document_title: American Horror Story: Roanoke

question_text: where is the house located in american horror story roanoke

text: American Horror Story: Roanoke

text: Plot[edit]

text: Presented as a paranormal documentary series titled My Roanoke Nightmare in the first half of the season, the story follows a married couple whose experiences are reenacted by actors. Shelby (Lily Rabe) and Matt Miller (André Holland) move from Los Angeles, California, to a house in North Carolina following a brutal assault which left Matt temporarily hospitalized and caused Shelby to have a miscarriage. As soon as the couple settles into their new home, located on a farmstead in rural North Carolina where the Roanoke Colony settled after their infamous disappearance, strange and paranormal occurrences begin to haunt them and Matt's sister, Lee Harris (Adina Porter). In the five-episode documentary, Shelby is portrayed by the extravagant English actress Audrey Tindall (Sarah Paulson), Matt by the conceited Dominic Banks (Cuba Gooding Jr.) and Lee by the alcoholic Monet Tumusiime (Angela Bassett).

text: The leader of Roanoke's colonists, Thomasin White, known as The Butcher, is portrayed by the unstable actress Agnes Mary Winstead (Kathy Bates), while her son, Ambrose, is portrayed by Dylan (Wes Bentley). The builder and first owner of the house, Edward Philippe Mott, is played by Rory Monahan (Evan Peters) and the previous owner, before the arrival of the Millers, by William van Henderson (Denis O'Hare).

text: The second half of the season is presented as found footage and depicts the production and aftermath of the follow-up series entitled Return to Roanoke: Three Days in Hell. Designed by My Roanoke Nightmare's producer Sidney Aaron James (Cheyenne Jackson), Return to Roanoke places the reenactors and their real life counterparts in the Roanoke house for three days during the Blood Moon, putting the lives of the cast and crew in danger as they face the true horrors within the Roanoke house.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Kathy Bates as Agnes Mary Winstead

Thomasin White / The Butcher in My Roanoke Nightmare

Sarah Paulson as Audrey Tindall and Lana Winters

Shelby Miller in My Roanoke Nightmare

Cuba Gooding Jr. as Dominic Banks

Matt Miller in My Roanoke Nightmare

Lily Rabe as Shelby Miller
André Holland as Matt Miller
Denis O'Hare as William van Henderson

Dr. Elias Cunningham in My Roanoke Nightmare

Wes Bentley as Dylan

Ambrose White in My Roanoke Nightmare

Evan Peters as Rory Monahan

Edward Philippe Mott in My Roanoke Nightmare

Cheyenne Jackson as Sidney Aaron James
Angela Bassett as Monet Tumusiime

Lee Harris in My Roanoke Nightmare

text: Special guest stars[edit]

text:
Lady Gaga as Scáthach1
Frances Conroy as Mama Polk1
Finn Wittrock as Jether Polk

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Adina Porter as Lee Harris
Leslie Jordan as Ashley Gilbert

Cricket Marlowe in My Roanoke Nightmare

Saniyya Sidney as Flora Harris1
Charles Malik Whitfield as Mason Harris1
Colby French as Police Officer1
Maya Rose Berko as Nurse Miranda Jane1
Kristen Rakes as Nurse Bridget Jane1
Grady Lee Richmond as Ishmael Polk1
Chaz Bono as Brian Wells

Lot Polk in My Roanoke Nightmare

Orson Chaplin as Cain Polk1
Estelle Hermansen as Priscilla1
Billy Snow as Rhett Snow

text: Guest stars[edit]

text:
Taissa Farmiga as Sophie Green
Doris Kearns Goodwin as herself
Henderson Wade as Guinness1
Shannon Lucio as Diana Cross
Robin Weigert as Mama Polk
Jacob Artist as Todd Connors
Jon Bass as Milo
Emma Bell as Tracy Logan
James Morosini as Bob Kinnaman
Frederick Koehler as Lot Polk

text: ^1 These actors portray their characters solely in the My Roanoke Nightmare re-enactment.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

64
1
"Chapter 1"
Bradley Buecker
Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk
September 14, 2016 (2016-09-14)
6ATS01
5.14[1]

Shelby and Matt Miller are a married couple being interviewed for a documentary called My Roanoke Nightmare. Through a combination of dramatic re-enactment and testimonials, the couple reveal that they fled to North Carolina from Los Angeles, after they were assaulted as part of a gang initiation that caused Shelby to miscarry their baby. While in North Carolina, the couple find an abandoned colonial farmhouse that they purchase in an attempt to start over again. After moving into the house, strange and violent events begin to unfold that threaten the couple. When Matt leaves on a business trip, he asks his sister Lee to stay and guard Shelby. Lee and Shelby do not get along which puts them in jeopardy, as the house is invaded by a group of people wielding knives and carrying torches. The mob leaves behind creepy totems and a video of a man encountering a creature who has the head of a pig and the body of a man. When Matt wants to stay in the house, rather than flee, Shelby escapes in Matt's car. After hitting a woman on the road, Shelby witnesses a ritualistic murder in the woods.

65
2
"Chapter 2"
Michael Goi
Tim Minear
September 21, 2016 (2016-09-21)
6ATS02
3.27[2]

Shelby assumes the ritual she witnessed was staged; she and Matt resolve to stay in the house. After discovering a burning totem in the woods near the house, Matt and Shelby finally secure the help of the local police. Unnerving and mysterious events continue to affect the residents of the house, this time including Matt, Lee, and her daughter Flora. Shelby and Matt discover a storm cellar under the back yard; there, they view a recording created by the man killed in the first video. He was a previous resident who came to the house to research it; he details the house's previous use as a nursing home where two sisters committed multiple murders. Shelby and Matt realize that they are trapped because all their money is tied up in the house and they have no way out. Meanwhile, Lee violates her custody agreement with her ex-husband, and brings Flora to the house in an attempt to spend time with her. Flora encounters an entity, "Priscilla", who tells her that everyone in the house will be murdered. Flora then disappears, and the adults find her hoodie atop a massive pine tree.

66
3
"Chapter 3"
Jennifer Lynch
James Wong
September 28, 2016 (2016-09-28)
6ATS03
3.08[3]

While searching for Flora, Lee's ex-husband is found dead. Shelby suspects Lee and the security cameras show that she followed him out of the house during the night. Meanwhile, the hillbilly family vanishes, leaving behind their two feral sons. Cricket, a psychic, claims to be able to locate Flora, and Lee pays him $25,000. In the documentary interview, Lee reluctantly discusses the disappearance of her first daughter, many years earlier. Cricket reveals that Priscilla is a dead 16th-century child, and the area is haunted by spirits led by "The Butcher", formerly Thomasin White, the first lady of the Roanoke Colony. The colonists rebelled against Thomasin in her husband's absence and left her for dead. In desperation, she gave her soul to a mysterious woman and violently retook control of the colony, forcing them to relocate to what is now Shelby and Matt's property. During a confrontation with the spirits, Matt disappears and Shelby finds him copulating with the same mysterious woman. Matt does not recall these events and as they argue the police arrive to arrest Lee, tipped off by Shelby.

67
4
"Chapter 4"
Marita Grabiak
John J. Gray
October 5, 2016 (2016-10-05)
6ATS04
2.83[4]

Following Matt's tryst with the mysterious woman, Shelby thinks that Matt and Lee are conspiring against her. Later that night, Shelby is attacked by the Piggy Man and is saved by Dr. Cunningham. Dr. Cunningham reveals the history of the paranormal activity of the house to the Millers. He reveals that Thomasin is responsible for all the disappearances in the house and all of them occur on the same six-day lunar cycle in October. Dr. Cunningham leads the Millers to Flora but is killed by Thomasin's men. As the Millers rush home, they encounter Cricket. Cricket heads back into the woods and comes face to face with the mysterious woman who is revealed to be the true leader of the Roanoke Colony. She shows Cricket what really happened to the lost colony of Roanoke. Through his own experience with the mysterious woman, Matt learns some of her backstory. Before Matt can finish learning her backstory, he is interrupted by Shelby's screams. Thomasin's mob surround the house with Flora in their possession but Priscilla helps to free her. All the Millers flee into the house and Shelby and Matt witness the mob disembowel Cricket.

68
5
"Chapter 5"
Nelson Cragg
Akela Cooper
October 12, 2016 (2016-10-12)
6ATS05
2.82[5]

Doris Kearns Goodwin reveals the backstory of one of the owners of the Roanoke House, Edward Philippe Mott, and his subsequent ownership of the property. Mott used the property as a storage house for his art collection and to conduct clandestine homosexual affairs with a member of his staff. During the blood moon, he was sacrificed by Thomasin and her men. In the present, Thomasin's mob surrounds the house ready to kill the Millers. The mob attacks the house and just when all seems lost, Edward Philippe Mott arrives and leads the Millers to safety. However, he abandons the Millers out in the woods leading to them being kidnapped by the Polk family. Meanwhile, Lee is released from prison due to lack of evidence. The Millers attempt to escape, which leads to Mama Polk breaking Shelby's leg. The Polks return the Millers to Thomasin as revenge for the loss of their two children. Just as Thomasin is about to sacrifice the Miller family, Ambrose stops her from completing the ritual and pushes her into the fire in penance for the colonies sins. Then, Lee arrives back to the house and the Millers flee the property in her car.

69
6
"Chapter 6"
Angela Bassett
Ned Martel
October 19, 2016 (2016-10-19)
6ATS06
2.48[6]

My Roanoke Nightmare was a massive success during its run, attracting 23 million viewers. Spurred by its success, Sidney, the network executive who produced it, pitches a new idea entitled Return to Roanoke: Three Days in Hell where the reenactors and the real-world counterparts are brought together under the roof of the Roanoke house for three days during the blood moon. Sidney reveals that his motive for producing the follow-up is to expose Lee for the murder of Mason. The real Shelby Miller is reluctant to participate in the new series but is convinced to do it by a chance to reconnect with her estranged husband. As part of the new series, the lives of the reenactors who portrayed these events are explored. As the crew prepares the house for filming, strange events begin to unfold. As the series commences, the reenactors begin to get a taste of the true horrors within the house. It is revealed that over the course of the new series, all but one of the participants died in the house and that the series never made it to air. The first victim was Rory, the reenactor who played Edward Philippe Mott, who was murdered by the two nurses.

70
7
"Chapter 7"
Elodie Keene
Crystal Liu
October 26, 2016 (2016-10-26)
6ATS07
2.62[7]

Following Rory's murder, Agnes, who is completely consumed by her role as Thomasin, murders Sidney and his entire production team. Meanwhile, tensions in the house continue to rise as Matt, Shelby and Dominic argue about Shelby's infidelity, and Lee and Monet go back and forth about her alcoholism. The fighting is interrupted when Agnes appears and attacks Shelby, forcing Lee, Audrey, and Monet to go into the woods to find help. On the way to find help, Audrey and Monet begin to encounter various supernatural occurrences that frighten them. Eventually, the three women are kidnapped by the Polk family, and are taken back to their farm, where the Polks proceed to cut Lee's leg off and feed it to Audrey and Monet. Meanwhile, inside the house, Dominic and Shelby come across Matt having sex with Scathach. Matt admits he came back to the house for Scathach, causing Shelby to murder him in a violent rage. Then, Agnes lights a fire outside the house, demanding satisfaction from the occupants of it. Just then, the real Thomasin and her mob surround Agnes and Thomasin kills Agnes by thrusting her cleaver into Agnes' face.

71
8
"Chapter 8"
Gwyneth Horder-Payton
Todd Kubrak
November 2, 2016 (2016-11-02)
6ATS08
2.20[8]

After Agnes' murder, Dominic and Shelby begin to devise a plan to escape the house. They first decide to flee out of the secret passage but are foiled by the ghosts of the Chen family attacking them. This forces the pair to flee upstairs and lock themselves in a bathroom, but not before being attacked by the Piggy Man, the skittering creature, and Thomasin's mob. Once the pair are safely inside, Shelby slits her throat out of guilt for murdering Matt. Meanwhile, the three women continue to be tortured by the Polk family, with Lee losing more of her flesh, and Audrey having one of her teeth ripped out of her mouth. Eventually, the women manage to escape, killing two Polks in the process. However, only Audrey and Lee make it back to the house, as Monet is being hunted down by the two remaining Polks. Back at the house, the two women come across the dead body of Matt. Then, the two find Shelby's body and Dominic in the bathroom. The two blame Dominic for the death of Shelby and Matt, forcing him out into the hall where he is murdered by the Piggy Man. The next morning, Dylan arrives at the house to the two women's surprise.

72
9
"Chapter 9"
Alexis O. Korycinski
Tim Minear
November 9, 2016 (2016-11-09)
6ATS09
2.43[9]

Sophie, Milo, and Todd, three fanatics of My Roanoke Nightmare, head out into the woods in search of the Roanoke house. The three stop to take pictures of the tree that Flora's hoodie was found on but are interrupted by a bloodied women who begs for help. The three bloggers chase after the woman, only to come across her dead body in an over turned car. When the three report what they found to the police, the police tell them that they found no dead body and that the three of them need to stop making things up. Meanwhile, Audrey, Lee, and Dylan return to the Polk compound to recover Lee's taped confession and Monet, as well as to escape. Dylan is murdered by Ishmael and the three women succeed in escaping the incoming mob, only to be separated in the woods. The three bloggers return to the woods under the cover of night to expose the real truth, only to be murdered by Lee (possessed by Scathach), Thomasin, and her mob. Lee also murders Monet and attempts to murder Audrey. The next morning, the police arrive to find the carnage. Audrey, having survived her wounds, grabs an officers gun to shoot Lee in vengeance, but is gunned down by the police.

73
10
"Chapter 10"
Bradley Buecker
Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk
November 16, 2016 (2016-11-16)
6ATS10
2.45[10]

Following Lee's murders, three series, Crack'd, The Lana Winters Special, and Spirit Chasers, attempt to understand what could have driven her to kill. On Crack'd, Lee's trial and subsequent acquittals for her murders are covered. On The Lana Winters Special, famed reporter Lana Winters interviews Lee about the disappearance of her daughter, believing that Lee took her once again. The interview is interrupted by the arrival of Lot Polk, who threatens violence against Lee until he is shot. On Spirit Chasers, a group paranormal investigators, including Ashley Gilbert (Cricket's reenactor), trespass into the Roanoke house during the blood moon in order to capture the spirits on film. They are interrupted by Lee, who bursts in looking for Flora. All of the Spirit Chasers crew and Ashley are murdered by the ghosts. Lee is able to reunite with Flora, and, following an emotional reunion, decides to sacrifice herself so she can protect Priscilla and give Flora a chance at life. Flora leaves the house and watches as her mother walks off into the woods with Priscilla. From a hilltop, Thomasin watches over her mob as they begin to surround the house once again.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text:
"We just thought it would really be fun to keep it a mystery, so we are; we just thought that would be a nice change after doing things one way for five years."

– FX president and CEO John Landgraf on the marketing strategy for the sixth season[11]

tag: div

text: On November 10, 2015, the network renewed the series for a sixth cycle;[12] which premiered on September 14, 2016.[13] In August 2015, co-creator Ryan Murphy commented on the sixth year, stating, "The next thing we're crafting up is very very different than [Hotel], not smaller. But just not opulent. More rogue and more dark."[14] In October 2015, when questioned about clues and hints alluding to the sixth season (as has been the status quo since the first season of the series) in Hotel, Murphy revealed he had yet to definitively decide on a theme, "This is an interesting year in that the idea that we’re dealing with I've mentioned in several seasons. It's been there before. We've actually talked about it a lot on the show. I might do that for season 7 but I'm leaning towards that for season 6." In January 2016, FX president John Landgraf revealed that the season will be "principally set in the present", with a dual timeline in "echoes of the past". He also confirmed a fall 2016 premiere.[15] At the 2016 PaleyFest, Murphy divulged that the two previous ideas [the writers] had been considering had been merged into season six, saying it will involve children and operatic themes.[16] The season will consist of 10 episodes, the least in a given cycle, in the show's history; with the finale scheduled to air November 16, 2016.[17][18] On September 1, 2016, it was reported by Entertainment Weekly that the season was possibly subtitled The Mist, as a Rotten Tomatoes page and TV Guide magazine had printed; which was later proven untrue.[19] There is a direct connection to Freak Show with an exploration of the Mott family origin.[20]

text: In a late September issue of Entertainment Weekly, Falchuk and Murphy revealed there would be a major twist coming to the series in "Chapter 6". Murphy said of the matter, "You'll see starting in episode 6, the show has a huge turn and the thing that you think you're watching is not what you're watching, It's a hat on a hat on a hat on a hat that we've had to protect." Falchuk added, "No matter what you think it is, it's not that. Then, episode 6 comes and you're like, 'Wait! What happened?' It's like [episodes] 1–5, 6–9, and 10 is its own thing."[21] Murphy went on to confirm the turn in the season being a behind-the-camera look at the production of the faux documentary My Roanoke Nightmare.[22] He also stated that the final episode will feature characters, and their mythologies, that will continue on in the overall series.[23]

text: Set design[edit]

text: Colonial ware and design are incorporated into the season, which is theorized to be, at least partially, set in 1590 Roanoke, North Carolina. A pioneer cottage is incorporated in Santa Clarita, California. The set is fully dressed in time-period appropriate dressings, including an etched tree.[24] The production designers constructed an entire colonial house, that serves as the season's chief setting. The house was constructed in an undisclosed California forest, over the course of four months. The abode is completely functional, furnished, and finished inside and out. This is the first time in American Horror Story history that a complete home has been built, and is quite unprecedented for film and television productions in general.[25] A three-story set built in Malibu Canyon was not permitted properly, and after being torn down in October 2016, FX "will be required to do extensive restoration."[26]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In October 2015, Murphy tweeted that he had asked Hotel star Lady Gaga to join the untitled season, but did not expect an answer anytime soon.[27] She later confirmed her involvement in March 2016.[28] Coven star Emma Roberts has stated that she and Murphy have talked about a "devilish" role for her in the season.[29] Murder House and Coven star Taissa Farmiga was heavily rumored to be involved with the season in some form.[30] Murphy later confirmed Farmiga would appear late in the season.[22][31] In February 2016, Angela Bassett confirmed her return to the series during an interview on Larry King Now, being the first cast member added to the season 6 roster. She portrays Lee Harris, a re-enactor of the documentary's horrific events.[32][33] At PaleyFest, Murphy invited Kathy Bates, Denis O'Hare, Sarah Paulson, Finn Wittrock, Cheyenne Jackson, Wes Bentley, and Matt Bomer to return to the show for its sixth season. In May 2016, Jessica Lange stated, in an interview with Charlie Rose, that she would not be returning for the sixth or any other future season of the series; saying, "No, I had four years with that, four seasons, and each year was a marvelous character, everything changed from one year to another which made it very interesting to me. But no, I think sometimes you come to the end of something..."[34] However, Variety published an article in September 2016, reporting Lange would appear.[35]

text: In June 2016, Coven alum Leslie Jordan announced his return to the series, stating he had been approached to appear in Freak Show, but declined. He was surprised to get a call from Murphy again.[36] Later in the month, Bomer, Jackson, and Evan Peters confirmed their involvement with the sixth season.[37][38][39] O'Hare stated he would return in some capacity in a May 2016 interview.[40] Us Weekly has reported the returns of Bentley, Bates, and Wittrock.[41] In an early August 2016 interview with Glamour, series veteran Sarah Paulson announced her return for the sixth year. She said of the show, "I just think I have the greatest job on the planet because my TV show [American Horror Story] is going into its sixth season and I'm playing an entirely different character, like nothing I've ever played."[42] She plays the featured re-enactor in the horrific documentary. On Halloween 2016, Murphy announced the return of Paulson's Asylum character, Lana Winters.[43] TMZ reported the casting of The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story star Cuba Gooding Jr.[25] Gooding Jr. himself later went on to confirm his presence in the season, also announcing that he will share most screen-time with former co-star Paulson, stating, "It's really been a treat to finally engage with her on camera, because when we did The People v. O. J. it was more about my scenes and then her scenes and us being in the courtroom but separate, but we're not separate no more!"[44] He plays the co-lead of the My Roanoke Nightmare documentary. In September 2016, Glee alum Jacob Artist announced his involvement with the sixth season.[45] On the same month, the main casting was announced after the first episode with the addition of André Holland and series veteran Lily Rabe portraying the real-life couple, Matt Miller (Lee's brother) and his wife Shelby from the documentary's interviews. Adina Porter, after a small guest appearance on an episode of the first series, portrayed the real Lee Harris.[46][47]

text: Filming[edit]

text: In March 2016, the series received a major tax credit for filming of the season in Los Angeles, California.[48] Cast alum Angela Bassett, along with Jennifer Lynch, Marita Grabiak, Gwyneth Horder-Payton, Elodie Keene, and Alexis Korycinski were set as directors during the season, marking the first time women have served in the capacity on the show.[30] In June 2016, cast member Jackson stated that the season had already clandestinely begun principal photography earlier that month.[49] On August 1, 2016, TMZ published photographs of the American Horror Story set in Santa Clarita, California; that consists of a small Pioneer home, and a tree with the word "Croatoan" carved into its center. Both of these things are attributed to the 1590 colony of 117 people, in Roanoke, North Carolina, that disappeared without a trace, and the only clue left was the carving – the name being a nearby island and tribe of Native Americans.[24] Later, TMZ unveiled more set photos from an unknown California forest.[25]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Campaign[edit]

text:
"After all the breadcrumbs, you are definitely going to get the sandwich. There's no bait and switch here. It was about celebrating the building and worshiping the anticipation."

– FX Head of Marketing Stephanie Gibbons on the fear that the publicity wouldn't materialize a quality season[50]

text: The marketing campaign for the season was one of mystery. On June 6, 2016, all of the series' social media pages displayed a teaser image of a red number six, with a question mark superimposed. Little was known about plot details or casting before the premiere, which seems to be a deliberate ploy of publicity. The following months saw a virtual reality experience at the 2016 San Diego Comic-Con International,[51] a multitude of motley teaser trailers and posters,[52] a Mercedes-Benz sweepstakes;[53] and no casting or plot announcements. At the Television Critics Association Summer Press Tour, on August 9, 2016, FX chief John Landgraf announced that all, but one, of the teaser trailers released thus far have been deliberate misdirects by the network. Explaining, "[Murphy and Stephanie Gibbons, FX head of marketing and on-air promotions] went out and made many more trailers than you've actually seen for hypothetical seasons of American Horror Story, meaning different genres and different places". Landgraf also reiterated what had been previously reported, that the official theme of the cycle will not be revealed until the airing of the first episode.[11]

text: A week before the premiere FX released a trailer featuring Lady Gaga's new single "Perfect Illusion", speaking to the anonymity of the season.[54] In a September 13, 2016 interview with The Hollywood Reporter, marketing chief Stephanie Gibbons spoke at length about the risks and idea behind the seasons complete anonymity. Explaining the origin of her campaign, "I felt we would play on two aspects of the human helix: Desire to know, the curiosity to find out what you don't know; and perhaps more importantly, the notion of how powerful withholding is to the human psyche. Often wanting is more fulfilling than having."[50]

text: Plot theories[edit]

text: One of the earliest season hypotheses was that of Slender Man, the 2009 phenomenon, a man with a blank face, tractable arms, and killer of children. However, sources working on the show confirmed to Entertainment Weekly, in January 2016, that the myth would not be appearing, and that a theme had already been established for the season, and would be revealed in March. Though, this did not come to pass.[55] Based on the teaser trailers and several interviews given by Murphy, media reported the plot of the season as dealing with cult, farm, orphanage, colony, or the storyline of the Antichrist, which has already been touched on by the series in season one (Vivien and Tate's child, Michael, that Constance took as her own, was considered to be the titular figure).[56][57] Deadline's Ross A. Lincoln posited the theory that the cycle will revolve around the Bloody Benders family. They owned an inn and general store in rural 1800s Kansas and were responsible for the deaths of 11 passersby, later disappearing.[58] Photos from the set released by TMZ confirmed the season to incorporate colonial aspects. Vulture's Jordan Crucchiola theorized it to be about the Roanoke Colony, with Murphy likely to adapt the historical explanation of the settlers disappearance.[59] The Huffington Post added that another story avenue Murphy might venture on is the colloquial belief that the colonist vanished under supernatural circumstances.[60] Screener's Aaron Pruner noted that the colony was mentioned by Billie Dean Howard in Murder House, thus alluding to the possible Antichrist or supernatural presence in the sixth season. Pruner also mentioned that the history of the word "Croatoan" is vast and unnerving. Days before the death of author Edgar Allan Poe, he is said to have muttered the cryptic word as his final. Furthermore, in 1937, the word was found scribbled in fated pilot Amelia Earhart's journal.[61] Kate Feldman from New York Daily News has speculated that the season will revolve around the Manson family; she cited iconography in a teaser, Charles Manson's fascination with spiders (i.e. official poster for season), Evan Peters' appearance resembling Manson, and Murphy's previous comments stating that the series had considered the theme for the third year, which ultimately shifted to Coven.[62] However, Sarah Paulson has rejected the Manson theme, saying, "Wrong! You can look me dead in the eyes. You are wrong, dead wrong. And you will see that I am not lying to you. I'm not pulling a little Jedi mind trick."[63] After the release of the revealing "Anthology" trailer, The Huffington Post's Bill Bradley suggested, after taking into account several factors, that the season would feature a discarded Murder House menace that slays his victims with hedge trimmers.[64] TV Guide suggested a major connection to Asylum concerning the spider shown travelling under the skin of a person in one of the teasers for the season.[65]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: American Horror Story: Roanoke has received positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the season a 78% approval rating, with an average rating of 6.7/10, based on 13 reviews. The site's consensus reads, "American Horror Story: My Roanoke Nightmare takes a surprising turn away from prior AHS formats, revisiting the deliberate pace of earlier seasons on a spookier, smaller scale, even if the true-crime format feels overdone."[66] On Metacritic, the season was given a score of 72 out of 100 based on 9 reviews, indicating "generally positive reviews".[67]

text: Dan Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter gave a positive review, writing, "When you're the type of show prone to kicking off a season with the introduction of a hairless mole man with a killer dildo, it's possible that the most provocative thing you can do to start a chapter is eschewing mole men, dildos and, in fact, killing altogether for a full week. The American Horror Story franchise has been and done many things, but it's never offered such a false sense of security, so this subdued start may be the scariest promise of all. It's the most curious I've been about future installments in a long time."[68] Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly also gave a positive review, writing, "The use of mystery to market the season may have been contrived, but at this point, mystery might also be the best thing going for it, too."[69] Ben Travers of IndieWire called the premiere "a promising start with a central mystery as tantalizing as the ads teasing it."[70]

text:
American Horror Story (season 6): Critical reception by episode

Season 6 (2016): Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes[71]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominated artist/work
Result

2016
Art Directors Guild Awards
Television Movie or Limited Series
Andrew Murdock (for "Chapter 4")
Nominated

Costume Designers Guild Awards
Contemporary TV Series
Lou Eyrich and Helen Huang
Won

2017
People's Choice Awards
Favorite Cable TV Sci-Fi/Fantasy Show

Nominated

Black Reel Awards
Best Supporting Actress in a TV Movie or Limited Series
Angela Bassett
Nominated

Outstanding Director in a Television Miniseries or Movie
Nominated

Fangoria Chainsaw Awards
Best TV Supporting Actress
Sarah Paulson
Nominated

Best TV SFX
Eryn Krueger Mekash and David LeRoy Anderson
Nominated

Saturn Awards
Best Horror Television Series
American Horror Story: Roanoke
Nominated

Best Actress on Television
Sarah Paulson
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress on Television
Kathy Bates
Nominated

Adina Porter
Nominated

Best Guest Starring Role on Television
Leslie Jordan
Nominated

MTV Movie & TV Awards
Best Villain
Wes Bentley
Nominated

69th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards
Outstanding Hairstyling for a Limited Series or Movie
Michelle Ceglia, Valerie Jackson, Jose Zamora
Nominated

Outstanding Makeup for a Limited Series or Movie (Non-Prosthetic)
Kim Ayers, Mike Mekash, Eryn Krueger Mekash, Silvina Knight, Carleigh Herbert, Luis Garcia
Nominated

Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series, Limited Series, Movie, or Special
Eryn Krueger Mekash, Michael Mekash, David Leroy Anderson, James Mackinnon, Jason Hamer, Melanie Eichner, Cristina Himiob, Maiko Chiba
Won

Outstanding Sound Editing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Special
Gary Megregian, Steve M. Stuhr, Jason Krane, Timothy A. Cleveland, Paul Diller, David Klotz and Noel Vought (for "Chapter 1")
Nominated

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Chapter 1"
September 14, 2016
2.8
5.14[1]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

2
"Chapter 2"
September 21, 2016
1.8
3.27[2]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

3
"Chapter 3"
September 28, 2016
1.7
3.08[3]
1.6
2.95
3.3
6.03[72]1

4
"Chapter 4"
October 5, 2016
1.4
2.83[4]
1.8
3.30
3.2
6.13[73]

5
"Chapter 5"
October 12, 2016
1.5
2.82[5]
1.7
3.31
3.2
6.14[74]

6
"Chapter 6"
October 19, 2016
1.4
2.48[6]
1.8
3.50
3.2
5.99[75]

7
"Chapter 7"
October 26, 2016
1.4
2.62[7]
1.8
3.23
3.2
5.85[76]

8
"Chapter 8"
November 2, 2016
1.2
2.20[8]
1.9
3.37
3.1
5.57[77]

9
"Chapter 9"
November 9, 2016
1.3
2.43[9]
1.3
2.30
2.6
4.73[78]1

10
"Chapter 10"
November 16, 2016
1.3
2.45[10]
1.7
2.99
3.0
5.44[79]

text: ^1 Live +7 ratings were not available, so Live +3 ratings have been used instead.

text:
Season
Ep. 1
Ep. 2
Ep. 3
Ep. 4
Ep. 5
Ep. 6
Ep. 7
Ep. 8
Ep. 9
Ep. 10
Ep. 11
Ep. 12
Ep. 13

Murder House
3.18
2.46
2.59
2.96
2.74
2.83
3.06
2.81
2.85
2.54
2.59
3.22
N/A

Asylum
3.85
3.06
2.47
2.65
2.78
1.89
2.27
2.36
2.22
2.21
2.51
2.30
2.29

Coven
5.54
4.51
3.78
3.71
3.80
4.16
4.00
4.07
3.94
3.49
3.46
3.35
4.24

Freak Show
6.13
4.53
4.44
4.51
4.22
3.65
3.91
3.30
3.07
2.99
3.11
2.94
3.27

Hotel
5.81
4.06
3.20
3.04
2.87
2.64
2.64
2.31
2.14
1.85
1.84
2.24
N/A

Roanoke
5.14
3.27
3.08
2.83
2.82
2.48
2.62
2.20
2.43
2.45
N/A

Cult
3.93
2.38
2.25
2.13
2.20
2.15
2.07
2.06
1.48
1.82
1.97
N/A


document_title: Hard Rock Cafe

question_text: where was the first hard rock cafe established

root

text: Hard Rock Cafe

text: History[edit]

text: Restaurants[edit]

text: The first Hard Rock Cafe (HRC) opened on June 14, 1971 at Gloucester House, Piccadilly, London, under the ownership of young Americans Peter Morton and Isaac Tigrett. Hard Rock initially had an eclectic decor but it later started to display memorabilia.

tag: p

text: The chain began to expand worldwide in 1982 with locations in (among others) Toronto, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Chicago, Paris, and Berlin.[4] Hard Rock Cafe locations in the United States vary from smaller, more tourist driven markets (Biloxi, Pigeon Forge, Key West, etc.) to large metropolises (Houston, Philadelphia, New York City, Chicago, Boston, Washington DC, etc.). Hard Rock Cafe typically does not franchise cafe locations in the United States. All US cafes are corporate owned and operated, except for cafes in Tampa and Four Winds New Buffalo casino.[5] However, in the transition of the Las Vegas Hard Rock Hotel property originally owned and then later sold to Rank by founder Peter Morton. Morton retained hotel naming rights west of the Mississippi. When Morton sold his Las Vegas Hard Rock Hotel to the Morgans Hotel Group, he also sold those naming rights, which then gave rise to two US franchised hotels (without cafes) in Albuquerque and Tulsa. The Albuquerque hotel no longer pays for the Hard Rock rights and reverted to its former name in June 2013. More hotels franchised from Morgan's are planned for Sioux City and Vancouver.

text: In 1990, The Rank Group, a London-based leisure company, acquired Mecca Leisure Group and continued expansion of the concept in its geographic territory. Rank went on to purchase Hard Rock America from Peter Morton as well as Hard Rock Canada from Nick Bitove. After the completion of these acquisitions, Rank gained worldwide control of the brand. In March 2007, the Seminole Tribe of Florida acquired Hard Rock Cafe International, Inc. and other related entities from Rank for US$965 million.[1] In 2008, anonymous members of the wait staff criticized the business because of its practice of paying them less than half the official minimum wage in the UK, with the business allocating tips to staff to bring their salaries within the law. Most customers, it was argued, do not realize that they are subsidizing a low wage when they give the tip.[6]

text: Music memorabilia[edit]

text: HRC is known for its collection of rock and roll memorabilia. The cafes solicit donations of music memorabilia but also purchase a number of items at auctions around the world, including autographed guitars, costumes from world tours and rare photographs; these are often to be found mounted on cafe walls. The collection began in 1979 with an un-signed Red Fender Lead II guitar from Eric Clapton, who was a regular at the first restaurant in London. Clapton wanted management to hang the guitar over his regular seat in order to lay claim to that spot, and they obliged. This prompted Pete Townshend of The Who to give one of his guitars, also un-signed with the note "Mine's as good as his! Love, Pete."[7] Hard Rock's archive includes over 80,000 items,[8] and is the largest private collection of Rock and Roll memorabilia in the world. Marquee pieces from the collection were briefly displayed in a Hard Rock museum named "The Vault" in Orlando, Florida from January 2003 until September 2004. After the closure, items were disbursed to various restaurant locations.[9] The London Vault remains open and free to visitors, located in the retail Rock Shop of the original cafe.[10]

text: The Hard Rock Café is also in possession of a Bedford VAL 6 axle coach used in the 1967 film The Beatles Magical Mystery Tour. The vehicle was completely refurbished after filming. It is currently displayed in the US, but makes regular appearances in events in the UK, especially at the original Hard Rock Cafe in London. In 2001, a competition was run to win the actual bus, but it was never given away and remained with the cafe.

text: Expansion into other businesses[edit]

text: Casinos, hotels and casinos[edit]

text: In 1995, Peter Morton spent $80 million to open the Hard Rock Hotel near the Las Vegas Strip in Las Vegas, Nevada. A subsequent $100 million expansion in 1999 nearly doubled the hotel's capacity.[11]

text: In May 2006, Morton sold the Hard Rock Hotel & Casino, Las Vegas to Morgans Hotel Group for $770 million, including the rights to the Hard Rock Hotel brand west of the Mississippi, including Texas, California, Australia, and Vancouver, British Columbia.[12] The hotel began another expansion in 2007 at a cost of $750 million. The project added 875 rooms in two towers and expanded meeting space.[13] In March 2011, Morgans surrendered control of the property to partner Brookfield Asset Management, citing the high debt on the property in the face of the economic downturn.[14]

text: Today, the Seminole Tribe of Florida owns and operates all units except the Las Vegas, Tulsa, Sioux City, and Vancouver properties. In 2004, Hard Rock International and Sol Melia Hotels and Resorts launched Lifestar Hoteles España SL, a joint venture that intended to manage Europe's first Hard Rock Hotel in Madrid, but it was never opened as a Hard Rock property upon the dissolution of the joint venture in 2007.[15] The other joint venture hotels are in Chicago, New York and San Diego (the San Diego property includes Hard Rock condominiums). Hard Rock also operates hotels and resorts in Orlando, Florida (a joint venture with Loews Hotels); Bali, Indonesia; and Pattaya, Thailand, (a joint venture with Ong Beng Seng/Hotel Properties Limited). Hard Rock International continues to expand internationally (including hotels, casinos, resorts, and condominiums) through several joint ventures (Becker Ventures, Ong Beng Seng/Hotel Properties Limited and Loews Hotels), including hotels in Chicago, Bali, Orlando, Penang, San Diego, Singapore, and planned openings in Abu Dhabi, Cancun, Dubai, Hungary, Panama, Punta Cana and Vallarta[16] - as well as hotel-casinos in Hollywood, Florida; Tampa, Florida; Biloxi, Mississippi; Las Vegas, Nevada; and Tulsa Catoosa, Oklahoma.[17]

text: The Hotel Zoso in Palm Springs, California was converted into a 160-room Hard Rock Hotel and opened in 2014.[18][19] A location in Atlantic City, New Jersey was planned but canceled.[20] All-inclusive resorts operate under the Hard Rock brand in Mexico and the Dominican Republic. In 2013, the Hard Rock Rocksino Northfield Park, opened as joint slot machine and track venture. The Rocksino is located near Cleveland.

text: In 2015 Hard Rock announced the opening of a new and Inclusive Hotel located in Bogotá, Colombia, who will start the construction in 2018 and opens in 2019, the company had its plans to open in the biggest financial district in Colombia, the Centro Internacional, but finally and with all the plans the Hotel will be located in the exclusive zone of Zona Rosa de Bogotá, home of boutiques from Louis Vuitton, Dolce & Gabbana, Versace among others, the Hotel will be located in the Heart of the zone, In the top floor of the exclusive mall, El Retiro Shopping Mall with exclusive brands including Swarovski, Mango, Maybelline and one of the most expensive restaurants in Colombia, The Andrés D.C..

text: On March 1, 2017, Hard Rock announced plans to spend $300 million to purchase and renovate the closed Trump Taj Mahal resort for a summer 2018 re-opening as the Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City.[21]

text: International locations include

text:
Hard Rock Casino, at The Printworks in Manchester, United Kingdom
Hard Rock Hotel, at the City of Dreams in Macau
Hard Rock Hotel, at the Resorts World Sentosa in Singapore
Hard Rock Hotel Penang in Malaysia
Hard Rock Hotel in Bali, Indonesia
Hard Rock Casino Vancouver in Coquitlam, British Columbia, Canada
Hard Rock Hotel La T, El Retiro in Pink Zone/T Zone, Bogotá, Colombia
Hard Rock Hotel and Casino in Punta Cana, Dominican Republic
Hard Rock Hotel in Panama Megapolis, Panama City, Panama
Hard Rock Hotel in Cáncun, Mexico
Hard Rock Hotel in Cozumel, Mexico
Hard Rock Hotel in Goa, India

tag: ul

text: Hard Rock Park[edit]

text: In March 2006, Hard Rock Cafe International announced that it had licensed the "Hard Rock" name to HRP Myrtle Beach Operations, LLC, to design, build, and operate a $400 million 150-acre (0.61 km2) theme park called Hard Rock Park. Hard Rock Park opened on April 15, 2008 in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. The park was expected to draw an estimated 30,000 visitors per day, promised to create more than 3,000 jobs, and was billed as the largest single investment in South Carolina's history. It planned to feature a large concert arena and six zones with more than 40 attractions. HRP Myrtle Beach Operations, LLC, filed for Chapter 11 on September 25, 2008. The company hoped to re-open in 2009 after restructuring.[22] On January 2, 2009 after failing to attract a buyer with a minimum $35 million bid for over two months, Hard Rock Park asked a Delaware Bankruptcy Court to convert the filing to Chapter 7, triggering immediate liquidation of assets to pay off creditors, and closing the park.[23]

text: New owners renamed the venue Freestyle Music Park and planned to reopen retaining a music-theme but, without the Hard Rock name by Memorial Day, 2009. The park only operated one additional year and never reopened due to poor attendance.[24]

text: Hard Rock Stadium[edit]

text: In August 2016, it has been reported that the NFL will announce the Miami Dolphins' stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida will be renamed Hard Rock Stadium;[25] ironically, the stadium's other high-profile tenant, the University of Miami's football team, has no greater rival than Florida State, whose athletic teams are, with the tribe's blessing, known as the "Seminoles".

text: Acquisition by the Seminole Tribe of Florida[edit]

text: On December 7, 2006, Rank sold its Hard Rock business to the Seminole Tribe of Florida for $965 million. Included in the deal were 124 Hard Rock Cafes, four Hard Rock Hotels, two Hard Rock Hotel and Casino Hotels, two Hard Rock Live! concert venues, and stakes in three unbranded hotels. Rank retained the Hard Rock Casino in London, and rebranded it the G Casino Piccadilly. The Hard Rock Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas was also not part of the deal, as it was sold by Peter Morton to Morgans Hotel Group in May 2006.[26] The final takeover was mired in controversy, due to a payment clause in a contract with one casino developer, Power Plant Entertainment. Power Plant and the Seminoles announced a settlement in April 2007 which both sides called equitable.[27] On January 8, 2007, Rank shareholders approved the Seminoles' $965 million offer. The Tribe announced it had finalized the deal on March 11, 2007.[28]

text: On June 22, 2008, the Seminole Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Hollywood began "Vegas-style" table gambling in addition to the Class II slots already in operation. To win approval for the table games, which were barred under Florida law, the Seminole Tribe paid the State of Florida $100 million as part of a 25-year pact signed by Governor Charlie Crist. On July 3, 2008, the Florida Supreme Court ruled that the governor's agreement was unconstitutional, but table games continue to operate because the Federal Department of the Interior approved the now-invalid pact with the state.[29]

text: List of locations[edit]

text: This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: reflinks in table - full info needed Please help improve this article if you can. (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
Location (city)
Location (country)
Established
Status

 London
United Kingdom
000000001971-06-14-0000June 14, 1971
Open

 Toronto
Canada
000000001978-06-23-0000June 23, 1978
Closed May 22, 2017[30]

 Los Angeles
United States
000000001982-10-24-0000October 24, 1982
Closed December 31, 2006[31]

 Roppongi
Japan
000000001983-07-04-0000July 4, 1983
Open

 New York
United States
000000001984-04-12-0000April 12, 1984
Relocated to Times Square on August 12, 2005

 San Francisco
United States
000000001984-09-10-0000September 10, 1984
Closed August 26, 2002, Relocated to Fisherman's Wharf

 Stockholm
Sweden
000000001985-04-16-0000April 16, 1985
Open

 Chicago
United States
000000001986-06-17-0000June 17, 1986
Open

 Houston
United States
000000001986-11-06-0000November 6, 1986
Relocated May 21, 2000

 Dallas
United States
000000001986-11-28-0000November 28, 1986
Relocated July 15, 2009

 Cancún
Mexico
000000001987-06-09-0000June 9, 1987
Reopened in March 19, 2016

 Honolulu
United States
000000001987-07-17-0000July 17, 1987
Relocated May 21, 2000

 Reykjavík
Iceland
000000001987-07-25-0000July 25, 1987
Closed May 29, 2005. Re-opened October 30, 2016.

 New Orleans
United States
000000001987-12-11-0000December 11, 1987
Relocated December 29, 2012

 La Jolla
United States
000000001988-12-11-0000December 11, 1988
Closed September 6, 2008 (Originally San Diego, renamed when downtown location opened)

 Sydney
Australia
000000001989-04-01-0000April 1, 1989
Closed October 22, 2007, Relocated December 6, 2011.

 Toronto SkyDome
Canada
000000001989-06-06-0000June 6, 1989
Closed September 27, 2009

 Boston
United States
000000001989-06-12-0000June 12, 1989
Relocated July 2, 2007

 Acapulco
Mexico
000000001989-12-08-0000December 8, 1989
Closed January 14, 2014

 Washington, D.C.
United States
000000001990-01-01-0000January 1, 1990
Open

 Singapore
Singapore
000000001990-02-06-0000February 6, 1990
Open

 Orlando
United States
000000001990-06-07-0000June 7, 1990
Relocated December 11, 1998

 Maui
United States
000000001990-07-23-0000July 23, 1990
Closed December 4, 2016

 Las Vegas at Hard Rock Hotel
United States
000000001990-09-07-0000September 7, 1990
Closed December 31, 2016

 Montreal
Canada
000000001990-09-20-0000September 20, 1990
Closed September 27, 2009

 Puerto Vallarta
Mexico
000000001990-12-30-0000December 30, 1990
Closed early 2012

 Aspen
United States
000000001991-01-22-0000January 22, 1991
Closed November 1, 2000

 Calgary
Canada
000000001991-04-01-0000April 1, 1991
Closed June 1, 2000

 Bangkok
Thailand
000000001991-04-22-0000April 22, 1991
Open

 Kuala Lumpur
Malaysia
000000001991-11-23-0000November 23, 1991
Open

 Paris
France
000000001991-11-24-0000November 24, 1991
Open

 Osaka
Japan
000000001992-01-17-0000January 17, 1992
Closed September 14, 2001

 Tijuana
Mexico
000000001992-04-26-0000April 26, 1992
Closed June 19, 2008

 Berlin
Germany
000000001992-05-18-0000May 18, 1992
Relocated April 26, 2010

 Jakarta
Indonesia
000000001992-10-02-0000October 2, 1992
Relocation to Plaza Indonesia Entertainment X'nter in July 2004.

 Atlanta
United States
000000001992-11-09-0000November 9, 1992
Open

 Newport Beach
United States
000000001992-11-23-0000November 23, 1992
Closed June 23, 2005

 St. Thomas
US Virgin Islands, United States
000000001992-12-17-0000December 17, 1992
Closed April 24, 2005

 San Juan
Puerto Rico
000000001993-03-05-0000March 5, 1993
Closed April 22, 2011.

 Tel Aviv
Israel
000000001993-07-01-0000July 1993
Closed December 1997

 Grand Cayman
Cayman Islands
000000002000-04-28-0000April 28, 2000
Closed October 13, 2013. Re-opened in December 2014.

 Miami
United States
000000001993-09-21-0000September 21, 1993
Open

 Mexico City
Mexico
000000001993-09-23-0000September 23, 1993
Closed May 2013

 Bali
Indonesia
000000001993-10-03-0000October 3, 1993
Open

 Taipei
Taiwan
000000001993-12-22-0000December 22, 1993
Closed February 3, 2002

 Beijing
China
000000001994-05-14-0000May 14, 1994
Closed September 30, 2012

 Nashville
United States
000000001994-06-21-0000June 21, 1994
Open

 Cozumel
Mexico
000000001994-10-22-0000October 22, 1994
Relocated in early 2015.

 Hong Kong Kowloon
Hong Kong
000000001994-11-13-0000November 13, 1994
Closed November 24, 2008.

 Madrid
Spain
000000001994-11-25-0000November 25, 1994
Open

 San Antonio
United States
000000001995-01-12-0000January 12, 1995
Open

 Kanata
Canada
000000001995-01-15-0000January 15, 1995
Closed September 2, 2002

 Hong Kong at Chater Road
Hong Kong
000000001995-03-18-0000March 18, 1995
Closed October 1, 1999

 Vancouver
Canada
000000001995-06-06-0000June 6, 1995
Closed June 1, 2000

 Edmonton
Canada (inside West Edmonton Mall)
000000001995-07-07-0000July 7, 1995
Closed June 1, 2000

 Myrtle Beach
United States
000000001995-07-10-0000July 10, 1995
Broadway at the Beach complex since opening; relocated from original pyramid-shaped building to The Avenue on October 7, 2016.

 Copenhagen
Denmark
000000001995-07-18-0000July 18, 1995
Open

 Whistler
Canada
000000001995-09-05-0000September 5, 1995
Closed June 1, 2000

 Buenos Aires
Argentina
000000001995-10-15-0000October 15, 1995
Open

 Melbourne
Australia
000000001995-10-21-0000October 21, 1995
Closed October 21, 2007

 Phoenix
United States
000000001995-10-21-0000October 21, 1995
Relocated February 25, 2002

 Banff
Canada
000000001995-10-22-0000October 22, 1995
Closed June 1, 2000

 Taichung
Taiwan
000000001995-12-01-0000December 1995
Closed December 1996

 Cabo San Lucas
Mexico
000000001995-12-10-0000December 10, 1995
Unauthorized location[32]

 Antwerp
Belgium
000000001995-12-15-0000December 15, 1995
Closed April 24, 1997. Reopened March 20, 2017

 Makati
Philippines
000000001995-12-15-0000December 15, 1995
Open (Originally named Manilla, renamed shortly after)

 Universal City
United States
000000001996-01-12-0000January 12, 1996
Open

 Surfers Paradise
Australia
000000001996-03-22-0000March 22, 1996
Open, Originally called Gold Coast.

 Ottawa
Canada
000000001996-06-26-0000June 26, 1996
Closed September 1, 2013

 Niagara Falls
United States
000000001996-07-10-0000July 10, 1996
Open

 Shanghai
China
000000001996-08-02-0000August 2, 1996
Closed March 28, 2004

 Guangzhou
China
000000001996-09-02-0000September 2, 1996
Closed May 18, 2003

 Key West
United States
000000001996-09-27-0000September 27, 1996
Open

 Atlantic City
United States
000000001996-11-15-0000November 15, 1996
Open; although it was located at the Trump Taj Mahal at its closing, the restaurant remains open. It will be part of the new Hard Rock Hotel and Casino that will replace the Taj Mahal.

 Cape Town
South Africa
000000001996-11-22-0000November 22, 1996
Closed June 17, 2001

 Seoul
South Korea
000000001996-12-02-0000December 2, 1996
Reopened in April 8, 2008 but closed again in April 2009. Reopened in October 21, 2014.

 Niagara Falls Canada
Canada
000000001996-12-09-0000December 9, 1996
Open

 Beirut
Lebanon
000000001996-12-19-0000December 19, 1996
Closed September 9, 2013[33]

 Shenzhen
China
000000001997-05-27-0000May 27, 1997
Closed November 1998

 Nagoya
Japan
000000001997-07-01-0000July 1, 1997
Closed December 31, 2010

 Baltimore
United States
000000001997-07-04-0000July 4, 1997
Open

 Yokohama
Japan
000000001997-07-18-0000July 18, 1997
Open

 Sacramento
United States
000000001997-08-13-0000August 13, 1997
Closed March 20, 2010

 Amman
Jordan
000000001997-08-14-0000August 14, 1997
Closed September 2000

 Manama
Bahrain
000000001997-10-04-0000October 4, 1997
Open

 Barcelona
Spain
000000001997-11-10-0000November 10, 1997
Open

 Memphis
United States
000000001997-11-16-0000November 16, 1997
Relocated two blocks west in 2014[34]

 Dubai
United Arab Emirates
000000001997-12-13-0000December 13, 1997
Closed for relocation March 8, 2009

 Philadelphia
United States
000000001998-01-15-0000January 15, 1998
Open

 Lima
Peru
000000001998-02-20-0000February 20, 1998
Closed December 3, 2001. Relocated on December 2012.

 Edinburgh
United Kingdom
000000001998-03-28-0000March 28, 1998
Open

 Guam
United States/Guam
000000001998-05-10-0000May 10, 1998
Open

 Ankara
Turkey
000000001998-05-27-0000May 27, 1998
Closed February 8, 2002

 Lake Tahoe
United States
000000001998-06-30-0000June 30, 1998
Open

 Cleveland
United States
000000001998-07-02-0000July 2, 1998
Closed July 24, 2016[35]

 Salt Lake City
United States
000000001998-07-10-0000July 10, 1998
Closed December 7, 2008

 Kona
United States
000000001998-07-21-0000July 21, 1998
Closed July 21, 2008

 Sharm el-Sheikh
Egypt
000000001998-07-24-0000July 24, 1998
Open

 San Diego
United States
000000001998-07-28-0000July 28, 1998
Open

 Saipan
Northern Mariana Islands, United States
000000001998-08-18-0000August 18, 1998
Open

 St. Louis
United States
000000001998-08-24-0000August 24, 1998
Open

 Denver
United States
000000001998-11-05-0000November 5, 1998
Open

 Guadalajara
Mexico
000000001998-11-07-0000November 7, 1998
Closed October 2008

 Rome
Italy
000000001998-12-10-0000December 10, 1998
Open

 Orlando
United States
000000001998-12-11-0000December 11, 1998
Open

 Amsterdam
Netherlands
000000001999-03-20-0000March 20, 1999
Open

 Indianapolis
United States
000000001999-04-13-0000April 13, 1999
Open

 Kobe
Japan
000000001999-04-27-0000April 27, 1999
Closed December 31, 2003

 Ft. Lauderdale
United States
000000001999-07-07-0000July 7, 1999
Closed May 9, 2004. Relocated to Hollywood, FL

 Gatlinburg
United States
000000001999-09-05-0000September 5, 1999
Closed May 20, 2014. Relocated to Pigeon Forge

 Oasis
United Kingdom
000000002000-04-14-0000April 14, 2000
Closed January 31, 2002

 Fukuoka
Japan
000000002000-04-26-0000April 26, 2000
Open (Relocated from Hawks Town Mall to JRJP Hakata Building at JR Hakata Station. Original location closed March 31, 2016. Re-opened April 27, 2016.[36][37])

 Houston
United States
000000002000-05-21-0000May 21, 2000
Open

 Rio de Janeiro
Brazil
000000002000-06-27-0000June 27, 2000
Closed for relocation July 25, 2011, Shop located at base of Corcovado currently

 Manchester
United Kingdom
000000002000-09-12-0000September 12, 2000
Open

 Malta
Malta St. Julian's
000000002000-11-25-0000November 25, 2000
Open

 Osaka Universal
Japan
000000002001-03-22-0000March 22, 2001
Open

 Cairo
Egypt
000000002001-05-04-0000May 4, 2001
Closed December 31, 2010

 Belfast
United Kingdom
000000002001-05-10-0000May 10, 2001
Closed September 25, 2004

 Queenstown
New Zealand
000000002001-05-28-0000May 28, 2001
Closed September 28, 2004

 Managua
Nicaragua
000000002001-05-01-0000May 2001
Closed December 2001

 Osaka
Japan
000000002001-09-14-0000September 14, 2001
Open

 Bogotá
Colombia
000000002001-10-01-0000October 1, 2001
Open

 Pattaya
Thailand
000000002001-10-15-0000October 15, 2001
Open

 Birmingham
United Kingdom
000000002001-11-19-0000November 19, 2001
Closed May 5, 2007

 Phoenix
United States
000000002002-02-25-0000February 25, 2002
Open

 Austin
United States
000000002002-02-27-0000February 27, 2002
Closed January 2, 2006

 Munich
Germany
000000002002-02-25-0000February 25, 2002
Open

 Ueno-Eki
Japan
000000002002-03-25-0000March 25, 2002
Open

 Nottingham
United Kingdom
000000002002-06-05-0000June 5, 2002
Closed November 12, 2007

 Pittsburgh
United States
000000002002-06-24-0000June 24, 2002
Open

 San Francisco
United States
000000002002-08-26-0000August 26, 2002
Open

 Minneapolis
United States
000000002002-09-12-0000September 12, 2002
Closed September 30, 2011

 Leeds
United Kingdom
000000002002-12-02-0000December 2, 2002
Closed July 2, 2007

 Cologne
Germany
000000002003-04-28-0000April 28, 2003
Open

 Lisbon
Portugal
000000002003-06-12-0000June 12, 2003
Open

 Moscow
Russia
000000002003-09-17-0000September 17, 2003
Open

 Panama
Panama
000000002004-09-08-0000September 8, 2004
Closed fall 2004

 Cardiff
United Kingdom
000000002003-10-13-0000October 13, 2003
Closed October 12, 2010

 Nassau
Bahamas
000000002003-10-21-0000October 21, 2003
Unauthorized location.[32] Relocated in June 2014.

 Detroit
United States
000000002003-11-10-0000November 10, 2003
Open

 Malta
Malta Airport
000000002004-02-01-0000February 1, 2004
Open

 Catania
Italy
000000002004-02-24-0000February 24, 2004
Closed November 2006

 Hollywood FL
United States
000000002004-05-11-0000May 11, 2004
Open

 Louisville
United States
000000002004-05-31-0000May 31, 2004
Open

 Dublin
Ireland
000000002004-06-29-0000June 29, 2004
Open

 Destin
United States
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question_text: who played john adams in the movie 1776

question_tokens: who played john adams in the movie 1776

text: 1776 (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: While General George Washington is conducting the struggle against the British Empire on the battlefield, the Continental Congress in Philadelphia piddles away its time over trivial matters and continually refuses to begin debating the question of American independence. The leader of the independence faction is the abrasive John Adams of Massachusetts, whose continuous pushing of the issue has brought their cause to a complete standstill. John Dickinson of Pennsylvania leads the opposition that hopes for reconciliation with England. During his quieter moments, Adams calls up the image of his wife Abigail Adams, who resides in Massachusetts and gives him insight and encouragement (these conversations are based on letters between the couple). Dr. Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania suggests another colony that supports independence should submit a proposal.

text: Richard Henry Lee of Virginia voluntarily rides off to Williamsburg, Virginia to get authorization from the Virginia Colony to propose independence. Dr. Lyman Hall arrives to represent Georgia, and immediately, he is interrogated by his fellow delegates regarding his views on independence (with Dickinson framing it as "treason"). Weeks later, Lee returns with the resolution, and debate on the question begins. However, in the midst of debate, Caesar Rodney falters because of his cancer and is taken back to Delaware by fellow delegate Thomas McKean, leaving the anti-independence George Read to represent Delaware.

text: After heated discussions, the question is called without a majority of positive votes present. The New Jersey delegation, led by Reverend John Witherspoon, arrives just in time to provide a vote supporting independence. In a move intended to defeat the resolution, Dickinson calls for a vote requiring unanimity for passage. The vote ends in a tie between the colonies, New York abstaining as it does in every vote. It is ultimately decided in favor of unanimity by John Hancock, president of the Continental Congress, who argues that any objecting colony would fight for England against independence. Stalling for time to rally support for the resolution, Adams and Franklin call again for a postponement, justifying their call by stating the need for a declaration describing their grievances. Once again tied and ultimately decided by Hancock, the vote is successfully postponed until such a document can be written.

text: Hancock appoints a committee that includes Adams, Franklin, Roger Sherman of Connecticut, Robert Livingston of New York, and Thomas Jefferson (after Lee declines due to an appointment to serve as governor of Virginia). Jefferson resists because he desires to return home to Virginia to see his wife, Martha, but the others present more compelling reasons to avoid the responsibility; they opine that Jefferson's diplomatic nature and superior writing skill are required to draft the declaration. Jefferson develops writer's block due to missing his wife, so Adams sends for Martha: "It simply occurred to me that the sooner his problem was solved the sooner ours would be." Upon meeting her, Adams and Franklin are quite taken with Martha. While maneuvering to get the required unanimity for the vote on independence, Adams, Franklin and Samuel Chase of Maryland visit the Colonial Army encamped in New Brunswick, New Jersey, at the request of General Washington, to help convince Maryland.

text: When they return to Philadelphia, the declaration is read and then subsequently debated and amended. Jefferson agrees to most alterations to the document, much to Adams' growing consternation. The debate reaches a head when the Southern delegates, led by Edward Rutledge of South Carolina, walk out of Congress when a clause opposing slavery is not removed. Adams remains adamant that the clause remain, but Franklin appeals to him to allow the passage to be removed so that they can first achieve the vote on independence and the formation of a nation, deferring the slavery fight to a later time. Adams leaves the final decision to Jefferson, who reluctantly concedes. After removing that clause, 11 of 13 colonies are now in favor. New York abstains yet again (since its delegates have never been given specific orders by the disorganized New York legislature).

text: The question is therefore up to the Colony of Pennsylvania, whose delegation is polled at Franklin's request. Franklin votes for the declaration, but Dickinson votes against. The outcome is now in the hands of their fellow Pennsylvanian Judge James Wilson. Wilson has always followed Dickinson's lead, but in this case Wilson votes in favor of the declaration, securing its passage, so that he would not be remembered by history as the man who voted to prevent American independence. After receiving word of the destruction of his property from General Washington, Lewis Morris finally withdraws New York's abstention and agrees to sign the document. Finally, with the Declaration of Independence ready to be signed, Hancock places his signature first, whereupon the others (including New York) affix theirs to the Declaration, establishing the United States on July 4, 1776.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
William Daniels as John Adams (MA)
Howard Da Silva as Benjamin Franklin (PA)
Ken Howard as Thomas Jefferson (VA)
Donald Madden as John Dickinson (PA)
John Cullum as Edward Rutledge (SC)
David Ford as John Hancock (MA)
Roy Poole as Stephen Hopkins (RI)
Ron Holgate as Richard Henry Lee (VA)
Ray Middleton as Thomas McKean (DE)
William Hansen as Caesar Rodney (DE)
Emory Bass as James Wilson (PA)
Howard Caine as Lewis Morris (NY)
Patrick Hines as Samuel Chase (MD)
Daniel Keyes as Josiah Bartlett (NH)
Leo Leyden as George Read (DE)
Jonathan Moore as Lyman Hall (GA)
James Noble as Reverend John Witherspoon (NJ)
John Myhers as Robert Livingston (NY)
Rex Robbins as Roger Sherman (CT)
Charles Rule as Joseph Hewes (NC)

text:
Blythe Danner as Martha Jefferson
Virginia Vestoff as Abigail Adams
Ralston Hill as Charles Thomson
William Duell as Andrew McNair
Stephen Nathan as Courier

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text:
Overture
"Sit Down, John" – Adams, Congress
"Piddle, Twiddle and Resolve" – Adams
"Till Then" – Adams, Abigail
"The Lees of Old Virginia" – Lee, Franklin, Adams
"But, Mr. Adams" – Adams, Franklin, Jefferson, Sherman, Livingston
"Yours, Yours, Yours" – John, Abigail
"He Plays the Violin" – Martha Jefferson, Franklin, Adams
"Cool, Cool, Considerate Men" – Dickinson, The Conservatives
"Mama Look Sharp" – Courier, McNair, Leather Apron
"The Egg" – Franklin, Adams, Jefferson
"Molasses to Rum" – Rutledge
"Compliments" – Adams, Abigail
"Is Anybody There?" – Adams
Finale

tag: ol

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: An original motion picture soundtrack album was released in 1972 by Columbia Records on the vinyl LP format. It contained all the musical numbers listed above with the exception of "Cool, Cool Considerate Men" and "Compliments". This soundtrack also contains the edited versions of some of the musical numbers which were presented in full on the laserdisc and DVD releases. Although the Original Broadway Cast recording was released on CD in 1992, the movie soundtrack was not.

text: Production[edit]

text: Jack L. Warner bought the film rights to the musical for $1.25 million.

text: Many members of the original Broadway cast, including William Daniels, Ken Howard, John Cullum, and Howard Da Silva, reprised their roles for the film. Ralston Hill, Ron Holgate, David Ford, Charles Rule and others repeated their roles from the Broadway production, marking their only appearances in feature film. This was a decision Warner made himself after feeling he made a mistake by turning down Julie Andrews for the 1964 film adaptation of My Fair Lady in favor of Audrey Hepburn.[5]

text: This was also the only film of Donald Madden, who was not in the original Broadway cast.

text: Exteriors were filmed at the Warner Ranch in Burbank, California, the former Columbia Pictures backlot, where they built an entire street of colonial Philadelphia. Most of the colonial sets were destroyed by a fire in the mid-1970s.[citation needed]

text: The water fountain seen during the musical number "The Lees of Old Virginia," with Ben Franklin, John Adams, and Richard Henry Lee, became known to television viewers as the fountain seen during the beginning credits of the TV series Friends. This fountain still exists directly across the street from the Bewitched and I Dream of Jeannie houses.[6]

text: Interiors were shot at the old Columbia studio on Gower Street in Hollywood.[7][8] 1776 was among the final films shot at Gower Studios before the Warner/Columbia merger in 1971.[9]

text: In its theatrical and original home video releases, the film was rated G; following the restoration of various parts cut by producer Jack L. Warner, the DVD was rated PG.[citation needed] The Laserdisc version, out of print, contains additional footage and background music not contained on the DVD release. The 168-minute version is considered director Peter Hunt's preferred version, hence its "director's cut" moniker. The film was the Christmas attraction at Radio City Music Hall in New York City.[citation needed]

text: "Cool, Cool, Considerate Men" was cut from the film prior to its release and not included on the soundtrack recording nor on the first VHS tapes and laserdiscs. The footage, some of physically poor quality, was restored for the later laserdisc and DVD releases.

text: Political changes[edit]

text: According to the Los Angeles Times, "The song 'Cool, Cool, Considerate Men' depicts Revolutionary War–era conservatives as power-hungry wheedlers focused on maintaining wealth."[10] According to Jack L. Warner, the film's producer and a friend of U.S. President Richard Nixon, Nixon requested to have the song removed from the film. Nixon apparently saw the song as an insult to the conservatives of his time, as it suggested that the conservatives were the ones who were hindering American Independence as they danced a minuet singing the song that included the stanza,

text:
Come ye cool, cool considerate set
We'll dance together to the same minuet
To the right, ever to the right
Never to the left, forever to the right.

text: To further complicate things as mentioned above, the song is anachronistic, because the terms "right" and "left" in politics were not coined until the French Revolution.

text: Warner's attempt to comply with Nixon's demands had initially been rebuffed by director Hunt during production, only for the song to be removed in post-production while Hunt was on vacation. Warner also wanted the original negative of the song shredded, but the film's editor kept it in storage unaltered.[10] Trailers were already released in theaters with the "Considerate Men" number as its centerpiece; Warner had those trailers pulled and re-edited.[11] Hunt later mentioned in a 2015 interview that Warner, on his deathbed, told a friend that he regretted editing the scene, believing that he had ruined the structure of the film as a result of those edits.[11] It was only decades later that the song was restored to the film.[10]

text: Interestingly, when the Broadway musical was about to be presented to Nixon at the White House in 1970, before the film was made, his staff pressed the producers to cut the song then; their request was denied.[10]

text: Historical accuracy[edit]

text: According to The Columbia Companion to American History on Film, historical "[i]naccuracies pervade 1776, though few are very troubling."[12] Because Congress was held in secrecy and there are no contemporary records on the debate over the Declaration of Independence, the authors of the play created the narrative based on later accounts and educated guesses, inventing scenes and dialogue as needed for storytelling purposes. Some of the dialogue was taken from words written, often years or even decades later, by the actual people involved, and rearranged for dramatic effect.[13]

text: The movie particularly distorts and omits the views of the mid-Atlantic Quaker population, represented by Dickinson. Although in the movie Dickinson is portrayed as loyalist, and John Adams is seen making the points of objection about the tax abuses of George III of the United Kingdom, including regressive taxes and "taxation without representation", and all to fund wars and the King's lifestyle, not to benefit the people, it was Dickinson's Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania that had originally made these points. A supposed physical fight between Dickinson and Adams is portrayed, in which Dickinson calls Adams a "lawyer" as an epithet, which makes little sense since Dickinson was a lawyer himself.

text: Also, despite the movie's heavy focus on John Adams, John Dickinson, Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin, only Martha Jefferson and Abigail Adams and their marriages are depicted, despite Dickinson's wife, Mary Norris Dickinson, being the only one of these spouses actually present in Philadelphia during the convention. (Franklin's common law wife, Deborah Read, had died a year or so earlier.) Although the movie initially uses actual correspondence between Abigail Adams and John Adams as a basis for dialogue, it romanticizes her views in later scenes. The movie also fictionalizes the Martha Jefferson relationship in particular, depicting her as coming to the convention, when she had actually just suffered a miscarriage and was also dealing with complications of gestational diabetes and was invalid in Virginia. The omission of Mary Norris and Dickinson's marriage to her is also particularly distorting as Quaker marriages such as that of Dickinson and Norris were more egalitarian than those of some of the other founding cultures (including the patriarchal Puritan-style Adams marriage, to which Abigail Adams objects in her letters quoted in the movie) and were by definition not bound to gender stereotypes.

text: Another departure from history is that the separation from Great Britain was accomplished in two steps: the actual vote for independence came on July 2 with the approval of Lee's resolution of independence. The wording of the Declaration of Independence—the statement to the world as to the reasons necessitating the split—was then debated for three days before being approved on July 4. The vote for independence did not hinge on some passages being removed from the Declaration, as implied in the movie (and the play), since Congress had already voted in favor of independence before debating the Declaration. For the sake of drama, the play's authors combined the two events.[14] In addition, some historians believe that the Declaration was not signed on July 4, as shown in 1776, but was instead signed on August 2, 1776. Others point out that the final, official copy of the document was signed by the delegates not on a single date, but over several weeks and months, commencing in July but not being completed until as late as September. The authors of 1776 had the delegates sign the Declaration on July 4 for dramatic reasons.[14]

text: The Liberty Bell in 1776 is shown being rung as the delegates were signing the Declaration on July 4; however, this was also for dramatic effect. Independence Hall's wooden steeple was structurally unstable, and the Liberty Bell was silent, having been lowered into the upper chamber of the brick tower.[15] A smaller bell, used to toll the hours, may have rung on July 8, for the public reading of the Declaration.

text: Many characters in 1776 differ from their historical counterparts. Central to the drama is the depiction of John Adams as "obnoxious and disliked." According to biographer David McCullough, however, Adams was one of the most respected members of Congress in 1776. Adams's often-quoted description of himself in Congress as "obnoxious, suspected, and unpopular" is from a letter written 46 years later in 1822,[16] after his unpopular presidency had likely colored his view of the past. According to McCullough, no delegate described Adams as obnoxious in 1776.[17] Historian Garry Wills earlier made a similar argument, writing that "historians relay John Adams's memories without sufficient skepticism", and that it was Dickinson, not Adams, who was advocating an unpopular position in 1776.[18]

text: For practical and dramatic purposes, the work does not depict all of the more than 50 members of Congress who were present at the time. This version of John Adams is, in part, a composite character, combining the real Adams with his cousin Samuel Adams, who was in Congress at the time but is not depicted in the play.[19] Although the play depicts Delaware's Caesar Rodney as an elderly man near death from skin cancer (which would eventually kill him), he was just 47 years old at the time and continued to be very active in the Revolution after signing the Declaration. He was not absent from the voting because of health; however, the play is accurate in having him arrive "in the nick of time," having ridden 80 miles the night before (an event depicted on Delaware's 1999 State Quarter) unaided, instead of with the help of another delegate. Further, Richard Henry Lee announces that he is returning to Virginia to serve as governor. He was never governor; his cousin Henry Lee (who is anachronistically called "General 'Lighthorse' Harry Lee," a rank and nickname earned later) did eventually become governor (and the father of Confederate general Robert E. Lee). John Adams was also depicted as disliking Richard Henry Lee, but according to McCullough, Adams expressed nothing but "respect and admiration for the tall, masterly Virginian." He did dislike Benjamin Franklin, contrary to what was portrayed.

text: Martha Jefferson never traveled to Philadelphia to be with her husband; she was extremely ill during the summer of 1776, having just endured a miscarriage. The play's authors invented the scene "to show something of the young Jefferson's life without destroying the unity of setting."[20] James Wilson was not the indecisive milquetoast depicted in the play and the movie. The real Wilson, who was not yet a judge in 1776, had been cautious about supporting independence at an earlier date, but he supported the resolution of independence when it came up for a vote. Pennsylvania's deciding swing vote was actually cast by John Morton, who is not depicted in the musical.[19]

text: The quote attributed to Edmund Burke by Dr. Lyman Hall in a key scene with Adams is a paraphrase of a real quote by Burke.[21]

text: The song "Cool Considerate Men" is anachronistic; the terms "right" and "left" in politics were not in use until the French Revolution of 1789. John Dickinson, who is portrayed as an antagonist here, was motivated mainly by his Quaker roots and his respect for the British Constitution, having lived in England for 3 years in the 1750s.[22] He was no wealthier than some members of the pro-Independence faction, and freed his slaves in 1777. Thomas Jefferson wrote that "his name will be consecrated in history as one of the great worthies of the revolution".[23]

text: The movie also misses the objection some had to the Declaration's stated basis in "rights of Man" based in "natural law" derived from a supernatural being. The Quaker-based population in the mid-Atlantic, represented by Dickinson, objected to this conception. Dickinson's objection to the Declaration had to do with this, as well as the fact he and his base preferred civil disobedience to war as the means, and a view that the colonies were too immature and the egalitarian mid-Atlantic culture would be overruled by the slavery of the South and the patriarchal Puritan attitudes of New England, represented by John Adams, in the foundation of the new country. The movie also omits the fact that Dickinson, after refusing to sign the Declaration, set about drafting the Articles of Confederation, which he based on "rights of Person" with no reference to anything but law created by human beings and the only reference to "men" being in the context of mustering armies. This basis was then used when the Articles were converted to the Constitution but by then completely omitting the word "man" and only using the word "Person."

text: The musical also deviates from history in its portrayal of attitudes about slavery. In 1776, after a dramatic debate over slavery, the southern delegates walk out in protest of the Declaration's denunciation of the slave trade, and only support independence when that language was removed from the Declaration. The walkout is fictional, as the debate over the wording of the declaration took place after the vote for independence on July 2, and apparently most delegates, northern and southern, supported the deletion of the clause.

text: The musical depicts Edward Rutledge as the leader of the opposition to an anti-slavery clause in Jefferson's original draft of the Declaration. However, while we do know that, according to Jefferson, the clause was opposed by South Carolina and Georgia, plus unspecified "northern brethren";[24] that is all that is known about opposition to the clause. Rutledge was a delegate from South Carolina, but there is no historical evidence that he played any part—much less a leadership role—in the opposition to the clause.[25] The musical does acknowledge the complexity of the colonial attitudes toward slavery in the dramatic song "Molasses, to Rum, to Slaves", sung by the Rutledge character, which illustrates the hypocrisy in northern condemnations of slavery since northerners profited from the triangle trade.

text: Thomas Jefferson is depicted in the musical as saying that he has resolved to free his slaves, something he did not do, except for a few slaves freed after his death 50 years later. The musical also depicts Franklin as claiming that he is the founder of the first abolitionist organization in the New World; the real Franklin did not become an abolitionist until after the American Revolution, becoming president of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society in 1785.[26] It was actually Dickinson who freed his slaves in 1776, conditionally at first, and fully by 1787 when the Constitution was ratified.

text: In both the play and the film, John Adams sarcastically predicts that Benjamin Franklin will receive from posterity too great a share of credit for the Revolution. "Franklin smote the ground and out sprang—George Washington. Fully grown, and on his horse. Franklin then electrified them with his miraculous lightning rod and the three of them—Franklin, Washington, and the horse—conducted the entire Revolution all by themselves." Adams did make a similar comment about Franklin in April 1790, just after Franklin's death, although the mention of the horse was a humorous twist added by the authors of the musical.[27]

text: James Wilson is portrayed as subordinating himself to Dickinson's opposition to independence, only changing his vote so that he would not be remembered unfavorably. In fact, Wilson was considered one of the leading thinkers behind the American cause, consistently supporting and arguing for independence, although he would not cast his vote until his district had been caucused.[28]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Vincent Canby of The New York Times observed, "The music is resolutely unmemorable. The lyrics sound as if they'd been written by someone high on root beer, and the book is familiar history—compressed here, stretched there—that has been gagged up and paced to Broadway's not inspiring standards. Yet Peter H. Hunt's screen version of 1776 ... insists on being so entertaining and, at times, even moving, that you might as well stop resisting it. This reaction, I suspect, represents a clear triumph of emotional associations over material ... [It] is far from being a landmark of musical cinema, but it is the first film in my memory that comes close to treating seriously a magnificent chapter in the American history."[29]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave it two stars and declared, "This is an insult to the real men who were Adams, Jefferson, Franklin and the rest ... The performances trapped inside these roles, as you might expect, are fairly dreadful. There are good actors in the movie (especially William Daniels as Adams and Donald Madden as John Dickinson), but they're forced to strut and posture so much that you wonder if they ever scratched or spit or anything ... I can hardly bear to remember the songs, much less discuss them. Perhaps I shouldn't. It is just too damn bad this movie didn't take advantage of its right to the pursuit of happiness."[30]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: The film was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy but lost to Cabaret. Harry Stradling Jr. was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Cinematography but lost to Geoffrey Unsworth for Cabaret.

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text: 2006: AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals – Nominated[31]

text: Home media releases[edit]

text: The film was released on videocassette and laserdisc in the 1980s, and on DVD in 2002. This DVD version was released as the "Restored Director's Cut" and contains clips that were unreleased and unavailable in videocassette versions, including the "Cool, Cool Considerate Men" musical number and accompanying dialogue. Although out of print, the laserdisc contains an additional four minutes of material which is not available on the DVD.

text: The film was released on Blu-ray 4K-master on June 2, 2015.[32] It contains two commentaries: an all-new commentary, with director Peter H. Hunt, William Daniels, and Ken Howard, and also the DVD version's commentary with Hunt and Peter Stone only. It also contains two versions of the film: the DVD's "Director's Cut", and an "extended cut" adding an additional 2 minutes and 44 seconds to the DVD edition's time. It also includes two deleted and alternate scenes with filmmaker commentary, screen tests, and original theatrical release trailers.

text: Comic book adaptation[edit]

text: Charlton Comics: 1776 (March 1973)[33][34]