February 28 – March 9, 2018

1,011

± 3.0%

41%

29%

–

30%

SurveyMonkey/Axios

February 12 – March 5, 2018

1,995

± 3.6%

50%

45%

–

5%

Grassroots Targeting (R-Ohio First)

February 2018

–

–

43%

38%

–

19%

text:
show
Hypothetical polling

with Mike Gibbons

Poll source

Date(s)administered

Samplesize

Marginof error

SherrodBrown (D)

MikeGibbons (R)

Undecided

SurveyUSA

March 16–20, 2018

1,408

± 3.5%

52%

38%

10%

Baldwin Wallace University

February 28 – March 9, 2018

1,011

± 3.0%

41%

31%

28%

with Melissa Ackison

Poll source

Date(s)administered

Samplesize

Marginof error

SherrodBrown (D)

MelissaAckison (R)

Undecided

SurveyUSA

March 16–20, 2018

1,408

± 3.5%

52%

37%

11%

with Don Eckhart

Poll source

Date(s)administered

Samplesize

Marginof error

SherrodBrown (D)

DonEckhart (R)

Undecided

SurveyUSA

March 16–20, 2018

1,408

± 3.5%

53%

37%

10%

with Dan Kiley

Poll source

Date(s)administered

Samplesize

Marginof error

SherrodBrown (D)

DanKiley (R)

Undecided

SurveyUSA

March 16–20, 2018

1,408

± 3.5%

52%

37%

11%

with Pat Tiberi

Poll source

Date(s)administered

Samplesize

Marginof error

SherrodBrown (D)

PatTiberi (R)

Undecided

Gravis Marketing

April 27 – May 2, 2017

1,352

± 2.7%

43%

41%

16%

with Josh Mandel

Poll source

Date(s)administered

Samplesize

Marginof error

SherrodBrown (D)

JoshMandel (R)

Undecided

Luntz Global

June 12, 2017

500

± 4.4%

53%

34%

13%

Gravis Marketing

April 27 – May 2, 2017

1,352

± 2.7%

42%

45%

13%

WPA Opinion Research (R)

November 29 – December 1, 2016

600

± 4.0%

39%

40%

21%

Public Policy Polling

July 22–24, 2016

1,334

± 2.7%

45%

36%

18%

Public Policy Polling

April 26–27, 2016

799

± 3.2%

47%

33%

21%

text: Results[edit]

text:
United States Senate election in Ohio, 2018

Party

Candidate

Votes

%

±

Democratic

Sherrod Brown (incumbent)

Independent

Stephen Faris (write-in)

Green

Philena Irene Farley (write-in)

Libertarian

Bruce Jaynes (write-in)

Republican

Jim Renacci

Majority

Turnout


document_title: Three-point field goal

question_text: when did the nba get a 3 point line

question_tokens: when did the nba get a 3 point line

text: Three-point field goal

text: History[edit]

text: The three-point line was first tested at the collegiate level in a 1945 NCAA game between Columbia and Fordham but it was not kept as a rule. At the direction of Abe Saperstein, the American Basketball League became the first basketball league to institute the rule in 1961. Its three-point line was a radius of 25 feet (7.62 m) from the baskets, except along the sides.[2] The Eastern Professional Basketball League followed in its 1963–64 season.

text: The three-point shot later became popularized by the American Basketball Association after its introduction in the 1967–68 season. Then commissioner of the ABA George Mikan stated the three-pointer "would give the smaller player a chance to score and open up the defense to make the game more enjoyable for the fans."[3] During the 1970s, the ABA used the three-point shot, along with the slam dunk, as a marketing tool to compete with the National Basketball Association (NBA).

text: In the 1979–80 season, after having tested it in the previous pre-season, the NBA adopted the three-point line despite the view of many that it was a gimmick.[4] Chris Ford of the Boston Celtics is widely credited with making the first three-point shot in NBA history on October 12, 1979. Kevin Grevey of the Washington Bullets also made one on the same day.

text: The sport's international governing body, FIBA, introduced the three-point line in 1984, at a distance of 6.25 m (20 ft 6 in).

text: The NCAA's Southern Conference became the first collegiate conference to use the three-point rule, adopting a 22-foot (6.71 m) line for the 1980–81 season.[5][6] Ronnie Carr of Western Carolina University was the first to score a three-point field goal in college basketball history on November 29, 1980.[6][7][8] Over the following five years, NCAA conferences differed in their use of the rule and distance required for a three-pointer. The line was as close as 17 ft 9 in (5.41 m) in the Atlantic Coast Conference, and as far away as 22 feet in the Big Sky Conference.[9] Used in conference play, it was adopted by the NCAA for the 1986–87 men's season at 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m), and was first used in the NCAA Tournament in 1987.[10] In the same 1986–87 season, the NCAA adopted the three-pointer in women's basketball on an experimental basis, using the same 19 ft 9 in distance, and made its use mandatory beginning in 1987–88.[11] In 2007, the NCAA lengthened the men's three-point distance to 20 ft 9 in (6.32 m), with the rule coming into effect at the beginning of the 2008–09 season.[12] The NCAA women's three-point distance was moved to match the men's distance in 2011–12.[11] American high schools, along with elementary and middle schools, adopted a 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m) line nationally in 1987, a year after the NCAA.[13]

text: During the 1994–95, 1995–96, and 1996–97 seasons, the NBA attempted to address decreased scoring by shortening the distance of the line from 23 ft 9 in (7.24 m) (22 ft (6.71 m) at the corners) to a uniform 22 ft (6.71 m) around the basket. From the 1997–98 season on, the NBA reverted the line to its original distance of 23 ft 9 in (22 ft at the corners, with a 3 inch differential). Ray Allen is currently the NBA all-time leader in career made three-pointers with 2,973.[14]

text: In 2008, FIBA announced that the distance would be increased by 50 cm (19.69 in) to 6.75 m (22 ft 1 3⁄4 in), with the change being phased in beginning in October 2010. In December 2012, the WNBA announced that it would be using FIBA's distance, too, as of the 2013 season. The NBA has discussed adding a four-point line, according to president Rod Thorn.[15]

text: Rule specifications[edit]

text: A three-point line consists of an arc at a set radius measured from the point on the floor directly below the center of the basket, and two parallel lines equidistant from each sideline extending from the nearest end line to the point at which they intersect the arc. In the NBA and FIBA standard, the arc spans the width of the court until it is a specified minimum distance from each sideline. The three-point line then becomes parallel to the sidelines from those points to the baseline. The unusual formation of the three-point line at these levels allows players some space from which to attempt a three-point shot at the corners of the court; the arc would be less than 2 feet (0.61 m) from each sideline at the corners if it was a continuous arc. In the NCAA and American high school standards, the arc spans 180° around the basket, then becomes parallel to the sidelines from the plane of the basket center to the baseline (5 feet 3 inches or 1.60 metres). The distance of the three-point line to the center of the hoop varies by level:

text:
Arc radius
Minimum distance from sidelines

National Basketball Association
23 feet 9 inches (7.24 m)
3 feet (0.91 m)
[16]

FIBA (also used by WNBA)
6.75 meters (22 ft 2 in)
0.90 meters (2 ft 11 in)
[17]

National Collegiate Athletic Association
20 feet 9 inches (6.32 m)
4 feet 3 inches (1.30 m)
[18]

American High school basketball
19 feet 9 inches (6.02 m)
5 feet 3 inches (1.60 m)
[19]

text: A player's feet must be completely behind the three-point line at the time of the shot or jump in order to make a three-point attempt; if the player's feet are on or in front of the line, it is a two-point attempt. A player is allowed to jump from outside the line and land inside the line to make a three-point attempt, as long as the ball is released in mid-air.

text: An official raises his/her arm with three fingers extended to signal the shot attempt. If the attempt is successful, he/she raises his/her other arm with all fingers fully extended in manner similar to a football official signifying successful field goal to indicate the three-point goal. The official must recognize it for it to count as three points. Instant replay has sometimes been used, depending on league rules. The NBA,[20] WNBA, FIBA and the NCAA specifically allow replay for this purpose. In NBA, FIBA, and WNBA games, video replay does not have to occur immediately following a shot; play can continue and the officials can adjust the scoring later in the game, after reviewing the video. However, in late game situations, play may be paused pending a review.

text: If a shooter is fouled while attempting a three-pointer and subsequently misses the shot, the shooter is awarded three free-throw attempts. If a player completes a three-pointer while being fouled, the player is awarded one free-throw for a possible 4-point play. Conceivably, if a player completed a three-pointer while being fouled, and that foul was ruled as either a Flagrant 1 or a Flagrant 2 foul, the player would be awarded two free throws for a possible 5-point play.

text: Related concepts[edit]

text: Major League Lacrosse features a two-point line which forms a 15-yard (14 m) arc around the front of the goal. Shots taken from behind this line count for two points, as opposed to the standard one point.

text: In gridiron football, a standard field goal is worth three points; various professional and semi-pro leagues have experimented with four-point field goals. NFL Europe and the Stars Football League adopted a rule similar to basketball's three-point line in which an additional point was awarded for longer field goals; in both leagues any field goal of 50 yards (46 m) or more was worth four points. The Arena Football League awards four points for any successful drop kicked field goal (like the three-point shot, the drop kick is more challenging than a standard place kick, as the bounce of the ball makes a kick less predictable, and arena football also uses narrower goal posts for all kicks than the outdoor game does).

text: During the existence of the World Hockey Association in the 1970s, there were proposals for two-point hockey goals for shots taken beyond an established distance (one proposal was a 44-foot (13.4m) arc, which would have intersected the faceoff circles), but this proposal gained little support and faded after the WHA merged with the NHL. It was widely believed that long-distance shots in hockey had little direct relation to skill (usually resulting more from goalies' vision being screened or obscured), plus with the lower scoring intrinsic to the sport a two-point goal was seen as disruptive of the structure of the game.

text: The Super Goal is a similar concept in Australian rules football, in which a 50-meter (55 yd) arc determines the value of a goal; within the arc, it is the usual 6 points, but 9 points are scored for a "super goal" scored from outside the arc. To date the super goal is only used in pre-season games and not in the season proper.[21]

text: The National Professional Soccer League II, which awarded two points for all goals except those on the power play, also used a three-point line, drawn 45 feet (14 m) from the goal. It has since been adopted by some other indoor soccer leagues.