document_title: A Visit from St. Nicholas

question_text: when was twas the night before christmas written

text: A Visit from St. Nicholas

text: Plot

text: On Christmas Eve night, while his wife and children sleep, a father awakens to noises outside his house. Looking out the window, he sees Santa Claus (Saint Nicholas) in an air-borne sleigh pulled by eight reindeer. After landing his sleigh on the roof, the saint enters the house through the chimney, carrying a sack of toys with him. The father watches Santa filling the children's Christmas stockings hanging by the fire, and laughs to himself. They share a conspiratorial moment before Santa bounds up the chimney again. As he flies away, Santa wishes everyone a "Happy Christmas to all, and to all a good night."

text: Meter

text: The poem's meter is anapestic tetrameter (four feet of unstressed-unstressed-stressed). The anapest is the same foot used to construct limericks, and the common metrical modifications that can be observed in the limerick form also can be observed in Moore's poem. For example, while the first two lines each use full anapests, lines 3 and 4 each drop the first unstressed syllable. Likewise, lines 9 and 10 drop the first unstressed syllable; they also add an extra unstressed syllable to the end.

text: Literary history

text: According to legend,[3] "A Visit" was composed by Clement Clarke Moore on a snowy winter's day during a shopping trip on a sleigh. His inspiration for the character of Saint Nicholas was a local Dutch handyman as well as the historical Saint Nicholas. Moore originated many of the features that are still associated with Santa Claus today while borrowing other aspects, such as the use of reindeer.[4] The poem was first published anonymously in the Troy, New York Sentinel on 23 December 1823, having been sent there by a friend of Moore,[2] and was reprinted frequently thereafter with no name attached. It was first attributed in print to Moore in 1837. Moore himself acknowledged authorship when he included it in his own book of poems in 1844. By then, the original publisher and at least seven others had already acknowledged his authorship.[5][6] Moore had a reputation as an erudite professor and had not wished at first to be connected with the unscholarly verse. He included it in the anthology at the insistence of his children, for whom he had originally written the piece.[5]

text: Moore's conception of Saint Nicholas was borrowed from his friend Washington Irving (see below), but Moore portrayed his "jolly old elf" as arriving on Christmas Eve rather than Christmas Day. At the time that Moore wrote the poem, Christmas Day was overtaking New Year's Day as the preferred genteel family holiday of the season, but some Protestants viewed Christmas as the result of "Catholic ignorance and deception"[2] and still had reservations. By having Saint Nicholas arrive the night before, Moore "deftly shifted the focus away from Christmas Day with its still-problematic religious associations." As a result, "New Yorkers embraced Moore's child-centered version of Christmas as if they had been doing it all their lives."[2]

text: In An American Anthology, 1787–1900, editor Edmund Clarence Stedman reprinted the Moore version of the poem, including the German spelling of "Donder and Blitzen" that he adopted, rather than the earlier Dutch version from 1823 "Dunder and Blixem." Both phrases translate as "Thunder and Lightning" in English, though the German word for thunder is "Donner" and the words in modern Dutch would be "Donder en Bliksem."

text: Modern printings frequently incorporate alterations that reflect changing linguistic and cultural sensibilities. For example, breast in "The moon on the breast of the new-fallen snow" is frequently bowdlerized to crest; the archaic ere in "But I heard him exclaim ere he drove out of sight" is frequently replaced with as. Note that this change implies that Santa Claus made his exclamation during the moment that he disappeared from view, while the exclamation came before his disappearance in the original. "Happy Christmas to all, and to all a good-night" is frequently rendered with the traditional English locution "'Merry Christmas'" and with "goodnight" as a single word.

text: Original copies

text: Four hand-written copies of the poem are known to exist and three are in museums, including the New-York Historical Society library.[7] The fourth copy, written out and signed by Clement Clarke Moore as a gift to a friend in 1860, was sold by one private collector to another in December 2006. It was purchased for $280,000 by an unnamed "chief executive officer of a media company" who resides in New York City, according to Dallas, Texas-based Heritage Auctions which brokered the private sale.[8]

text: Authorship controversy

text: Moore's connection with the poem has been questioned by Professor Donald Foster,[9] who used textual content analysis and external evidence to argue that Moore could not have been the author.[10] Foster believes that Major Henry Livingston Jr., a New Yorker with Dutch and Scottish roots, should be considered the chief candidate for authorship, a view long espoused by the Livingston family. Livingston was distantly related to Moore's wife.[10] Foster's claim, however, has been countered by document dealer and historian Seth Kaller, who once owned one of Moore's original manuscripts of the poem. Kaller has offered a point-by-point rebuttal of both Foster's linguistic analysis and external findings, buttressed by the work of autograph expert James Lowe and Dr. Joe Nickell, author of Pen, Ink and Evidence.[5][11][12]

text: Evidence in favor of Moore

text: Moore is credited by his friend Charles Fenno Hoffman as author in the 25 December 1837 Pennsylvania Inquirer and Daily Courier. Further, the Rev. David Butler, who allegedly showed the poem to Sentinel editor Orville L. Holley, was a relative of Moore's. A letter to Moore from the publisher states, "I understand from Mr. Holley that he received it from Mrs. Sackett, the wife of Mr. Daniel Sackett who was then a merchant in this city"[citation needed]. Moore preferred to be known for his more scholarly works, but allowed the poem to be included in his anthology in 1844 at the request of his children. By that time, the original publisher and at least seven others had already acknowledged his authorship. Livingston family lore gives credit to their forebear rather than Moore, but there is no proof that Livingston himself ever claimed authorship, nor has any record ever been found of any printing of the poem with Livingston's name attached to it, despite more than 40 years of searches.

text: Evidence in favor of Livingston

text: Advocates for Livingston's authorship argue that Moore "tried at first to disavow" the poem.[13] They also posit that Moore falsely claimed to have translated a book.[14] Document dealer and historian Seth Kaller has challenged both claims. Kaller examined the book in question, A Complete Treatise on Merinos and Other Sheep, as well as many letters signed by Moore, and found that the "signature" was not penned by Moore, and thus provides no evidence that Moore made any plagiaristic claim. Kaller's findings were confirmed by autograph expert James Lowe, by Dr. Joe Nickell, the author of Pen, Ink & Evidence, and by others. According to Kaller, Moore's name was likely written on the book by a New-York Historical Society cataloger to indicate that it had been a gift from Moore to the Society.[5][15][16]

text: The following points have been advanced in order to credit the poem to Major Henry Livingston Jr.:

text: Livingston also wrote poetry primarily using an anapaestic metrical scheme, and it is claimed that some of the phraseology of A Visit is consistent with other poems by Livingston, and that Livingston's poetry is more optimistic than Moore's poetry published in his own name. But Stephen Nissenbaum argues in his Battle for Christmas that the poem could have been a social satire of the Victorianization of Christmas. Furthermore, Kaller claims that Foster cherry-picked only the poems that fit his thesis and that many of Moore's unpublished works have a tenor, phraseology, and meter similar to A Visit. Moore had even written a letter titled "From Saint Nicholas" that may have predated 1823.

text: Foster also contends that Moore hated tobacco and would, therefore, never have depicted Saint Nicholas with a pipe. However, Kaller notes, the source of evidence for Moore's supposed disapproval of tobacco is The Wine Drinker, another poem by him. In actuality, that verse contradicts such a claim. Moore's The Wine Drinker criticizes self-righteous, hypocritical advocates of temperance who secretly indulge in the substances which they publicly oppose, and supports the social use of tobacco in moderation (as well as wine, and even opium, which was more acceptable in his day than it is now).

text: Foster also asserts that Livingston's mother was Dutch, which accounts for the references to the Dutch Sinteklaes tradition and the use of the Dutch names "Dunder and Blixem". Against this claim, it is suggested by Kaller that Moore — a friend of writer Washington Irving and member of the same literary society — may have acquired some of his knowledge of New York Dutch traditions from Irving. Irving had written A History of New York in 1809 under the name of "Dietrich Knickerbocker." It includes several references to legends of Saint Nicholas, including the following that bears a close relationship to the poem:

text: And the sage Oloffe dreamed a dream,—and lo, the good St. Nicholas came riding over the tops of the trees, in that self-same wagon wherein he brings his yearly presents to children, and he descended hard by where the heroes of Communipaw had made their late repast. And he lit his pipe by the fire, and sat himself down and smoked; and as he smoked, the smoke from his pipe ascended into the air and spread like a cloud overhead. And Oloffe bethought him, and he hastened and climbed up to the top of one of the tallest trees, and saw that the smoke spread over a great extent of country; and as he considered it more attentively, he fancied that the great volume of smoke assumed a variety of marvelous forms, where in dim obscurity he saw shadowed out palaces and domes and lofty spires, all of which lasted but a moment, and then faded away, until the whole rolled off, and nothing but the green woods were left. And when St. Nicholas had smoked his pipe, he twisted it in his hatband, and laying his finger beside his nose, gave the astonished Van Kortlandt a very significant look; then, mounting his wagon, he returned over the tree-tops and disappeared.

text: MacDonald P. Jackson, Emeritus Professor of English at the University of Auckland, New Zealand and a Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand, has spent his entire academic career analyzing authorship attribution. He has written a book titled Who Wrote "the Night Before Christmas"?: Analyzing the Clement Clarke Moore Vs. Henry Livingston Question,[18] published in 2016, in which he evaluates the opposing arguments and, for the first time, uses the author-attribution techniques of modern computational stylistics to examine the long-standing controversy. Jackson employs a range of tests and introduces a new one, statistical analysis of phonemes; he concludes that Livingston is the true author of the classic work.

text: In popular culture

text: This article appears to contain trivial, minor, or unrelated references to popular culture. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances; add references to reliable sources if possible. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2017)

text: A Visit from St. Nicholas, being very well-known, has inspired many parodies,[19] adaptations, and references in popular culture.

text: Comics

text:
In the Garfield comic strips published during the week of 19–24 December 1983, the text of the poem was drawn above scenes of Garfield acting out the part of the narrator.
From 13–25 December 2010, Over the Hedge covered the poem in a story arc, in which Verne tries to read it to Hammy and R.J., but keeps getting interrupted by their silly comments.
The 11 December 1968 installation of Peanuts features Sally Brown attempting to recite the poem but inadvertently substituting the name of golfer Jack Nicklaus for "Saint Nicholas" ("The stockings were hung by the chimney with care, in hope that Jack Nicklaus soon would be there"), after which Charlie Brown is hesitant to correct her.
Issue 40 of the DC Comics book Young Justice (2001) is a full-length parody of the poem. Unusual for a comic book, it features no panels or word balloons, only full-page illustrations accompanied by rhyming text. In the story, Santa sacrifices his life to save the world from a vengeful alien villain (though it's implied he'll be reborn next Christmas) and the teen heroes are stuck with the task of delivering all his gifts.
Florence Cestac adapted it for Christmas Classics: Graphic Classics Volume Nineteen (2010).

text: Films

text:
The short silent film The Night Before Christmas (1905) was the first production of the poem on film.
In the 1933 Pooch the Pup cartoon Merry Dog (1933), Pooch recites the poem. When he mentions the line "Not a creature was stirring, not even a mouse," a rat finds it ludicrous, and therefore comes out to cause a little trouble.
The Silly Symphonies cartoon short, The Night Before Christmas (1933),
The Tom & Jerry cartoon short The Night Before Christmas (1941) opens with the poem's first lines, Jerry appearing from his hole on the word "mouse".
In Die Hard (1988), Theo, the terrorist's tech specialist, is reporting on the assaulting SWAT team, beginning his 'narration' with the first lines of the poem.
In National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989), Clark Griswold (Chevy Chase) reads the story to his extended family, but changes the narrative when he looks out the window and sees Cousin Eddie and Eddie's kidnapped hostage (Clark's boss) approaching the house. Instead of describing the "miniature sleigh and eight tiny reindeer", Clark describes the strange event taking place in his front yard.
The title of Tim Burton's stop motion film The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) parodies the poem's first line.
The film The Santa Clause (1994) features Tim Allen's character reading the poem to his son, who was later awakened by reindeer on the roof, citing the phrase "arose such a clatter".

text: Literature

text:
A "Canonical List of 'Twas the Night Before Christmas Variations" contains nearly 1000 versions of the classic poem.[20]
In 2014, the Cottage and Eagle Studios reproduced in its original format, "The Night Before Christmas or a Visit of St. Nicholas", originally published in 1896 by the McLoughin Brothers of New York.
Richard J. Davis' poetry adaptation, "The Night Before Christmas, 1914" (2013), is based upon the events of the Christmas Truce during World War I.[citation needed]
Lance Corporal James M. Schmidt penned "Merry Christmas, My friend. A Marine's version of 'Twas the Night Before Christmas'" (1986).[21]
James Thurber's parody, "A Visit from Saint Nicholas IN THE ERNEST HEMINGWAY MANNER", which originally appeared in the 24 December 1927, issue of The New Yorker.[22]
Trosclair's children's book, The Cajun Night Before Christmas (1973), offers a Cajun version of the classic tale, written in Cajun dialect and changing the scene to a Louisiana swamp and the saint's vehicle to a skiff pulled by alligators.[23]
In E.B. White's novel Stuart Little (1945), the title character's parents change the second line to "not even a louse", so as not to offend their son, who is a mouse.

text: Music and spoken word

text:
In 1953, Perry Como recorded a reading of "'Twas the Night Before Christmas." Its original release was on the Around the Christmas Tree LPM-3133.[24]
In 1955, Jo Stafford recorded a reading of "Twas the Night Before Christmas" on her Christmas album Happy Holiday.
The Louis Armstrong Christmas CD Christmas Through the Years includes Louis reading the poem "A Visit from Saint Nicholas", better known as "The Night before Christmas". Recorded on 26 February 1971 in the den of his Corona, Queens home (now the Louis Armstrong House Museum), it is his last commercial recording, and the only one without his own music.[25]
The nu metal band Korn released a limited edition promotional 12-inch single in 1993, which featured two versions of their "A Visit from St. Nicholas" parody: "Christmas Song (Squeak by the FCC version)" and "Christmas Song (Blatant FCC Violation version)".[26] The song was also planned to appear in Korn's debut album, but eventually was not included.
The poem was set to music by Ken Darby and recorded by Fred Waring and the Pennsylvanians in 1942 in an arrangement by Harry Simeone.
Dave Seville recorded the poem for the 1963 album Christmas with The Chipmunks, Vol. 2.
Anthony Daniels voiced the character of C-3PO on Meco Monardo's 1980 record Christmas in the Stars reciting "A Christmas Sighting ('Twas the Night Before Christmas)", in which he describes "S. Claus" coming to the droids' toy factory to pick up the year's presents to distribute.
Actor Jack Palance narrates the poem on Laurie Z's 2001 recording, "Heart of the Holidays".
Under the title "A Visit From St. Nick", the poem was set for Speaker & Orchestra by Robert Lichtenberger in 1987. It was commissioned for and premiered by the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra conducted by Edward Polochick, and repeated by the BSO on a number of subsequent Christmas holiday concerts. The work has also been performed by the National Symphony Orchestra of Washington, DC, the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra conducted by the late Erich Kunzel, the Maryland Symphony Orchestra conducted by Elizabeth Schulze as well as other ensembles in the USA. Narrators have included then-mayor-of-Baltimore Kurt Schmoke, actor George Clooney and actress Pat Carroll.
The poem was set to music by Aaron Dai in 2006 as "The Night Before Christmas". It has been performed by The Chelsea Symphony and noteworthy narrators such as Richard Kind, Ana Gasteyer, and David Hyde Pierce.
A Pokémon version of this poem is included on the soundtrack CD album of Pokémon-themed Christmas songs entitled Pokémon Christmas Bash.
In a 1939 recording included in the Nimbus Records collection Prima Voce: The Spirit of Christmas Past, actor Basil Rathbone reads the poem.
The Bob Rivers comedy album Twisted Christmas features the track "A Visit from St. Nicholson", a narration of a Christmas visit from Jack Nicholson.
In the Dave Van Ronk song "Yas Yas Yas", the poem is parodied in the verse "'Twas the night before Christmas, all was quiet in the house, not a creature was stirring, not even a mouse, when from the lawn there came a big crash. It was Father Christmas landing on his yas yas yas."
A new rock/pop musical adaptation was released in 2011 by the artist JJ's Tunes & Tales on CD, Baby and iTunes. The single features the singing of Juliet Lyons, and a rock band that includes both electric guitars and mandolins. This musical adaptation has singing and music throughout, with no spoken or rap lyric sections.
Since 1911 the Church of the Intercession in Manhattan has held a service that includes the reading of the poem followed by a procession to the tomb of Clement Clarke Moore at Trinity Cemetery the Sunday before Christmas.[27][28]
In "Mono Virus", a song by the Eraserheads from their 1996 album Fruitcake, the singer recites a parodied version of the poem before going into the song.
Alma Deutscher had composed the song in 2014, under the name "The Night before Christmas".

text: Radio and television

text:
In A Muppet Family Christmas, the Sesame Street Muppets perform a pageant based on the poem, with Ernie narrating as the father (the main character) and Bert as Mamma (he lost a coin toss). The monsters appear as the reindeer, with the Two-Headed Monster as Santa (and Grover as the mouse who is not stirring, literally). The narration omits the line, "The children were nestled, all snug in their bed(s)/While visions of sugar plums danced in their heads."
Episode 55 of Animaniacs featured a skit titled "The Day Before Christmas", in which Ralph the Guard is given the task of delivering Yakko, Wakko, and Dot's Christmas presents. The short is presented as a bedtime story told by Slappy Squirrel to her nephew Skippy and is narrated in the poetic form as the original story. This cartoon was adapted into comic book form in a special comic book published by DC Comics in October 1994.[citation needed]
In the Barney and the Backyard Gang special, "Waiting for Santa", Barney reads the story to Michael and Amy, whom he has befriended, while Santa himself is in the living room of the house doing his usual work. He falls asleep just as he comes to "With a little old driver, so lively and quick/I knew in a moment it must be St. Nick." Santa whispers the last quotation to the camera after that.
In the 1961 Bell Telephone Hour television program A Trip to Christmas, Ken Darby's musical version of the poem is performed off-screen by hostess Jane Wyatt and a chorus, and enacted onscreen by the Bil Baird Marionettes.
The 23 December 2011 broadcast of the CBS Evening News ended with Scott Pelley saying: "Merry Christmas to all, and to all a good night!"[citation needed]
Some holiday airings of Edgar Bergen and Charlie McCarthy had Charlie McCarthy trying to recite the poem from memory, resulting in such lines as: "The stockings were hung by the chimney with care/In hopes that the laundryman soon would be there". (A few times the line went: "In hopes that the room could stand some fresh air"), "He flies through the air with the greatest of ease/The jolly old elf in the red BVD's", and "Now, Dasher, Now, Dancer, and what do you know/Dasher and Dancer paid $220 to show!"[citation needed]
The song with the poem as its basis, arranged by Harry Simeone and music by Ken Darby, was performed at holiday airings of Fibber McGee and Molly, usually introduced by Teeny, the neighbor girl, as their "Christmas Carol".
At the beginning of Friends (TV series) episode 9, "The One with Christmas in Tulsa" (airdate 26 September 2002), Phoebe sings the last four lines of The Night Before Christmas, and Joey claims she wrote it. Another reference is seen is episode 10 of season 7, "The One with the Holiday Armadillo" (aired December 14, 2000), when Ross asks Chandler to leave and Chandler responds by saying "But I didn't get to shake my belly like a bowl full of jelly!"
The special Power Rangers Megaforce episode, "Robo Knight Before Christmas", ends with Robo Knight saying: "Merry Christmas to all humans on Earth, and to all a good night!"
The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show story arc "Topsy Turvy World" featured a plot by Boris Badenov to replace Santa Claus for nefarious purposes. The cliffhanger pun titles for one segment of the storyline were: "'The Fright Before Christmas', or 'A Visit From Saint Nicholouse'."
The Shake It Up episode "Merry Merry it Up" ended with Flynn in the hot tub, saying "Merry Christmas to all, and to all a good soak!"
A hip-hop animated version of the poem was made as an hour-long animated special, The Night B4 Christmas.[citation needed]
Bell Telephone Company sponsored a short film titled The Spirit of Christmas (circa 1950), featuring the Les and Mabel Beaton marionettes. Within a few years, it became a holiday perennial in many TV markets, especially in the Philadelphia area. In subsequent years it was licensed out as a 16mm film and shown in schools during the Christmas season.
In the animated TV special by Rankin/Bass (1974), titled Twas the Night Before Christmas, the characters and portions of the plot are loosely based on the poem.
In the Cabin Pressure radio show on BBC4 the intro of the episode Molokai references some verses of the poem.
The 1968 animated television special titled The Night Before Christmas had a fictional telling on how Clement Moore created the story.

text: Other

text:
For Christmas 1985, the Internet Engineering Task Force circulated an RFC document that was actually a poem about the early days of the Internet, titled "Twas the Night Before Start-up".[29]
A version that originated on USENET in 1988 has circulated on Internet message boards and chain emails ever since. The entire poem is rephrased using more complicated and lesser known words. It is sometimes called "Technical Night Before Christmas" or subtitled "For readers in their 23rd year of schooling".[citation needed]
"The Night Before Doom", which appears in the Official DOOM F.A.Q., is a poem centered on the computer game Doom (1993).[30]
"Are Santa's Reindeer Used for Propulsion or Navigation?" (2013), written by Massachusetts Institute of Technology student Phillip M. Cunio, deconstructs the poem to determine the answer to that question.[31]


document_title: Greenville, South Carolina

question_text: how far is greenville south carolina to columbia south carolina

question_tokens: how far is greenville south carolina to columbia south carolina

root

text: Greenville, South Carolina

text: History[edit]

text: From Cherokee Land to Greenville County[edit]

text: The land of present-day Greenville was once the hunting ground of the Cherokee, which was forbidden to colonists. A wealthy settler from Virginia named Richard Pearis arrived in South Carolina around 1754 trading with Cherokee. Pearis had a child with a Cherokee woman and received about 100,000 acres (40,000 ha) from the Cherokee around 1770. Pearis established a plantation on the Reedy River called the Great Plains in present-day downtown Greenville. The American Revolution divided the South Carolina country between the Loyalists and Patriots. Pearis supported the Loyalists and together with their allies; the Cherokee attacked the Patriots. The Patriots retaliated by burning down Pearis' plantation and jailing him in Charleston. Pearis never returned to his plantation but Paris Mountain is named after him.[10] The Treaty of Dewitt's Corner in 1777 ceded almost all Cherokee land, including present-day Greenville, to South Carolina.[11]

tag: p

text: Greenville County was created in 1786 and was named for its physical appearance. However, other sources say Greenville is named after General Nathanael Greene in honor of his service in the American Revolutionary War.[12][13] Lemuel J. Alston came to Greenville County in 1788 and bought 400 acres (160 ha) and a portion of Pearis' former plantation. In 1797 Alston used his land holdings to establish a village called Pleasantburg where he also built a stately mansion. In 1816, Alston's land was purchased by Vardry McBee, who then leased the Alston mansion for a summer resort, before making mansion his home from 1835 until his death in 1864. Considered to be the father of Greenville, McBee donated land for many structures such as churches, academies, and a cotton mill. Furman University was funded by McBee who helped bring the university to Pleasantburg from Winnsboro, South Carolina in 1851. In 1853 McBee and other Greenville County leaders funded a new railroad called the Greenville and Columbia Railroad. Pleasantburg boomed to around 1,000 in the 1850s due to the growth of McBee's donations and the attraction of the town as a summer resort for visitors.[14][15] In 1831 Pleasantburg was incorporated as Greenville.[16]

text: Modern Greenville[edit]

text: In December 1860 Greenville supported a convention to debate the issue of secession for South Carolina. The Greenville District sent James Furman, William K. Easley, Perry E. Duncan, William H. Campbell, and James P. Harrison as delegates for the convention. On December 20, 1860 the South Carolina state convention, along with the Greenville delegation, voted to secede from the Union. Greenville County provided over 2,000 soldiers to the Confederate States Army. The town supplied food, clothing, and firearms to the Confederacy. Greenville saw no action from the war until 1865 when Union troops came through the town looking for President Jefferson Davis of the Confederacy who had fled south from Richmond, Virginia. In June 1865 Andrew Johnson appointed Greenville County native Benjamin Franklin Perry as Governor of South Carolina.[14][17]

text: In February 1869, Greenville's town charter was amended by the S. C. General Assembly establishing Greenville, the town, as a city. Construction boomed in the 1870s such as the establishment of a bridge over the Reedy River, new mills on the river and new railroads. The Greenville News was established in 1874 as Greenville's first daily newspaper. Southern Bell installed the first telephone lines in the city. The most important infrastructure that came to the city were cotton mills. Prominent cotton mill businesses operated near Greenville making it a cotton mill town. By 1915 Greenville became known as the "Textile Center of the South."[14]

text: During World War I, Greenville served as a training camp center for Army recruits. After World War I commercial activity expanded with new movie theaters and department stores. The Mansion House was demolished and replaced with the Poinsett Hotel in 1925.[14] The Great Depression hurt the economy of Greenville forcing mills to lay off workers. Furman University and the Greenville Women's College also struggled in the crippling economy forcing them to merge in 1933. The Textile Workers Strike of 1934 caused such an uproar in the city and surrounding mill towns that the National Guard had to subdue the chaos. The New Deal established Sirrine Stadium and a new Greenville High School. The Greenville Army Air Base was established in 1942 during World War II contributing to the further growth of Greenville.[14]

text: The last lynching in the South Carolina occurred in Greenville on February 16, 1947, when Willie Earle, accused of stabbing a cab driver, was taken from his jail cell by a mob and murdered. Thirty-one men were tried and acquitted of the crime.[18]

text: After World War II Greenville's economy surged with the establishment of new downtown stores and the expansion of the city limits. Furman University doubled its student population and moved to a new location. Higher education facilities such as Bob Jones University in 1947 and Greenville Technical College in 1962 were established in Greenville. The Greenville–Spartanburg International Airport was established in nearby Greer in 1962. The economy of Greenville finally waned in the 1970s leaving a void in downtown Greenville due to the flight of many retailers. Mayor Max Heller revitalized downtown Greenville by establishing the Greenville County Museum of Art and the Hughes Main Library. Main Street was then converted into a two-lane road lined with trees and sidewalks.[19]

text: Geography[edit]

text: Greenville is located at 34°50′40″N 82°23′8″W / 34.84444°N 82.38556°W / 34.84444; -82.38556 (34.844313, −82.385428),[20] roughly equidistant between Atlanta (145 miles [233 km] southwest), and Charlotte, North Carolina (100 miles [160 km] northeast). Columbia, the state capital, is 100 miles (160 km) to the southeast.

text: Greenville is in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains, a physiographic province of the larger Appalachian Mountains range, and includes many small hills. Sassafras Mountain, the highest point in South Carolina, is in northern Pickens County, less than 40 miles (64 km) northwest of Greenville. Many area television and radio station towers are on Paris Mountain, the second most prominent peak in the area, 8 miles (13 km) north of downtown Greenville. According to the United States Census Bureau, Greenville has a total area of 28.8 square miles (74.6 km2), of which 28.7 square miles (74.3 km2) are land and 0.2 square miles (0.4 km2), or 0.51%, are water.[21] The Reedy River, a tributary of the Saluda River, runs through the center of the city.

text: Greenville is located in the Brevard Fault Zone and has had occasional earthquakes, though they are minor.

text: Climate[edit]

text: Greenville, like much of the Piedmont region of the southeastern United States, has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with four distinct seasons; the city is part of USDA Hardiness zone 7b/8a.[22] Winters are short and generally cool, with a January daily average of 42.2 °F (5.7 °C). On average, there are 59 nights per year that drop to or below freezing, and only 1.3 days that fail to rise above freezing.[23] April is the driest month, with an average of 3.36 inches (85 mm) of precipitation.

text: Summers are hot and humid, with a daily temperature average in July of 79.9 °F (26.6 °C). There are an average 43 days per year with highs at or above 90 °F (32 °C).[23] Official record temperatures range from 107 °F (42 °C) on July 1, 2012, down to −6 °F (−21 °C) on January 30, 1966; the record cold daily maximum is 19 °F (−7 °C) on December 31, 1917, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 80 °F (27 °C) on July 12, 1937, the last of three occasions.[23] The average window for freezing temperatures is November 4 thru April 1, allowing a growing season of 217 days.[23]

text: Precipitation is generally less frequent in autumn than spring [23] and, on average, Greenville receives 47.2 inches (1,200 mm) of precipitation annually, which is somewhat evenly distributed throughout the year, although summer is slightly wetter; annual precipitation has historically ranged from 31.08 in (789 mm) in 2007 to 72.53 in (1,842 mm) in 1908.[23] In addition, there is an average of 4.7 inches (11.9 cm) of snow, occurring mainly from January thru March, with rare snow occurring in November or April. More frequent ice storms and sleet mixed in with rain occur in the Greenville area; seasonal snowfall has historically ranged from trace amounts as recently as 2011–12 to 21.4 in (54 cm) in 1935–36.[23] These storms can have a major impact on the area, as they often pull tree limbs down on power lines and make driving hazardous.

text:
hideClimate data for Greenville, South Carolina (Greenville–Spartanburg Int'l), 1981–2010 normals,[a] extremes 1884–present[b]

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Record high °F (°C)

82 (28)

81 (27)

91 (33)

94 (34)

100 (38)

105 (41)

107 (42)

105 (41)

101 (38)

97 (36)

86 (30)

79 (26)

107 (42)

Mean maximum °F (°C)

69.4 (20.8)

72.5 (22.5)

80.8 (27.1)

86.0 (30)

90.2 (32.3)

95.1 (35.1)

97.3 (36.3)

95.9 (35.5)

91.1 (32.8)

84.4 (29.1)

77.1 (25.1)

69.5 (20.8)

98.6 (37)

Average high °F (°C)

52.4 (11.3)

56.6 (13.7)

64.5 (18.1)

72.8 (22.7)

80.2 (26.8)

87.5 (30.8)

90.3 (32.4)

88.6 (31.4)

82.2 (27.9)

72.8 (22.7)

63.5 (17.5)

54.1 (12.3)

72.1 (22.3)

Average low °F (°C)

32.0 (0)

34.9 (1.6)

41.2 (5.1)

48.3 (9.1)

57.2 (14)

65.8 (18.8)

69.4 (20.8)

68.7 (20.4)

61.8 (16.6)

50.4 (10.2)

41.3 (5.2)

34.0 (1.1)

50.4 (10.2)

Mean minimum °F (°C)

14.6 (−9.7)

19.0 (−7.2)

24.2 (−4.3)

32.6 (0.3)

42.7 (5.9)

55.0 (12.8)

61.7 (16.5)

60.7 (15.9)

47.9 (8.8)

34.1 (1.2)

26.0 (−3.3)

18.1 (−7.7)

11.8 (−11.2)

Record low °F (°C)

−6 (−21)

−5 (−21)

11 (−12)

22 (−6)

27 (−3)

40 (4)

53 (12)

50 (10)

32 (0)

25 (−4)

11 (−12)

3 (−16)

−6 (−21)

Average precipitation inches (mm)

3.82 (97)

3.97 (100.8)

4.52 (114.8)

3.36 (85.3)

3.76 (95.5)

3.80 (96.5)

4.80 (121.9)

4.48 (113.8)

3.43 (87.1)

3.44 (87.4)

3.70 (94)

4.11 (104.4)

47.19 (1,198.6)

Average snowfall inches (cm)

2.3 (5.8)

1.0 (2.5)

0.9 (2.3)

trace

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0.1 (0.3)

0.4 (1)

4.7 (11.9)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)

10.2

9.2

9.6

9.0

9.7

10.4

11.7

10.4

8.1

7.2

8.9

9.8

114.2

Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)

1.2

0.7

0.3

0.1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0.1

0.4

2.8

Average relative humidity (%)

65.8

62.6

62.1

60.7

68.5

70.5

74.0

75.6

75.8

70.9

68.2

67.7

68.5

Mean monthly sunshine hours

176.6

182.7

236.2

264.7

269.2

270.8

267.8

253.9

229.2

235.2

184.3

169.4

2,740

Percent possible sunshine

56

60

64

68

62

62

61

61

62

67

59

55

62

Source: NOAA (relative humidity 1962–1990, sun 1961–1990)[23][24][25]

tag: table

text: Law and government[edit]

text: The city of Greenville adopted the Council-Manager form of municipal government in 1976.[26] The Greenville City Council consists of the mayor and six council members. The mayor and two council members are elected at-large while the remaining council members are chosen from single-member districts. Greenville Municipal Court handles criminal misdemeanor violations, traffic violations, and city ordinance violations.[27]

text: The Greenville Police Department was established in 1845 as the Greenville Police Force. By 1876 the Greenville Police Force became the Greenville Police Department. In 1976 the Greenville Police Department moved into the Greenville County Law Enforcement Center with the Greenville County Sheriff's Department. The Greenville Police Department serves Greenville with around 241 employees with 199 sworn officers.[28]

text: Attractions[edit]

text: As the largest city in the Upstate, Greenville offers many activities and attractions. Greenville's theaters and event venues regularly host major concerts and touring theater companies. Four independent theaters present several plays a year.

text: Event venues[edit]

text:
Bon Secours Wellness Arena, the home of the Greenville Swamp Rabbits of the ECHL, is a 16,000-seat arena in downtown Greenville that opened in 1998 as the Bi-Lo Center.[29]
Peace Center, a performing arts center that includes a concert hall with 2,100 seats and a theater seating 400.[30]
Timmons Arena, a 5,000 seat multi-purpose venue on the campus of Furman University.[31]
Fluor Field at the West End, home of the Greenville Drive baseball team, the Class-A affiliate of the Boston Red Sox. The stadium was designed to echo many of the features of Fenway Park, home of the parent club, including a representation of Fenway's Green Monster standing 30 feet (9.1 m) high in left field.[32]
TD Convention Center, a 280,000-square-foot (26,000 m2) convention and meeting facility that was established in 1964 as the newest of a series of Textile Halls, the original dating back to 1915 as the Southern Textile Exposition[33]

tag: ul

text: Landmarks[edit]

text:
Falls Park on the Reedy, a large regional park in the West End with gardens and several waterfalls, with access to the Swamp Rabbit Trail. Dedicated in 2004, the $15.0 million park is home to the Liberty Bridge, a pedestrian suspension bridge overlooking the Reedy River. The park's development sparked a $75 million public-private development, Riverplace, directly across Main Street. Falls Park has been called the birthplace of Greenville, but in the mid-20th century the area was in severe decline, and the Camperdown Bridge had been built across the Falls, obstructing view. In the mid-1980s, the City adopted a master plan for the park, leading to the removal of the Camperdown Bridge and making way for extensive renovations, to include 20 acres (81,000 m2) of gardens and the Liberty Bridge. While bridges with similar structural concepts have been built in Europe, the Liberty Bridge is unique in its geometry.
Greenville County Museum of Art specializing in American art, frequently with a Southern perspective that dates back to the 18th century. It is noted for its collections of work by Andrew Wyeth and Jasper Johns, as well as a contemporary collection that features such notables as Andy Warhol, Georgia O'Keeffe, and others.
Bob Jones University Museum and Gallery has two locations; the original is located on the campus of Bob Jones University at 1700 Wade Hampton Boulevard; the satellite location is located at Heritage Green in downtown Greenville.[34]
Roper Mountain Science Center is home to a historic 23" refractor telescope, eighth largest of its kind in the United States.[35]
Greenville Zoo was established in 1960 and is located in Cleveland Park.[36]

text: Festivals[edit]

text:
Euphoria Greenville is an annual three-day culinary event held in the Wyche Pavilion at Larkin's on the River, Art in the Park, and the Peace Center for the Performing Arts.[37]
Fall for Greenville is a three-day music and food street festival held each fall.[38]
Artisphere is a three-day art festival held each spring.[39]
iMAGINE Upstate is a weeklong celebration and showcase of STEM, entrepreneurial, creative, and innovative activity in the Upstate held each spring.[40]
Big Fandom Greenville is a three-day comic book and science fiction convention held each October.[41]
SC Comicon is a two-day comic book convention held annually.[42]
Indie Craft Parade is a festival of handmade art held each September.[43]
The Upstate Shakespeare Festival  performs Shakespeare and other classic plays each summer in Falls Park.[44]
The Greek Festival a three-day festival put on by the Greek Orthodox Church in downtown Greenville to celebrate Greek culture.
New South Comedy Festival is a four-day comedy festival featuring improvisational, stand-up, sketch, and musical comedy from around the country.[45]

text: Education[edit]

text: Public schools[edit]

text: The Greenville County School District is the largest school district in the state of South Carolina and ranked the 49th largest district in the United States, with 14 high schools, 18 middle schools, and 50 elementary schools in the district.[46][47]  With a 2012 budget of $426 million, the district employs 5,200 teachers, 63.1% of which hold a master's degree or higher.[48] In addition to traditional public schools, Greenville's downtown area is home to the South Carolina Governor's School for the Arts & Humanities, a boarding school for young artists.

text: Private schools[edit]

text: In addition to public schools, Greenville County has a number of private and religious schools, including St Mary's Catholic School (founded in 1900), Camperdown Academy (for students with learning disabilities),[49] Hidden Treasure Christian School (a school for students with physical and/or mental disabilities), Christ Church Episcopal School (a college-preparatory Episcopalian school with an American school outside of Germany certified by the Bavarian Ministry of Education),[50] Shannon Forest Christian School (an evangelical Christian school),[51] Saint Joseph's Catholic School, Our Lady of the Rosary Catholic School, St. Anthony's Catholic School, Southside Christian School (established in 1967 by Southside Baptist Church), Hampton Park Christian School,[52] and Bob Jones Academy and Elementary School and Greenville Classical Academy (a classical Christian school established in 2004).[53]

text: Colleges and universities[edit]

text: Greenville has several colleges and universities that first began with Furman University. Furman began as Furman Academy and Theological Institution in 1825 named after Richard Furman. The theological school of Furman broke away in 1858 and became Southern Baptist Theological Seminary now in Louisville, Kentucky.[54] North Greenville University was established in 1893 and is affiliated with the South Carolina Baptist Convention.[55] Bob Jones University was established in 1927 by Bob Jones Sr. as a private non-denominational Protestant university.[56] Greenville Technical College was established in 1962 as a technical college. Clemson University has a campus in Greenville called Clemson University International Center for Automotive Research that focuses on automotive research.[57] The University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville is a four-year medical school operating on the campus of the Greenville Health System.[58]

text: Economy[edit]

text: Greenville's economy was formerly based largely on textile manufacturing, and the city was long known as "The Textile Capital of the World". In the last few decades, favorable wages and tax benefits have lured foreign companies to invest heavily in the area. The city is the North American headquarters for Michelin, AVX Corporation, Delta Apparel, Ameco, Southern Tide, Confluence Outdoor  and Scansource. In 2003, the International Center for Automotive Research was created, establishing CUICAR as the new model for automotive research. The Center for Emerging Technologies in mobility and energy was opened in 2011, hosting a number of companies in leading edge R&D and the headquarters for Sage Automotive.

text: When the former Donaldson Air Force Base closed, the land became the South Carolina Technology and Aviation Center, and became home to a Lockheed Martin aircraft and logistics center, as well as facilities operated by 3M and Honeywell. Donaldson Center Airport now occupies the former air base as a public airport.  General Electric has a gas turbine, aviation and wind energy manufacturing operations located in Greenville.

text: Infrastructure[edit]

text: Health systems[edit]

text: Greenville has two main health systems, the Bon Secours St. Francis Health System and the Greenville Health System.

text: Bon Secours St. Francis Health System, which includes St. Francis Downtown; St. Francis Eastside; and St. Francis Outpatient Center and Upstate Surgery Center, is ranked among the best hospitals in the nation by HealthGrades for heart surgery and overall orthopedic services.

text: The Greenville Health System (formerly known as Greenville Hospital System) is a not-for-profit academic medical center that includes seven campuses: Greenville Memorial Medical Center, North Greenville Long Term Acute Care Hospital and ER, Hillcrest Hospital, Patewood Memorial Hospital, Greer Memorial Hospital, Laurens County Memorial Hospital, and Oconee Memorial Hospital. It is one of the largest employers in the region.[citation needed] It was recognized for 2010–2011 as a top provider of cardiac and gastroenterology care by U.S. News & World Report. GHS has the only children's hospital in the Upstate region of South Carolina. It hosts the University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, a full four-year branch of the medical school in Columbia, SC.

text: Greenville's Shriners Hospital for Children treats pediatric orthopedic patients exclusively, free of charge.

text: Transportation[edit]

text: Greenville is located on the Interstate 85 corridor, approximately halfway between Atlanta and Charlotte. The northern terminus of Interstate 385 is located downtown, and the area is also served by Interstate 185 and U.S. Highway 123 (Calhoun Memorial Highway). Other major highways include U.S. 25, U.S. 29 and U.S. 276.

text: There are several airports servicing the Greenville area. The largest in the region, Greenville-Spartanburg International Airport (GSP), is the second busiest in the state and is served by most major airlines. SCTAC (formerly Donaldson Air Base) has undergone significant moderization and is the site of the new South Carolina Army National Guard Aviation Support Facility (AASF) and proposed Super General Aviation Center. Greenville serves as a freight hub for FedEx Express. The Greenville Downtown Airport, is the busiest general aviation airport in South Carolina with nearly 80,000 take-offs and landings annually and more than 245 based aircraft.[59]

text: Public transit in Greenville is handled by the Greenville Transit Authority (GTA), which contracted out operations to the City Of Greenville in 2008 under a tri-party agreement with Greenville County. The city rebranded the service with the name Greenlink. Greenlink runs a bus system that serves the Greenville area, much of Greenville County including Mauldin and Simpsonville, and a portion of Pickens County via a connector to Clemson.

text: Greenville has an Amtrak station, which is part of Amtrak's Crescent, connecting Greenville with the cities of New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Charlotte, Atlanta, Birmingham and New Orleans. Additionally, Greenville is included in the proposed Southeast High Speed Rail Corridor, which will run from Washington, D.C. to Birmingham, Alabama. Freight railroad service is provided by CSX Transportation, Norfolk Southern Railway, and the Carolina Piedmont Railroad. The former Greenville and Northern Railway line to Travelers Rest  has been abandoned and converted into a hiking and biking trail called the Swamp Rabbit Trail.

text: Interstates[edit]

text: Interstate 85 runs by Greenville going through Interstate 185 (Greenville) and Interstate 385. Interstate 385 ends in downtown Greenville and connects with Interstate 26. Interstate 185 connects Interstate 385 to Interstate 85 south of Greenville.

text:
I-85
 I-385
 I-185

text: Sports teams[edit]

text: Minor League sports teams:

text:
Greenville Drive, a single A  affiliate of the Boston Red Sox in the South Atlantic League. The Drive started their first season in their new downtown ballpark on April 6, 2006, which, prior to the start of the 2008 season, was renamed Fluor Field at the West End. For a short time after their founding, they were called the Greenville Bombers.
Greenville Swamp Rabbits, a minor league hockey team in the ECHL. Began play in the 2010–11 hockey season as the Greenville Road Warriors and were renamed in 2015.

text: Furman University:

text: The Furman Paladins. Furman competes at the NCAA Division I level. (Note: Furman football is a member of the NCAA Football Championship Subdivision.)  Furman athletic teams compete on-campus in various venues, including Paladin Stadium, Timmons Arena, and the Eugene Stone Soccer Stadium. Furman is a member of the Southern Conference.

text: Bob Jones University

text: Bob Jones University competes at the NCCAA Division I level. The BJU Bruins began intercollegiate athletics in the 2012–2013 school year. The school began with men and women's soccer and basketball, and hopes to eventually add other sports.[60]  Cross country and golf are to be added for the 2013–2014 school year.

text: Culture[edit]

text: Greenville has been named one of the "Top 100 Arts Small Towns in the United States." [61] The Bon Secours Wellness Arena brings national tours of many popular bands to downtown, and the Peace Center for the Performing Arts provides a venue for orchestras and plays. A planned multimillion-dollar renovation to the center's main concert hall lobby and riverside amphitheatre began in the spring of 2011.

text: Visual art[edit]

text: A number of local artists operate studios and galleries in the city, especially the Village of West Greenville near downtown. The Metropolitan Arts Council and Upstate Visual Arts provide a number of public events that focus on the visual arts, including the First Fridays Art Walk, Greenville Open Studios, and the West Greenville Arts Festival. Greenville also provides some notable fine arts museums:

text:
The Greenville County Museum of Art, home of the Andrew Wyeth Collection, was founded with a significant contribution from local industrialist, Arthur Magill.[62] It contains pieces by Jackson Pollock, Jonathan Greene, Georgia O'Keeffe, Jasper Johns and William H. Johnson.
The Bob Jones University Museum and Gallery contains a diverse collection of European masterworks[63]
The future of Greenville is presented visually in The Ecotopia 2121 Project (see: Ecotopia 2121 a book published by Arcade Publishers).[64]

text: Music[edit]

text: Greenville's music scene features live performances by local jazz, country, and rock bands.

text: Lynyrd Skynyrd played their last concert with all original members in Greenville, on October 19, 1977.[65][66]

text: The city is home to the Greenville Symphony Orchestra, Greenville County Youth Orchestra, Carolina Youth Symphony, and the Carolina Pops Orchestra. The Boston Symphony Orchestra regularly performs at the Bon Secours Wellness Arena. Greenville Light Opera Works (GLOW Lyric Theatre) is a professional lyric theatre in Greenville that produces Musical Theatre, Operetta and Opera.

text: The Palmetto Statesmen Barbershop Chorus and Quartets perform barbershop harmony and a cappella singing at various locations throughout the Upstate.[67]  The Palmetto Statesmen Chorus is a member of the Barbershop Harmony Society.

text: Formed in 1993 by Greenville native Karl Sanders, ancient Egyptian-themed technical death metal band Nile is based in the city.

text: Comedy[edit]

text: There are eight comedy venues in Greenville featuring stand up comedy, sketch comedy, ventriloquists, as well as experimental and non-traditional comedy.[68]

text: Dance and theater[edit]

text: The Carolina Ballet Theatre is a professional dance company which regularly presents programs at the Peace Center and elsewhere. CBT presents four performances annually as the resident professional dance company of the Peace Center with their largest as the holiday classic, "The Nutcracker, Once Upon A Time in Greenville."  This production is modelled after the major companies who have set their holiday class in their hometown. Centre Stage, Greenville Little Theater, South Carolina Children's Theater and the Warehouse Theatre are the major playhouses in the area. These theaters offer a variety of performances including well-known works, such as Death of a Salesman and Grease, and plays written by local playwrights. During the Spring and Summer, the local Shakespearean company performs Shakespeare in the Park at the Falls Park Amphitheater.

text: Media[edit]

text:
The Greenville News is the city's daily newspaper and also the Upstate's largest daily newspaper in circulation and readership.
Greenville Journal: Weekly newspaper dealing with business, economic development, local events, and current issues relevant to Greenville.  It was originally the Greenville Civic and Commercial Journal[69]
Business Black Box[70]  is the Upstate South Carolina's Premier Business Magazine, and the ultimate resource to connect, advise and grow local businesses.
Upstate Business Journal: Weekly business newspaper reaching 100,000 business leaders in Greenville, Spartanburg, and Anderson counties.
GSA Business: Published every two weeks, it covers business news from across the Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson metro area.
Greenville Business Magazine: Monthly magazine that contains business information for and about the Greenville area.
Upstate Link magazine: The weekly publication began in January 2004. Link continues to be a print publication, but its website ceased operation in 2008. Its new Web site is run by Chicago-based Metromix.
Greenville HD: An all-video website that gives viewers a look at everything in Greenville.

text: Television[edit]

text: Greenville is part of the Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson-Asheville DMA, which is the nation's 36th largest television market. See the box below for the local television stations:

text:
showvteTelevision stations in the Western Carolinas, including Greenville–Spartanburg–Anderson, SC and Asheville, NCReception may vary by location and some stations may only be viewable with cable television; Digital television unless otherwise statedBroadcasttelevision
WYFF (4.1 NBC, 4.2 MeTV)
WSPA (7.1 CBS, 7.3 Ion)
WLOS (13.1 ABC, 13.2 MNTV, 13.3 ANT)
WGGS (16.1 rel., 16.2 Fam, 16.3 SonLife, 16.4 Light TV, 16.5 QVC) 16.6 Quest
WHNS (21.1 Fox, 21.2 Cozi TV, 21.3 Escape, 21.4 Bounce)
W28DB-D (28.1 GEB America, 28.2 Laff, 28.3 Grit, 28.4 HSN, 28.5 H&I, 28.6 Decades, 28.7 Buzzr, 28.8 Religious, 28.9 Aliento Vision)
WGTA (32.1 MeTV, 32.2 H&I, 32.3 Decades, 32.4 Movies!)
WMYA (40.1 MNTV, 40.2 Comet, 40.3 TBD, 40.4 Charge!)
WSQY-LP 51 (Daystar)Analog
WYCW (62.1 CW, 62.3 getTV)
Public broadcasting
WUNW 27 / WUNF 33 (27.2 / 33.1 PBS, 27.3 / 33.2 Rootle, 27.1 / 33.3 Explorer, 27.4 / 33.4 North Carolina)
WNTV 29 / WNEH 38 / WRET 49 (xx.1 PBS, xx.2 South Carolina, xx.3 ETV World, xx.4 ETV Kids)
Local cable stations
WBJU 3
Adjacent local
Atlanta, GA
WSB-TV (2.1 ABC, 2.2 Bounce, 2.3 Laff)
WAGA-TV (5.1 Fox, 5.2 Movies!, 5.3 Buzzr, 5.4 Light TV)
WGTV (8.1 PBS, 8.2 Create, 8.3 World, 8.4 PBS Kids)
WUVG-DT (34.1 Univision, 34.2 UniMás, 34.3 GetTV, 34.4 Escape)
Charlotte, NC
WBTV (3.1 CBS, 3.2 Bounce, 3.3 Grit)
WSOC-TV (9.1 ABC, 9.2 Telemundo)
WHKY-TV (14.1 Ind., 14.2 This TV, 14.3 Comet, 14.4 Charge!, 14.5 Infs.)
WCCB (18.1 CW, 18.2 ANT, 18.3 MeTV, 18.4 QVC)
WCNC-TV (36.1 NBC, 36.2 JN, 36.3 Decades, 36.4 Quest)
WJZY (46.1 Fox, 46.3 SonLife, 46.4 Movies!, 46.5 H&I, 46.6 Ion, 46.7 Buzzr, 46.8 Light TV)
WMYT-TV (55.1 MNTV)
WAXN-TV (64.1 Independent, 64.2 GetTV, 64.3 Escape, 64.4 Laff)

South Carolina broadcast television areas by city
Augusta, GA/Aiken
Charleston
Charlotte, NC
Columbia
Greenville, SC
Myrtle Beach
Savannah, GA/Hilton Head

North Carolina broadcast television areas by city
Asheville
Charlotte
Greensboro
Greenville, NC
Myrtle Beach, SC
Norfolk, VA
Raleigh
Wilmington

Georgia broadcast television areas by city
Albany
Atlanta
Augusta
Chattanooga, TN
Columbus
Greenville, SC
Jacksonville, FL
Macon
Savannah
Tallahassee, FL

See also
Tri-Cities TV

text: Radio[edit]

text: Greenville is part of the Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson Arbitron Metro which is the nation's 59th largest radio market with a person 12+ population of 813,700. See the box below for the local radio stations:

text:
showvteRadio stations in the Greenville–Spartanburg (Upstate South Carolina) marketBy AM frequency
660
800
910
950
1020
1070
1230
1260
1280
1300
1330
1360
1400
1440
1490
1530
1540
1580
By FM frequency
89.3
89.7
90.1
91.1
91.5
92.5
93.3
93.7
94.5
95.5
95.9
96.3
98.1
98.5
98.9
99.5
99.9
100.5
101.1
101.5
102.5
103.1
103.3
103.9
104.51
104.9
105.5
106.3
106.9
107.3
By callsign
W209CM
W242BX
W253BG
W258CB
WAIM
WANS
WASC
WBJU1
WBWT-LP
WCCP-FM
WCKI
WCSZ
WDAB
WELP
WEPR
WESC-FM
WFBC-FM
WGTK-FM
WGVL
WHQA
WHZT
WJMZ-FM
WKSF
WLFJ
WLFJ-FM
WMIT
WMXP-LP
WMYI
WOLI
WORD
WPCI
WPJF
WPJM
WRIX
WROO
WROQ
WRTH
WSPA-FM
WSPG
WSSL-FM
WTBI
WTOB-FM
WTPT
WYFG
WYRD
WYRD-FM
Defunct
WFIS/1600

South Carolina radio markets
Charleston
Columbia
Florence
Greenville–Spartanburg
Myrtle Beach
Rock Hill
Other South Carolina radio regions
Hilton Head

See also
List of radio stations in South Carolina
1 = Part 15 station with notability.

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±
18501,305—18601,51816.3%18702,75781.6%18806,160123.4%18908,60739.7%190011,86037.8%191015,74132.7%192023,12746.9%193029,15426.1%194034,73419.1%195058,16167.4%196066,18813.8%197061,208−7.5%198058,242−4.8%199058,2820.1%200056,002−3.9%201058,4094.3%Est. 201768,219[71]16.8%Census Bureau Estimate[72]2016 Estimate[5]

text: Greenville is the largest principal city of the Greenville-Anderson-Mauldin Metropolitan Statistical Area, a metropolitan area that covers Greenville, Laurens, Anderson and Pickens counties and had a combined population of 874,869 as of 2015.[7]

text: Since South Carolina law makes annexing the suburban areas around cities difficult, Greenville's city proper population is small as a proportion of the total population of the urbanized area.

text: As of the census[26] of 2010, there were 58,409 people, 24,382 households, and 12,581 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,148.0 inhabitants per square mile (829.3/km2). There were 27,295 housing units at an average density of 1,046.9 per square mile (404.2/km2). The racial composition of the city was 62.12% White, 31.54% Black or African American, 3.44% Hispanic or Latino (of any race), 1.27% Asian, 0.14% Native American, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 1.37% of other races, and 1.11% of Two or more races.

text: There were 29,418 households out of which 22.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.7% were married couples living together, 15.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48.4% were non-families. 40.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.11 and the average family size was 2.90.

text: In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 20.0% under the age of 18, 13.8% from 18 to 24, 31.3% from 25 to 44, 20.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.8 males.

text: The median income for a household in the city was $33,144, and the median income for a family was $44,125. Males had a median income of $35,111 versus $25,339 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,242. About 12.2% of families and 16.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.7% of those under age 18 and 17.5% of those age 65 or over.

text:
Greenville racial breakdown of population
hide

Racial composition
2000
2010
2017[73]

White
62.1%
64.0%
67.8%

Black
34.0%
30.0%
27.1%

Asian
1.3%
1.4%
2.1%

Native American
0.14%
0.3%
0.3%

Native Hawaiian andother Pacific Islander
0.06%
0.1%
0.1%

Two or more races
1.1%
1.8%
1.5%

Other
1.3%
2.4%
1.1%

text: Neighborhoods[edit]

text: Neighborhoods within the city of Greenville include:

text:
Alta Vista
Augusta Road
Berea
East Park
Gower Estates
Hampton Pinckney
Heritage
Nicholtown
North Main
Overbrook
Parkins Mill
St. Mark
Sans Souci
Shoals Crossing
West End
West Greenville

text: Notable people[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Shoeless Joe Jackson, Major League Baseball player
Jaimie Alexander, actress
Dorothy Allison, writer
Major Rudolf Anderson Jr., the only person killed by enemy fire during the Cuban Missile Crisis
Zinn Beck, former MLB player; managed the Greenville Spinners from 1923 to 1925
Danielle Brooks, actress
Peabo Bryson, singer-songwriter
Carroll A. Campbell, Jr., 112th governor of South Carolina, 1987-1995
Judith Chapman, actress
Dextor Clinkscale, player in the National Football League
John Culbertson, playwright
Jim DeMint, U.S. senator and president of the Heritage Foundation
Jawun Evans, player in the National Basketball Association
Tyler Florence, chef and television host
Kevin Garnett, player in the National Basketball Association, 15-time All-Star and 2004 league MVP
Andre Goodman, 10-year NFL career as cornerback with Detroit Lions, Miami Dolphins, and Denver Broncos
Trey Gowdy, United States Representative
Chad Green, Major League Baseball pitcher
Max Heller, mayor of Greenville from 1971 to 1979; the Max Heller Convention Center is named in his honor
Jesse L. Helms, mayor of Greenville from 1979 to 1982
James M. Henderson, advertising executive and Republican candidate for Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina in 1970; father-in-law of Jim DeMint
George Hincapie, road bicycle racer
John D. Hollingsworth, textile machinery executive and philanthropist
Bo Hopkins, television and film actor
Jessie Hughes, rock musician
Jesse Jackson, civil rights activist and Baptist minister
Bob Jones Sr., evangelist, founder of Bob Jones University
Bob Jones Jr., second president of Bob Jones University
Monique Jones, IFBB professional bodybuilder
Jason Keller, NASCAR driver
Aaron Keyes, Christian musician
Harry B. Luthi, mayor of Greenville, 1982-1983
Edwin McCain, musician
Benjamin F. Perry, 72nd governor of South Carolina
Virginia Postrel, political and cultural author[74]
Hughie Prince, film composer and songwriter
Richard Riley, 111th governor of South Carolina, 1979-1987; 6th United States Secretary of Education under President Bill Clinton, 1993-2001
Rory Scovel, actor, comedian, and writer
Patty Shepard, American-born Spanish actress
A.T. Smith, former Deputy Director of the United States Secret Service
George Brown Tindall, historian
Charles H. Townes, Nobel Prize-winning physicist and educator; produced first microwave amplifier (maser)
Josh White, blues, folk and spiritual singer, guitarist, songwriter and civil rights activist
Knox H. White, Greenville lawyer and current mayor of Greenville since 1995
R. Cooper White, Jr., mayor of Greenville from 1969 to 1971
Ray Robinson Williams, blind lawyer and state senator
Shammond Williams, professional basketball player
Joanne Woodward, Oscar-winning actress and producer; attended high school in Greenville
Bill Workman, mayor of Greenville from 1983 to 1995 and specialist in economic development
C. Thomas Wyche, lawyer, conservationist

text: Sister cities[edit]

text:
Bergamo, Lombardy (Italy)
 Kortrijk, West Flanders (Belgium)
 Tianjin (China)

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.

Jump up ^ Official records for Greenville kept April 1884 to 10 December 1941 at downtown, 11 December 1941 to 14 October 1962 at Greenville Downtown Airport, and at Greenville–Spartanburg Int'l near Greer since 15 October 1962. For more information, see Threadex

tag: ol


document_title: Filet-O-Fish

question_text: what kind of fish is in filet o fish

question_tokens: what kind of fish is in filet o fish

text: Filet-O-Fish

text: Product description[edit]

text: As of  December 2014[update], the US Filet-O-Fish contains a battered, fried fish fillet made from Alaska pollock.[4] In the Republic of Ireland either hoki or Alaska pollock may be served.[5] In New Zealand and the United Kingdom Filet-O-Fish contains hoki instead of Alaska pollock.[6] McDonald's Canada, United States, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Portugal, Czech Republic, The Netherlands and Hong Kong use a half slice of cheese in each Filet-O-Fish sandwich.[7][8][9][10]

text: History[edit]

text: The sandwich was invented in 1962 by Lou Groen, a McDonald's franchise owner in Cincinnati;[1][2] his store was in a predominantly Roman Catholic neighborhood, which led to falling hamburger sales on Fridays resulting from the Roman Catholic practice of abstaining from meat on Fridays. [3]

text: The product was named by Cye Landy of Cye Landy Advertising Agency, which was the advertising firm for that particular McDonald's franchise.

text: It has become popular with people with dietary restrictions concerning meat-based products.

text: The sandwich was the first non-hamburger menu item brought in by new McDonald's company owner Ray Kroc.[11] Kroc made a deal with Groen: they would sell two non-meat sandwiches on a Friday, Kroc's own Hula Burger (grilled pineapple with cheese on a cold bun) and the Filet-O-Fish, and whichever sold the most would be added to the permanent menu. The Filet-O-Fish "won hands down"[12] and was added to menus throughout 1963 until reaching nationwide status in 1965.[13]

text: The use of farmed fish in the Filet-O-Fish first came about in 1981, when an owner of a New Zealand fisheries company was dissatisfied with the pollock Filet-O-Fish he purchased at the Courtenay Place, Wellington restaurant. Saying to the manager that he could make a better-tasting fish fillet, he was handed a box of fillets and told to come back with identical, better-tasting fillets. He substituted red cod for the pollock, and after the manager was satisfied with the better-tasting red cod fillets, ended up in agreement to supply the Courtenay Place restaurant (and eventually several other New Zealand restaurants) with the red cod fillets. The similar-tasting hoki was substituted several years later, due to its competitive market value and its boneless fillets, and eventually was introduced widely in the early 1990s when global pollock stocks were facing low numbers.[14] McDonald's removed the Filet-O-Fish from its menus in the United States on September 26, 1996,[15] and replaced it with the Fish Filet Deluxe sandwich, which was part of McDonald's ill-fated Deluxe line of sandwiches. However, the Filet-O-Fish was brought back to its menus on a gradual basis starting in the middle of 1997, due to overwhelming letters and petitions, receiving the larger fish patty from the Fish Filet Deluxe. The Fish Filet Deluxe itself was discontinued at most restaurants early the next year, while others kept it a little longer until the Fish Filet Deluxe was finally removed in the year 2000.[16]

text: In November 2007, McDonald's lowered the use of New Zealand hoki and increased the use of Alaskan pollock,[17] due to declining New Zealand hoki fishery sustainability and large cutbacks in the total allowable commercial catch of hoki by the New Zealand Ministry of Fisheries - from 250,000 tonnes in 1997 to 90,000 tonnes in 2007.[18] McDonald's originally used Atlantic cod, before declining cod catches forced McDonald's to find sustainable fish elsewhere. McDonald's is trying to maintain fish only from areas certified as sustainable by the Marine Stewardship Council, but that is becoming more difficult each year. Hoki is still a major ingredient.[19]

text: As of March 2009, the Marine Stewardship Council[20] placed the Alaskan pollock fisheries in a re-assessment program[21] due to catch numbers declining by over 30% between 2005 and 2008, and by-catch problems with salmon.

text: As of January 2013 the Marine Stewardship Council stated that the pollock comes from suppliers with sustainable fishing practices, and McDonald's packaging and promotion will reflect that change.[22]

text: In February 2015, for a limited time, McDonald's began offering a special Filet-O-Fish with Old Bay Seasoning in 700 stores within the United States[23]


document_title: List of Rick and Morty episodes

question_text: when does rick and morty ep 7 air

question_tokens: when does rick and morty ep 7 air

text: List of Rick and Morty episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
11
December 2, 2013 (2013-12-02)
April 14, 2014 (2014-04-14)

2
10
July 26, 2015 (2015-07-26)
October 4, 2015 (2015-10-04)

3
10
April 1, 2017 (2017-04-01)
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2013–14)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Pilot"
Justin Roiland
Dan Harmon & Justin Roiland
December 2, 2013 (2013-12-02)
1.10[5]

2
2
"Lawnmower Dog"
John Rice
Ryan Ridley
December 9, 2013 (2013-12-09)
1.51[6]

3
3
"Anatomy Park"
John Rice
Eric Acosta & Wade Randolph
December 16, 2013 (2013-12-16)
1.30[7]

4
4
"M. Night Shaym-Aliens!"
Jeff Myers
Tom Kauffman
January 13, 2014 (2014-01-13)
1.32[8]

5
5
"Meeseeks and Destroy"
Bryan Newton
Ryan Ridley
January 20, 2014 (2014-01-20)
1.61[9]

6
6
"Rick Potion #9"
Stephen Sandoval
Justin Roiland
January 27, 2014 (2014-01-27)
1.75[10]

7
7
"Raising Gazorpazorp"
Jeff Myers
Eric Acosta & Wade Randolph
March 10, 2014 (2014-03-10)
1.76[11]

8
8
"Rixty Minutes"
Bryan Newton
Tom Kauffman & Justin Roiland
March 17, 2014 (2014-03-17)
1.48[12]

9
9
"Something Ricked This Way Comes"
John Rice
Mike McMahan
March 24, 2014 (2014-03-24)
1.54[13]

10
10
"Close Rick-counters of the Rick Kind"
Stephen Sandoval
Ryan Ridley
April 7, 2014 (2014-04-07)
1.75[14]

11
11
"Ricksy Business"
Stephen Sandoval
Ryan Ridley & Tom Kauffman
April 14, 2014 (2014-04-14)
2.13[15]

text: Season 2 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

12
1
"A Rickle in Time"
Wes Archer
Matt Roller
July 26, 2015 (2015-07-26)
2.12[16]

13
2
"Mortynight Run"
Dominic Polcino
David Phillips
August 2, 2015 (2015-08-02)
2.19[17]

14
3
"Auto Erotic Assimilation"
Bryan Newton
Ryan Ridley
August 9, 2015 (2015-08-09)
1.94[18]

15
4
"Total Rickall"
Juan Meza-León
Mike McMahan
August 16, 2015 (2015-08-16)
1.96[19]

16
5
"Get Schwifty"
Wes Archer
Tom Kauffman
August 23, 2015 (2015-08-23)
2.12[20]

17
6
"The Ricks Must Be Crazy"
Dominic Polcino
Dan Guterman
August 30, 2015 (2015-08-30)
1.91[21]

18
7
"Big Trouble in Little Sanchez"
Bryan Newton
Alex Rubens
September 13, 2015 (2015-09-13)
1.97[22]

19
8
"Interdimensional Cable 2: Tempting Fate"
Juan Meza-León
Dan Guterman, Ryan Ridley & Justin Roiland
September 20, 2015 (2015-09-20)
1.79[23]

20
9
"Look Who's Purging Now"
Dominic Polcino
Dan Harmon, Ryan Ridley & Justin Roiland
September 27, 2015 (2015-09-27)
1.89[24]

21
10
"The Wedding Squanchers"
Wes Archer
Tom Kauffman
October 4, 2015 (2015-10-04)
1.84[25]

text: Season 3 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

22
1
"The Rickshank Rickdemption"
Juan Meza-León
Mike McMahan
April 1, 2017 (2017-04-01)
0.68[26][a]

23
2
"Rickmancing the Stone"
Dominic Polcino
Jane Becker
July 30, 2017 (2017-07-30)
2.86[27]

24
3
"Pickle Rick"
Anthony Chun
Jessica Gao
August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)
2.31[28]

25
4
"Vindicators 3: The Return of Worldender"
Bryan Newton
Sarah Carbiener & Erica Rosbe
August 13, 2017 (2017-08-13)
2.66[29]

26
5
"The Whirly Dirly Conspiracy"
Juan Meza-León
Ryan Ridley
August 20, 2017 (2017-08-20)
2.29[30]

27
6
"Rest and Ricklaxation"
Anthony Chun
Tom Kauffman
August 27, 2017 (2017-08-27)
2.47[31]

28
7
"The Ricklantis Mixup"[b]
Dominic Polcino
Dan Guterman & Ryan Ridley
September 10, 2017 (2017-09-10)
2.38[32]

29
8
"Morty's Mind Blowers"
Bryan Newton
Mike McMahan, James Siciliano, Ryan Ridley,
Dan Guterman, Justin Roiland & Dan Harmon
September 17, 2017 (2017-09-17)
2.51[33]

30
9
"The ABC's of Beth"
Juan Meza-León
Mike McMahan
September 24, 2017 (2017-09-24)
2.49[34]

31
10
"The Rickchurian Mortydate"
Anthony Chun
Dan Harmon
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)
2.60[35]

text: Rick and Morty The Non-Canonical Adventures[edit]

text: On October 26, 2016, Adult Swim began releasing a series of 15–21 second claymation shorts, compiling a web series titled Rick and Morty The Non-Canonical Adventures. The shorts are following Rick and Morty characters into parodies of scenes from various science-fiction and horror films. The title of each short is the same as that of the film the short is parodying.[36]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

1
"The Thing"[37]
Lee Hardcastle
Lee Hardcastle
October 26, 2016 (2016-10-26)

Parodying the 1982 film of the same name, the Smith family, with the exception of Rick, is tied up, with Rick holding a flame thrower. There are four vials on the table containing blood of each member of the family. Rick begins to test everyone's blood with a heated piece of copper wire, starting with Jerry whose blood flees from the hot wire.

2
"The Fly"[38]
Lee Hardcastle
Lee Hardcastle
October 26, 2016 (2016-10-26)

Parodying the 1986 film of the same name, Rick turns on an unknown portal and informs Morty that they will be the "ultimate family". His face then falls off revealing a head resembling that of a fly. Morty screams "No!" as the episode ends.

3
"Honey I Shrunk the Kids"[39]
Lee Hardcastle
Lee Hardcastle
October 26, 2016 (2016-10-26)

Parodying the 1989 film of the same name, a shrunken Morty has fallen into a bowl of milk and cereal. Morty screams at Rick, who is planning to eat the cereal, to not eat. However, Rick doesn't hear Morty, unintentionally eating him while talking to Snuffles, their dog.

4
"Ex Machina"[40]
Lee Hardcastle
Lee Hardcastle
October 27, 2016 (2016-10-27)

Parodying the 2015 film of the same name, Morty inquires as to Rick's location with Jessica. "Drunk Rick" shows up from behind him, and says that although he is wasting his time talking to her, he shouldn't waste his time dancing with her. Rick proceeds to turn on music and lights, and begins dancing with Jessica as Morty watches them. In this episode, Morty Smith replaces Caleb Smith, Rick Sanchez replaces Nathan Bateman and Jessica replaces Kyoko.

5
"Halloween"[41]
Lee Hardcastle
Lee Hardcastle
November 3, 2016 (2016-11-03)

Parodying the 1978 film of the same name, Morty is hiding in a closet from an unspeciied assailant. The person begins making a hole in one of the doors of the closet. When the hole is big enough, the person sticks their head inside, revealing a person wearing a mask of Rick Sanchez. The episode adapts a scene from Halloween wherein Laurie Strode is attacked in identical circumstances by Michael Meyers wearing a painted mask of James T. Kirk.

6
"2001: A Space Odyssey"[42]
Lee Hardcastle
Lee Hardcastle
July 8, 2017 (2017-07-08)

Parodying the 1968 film of the same name, Morty is seen in a space shuttle wearing a space suit. He asks Rick to open the shuttle door. Rick instead says that he can't do that; after Morty asks him as to the problem Rick replies that their conversation can serve no purpose and proceeds to say "Goodbye" to Morty in multiple languages.

7
"Blade Runner"[43]
Lee Hardcastle
Lee Hardcastle
July 11, 2017 (2017-07-11)

Parodying the 1982 film of the same name, Rick attacks Morty and pushes him to a pillar. He grabs him and prepares to kill him, but is suddenly shot in the head. Morty looks at the person who shot Rick to find it to be Jessica. As Morty looks at Jessica, the neon sign to the left lights up, revealing the Adult Swim logo. In this short, adapting a scene from Blade Runner, Morty Smith takes the place of Rick Deckard, Rick Sanchez takes the place of Leon Kowalski and Jessica takes the place of Rachael.

8
"Poltergeist"[44]
Lee Hardcastle
Lee Hardcastle
July 11, 2017 (2017-07-11)

Parodying the 1982 film of the same name, Morty suddenly spots a "Clown Rick" at his door, while lying in his bed. Trying to sleep, but hearing honking, he looks to where Rick was to find him gone. Rick suddenly shows up by his side, grabs Morty and drags him under his bed, laughing hysterically. The episode adapts a scene from Poltergeist when Robbie is attacked in his bedroom by a clown doll.

9
"Re-Animator"[45]
Lee Hardcastle
Lee Hardcastle
July 11, 2017 (2017-07-11)

Parodying the 1985 film of the same name, Rick has Morty's severed head on a table. Connecting it to machinery, he manages to wake him up and attempts to talk with him. Morty, realizing his predicament, angrily yells " You bastard!" and, controlling his body, approaches Rick from behind and knocks him out.

10
"Aliens"[46]
Lee Hardcastle
Lee Hardcastle
July 11, 2017 (2017-07-11)

Parodying the 1986 film of the same name, Morty is about to be attacked by a xenomorph queen. Jerry, robotic in nature as well as legless, is seen to be in agony nearby. Suddenly, the door of the elevator opens, revealing a drunk Rick in a power loader, determined to take on the queen; he instead passes out and falls over, crushing the legless robotic Jerry. The episode parodies the climax of Aliens, with Rick Sanchez taking the role of Ellen Ripley, Morty taking the role of Newt, and Jerry taking the role of Bishop. The Rick and Morty franchise has had multiple canonical connections to the Alien franchise: Rick mentions facehuggers in the episode "Auto Erotic Assimilation", later encountering one with Morty upon travelling to the dimension in which the Alien films are set in Alien: Covenant - Rick and Morty.

11
"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial"[47]
Lee Hardcastle
Lee Hardcastle
July 11, 2017 (2017-07-11)

Parodying the 1982 film of the same name, E.T. Rick takes cans of beer from Fridge and drinks them. At the same time, Morty, telepathically connected to E.T. Rick, is seen in a classroom being affected by the alcohol that Rick consumes. Upon trying to leave the Kitchen, E.T. Rick passes out; at the same time Morty vomits upon his desk.

12
"Gremlins"[48]
Lee Hardcastle
Lee Hardcastle
July 11, 2017 (2017-07-11)

Parodying the 1984 film of the same name, an incredibly injured Morty is seen sitting beside Gizmo on a Couch. Rick shows up and places money on the couch, holding up a cage intended for Gizmo as Morty accepts the money. The episode parodies the conclusion of Gremlins, with Rick taking place of Mr. Wing and Morty taking place of Billy.

13
"A Clockwork Orange"[49]
Lee Hardcastle
Lee Hardcastle
July 27, 2017 (2017-07-27)

Parodying the 1971 film of the same name, Rick is drinking with Birdperson, Mr. Meeseeks and Mr. Poopybutthole, surrounded by furniture and statues of Morty.

14
"Body Snatchers"[50]
Lee Hardcastle
Lee Hardcastle
July 27, 2017 (2017-07-27)

Parodying the 1978 film Invasion of the Body Snatchers, Rick is seen fixing a television as Morty enters the room. A picture of Mr. Poopybutthole is on the wall behind him. Looking at each other, Rick points to Morty and starts emitting a piercing scream, shocking Morty. The screen turns to black then white as the Adult Swim logo hatches from a nearby pod.

15
"The Matrix"[51]
Lee Hardcastle
Lee Hardcastle
July 28, 2017 (2017-07-28)

Parodying the 1999 film of the same name, Morty is on a roof of a building when Rick shows up in front of him. Rick pulls out a weapon and begins to shoot at Morty. Morty successfully avoids most of the bullets in slow-motion until one of them enters Morty's head through his sunglasses, causing Morty to fall off of the roof as it begins to rain. In this episode, a parody of a scene from The Matrix, Morty takes the place of Neo while Rick takes the place of Agent Smith.

16
"Ghostbusters"[52]
Lee Hardcastle
Lee Hardcastle
July 30, 2017 (2017-07-30)

Parodying the 1984 film of the same name, Morty, employed as a Ghostbuster, walks through a hotel corridor and spots a ghost of Rick, who glides quickly towards him. Morty hides his face behind hands as Rick slimes him. Morty takes the place of Ray Stantz in this parody while Rick takes the place of Slimer.

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Ep. 1
Ep. 2
Ep. 3
Ep. 4
Ep. 5
Ep. 6
Ep. 7
Ep. 8
Ep. 9
Ep. 10
Ep. 11

1
1.10
1.51
1.30
1.32
1.61
1.75
1.76
1.48
1.54
1.75
2.13

2
2.12
2.19
1.94
1.96
2.12
1.91
1.97
1.79
1.89
1.84
N/A

3
0.68
2.86
2.31
2.66
2.29
2.47
2.38
2.51
2.49
2.60
N/A

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "The Rickshank Rickdemption" premiered unannounced and re-ran for four hours straight with improving ratings. This is the viewership of only the first broadcast of the episode.
Jump up ^ An alternate title used for this episode is "Tales from the Citadel".


document_title: Addison Montgomery

question_text: where does addison go in grey's anatomy

question_tokens: where does addison go in grey 's anatomy

text: Addison Montgomery

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Backstory[edit]

text: Most of Addison's past is presented in a non-linear fashion, primarily revealed in the second season of Grey's Anatomy and the second and third season of Private Practice. Addison is the daughter of wealthy parents, and has a $25 million trust fund.[5] Addison's father is nicknamed "The Captain" and is a doctor who teaches medicine at a university where Addison would sit and watch as a child. Her father used spending time with his daughter as a pretense for his many affairs.[6] Addison's mother is Beatrice "Bizzy" Forbes Montgomery and her brother, Archer, is a world-class neurologist[7] and successful author.[5] Addison met her future husband, Derek Shepherd, in medical school.[8] Although never actually stated in the series, this would mean that she attended Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City. She met future colleagues Sam and Naomi Bennett[9] there as well.[10] Addison and Derek each began their own practice in New York City, which placed a strain on their marriage. Their marriage was troubled in the years leading to Derek's decision to leave New York as it is eventually revealed in both Grey's Anatomy and Private Practice that Derek's mother did not approve of her (choosing to give her dead husband's ring to Derek's second wife, Meredith Grey) and Addison's brother Archer disliked Derek. Derek later admitted that he was at fault as he was an absent husband. Addison's affair with Derek's best friend Mark Sloan drove the wedge even further and Derek's departure to Seattle.[11] Addison briefly attempted to have a relationship with Mark, which resulted in her becoming pregnant. She had an abortion as she was still in love with Derek, and when Mark cheated on her, she moved to Seattle.[12]

text: Grey's Anatomy[edit]

text: The character Addison first appears in the season one finale of Grey's Anatomy, arriving at Richard's behest. She tries to reconcile with Derek, despite his relationship with Meredith Grey, but he is still angry with her, and there is a period of antagonism between them. Addison's presence, however, does reinvigorate their relationship, and ultimately leads to Derek choosing Addison over Meredith, despite Derek eventually admitting that he fell in love with Meredith.[13] They attempt to return to their former life, taking residence in his trailer, and Addison becomes the head of a unique surgical service integrating neonatal surgery and obstetrics and gynecology.[14] She realizes that Derek still has feelings for Meredith, and their marriage is tested further when Mark arrives in Seattle looking for Addison. Mark makes Addison realize that Derek is in love with Meredith and that he (Mark) does love her.[15] Derek sleeps with Addison after he sees that Meredith has moved on. When Addison finds out that Derek had sex with Meredith, she gets drunk and sleeps with Mark. He asks for a relationship, but she rejects him.[16]

text: During season two, Addison punishes Alex Karev, by putting him on her service, because he almost got her arrested. However, by season three, she begins to feel an attraction towards Alex and eventually sleeps with him, only to discover that he is not interested in a relationship with her.[17] Feeling alone, Addison decides to have a baby and visits Naomi, who is a fertility specialist.[18] This introduces Addison's transition from Grey's Anatomy to its spin-off, as it serves as the backdoor pilot for Private Practice.[19] Soon after, Addison decides to leave Seattle and move to Los Angeles, joining Oceanside Wellness, led by Sam and Naomi.[2] This marks Addison's departure from Grey's Anatomy as a regular, although she makes later guest appearances.[20]

text: Private Practice[edit]

text: In the series' first episode, Addison is made to feel unwelcome by the other doctors but stays. Addison is attracted to Pete Wilder, the practice's alternative medicine specialist.[2][18] When Pete stands her up on a date, Addison decides they should be friends and nothing more, and instead accepts a date with Kevin, a police officer she met through work.[21] In a crossover episode, Addison briefly returns to Seattle Grace to help with a patient. Before she leaves, Addison advises Meredith not to let Derek get away.[22]

text: In season two, Addison learns from Naomi that the practice is failing financially.[23] She tells Sam against Naomi's wishes, and, feeling betrayed, Naomi breaks off her friendship with Addison.[24] Addison inadvertently prompts the staff to vote between Sam and Naomi, and is surprised when instead, she is elected to lead the practice as its director.[25]

text: Addison's relationship with Kevin is tested when her brother Archer tells Kevin he is not good enough for her. Addison reassures him,[5] but it causes them to break up later.[26] Addison is surprised when Archer begins working for Pacific Wellcare Center, a rival practice.[27] When he experiences multiple seizures and believes he has a brain tumor, Addison asks Derek to treat Archer in another crossover episode with Grey's Anatomy.[28] Derek discovers he has parasites in his brain, and successfully removes them.[7] Naomi and Archer begin dating, which puts some strain on the friendship between Addison and Naomi. Addison also dates a man who is later revealed to be married. Also during this time, it is revealed that Addison's mother Bizzy is a lesbian who has been in a long term affair with her best friend. Addison is angry because she always blamed her father for his many affairs and was angry at how he treated Bizzy, not realizing that her mother was the one in a serious extramarital relationship. Addison's father is aware of her mother's affair, but they decided a long time ago that they would stay married to one another because Bizzy is not comfortable with others knowing about her sexuality. Although the relationship with her parents is strained from this, in the end they make peace.[29]

text: Addison and Sam start developing feelings for each other. It is revealed that, back in college, Sam wanted to ask Addison out but was too nervous, and he ended up with Naomi. They share a kiss after a terrifying ordeal when they tried to save a married couple who got into a devastating car accident. They kiss again when Addison decides to sleep over at Sam's. Addison and Sam grow close, but she decides to put a halt on their developing relationship, worried about the consequences in her friendship with Naomi. Addison revealed that she was in love with Sam and Pete, but she decided to begin a relationship with Pete instead, while Sam was with another doctor. Despite them being with other people, they still show they harbor feelings for each other, including jealousy when they see the other with their current significant others. After Sam becomes single again, he kisses Addison again. Although she was with Pete, she kisses Sam back and Pete catches them. Despite this, they stay together. Naomi ends her friendship with Addison after she finds about Sam and Addison. In the season finale, Addison has to operate on Maya Bennett, her godchild, who got in a car accident on her way to the hospital to give birth. She and Naomi then make up. Addison breaks up with Pete, and she and Sam finally become a couple. Although Addison wants to have children, Sam tells her he's not ready to have more children, as he wants to take time in their romance. Sam and Addison end their relationship and Addison goes on a date with a man named Jake (played by Benjamin Bratt). He invites her to Fiji, and although she initially agrees, in the end she chooses to get back together with Sam.

text: At the beginning of season 5, Sam and Addison are back together, although they break up again as he is still not ready to commit to marriage and a family with her. Jake is hired at the practice, which at first makes Addison uncomfortable. Jake is a very gifted doctor whose speciality is helping women with fertility issues become pregnant. He becomes Addison's doctor and helps her attempt to conceive using IVF. Throughout the season, Addison and Jake grow closer. It is revealed that Jake had a wife, Anna, who was a drug addict and died from an overdose. He adopted her daughter Angela, who is featured in the final 2 seasons of the show. She is often shown advising her father and encourages him to pursue a relationship with Addison, whom he clearly has feelings for. Although Addison still has feelings for Sam, she also has feelings for Jake, the latter of whom wants to get married and have kids. On more than one occasion, Addison and Jake kiss, and both admit to have feelings for the other. However, Jake realizes that Addison is not over Sam and does not want to be a rebound, but tells her he will wait for her. Although Addison decides to stop fertility treatments, her dream of having a child finally comes true and she adopts a baby boy named Henry. Sam begins to regret his decision to leave Addison, and makes excuses to spend time with Henry, but Addison decides to focus on her baby instead of pursuing a relationship with either Sam or Jake. In the season finale, Addison and Jake have sex after Amelia delivers a brainless baby whose organs she donates so that her pregnancy will still be meaningful. When Addison arrives home, Sam is there with Henry and he proposes to Addison. It is not revealed what she says, but we also see that Jake is on his way to her house with flowers and Chinese food.[30]

text: In the beginning of season 6, we find that Addison rejected Sam and is now pursuing a relationship with Jake. Jake and Addison move in together later in the season after she admits to being in love with him. She then proposes marriage. Although initially he does not give her an answer, over the course of the episode he gains closure with his wife and realizes that Addison is who he wants to spend his life with. When Addison gets home, Jake has lit candles and lined the living room with rose petals, leading to the deck where he is waiting for her in a suit and tie. He tells her to ask him again, and gives her a ring, after which point the two are engaged. In the finale episode of Private Practice, Jake and Addison get married and are beginning the rest of their lives with Henry.[30]

text: Development[edit]

text: Casting and creation[edit]

text:
"I discovered I had endless stories to write for her. Grey's is mainly about young people starting their careers. I realized Kate could anchor a show about people 10 years down the line — what happens if they didn't achieve their dreams, or if they did?"

— Shonda Rhimes on creating a show centered on Kate Walsh's character[31]

tag: div

text: Kate Walsh first appeared as Addison on Grey's Anatomy. The character was initially planned to appear in several episodes but quickly became a regular on the show before leaving for Private Practice.[32] In June 2012, Kate Walsh announced on Bethenny that the upcoming sixth season of Private Practice would be her last one. "It's been an incredible journey and an amazing ride and I'm hugely, hugely grateful. It's bittersweet. It's a huge chapter of my life. It's been eight years," she said.[33]

text: Characterization[edit]

text: Montgomery was initially described as "cold and unforgiving".[34] As episodes passed, it was noted that the writers had "softened" the character.[34] Walsh summarized her as "a girl you love to hate".[35] She said of Montgomery's transition from the end of Grey's Anatomy's first season to the second: "She started out so together. Now she's a cat without a whisker — a little off balance and leaving a mess all over the hospital. She's a little untethered now, she's coming unraveled."[36]

text: Walsh felt that Montgomery had become "stronger" and "more centered" between the first and the second season of Private Practice, "Initially she's still getting her footing, still isn't quite sure and a little wobbly, and then you see that she's got her groove back."[37] Additionally, Walsh said of the character that "she's flawed and arrogant and really good at what she does. And no matter what happens, she picks herself up and moves on. She keeps trying."[38] Walsh expressed satisfaction with the evolution of Montgomery's love life because "the only thing we saw of her in Grey's Anatomy was the ugly side of the Derek/Meredith triangle. And then, of course, Mark Sloan, but there was no real love there."[39] She said the pairing of her character with Kevin Nelson (David Sutcliffe) is different than from what transpires with Pete Wilder (Tim Daly) or Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey); "It's really fun to see this total other side of her come out that we never saw. It hit me, this little epiphany of like, 'Oh, we've never seen Addison into someone or someone that likes her back.'"[37]

text: Reception[edit]

text: TV Guide said of Walsh's stint on Grey's Anatomy: "Kate Walsh kicks butt as Addison, and I hope she sticks around. She adds spice to an already hot show."[40] Joel Keller of AOL TV was disappointed with the character's evolution from Grey's Anatomy to Private Practice during its first season, saying she "went from strong and funny to whimpering and lovelorn." Keller was, however, happy to observe some maturity in the second season's storylines and that what he liked about her, "the ability to perform complicated surgical procedures even while everything in her personal life is in chaos", was reintroduced.[41] By the time Private Practice ended, Margaret Lyons of New York Magazine deemed the character "fun" and added: "Even when tragedy befell her at every turn on PP, she was still sort of sassy and bright and interesting."[42] Montgomery appeared in Comcast's list of TV's Most Intriguing Characters.[43] Glamour named her one of the 12 Most Stylish TV Characters.[44] She was listed in Wetpaint's "10 Hottest Female Doctors on TV" and in BuzzFeed's "16 Hottest Doctors On Television".[45][46]

text: In 2006, Walsh was among the cast of Grey's Anatomy to win the Satellite Award for Best Ensemble in a Television Series.[47] The cast, including her, was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series,[48] which they won in 2007,[49] and were nominated for again the following year.[50] For her work on Private Practice, Walsh earned a nomination for Favorite TV Drama Actress at the 37th People's Choice Awards.[51]