document_title: List of Florida hurricanes (2000–present)

question_text: when was the last time florida was hit by a hurricane

text:
August 23, 2000 – The National Hurricane Center forecasts Hurricane Debby to pass through the Florida Keys as a Category 2 hurricane, with one computer model predicting a Category 4 hurricane in the area.[2] This results in officials declaring a mandatory evacuation for all non-residents in the keys, causing a significant loss of tourism revenue for Monroe County. Debby dissipates before hitting the area, though its remnants produce heavy rainfall across southern Florida.[3]
September 9, 2000 – Moisture from Tropical Depression Nine produce light rainfall in the western Florida Panhandle.[4]
September 18, 2000 – Tropical Storm Gordon makes landfall on Cedar Key, dropping up to 9.48 inches (240 mm) of rainfall in Mayo.[5] Hundreds of homes are damaged from floodwaters or fallen trees, and damage in the state amounts to at least $5.1 million (2000 USD, $7.2 million 2017 USD).[6] A surfer drowns in rough seas near Pensacola.[7]
September 22, 2000 – Tropical Storm Helene hits near Pensacola, damaging hundreds of homes from floodwaters. Monetary damage totals over $1 million (2000 USD, $1.5 million 2017 USD).[8]
October 3, 2000 – The precursor disturbance to Tropical Storm Leslie produces 10—20 inches (255–510 mm) of rainfall across southeastern Florida, flooding about 93,000 houses. The flooding causes $950 million in damage (2000 USD, $1.4 billion 2017 USD),[9] along with three indirect deaths.[10]

tag: ul

text:
June 12, 2001 – Subtropical Depression Allison moves through Alabama and Georgia, with its outer rainbands producing up to 10.1 inches (357 mm) of rain at the Tallahassee Regional Airport.[11] The rainfall destroys 10 homes and damages 599 others,[12] with monetary damage totaling $20 million (2001 USD, $27.3 million 2017 USD).[11] Eight people die in the state,[13] five of which due to rip currents.[14]
August 6, 2001 – After meandering for several days in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, Tropical Storm Barry makes landfall at Santa Rosa Beach, producing heavy rainfall across much of Florida which peaks at 11.7 inches (297 mm) in Stuart.[5] The storm kills two in the state and leaves $1.5 million in damage (2001 USD, $2.05 million 2017 USD).[15][16]
September 14, 2001 – Tropical Storm Gabrielle hits Venice, dropping moderate to heavy rainfall including a peak total of 15.1 inches (384 mm) in Parrish.[5] The combination of flooding from rainfall and gusty winds causes $230 million in damage (2001 USD) and one direct death, and high waves from the storm indirectly kills a person in the Florida Keys.[17]
November 5, 2001 – Hurricane Michelle passes to the south of the state, dropping up to 4.99 inches (127 mm) of rainfall.[5] The hurricane spawns two tornadoes, resulting in minor damage.[18]

text:
July 13, 2002 – The precursor disturbance to Tropical Storm Arthur moves across the Florida Panhandle and produces heavy amounts of precipitation peaking at 4.79 inches (122 mm) in two locations.[5]
August 4, 2002 – High surf from Tropical Storm Bertha kills one person at Perdido Key State Recreation Area.[19]
September 4, 2002 – Tropical Storm Edouard hits near Ormond Beach as a minimal tropical storm. While crossing the peninsula from east to west, the storm drops up to 7.64 inches (194 mm) of rain in DeSoto City, resulting in some flooding and minimal damage.[5][20]
September 14, 2002 – Tropical Storm Hanna strikes near the state border of Alabama and Mississippi and produces moderate precipitation across the state. Three people die in rip currents from the storm.[21]
September 26, 2002 – Tropical Storm Isidore hits southern Louisiana, though its large circulation drops rainfall across the state peaking at 9.1 inches (231 mm) in Pensacola.[22] Tornadoes spawned by the storm damage multiple mobile homes, with monetary damage across the state totaling over $11 million (2002 USD, $14.8 million 2017 USD).[23]
October 3, 2002 – Hurricane Lili makes landfall on southern Louisiana, and drops 1.04 inches (26 mm) of rainfall in Pensacola.[24]
October 11, 2002 – Tropical Storm Kyle turns northward to the east of the state, producing up to 2.05 inches (52 mm) of precipitation in Fernandina Brach and a light storm surge.[25]

text:
April 20, 2003 – Swells from Tropical Storm Ana capsize a boat near Jupiter, killing two of the four passengers aboard.[26]
June 30, 2003 – Tropical Storm Bill hits southern Louisiana, producing over 7 inches (178 mm) of rainfall in portions of the western Florida Panhandle.[27] At least 40 houses are damaged, totaling in over $1 million (2003 USD, $1.4 million 2017 USD) in damage,[28] and rip currents from the storm kill two surfers in Panama City Beach.[29]
July 2003 – A man dies after suffering a heart attack while swimming in high surf caused by Hurricane Claudette.[30]
July 25, 2003 – Tropical Depression Seven forms to the east of the state and drops light precipitation.[31]
August 14, 2003 – The precursor disturbance to Hurricane Erika produces heavy amounts of precipitation across the state.[32]
August 30, 2003 – Moisture from Tropical Storm Grace drops about 1 inch (25 mm) of rain in the Florida Keys and over 3 inches (75 mm) in portions of northern Florida.[33]
September 6, 2003 – Tropical Depression Henri hits Clearwater, producing 9.09 inches (231 mm) in Hialeah[5] which leads to minor flooding and damage; lightning caused by the storm injures a man in Lee County.[34]
September 13, 2003 – Rip currents produced by Hurricane Isabel kill a surfer in Nassau County.[35]

text:
August 12, 2004 – Tropical Storm Bonnie moves ashore on Saint Vincent Island, producing light rainfall and minor damage along its path.[36]
August 13, 2004 – Hurricane Charley makes landfall on Cayo Costa with winds of 150 mph (240 km/h) and hours later hits the mainland portion of the state at Punta Gorda, becoming the strongest hurricane to hit the United States since Hurricane Andrew in 1992. The winds damage or destroy thousands of homes, knock down tens of thousands of trees, and leave more than 2 million Floridians without power. Charley results in eight direct fatalities, 20 indirect casualties, and 792 reported injuries. Throughout the state, damage is estimated at $13.5 billion (2004 USD, $17.5 billion 2017 USD), at the time the second costliest hurricane in United States history; it has since dropped to sixth.[5][37][38]
September 5, 2004 – Hurricane Frances strikes the southern end of Hutchinson Island as a slow-moving Category 2 hurricane, producing heavy rainfall peaking at 15.84 inches (402 mm) at High Springs. The hurricane damages 15,000 homes and 2,400 businesses in Palm Beach County alone, with damage across the state totaling $8.32 billion (2004 USD, $10.8 billion 2017 USD). Hurricane Frances kills five people directly in the state and is indirectly responsible for 32 deaths.[39]
September 16, 2004 – Hurricane Ivan strikes Orange Beach, Alabama as a major hurricane, with its large and powerful circulation producing peak wind gusts of 107 mph (173 km/h) in Pensacola. The winds down more than 125,000 ft³ (3,540 m³) at a forest near Pensacola, while strong waves and a 10–15 foot (3—4.5 m) storm surge severely damages the Interstate 10 bridge in Pensacola. Throughout the state damage totals $8 billion (2004 USD, $10.3 billion 2017 USD), and 14 people die in the state from the hurricane. The remnants of Ivan later cross over the southern portion of the state on September 21 after looping southward, and ultimately reform in the Gulf of Mexico on September 23.[40]
September 25, 2004 – Hurricane Jeanne hits the southern portion of the state very near where Frances struck three weeks prior, producing moderate winds and rainfall reaching 11.97 inches (304 mm) at Kenansville. Jeanne produces hurricane-force winds across an area previously affected by one or two other hurricanes,[41] causing about $3.5 billion in damage (2004 USD, $4.5 billion 2017 USD).[42] The passage of Hurricane Jeanne results in three deaths; two due to winds and one from flooding.[41]
October 10, 2004 – Tropical Storm Matthew hits southern Louisiana, with its outer rainbands producing light rainfall across the western portion of Florida.[43]

text:
June 11, 2005 – Tropical Storm Arlene strikes just west of Pensacola, bringing moderate precipitation throughout the state[44] and causing breaches on barrier islands on the Florida Panhandle. Damage totals over $3.5 million (2005 USD, $4.5 million 2017 USD),[45] and one person dies in Miami Beach from rip currents caused by the storm.[44]
July 6, 2005 – Hurricane Cindy hits south-central Louisiana, with its large circulation resulting in moderate beach erosion and fallen trees along the western Florida Panhandle; damage is minor.[46]
July 10, 2005 – Hurricane Dennis makes landfall just west of Navarre Beach as a major hurricane, producing moderate rainfall and 9 tornadoes throughout the state. 2 people drown in the Gulf of Mexico, and the hurricane was indirectly responsible for twelve other fatalities.[47] Damage in the state totals about $1.5 billion (2005 USD, $1.89 billion 2017 USD).[48]
August 25, 2005 – Hurricane Katrina, category 1 at the time, makes landfall near the Broward/Miami-Dade County border producing gusty winds and heavy rainfall peaking at 16.33 inches (415 mm) in Perrine. Damage amounts to $523 million (2005 USD, $656 million 2017 USD) in the southern portion of the state, and twelve people die in southern Florida; three from drowning, three from falling trees, and six from indirect causes.[49] Minor damage is reported along the Florida Panhandle from its landfall in Mississippi.[50]
September 12, 2005 – High surf from Hurricane Ophelia kills a surfer in Palm Beach County.[51]
September 20, 2005 – Hurricane Rita passes south of the Florida Keys, producing a 5-foot (1.5 m) storm surge which affects up to 200 residencies and severely injures a bicyclist.[52]
October 5, 2005 – Tropical Storm Tammy hits near Atlantic Beach, resulting in moderate rainfall and light damage.[53]
October 24, 2005 – Hurricane Wilma makes landfall near Cape Romano as a major hurricane, producing hurricane-force winds and moderate precipitation across much of southern portion of the state. The winds of the hurricane leave 98% of South Florida without power. The passage of Wilma results in hundreds of damaged or destroyed homes, with damage reaching $20.6 billion (2005 USD, $25.8 billion 2017 USD), the fourth costliest tropical cyclone in United States history. Five people die in the state as a result of the hurricane.[54]

text:
June 13, 2006 – Tropical Storm Alberto hits near Adams Beach, producing 4.51 inches (115 mm) of rainfall in Sarasota and a storm tide unofficially reaching 9 feet (2.7 m) in Dixie County. The passage of Alberto causes flood damage to dozens of homes.[55]
August 30, 2006 – Tropical Storm Ernesto strikes Plantation Key and a short while later on the southwest Florida coastline. The storm spawns two tornadoes in the state, while moderate rainfall peaking at 8.72 inches (221 mm) in South Golden Gate floods 13 houses in Palmdale.[56]

text:
May 9, 2007 – Subtropical Storm Andrea forms to the northeast of the state, and produces strong waves that cause severe beach erosion in some locations. Light rainfall, of up to 0.77 inches is reported in Jacksonville. Some coastal areas receive tropical storm force wind gusts.[57]
June 2, 2007 – Tropical Storm Barry makes landfall near Tampa Bay as a disorganized tropical cyclone, and drops moderate precipitation across the drought-ridden state that peaks at 6.99 inches (178 mm) in Palm Beach.[58] The rainfall causes slick roads, leading to two indirect traffic casualties. Damage in the state is minor.[59]
August 23, 2007 – Rip currents from Hurricane Dean kill one person at Siesta Key.[60]
September 8, 2007 - Rough surf from Tropical Storm Gabrielle drowned one surfer and forced the rescue of 200 swimmers.[61]
September 13, 2007 – The remnants of Hurricane Humberto drop light rainfall on the western Florida Panhandle.[62]

text:
September 22, 2007 – Tropical Depression Ten moves ashore near Fort Walton Beach and produces light to moderate rainfall,[63][64] with its precursor system spawning a damaging tornado in Eustis.[65]
October 31, 2007 – The interaction between Hurricane Noel and a ridge to its north produces strong winds and high waves along the state's eastern coastline.[66]
December 13, 2007 – The remnants of Tropical Storm Olga drop moderate precipitation in the state.[67]

text:
July 16, 2008 – The precursor to Tropical Storm Cristobal drops moderate rainfall, causing minor street flooding and little damage.[68]
July 22, 2008 – Rip currents from Hurricane Dolly kill one person and injures four at beaches along the panhandle.[69]
August 18–23, 2008 – Tropical Storm Fay made a record four landfalls in Florida. Extreme flooding was reported in many counties in central Florida and the Florida panhandle. According to the National Hurricane Center's Tropical Cyclone Report on Fay, five people were killed throughout the state.[70]
August 31 – September 1 – Hurricane Gustav brushed the Florida Keys before tracking into central Louisiana, producing six tornadoes, heavy rain up to 4.12 in (105 mm), and strong rip currents throughout the state. The outer rain bands produced three waterspouts in the Panhandle, each coming ashore near Valparaiso. Four people drowned as a result of the rip currents in southern Florida.[71][72]
September 2, 2008 – Rip currents from Hurricane Hanna are reported along the Southeast U.S. Coast. A 14-year-old boy drowned at John U. Lloyd Beach State Park near Hollywood, Florida as a result of the rip currents brought up by the distant Hanna.[73] Two more deaths were reported off the coast of Fort Lauderdale, Florida as they drowned in the high seas.[74]

text:
August 16–18, 2009 – Tropical Storm Claudette hits Santa Rosa Island, killing two people.[75][76] An EF-0 tornado spawned by the storm in Cape Coral, Florida damaged 11 homes, leaving $103,000 in damage.[77]
August 21–22, 2009 – Hurricane Bill produced waves between 5 and 6 ft (1.5 and 1.8 m) along the east coast of Florida, resulting in one fatality at New Smyrna Beach.[78]
November 9–11, 2009 – The extratropical remnants of Hurricane Ida brings rainfall, strong waves and power outages to the panhandle, leaving roughly $250,000 in losses.[79][80]

text:
June 30, 2010 – Tropical Storm Alex passes through the area affected by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, causing tarballs from the spill as large as apples to wash onshore portions of the panhandle[81] from high storm tides created by the storm.[82]
July 23, 2010 – Tropical Storm Bonnie makes landfall near Cutler Bay, Florida as a minimal tropical storm, bringing light rainfall and winds to southern parts of the state.[83]
August 10, 2010 – Tropical Depression Five develops off the southwest coast, producing high surf that indirectly causes two drowning deaths along Anna Maria Island.[84]
August 31–September 4, 2010 – Hurricane Earl parallels the East Coast of the United States, resulting in rip currents and wave heights up to 10 ft (3 m) along the eastern coastline of Florida.[85] Three people are killed: a 61-year-old charter boat captain who suffered grave injuries after falling off his boat approaching Jupiter Inlet,[86] a 16-year-old teenager who was rescued by a bystander but later died at the hospital,[87] and a 57-year-old Swedish sailor whose boat was found but body was never recovered.[88]
September 29, 2010 – Tropical Storm Nicole passes offshore as an extratropical cyclone, producing 12.71 in (323 mm) of rainfall in North Key Largo and lighter totals elsewhere.[89] Street flooding was observed in the upper Florida Keys, where one residence was severely inundated, and throughout Miami Beach.[90]

text:
July 18–20, 2011 – Tropical Storm Bret generates wave heights of 3–5 ft (0.9–1.5 m) along the eastern coastline of Florida, injuring several beach-goers and prompting the rescue of dozens of others.[91][92]
August 25–26, 2011 – Hurricane Irene passes about 150–200 miles (240–320 km) to the east as a major hurricane, generating waves of 7–10 ft (2.1–3.0 m) around Jacksonville Beach and Atlantic Beach.[93] A large wave crashing onto the jetty at Boynton Inlet injuries eight people, and the Lake Worth Pier sustains $2,000 (2011 USD) worth of damage. Intermittent squalls produce sustained winds of 41 mph (66 km/h), with gusts to 53 mph (85 km/h), from Jupiter through Boynton Beach. A few trees were uprooted, tree branches are downed, and minor power outages are reported.[94] A 55-year-old local and a New Jersey tourist are drowned in rough surf.[95]
September 3–5, 2011 – Tropical Storm Lee passes north and west of Florida but delivers rainfall up to 7 in (178 mm) across the extreme western Panhandle.[96] Moderate beach erosion and prolonged rip currents affect the region. Four tornadoes result in modest damage, particularly in Perdido Key.[97]
October 28–31, 2011 – Moisture from Hurricane Rina combines with a stalled front and leads to moderate to heavy rainfall across South Florida. Accumulations peak at 15.79 in (401 mm) in Boca West, and many cities record their top-10-wettest October on record. Over 160 homes and buildings suffer water inundation, and numerous streets are closed, particularly in Broward County.[98]

text: November 9–10, 2011 – Long-distance swells generated by Tropical Storm Lee produce numerous strong rip currents along the eastern coastline, drowning a 34-year-old female and injuring two others.[99][100]

text:
May 28–30 – Tropical Storm Beryl made landfall in Jacksonville Beach, Florida with winds of 70 mph (110 km/h). However, as it went further inland, the storm weakened into a tropical depression, but still bringing heavy rain to Florida, the Alabama border, Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina. The storm killed one person indirectly, due to a car accident.
June 23–27 - Tropical Storm Debby made landfall near Steinhatchee, Florida with winds of around 40 mph. Record-breaking inland/river flooding had occurred throughout North Florida and the system's outer bands also helped spawn an unusually widespread tornado outbreak for South Florida. One tornado killed a woman in Lake Placid. Widespread rainfall amounts of 1 to 2 feet fell in the Florida Panhandle, isolated amounts of up to around 29 inches was recorded in Wakulla County. A total of 7 deaths were confirmed in Florida with damage amounting up to $45.3 million (2017 USD).
August 25–29 - Hurricane Isaac passed just to the SW of Key West, Florida on August 25 with winds of up to 65 mph. It produced heavy rains in the southern peninsula.
October 25–27 - Hurricane Sandy passed to the east of the state producing tropical storm force winds with heavy surf along the Atlantic coast and moderate rain in the peninsula.

text: June 5–6 - Tropical Storm Andrea, with sustained winds of 60 miles per hour, brought heavy rains and wind gusts up to 48 miles per hour in the central part of the state, including the Tampa and Miami areas.[101] Andrea is believed to have produced at least one tornado in West Palm Beach.[102]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: July 2 - Hurricane Arthur passed just off the coast of Eastern Florida. Its outer rainbands caused strong straight line winds from thunderstorms, peaking at 83 mph, though these winds only caused $23,000 (2015 USD). About 2 inches of rain fell in the state as well. Strong rip currents and waves caused about a dozen swimmers to be rescued at Daytona Beach. Damage totaled to no more than $25,800 (2017 USD).

text:
August 30–31 - Tropical Storm Erika threatened the eastern coast, as it was initially forecast to make landfall as a Category 1 hurricane, but instead was torn up by the mountains of Hispaniola. Its remnants passed towards the west coast and produced rain.
October 1–2 - Hurricane Joaquin caused swells on the eastern coast as it nearly stalled in the eastern Bahamas.

text:
June 6 - Tropical Storm Colin made landfall in the Big Bend of Florida at Apalachee Bay. Flooding and Tropical Storm Force Winds were felt across areas of North and Central Florida; South FL had some rain and breezy conditions for the most part. Tropical Storm Warnings were issued from the panhandle down to Fort Myers, FL on West Coast and from Jacksonville to Melbourne on East Coast of Florida. Colin was the earliest "C" Storm on record.
September 1 - Hurricane Hermine made landfall near the Big Bend of Florida, making it the first hurricane landfall to the state since Hurricane Wilma in 2005. Many counties received flooding up to nine feet due to river swelling.
September 14 - Tropical Storm Julia was the only named storm on record to form over Florida. Parts of eastern Florida are drenched by almost a foot of rain.
October 7 - Hurricane Matthew moved north along the east coast, previously hitting Cuba and Haiti, it moved into Florida as a much weaker hurricane than before. Matthew never made landfall, as the eye barely missed Cape Canaveral. Matthew killed twelve people in the state, and creates flooding, high winds, and knocks out power to 1.1 million people.

text:
June 21–22 - Tropical Storm Cindy brought floods in Florida Panhandle and a EF0 tornado was reported in Fort Walton Beach[103]
July 31 - Tropical Storm Emily made landfall in Florida with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h). Emily also brought heavy rain to the state[104]
September 10–11 - Hurricane Irma makes landfall on Cudjoe Key as a Category 4 hurricane with sustained winds of 130 mph (215 km/h), then makes a second landfall on Marco Island with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). It is the strongest hurricane in terms of windspeed to hit the state since Charley in 2004, and the most intense in terms of pressure since Andrew in 1992. Irma has killed at least 82 people in the state.[105]
October 29 – Tropical Storm Philippe makes landfall in the Everglades, causing minimal damage. Moderate rainfall was reported.

text: Monthly statistics[edit]

text:
Number of recorded storms affecting Florida

Month
Number of storms

April

1

May

2

June

10

July

11

August

18

September

26

October

8

November

2

December

1

text: Deadly storms[edit]

text: The following is a list of hurricanes with known deaths in the state.

tag: p

text:
Name
Year
Number of deaths

Irma
2017
82

Ivan
2004
14

Matthew
2016
12

Charley
2004
8 (20 indirect)

Allison
2001
8

Katrina
2005
6 (6 indirect)

Frances
2004
5 (32 indirect)

Wilma
2005
5

Colin
2016
4

Gustav
2008
4

Hanna
2002
3

Jeanne
2004
3

Dennis
2005
2 (12 indirect)

Barry
2001
2

Ana
2003
2

Bill
2003
2

Claudette
2009
2

Fay
2008
1 (8 indirect)

Barry
2007
1 (2 indirect)

Gabrielle
2001
1 (1 indirect)

Gordon
2000
1

Bertha
2002
1

Isabel
2003
1

Arlene
2005
1

Ophelia
2005
1

Dean
2007
1

Dolly
2008
1

Bill
2009
1

Irene
2011
1

Hermine
2016
1

Leslie
2000
0 (3 indirect)

Hanna
2008
0 (3 indirect)

TD Five
2010
0 (2 indirect)

Claudette
2003
0 (1 indirect)

Beryl
2012
0 (1 indirect)


document_title: N. Biren Singh

question_text: who is the chief minister of manipur 2018

root

text: N. Biren Singh

text:
Nongthombam Biren Singh

12th Chief Minister of Manipur

Incumbent

Assumed office
15 March 2017

Governor
Najma Heptullah

Preceded by
Okram Ibobi Singh

Personal details

Born
(1961-01-01) 1 January 1961 (age 57)
Imphal East, Manipur, India

Political party
Bharatiya Janata Party

Spouse(s)
Hiyainu Devi

Children
3

Alma mater
Manipur University

Military service

Allegiance
 India

Service/branch
Border Security Force

Years of service
1979–1993

tag: table

text: Nongthombam Biren Singh (born 1 January 1961)[1] is an Indian politician and former footballer and journalist. He is the current Chief Minister of Manipur.[2]

text: He began his career as a footballer and got recruited in the Border Security Force (BSF) playing for its team in domestic competitions. He resigned from the BSF and turned to journalism. Despite having had no formal training and experience, he began the vernacular daily Naharolgi Thoudang in 1992 and worked as the editor till 2001.[1]

text: Turning to politics in 2002, Singh joined the Democratic Revolutionary Peoples Party and won the assembly elections from Heingang. He retained the seat in 2007 contesting with an Indian National Congress ticket after joining the party in 2003. Serving as the Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports, he quit the party in 2016 before joining the Bharatiya Janata Party. In 2017, he retained his seat from Heingang again and was named the Chief Minister after his party gained Coalition and formed the government.[3]

text: Political career[edit]

text: In 2002, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Manipur, as the Democratic Revolutionary Peoples Party (DRPP) candidate in the constituency Heingang. He later joined the Indian National Congress (INC).[4]

text: In May 2003 he was appointed Minister of State of Vigilance in the Manipur state government.[5]

text: In 2007 he retained his Assembly seat, contesting on behalf of the Indian National Congress (INC).[6] He was later appointed as the Minister of Irrigation & Flood Control and Youth Affairs & Sports in the State Government. In 2012 he again retained his Assembly seat for the third consecutive term.

text: In September 2015, Biren stated that the recently passed bill in the Manipur Legislative Assembly to protect indigenous peoples would not harm any community in the state.[7]

text: In October 2016, Biren resigned from the Manipur Legislative Assembly and the Manipur Pradesh Congress Committee (MPCC), this came after revolt against Okram Ibobi Singh, the then Chief Minister of Manipur.[8][9][10][11]

text: Singh formally joined the BJP on 17 October 2016 and later became the Spokesperson and Co-convener of the Election Management Committee of BJP Manipur Pradesh. He won the 2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly Election from Heingang Assembly Constituency.

text: In March 2017, he was elected as leader of the BJP Legislature Party in Manipur and with a majority of MLAs having been presented to the Governor, he was sworn in as Chief Minister of Manipur on 15 March 2017.[12] He is the first ever BJP Chief Minister in Manipur.

text: In January 2018, he lays the foundation stone for the new academic building of Manipur Public School.The project is undertaken by Manipur Minorities and OBC Economic Development Society (MOBEDS). The cost of the project is estimated to be Rs 10.80 crore under the Union Ministry of Minority Affairs and will include new classrooms, headmaster’s room, common rooms, library, laboratories, toilets and separate hostels for boys and girls.[13]


document_title: McCulloch v. Maryland

question_text: n mcculloch v. maryland what did the state of maryland argue

text: McCulloch v. Maryland

text: Background[edit]

text: On April 10, 1816, the Congress of the United States passed an act titled "An Act to Incorporate the Subscribers to the Bank of the United States", which provided for the incorporation of the Second Bank of the United States. The Bank first went into full operation in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In 1817, the Bank opened a branch in Baltimore, Maryland, and transacted and carried on business as a branch of the Bank of the United States by issuing bank notes, discounting promissory notes, and performing other operations usual and customary for banks to do and perform. Both sides of the litigation admitted that the President, directors, and company of the Bank had no authority to establish the Baltimore branch, or office of discount and deposit, other than the fact that Maryland had adopted the Constitution of the United States.

text: On February 11, 1818, the General Assembly of Maryland passed an act titled, "an act to impose a tax on all banks, or branches thereof, in the State of Maryland, not chartered by the legislature":

text: Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland that if any bank has established or shall, without authority from the State first had and obtained establish any branch, office of discount and deposit, or office of pay and receipt in any part of this State, it shall not be lawful for the said branch, office of discount and deposit, or office of pay and receipt to issue notes, in any manner, of any other denomination than five, ten, twenty, fifty, one hundred, five hundred and one thousand dollars, and no note shall be issued except upon stamped paper of the following denominations; that is to say, every five dollar note shall be upon a stamp of ten cents; every ten dollar note, upon a stamp of twenty cents; every twenty dollar note, upon a stamp of thirty cents; every fifty dollar note, upon a stamp of fifty cents; every one hundred dollar note, upon a stamp of one dollar; every five hundred dollar note, upon a stamp of ten dollars; and every thousand dollar note, upon a stamp of twenty dollars; which paper shall be furnished by the Treasurer of the Western Shore, under the direction of the Governor and Council, to be paid for upon delivery; provided always that any institution of the above description may relieve itself from the operation of the provisions aforesaid by paying annually, in advance, to the Treasurer of the Western Shore, for the use of State, the sum of $15,000.

text: And be it enacted that the President, cashier, each of the directors and officers of every institution established or to be established as aforesaid, offending against the provisions aforesaid shall forfeit a sum of $500 for each and every offence, and every person having any agency in circulating any note aforesaid, not stamped as aforesaid directed, shall forfeit a sum not exceeding $100, every penalty aforesaid to be recovered by indictment or action of debt in the county court of the county where the offence shall be committed, one-half to the informer and the other half to the use of the State...

text: James William McCulloch, head of the Baltimore Branch of the Second Bank of the United States, refused to pay the tax and the bank was represented by Daniel Webster. The lawsuit was filed by John James, an informer who sought to collect one half of the fine as provided for by the statute. The case was appealed to the Maryland Court of Appeals where the state of Maryland argued that "the Constitution is silent on the subject of banks." It was Maryland's contention that because the Constitution did not specifically state that the federal government was authorized to charter a bank, the Bank of the United States was unconstitutional. The court upheld Maryland. The case was then appealed to the Supreme Court.

text: Supreme Court decision[edit]

text: The Court determined that Congress did have the power to create the Bank. Chief Justice Marshall supported this conclusion with four main arguments.[2] First, he argued that historical practice established Congress' power to create the Bank. Marshall invoked the first Bank of the United States history as authority for the constitutionality of the second bank.[2] The first Congress enacted the bank after great debate and that it was approved by an executive "with as much persevering talent as any measure has ever experienced, and being supported by arguments which convinced minds as pure and as intelligent as this country can boast."[3]

text: Second, Chief Justice Marshall refuted the argument that states retain ultimate sovereignty because they ratified the constitution. "The powers of the general government, it has been said, are delegated by the states, who alone are truly sovereign; and must be exercised in subordination to the states, who alone possess supreme dominion."[4] Marshall contended that it was the people who ratified the Constitution and thus the people are sovereign, not the states.[2]

text: Third, Marshall addressed the scope of congressional powers under Article I. The Court broadly described Congress' authority before addressing the necessary and proper clause.[2] Marshall admitted that the Constitution does not enumerate a power to create a central Bank but said that this is not dispositive as to Congress's power to establish such an institution.[2] Chief Justice Marshall wrote, "In considering this question, then, we must never forget, that it is a constitution we are expounding."[5]

text: Fourth, Marshall supported the Court's opinion textually by invoking the Necessary and Proper Clause, which permits Congress to seek an objective while exercising its enumerated powers so long as the objective is not forbidden by the Constitution. In liberally interpreting the Necessary and Proper Clause, the Court rejected Maryland's narrow interpretation of the clause, which purported that the word "necessary" in the Necessary and Proper Clause meant that Congress could only pass those laws that were absolutely essential in the execution of its enumerated powers. The Court rejected this argument, on the grounds that many of the enumerated powers of Congress under the Constitution would be useless if only those laws deemed essential to a power's execution could be passed. Marshall also noted that the Necessary and Proper Clause is listed within the powers of Congress, not the limitations.

text: The Court held that for these reasons, the word "necessary" in the Necessary and Proper Clause (elastic clause) does not refer to the only way of doing something, but rather applies to various procedures for implementing all constitutionally established powers. "Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consist with the letter and spirit of the constitution, are constitutional."

text: This principle had been established many years earlier by Alexander Hamilton:[6]

text: [A] criterion of what is constitutional, and of what is not so ... is the end, to which the measure relates as a mean. If the end be clearly comprehended within any of the specified powers, and if the measure have an obvious relation to that end, and is not forbidden by any particular provision of the Constitution, it may safely be deemed to come within the compass of the national authority. There is also this further criterion which may materially assist the decision: Does the proposed measure abridge a pre-existing right of any State, or of any individual? If it does not, there is a strong presumption in favour of its constitutionality....

text: Chief Justice Marshall also determined that Maryland may not tax the bank without violating the Constitution. The Court voided the tax on the grounds that it was unconstitutional. The opinion stated that Congress has implied powers that need to be related to the text of the Constitution, but need not be enumerated within the text. This case was a seminal moment in the formation of a balance between federalism, federal power, and states' powers. Chief Justice Marshall also explained in this case that the Necessary and Proper Clause does not require that all federal laws be necessary and proper and that federal laws that are enacted directly pursuant to one of the express, enumerated powers granted by the Constitution need not comply with the Necessary and Proper Clause, holding that the clause "purport[s] to enlarge, not to diminish the powers vested in the government. It purports to be an additional power, not a restriction on those already granted."

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Though Marshall rejected the 10th amendment's provision of states rights arguing that it did not include the word "expressly" unlike the Articles of Confederation, which was replaced by the Constitution,[7] controversy over the authority of the amendment being violated by the decision has existed. Compact theory also argues that the federal government is a creation of the states where the states maintain superiority. Unlike Marshall, his successor, Roger B. Taney, established Dual federalism, where separate but equal branches of government were believed to be a better option.[8]

text: Later history[edit]

text: McCulloch v. Maryland was cited in the first substantial constitutional case presented before the High Court of Australia in D'Emden v Pedder (1904), which dealt with similar issues in the Australian Federation. While recognizing American law as not binding on them, the Australian Court nevertheless determined that the McCulloch decision provided the best guideline for the relationship between the Commonwealth federal government, and the Australian States, owing in large part to strong similarities between the American and Australian constitutions.


document_title: List of Stanley Cup champions

question_text: who has won the most stanley cup playoffs

text: List of Stanley Cup champions

text: Challenge Cup era (1893–1914)[edit]

text: The origins of the Challenge era come from the method of play of the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada prior to 1893. From 1887 to 1893, the league did not play a round-robin format, but rather challenges between teams of the association that year, with the winner of the series being the 'interim' champion, with the final challenge winner becoming the league champion for the year. The Stanley Cup kept the tradition going, but added league championships as another way that a team could win the trophy. If a team in the same league as the current champion won the league championship, it would then inherit the Cup, without a challenge. The only time this rule was not followed was in 1904, when the Ottawa Senators club withdrew from its league, the CAHL. The trustees ruled that the Cup stayed with Ottawa, instead of the CAHL league champion.

text: During the challenge cup period, none of the leagues that played for the trophy had a formal playoff system to decide their respective champions; whichever team finished in first place after the regular season won the league title.[2] A playoff would only be played if teams did tie for first-place in their leagues at the end of the regular season. Challenge games were played until 1912 at any time during hockey season by challenges approved and/or ordered by the Stanley Cup trustees. In 1912, Cup trustees declared that it was only to be defended at the end of the champion team's regular season.[3]

text: In 1908, the Allan Cup was introduced as the trophy for Canada's amateurs, as the Stanley Cup became a symbol of professional hockey supremacy.[4]

text: This table lists the outcome of all Stanley Cup wins, including successful victories and defenses in challenges, and league championships for the challenge era.

text:
Date
Winning team
Coach
Losing team
Playoff format
Score
Winning goal

March 17, 1893
Montreal Hockey Club (AHAC)
Harry Shaw (mgr.)
1893 AHAC champions, no challengers

March 22, 1894
Montreal Hockey Club (AHAC)
Harry Shaw (mgr.)
Ottawa HC (AHAC)
Single-elimination
(1894 AHAC championship playoff)
3–1
Billy Barlow (9:00, third qtr)

March 9, 1895
Montreal Victorias (AHAC)[A]
Mike Grant (capt.)
1895 AHAC Champion

March 9, 1895
Montreal Hockey Club (AHAC)[A]
Harry Shaw (mgr.)
Queen's University (OHA)
Single-elimination
5–1

February 14, 1896
Winnipeg Victorias (MHA)
Jack Armytage (capt.)
Montreal Victorias (AHAC)
Single-elimination
2–0
Jack Armytage (10:00, first half)[5][6]

February 29, 1896
Winnipeg Victorias (MHA)
Jack Armytage (capt.)
1896 MHA champion[7]

December 30, 1896
Montreal Victorias (AHAC)
Mike Grant (capt.)
Winnipeg Victorias (MHA)
Single-elimination
6–5
Ernie McLea (28:00, second half)

March 6, 1897
Montreal Victorias (AHAC)
Mike Grant (capt.)
1897 AHAC Champion

December 27, 1897
Montreal Victorias (AHAC)
Mike Grant (capt.)
Ottawa Capitals (CCHA)
Single-elimination[B]
15–2

March 5, 1898
Montreal Victorias (AHAC)
Frank Richardson-playing
1898 AHAC Champion

February 15–18, 1899
Montreal Victorias (CAHL)
Frank Richardson-Playing
Winnipeg Victorias (MHA)
Two-game total goals
5–3
Robert MacDougall (second half)

March 4, 1899
Montreal Shamrocks (CAHL)
Barney Dunphy
1899 CAHL Champion

March 14, 1899
Montreal Shamrocks (CAHL)
Barney Dunphy
Queen's University (OHA)
Single-elimination
6–2
Harry Trihey

February 12–15, 1900
Montreal Shamrocks (CAHL)
Barney Dunphy
Winnipeg Victorias (MHA)
Best-of-three
2–1
Harry Trihey (second half)

March 7, 1900
Montreal Shamrocks (CAHL)
Barney Dunphy
Halifax Crescents (MaPHL)
Best-of-three
2–0
Joe McKenna

March 10, 1900
Montreal Shamrocks (CAHL)
Barney Dunphy
1900 CAHL Champion

January 29–31, 1901
Winnipeg Victorias (MHA)
Dan Bain (capt.)
Montreal Shamrocks (CAHL)
Best-of-three
2–0
Dan Bain (4:00, OT)

February 19, 1901
Winnipeg Victorias (MHA)
Dan Bain (capt.)
Winnipeg HC (MHA)
Single-elimination
(1901 MHA championship)
4–3[8]

January 21–23, 1902
Winnipeg Victorias (MHA)
Dan Bain (capt.)
Toronto Wellingtons (OHA)
Best-of-three
2–0
Fred Scanlon (9:00, second half)

March 1902
Winnipeg Victorias (MHA)
Dan Bain (capt.)
1902 MHA Champion

March 13–17, 1902
Montreal HC (CAHL)
Clarence McKerrow
Winnipeg Victorias (MHA)
Best-of-three
2–1
Jack Marshall (first half)

January 29–31,
February 2–4, 1903
Montreal HC (CAHL)
D. Browne
Winnipeg Victorias (MHA)
Best-of-three
2–1[C]
Tom Phillips

March 7–10, 1903
Ottawa HC (CAHL)
Alf Smith
Montreal Victorias (CAHL)
Two-game total goals
(1903 CAHL championship playoff)
9–1
Suddy Gilmour (4:34, first half, second game)

March 12–14, 1903
Ottawa HC (CAHL)
Alf Smith
Rat Portage Thistles (MNWHA)
Two-game total goals
10–4
Frank McGee (8:20, first half)

December 30, 1903, January 1–4, 1904
Ottawa HC (CAHL)
Alf Smith-playing
Winnipeg Rowing Club (MHA)
Best-of-three
2–1
Frank McGee (11:00, second half)

February 23–25, 1904
Ottawa HC[D]
Alf Smith-playing
Toronto Marlboros (OHA)
Best-of-three
2–0
Arthur Moore (9:38, first half)

March 2, 1904
Ottawa HC[D]
Alf Smith-playing
Montreal Wanderers (FAHL)
Two-game total goals
[E]

March 9–11, 1904
Ottawa HC[D]
Alf Smith-playing
Brandon Wheat Cities (MNWHA)
Best-of-three
2–0
Frank McGee (18:00, first half)

January 13–16, 1905
Ottawa HC (FAHL)
Alf Smith-playing
Dawson City Nuggets
Best-of-three
2–0
Harry Westwick (12:15, first half)

March 3, 1905
Ottawa HC (FAHL)
Alf Smith-playing
1905 FAHL Champion

March 7–9–11, 1905
Ottawa HC (FAHL)
Alf Smith-playing
Rat Portage Thistles (MHL)
Best-of-three
2–1
Frank McGee

February 27–28, 1906
Ottawa HC (ECAHA)
Alf Smith-playing
Queen's University (OHA)
Best-of-three
2–0
Harvey Pulford (10:00, second half)

March 6–8, 1906
Ottawa HC (ECAHA)
Alf Smith-playing
Smiths Falls HC (FAHL)
Best-of-three
2–0
Frank McGee (17:45, first half)

March 14–17, 1906
Montreal Wanderers (ECAHA)
Cecil Blachford-playing
Ottawa HC (ECAHA)
Two-game total goals
(1906 ECAHA championship playoff)
12–10
Lester Patrick

December 27–29, 1906
Montreal Wanderers (ECAHA)
Cecil Blachford-playing
New Glasgow Cubs (MaHL)
Two-game total goals
17–5

January 21–23, 1907
Kenora Thistles (MPHL)
James Link
Montreal Wanderers (ECAHA)
Two-game total goals
12–8
Roxy Beaudro

March 16–18, 1907
Kenora Thistles (MPHL)
James Link
Brandon Wheat Cities (MPHL)
Best-of-three
(1907 MPHL championship)
2–0
Fred Whitcroft (19:00, first half)[9]

March 23–25, 1907
Montreal Wanderers (ECAHA)
Lester Patrick (capt.)
Kenora Thistles (MPHL)
Two-game total goals
12–8
Ernest "Moose" Johnson

January 9–13, 1908
Montreal Wanderers (ECAHA)
Cecil Blachford (capt.)
Ottawa Victorias (FAHL)
Two-game total goals
22–4
Frank Glass (25:00, first half, first game)[10]

March 7, 1908
Montreal Wanderers (ECAHA)
Cecil Blachford (capt.)
1908 ECAHA Champions

March 10–12, 1908
Montreal Wanderers (ECAHA)
Cecil Blachford (capt.)
Winnipeg Maple Leafs (MPHL)
Two-game total goals
20–8

March 14, 1908
Montreal Wanderers (ECAHA)
Cecil Blachford (capt.)
Toronto (OPHL)
Single-elimination
6–4
Ernest "Moose" Johnson

December 28–30, 1908
Montreal Wanderers (ECHA)
Cecil Blachford (capt.)
Edmonton Hockey Club (AAHA)
Two-game total goals
13–10
Walter Smaill (33:45, second half, second game)[11]

March 6, 1909
Ottawa HC (ECHA)
Pete Green
1909 ECHA champions

January 5–7, 1910
Ottawa HC (CHA)
Pete Green
Galt HC (OPHL)
Two-game total goals
15–4
Hamby Shore (10:10, first half, first game)[12]

January 18–20, 1910
Ottawa HC (NHA)
Pete Green
Edmonton Hockey Club (AAHA)
Two-game total goals
21–11
Bruce Stuart (23:45, first half)

March 9, 1910
Montreal Wanderers (NHA)
Frank Glass (capt.)
1910 NHA Champion

March 12, 1910
Montreal Wanderers (NHA)
Frank Glass (capt.)
Berlin Dutchmen (OPHL)
Single-elimination
7–3
Harry Hyland (22:00, first half)

March 10, 1911
Ottawa HC (NHA)
Pete Green
1911 NHA Champions

March 13, 1911
Ottawa HC (NHA)
Pete Green
Galt HC (OPHL)
Single-elimination
7–4
Marty Walsh (5:00, third)

March 16, 1911
Ottawa HC (NHA)
Pete Green
Port Arthur Bearcats
(New Ontario Hockey League)
Single-elimination
13–4
Marty Walsh (4:30, second)

March 5, 1912
Quebec Bulldogs (NHA)
Charles Nolan
1912 NHA Champions

March 11–13, 1912
Quebec Bulldogs (NHA)
Charles Nolan
Moncton Victorias (MaPHL)
Best-of-three
2–0
Joe Malone (18:00, first)

March 5, 1913
Quebec Bulldogs (NHA)
Joe Malone (capt.)
1913 NHA Champions

March 8–10, 1913
Quebec Bulldogs (NHA)
Joe Malone (capt.)
Sydney Millionaires (MaPHL)
Two-game total goals
20–5
Tommy Smith (3:10, second, first game)[13]

March 7–11, 1914
Toronto Hockey Club (NHA)
Jack Marshall (playing-mgr.)
Montreal Canadiens (NHA)
Two-game total goals
(1914 NHA championship playoff)
6–2
Scotty Davidson (2:00, third, second game)[14]

March 14–17–19, 1914
Toronto Hockey Club (NHA)
Jack Marshall (playing-mgr.)
Victoria Aristocrats (PCHA)
Best-of-five
3–0[F]
Harry Cameron (7:00, third)[15]

text: ^ A. Although the Montreal Victorias won the AHAC title in 1895, the Stanley Cup trustees had already accepted a challenge from the 1894 Cup champion Montreal HC and Queen's University. As a compromise, the trustees decided that if the Montreal HC won the challenge match, the Victorias would become the Stanley Cup champions. The Montreals eventually won the game, 5–1, and their crosstown rivals were awarded the Cup.

text: ^ B. Intended to be a best-of-three series, Ottawa Capitals withdrew their challenge after the first game.

text: ^ C. The January 31 (a Saturday) game was tied 2–2 at midnight and the Mayor of Westmount refused to allow play to continue on the Sunday. The game was played on February 2 (a Monday) and the January 31 game was considered to be void.[16]

text: ^ D. For most of 1904, the Ottawa Senators were not affiliated with any league.

text: ^ E. The Montreal Wanderers were disqualified as the result of a dispute. After game one ended tied at the end of regulation, 5–5, the Wanderers refused to play overtime with the current referee, and then subsequently refused to play the next game of the series in Ottawa.

text: ^ F. During the series, it was revealed that the Victoria club had not filed a formal challenge. A letter arrived from the Stanley Cup trustees on March 17, stating that the trustees would not let the Stanley Cup travel west, as they did not consider Victoria a proper challenger because they had not formally notified the trustees.[17] However, on March 18, Trustee William Foran stated that it was a misunderstanding. PCHA president Frank Patrick had not filed a challenge, because he had expected Emmett Quinn, president of the NHA to make all of the arrangements in his role as hockey commissioner, whereas the trustees thought they were being deliberately ignored. In any case, all arrangements had been ironed out and the Victoria challenge was accepted.[18][19]

text:
Coleman, Charles L. (1964). The Trail of the Stanley Cup, vol. 1, 1893–1926 inc. Sherbrooke, Quebec: Sherbrooke Daily Record Company Limited.
Montreal Gazette
Ottawa Citizen
Ottawa Journal
Winnipeg Tribune

text: NHA/NHL vs. PCHA/WCHL/WHL champions (1915–1926)[edit]

text: Several days after the Victoria Aristocrats – Toronto Hockey Club series, Stanley Cup trustee William Foran wrote to NHA president Emmett Quinn that the trustees are "perfectly satisfied to allow the representatives of the three pro leagues (NHA, PCHA, and Maritime) to make all arrangements each season as to the series of matches to be played for the Cup."[20] The Stanley Cup championship finals alternated between the East and the West each year, with games played alternately under NHA or PCHA rules.[21] The Cup trustees agreed to this new arrangement, because after the Allan Cup became the highest prize for amateur hockey teams in Canada, the trustees had become dependent on the top two professional leagues to bolster the prominence of the trophy.[22][incomplete short citation] After the Portland Rosebuds, an American-based team, joined the PCHA in 1914, the trustees issued a statement that the Cup was no longer for the best team in Canada, but now for the best team in the world.[21] Two years later, the Rosebuds became the first American team to play in the Stanley Cup championship final.[23][incomplete short citation] In 1917, the Seattle Metropolitans became the first American team to win the Cup.[24] After that season, the NHA was suspended and the National Hockey League (NHL) took its place.[21]

text: In 1919, the Spanish influenza epidemic forced the Montreal Canadiens and the Seattle Metropolitans to cancel their series tied at 2–2–1, marking the first time the Stanley Cup was not awarded.[25]

text: The format for the Stanley Cup championship changed in 1922, with the creation of the Western Canada Hockey League (WCHL). Now three leagues competed for the Cup and this necessitated a semi-final series between two league champions, with the third having a bye directly to the final.[26] In 1924, the PCHA folded and only the Vancouver and Victoria teams entered the WCHL. With the loss of the PCHA, the championship reverted to a single series.[27] After their win in 1925, the Victoria Cougars became the last team outside the NHL to win the Stanley Cup.[28] For the 1925–26 season the WCHL was renamed the Western Hockey League (WHL). With the Victoria Cougars' loss in 1926, it would be the last time a non-NHL team competed for the Stanley Cup.

text:
Year
Winning team
Coach
Losing team
Coach
Games
Winning goal

1915
Vancouver Millionaires (PCHA) (1, 1–0)
Frank Patrick-playing
Ottawa Senators (NHA) (1, 0–1)
Frank Shaughnessy (mgr.)
3–0
Barney Stanley (5:30, second)

1916
Montreal Canadiens (NHA) (1, 1–0)
Newsy Lalonde-playing
Portland Rosebuds (PCHA) (1, 0–1)
Edward Savage (mgr.)
3–2
George Prodgers (17:20, third)

1917
Seattle Metropolitans (PCHA) (1, 1–0)
Pete Muldoon
Montreal Canadiens (NHA) (2, 1–1)
Newsy Lalonde-playing
3–1
Bernie Morris (7:55, first)

1918
Toronto Arenas[29] (NHL) (1, 1–0)
Dick Carroll
Vancouver Millionaires (PCHA) (2, 1–1)
Frank Patrick-playing
3–2
Corb Denneny (10:30, third)

1919
Montreal Canadiens (NHL) vs. Seattle Metropolitans (PCHA) – Series cancelled after the fifth game because of the flu epidemic – Stanley Cup not awarded

1920
Ottawa Senators (NHL) (2, 1–1)
Pete Green
Seattle Metropolitans (PCHA) (3, 1–1)
Pete Muldoon
3–2
Jack Darragh (5:00, third)

1921
Ottawa Senators (NHL) (3, 2–1)
Pete Green
Vancouver Millionaires (PCHA) (3, 1–2)
Frank Patrick-playing
3–2
Jack Darragh (9:40, second)

1922
Toronto St. Pats (NHL) (2, 2–0)
George O'Donoghue
Vancouver Millionaires (PCHA) (4, 1–3)
Frank Patrick-playing
3–2
Babe Dye (4:20, first)

1923
Ottawa Senators (NHL) (4, 3–1)
Pete Green
Edmonton Eskimos (WCHL) (1, 0–1)
Ken McKenzine
2–0
Punch Broadbent (11:23, first)

1924
Montreal Canadiens (NHL) (4, 2–1)
Léo Dandurand
Calgary Tigers (WCHL) (1, 0–1)
Eddie Oatman-playing
2–0
Howie Morenz (4:55, first)

1925
Victoria Cougars (WCHL) (1, 1–0)
Lester Patrick
Montreal Canadiens (NHL) (5, 2–2)
Léo Dandurand
3–1
Gizzy Hart (2:35, second)

1926
Montreal Maroons (NHL) (1, 1–0)
Eddie Gerard
Victoria Cougars (WHL) (2, 1–1)
Lester Patrick
3–1
Nels Stewart (2:50, second)

text: NHL champions (since 1927)[edit]

text: The WHL folded in 1926, and its assets were bought by the NHL. This left the NHL as the only league left competing for the Cup. Other leagues and clubs have issued challenges, but from that year forward, no non-NHL team has played for it, leading it to become the de facto championship trophy of the NHL.[27] In 1947, the NHL reached an agreement with trustees P. D. Ross and Cooper Smeaton to grant control of the cup to the NHL, allowing the league itself to reject challenges from other leagues that may have wished to play for the Cup.[30][31] A 2006 Ontario Superior Court case found that the trustees had gone against Lord Stanley's conditions in the 1947 agreement.[32] The NHL has agreed to allow other teams to play for the Cup should the league not be operating, as was the case in the 2004–05 NHL lockout.[31]

text: Since 1927, the league's playoff format, deciding which teams advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals, has changed multiple times. In some systems that were previously used, playoff teams were seeded regardless of division or conference. From 1942 to 1967, the Cup was competed for by the league's six teams, also known as the Original Six. After the 1967 NHL Expansion, the Stanley Cup was competed for by the winners of each conference. Since 1982, the Finals have been played between the league's conference playoff champions.

text:
Year
Winning team
Coach
Losing team
Coach
Games
Winning goal
Conn Smythe Trophy Winner

1927
Ottawa Senators (C) (5, 4–1)
Dave Gill
Boston Bruins (A) (1, 0–1)
Art Ross
2–0–2
Cy Denneny (7:30, second)

1928
New York Rangers (A) (1, 1–0)
Lester Patrick-playing
Montreal Maroons (C) (2, 1–1)
Eddie Gerard
3–2
Frank Boucher (3:35, third)

1929
Boston Bruins (A) (2, 1–1)
Cy Denneny-playing
New York Rangers (A) (2, 1–1)
Lester Patrick
2–0
Bill Carson (18:02, third)

1930
Montreal Canadiens (C) (6, 3–2)
Cecil Hart
Boston Bruins (A) (3, 1–2)
Art Ross
2–0
Howie Morenz (1:00, second)

1931
Montreal Canadiens (C) (7, 4–2)
Cecil Hart
Chicago Black Hawks (A) (1, 0–1)
Dick Irvin
3–2
Johnny Gagnon (9:59, second)

1932
Toronto Maple Leafs (C) (3, 3–0)
Dick Irvin
New York Rangers (A) (3, 1–2)
Lester Patrick
3–0
Ace Bailey (15:07, third)

1933
New York Rangers (A) (4, 2–2)
Lester Patrick
Toronto Maple Leafs (C) (4, 3–1)
Dick Irvin
3–1
Bill Cook (7:34, OT)

1934
Chicago Black Hawks (A) (2, 1–1)
Tommy Gorman
Detroit Red Wings (A) (1, 0–1)
Jack Adams
3–1
Mush March (10:05, second OT)

1935
Montreal Maroons (C) (2, 2–1)
Tommy Gorman
Toronto Maple Leafs (C) (5, 3–2)
Dick Irvin
3–0
Baldy Northcott (16:18, second)

1936
Detroit Red Wings (A) (2, 1–1)
Jack Adams
Toronto Maple Leafs (C) (6, 3–3)
Dick Irvin
3–1
Pete Kelly (9:45, third)

1937
Detroit Red Wings (A) (3, 2–1)
Jack Adams
New York Rangers (A) (5, 2–3)
Lester Patrick
3–2
Marty Barry (19:22, first)

1938
Chicago Black Hawks (A) (3, 2–1)
Bill Stewart
Toronto Maple Leafs (C) (7, 3–4)
Dick Irvin
3–1
Carl Voss (16:45, second)

1939
Boston Bruins (4, 2–2)
Art Ross
Toronto Maple Leafs (8, 3–5)
Dick Irvin
4–1
Roy Conacher (17:54, second)

1940
New York Rangers (6, 3–3)
Frank Boucher
Toronto Maple Leafs (9, 3–6)
Dick Irvin
4–2
Bryan Hextall (2:07, OT)

1941
Boston Bruins (5, 3–2)
Cooney Weiland
Detroit Red Wings (4, 2–2)
Jack Adams
4–0
Bobby Bauer (8:43, second)

1942
Toronto Maple Leafs (10, 4–6)
Hap Day
Detroit Red Wings (5, 2–3)
Jack Adams
4–3
Pete Langelle (9:48, third)

1943
Detroit Red Wings (6, 3–3)
Jack Adams
Boston Bruins (6, 3–3)
Art Ross
4–0
Joe Carveth (12:09, first)

1944
Montreal Canadiens (8, 5–2)
Dick Irvin
Chicago Black Hawks (4, 2–2)
Paul Thompson
4–0
Toe Blake (9:12, OT)

1945
Toronto Maple Leafs (11, 5–6)
Hap Day
Detroit Red Wings (7, 3–4)
Jack Adams
4–3
Babe Pratt (12:14, third)

1946
Montreal Canadiens (9, 6–2)
Dick Irvin
Boston Bruins (7, 3–4)
Dit Clapper
4–1
Toe Blake (11:06, third)

1947
Toronto Maple Leafs (12, 6–6)
Hap Day
Montreal Canadiens (10, 6–3)
Dick Irvin
4–2
Ted Kennedy (14:39, third)

1948
Toronto Maple Leafs (13, 7–6)
Hap Day
Detroit Red Wings (8, 3–5)
Tommy Ivan
4–0
Harry Watson (11:13, first)

1949
Toronto Maple Leafs (14, 8–6)
Hap Day
Detroit Red Wings (9, 3–6)
Tommy Ivan
4–0
Cal Gardner (19:45, second)

1950
Detroit Red Wings (10, 4–6)
Tommy Ivan
New York Rangers (7, 3–4)
Lynn Patrick
4–3
Pete Babando (8:31, second OT)

1951
Toronto Maple Leafs (15, 9–6)
Joe Primeau
Montreal Canadiens (11, 6–4)
Dick Irvin
4–1
Bill Barilko (2:53, OT)

1952
Detroit Red Wings (11, 5–6)
Tommy Ivan
Montreal Canadiens (12, 6–5)
Dick Irvin
4–0
Metro Prystai (6:50, first)

1953
Montreal Canadiens (13, 7–5)
Dick Irvin
Boston Bruins (8, 3–5)
Lynn Patrick
4–1
Elmer Lach (1:22, OT)

1954
Detroit Red Wings (12, 6–6)
Tommy Ivan
Montreal Canadiens (14, 7–6)
Dick Irvin
4–3
Tony Leswick (4:20, OT)

1955
Detroit Red Wings (13, 7–6)
Jimmy Skinner
Montreal Canadiens (15, 7–7)
Dick Irvin
4–3
Gordie Howe (19:49, second)

1956
Montreal Canadiens (16, 8–7)
Toe Blake
Detroit Red Wings (14, 7–7)
Jimmy Skinner
4–1
Maurice Richard (15:08, second)

1957
Montreal Canadiens (17, 9–7)
Toe Blake
Boston Bruins (9, 3–6)
Milt Schmidt
4–1
Dickie Moore (0:14, second)

1958
Montreal Canadiens (18, 10–7)
Toe Blake
Boston Bruins (10, 3–7)
Milt Schmidt
4–2
Bernie Geoffrion (19:26, second)

1959
Montreal Canadiens (19, 11–7)
Toe Blake
Toronto Maple Leafs (16, 9–7)
Punch Imlach
4–1
Marcel Bonin (9:55, second)

1960
Montreal Canadiens (20, 12–7)
Toe Blake
Toronto Maple Leafs (17, 9–8)
Punch Imlach
4–0
Jean Beliveau (8:16, first)

1961
Chicago Black Hawks (5, 3–2)
Rudy Pilous
Detroit Red Wings (15, 7–8)
Sid Abel
4–2
Ab McDonald (18:49, second)

1962
Toronto Maple Leafs (18, 10–8)
Punch Imlach
Chicago Black Hawks (6, 3–3)
Rudy Pilous
4–2
Dick Duff (14:14, third)

1963
Toronto Maple Leafs (19, 11–8)
Punch Imlach
Detroit Red Wings (16, 7–9)
Sid Abel
4–1
Eddie Shack (13:28, third)

1964
Toronto Maple Leafs (20, 12–8)
Punch Imlach
Detroit Red Wings (17, 7–10)
Sid Abel
4–3
Andy Bathgate (3:04, first)

1965
Montreal Canadiens (21, 13–7)
Toe Blake
Chicago Black Hawks (7, 3–4)
Billy Reay
4–3
Jean Beliveau (0:14, first)
Jean Beliveau

1966
Montreal Canadiens (22, 14–7)
Toe Blake
Detroit Red Wings (18, 7–11)
Sid Abel
4–2
Henri Richard (2:20, OT)
Roger Crozier

1967
Toronto Maple Leafs (21, 13–8)
Punch Imlach
Montreal Canadiens (23, 14–8)
Toe Blake
4–2
Jim Pappin (19:24, second)
Dave Keon

1968
Montreal Canadiens (E) (24, 15–8)
Toe Blake
St. Louis Blues (W) (1, 0–1)
Scotty Bowman
4–0
J. C. Tremblay (11:40, third)
Glenn Hall

1969
Montreal Canadiens (E) (25, 16–8)
Claude Ruel
St. Louis Blues (W) (2, 0–2)
Scotty Bowman
4–0
John Ferguson (3:02, third)
Serge Savard

1970
Boston Bruins (E) (11, 4–7)
Harry Sinden
St. Louis Blues (W) (3, 0–3)
Scotty Bowman
4–0
Bobby Orr (0:40, OT)
Bobby Orr

1971
Montreal Canadiens (E) (26, 17–8)
Al MacNeil
Chicago Black Hawks (W) (8, 3–5)
Billy Reay
4–3
Henri Richard (2:34, third)
Ken Dryden

1972
Boston Bruins (E) (12, 5–7)
Tom Johnson
New York Rangers (E) (8, 3–5)
Emile Francis
4–2
Bobby Orr (11:18, first)
Bobby Orr

1973
Montreal Canadiens (E) (27, 18–8)
Scotty Bowman
Chicago Black Hawks (W) (9, 3–6)
Billy Reay
4–2
Yvan Cournoyer (8:13, third)
Yvan Cournoyer

1974
Philadelphia Flyers (W) (1, 1–0)
Fred Shero
Boston Bruins (E) (13, 5–8)
Bep Guidolin
4–2
Rick MacLeish (14:48, first)
Bernie Parent

1975
Philadelphia Flyers (CC) (2, 2–0)
Fred Shero
Buffalo Sabres (PW) (1, 0–1)
Floyd Smith
4–2
Bob Kelly (0:11, third)
Bernie Parent

1976
Montreal Canadiens (PW) (28, 19–8)
Scotty Bowman
Philadelphia Flyers (CC) (3, 2–1)
Fred Shero
4–0
Guy Lafleur (14:18, third)
Reggie Leach

1977
Montreal Canadiens (PW) (29, 20–8)
Scotty Bowman
Boston Bruins (PW) (14, 5–9)
Don Cherry
4–0
Jacques Lemaire (4:32, OT)
Guy Lafleur

1978
Montreal Canadiens (PW) (30, 21–8)
Scotty Bowman
Boston Bruins (PW) (15, 5–10)
Don Cherry
4–2
Mario Tremblay (9:20, first)
Larry Robinson

1979
Montreal Canadiens (PW) (31, 22–8)
Scotty Bowman
New York Rangers (CC) (9, 3–6)
Fred Shero
4–1
Jacques Lemaire (1:02, second)
Bob Gainey

1980
New York Islanders (CC) (1, 1–0)
Al Arbour
Philadelphia Flyers (CC) (4, 2–2)
Pat Quinn
4–2
Bob Nystrom (7:11, OT)
Bryan Trottier

1981
New York Islanders (CC) (2, 2–0)
Al Arbour
Minnesota North Stars (PW) (1, 0–1)
Glen Sonmor
4–1
Wayne Merrick (5:37, first)
Butch Goring

1982
New York Islanders (PW) (3, 3–0)
Al Arbour
Vancouver Canucks (CC) (1, 0–1)
Roger Neilson
4–0
Mike Bossy (5:00, second)
Mike Bossy

1983
New York Islanders (PW) (4, 4–0)
Al Arbour
Edmonton Oilers (CC) (1, 0–1)
Glen Sather
4–0
Mike Bossy (12:39, first)
Billy Smith

1984
Edmonton Oilers (CC) (2, 1–1)
Glen Sather
New York Islanders (PW) (5, 4–1)
Al Arbour
4–1
Ken Linseman (0:38, second)
Mark Messier

1985
Edmonton Oilers (CC) (3, 2–1)
Glen Sather
Philadelphia Flyers (PW) (5, 2–3)
Mike Keenan
4–1
Paul Coffey (17:57, first)
Wayne Gretzky

1986
Montreal Canadiens (PW) (32, 23–8)
Jean Perron
Calgary Flames (CC) (1, 0–1)
Bob Johnson
4–1
Bobby Smith (10:30, third)
Patrick Roy

1987
Edmonton Oilers (CC) (4, 3–1)
Glen Sather
Philadelphia Flyers (PW) (6, 2–4)
Mike Keenan
4–3
Jari Kurri (14:59, second)
Ron Hextall

1988
Edmonton Oilers (CC) (5, 4–1)
Glen Sather
Boston Bruins (PW) (16, 5–11)
Terry O'Reilly
4–0
Wayne Gretzky (9:44, second)
Wayne Gretzky

1989
Calgary Flames (CC) (2, 1–1)
Terry Crisp
Montreal Canadiens (PW) (33, 23–9)
Pat Burns
4–2
Doug Gilmour (11:02, third)
Al MacInnis

1990
Edmonton Oilers (CC) (6, 5–1)
John Muckler
Boston Bruins (PW) (17, 5–12)
Mike Milbury
4–1
Craig Simpson (9:31, second)
Bill Ranford

1991
Pittsburgh Penguins (PW) (1, 1–0)
Bob Johnson
Minnesota North Stars (CC) (2, 0–2)
Bob Gainey
4–2
Ulf Samuelsson (2:00, first)
Mario Lemieux

1992
Pittsburgh Penguins (PW) (2, 2–0)
Scotty Bowman
Chicago Blackhawks (CC) (10, 3–7)
Mike Keenan
4–0
Ron Francis (7:59, third)
Mario Lemieux

1993
Montreal Canadiens (PW) (34, 24–9)
Jacques Demers
Los Angeles Kings (CC) (1, 0–1)
Barry Melrose
4–1
Kirk Muller (3:51, second)
Patrick Roy

1994
New York Rangers (EC) (10, 4–6)
Mike Keenan
Vancouver Canucks (WC) (2, 0–2)
Pat Quinn
4–3
Mark Messier (13:29, second)
Brian Leetch

1995
New Jersey Devils (EC) (1, 1–0)
Jacques Lemaire
Detroit Red Wings (WC) (19, 7–12)
Scotty Bowman
4–0
Neal Broten (7:56, second)
Claude Lemieux

1996
Colorado Avalanche (WC) (1, 1–0)
Marc Crawford
Florida Panthers (EC) (1, 0–1)
Doug MacLean
4–0
Uwe Krupp (4:31, third OT)
Joe Sakic

1997
Detroit Red Wings (WC) (20, 8–12)
Scotty Bowman
Philadelphia Flyers (EC) (7, 2–5)
Terry Murray
4–0
Darren McCarty (13:02, second)
Mike Vernon

1998
Detroit Red Wings (WC) (21, 9–12)
Scotty Bowman
Washington Capitals (EC) (1, 0–1)
Ron Wilson
4–0
Martin Lapointe (2:26, second)
Steve Yzerman

1999
Dallas Stars (WC) (3, 1–2)
Ken Hitchcock
Buffalo Sabres (EC) (2, 0–2)
Lindy Ruff
4–2
Brett Hull (14:51, third OT)
Joe Nieuwendyk

2000
New Jersey Devils (EC) (2, 2–0)
Larry Robinson
Dallas Stars (WC) (4, 1–3)
Ken Hitchcock
4–2
Jason Arnott (8:20, second OT)
Scott Stevens

2001
Colorado Avalanche (WC) (2, 2–0)
Bob Hartley
New Jersey Devils (EC) (3, 2–1)
Larry Robinson
4–3
Alex Tanguay (4:57, second)
Patrick Roy

2002
Detroit Red Wings (WC) (22, 10–12)
Scotty Bowman
Carolina Hurricanes (EC) (1, 0–1)
Paul Maurice
4–1
Brendan Shanahan (14:04, second)
Nicklas Lidstrom

2003
New Jersey Devils (EC) (4, 3–1)
Pat Burns
Mighty Ducks of Anaheim (WC) (1, 0–1)
Mike Babcock
4–3
Michael Rupp (2:22, second)
Jean-Sebastien Giguere

2004
Tampa Bay Lightning (EC) (1, 1–0)
John Tortorella
Calgary Flames (WC) (3, 1–2)
Darryl Sutter
4–3
Ruslan Fedotenko (14:38, second)
Brad Richards

2005
Season cancelled due to 2004–05 NHL lockout.

2006
Carolina Hurricanes (EC) (2, 1–1)
Peter Laviolette
Edmonton Oilers (WC) (7, 5–2)
Craig MacTavish
4–3
Frantisek Kaberle (4:18, second)
Cam Ward

2007
Anaheim Ducks (WC) (2, 1–1)
Randy Carlyle
Ottawa Senators (EC) (1, 0–1)
Bryan Murray
4–1
Travis Moen (15:44, second)
Scott Niedermayer

2008
Detroit Red Wings (WC) (23, 11–12)
Mike Babcock
Pittsburgh Penguins (EC) (3, 2–1)
Michel Therrien
4–2
Henrik Zetterberg (7:36, third)
Henrik Zetterberg

2009
Pittsburgh Penguins (EC) (4, 3–1)
Dan Bylsma
Detroit Red Wings (WC) (24, 11–13)
Mike Babcock
4–3
Maxime Talbot (10:07, second)
Evgeni Malkin

2010
Chicago Blackhawks (WC) (11, 4–7)
Joel Quenneville
Philadelphia Flyers (EC) (8, 2–6)
Peter Laviolette
4–2
Patrick Kane (4:06, OT)
Jonathan Toews

2011
Boston Bruins (EC) (18, 6–12)
Claude Julien
Vancouver Canucks (WC) (3, 0–3)
Alain Vigneault
4–3
Patrice Bergeron (14:37, first)
Tim Thomas

2012
Los Angeles Kings (WC) (2, 1–1)
Darryl Sutter
New Jersey Devils (EC) (5, 3–2)
Peter DeBoer
4–2
Jeff Carter (12:45, first)
Jonathan Quick

2013
Chicago Blackhawks (WC) (12, 5–7)
Joel Quenneville
Boston Bruins (EC) (19, 6–13)
Claude Julien
4–2
Dave Bolland (19:01, third)
Patrick Kane

2014
Los Angeles Kings (WC) (3, 2–1)
Darryl Sutter
New York Rangers (EC) (11, 4–7)
Alain Vigneault
4–1
Alec Martinez (14:43, second OT)
Justin Williams

2015
Chicago Blackhawks (WC) (13, 6–7)
Joel Quenneville
Tampa Bay Lightning (EC) (2, 1–1)
Jon Cooper
4–2
Duncan Keith (17:13, second)
Duncan Keith

2016
Pittsburgh Penguins (EC) (5, 4–1)
Mike Sullivan
San Jose Sharks (WC) (1, 0–1)
Peter DeBoer
4–2
Kris Letang (7:46, second)
Sidney Crosby

2017
Pittsburgh Penguins (EC) (6, 5–1)
Mike Sullivan
Nashville Predators (WC) (1, 0–1)
Peter Laviolette
4–2
Patric Hörnqvist (18:25, third)
Sidney Crosby

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Challenge Cup era (1893–1914)[edit]

text: Legend: SC = successful Stanley Cup challenge or defense of championship (win); UC = unsuccessful Stanley Cup challenge or defense of championship (loss); Years in bold denote a Stanley Cup win.

text:
Team
SC
UC
Total
Win %
Appearances

Ottawa HC
17
2
19
.895
1894, 1903 (2), 1904 (4), 1905 (3), 1906 (2), 1906, 1909, 1910 (2), 1911 (3)

Montreal Wanderers
10
2
12
.833
1904, 1906 (2), 1907, 1907, 1908 (5), 1910 (2)

Winnipeg Victorias
6
5
11
.545
1896 (2), 1896, 1899, 1900, 1901 (2), 1902 (2), 1902, 1903

Montreal Victorias
6
2
8
.750
1895, 1896, 1896, 1897 (2), 1898, 1899, 1903

Montreal Shamrocks
5
1
6
.833
1899 (2), 1900 (3), 1901

Montreal HC
5
0
5
1.000
1893, 1894, 1895, 1902, 1903

Quebec Bulldogs
4
0
4
1.000
1912 (2), 1913 (2)

Rat Portage/Kenora Thistles
2
3
5
.400
1903, 1905, 1907 (2), 1907

Toronto Blueshirts
2
0
2
1.000
1914 (2)

Queen's University
0
3
3
.000
1895, 1899, 1906

Brandon Wheat Cities
0
2
2
.000
1904, 1907

Edmonton HC
0
2
2
.000
1908, 1910

Galt HC
0
2
2
.000
1910, 1911

Winnipeg Maple Leafs
0
2
2
.000
1901, 1908

text: The following 16 teams unsuccessfully challenged for a Stanley Cup only once: Berlin Dutchmen (1910), Dawson City Nuggets (1905), Halifax Crescents (1900), Moncton Victorias (1912), Montreal Canadiens (1914), New Glasgow Cubs (1906), Ottawa Capitals (1897), Ottawa Victorias (1908), Port Arthur Bearcats (1911), Smiths Falls (1906), Sydney Millionaires (1913), Toronto Marlboros (1904), Toronto Professionals (1908), Toronto Wellingtons (1902), Victoria Aristocrats (1914), Winnipeg Rowing Club (1904).

text: Stanley Cup Finals era (since 1915)[edit]

text: Active teams[edit]

text: Unless marked otherwise, teams played in the NHL exclusively at the time they competed for the Stanley Cup. A bolded year denotes a Stanley Cup win.

text:
Apps
Team
Wins
Losses
Win %
Years of appearance (in Stanley Cup Finals)

7001340000000000000♠34[a]
Montreal Canadiens
7001240000000000000♠24
7000900000000000000♠9[a]
.727
1916, 1917, 1919 [a], 1924, 1925, 1930, 1931, 1944, 1946, 1947, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1971, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1986, 1989, 1993

7001240000000000000♠24
Detroit Red Wings
7001110000000000000♠11
7001130000000000000♠13
.458
1934, 1936, 1937, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1945, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1952, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1966, 1995, 1997, 1998, 2002, 2008, 2009

7001210000000000000♠21
Toronto Maple Leafs[b]
7001130000000000000♠13
7000800000000000000♠8
.619
1918, 1922, 1932, 1933, 1935, 1936, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1942, 1945, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1951, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1967

7001190000000000000♠19
Boston Bruins
7000600000000000000♠6
7001130000000000000♠13
.316
1927, 1929, 1930, 1939, 1941, 1943, 1946, 1953, 1957, 1958, 1970, 1972, 1974, 1977, 1978, 1988, 1990, 2011, 2013

7001130000000000000♠13
Chicago Blackhawks[c]
7000600000000000000♠6
7000700000000000000♠7
.462
1931, 1934, 1938, 1944, 1961, 1962, 1965, 1971, 1973, 1992, 2010, 2013, 2015

7001110000000000000♠11
New York Rangers
7000400000000000000♠4
7000700000000000000♠7
.364
1928, 1929, 1932, 1933, 1937, 1940, 1950, 1972, 1979, 1994, 2014

7000800000000000000♠8
Philadelphia Flyers
7000200000000000000♠2
7000600000000000000♠6
.250
1974, 1975, 1976, 1980, 1985, 1987, 1997, 2010

7000700000000000000♠7
Edmonton Oilers
7000500000000000000♠5
7000200000000000000♠2
.714
1983, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1990, 2006

7000600000000000000♠6
Pittsburgh Penguins
7000500000000000000♠5
7000100000000000000♠1
.833
1991, 1992, 2008, 2009, 2016, 2017

7000500000000000000♠5
New York Islanders
7000400000000000000♠4
7000100000000000000♠1
.800
1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984

7000500000000000000♠5
New Jersey Devils
7000300000000000000♠3
7000200000000000000♠2
.600
1995, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2012

7000400000000000000♠4
Dallas Stars[d]
7000100000000000000♠1
7000300000000000000♠3
.250
1981, 1991, 1999, 2000

7000300000000000000♠3
Los Angeles Kings
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1
.667
1993, 2012, 2014

7000300000000000000♠3
Calgary Flames
7000100000000000000♠1
7000200000000000000♠2
.333
1986, 1989, 2004

7000300000000000000♠3
St. Louis Blues
5000000000000000000♠0
7000300000000000000♠3
.000
1968, 1969, 1970

7000300000000000000♠3
Vancouver Canucks
5000000000000000000♠0
7000300000000000000♠3
.000
1982, 1994, 2011

7000200000000000000♠2
Colorado Avalanche
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
1.000
1996, 2001

7000200000000000000♠2
Anaheim Ducks[e]
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
.500
2003, 2007

7000200000000000000♠2
Carolina Hurricanes
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
.500
2002, 2006

7000200000000000000♠2
Tampa Bay Lightning
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
.500
2004, 2015

7000200000000000000♠2
Buffalo Sabres
5000000000000000000♠0
7000200000000000000♠2
.000
1975, 1999

7000100000000000000♠1
Florida Panthers
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
.000
1996

7000100000000000000♠1
Nashville Predators
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
.000
2017

7000100000000000000♠1
Ottawa Senators[f]
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
.000
2007

7000100000000000000♠1
San Jose Sharks
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
.000
2016

7000100000000000000♠1
Washington Capitals
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
.000
1998

text: Five active teams have yet to make a Stanley Cup Finals appearance. Three of these teams have remained in the same location since their inceptions:

text:
Columbus Blue Jackets (16 seasons, 3 playoffs)
Minnesota Wild (16 seasons, 8 playoffs, 1 Division Championship)
Vegas Golden Knights (2017 expansion team)

text: The other two teams have relocated and have not made the Finals in either location:

text:
Atlanta Thrashers (11 seasons, 1 playoff, 1 Division Championship) / Winnipeg Jets (5 seasons, 1 playoff)
Winnipeg Jets (original team) (17 seasons, 11 playoffs) / Phoenix-Arizona Coyotes (19 seasons, 8 playoffs, 1 Division Championship)

text: Five relocated teams that have won the Stanley Cup in their current locations and never appeared in the Finals in their former locations:

text:
Quebec Nordiques (16 seasons, 9 playoffs, 2 Division Championships) – won 2 Stanley Cups as Colorado Avalanche
Kansas City Scouts (2 seasons, never made playoff contention)/Colorado Rockies (6 seasons, 1 playoff) – won 3 Stanley Cups as New Jersey Devils
Oakland Seals-California Golden Seals (9 seasons, 2 playoffs)/Cleveland Barons (2 seasons, never made playoff contention) – merged with Minnesota North Stars who lost twice in the Finals then won the Stanley Cup once as Dallas Stars
Atlanta Flames (8 seasons, 6 playoffs) – won Stanley Cup once as Calgary Flames
Hartford Whalers (18 seasons, 8 playoffs, 1 Division Championship) – won Stanley Cup once as Carolina Hurricanes

text: Defunct teams[edit]

text: Listed after the team name is the name of the affiliated league(s) when the team competed for the Stanley Cup. A bold year denotes a Stanley Cup win.

text:
Appearances
Team
Wins
Losses
Win %
Years of Appearance

5
Ottawa Senators (NHA/NHL)
4
1
.800
1915, 1920, 1921, 1923, 1927

4
Vancouver Millionaires (PCHA/WCHL)
1
3
.250
1915, 1918, 1921, 1922

3
Montreal Maroons (NHL)
2
1
.667
1926, 1928, 1935

3 [a]
Seattle Metropolitans (PCHA)
1
1[a]
.500
1917, 1919[a], 1920

2
Victoria Cougars (WCHL/WHL)
1
1
.500
1925, 1926

1
Portland Rosebuds (PCHA)
0
1
.000
1916

1
Edmonton Eskimos (WCHL)
0
1
.000
1923

1
Calgary Tigers (WCHL)
0
1
.000
1924

text:
a The Montreal Canadiens and the Seattle Metropolitans appearance totals include the 1919 Stanley Cup Finals that ended with a no-decision because of the Spanish flu epidemic. It is not considered an official series win or loss by either team.
b The franchise known today as the Toronto Maple Leafs won the Cup in 1918 as the Toronto Hockey Club[33] (later engraved on the Stanley Cup as the Toronto Arenas in 1947), and in 1922 as the Toronto St. Patricks.
c The Chicago Blackhawks were known as the Chicago Black Hawks prior to the 1986–87 season.
d The Dallas Stars totals include two series losses as the Minnesota North Stars.
e The Anaheim Ducks totals include one series loss as the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim.
f The modern Ottawa Senators (1992–present) are the namesake of the original Senators (1883–1934).


document_title: Tic-tac-toe

question_text: what is it called when no one wins at tic tac toe

text: Tic-tac-toe

text: History[edit]

text: Games played on three-in-a-row boards can be traced back to ancient Egypt,[5] where such game boards have been found on roofing tiles dating from around 1300 BCE.[6]

text: An early variation of tic-tac-toe was played in the Roman Empire, around the first century BC. It was called terni lapilli (three pebbles at a time) and instead of having any number of pieces, each player only had three, thus they had to move them around to empty spaces to keep playing.[7] The game's grid markings have been found chalked all over Rome. Another closely related ancient game is Three Men's Morris which is also played on a simple grid and requires three pieces in a row to finish,[8] and Picaria, a game of the Puebloans.

text: The different names of the game are more recent. The first print reference to "noughts and crosses" (nought being an alternative word for zero), the British name, appeared in 1858, in an issue of Notes and Queries.[9] The first print reference to a game called "tick-tack-toe" occurred in 1884, but referred to "a children's game played on a slate, consisting in trying with the eyes shut to bring the pencil down on one of the numbers of a set, the number hit being scored". "Tic-tac-toe" may also derive from "tick-tack", the name of an old version of backgammon first described in 1558. The US renaming of "noughts and crosses" as "tic-tac-toe" occurred in the 20th century.[10]

text: In 1952, OXO (or Noughts and Crosses), developed by British computer scientist Alexander S. Douglas for the EDSAC computer at the University of Cambridge, became one of the first known video games.[11][12] The computer player could play perfect games of tic-tac-toe against a human opponent.[11]

text: In 1975, tic-tac-toe was also used by MIT students to demonstrate the computational power of Tinkertoy elements. The Tinkertoy computer, made out of (almost) only Tinkertoys, is able to play tic-tac-toe perfectly.[13] It is currently on display at the Museum of Science, Boston.

text: Combinatorics[edit]

text: When considering only the state of the board, and after taking into account board symmetries (i.e. rotations and reflections), there are only 138 terminal board positions. A combinatorics study of the game shows that when "X" makes the first move every time, the game is won as follows:[14]

text:
91 distinct positions are won by (X)
44 distinct positions are won by (O)
3 distinct positions are drawn (often called a "cat's game"[15])

text: Strategy[edit]

text: A player can play a perfect game of tic-tac-toe (to win or at least, draw) if each time it is his turn to play, he chooses the first available move from the following list, as used in Newell and Simon's 1972 tic-tac-toe program.[16]

text:
Win: If the player has two in a row, they can place a third to get three in a row.
Block: If the opponent has two in a row, the player must play the third themselves to block the opponent.
Fork: Create an opportunity where the player has two threats to win (two non-blocked lines of 2).
Blocking an opponent's fork: If there is only one possible fork for the opponent, the player should block it. Otherwise, the player should block any forks in any way that simultaneously allows them to create two in a row. Otherwise, the player should create a two in a row to force the opponent into defending, as long as it doesn't result in them creating a fork. For example, if "X" has two opposite corners and "O" has the center, "O" must not play a corner in order to win. (Playing a corner in this scenario creates a fork for "X" to win.)
Center: A player marks the center. (If it is the first move of the game, playing on a corner gives the second player more opportunities to make a mistake and may therefore be the better choice; however, it makes no difference between perfect players.)
Opposite corner: If the opponent is in the corner, the player plays the opposite corner.
Empty corner: The player plays in a corner square.
Empty side: The player plays in a middle square on any of the 4 sides.

tag: ol

text: The first player, who shall be designated "X", has 3 possible positions to mark during the first turn. Superficially, it might seem that there are 9 possible positions, corresponding to the 9 squares in the grid. However, by rotating the board, we will find that in the first turn, every corner mark is strategically equivalent to every other corner mark. The same is true of every edge (side middle) mark. For strategy purposes, there are therefore only three possible first marks: corner, edge, or center. Player X can win or force a draw from any of these starting marks; however, playing the corner gives the opponent the smallest choice of squares which must be played to avoid losing.[17] This might suggest that the corner is the best opening move for X, however another study[18] shows that if the players are not perfect, an opening move in the center is best for X.

text: The second player, who shall be designated "O", must respond to X's opening mark in such a way as to avoid the forced win.  Player O must always respond to a corner opening with a center mark, and to a center opening with a corner mark.  An edge opening must be answered either with a center mark, a corner mark next to the X, or an edge mark opposite the X.  Any other responses will allow X to force the win.  Once the opening is completed, O's task is to follow the above list of priorities in order to force the draw, or else to gain a win if X makes a weak play.

text: More detailedly, to guarantee a draw, O should adopt the following strategies:

text:
If X plays corner opening move, O should take center, and then an edge, forcing X to block in the next move. This will stop any forks from happening. When both X and O are perfect players and X chooses to start by marking a corner, O takes the center, and X takes the corner opposite the original. In that case, O is free to choose any edge as its second move. However, if X is not a perfect player and has played a corner and then an edge, O should not play the opposite edge as its second move, because then X is not forced to block in the next move and can fork.
If X plays edge opening move, O should take center or one of the corners adjacent to X, and then follow the above list of priorities, mainly paying attention to block forks.
If X plays center opening move, O should take corner, and then follow the above list of priorities, mainly paying attention to block forks.

text: When X plays corner first, and O is not a perfect player, the following may happen:

text:
If O responds with a center mark (best move for them), a perfect X player will take the corner opposite the original. Then O should play an edge. However, if O plays a corner as its second move, a perfect X player will mark the remaining corner, blocking O's 3-in-a-row and making their own fork.
If O responds with a corner mark, X is guaranteed to win, by simply taking any of the other two corners and then the last, a fork. (since when X takes the third corner, O can only take the position between the two X's. Then X can take the only remaining corner to win)
If O responds with an edge mark, X is guaranteed to win, by taking center, then O can only take the corner opposite the corner which X plays first. Finally, X can take a corner to create a fork and then X will win on the next move.

text: Further details[edit]

text: Consider a board with the nine positions numbered as follows:

text:
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

text: When X plays 1 as their opening move, then O should take 5. Then X takes 9 (in this situation, O should not take 3 or 7, O should take 2, 4, 6 or 8):

text: X1 → O5 → X9 → O2 → X8 → O7 → X3 → O6 → X4, this game will be a draw.

text: or 6 (in this situation, O should not take 4 or 7, O should take 2, 3, 8 or 9. In fact, taking 9 is the best move, since a non-perfect player X may take 4, then O can take 7 to win).

text:
X1 → O5 → X6 → O2 → X8, then O should not take 3, or X can take 7 to win, and O should not take 4, or X can take 9 to win, O should take 7 or 9.
X1 → O5 → X6 → O2 → X8 → O7 → X3 → O9 → X4, this game will be a draw.
X1 → O5 → X6 → O2 → X8 → O9 → X4 (7) → O7 (4) → X3, this game will be a draw.
X1 → O5 → X6 → O3 → X7 → O4 → X8 (9) → O9 (8) → X2, this game will be a draw.
X1 → O5 → X6 → O8 → X2 → O3 → X7 → O4 → X9, this game will be a draw.
X1 → O5 → X6 → O9, then X should not take 4, or O can take 7 to win, X should take 2, 3, 7 or 8.
X1 → O5 → X6 → O9 → X2 → O3 → X7 → O4 → X8, this game will be a draw.
X1 → O5 → X6 → O9 → X3 → O2 → X8 → O4 (7) → X7 (4), this game will be a draw.
X1 → O5 → X6 → O9 → X7 → O4 → X2 (3) → O3 (2) → X8, this game will be a draw.
X1 → O5 → X6 → O9 → X8 → O2 (3, 4, 7) → X4/7 (4/7, 2/3, 2/3) → O7/4 (7/4, 3/2, 3/2) → X3 (2, 7, 4), this game will be a draw.

text:
In both of these situations (X takes 9 or 6 as second move), X has a

1
3

{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{3}}}

 property to win.

text: If X is not a perfect player, X may take 2 or 3 as second move. Then this game will be a draw, X cannot win.

text:
X1 → O5 → X2 → O3 → X7 → O4 → X6 → O8 (9) → X9 (8), this game will be a draw.
X1 → O5 → X3 → O2 → X8 → O4 (6) → X6 (4) → O9 (7) → X7 (9), this game will be a draw.

text: If X plays 1 opening move, and O is not a perfect player, the following may happen:

text: Although O takes the only good position (5) as first move, but O takes a bad position as second move:

text:
X1 → O5 → X9 → O3 → X7, then X can take 4 or 8 to win.
X1 → O5 → X6 → O4 → X3, then X can take 2 or 9 to win.
X1 → O5 → X6 → O7 → X3, then X can take 2 or 9 to win.

text: Although O takes good positions as the first two moves, but O takes a bad position as third move:

text:
X1 → O5 → X6 → O2 → X8 → O3 → X7, then X can take 4 or 9 to win.
X1 → O5 → X6 → O2 → X8 → O4 → X9, then X can take 3 or 7 to win.

text: O takes a bad position as first move (except of 5, all other positions are bad):

text:
X1 → O3 → X7 → O4 → X9, then X can take 5 or 8 to win.
X1 → O9 → X3 → O2 → X7, then X can take 4 or 5 to win.
X1 → O2 → X5 → O9 → X7, then X can take 3 or 4 to win.
X1 → O6 → X5 → O9 → X3, then X can take 2 or 7 to win.

text: Variations[edit]

text: Many board games share the element of trying to be the first to get n-in-a-row, including Three Men's Morris, Nine Men's Morris, pente, gomoku, Qubic, Connect Four, Quarto, Gobblet, Order and Chaos, Toss Across, and Mojo. Tic-tac-toe is  an instance of an m,n,k-game, where two players alternate taking turns on an m×n board until one of them gets k in a row. Harary's generalized tic-tac-toe is an even broader generalization.

text: Other variations of tic-tac-toe include:

text: 3-dimensional tic-tac-toe on a 3×3×3 board. In this game, the first player has an easy win by playing in the centre if 2 people are playing.

text: One can play on a board of 4x4 squares, winning in several ways. Winning can include: 4 in a straight line, 4 in a diagonal line, 4 in a diamond, or 4 to make a square.

text: Another variant, Qubic, is played on a 4×4×4 board; it was solved by Oren Patashnik in 1980 (the first player can force a win).[19] Higher dimensional variations are also possible.[20]

text: In misère tic-tac-toe, the player wins if the opponent gets n in a row.[21] A 3×3 game is a draw. More generally, the first player can draw or win on any board (of any dimension) whose side length is odd, by playing first in the central cell and then mirroring the opponent's moves.[20]

text:
In "wild" tic-tac-toe, players can choose to place either X or O on each move.[22][23][24]
Number Scrabble or Pick15[25] is isomorphic to tic-tac-toe but on the surface appears completely different.[26] Two players in turn say a number between one and nine. A particular number may not be repeated. The game is won by the player who has said three numbers whose sum is 15.[25][27] If all the numbers are used and no one gets three numbers that add up to 15 then the game is a draw.[25] Plotting these numbers on a 3×3 magic square shows that the game exactly corresponds with tic-tac-toe, since three numbers will be arranged in a straight line if and only if they total 15.[28]

text:
eat

bee

less

→e

air

bits

lip

→i

soda

book

lot

→o

↙
s

↓
a

↓
b

↓
l

↘
  t

text:
Another isomorphic game uses a list of nine carefully chosen words, for instance "eat", "bee", "less", "air", "bits", "lip", "soda", "book", and "lot". Each player picks one word in turn and to win, a player must select three words with the same letter. The words may be plotted on a tic-tac-toe grid in such a way that a three-in-a-row line wins.[29]
Numerical Tic Tac Toe is a variation invented by the mathematician Ronald Graham. The numbers 1 to 9 are used in this game. The first player plays with the odd numbers, the second player plays with the even numbers. All numbers can be used only once. The player who puts down 15 points in a line wins (sum of 3 numbers).
In the 1970s, there was a two player game made by Tri-ang Toys & Games called Check Lines, in which the board consisted of eleven holes arranged in a geometrical pattern of twelve straight lines each containing three of the holes. Each player had exactly five tokens and played in turn placing one token in any of the holes. The winner was the first player whose tokens were arranged in two lines of three (which by definition were intersecting lines).  If neither player had won by the tenth turn, subsequent turns consisted of moving one of one's own tokens to the remaining empty hole, with the constraint that this move could only be from an adjacent hole.[30]
Quantum tic tac toe allows players to place a quantum superposition of numbers on the board, i.e. the players' moves are "superpositions" of plays in the original classical game. This variation was invented by Allan Goff of Novatia Labs.[31]

text: English names[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The game has a number of English names.

text:
Tick-tack-toe, tic-tac-toe, tick-tat-toe, or tit-tat-toe (United States, Canada)
Noughts and crosses or naughts and crosses (United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Zimbabwe, India)
Exy-ozys, xsie-osies (verbal name only) (Northern Ireland)
Xs and Os (Republic of Ireland, Zimbabwe)

text: Sometimes, the games tic-tac-toe (where players keep adding "pieces") and Three Men's Morris (where pieces start to move after a certain number have been placed) are confused with each other.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Wordsworth alludes to tic-tac-toe in his The Prelude (1799).
In the movie WarGames, a computer learns through a tic-tac-toe analogy that nuclear war is unwinnable.
The BBC's Test Card F image includes a picture of a game. In the updated version, Test Card J, the game's X indicates the exact center of the screen.
George Cooper wrote the words and John Rogers Thomas wrote the music for a song "Tit, Tac, Toe" in 1876.
The adventure game Sam & Max Save the World features an arcade version called Tic-Tac-Doom, but its artificial intelligence is intentionally poor. Rather than beating the game, the player must lose it in order to progress.
Episode 452 of This American Life[32] recounts the true story of a legal defense team that sought to overturn the state of Florida's decision to execute a mentally ill murderer by eliciting a tic-tac-toe playing chicken as evidence. Arcade games with tic-tac-toe-playing chickens were popular in the mid 1970s; the animals were trained using operant conditioning.[33]
In the 1957 film version of Twelve Angry Men there is a small scene were two jurors are playing the game in order to pass the time.
In the Three Stooges short Disorder in the Court, Moe and Larry are seen playing tic-tac-toe in a couple of different scenes. (One with Curly playing jacks over it.)
Elle King's debut solo single Ex's & Oh's references another name for Tic-Tac-Toe, with a punning allusion to her exes; and how accumulating former partners who never seem to leave her alone is a pointless, unwinnable exercise.

text: Various game shows have been based on tic-tac-toe and its variants:

text:
On Hollywood Squares, nine celebrities filled the cells of the tic-tac-toe grid; players put symbols on the board by correctly agreeing or disagreeing with a celebrity's answer to a question. Variations of the show include Storybook Squares and Hip Hop Squares. The British version was Celebrity Squares. Australia had various versions under the names of Celebrity Squares, Personality Squares & All Star Squares.
In Tic-Tac-Dough, players put symbols up on the board by answering questions in various categories, which shuffle after each player's turn.
In Beat the Teacher, contestants answer questions to win a turn to influence a tic-tac-toe grid.
On The Price Is Right, several national variants feature a pricing game called "Secret X", in which players must guess prices of two small prizes to win Xs (in addition to one free X) to place on a blank board. They must place the X's in position to guess the location of the titular "secret X" hidden in the center column of the board and form a tic-tac-toe line across or diagonally (no vertical lines allowed). There are no Os in this variant of the game.
On Minute to Win It, the game Ping Tac Toe has one contestant playing the game with nine water-filled glasses and white and orange ping-pong balls, trying to get three in a row of either color. He must alternate colors after each successful landing and must be careful not to block himself.