document_title: Armed Forces Day

question_text: what day is armed forces day in the us

question_tokens: what day is armed forces day in the us

root

text: Armed Forces Day

text: Argentina[edit]

text: In Argentina, the commemorative dates of the Armed Forces are as follows:

tag: p

text:
17 May : Argentine Navy Day
29 May : Argentine Army Day
10 August : Argentine Air Force Day

tag: ul

text: Armenia[edit]

text: Բանակի օր (English: Army Day) is celebrated on 28 January to commemorate the formation of the armed forces of the newly independent Republic of Armenia in 1992.[1]

text: Australia and New Zealand[edit]

text: ANZAC Day is a public holiday commemorated on 25 April. It is a national day of remembrance in Australia and New Zealand that broadly commemorates all Australians and New Zealanders "who served and died in all wars, conflicts, and peacekeeping operations" and "the contribution and suffering of all those who have served."[2][3] The date commemorates the landings in 1915 at Anzac Cove on the coast of the Dardanelles and the Aegean Sea of the old Ottoman Empire (modern Turkey) by Australian and New Zealand combined military forces in the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, the beginning of the costly casualties of the Gallipoli campaign in World War I.

text: Azerbaijan[edit]

text: Silahlı Qüvvələr Günü (English: Day of the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan) is celebrated on 26 June. The events are centered around a military parade in Baku, the national capital. The annual parade is one of the biggest in the Commonwealth of Independent States.

text: Bangladesh[edit]

text: Bangladesh observes Armed Forces Day on 21 November to mark the occasion of the Tri- Services joint operation against occupying Pakistani forces in the Liberation War, 1971. The day starts with laying of a floral wreath at 'Sikha Anirban' (Eternal Flame) at Dhaka Cantonment by the President, the Prime Minister and the service chiefs. In the afternoon a reception is held at Senakunja, Dhaka Cantonment where the Prime Minister, ministers, the leader of the opposition and other high civil and military officials attend. In other cantonments, naval bases, and air bases, similar receptions are held. A special TV programme Anirban is broadcast on different TV channels the previous evening, and special newspaper supplements are published with national dailies. Receptions are also held by the Prime Minister and the service chiefs for recipients of the gallantry award Freedom Fighter Award. Special meals for family members are served in all military stations. The Armed Forces Division also brings out a special publication with articles related to the War of Independence and the armed forces.

text: Bolivia[edit]

text: Bolivian Armed Forces Day (Dia de las Fuerzas Armadas de Bolivia) is marked on 7 August, the day after Independence Day, as it was the day in 1826 when Bolivia's first President, Antonio José de Sucre, officially gave his sanction to the creation of the Armed Forces of Bolivia.

text: Brazil[edit]

text: In Brazil, the commemorative dates of the Armed Forces are as follows:[4]

text: Marinha do Brasil (English: Brazilian Navy):

text:
11 June – Data Magna da Marinha do Brasil (English: Brazilian Navy commemorative day);
13 December – Dia do Marinheiro (English: Sailor's Day).

text: Exército Brasileiro (English: Brazilian Army):

text:
19 April – Dia do Exército (English: Brazilian Army commemorative day);
25 August – Dia do Soldado (English: Soldier's Day).

text: Força Aérea Brasileira (English: Brazilian Air Force):

text: 23 October – Dia do Aviador (English: Aviator's Day).

text: Bulgaria[edit]

text: The Day of Bravery and Bulgarian Armed Forces Day is commemorated every year on 6 May, The Feast of Saint George, who is the patron saint of the Bulgarian Armed Forces. The national parade is held on Prince Alexander of Battenberg Square in Sofia, the national capital city, on this day, with the salute taken by the President of Bulgaria, the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces.

text: Canada[edit]

text: In Canada, Canadian Armed Forces Day is the first Sunday in June and is a celebration of Canada's armed services, their heritage, and their personnel.[5][6] Canadian Armed Forces Day is not a public holiday in Canada.

text: Chile[edit]

text: In Chile, Día de las Glorias del Ejército (Army Day) is a national holiday celebrated every 19 September, a day after the independence day, with the "Parada Militar", a parade where all the branches of the armed forces display some of their troops and equipment in a special part of "Parque O'Higgins" in Santiago. Several other smaller parades can be seen on other cities of the country, as well as air displays by the air force, on Independence Day, 18 September.

text: For the Chilean Navy, its counterpart is the national Día de las Glorias de la Armada (Navy Day) celebrations on 21 May, in honor of the double anniversaries of the Battle of Iquique and the Battle of Punta Gruesa in 1879. Valparaiso is where the main celebrations are concentrated, with a military parade in the morning and the President of Chile's State of the Nation address in the afternoon. Similar parades are hosted in major and minor cities and towns nationwide.

text: China (People's Republic of China)[edit]

text: The Army Day (Chinese: 建军节) is celebrated in the People's Republic of China on 1 August in commemoration of the founding of the People's Liberation Army in 1927.

text: Croatia[edit]

text: In Croatia, the commemorative dates of the Armed Forces are as follows:

text: Oružane snage Republike Hrvatske (English: Republic of Croatia Armed Forces):

text: 28 May – Dan Oružanih snaga Republike Hrvatske (English: Croatian Armed Forces Day), marking the day of the first ever public parade of the military forces on 28 May 1991 on Stadion Kranjčevićeva, Zagreb.

text: Hrvatska kopnena vojska (English: Croatian Army);

text: 28 May – Dan Hrvatske kopnene vojske (English: Croatian Army Day).

text: Hrvatska ratna mornarica (English: Croatian Navy);

text: 18 September – Dan Hrvatske ratne mornarice (English: Croatian Navy Day);

text: Hrvatsko ratno zrakoplovstvo i protuzračna obrana (English: Croatian Air Force and Defense).

text: 12 December – Dan Hrvatskog ratnog zrakoplovstva (English: Croatian Air Force Day).

text: The entire Croatian Armed Forces are also honored on 5 August, Victory and Homeland Defenders Day and Day of the Defenders of Croatia, celebrating the anniversary of the 1995 Operation Storm.

text: Cuba[edit]

text: The Day of the Cuban Armed Forces is celebrated on 2 December to commemorate the landing of the Granma in 1956.[7] The first ever military parade in years to be held on the holiday was marked in 2006, the parade on 2 January 2017 (postponed for 1 month due to the Death and state funeral of Fidel Castro) will be the second and will be the final event marking the diamond jubilee since the events of 1956.

text: Dominican Republic[edit]

text: Día de las Fuerzas Armadas (English: Armed forces day) is celebrated on 25 February to commemorate the anniversary of the armed forces of the Dominican Republic. It is also the day of birth of Matías Ramón Mella, who is regarded as a national hero in the Dominican Republic and fired the first shot with his blunderbuss to proclaim, along with other patriots, the Independence from Haiti on 27 February 1844. On 27 February a military parade is held to commemorate the Independence anniversary.

text: Egypt[edit]

text: In Egypt, Armed Forces Day is celebrated on 6 October, the date on which the October War of 1973 began with the Egyptian Army's successful crossing of the Suez Canal that culminated in the capture of the Bar Lev Line.[8]

text: Finland[edit]

text: In Finland, Puolustusvoimain lippujuhlan päivä (English: Day of the Finnish Defence Forces; literally The Day of the Finnish Defence Forces' flag fest) is celebrated on 4 June, which is the birthday of Marshal of Finland Gustaf Mannerheim. During 1919–1939 it was called as "Sotaväen lippujuhlan päivä" (The Day of the Finnish Army's flag fest) and was celebrated on 16th as the Victory Day of the Troops of the Republic of Finland, i. e. the Whites over the Reds in the Civil War 1918. After the Winter War there were no need to maintain the dichotomy of Finnish society and the celebrations of 16 May were ended. During Mannerheim's 75th birthday the Finnish Government declared that from then on 4 June would officially celebrated as "Suomen marsalkan syntymäpäivä" (The Birthday of Marshal of Finland). Even though the official name of the day changed soon after it is still known, also in official context, as "The Birthday of Marshal of Finland".[9][10]

text: France[edit]

text: During France's national day, France honors its armed forces during the military parade of the 14 July, which is the oldest and largest military parade in Europe.[11]

text: Georgia[edit]

text: Georgia marks its Armed Forces Day (Georgian: შეიარაღებული ძალების დღე) on 30 April to commemorate the foundation of the Georgian Armed Forces in 1991.[12]

text: Greece[edit]

text: Greece marks its Armed Forces Day (Greek: Ημέρα των Ενόπλων Δυνάμεων) on 21 November, on the day of the Presentation of Mary.[13]

text: Guatemala[edit]

text: In Guatemala, Día del Ejército is celebrated on 30 June. It is remembered because in 1871 the Liberal Revolution or "Revolución Liberal", led by Miguel García Granados and Justo Rufino Barrios, and composed of personnel of the Guatemalan Army, marched on the streets of Guatemala City and captured the Presidential palace, putting an end to the Conservadora administration formerly headed by Rafael Carrera, marking the start of a new era in Guatemalan history. Parades are held in honor of the holiday in Guatemala City and in other major towns nationwide.

text: Haiti[edit]

text: In Haiti, Le Jour de La Battaille Des Vertieres is celebrated on 18 November in celebration of the victory of the indigenous slave African and Gens de couleur versus the European forces led by France with support from United States and Spain.

text: Hungary[edit]

text: In Hungary, the Patriots and Homeland Defenders Day is celebrated on 21 May, honoring all those serving in the Hungarian Defence Force.

text: India[edit]

text: In India, Army Day is celebrated on 15 January, Navy Day is celebrated on 4 December and Air Force Day is celebrated on 8 October every year and 7 December is celebrated as Armed Forces Flag Day

text: Indonesia[edit]

text: Hari Tentara Nasional Indonesia (English: Indonesian National Armed Forces Day) abbreviated HUT TNI is celebrated on the 5 October, the day of the foundation of the Tentara Keamanan Rakyat (People's Security Armed Forces), the predecessor of the TNI, in 1945, itself a replacement for the Badan Keamanan Rakyat (People's Security Corps) established on 29 August on the same year. Military parades are held nationwide in major cities and provincial capitals in honor of the TNI's serving men and women and military veterans.

text: Iran[edit]

text: Rouz-e Artesh (English: Army Day) is celebrated on 18 April, the establishment day of the army.

text: Iraq[edit]

text: Iraqi Armed Forces Day is celebrated on 6 January, and marks the anniversary of the activation of the Iraqi Army on 6 January 1921.[14]

text: Israel[edit]

text: Yom Hazikaron (English: Memorial Day) is observed on the 4th day of the month of Iyar of the Hebrew calendar or May in the Gregorian Calendar, always preceding the next day's celebrations of Israel Independence Day, Yom Ha-Atzma'ut, on the 5th day of Iyar, the anniversary of the Proclamation of the State of Israel in 1948.

text: Italy[edit]

text: Giorno delle Forze Armate (English: Armed Forces Day) is celebrated on 4 November to remember the Italian victory in the First World War. On 4 November 1918, Austrian-Hungarian forces agreed to a cease fire, thus ending the war on Italian front.

text: The following service holidays are celebrated all over the Italian Armed Forces:

text:
Army Day: 4 May (Italian Army)
Navy Day: 10 June (Italian Navy)
Air Force Day: 28 March (Italian Air Force)
Carabinieri Days: 5 June and 13 July

text: Japan[edit]

text: In Japan, following the end of World War II and beginning in 1966, the Self-Defense Force Day (Japanese: 自衛隊記念日; Romaji: Jiei-tai Kinen'bi) is celebrated every 1 November.[15] The parade honoring the SDF, however, falls on the last week of October.

text: Empire of Japan[edit]

text: In the Empire of Japan, Army Commemoration Day (Japanese: 陸軍記念日; Romaji: Riku-gun Kinen'bi) was celebrated every 10 March, in commemoration of the Japanese victory in the Battle of Mukden. Similarly, Navy Commemoration Day (Japanese: 海軍記念日; Romaji: Kai-gun Kinen'bi) was celebrated every 24 May in commemoration of the Japanese victory in the Battle of Tsushima. These days were celebrated from 1906 until the end of World War II in 1945.

text: Kazakhstan[edit]

text: The Defender of the Fatherland Day of Kazakhstan is observed on 7 May to mark the founding of the Armed Forces of Kazakhstan on 7 May 1992 after the fall of the USSR.

text: Laos[edit]

text: The Anniversary of The Lao Army was observed annually every 20 January to celebrate the creation of the independent Lao army on 20 January 1949. Every year, large posters are placed to remind that date which was marks the first step towards full independence and domination of the Lao Communist Party.[16]

text: Latvia[edit]

text: The Latvian National Armed Forces Day is marked every 10 July, a day when in 1919 Latvia's Independent and Northlatvian brigades where united in one formation under the command of General David Simanson,

text: Lebanon[edit]

text: Lebanese Armed Forces (Armed Forces Day) is celebrated on 1 August.

text: Macedonia[edit]

text: The Day of Macedonian Army is celebrated on 18 August. This date is chosen because on 18 August 1943, the battalion Mirče Acev was formed at the Slavej Mountain. It was the first organized battalion to fight against the fascist forces in World War II in Macedonia. The day is not a national holiday, but is celebrated with a manifestation at one of the Army's barracks, where the President, the Speaker of the Assembly, the Prime Minister and the Minister of Defense are always present. Usually there is a parade of the armed forces and an exhibition of the weapons and vehicles of the Army.

text: Mali[edit]

text: Mali Army Day is celebrated on 20 January.[17]

text: Malaysia[edit]

text: Hari Angkatan Tentera Malaysia (English: Malaysian Armed Forces Day) is celebrated on 16 September.

text: Mauritania[edit]

text: Mauritanian Armed Forces (English: Armed Forces Day) is celebrated on 1 May.

text: Mexico[edit]

text: Mexican Armed Forces (English: Armed Forces Day) is celebrated on 19 February since 1950, in commemoration of the decree that created them in 1917.

text: Mongolia[edit]

text: Soldier's Day (Mongolian: Цэргийн баяр) is celebrated on 18 March annually. On 18 March 1921, Sükhbaatar's troops succeeded in taking the town, despite being heavily outnumbered. This day is now the official holiday of Mongolia's army, and is usually celebrated as the equivalent of Defender of the Fatherland Day in Russia, or the male version of International Women's Day.[18]

text: Myanmar[edit]

text: In Myanmar, Armed Forces Day (တပ်မတော်နေ့) is celebrated on 27 March in commemoration of the start of Burmese army's resistance to Japanese occupation in 1945. Originally, it was not Armed Forces Day, but Resistance Day (တော်လှန်ရေးနေ့).

text: Nigeria[edit]

text: In Nigeria, Armed Forces Day, also known as Remembrance Day, is celebrated on 15 January. It was formerly celebrated on 11 November of every year to coincide with the Remembrance Day (Poppy Day) for the World War II veterans in the British Commonwealth of Nations. But it was changed to 15 January in Nigeria in commemoration of the surrender of Biafran troops to the Federal troops on 15 January 1970, thus concluding the Nigerian Civil War that sought to tear apart the unity of Nigeria.[19]

text: North Korea[edit]

text: In North Korea, People's Army Foundation Day is celebrated on 25 April, in commemoration of the day of the creation of the Korean People's Army (KPA)[20] in 1932. On that holiday North Korea holds a national commemorative assembly in Pyongyang and various commemorative events, firepower demonstrations, concerts and the military parade. Since 23 April 1996 when the Central People's Committee issued an ordinance making it a national holiday, both the entire military and civilians are permitted to take off from work to celebrate all those serving in the KPA and its veterans.

text: Additionally, since 2015, the KPA and its veterans are honored on People's Army Day, 8 February, to commemorate the official formation of the regular forces of the KPA in 1948.

text: Pakistan[edit]

text: In Pakistan, the Federal Army, Navy and Air Force celebrate Defence Day (6 September), the Navy Day/Victory Day (8 September) and the Air Force Day (7 September) respectively. Usually the ceremony takes place on the Resolution or Pakistan Day (23 March) when all three services display their full colours and guards of honour, as well as on Independence Day (14 August).

text: Peru[edit]

text: In Peru, the Día de las Fuerzas Armadas del Perú (English: Peruvian Armed Forces Day) is celebrated on 24 September, the feast of the Virgin of Mercy, patroness of the Armed Forces. The day for the Peruvian Army itself is 9 December, commemorating Peru's victory in the Battle of Ayacucho, which ended the Peruvian War of Independence, while for the Peruvian Navy, Navy Day is on 8 October, the double anniversary of the 1821 foundation of the Navy and the Battle of Angamos in 1879.

text: Air Force Day is held on 23 July, the anniversary of the death of Peruvian Air Force Lieutenant José Quiñones Gonzales during the 1941 Ecuadorian-Peruvian war.

text: The Great Military Parade of Peru is held on the day after Independence Day, 29 July, and this is where all 3 services of the Armed Forces are also honored.

text: Philippines[edit]

text: Armed Forces Day (Filipino: Araw ng Hukbong Sandatahang Lakas, Spanish: Dia de las Fuerzas Armadas del Filipinas) is observed on 21 December, the anniversary of the official founding of the Armed Forces of the Philippines in 1935 in accordance with CA No. 1 (National Defense Act of 1935).

text: Poland[edit]

text: In Poland, the Święto Wojska Polskiego (English: Polish Armed Forces Day) is celebrated annually on 15 August. Begun in 1923, the day commemorated the anniversary of Poland's 1920 victory over Soviet Russia at the Battle of Warsaw in the Polish-Soviet War.[21] The holiday was discontinued during the communist era in 1947, only to be revived again after the return of democracy in 1992.[22]

text: Romania[edit]

text: In Romania, the Armed Forces Day is celebrated on 25 October – on this day, in 1944, the Romanian Land Forces liberated Carei, the last Romanian city under joint Nazi-Hungarian occupation.

text: The Romania–Hungary border had been reached a few days earlier, but the troops rested, completing the liberation of Romania.[23][24]

text: Russian Federation[edit]

text: In Russia, the День защитника Отечества / Dyen' zaschitnika Otechestva (English: Defender of the Fatherland Day) is celebrated on 23 February, honoring all those serving in the Russian Armed Forces. In the Soviet Union there was День Советской Армии / Dyen' Sovetskoy Armi'i (Day of the Soviet Army), celebrated on the same date.

text: In Russia the following holidays are celebrated by military personnel, veterans and the general public:

text:
Russian Special Operations Forces Day on 27 February, commemorating the annexation of the Crimean Peninsula in Ukraine, 2014[25]
Victory Day on 9 May: Victory Day marks Germany's surrender to the Soviet Union in 1945
Navy Day on the last Sunday of July
Paratroopers Day on 2 August
Russian Air Force Day on 12 August
Russian Ground Forces Day on 1 October, in honor of the 1550 raising of the first Streltsy detachments
Russian Aerospace Defence Forces Day on 4 October, the date of the 1957 launching of Sputnik
Russian Naval Infantry Day on 27 November, the date of its 1705 founding
Strategic Missile Troops Day on 17 December

text: Serbia[edit]

text: Dan Vojske Srbije (Serbian Armed Forces Day) is marked on 23 April, the anniversary of the beginning of the 1815 Second Serbian Uprising which began the long road towards the restoration of Serbian independence after years of Ottoman occupation.

text: Singapore[edit]

text: In Singapore, Singapore Armed Forces Day falls on 1 July each year. The practice began in 1969, just several years after Singapore separated from Malaysia to become a sovereign nation. The day is marked by a parade and a re-affirmation of the pledge of loyalty[26] by all members of the Singapore Armed Forces on parade.[27][28] On that day, the outgoing colour bearer of the Singapore Army hands over the State Colour of the Army to a new colour bearer from the Army's Best Combat Unit of the year.

text: South Korea[edit]

text: In South Korea, 국군의 날 (English: Armed Forces Day) falls on 1 October, the day that South Korean forces broke through the 38th parallel in 1950 during the Korean War. It is not a national holiday or public day off, but a National Flag Raising Day (국기게양일) to recognize and honor the active and reserve servicemen and women and veterans of the Republic of Korea Armed Forces.

text: Spain[edit]

text: Armed Forces Day (Spanish: Día de las Fuerzas Armadas) is observed in Spain since 1978.[29] It started as a purely military celebration, but became with time a more colourful and popular event, the central acts of which are held each year at a different city.[30] Since 1987 it is observed the Saturday nearest to 30 May, feast-day of Saint Ferdinand, King.[31]

text: The Armed Forces and those killed in service are also honoured at the celebrations of Spain's National Day (12 October).

text: Sri Lanka[edit]

text: In Sri Lanka each armed services celebrates its own Army Day (10 October), the Navy Day (9 December) and the Air Force Day (2 March) respectively. However all armed services celebrate Independence Day (4 February) with a military parade in which they display their full colours.[32] Since 2010, the armed services also hold parades on Victory and Remembrance Day (18 May), in honour of the armed forces fallen, heroes and veterans of the Sri Lankan Civil War.

text: South Africa[edit]

text: Armed Forces Day for the South African National Defence Force is celebrated on 21 February, the day of the 1993 reconstitution of the South African Defence Force into its current identity. It has been celebrated with parades nationwide since 2012. Since 2017, the Armed Forces Day event also honors the fallen of the tragic 1917 sinking of SS Mendi, which carried South African forces into the frontlines during the First World War, resulting in one of the biggest military losses ever in South African military history.

text: Taiwan / Republic of China (ROC)[edit]

text: The Armed Forces Day (Chinese: 軍人節) is celebrated in the Republic of China on the western Pacific island of Taiwan (formerly called Formosa when under Japanese occupation), on 3 September, on the same day as their Victory over Japan Day (1945). Pursuant to Article 5 of the Order to Implement Commemoration Days and Holidays (紀念日及節日實施辦法), the Ministry of National Defense (國防部) determines how to allow a day off for the military personnel. This is not a public holiday in the Republic of China on Taiwan, but relevant institutions, groups, and schools may hold celebrating activities.[33]

text: Tajikistan[edit]

text: Рӯзи ид (English: Army Day) is celebrated on 23 February to commemorate the formation of the armed forces of Tajikistan in 1993. Military parades have been held on Armed Forces Day in 1993 and 2013.[34][35]

text: Thailand[edit]

text: Thailand honours the Royal Thai Armed Forces on 18 January, the very day King Naresuan won Yuddhahatthi or Elephant Battle against Mingyi Swa (grandson of Bayinnaung) in 1592 at Nong Sarai, Suphanburi. This is honored with massive military parades in various parts of the country. The main celebrations are in Bangkok and on behalf of the Royal Family of Thailand, the Chief of Defence Forces takes the salute on this day's parade.

text: Ukraine[edit]

text: The Ukrainian Ground Forces's Ground Forces Day is celebrated on 12 December.

text: Navy Day for the Ukrainian Navy is celebrated on the first Sunday of July since June 2015.[36][37][38]

text: Air Force Day is the first Saturday in August.[39]

text: For the entire Armed Forces of Ukraine, Armed Forces Day is celebrated on 6 December, with fireworks displays and gun salutes nationwide.[40] This holiday was established in 1993 by a resolution passed by the Verkhovna Rada.[41]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text:
The first Armed Forces Day in the United Kingdom took place on 27 June 2009. It replaced the previous Veterans' Day, first observed in 2006.
[42][43][44]
The date was chosen as it marked the day after the anniversary of the first investiture ceremony for the Victoria Cross military medal for heroism, held on 26 June 1857.[45]

text: The 2009 celebrations were centred on Chatham Historic Dockyard – a former Royal Navy base. The Prime Minister Gordon Brown and his wife Sarah, and Prince Richard, the Duke and his Duchess of Gloucester, attended as the official party, along with the head of the unified Armed Forces, Air Chief Marshal Sir Jock Stirrup, and Defence Minister Kevan Jones.

text: The Isle of Man, a Crown Dependency, held its events a month later on 26 July 2009.[46]

text: The 2010 event was centred on Cardiff and in 2011 it was Edinburgh's turn. Smaller events were held throughout the United Kingdom.[47][48][49]

text: UK Armed Forces Day 2012 was centred on Plymouth and took place on Saturday 30 June. Smaller events were held throughout the United Kingdom. The Isle of Man holds its event on Sunday 24 June.

text: United States[edit]

text: In the United States, Armed Forces Day is celebrated on the third Saturday in May. It falls near the end of Armed Forces Week, which begins on the second Saturday of May and ends on the third Sunday of May (the fourth if the month begins on a Sunday, as in 2016).[2]

text:
First observed on 20 May 1950,
the day was created on 31 August 1949, to honor Americans serving in the five U.S. military branches – the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Air Force and U.S. Coast Guard – following the consolidation of the military services in the U.S. Department of Defense. It was intended to replace the separate Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps and Coast Guard Days, but the separate days are still observed, especially within the respective services.[3]

text: The first Armed Forces Day was celebrated by parades, open houses, receptions and air shows. The United States' longest continuously running Armed Forces Day Parade is held in Bremerton, WA. In 2017 Bremerton celebrated the 69th year of the Armed Forces Day Parade.

text: Because of their unique training schedules, National Guard and Reserve units may celebrate Armed Forces Day/Week over any period in the month of May.

text: On 19 May 2017, President Donald Trump reaffirmed the Armed Forces Day holiday, marking the 70th anniversary since the creation of the Department of Defense.[50][51][52]

text: Aside from the federal holiday the Armed Forces and the National Guard Bureau are honored on the following days:

text:
Last Monday of May: Memorial Day
14 June: Flag Day and Army Day (United States Army)
4 August: Coast Guard Day (United States Coast Guard)
17 September: Air Force Day (United States Air Force)
13 October: US Navy Birthday (United States Navy)
27 October: Navy Day (United States Navy)
10 November: Marine Corps Day (United States Marine Corps)
11 November: Veterans Day
13 December: National Guard Day (National Guard of the United States)

text: Venezuela[edit]

text: Venezuela celebrates Army Day on 24 June, the anniversary of Simón Bolívar's victory in the Battle of Carabobo, which led to Venezuela's independence from Spain.[53]

text: Navy Day, honoring the 1823 Battle of Lake Maracaibo, is celebrated on the same day as the birthday of Simon Bolivar, 24 July.

text: The Venezuelan Air Force marks Air Force Day on 27 November every year, honoring the role of Venezuelan military aviation in national history (the date, used since 2010, is in remembrance of the 2nd of the 1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempts in which the Air Force took part). From 1946 till 2009, 10 December was celebrated as Air Force Day in honor of the birth of national military aviation with the 1920 opening of the Air Force Academy in Maracay.

text: National Guard Day is celebrated on 3 August, the date of the 1936 founding of the Venezuelan National Guard. The entire Venezuelan National Armed Forces are also honored on Independence Day, 5 July, which is also earmarked as National Armed Forces Day.

text: Vietnam[edit]

text: In Vietnam, People's Army Day is celebrated on 22 December, the day of the 1944 foundation of the People's Army of Vietnam. This is not a public holiday, but relevant celebrations are held nationwide to celebrate the occasion.[citation needed]

text: South Vietnam[edit]

text: The Armed Forces Day of South Vietnam was celebrated from 1965 to 1974 on 19 June; the holiday is still celebrated internationally by former South Vietnamese military veterans.[54]


document_title: List of languages by number of native speakers

question_text: who is the most spoken language in the world

text: Top languages by population

text: The following table contains the top 100 languages by estimated number of native speakers in the 2007 edition of the Swedish encyclopedia Nationalencyklopedin. As census methods in different countries vary to a considerable extent, and given that some countries do not record language in their censuses, any list of languages by native speakers, or total speakers, is effectively based on estimates. Updated estimates from 2010 are also provided.[2]

text: The top eleven languages have additional figures from the 2010 edition of the Nationalencyklopedin. Numbers above 95 million are rounded off to the nearest 5 million.

text:
Top languages by population per Nationalencyklopedin

Rank

Language

Nativespeakersin millions2007 (2010)

Percentageof worldpopulation(2007)

1
Mandarin (entire branch)
935 (955)
14.1%

2
Spanish
390 (405)
5.85%

3
English
365 (360)
5.52%

4
Hindi[a]
295 (310)
4.46%

5
Arabic
280 (295)
4.23%

6
Portuguese
205 (215)
3.08%

7
Bengali (Bangla)
200 (205)
3.05%

8
Russian
160 (155)
2.42%

9
Japanese
125 (125)
1.92%

10
Punjabi
95 (100)
1.44%

11
German
92 (95)
1.39%

12
Javanese
82
1.25%

13
Wu (e.g. Shanghainese)
80
1.20%

14
Malay (inc. Malaysian and Indonesian)
77
1.16%

15
Telugu
76
1.15%

16
Vietnamese
76
1.14%

17
Korean
76
1.14%

18
French
75
1.12%

19
Marathi
73
1.10%

20
Tamil
70
1.06%

21
Urdu
66
0.99%

22
Turkish
63
0.95%

23
Italian
59
0.90%

24
Yue (incl. Cantonese)
59
0.89%

25
Thai
56
0.85%

26
Gujarati
49
0.74%

27
Jin
48
0.72%

28
Southern Min (incl. Hokkien and Teochew)
47
0.71%

29
Persian
45
0.68%

30
Polish
40
0.61%

31
Pashto
39
0.58%

32
Kannada
38
0.58%

33
Xiang (Hunanese)
38
0.58%

34
Malayalam
38
0.57%

35
Sundanese
38
0.57%

36
Hausa
34
0.52%

37
Odia (Oriya)
33
0.50%

38
Burmese
33
0.50%

39
Hakka
31
0.46%

40
Ukrainian
30
0.46%

41
Bhojpuri
29[b]
0.43%

42
Tagalog (Filipino)
28
0.42%

43
Yoruba
28
0.42%

44
Maithili
27[b]
0.41%

45
Uzbek
26
0.39%

46
Sindhi
26
0.39%

47
Amharic
25
0.37%

48
Fula
24
0.37%

49
Romanian
24
0.37%

50
Oromo
24
0.36%

51
Igbo
24
0.36%

52
Azerbaijani
23
0.34%

53
Awadhi
22[b]
0.33%

54
Gan Chinese
22
0.33%

55
Cebuano (Visayan)
21
0.32%

56
Dutch
21
0.32%

57
Kurdish
21
0.31%

58
Serbo-Croatian
19
0.28%

59
Malagasy
18
0.28%

60
Saraiki
17[c]
0.26%

61
Nepali
17
0.25%

62
Sinhalese
16
0.25%

63
Chittagonian
16
0.24%

64
Zhuang
16
0.24%

65
Khmer
16
0.24%

66
Turkmen
16
0.24%

67
Assamese
15
0.23%

68
Madurese
15
0.23%

69
Somali
15
0.22%

70
Marwari
14[b]
0.21%

71
Magahi
14[b]
0.21%

72
Haryanvi
14[b]
0.21%

73
Hungarian
13
0.19%

74
Chhattisgarhi
12[b]
0.19%

75
Greek
12
0.18%

76
Chewa
12
0.17%

77
Deccan
11
0.17%

78
Akan
11
0.17%

79
Kazakh
11
0.17%

80
Northern Min[disputed  – discuss]
10.9
0.16%

81
Sylheti
10.7
0.16%

82
Zulu
10.4
0.16%

83
Czech
10.0
0.15%

84
Kinyarwanda
9.8
0.15%

85
Dhundhari
9.6[b]
0.15%

86
Haitian Creole
9.6
0.15%

87
Eastern Min (inc. Fuzhounese)
9.5
0.14%

88
Ilocano
9.1
0.14%

89
Quechua
8.9
0.13%

90
Kirundi
8.8
0.13%

91
Swedish
8.7
0.13%

92
Hmong
8.4
0.13%

93
Shona
8.3
0.13%

94
Uyghur
8.2
0.12%

95
Hiligaynon/Ilonggo (Visayan)
8.2
0.12%

96
Mossi
7.6
0.11%

97
Xhosa
7.6
0.11%

98
Belarusian
7.6[d]
0.11%

99
Balochi
7.6
0.11%

100
Konkani
7.4
0.11%

Total

5,610
85%

tag: table

text: Charts and graphs

text:
Bubble chart of languages by proportion of native speakers worldwide[2]

Languages with at least 50 million first-language speakers, millions (according to: Ethnologue[4])


document_title: Flag of Pakistan

question_text: what does the crescent moon on the pakistan flag mean

text: Flag of Pakistan

text: History and symbolism[edit]

text: Before the Second World War, Muslims and Hindus lived together under the British Raj. A number of the Muslims formed the All India Muslim League. After the Second World War, when the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the flag of the Muslim League served as the basis for the flag of Pakistan.[citation needed]

text: The green represents Islam and the majority Muslims in Pakistan and the white stripe represents religious minorities and minority religions.[6] In the centre, the crescent and star symbolizes progress and light respectively.[6] The flag symbolizes Pakistan's commitment to Islam and the rights of religious minorities.[7] It is based on the original flag of the Muslim League, which itself drew inspiration from the flag of the Sultanate of Delhi, the flag of Ottoman Empire and the Flag of the Mughal Empire.

text: Design[edit]

text: The official design of the national flag was adopted by the Constituent Assembly together with a definition of the features and proportions.

text: According to the specifications it is a dark green rectangular flag in the proportion of length [A] and width [B] as 3:2 with a white vertical bar at the mast, the green portion bearing a white crescent in the centre and a five-pointed white heraldic star. The width of the white portion [C] is one quarter the width of the flag [A], nearest the mast, so the green portion occupies the remaining three quarters [D]. Draw a diagonal L3 from the top right hand corner to the bottom left corner of the green portion. On this diagonal establish two points P1 and P2. P1 is positioned at the centre of the green portion and P2 at the intersection of the diagonal L3 and an arc C4 created from the top right hand corner equal to 13/20 the height of the flag [E]. With the centre at point P1 and a radius 3/10 the height of the flag describe the first circle C1 and with centre at point P2 and a radius 11/40 the height of the flag describe a second circle C2. The enclosures made by these two circles form the crescent. The dimensions of the five-pointed white heraldic star are determined by drawing a circle C3 with a radius 1/10 the height of the flag positioned between P2 and P3 on the diagonal L3. The circle surrounds the five points of the heraldic star and star lies with one point on the diagonal L3 at point P3 where the circle C1 intersects the diagonal L3. The flag is colored in Pakistan green having standard RGB values (red = 0, green = 102, blue = 0) or with hex triplet #006600 or the HSV value = (h = 120, s = 100, v = 40). The left strip, the star and the crescent are painted in white. The flag is supported from left white side.

text: Dimensions[edit]

text: The Interior Ministry of Pakistan provides dimensions for flags in different circumstances:

text:
For ceremonial occasions: 21′ × 14′, 18′ × 12′, 11′ ×  6 2⁄3′ or 9′ ×  6 1⁄4′.
For use over buildings: 6′ × 4′ or 3′ × 2′.
For cars: 24″ × 16″.
For tables:  10 1⁄4″ ×  8 1⁄4″.

text: National flag protocols[edit]

text:
Pakistan (variants)

Use
Civil ensign

Proportion
2:3

Design
A red field with the national flag in the canton.

Variant flag of Pakistan (variants)

Use
Naval ensign

Proportion
1:2

Design
A lengthened version of the national flag.

text:
No other flag or colour must fly higher.
When displayed or flown alongside other national flags, the National Flag must be displayed or flown at the same height as the other national flags, never lower.
If there are two flags or colours, the National Flag should be flown at the right. In case the number of flags is more than two and odd, the National Flag should be placed in the centre, and if the number of flags is even it should be flown the first to the right of the centre.
When displayed alongside provincial, military or corporate flags, the National Flag must be higher.
When tied to a mast, it must be tied only at the left (at the beginning of the white bar) and left to fly freely without any obstruction.
In a procession, the National Flag shall be carried at the centre or at the right of the procession in the line of march.
Must not touch the ground, shoes or feet or anything unclean.
Must never be flown in darkness.
Must be raised at dawn and lowered at dusk (except on the Parliament of Pakistan, which is the only official building on which the flag is never lowered). When flown over the Parliament of Pakistan at night, it must always remain alit with artificial light.
Must not be marked with anything (including words, numerals or images).
When raising or lowering: (i) must be saluted to by all uniformed personnel, (ii) others must stand in attention.
Must be raised or lowered ceremoniously.
When displayed horizontally, the white strip must always be on the left, with green field on the right
When displayed vertically, the white strip must always be at the top, with green field at the bottom.
Must not fly or be displayed upside down or with the crescent and star facing left.
Must not be displayed anywhere where it is likely to get dirty.
Must not be set on fire or trampled upon.
Must not be buried or lowered into a grave (when burying a flag-bearing casket, the National Flag must be detached from the casket and held above the grave as the casket is lowered or removed from the casket before burial).

text: Flag flying days[edit]

text:
Date
Position
Reason[8]

March 23
Full-mast
Pakistan Day: Adoption of the Lahore Resolution (1940) and declaration of the Islamic Republic (1956)

April 21
Half-mast
Death Anniversary of the National Poet, Muhammad Iqbal (1938)

August 14
Full-mast
Independence Day (1947)

September 11
Half-mast
Death Anniversary of the Father of the Nation, Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1948)

November 9
Full-mast
Birthday of Muhammad Iqbal

December 25
Full-mast
Birthday of Muhammad Ali Jinnah

text: Use by public officials[edit]

text: The use of the national flag is regulated by the Pakistan Flag Rules, which were introduced in 2002 by Prime Minister Zafarullah Khan Jamali. The Rules are not available online but there have been instances of misuse such as officials using flags on their vehicles when they are not entitled to do so.[9][10] The national flag is flown on the official residences and vehicles (cars, boats, planes) of the following public officials:[8]

text:
Office
Flag on Official Residence
Flag on Vehicles

The President of Pakistan[11]
Y
Y

The Prime Minister of Pakistan[11]
Y
Y

The Chairman of the Senate
Y
Y

The Speaker of the National Assembly
Y
Y

The Chief Justice of Pakistan
Y
Y

The Chief Justice of the Federal Shariat Court
Y
Y

The Governors of the Provinces
Y
Y

Federal Ministers (and officials entitled to the privileges of Federal Ministers)
Y
Y

The Chief Ministers of the Provinces
Y
Y

The Ministers of the Provinces
Y
Y

The Chief Election Commissioner
Y
Y

The Deputy Chairman of the Senate
Y

The Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly
Y

The Speakers of the Provincial Assemblies
Y

The Chief Justices of the High Courts
Y

Ambassadors and High Commissioners of Pakistan
Y
Y

Commissioners of Divisions, Deputy Commissioners and Political Agents
Y

text: Milestones[edit]

text:
2017- On 14th August, People of Balochistan hosted a 2 mile long flag of Pakistan in Quetta.
2014 - On 15 February, 29,040 people gathered in a stadium in Lahore to form the flag of Pakistan and set a new world record for forming the world's largest national flag comprising humans, which was certified by Guinness World Records.[12][13]
2012 - On 22 October, 24,200 people gathered in a stadium in Lahore to form the flag of Pakistan and set a new world record for forming the world's largest national flag comprising humans, which was certified by Guinness World Records.[14]
2004 - In August, a 340×510 (173,400 square foot) foot flag of Pakistan was unfurled at the National Stadium Karachi, setting the world record for the largest flag.[15][16]
1947 - On the night of August 14, 1947, a group of Indian Boy Scouts were in France when the news reached them that their motherland had become independent. Mohammad Iqbal Qureshi was one of the Muslim boy scouts who with the help of his friends turned a green turban into a Pakistani flag and unfurled it. August 15, 1947 was the first time when the Pakistani flag flew on the foreign soil.


document_title: Furnace

question_text: heat exchangers in gas fired furnaces are made of

text: Furnace

text: Categories[edit]

text: Furnaces can be classified into four general categories, based on efficiency and design.

text: Natural draft[edit]

text: The first category of furnaces are natural draft, atmospheric burner furnaces. These furnaces consisted of cast-iron or riveted-steel heat exchangers built within an outer shell of brick, masonry, or steel. The heat exchangers were vented through brick or masonry chimneys. Air circulation depended on large, upwardly pitched pipes constructed of wood or metal The pipes would channel the warm air into floor or wall vents inside the home. This method of heating worked because warm air rises.

text: The system was simple, had few controls, a single automatic gas valve, and no blower. These furnaces could be made to work with any fuel simply by adapting the burner area. They have been operated with wood, coke, coal, trash, paper, natural gas, and fuel oil. Furnaces that used solid fuels required daily maintenance to remove ash and "clinkers" that accumulated in the bottom of the burner area. In later years, these furnaces were adapted with electric blowers to aid air distribution and speed moving heat into the home. Gas and oil-fired systems were usually controlled by a thermostat inside the home, while most wood and coal-fired furnaces had no electrical connection and were controlled by the amount of fuel in the burner and position of the fresh-air damper on the burner access door.

text: Forced-air[edit]

text: The second category of furnace is the forced-air, atmospheric burner style with a cast-iron or sectional steel heat exchanger. Through the 1950s and 1960s, this style of furnace was used to replace the big, natural draft systems, and was sometimes installed on the existing gravity duct work. The heated air was moved by blowers which were belt driven and designed for a wide range of speeds. These furnaces were still big and bulky compared to modern furnaces, and had heavy-steel exteriors with bolt-on removable panels. Energy efficiency would range anywhere from just over 50% to upward of 65% AFUE. This style furnace still used large, masonry or brick chimneys for flues and was eventually designed to accommodate air-conditioning systems.

text: Forced draft[edit]

text: The third category of furnace is the forced draft, mid-efficiency furnace with a steel heat exchanger and multi-speed blower. These furnaces were physically much more compact than the previous styles. They were equipped with combustion air blowers that would pull air through the heat exchanger which greatly increased fuel efficiency while allowing the heat exchangers to become smaller. These furnaces may have multi-speed blowers and were designed to work with central air-conditioning systems.

text: Condensing[edit]

text: The fourth category of furnace is the high-efficiency, or condensing furnace. High-efficiency furnaces can achieve from 89% to 98% fuel efficiency. This style of furnace includes a sealed combustion area, combustion draft inducer and a secondary heat exchanger. Because the heat exchanger removes most of the heat from the exhaust gas, it actually condenses water vapor and other chemicals (which form a mild acid) as it operates. The vent pipes are normally installed with PVC pipe versus metal vent pipe to prevent corrosion. The draft inducer allows for the exhaust piping to be routed vertically or horizontally as it exits the structure. The most efficient arrangement for high-efficiency furnaces include PVC piping that brings fresh combustion air from the outside of the home directly to the furnace. Normally the combustion air (fresh air) PVC is routed alongside the exhaust PVC during installation and the pipes exit through a sidewall of the home in the same location. High efficiency furnaces typically deliver a 25% to 35% fuel savings over a 60% AFUE furnace.

text: Furnace types[edit]

text: Single-stage[edit]

text: A single-stage furnace has only one stage of operation, it is either on or off.[1] This means that it is relatively noisy, always running at the highest speed, and always pumping out the hottest air at the highest velocity.

text: One of the benefits to a single-stage furnace is typically the cost for installation. Single-stage furnaces are relatively inexpensive since the technology is rather simple.

text: Two-stage[edit]

text: This type has two stages of operation, full speed and half (or reduced) speed. Depending on the demanded heat, they can run at a lower speed most of the time. They can be quieter, move the air at less velocity, and will better keep the desired temperature in the house.

text: Modulating[edit]

text: This type of furnace can modulate the heat output and air velocity nearly continuously, depending on the demanded heat and outside temperature. This means that it only works as much as necessary and therefore saves energy.

text: Heat distribution[edit]

text: The furnace transfers heat to the living space of the building through an intermediary distribution system. If the distribution is through hot water (or other fluid) or through steam, then the furnace is more commonly called a boiler. One advantage of a boiler is that the furnace can provide hot water for bathing and washing dishes, rather than requiring a separate water heater. One disadvantage to this type of application is when the boiler breaks down, neither heating nor domestic hot water are available.

text: Air convection heating systems have been in use for over a century. Older systems rely on a passive air circulation system where the greater density of cooler air causes it to sink into the furnace area below, through air return registers in the floor, and the lesser density of warmed air causes it to rise in the ductwork; the two forces acting together to drive air circulation in a system termed 'gravity-fed'. The layout of these 'octopus’ furnaces and their duct systems is optimized with various diameters of large dampered ducts.

text: By comparison, most modern "warm air" furnaces typically use a fan to circulate air to the rooms of house and pull cooler air back to the furnace for reheating; this is called forced-air heat. Because the fan easily overcomes the resistance of the ductwork, the arrangement of ducts can be far more flexible than the octopus of old. In American practice, separate ducts collect cool air to be returned to the furnace. At the furnace, cool air passes into the furnace, usually through an air filter, through the blower, then through the heat exchanger of the furnace, whence it is blown throughout the building. One major advantage of this type of system is that it also enables easy installation of central air conditioning, simply by adding a cooling coil at the outlet of the furnace.

text: Air is circulated through ductwork, which may be made of sheet metal or plastic "flex" duct, and is insulated or uninsulated. Unless the ducts and plenum have been sealed using mastic or foil duct tape, the ductwork is likely to have a high leakage of conditioned air, possibly into unconditioned spaces. Another cause of wasted energy is the installation of ductwork in unheated areas, such as attics and crawl spaces; or ductwork of air conditioning systems in attics in warm climates.

text: Home furnaces[edit]

text: A home furnace is a major appliance that is permanently installed to provide heat to an interior space through intermediary fluid movement, which may be air, steam, or hot water. Heating appliances that use steam or hot water as the fluid are normally referred to as a residential steam boiler or residential hot water boiler. The most common fuel source for modern furnaces in North America and much of Europe is natural gas; other common fuel sources include LPG (liquefied petroleum gas), fuel oil and in rare cases coal or wood. In some areas electrical resistance heating is used, especially where the cost of electricity is low or the primary purpose is for air conditioning.

text: Modern high-efficiency furnaces can be up to 98% efficient and operate without a chimney, with a typical gas furnace being about 80% efficient.[2] Waste gas and heat are mechanically ventilated through PVC pipes that can be vented through the side or roof of the house. Fuel efficiency in a gas furnace is measured in AFUE (Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency).

text: Metallurgical furnaces[edit]

text: In metallurgy, several specialized furnaces are used. These include:

text:
Furnaces used in smelters, including:

The blast furnace, used to reduce iron ore to pig iron
Steelmaking furnaces, including:

Puddling furnace
Reverberatory furnace
Bessemer converter
Open hearth furnace
Basic oxygen furnace
Electric arc furnace
Electric induction furnace
Reheating furnace

Furnaces used to remelt metal in foundries.
Furnaces used to reheat and heat treat metal for use in:

Rolling mills, including tinplate works and slitting mills.
Forges.

Vacuum furnaces

text: Industrial furnaces[edit]

text: An industrial furnace or direct fired heater, is an equipment used to provide heat for a process or can serve as reactor which provides heats of reaction. Furnace designs vary as to its function, heating duty, type of fuel and method of introducing combustion air. However, most process furnaces have some common features.

text: Fuel flows into the burner and is burnt with air provided from an air blower. There can be more than one burner in a particular furnace which can be arranged in cells which heat a particular set of tubes. Burners can also be floor mounted, wall mounted or roof mounted depending on design. The flames heat up the tubes, which in turn heat the fluid inside in the first part of the furnace known as the radiant section or firebox. In this chamber where combustion takes place, the heat is transferred mainly by radiation to tubes around the fire in the chamber.


document_title: Colored National Labor Union

question_text: the first african-american union in the us was

text: Colored National Labor Union

text: This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards, as it is poorly written & organized, has numerous grammatical issues, etc.. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (February 2013)

text: Established in 1869, the Colored National Labor Union (CNLU) was formed by African Americans to organize their labor collectively on a national level. The CNLU, like other labor unions in the United States, had as its goal improving the working conditions and quality of life for its members.

text: African Americans were excluded from existing labor unions, such as when white workers formed the National Labor Union (NLU). William Sylvis, president of the NLU, made a speech in which he agreed that there should be "no distinction of race or nationality" within the ranks of his organization. In 1869 several black delegates were invited to the annual meeting of the NLU, among them Isaac Myers, a prominent organizer of African-American laborers. At the convention, he spoke eloquently for solidarity, saying that white and black workers ought to organize together for higher wages and a comfortable standard of living. However, the white unions refused to allow African Americans to join their ranks. In response to this, Myers met with other African-American laborers to form a national labor organization of their own, and in 1869 the Colored National Labor Union was formed with Myers as its first president.

text: The CNLU was established to help improve the harsh conditions facing black workers. Among the goals of the CNLU, which represented African-American laborers in 21 states, were the issuance of farmland to poor Southern African Americans, government aid for education, and new nondiscriminatory legislation that would help struggling black workers.[1]

text: History[edit]

text: Following underrepresentaton within the predominately white National Labor Union, the National Colored Labor Convention met in 1869. This convention resulted in the formation of the Colored National Labor Union in the same year.[2] The "Colored" National Labor Union was a post-civil war organization founded in December 1869 by an assembly of 214 African American mechanics, engineers, artisans, tradesmen and trades-women, and their supporters in Washington D.C. This organization was created in pursuit of equal representation for African Americans in the workforce. The labor union was organized by Isaac Myers, and elected its first president; civil rights activist Frederick Douglass was selected the president of the CNLU in 1872. Douglass' newspaper, The New Era was chosen as the official organ of this National Labor Union.[3]

text: Previously in 1866, a National Labor Union (NLU) met and was organized in Baltimore, with Isaac Myers in attendance. One of the coordinators of the NLU, A.C. Cameron, while speaking at a national convention focused on the issue of "colored" or Negro labor and declared "…interests of the labor cause demand that all workingmen be included within the ranks without regard to race or nationality…" However, despite this statement, the membership of this organization's exclusion of issues and interests of the African American workforce was cause to arrange a separate union. This new organization was perfected in 1869. According to its constitution, the official name for the organization was, The National Labor Union. The word "colored" was added to the previous name apparently by the public media of the time, thus labeling it the "Colored National Labor Union."[4]

text: Myers stated about the segregated groups: "…for real success separate organization is not the real answers. The white and colored … must come together and work together… The day has passed for the establishment of organizations based upon color…"

text: The CNLU welcomed all workers no matter what race, gender, or occupation. In the end, both the CNLU and the NLU began to decline because of new organizations like the Knights of Labor who promoted having a national organization which united workers "without regard to race or color." The Knights of Labor adopted the slogan, "An injury to one is a concern for all."

text: It was not until after World War II in the 1940s that the U.S. government stepped in and encouraged the development of the Fair Employment Practices Commission.[1][2]


document_title: Premier League records and statistics

question_text: most goals scored in a premier league game

text: Premier League records and statistics

text: League records[edit]

text: Titles[edit]

text:
Most titles: 13, Manchester United[1]
Most consecutive title wins: 3
Manchester United (1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01)[1]
Manchester United (2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09)[1]
Biggest title-winning margin: 18 points, 1999–2000; Manchester United (91 points) over Arsenal (73 points)[2]
Smallest title-winning margin: 0 points and 8 goal difference – 2011–12; Manchester City (+64) over Manchester United (+56). Both finished on 89 points, but Manchester City won the title with a superior goal difference – the only time that goal difference has determined the Premier League.[3]

text: Wins[edit]

text:
Most wins in a season (38 games): 30, Chelsea (2016–17)[4]
Fewest wins in a season (38 games): 1, Derby County (2007–08)[5]
Fewest home wins in a season (19 games): 1, joint record:[5]
Sunderland (2005–06)
Derby County (2007–08)
Most home wins in a season (19 games): 18, joint record:[6]
Chelsea (2005–06)
Manchester United (2010–11)
Manchester City (2011–12)[7]
Most away wins in a season (19 games): 15, Chelsea (2004–05)[8]
Fewest away wins in a season (19/21 games): 0, joint record:[5][9][10]
Leeds United (1992–93)
Coventry City (1999–2000)
Wolverhampton Wanderers (2003–04)
Norwich City (2004–05)
Derby County (2007–08)
Hull City (2009–10)
Most consecutive wins: 18, Manchester City (between 26 August 2017 and 27 December 2017)[11]
Most consecutive games without a win: 32, Derby County (2007–08)[5]
Most consecutive games without a win from beginning of season: 16, Queens Park Rangers (between 18 August 2012 and 8 December 2012)[12]
Most consecutive home wins: 20, Manchester City (between 5 March 2011 and 21 March 2012)[13]
Most consecutive away wins: 11, joint record:[14][11]
Chelsea (between 6 April 2008 and 7 December 2008)
Manchester City (between 21 May 2017 and 27 December 2017)

text: Defeats[edit]

text:
Fewest defeats in a season (38 games): 0, Arsenal (2003–04)[15]
Longest unbeaten run: 49 games, Arsenal (7 May 2003 – 24 October 2004)[16]
Most defeats in total: 336, Everton[17]
Fewest home defeats in a season (19 games): 0, joint record:
Manchester United (1995–96, 1999–2000, 2010–11)[18][19][20]
Arsenal (1998–99, 2003–04, 2007–08)	[21][22][23]
Chelsea (2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2014–15)[23][24][25][26][27]
Liverpool (2008–09)[28]
Manchester City (2011–12)[7]
Tottenham Hotspur (2016–17)
Most consecutive defeats over more than one season (38 games): 20, Sunderland (2002–03, 2005–06)[29]
Fewest away defeats in a season (19 games): 0, Arsenal (2001–02, 2003–04)[22][30]
Most consecutive home games undefeated: 86, Chelsea (20 March 2004 – 5 October 2008)[31]
Most consecutive away games undefeated: 27, Arsenal (5 April 2003 – 25 September 2004)[32]

text: Draws[edit]

text:
Most draws in a season (42 games): 18 – joint record:
Manchester City (1993–94)[33]
Sheffield United (1993–94)[33]
Southampton (1994–95)[33]
Most draws in a season (38 games): 17 – joint record:
Newcastle United (2003–04)[33]
Aston Villa (2006–07 & 2011–12)[33]
Sunderland (2014–15)[33]
Most home draws in a season: 10 – joint record:
Sheffield Wednesday (1996–97)[33]
Leicester City (1997–98 & 2003–04)[33]
Manchester United (2016–17)[33]
Most away draws in a season: 10, Newcastle United (2003–04)[33]
Fewest draws in a season: 3, Chelsea (1997–98 & 2016–17)[33]
Fewest home draws in a season: 0 – joint record:
Manchester City (2008–09)[33]
Manchester United (2012–13)[33]
Chelsea (2016–17)[33]
Fewest away draws in a season: 1 – joint record:
Bolton Wanderers (1995–96)[33]
Queens Park Rangers (1995–96 & 2014–15)[33]
Barnsley (1997–98)[33]
Chelsea (1997–98)[33]
Bradford City (1999–2000)[33]
Everton (2000–01)[33]
Ipswich Town (2000–01)[33]
Portsmouth (2005–06 & 2007–08)[33]
Burnley (2009–10)[33]
Liverpool (2011–12)[33]
Newcastle United (2013–14)[33]
Queens Park Rangers (2014–15)[33]
Most consecutive draws: 7 – joint record:
Norwich City (1993–94)[33]
Southampton (1994–95)[33]
Manchester City (2009–10)[33]
Most draws in total: 277, Everton[17]

text: Attendances[edit]

text:
Highest attendance, single game: 83,222, Tottenham Hotspur 1–0 Arsenal (at Wembley Stadium, 10 February 2018)[34]
Lowest attendance, single game: 3,039, Wimbledon 1–3 Everton (at Selhurst Park, 26 January 1993)[35][36]

text: Goals[edit]

text:
Most goals scored in a season: 103, Chelsea (2009–10)[37]
Fewest goals scored in a season: 20, Derby County (2007–08)[38]
Most goals conceded in a season (42 games): 100, Swindon Town (1993–94)[39]
Most goals conceded in a season (38 games): 89, Derby County (2007–08)[40]
Fewest goals conceded in a season: 15, Chelsea (2004–05)[41]
Best goal difference in a season: 71, Chelsea (2009–10)[41]
Most goals scored in a season by a relegated team: 55, Blackpool (2010–11)[42]
Most goals scored at home in a season: 68, Chelsea (2009–10)[41]
Fewest goals scored at home in a season: 10, Manchester City (2006–07)[43]
Most goals conceded at home in a season (21 games): 45, Swindon Town (1993–94)[44]
Most goals conceded at home in a season (19 games): 43
Derby County (2007–08)[44]
Wolverhampton Wanderers (2011–12)[44]
Fewest goals conceded at home in a season (21 games or 19 games): 4, Manchester United (1994–95)[44]
Most goals scored away in a season: 48, Liverpool (2013–14)[44]
Fewest goals scored away in a season: 8
Middlesbrough (1995–96)[44]
Southampton (1998–99)[44]
Sheffield United (2006–07)[44]
Derby County (2007–08)[44]
Most goals conceded away in a season (21 games): 59, Ipswich Town (1994–95)[44]
Most goals conceded away in a season (19 games): 55, Wigan Athletic (2009–10)[44]
Fewest goals conceded away in a season: 9, Chelsea (2004–05)[44]
Fewest failures to score in a match in a season: 0 (scored in every game), Arsenal (2001–02)[45]
Most goals scored in total: 1,856, Manchester United[17]
Most goals conceded in total: 1,231, Tottenham Hotspur[17]
Largest goal deficit overcome to win: 3
Leeds United 4–3 Derby County (8 November 1997)[46]
West Ham United 3–4 Wimbledon (9 September 1998)[47]
Tottenham Hotspur 3–5 Manchester United (29 September 2001)[48]
Wolverhampton Wanderers 4–3 Leicester City (25 October 2003)[49]
Largest goal deficit overcome to draw: 4, Newcastle United 4–4 Arsenal (5 February 2011)[50]

text: Points[edit]

text:
Most points in a season: 95, Chelsea (2004–05)[51]
Fewest points in a season: 11, Derby County (2007–08)[52]
Most points in a season without winning the league: 89, Manchester United (2011–12)[53]
Fewest points in a season while winning the league: 75, Manchester United (1996–97)[54]
Most points in a season while being relegated:
42 games: 49, Crystal Palace (1992–93)[55]
38 games: 42, West Ham United (2002–03)[55]
Fewest points in a season while surviving relegation: 34, West Bromwich Albion (2004–05)[56]

text: Player records[edit]

text: Appearances[edit]

text:
Most Premier League appearances: 652, Gareth Barry (2 May 1998 to 12 February 2018)[57]
Oldest player: John Burridge, 43 years and 162 days (for Manchester City v. Queens Park Rangers, 14 May 1995)[58]
Youngest player: Matthew Briggs, 16 years and 65 days (for Fulham v. Middlesbrough, 13 May 2007)[59]
Most consecutive Premier League appearances: 310, Brad Friedel (14 August 2004 until 7 October 2012)[60]
Most seasons appeared in: 22, Ryan Giggs (every season from 1992–93 to 2013–14)[61]

text: Goals[edit]

text:
First Premier League goal: Brian Deane (for Sheffield United v. Manchester United, 15 August 1992)[62]
Most Premier League goals: 260, Alan Shearer[63]
Most Premier League goals at one club: 183, Wayne Rooney (Manchester United)[64]
Oldest goalscorer: 40 years and 268 days, Teddy Sheringham (for West Ham United v. Portsmouth, 26 December 2006)[65]
Youngest goalscorer: 16 years and 271 days, James Vaughan (for Everton v. Crystal Palace, 10 April 2005)[66]
Most consecutive Premier League matches scored in: 11, Jamie Vardy (for Leicester City, 29 August to 28 November 2015)[67]
Most seasons scored in: 21, Ryan Giggs (every season from 1992–93 to 2012–13)[68]

text:
Rank

Name

Goals

Games

Goals per game

Playing position

First goal

Last goal

1

 Alan Shearer
260
441
0.59
Forward
1992–93
2005–06

2

 Wayne Rooney
208
490
0.42
Forward
2002–03
2017–18

3

 Andy Cole
187
414
0.45
Forward
1993–94
2006–07

4

 Frank Lampard
177
609
0.29
Midfield
1997–98
2014–15

5

 Thierry Henry
175
258
0.68
Forward
1999–2000
2011–12

6

 Robbie Fowler
163
379
0.43
Forward
1993–94
2006–07

7

 Jermain Defoe
162
490
0.33
Forward
2001–02
2017–18

8

 Michael Owen
150
326
0.46
Forward
1996–97
2012–13

9

 Les Ferdinand
149
351
0.42
Forward
1992–93
2004–05

10

 Teddy Sheringham
146
418
0.35
Forward
1992–93
2006–07

text:
Most goals in a season (42 games): 34, joint record:[70]
Andy Cole (Newcastle United, 1993–94)
Alan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1994–95)

text:
Most goals in a season (38 games): 31, joint record:[71]
Alan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1995–96)
Cristiano Ronaldo (Manchester United, 2007–08)
Luis Suárez (Liverpool, 2013–14)
Mohamed Salah (Liverpool, 2017–18)
Most games scored in during a Premier League season: 23, Mohamed Salah (Liverpool, 2017–18)[72]
Most Premier League goals in a calendar year: 39, Harry Kane (Tottenham Hotspur, 2017)[73]
Number of teams scored against in a season: 17, joint record:
20-team league:[74]
Ian Wright (Arsenal, 1996–97)
Robin van Persie (Arsenal, 2011–12)
22-team league:
Andy Cole (Newcastle United, 1993–94)
Alan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1994–95)
Most goals in a debut season: 30, Kevin Phillips (Sunderland, 1999–2000)[75]
Most Premier League hat-tricks in a season: 5, Alan Shearer (38 games) (Blackburn Rovers, 1995–96)[76]
Most Premier League hat-tricks: 11, Alan Shearer[77]
Most goals in a game: 5, joint record:[78]
Andy Cole (for Manchester United v. Ipswich Town, 4 March 1995) W 9–0
Alan Shearer (for Newcastle United v. Sheffield Wednesday, 19 September 1999) W 8–0
Jermain Defoe (for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic, 22 November 2009) W 9–1
Dimitar Berbatov (for Manchester United v. Blackburn Rovers, 27 November 2010) W 7–1
Sergio Agüero (for Manchester City v. Newcastle United, 3 October 2015) W 6–1

text:
Most goals in one half: 5, Jermain Defoe (for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic, 22 November 2009) W 9–1[79]
Fastest goal: 10 seconds, Ledley King (for Tottenham Hotspur v. Bradford City, 9 December 2000)[80]
Most goals scored by a substitute in a game: 4, Ole Gunnar Solskjær (for Manchester United v. Nottingham Forest, 6 February 1999)[81]
Most consecutive away league matches scored in: 9, Robin van Persie (for Arsenal, 1 January 2011 to 22 May 2011)[82]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 30 goals: 3 (1993–1996), Alan Shearer (all for Blackburn Rovers)[83]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 25 goals: 4 (1993–1997), Alan Shearer (1993–1996 for Blackburn Rovers, 1996–1997 for Newcastle United)[84]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 20 goals: 5 (2001–2006), Thierry Henry (all for Arsenal)[84]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 10 goals: 11 (2004–2015), Wayne Rooney (all for Manchester United)[85]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 1 goal: 21 (1992–2013), Ryan Giggs (all for Manchester United)[68]
Fastest Premier League hat-trick: 2 minutes 56 seconds, Sadio Mané (for Southampton v. Aston Villa, 16 May 2015)[86]
Most different clubs to score for: 7, Craig Bellamy (for Coventry City, Newcastle United, Blackburn Rovers, Liverpool, West Ham United, Manchester City, Cardiff City)[87]
Most own goals: 10, Richard Dunne[88]
Most own goals in a season: 4, joint record:
Martin Škrtel (2013–14)[89]
Lewis Dunk (2017–18)[90]
Most hat-tricks against a single club: 3, Luis Suárez (for Liverpool v. Norwich City)[91]
Most goals in a calendar month: 10 (December 2013), Luis Suárez (Liverpool)[92]

text: Assists[edit]

text:
Rank
Player
Assists

Most assists (career)

1
 Ryan Giggs
162

2
 Cesc Fàbregas
111

3
 Wayne Rooney
103

4
 Frank Lampard
102

5
 Dennis Bergkamp
94

6
 Steven Gerrard
92

7
 David Beckham
80

8
 James Milner
78

9
 Teddy Sheringham
76

10
 David Silva
75

text:
Most Premier League assists in a season: 20, Thierry Henry (Arsenal, 2002–03)[94]
Most consecutive Premier League matches with an assist: 7, Mesut Özil (for Arsenal, 26 September to 21 November 2015)[95]
Most assists in a single Premier League match: 4, joint record:[96]
Dennis Bergkamp (for Arsenal v. Leicester City, 20 February 1999)
José Antonio Reyes (for Arsenal v. Middlesbrough, 14 January 2006)
Cesc Fàbregas (for Arsenal v. Blackburn Rovers, 4 October 2009)
Emmanuel Adebayor (for Tottenham Hotspur v. Newcastle United, 11 February 2012)
Santi Cazorla (for Arsenal v. Wigan Athletic, 14 May 2013)
Dušan Tadić (for Southampton  v. Sunderland, 18 October 2014)[97]

text: Goalkeepers[edit]

text:
Rank
Player
Clean  sheets

Most clean sheets (career)

1
 Petr Čech
200

2
 David James
169

3
 Mark Schwarzer
151

4
 David Seaman
140

5
 Nigel Martyn
137

6
 Pepe Reina
134

7
 Edwin van der Sar
132

 Tim Howard

 Brad Friedel

10
 Peter Schmeichel
128

text:
Most clean sheets in one season: 24, Petr Čech (for Chelsea, 2004–05)[98]
Longest consecutive run without conceding a goal: 14 games (1,311 minutes), Edwin van der Sar (for Manchester United, 2008–09)[99]
Goalscoring goalkeepers (excluding own goals):
Peter Schmeichel (Everton 3–2 Aston Villa, 20 October 2001)[100]
Brad Friedel (Charlton Athletic 3–2 Blackburn Rovers, 21 February 2004)[101]
Paul Robinson (Tottenham Hotspur 3–1 Watford, 17 March 2007)[102]
Tim Howard (Everton 1–2 Bolton Wanderers, 4 January 2012)[103]
Asmir Begović (Stoke City 1–1 Southampton, 2 November 2013)[104]

text: Disciplinary[edit]

text:
Most red cards: 8, joint record:[57]
Duncan Ferguson
Patrick Vieira
Richard Dunne
Most yellow cards for a player: 103, Gareth Barry[69]
Most yellow cards for a single team in one game: 9 (Tottenham Hotspur v. Chelsea, 2 May 2016)[105]
Fouling record: 782, Kevin Davies (since 2000–01, the first season for which reliable records are available)[106]
Longest ban: 12 matches, Joey Barton. After being dismissed for violent conduct, Barton was found guilty of two further separate counts of violent conduct after his dismissal against Manchester City, 23 May 2012[107]

text: Youngest goalscorers[edit]

text: This is a list of the top 10 youngest players to score a goal in the Premier League.[108]

text:
Player

Date

Team

Age

Opposition

1

James Vaughan

10 April 2005

Everton

16 years, 270 days

Crystal Palace

2

James Milner

26 December 2002

Leeds United

16 years, 346 days

Sunderland

3

Wayne Rooney

19 October 2002

Everton

16 years, 351 days

Arsenal

4

Cesc Fàbregas

25 August 2004

Arsenal

17 years, 114 days

Blackburn Rovers

5

Michael Owen

6 May 1997

Liverpool

17 years, 144 days

Wimbledon

6

Andy Turner

5 September 1992

Tottenham

17 years, 166 days

Everton

7

Federico Macheda

5 April 2009

Manchester United

17 years, 226 days

Aston Villa

8

Raheem Sterling

20 October 2012

Liverpool

17 years, 317 days

Reading

9

Mikael Forssell

20 February 1999

Chelsea

17 years, 342 days

Nottingham Forest

10

Danny Cadamarteri

20 September 1997

Everton

17 years, 344 days

Barnsley

text: Match records[edit]

text: Scorelines[edit]

text:
Biggest home win: 9–0, Manchester United v. Ipswich Town (4 March 1995)[109]
Biggest away win: 1–8, Nottingham Forest v. Manchester United (6 February 1999)[109]
Biggest aggregate win: 12–1, joint record:
Blackburn Rovers 7–0 Nottingham Forest (18 November 1995) & Nottingham Forest 1–5 Blackburn Rovers (13 April 1996)
Tottenham Hotspur 9–1 Wigan Athletic (22 November 2009) & Wigan Athletic 0–3 Tottenham Hotspur (21 February 2010)
Biggest loss by reigning champions: 1–6, joint record:[110]
Manchester United 1–6 Manchester City (23 October 2011), after Manchester United won the 2010–11 season
Leicester City 1–6 Tottenham Hotspur (18 May 2017), after Leicester City won the 2015–16 season
Highest scoring: 7–4, Portsmouth v. Reading (29 September 2007)[111]
Highest scoring draw: 5–5, West Bromwich Albion v. Manchester United (19 May 2013)[112]
Highest scoring in the first half: 7 goals, joint record:
Blackburn Rovers 3–4 Leeds United (14 September 1997 – final score; 3–4)[113]
Bradford City 4–3 Derby County (21 April 2000 – final score; 4–4)[114]
Reading 3–4 Manchester United (1 December 2012 – final score; 3–4)[115]
Most individual goal scorers in one game: 9, joint record:
Tottenham Hotspur 4–5 Arsenal (13 November 2004)[116]
Portsmouth 7–4 Reading (29 September 2007)[117]
Most individual goal scorers in one game for the same team: 7, joint record:
Chelsea 8–0 Aston Villa (23 December 2012)[118]
Manchester City 7–0 Norwich City (2 November 2013)[119]
Southampton 8–0 Sunderland (18 October 2014)[120]

text: All-time Premier League table[edit]

text: The all-time Premier League table is a cumulative record of all match results, points and goals of every team that has played in the Premier League since its inception in 1992. The table that follows is accurate as of the start of the 2017–18 season. Teams in bold are part of the 2017–18 Premier League. Numbers in bold are the record (highest either positive or negative) numbers in each column.[121]

text:
Pos.

Club

Seasons

Pld

Win

Draw

Loss

GF

GA

GD

Pts

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

Relegated

AvgPts

BestPos.

1
Manchester United

25
962
604
209
149
1856
847
1009
2021
13
5
3
1

80.84
1

2
Arsenal

25
962
525
247
190
1698
911
787
1822
3
6
5
7

72.88
1

3
Chelsea

25
962
516
241
205
1645
925
720
1789
5
4
4
2

71.56
1

4
Liverpool

25
962
478
243
241
1601
986
615
1677

3
5
6

67.08
2

5
Tottenham Hotspur

25
962
400
247
315
1406
1231
175
1447

1
1
2

57.88
2

6
Everton

25
962
349
277
336
1259
1207
52
1324

1

52.96
4

7
Aston Villa

24
924
316
275
333
1117
1186
−69
1223

1

1
1
50.96
2

8
Newcastle United

22
844
322
217
305
1168
1140
28
1183

2
2
1
2
53.77
2

9
Manchester City

20
772
327
190
255
1173
925
248
1171
2
2
2
1
2
58.55
1

10
West Ham United

21
806
265
209
332
964
1146
−182
1004

2
47.81
5

11
Blackburn Rovers

18
696
262
184
250
927
907
20
970
1
1

1
2
53.89
1

12
Southampton

18
696
222
187
287
855
966
−111
853

1
47.39
6

13
Leeds United

12
468
189
125
154
641
573
68
692

1
2
1
57.67
3

14
Middlesbrough

15
574
165
169
240
648
794
−146
661[122]

4
44.01
7

15
Sunderland

16
608
153
159
296
612
904
−292
618

4
38.63
7

16
Fulham

13
494
150
136
208
570
697
−127
586

1
45.08
7

17
Bolton Wanderers

13
494
149
128
217
575
745
−170
575

3
44.23
6

18
Leicester City

11
422
130
118
174
516
610
−94
508
1

3
46.18
1

19
West Bromwich Albion

11
418
106
115
197
444
640
−196
433

3
39.36
8

20
Stoke City

9
342
109
97
136
363
457
−94
424

47.11
9

21
Coventry City

9
354
99
112
143
387
490
−103
409

1
45.40
11

22
Sheffield Wednesday

8
316
101
89
126
409
453
−44
392

1
49.00
7

23
Wimbledon

8
316
99
94
123
384
472
−88
391

1
48.88
6

24
Charlton Athletic

8
304
93
82
129
342
442
−100
361

2
45.13
7

25
Norwich City

8
316
89
92
135
365
510
−145
359

1

4
44.88
3

26
Crystal Palace

8
312
86
78
148
329
456
−127
336

4
42.00
10

27
Wigan Athletic

8
304
85
76
143
316
482
−166
331

1
41.38
10

28
Queens Park Rangers

7
278
81
65
132
339
431
−92
308

3
44.00
5

29
Birmingham City

7
266
73
82
111
273
360
−87
301

3
43.00
9

30
Portsmouth

7
266
79
65
122
292
380
−88
293[123]

1
41.90
8

31
Swansea City

6
228
74
57
97
278
327
−49
279

46.50
8

32
Derby County

7
266
68
70
128
271
420
−149
274

2
39.10
8

33
Nottingham Forest

5
198
60
59
79
229
287
−58
239

1

3
47.80
3

34
Ipswich Town

5
202
57
53
92
219
312
−93
224

2
44.80
5

35
Hull City

5
190
41
48
101
181
323
−142
171

3
34.20
16

36
Watford

4
152
34
35
83
144
254
−110
137

2
34.25
13

37
Wolverhampton Wanderers

4
152
32
40
80
156
281
−125
136

2
34.00
15

38
Sheffield United

3
122
32
36
54
128
168
−40
132

2
44.00
14

39
Reading

3
114
32
23
59
136
186
−50
119

2
39.67
8

40
Burnley

3
114
26
25
63
109
190
−81
103

2
34.33
16

41
Oldham Athletic

2
84
22
23
39
105
142
−37
89

1
44.50
19

42
Bournemouth

2
76
23
19
34
100
134
−34
88

44.00
9

43
Bradford City

2
76
14
20
42
68
138
−70
62

1
31.00
17

44
Blackpool

1
38
10
9
19
55
78
−23
39

1
39.00
19

45
Barnsley

1
38
10
5
23
37
82
−45
35

1
35.00
19

46
Cardiff City

1
38
7
9
22
32
74
−42
30

1
30.00
20

47
Swindon Town

1
42
5
15
22
47
100
−53
30

1
30.00
22

48
Brighton & Hove Albion

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

00.00

49
Huddersfield Town

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

00.00

text: League or status at 2017–18:

text:
2017–18 Premier League

2017–18 EFL Championship

2017–18 Football League One

2017–18 Football League Two

Defunct: by a 2007 agreement, neither Milton Keynes Dons nor AFC Wimbledon regards itself as custodian of Wimbledon F.C.'s statistics.[124][125]

text: Managers[edit]

text:
Most Premier League titles: 13, Sir Alex Ferguson (Manchester United) – 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013
Most Premier League Manager of the Month awards: 27, Sir Alex Ferguson
Most consecutive Premier League Manager of the Month awards: 4, Pep Guardiola[126]
Most promotions to the Premier League: 4, Steve Bruce (Birmingham City in 2001–02 and 2006–07 and Hull City in 2012–13 and 2015–16)
Most relegations from the Premier League: 3, Dave Bassett (Sheffield United in 1993–94, Nottingham Forest in 1996–97, and Leicester City in 2001–02)[127]
Longest spell as manager: 21 years, 205 days, Arsène Wenger (Arsenal, 1 October 1996 to present)[128]
Shortest spell as manager (excluding caretakers): 41 days, Les Reed (Charlton Athletic, 14 November 2006 to 24 December 2006)[129]


document_title: One Hundred and One Dalmatians

question_text: who does roger marry in one hundred and one dalmatians

text: One Hundred and One Dalmatians

text: Plot

text: Songwriter Roger Radcliffe lives in a bachelor flat in London, along with his dalmatian, Pongo. Bored with bachelor life, Pongo decides to find a wife for Roger and a mate for himself. While watching various female dog-human pairs out the window, he spots the perfect one, a woman named Anita and her female dalmatian, Perdita. He quickly gets Roger out of the house and drags him through the park to arrange a meeting. He and Anita fall in love and get married.[6]

text: Later, Perdita gives birth to a litter of fifteen puppies. That same night, they are visited by Cruella De Vil, a wealthy former schoolmate of Anita's. She offers to buy the entire litter, but Roger says they are not for sale. A few weeks later, she hires her henchmen, Jasper and Horace, to steal them. When Scotland Yard is unable to find them, Pongo and Perdita use the "Twilight bark", a canine gossip line, to ask for help from the other dogs in London.

text: Colonel, an old sheepdog, along with his compatriots Captain, a gray horse, and Sergeant Tibbs, a tabby cat, find the puppies in a place called Hell Hall (Cruella's abandoned and dilapidated family estate, also known as The De Vil Place), along with many other dalmatian puppies that she had bought from various dog stores. When Tibbs learns they are going to be made into dog-skin fur coats, Colonel quickly sends word back to London. Upon receiving the message, Pongo and Perdita leave town to retrieve their puppies. Winter has come, and they have to cross the Stour River which is running fast and laden with slabs of broken ice. Meanwhile, Tibbs overhears Cruella ordering Jasper and Horace to kill the puppies that night out of fear the police will soon find them. In response, Tibbs attempts to rescue them while Jasper and Horace are preoccupied watching television, but they finish their show and come for them before he can get them out of the house. Pongo and Perdita break in and confront Jasper and Horace just as they are about to kill the puppies. While the adult dogs attack them, Colonel and Tibbs guide the puppies from the house.

text: After a happy reunion with their own puppies, Pongo and Perdita realize there are dozens of others with them, 99 altogether including their own. Shocked at Cruella's plans, they decide to adopt all of them, certain that Roger and Anita would never reject them. They begin making their way back to London through deep snow; all open water is frozen solid. Other animals help them along the way. Cruella, Jasper, and Horace chase them. In one town, they cover themselves with soot so they appear to be labrador retrievers, then pile inside a moving van bound for London. As it is leaving, melting snow clears off the soot and Cruella sees them. In a rage, she follows the van in her car and rams it, but Jasper and Horace, who try to cut it off from above, end up crashing into her. Both vehicles are smashed to smithereens and fall into a deep ravine; and battered, bruised and stranded, Cruella and her henchmen are defeated at last. Cruella yells in frustration as the van drives away but Jasper finally gets the courage to tell her to shut up.

text: Back in London, Roger and Anita are attempting to celebrate Christmas and his first big hit, a song about Cruella, but they miss their canine friends. Suddenly, barking is heard outside and, after their nanny opens the door, the house is filled with dogs. After wiping away the rest of the soot, they are delighted to realize their companions have returned home. After counting 84 extra puppies, they decide to use the money from the song to buy a large house in the country so they can keep all 101 dalmatians.

text: Voice cast

text:
Role
Actor
Voice
Singer

Pongo
Rod Taylor

Perdita
Cate Bauer

Cruella De Vil
Mary Wickes
Betty Lou Gerson

Roger Radcliffe
Ben Wright
Bill Lee

Anita Radcliffe
Helene Stanley
Lisa Davis

Nanny / Queenie / Lucy
Martha Wentworth

Horace / Inspector Craven
Frederick Worlock

Jasper / Colonel
J. Pat O'Malley

Captain
Thurl Ravenscroft

Sergeant Tibbs the Cat
David Frankham

Rolly
Barbara Baird

Patch
Mickey Maga

Penny
Sandra Abbott

Lucky
Mimi Gibson

Towser
Tudor Owen

Danny
George Pelling

Princess
Queenie Leonard

Rover
Barbara Luddy

Duchess
Marjorie Bennett

Spotty
Rickie Sorenson

Collie / Quizmaster
Tom Conway

Mrs. Birdwell
Betty Lou Gerson

Car Mechanic
Paul Wexler

Truck Driver
Basil Ruysdael

Dirty Dawson
Paul Frees

TV Commercial Singer
Lucille Bliss

text: Production

text: Story development

text: Dodie Smith wrote the book The Hundred and One Dalmatians in 1956. When Walt Disney read it in 1957, it immediately grabbed his attention, and he promptly acquired the rights. Smith had always secretly hoped that Disney would make it into a film.[7] Disney assigned Bill Peet to write the story, which he did, marking the first time that the story for a Disney animated film was written by a single person.[8] Writing in his autobiography, Peet was tasked by Disney to write a detailed screenplay first before storyboarding. Because Peet never learned to use a typewriter, he wrote the initial draft by hand on large yellow tablets.[9] He condensed elements of the original book while enlarging others, some of which included eliminating Cruella’s husband and cat, as well compressing the two surrogate mother dogs into one character, Perdita.[10] He also retained a scene in which Pongo and Perdita exchange wedding vows in unison with their owners, by which the censor board warned that it might offend certain religious audiences if the animals repeated the exact words of a solemn religious ceremony. The scene was reworked to be less religious with Roger and Anita dressed in formal clothes.[11]

text: Two months later, Peet completed the manuscript and had it typed it, in which Walt said the script was "great stuff" and commissioned him to begin storyboarding. Additionally, Peet was charged with the recording of the voice-over process.[9] Although Disney had not been as involved in the production of the animated films as frequently as in previous years, nevertheless he was always present at story meetings.[12] When Peet sent Dodie Smith some drawings of the characters, she wrote back saying that he had actually improved her story and that the designs looked better than the illustrations in the book.[7]

text: Animation

text: Art direction

text: After Sleeping Beauty (1959) disappointed at the box-office, there was some talk of closing down the animation department at the Disney studio.[12] During the production of it, Disney told animator Eric Larson: "I don't think we can continue, it's too expensive".[10] Despite this, he still had deep feelings towards animation because he had built the company upon it.[12]

text: Ub Iwerks, in charge of special processes at the studio, had been experimenting with Xerox photography to aid in animation. By 1959, he had modified a Xerox camera to transfer drawings by animators directly to animation cels, eliminating the inking process, thus saving time and money while preserving the spontaneity of the penciled elements.[13][8] However, because of its limitations, the camera was unable to deviate from a black scratchy outline and lacked the fine lavish quality of hand inking.[13] Disney would first use the Xerox process for a thorn forest in Sleeping Beauty,[10] and the first production to make full use of the process was Goliath II.[13] For One Hundred and One Dalmatians, one of the benefits of the process was that it was a great help towards animating the spotted dogs. According to Chuck Jones, Disney was able to complete the film for about half of what it would have cost if they had had to animate all the dogs and spots.[14]

text: Ken Anderson proposed the use of the Xerox on Dalmatians to Walt, whom by then disenchanted with animation, replied "Ah, yeah, yeah, you can fool around all you want to."[15] For the stylized art direction, Anderson took inspiration from British cartoonist Ronald Searle,[16] whom once advised him to use a Mont Blanc pen and Indian ink for his artwork. In addition to the character animation, Anderson also sought to use Xerography on "the background painting because I was going to apply the same technique to the whole picture."[15] Along with color stylist Walt Peregoy, the two had the line drawings be printed on a separate animation cel before being laid over the background, which gave the appearance similar to the Xeroxed animation.[12][17] Disney disliked the artistic look of the film and felt he was losing the "fantasy" element of his animated films.[12] In a meeting with Anderson and the animation staff concerning future films, Walt said, "We're never gonna have one of those goddamned things" referring to Dalmatians and its technique, and stated, "Ken's never going to be an art director again."[15]

text: Ken Anderson took this to heart, but Walt eventually forgave him on his final trip to the studio in late 1966. As Anderson recalled in an interview:

text: He looked very sick, I said "Gee it's great to see you Walt", and he said "You know that thing you did on Dalmatians". He didn't say anything else, but he just gave me this look and I knew that all was forgiven and in his opinion maybe what I did on Dalmatians wasn't so bad. That was the last time I ever saw him. Then, a few weeks later, I learned he was gone.[12]

text: Live-action reference

text: As with the previous Disney films, actors provided live-action reference in order to determine what would work before the animation process begun. Actress Helene Stanley performed the live-action reference for the character of Anita. She did the same work for the characters of Cinderella and Princess Aurora in Sleeping Beauty.[18] Meanwhile, Mary Wickes provided the live-action reference for Cruella de Vil.[19]

text: Character animation

text: Marc Davis was the sole animator on Cruella De Vil. During production, Davis claimed her character was partly inspired by Bette Davis (no relation), Rosalind Russell, and Tallulah Bankhead. He took further influence from her voice actress, Betty Lou Gerson, with whom he added her cheekbones to the character. He later complimented "[t]hat [her] voice was the greatest thing I've ever had a chance to work with. A voice like Betty Lou's gives you something to do. You get a performance going there, and if you don't take advantage of it, you're off your rocker."[20] While her hair coloring originated from the illustrations in the novel, Davis found its disheveled style by looking "through old magazines for hairdos from 1940 till now." Her coat was exaggerated to match her over-sized personality, and the lining was red because "there's a devil image involved."[21]

text: Casting

text: Before starring in high-profile roles such as The Birds and The Time Machine, Australian actor Rod Taylor had extensive radio experience, and was cast as Pongo. The filmmakers deliberately cast dogs with deeper voices than their human owners so they had more power.[22] Walt Disney originally had Lisa Davis read for the role of Cruella De Vil, but she did not think that she was right for the part, and wanted to try reading the role of Anita. Disney agreed with her after the two of them read the script for a second time.[23]

text: Betty Lou Gerson, who was previously the narrator for Cinderella, auditioned for the role of Cruella De Vil in front of Marc Davis and sequence director Wolfgang Reitherman, and landed it.[24] While searching for the right accent of the character, Gerson landed on a "phony theatrical voice, someone who's set sail from New York but hasn't quite reached England."[25] During the recording process, she was thought to be imitating Talluhah Bankhead. However, Gerson disputed, "Well, I didn't intentionally imitate her...I was raised in Birmingham, Ala., and Tallulah was from Jasper, Ala. We both had phony English accents on top of our Southern accents and a great deal of flair. So our voices came out that way."[26] In addition to voicing Mrs. Birdwell, Gerson finished recording in fourteen days.[24]

text: Music

text: Unlike many Disney animated features, the film features only three songs, with just one, "Cruella De Vil", playing a big part in it. The other two are "Kanine Krunchies Jingle" (sung by Lucille Bliss, who voiced Anastasia Tremaine in Disney's 1950 film Cinderella), and "Dalmatian Plantation" in which only two lines are sung by Roger at its closure. Songwriter Mel Leven had, in fact, written several additional songs for it including "Don't Buy a Parrot from a Sailor", a cockney chant, meant to be sung by Jasper and Horace at the De Vil Mansion, and "March of the One Hundred and One", which the dogs were meant to sing after escaping Cruella by van.[citation needed] Different, longer versions of "Kanine Krunchies Jingle" and "Dalmatian Plantation" appear on the Disneyland Records read-along album based on the film.[27]

text: Release

text: One Hundred and One Dalmatians was first released in theaters on January 25, 1961. The film was re-released theatrically in 1969, 1979, 1985, and 1991.[28]

text: Home video

text: Τhe film was released on VHS on April 10, 1992, as part of the Walt Disney Classics video series.[29] By June 1992, it had sold 11.1 million copies.[30] At the time, it was the sixth best-selling video of all time.[31] It was re-released on March 9, 1999, as part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection video series. Due to technical issues, it was never released on Laserdisc and was delayed numerous times before its release on DVD. The film was re-released on VHS, and for the first time on DVD, on December 1999, as a Walt Disney Limited Issue for a limited sixty-day time period before going into moratorium.[32] A two-disc Platinum Edition DVD was released on March 4, 2008. It was released on Blu-ray Disc in the United Kingdom on September 3, 2012.[33] A Blu-ray Diamond Edition of it was released in North America on February 10, 2015.

text: Reception

text: Box office

text: On its initial release, the film grossed $6.2 million in domestic rentals.[34] It was also the most popular film of the year in France, with admissions of 14,705,526.[35] The film grossed $14 million during its initial run.[36] The film was re-released in 1969, where it earned $15 million. In its 1979 theatrical re-release, it grossed $19 million, and in 1985, the film grossed $32 million.[36] During its fourth re-release in 1991, it grossed $60.8 million.[37] The film's total domestic lifetime gross is $145 million,[31] and its total worldwide gross is $215 million.[2] Adjusted for inflation, and incorporating subsequent releases, the film has a lifetime gross of $888,264,400.[38]

text: Critical reaction

text: In its initial release, the film received critical acclaim from critics, many of whom hailed it as the studio's best release since Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and the closest to a real "Disney" film in many years.[39] Howard Thompson of The New York Times wrote, "While the story moves steadily toward a stark, melodramatic "chase" climax, it remains enclosed in a typical Disney frame of warm family love, human and canine." However, he later opined that the "[s]ongs are scarce, too. A few more would have braced the final starkness."[40] Variety claimed that "While not as indelibly enchanting or inspired as some of the studio's most unforgettable animated endeavors, this is nonetheless a painstaking creative effort."[41] Time praised the film as "the wittiest, most charming, least pretentious cartoon feature Walt Disney has ever made."[42]

text: Contemporary reviews have remained positive. Reviewing the film during its 1991 re-release, Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times, while giving the film three stars out of four, asserted that "it's an uneven film, with moments of inspiration in a fairly conventional tale of kidnapping and rescue. This is not one of the great Disney classics - it's not in the same league with Snow White or Pinocchio - but it's passable fun, and will entertain its target family audiences."[43] Chicago Tribune film critic Gene Siskel, in his 1991 review, also gave the film three stars out of four.[44] Ralph Novak of People wrote "What it lacks in romantic extravagance and plush spectacle, this 1961 Disney film makes up for in quiet charm and subtlety. In fact, if any movie with dogs, cats and horses who talk can be said to belong in the realm of realistic drama, this is it."[45] In 2011, Craig Berman of MSNBC ranked it and its 1996 remake as two of the worst children's films of all time saying, "The plot itself is a bit nutty. Making a coat out of dogs? Who does that? But worse than Cruella de Vil's fashion sense is the fact that your children will definitely start asking for a dalmatian of their own for their next birthday".[46]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported the film received an approval rating of 98% based on 30 reviews with an average score of 7.7/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "With plenty of pooches and a memorable villain (Cruella De Vil), this is one of Disney's most enduring, entertaining animated films."[47]

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies - Nominated[48]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains:

Cruella De Vil — No. 39 Villain

AFI's 10 Top 10 - Nominated Animated Film[49]

text: Legacy

text: Remake

text: In the years since the original release of the film, Disney has taken the property in various directions. The earliest of these endeavors was the live-action remake, 101 Dalmatians (1996). Starring Glenn Close as Cruella De Vil, none of the animals talked in this version. Its success in theaters led to 102 Dalmatians, released on November 22, 2000.

text: TV series

text: After the first live-action version of the film, a cartoon called 101 Dalmatians: The Series was launched. The designs of the characters were stylized further to allow for economic animation and to appeal to contemporary trends.

text: Sequel

text: 101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure, the official sequel to the original animated film, was released direct-to-video on January 21, 2003.[50]

text: Live-action spin-off

text: Disney has announced that another live-action film is in development, but it will focus on the origin of Cruella de Vil.[51] Emma Stone is set to play Cruella and Alex Timbers is in negotiations to direct the film.[52][53]