document_title: Cauda equina

question_text: where does the spinal cord end in infants

text: Cauda equina

text: Structure[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In humans, the spinal cord stops growing in infancy and the end of the spinal cord is about the level of the third lumbar vertebra, or L3, at birth. Because the bones of the vertebral column continue to grow, by about 12 months of age, the end of the cord reaches its permanent position at the level of L1 or L2 (closer to the head). However, due to normal anatomical variations, the final cord end position may occur anywhere from T12 twelfth thoracic vertebra (T12) to L3. Individual spinal nerve roots arise from the cord as they get closer to the head, but as the differential growth occurs, the top end of the nerve stays attached to the spinal cord while the lower end of the nerve exits the spinal column at its proper level. This results in a "bundle"-like structure of nerve fibers that extends caudally from the end of the spinal cord, gradually declining in number further down as individual pairs leave the spinal column.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: The cauda equina exists within the lumbar cistern, a gap between the arachnoid membrane and the pia matter of the spinal cord, called the subarachnoid space. Cerebrospinal fluid also exists within this space. Because the spinal cord terminates at level L1/L2, lumbar puncture (or colloquially, "spinal tap") is performed from the lumbar cistern between two vertebrae at level L3/L4, or L4/L5, where there is no risk of accidental injury to the spinal cord, when a sample of CSF is needed for clinical purposes.

text: Cauda equina syndrome[edit]

text: Cauda equina syndrome, a rare disorder affecting the bundle of nerve roots (cauda equina) at the lower (lumbar) end of the spinal cord, is a surgical emergency.[2] Cauda equina syndrome occurs when the nerve roots in the lumbar spine are compressed, disrupting sensation and movement.[3] Nerve roots that control the function of the bladder and bowel are especially vulnerable to damage. It can lead to permanent paralysis, impaired bladder and/or bowel control, loss of sexual sensation, and other problems if left untreated. Even with immediate treatment, some patients may not recover complete function.[2]

text: Cauda equina syndrome most commonly results from a massive disc herniation in the lumbar region.[4] A disc herniation occurs when one of the soft flexible discs that functions as an elastic shock absorber between the bones of the spinal column displaces from its normal position. The herniation occurs after the disc begins to break down with aging and can be precipitated by stress or a mechanical problem in the spine. The result is that the softer, center portion of the disc pushes out and causes pressure on the nerve roots in the lumbar spine. Other causes include spinal lesions and tumors, spinal infections or inflammation, lumbar spinal stenosis, trauma to the lower back, birth abnormalities, spinal arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), spinal hemorrhages (subarachnoid, subdural, epidural), narrowing of the spinal canal, postoperative lumbar spine surgery complications or spinal anesthesia.[3]

text: History[edit]

text: The cauda equina was named after its resemblance to a horse's tail (Latin: cauda equina) by the French anatomist Andreas Lazarius (André du Laurens) in the 17th century.


document_title: Array data structure

question_text: example of one dimensional array in data structure

root

text: Array data structure

text: History[edit]

text: The first digital computers used machine-language programming to set up and access array structures for data tables, vector and matrix computations, and for many other purposes. John von Neumann wrote the first array-sorting program (merge sort) in 1945, during the building of the first stored-program computer.[6]p. 159 Array indexing was originally done by self-modifying code, and later using index registers and indirect addressing. Some mainframes designed in the 1960s, such as the Burroughs B5000 and its successors, used memory segmentation to perform index-bounds checking in hardware.[7]

tag: p

text: Assembly languages generally have no special support for arrays, other than what the machine itself provides. The earliest high-level programming languages, including FORTRAN (1957), Lisp (1958), COBOL (1960), and ALGOL 60 (1960), had support for multi-dimensional arrays, and so has C (1972). In C++ (1983), class templates exist for multi-dimensional arrays whose dimension is fixed at runtime[3][5] as well as for runtime-flexible arrays.[2]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2009)

tag: table

text: Applications[edit]

text: Arrays are used to implement mathematical vectors and matrices, as well as other kinds of rectangular tables. Many databases, small and large, consist of (or include) one-dimensional arrays whose elements are records.

text: Arrays are used to implement other data structures, such as lists, heaps, hash tables, deques, queues, stacks, strings, and VLists. Array-based implementations of other data structures are frequently simple and space-efficient (implicit data structures), requiring little space overhead, but may have poor space complexity, particularly when modified, compared to tree-based data structures (compare a sorted array to a search tree).

text: One or more large arrays are sometimes used to emulate in-program dynamic memory allocation, particularly memory pool allocation. Historically, this has sometimes been the only way to allocate "dynamic memory" portably.

text: Arrays can be used to determine partial or complete control flow in programs, as a compact alternative to (otherwise repetitive) multiple IF statements. They are known in this context as control tables and are used in conjunction with a purpose built interpreter whose control flow is altered according to values contained in the array. The array may contain subroutine pointers (or relative subroutine numbers that can be acted upon by SWITCH statements) that direct the path of the execution.

text: Element identifier and addressing formulas[edit]

text: When data objects are stored in an array, individual objects are selected by an index that is usually a non-negative scalar integer. Indexes are also called subscripts. An index maps the array value to a stored object.

text: There are three ways in which the elements of an array can be indexed:

text:
0 (zero-based indexing): The first element of the array is indexed by subscript of 0.[8]
1 (one-based indexing): The first element of the array is indexed by subscript of 1.[9]
n (n-based indexing): The base index of an array can be freely chosen. Usually programming languages allowing n-based indexing also allow negative index values and other scalar data types like enumerations, or characters may be used as an array index.

tag: ul

text: Arrays can have multiple dimensions, thus it is not uncommon to access an array using multiple indices. For example, a two-dimensional array A with three rows and four columns might provide access to the element at the 2nd row and 4th column by the expression A[1, 3] in the case of a zero-based indexing system. Thus two indices are used for a two-dimensional array, three for a three-dimensional array, and n for an n-dimensional array.

text: The number of indices needed to specify an element is called the dimension, dimensionality, or rank of the array.

text: In standard arrays, each index is restricted to a certain range of consecutive integers (or consecutive values of some enumerated type), and the address of an element is computed by a "linear" formula on the indices.

text: One-dimensional arrays[edit]

text: A one-dimensional array (or single dimension array) is a type of linear array. Accessing its elements involves a single subscript which can either represent a row or column index.

text: As an example consider the C declaration int anArrayName[10];

text: Syntax : datatype anArrayname[sizeofArray];

text: In the given example the array can contain 10 elements of any value available to the int type. In C, the array element indices are 0-9 inclusive in this case. For example, the expressions anArrayName[0] and anArrayName[9] are the first and last elements respectively.

text: For a vector with linear addressing, the element with index i is located at the address B + c × i, where B is a fixed base address and c a fixed constant, sometimes called the address increment or stride.

text: If the valid element indices begin at 0, the constant B is simply the address of the first element of the array. For this reason, the C programming language specifies that array indices always begin at 0; and many programmers will call that element "zeroth" rather than "first".

text: However, one can choose the index of the first element by an appropriate choice of the base address B. For example, if the array has five elements, indexed 1 through 5, and the base address B is replaced by B + 30c, then the indices of those same elements will be 31 to 35. If the numbering does not start at 0, the constant B may not be the address of any element.

text: Multidimensional arrays[edit]

text: For a multidimensional array, the element with indices i,j would have address B + c · i + d · j, where the coefficients c and d are the row and column address increments, respectively.

text: More generally, in a k-dimensional array, the address of an element with indices i1, i2, ..., ik is

text: For example: int a[2][3];

text: This means that array a has 2 rows and 3 columns, and the array is of integer type. Here we can store 6 elements they are stored linearly but starting from first row linear then continuing with second row. The above array will be stored as a11, a12, a13, a21, a22, a23.

text: This formula requires only k multiplications and k additions, for any array that can fit in memory. Moreover, if any coefficient is a fixed power of 2, the multiplication can be replaced by bit shifting.

text: The coefficients ck must be chosen so that every valid index tuple maps to the address of a distinct element.

text: If the minimum legal value for every index is 0, then B is the address of the element whose indices are all zero. As in the one-dimensional case, the element indices may be changed by changing the base address B. Thus, if a two-dimensional array has rows and columns indexed from 1 to 10 and 1 to 20, respectively, then replacing B by B + c1 - − 3 c1 will cause them to be renumbered from 0 through 9 and 4 through 23, respectively. Taking advantage of this feature, some languages (like FORTRAN 77) specify that array indices begin at 1, as in mathematical tradition while other languages (like Fortran 90, Pascal and Algol) let the user choose the minimum value for each index.

text: Dope vectors[edit]

text: The addressing formula is completely defined by the dimension d, the base address B, and the increments c1, c2, ..., ck. It is often useful to pack these parameters into a record called the array's descriptor or stride vector or dope vector.[2][3] The size of each element, and the minimum and maximum values allowed for each index may also be included in the dope vector. The dope vector is a complete handle for the array, and is a convenient way to pass arrays as arguments to procedures. Many useful array slicing operations (such as selecting a sub-array, swapping indices, or reversing the direction of the indices) can be performed very efficiently by manipulating the dope vector.[2]

text: Compact layouts[edit]

text: Often the coefficients are chosen so that the elements occupy a contiguous area of memory. However, that is not necessary. Even if arrays are always created with contiguous elements, some array slicing operations may create non-contiguous sub-arrays from them.

text: There are two systematic compact layouts for a two-dimensional array. For example, consider the matrix

text: In the row-major order layout (adopted by C for statically declared arrays), the elements in each row are stored in consecutive positions and all of the elements of a row have a lower address than any of the elements of a consecutive row:

text:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

text: In column-major order (traditionally used by Fortran), the elements in each column are consecutive in memory and all of the elements of a column have a lower address than any of the elements of a consecutive column:

text:
1
4
7
2
5
8
3
6
9

text: For arrays with three or more indices, "row major order" puts in consecutive positions any two elements whose index tuples differ only by one in the last index. "Column major order" is analogous with respect to the first index.

text: In systems which use processor cache or virtual memory, scanning an array is much faster if successive elements are stored in consecutive positions in memory, rather than sparsely scattered. Many algorithms that use multidimensional arrays will scan them in a predictable order. A programmer (or a sophisticated compiler) may use this information to choose between row- or column-major layout for each array. For example, when computing the product A·B of two matrices, it would be best to have A stored in row-major order, and B in column-major order.

text: Resizing[edit]

text: Static arrays have a size that is fixed when they are created and consequently do not allow elements to be inserted or removed. However, by allocating a new array and copying the contents of the old array to it, it is possible to effectively implement a dynamic version of an array; see dynamic array. If this operation is done infrequently, insertions at the end of the array require only amortized constant time.

text: Some array data structures do not reallocate storage, but do store a count of the number of elements of the array in use, called the count or size. This effectively makes the array a dynamic array with a fixed maximum size or capacity; Pascal strings are examples of this.

text: Non-linear formulas[edit]

text: More complicated (non-linear) formulas are occasionally used. For a compact two-dimensional triangular array, for instance, the addressing formula is a polynomial of degree 2.

text: Efficiency[edit]

text: Both store and select take (deterministic worst case) constant time. Arrays take linear (O(n)) space in the number of elements n that they hold.

text: In an array with element size k and on a machine with a cache line size of B bytes, iterating through an array of n elements requires the minimum of ceiling(nk/B) cache misses, because its elements occupy contiguous memory locations. This is roughly a factor of B/k better than the number of cache misses needed to access n elements at random memory locations. As a consequence, sequential iteration over an array is noticeably faster in practice than iteration over many other data structures, a property called locality of reference (this does not mean however, that using a perfect hash or trivial hash within the same (local) array, will not be even faster - and achievable in constant time). Libraries provide low-level optimized facilities for copying ranges of memory (such as memcpy) which can be used to move contiguous blocks of array elements significantly faster than can be achieved through individual element access. The speedup of such optimized routines varies by array element size, architecture, and implementation.

text: Memory-wise, arrays are compact data structures with no per-element overhead. There may be a per-array overhead, e.g. to store index bounds, but this is language-dependent. It can also happen that elements stored in an array require less memory than the same elements stored in individual variables, because several array elements can be stored in a single word; such arrays are often called packed arrays. An extreme (but commonly used) case is the bit array, where every bit represents a single element. A single octet can thus hold up to 256 different combinations of up to 8 different conditions, in the most compact form.

text: Array accesses with statically predictable access patterns are a major source of data parallelism.

text: Comparison with other data structures[edit]

text:
Comparison of list data structures

Linked list
Array
Dynamic array
Balanced tree
Random access list
hashed array tree

Indexing
Θ(n)
Θ(1)
Θ(1)
Θ(log n)
Θ(log n)[10]
Θ(1)

Insert/delete at beginning
Θ(1)
N/A
Θ(n)
Θ(log n)
Θ(1)
Θ(n)

Insert/delete at end
Θ(1) when last element is known;
Θ(n) when last element is unknown
N/A
Θ(1) amortized
Θ(log n)
Θ(log n) updating
Θ(1) amortized

Insert/delete in middle
search time + Θ(1)[11][12][13]
N/A
Θ(n)
Θ(log n)
Θ(log n) updating
Θ(n)

Wasted space (average)
Θ(n)
0
Θ(n)[14]
Θ(n)
Θ(n)
Θ(√n)

text: Growable arrays are similar to arrays but add the ability to insert and delete elements; adding and deleting at the end is particularly efficient. However, they reserve linear (Θ(n)) additional storage, whereas arrays do not reserve additional storage.

text: Associative arrays provide a mechanism for array-like functionality without huge storage overheads when the index values are sparse. For example, an array that contains values only at indexes 1 and 2 billion may benefit from using such a structure. Specialized associative arrays with integer keys include Patricia tries, Judy arrays, and van Emde Boas trees.

text: Balanced trees require O(log n) time for indexed access, but also permit inserting or deleting elements in O(log n) time,[15] whereas growable arrays require linear (Θ(n)) time to insert or delete elements at an arbitrary position.

text: Linked lists allow constant time removal and insertion in the middle but take linear time for indexed access. Their memory use is typically worse than arrays, but is still linear.

text: An Iliffe vector is an alternative to a multidimensional array structure. It uses a one-dimensional array of references to arrays of one dimension less. For two dimensions, in particular, this alternative structure would be a vector of pointers to vectors, one for each row. Thus an element in row i and column j of an array A would be accessed by double indexing (A[i][j] in typical notation). This alternative structure allows jagged arrays, where each row may have a different size — or, in general, where the valid range of each index depends on the values of all preceding indices. It also saves one multiplication (by the column address increment) replacing it by a bit shift (to index the vector of row pointers) and one extra memory access (fetching the row address), which may be worthwhile in some architectures.

text: Dimension[edit]

text: The dimension of an array is the number of indices needed to select an element. Thus, if the array is seen as a function on a set of possible index combinations, it is the dimension of the space of which its domain is a discrete subset. Thus a one-dimensional array is a list of data, a two-dimensional array a rectangle of data, a three-dimensional array a block of data, etc.

text: This should not be confused with the dimension of the set of all matrices with a given domain, that is, the number of elements in the array. For example, an array with 5 rows and 4 columns is two-dimensional, but such matrices form a 20-dimensional space. Similarly, a three-dimensional vector can be represented by a one-dimensional array of size three.


document_title: United Church in Zambia

question_text: when was the united church of zambia formed

text: United Church in Zambia

text:
The United Church in Zambia is the largest Protestant church in Zambia with coverage of all the ten provinces of the country [1]
The church formed in 1965, this is a result of the union of Church of Central Africa, Rhodesia (a mission work of the Church of Scotland), the Union Church of Copperbelt, the Copperbelt Free Church Council, the Church of Barotseland and the Methodist church.[2]

text: The United Church in Zambia has partnership relations with the United Church of Canada.[3] The church maintains its own Theological Colleges in Zambia.[4]

text: The United Church in Zambia has 3,000,000 members in 1,060 congregations. The United church has Presbyterian church government with 9 presbyteries and a Synod. It is a member of the World Communion of Reformed Churches and the World Methodist Council. Close contacts with the Church of Scotland and the Presbyterian Church (USA) were established.[5]


document_title: Tottenham Hotspur F.C.

question_text: when was last time spurs won the league

question_tokens: when was last time spurs won the league

text: Tottenham Hotspur F.C.

text: History

text: Formation and early years (1882–1908)

text: Originally named Hotspur Football Club, the club was formed on 5 September 1882 by a group of schoolboys led by Robert Buckle. They were members of the Hotspur Cricket Club, and the football club was formed in order to play sports during the winter months.[4] A year later the boys sought help with the club from John Ripsher, the Bible class teacher at All Hallows Church, who became the first president of the club and its treasurer. Ripsher helped and supported the boys through the club's formative years, reorganised and found premises for the club.[5][6][7] In April 1884, due to mail for another club London Hotspur being misdirected to North London, the club was renamed Tottenham Hotspur Football Club to avoid any further confusion.[8][9]

text: Initially, the boys played games between themselves and friendly matches against other local clubs. The team entered their first cup competition in the London Association Cup, and won their first competitive match on 17 October 1885.[10] The matches of the club began to attract the interest of the local community and attendances at its matches increased. In 1892, they played for the first time in a league, the short-lived Southern Alliance.[11]

text: The club turned professional on 20 December 1895, and in the summer of 1896 they were admitted to Division One of the Southern League. On 2 March 1898, the club also became a limited company, the Tottenham Hotspur Football and Athletic Company.[11] Soon after, Frank Brettell became the first ever manager of Spurs, and he signed John Cameron, who took over as player-manager when Brettell left a year later. Cameron would have a significant impact on Spurs, winning the club its first trophy, the Southern League title. The following year, on 27 April 1901, Spurs won the FA Cup after beating Sheffield United 3–1 in a replay of the 1901 Cup final, and became the only non-League club to have ever achieved such a feat since the formation of The Football League in 1888.[12]

text: Early decades in Football League (1908–1958)

text: In 1908, the club was elected into the Football League Second Division, and won immediate promotion to the First Division when they finished runners-up in their first year in the league. In 1912, Peter McWilliam became manager; Tottenham finished bottom of the league at the end of the 1914–15 season when football was suspended due to the First World War. Spurs were relegated to Division Two on the resumption of League football after the war, but quickly returned to Division One as Division Two champions of the 1919–20 season.[13]

text: On 23 April 1921, McWilliam guided Spurs to their second FA Cup win, beating Wolverhampton Wanderers 1–0 in the Cup Final. In 1922, Spurs finished second to Liverpool in the League in 1922, but would finish mid-table in the next five seasons. Spurs were relegated in the 1927–28 season after McWilliam left. For most of the 1930s and 40s, Spurs languished in the Second Division, apart from a brief return to the top flight in the 1933–34 and 1934–35 seasons.[14]

text: Former Spurs player Arthur Rowe became manager in 1949. Rowe developed a style of play, known as "push and run", that proved to be successful in his early years as manager. He took the team back to the First Division after finishing top of the Second Division in 1949–50 season.[15] In his second season in charge, the team won Tottenham's first ever League Championship title when they finished top of the First Division of 1950–51 season. Rowe resigned in April 1955 due to illness from the stress of managing the club, although before he left, he signed one of Spurs' most celebrated players, Danny Blanchflower, who would win the FWA Footballer of the Year twice while at Tottenham.[16]

text: Bill Nicholson and the Glory Years (1958–1974)

text: Bill Nicholson took over as manager in October 1958. Nicholson would become the club's most successful manager, guiding the team to major trophy success three seasons in a row in the early 1960s: the double in 1961, the FA Cup in 1962 and the Cup Winners' Cup in 1963. Nicholson signed Dave Mackay and John White in 1959, two influential players of the Double-winning team, and Jimmy Greaves in 1961, the most prolific goalscorer in the history of the top tier of English football.[17]

text: The 1960–61 season started with a run of 11 wins, followed by a draw and another four wins, at that time the best ever start by any club in the top flight of English football.[18] The title was won on 17 April 1961 when they beat the eventual runner-up Sheffield Wednesday at home 2–1, with three more games still to play. The Double was achieved when Spurs won 2–0 against Leicester in the final of the 1960–61 FA Cup. This is the first Double of the 20th century, and the first since Aston Villa achieved the feat in 1897.[19] The next year Spurs won their second consecutive FA Cup after beating Burnley in the 1962 FA Cup Final.[20]

text: On 15 May 1963 Tottenham would also become the first British team to win a European trophy by winning the 1962–63 European Cup Winners' Cup when they beat Atlético Madrid 5–1 in the Cup Winners' Cup Final.[21] Spurs added another European trophy when they won the 1971–72 UEFA Cup with a rebuilt team that included Martin Chivers, Pat Jennings, and Steve Perryman. They also won the FA Cup in 1967,[22] and two League Cups (in 1971 and 1973). In total, Nicholson won eight major trophies in his 16 years at the club as manager.[23]

text: Burkinshaw to Venables (1974–1992)

text: Spurs went into a period of decline after the successes of the early 70s, and Nicholson decided to resign after a poor start to the 1974–75 season. The team was then relegated at the end of the 1976–77 season with Keith Burkinshaw as manager. Burkinshaw quickly returned the club to the top flight, building a team that included Glenn Hoddle as well as two Argentinians Osvaldo Ardiles and Ricardo Villa, whose signings were particularly uncommon in the British game as foreign players in British football were rare at that time.[24] The team that Burkinshaw rebuilt would win the FA Cup in 1981 and 1982,[25] and the UEFA Cup in 1984.[26]

text: The 1980s was a period of change that began with a new phase of redevelopment at White Hart Lane as well as a change of directors. Irving Scholar took over the club and moved it in a more commercial direction, the beginning of the transformation of English football clubs into commercial enterprises.[27][28] Debt at the club would again lead to a change in the boardroom, and Terry Venables teamed up with businessman Alan Sugar in June 1991 to take control of Tottenham Hotspur plc.[29][30][31] Venables, who became manager in 1987, signed players such as Paul Gascoigne and Gary Lineker. Under Venables Spurs won the 1990–91 FA Cup, making them the first club to win eight FA Cups.[32]

text: Premier League football (1992–present)

text: Spurs was one of the five clubs that pushed for the founding of Premier League, created with the approval of The Football Association as replacement for the Football League First Division as the highest division of English football.[33] Despite a succession of managers and players such as Teddy Sheringham, Jürgen Klinsmann and David Ginola, for a long period in the Premier League until the late 2000s, Spurs finished mid-table most seasons with few trophies won. They won the League Cup in 1999 under George Graham, and again in 2008 under Juande Ramos. Performance improved under Harry Redknapp with players such as Gareth Bale and Luka Modrić, and the club finished in the top five in the early 2010s.[34][35]

text: In February 2001, Sugar sold his share holding in Spurs to ENIC Sports plc, run by Joe Lewis and Daniel Levy, and stepped down as chairman.[36] Lewis and Levy would eventually own 85% of the club, with Levy responsible for the running of the club.[37][38] The current manager is Mauricio Pochettino who was appointed in May 2014.[39]

text: Stadium

text: Early grounds

text: Spurs played their early matches on public land at the Park Lane end of Tottenham Marshes where they needed to mark out and prepare their own pitch.[4] Occasionally fights broke out on the marshes in disputes with other teams over the use of the ground.[40] The first recorded match took place on 30 September 1882 against a local team named the Radicals, which Hotspur lost 2–0.[41] The first Spurs game reported by the local press took place on Tottenham Marshes on 6 October 1883 against Brownlow Rovers, which Spurs won 9–0.[42] It was at this ground that in 1887 Spurs first played the team that would later become their arch rivals, Arsenal (then known as Royal Arsenal) leading 2–1 until the match was called off due to poor light after the away team arrived late.[43]

text: As they played on public parkland, the club could not charge admission fees, and while the number of spectators grew to a few thousands, it yielded no gate receipts. In 1888, the club rented a pitch at Asplins Farm next to the railway line at Northumberland Park at a cost of £17 per annum, where spectators were charged 3d a game, raised to 6d for cup ties.[44] The first match on the ground was on 13 October 1888, a reserve match that yielded gate receipts of 17 shillings. The first stand with just over 100 seats and changing rooms underneath was built on the ground for the 1894–95 season at a cost of £60. However, the stand was blown down a few weeks later and had to be repaired.[45] In April 1898, 14,000 fans turned up to watch Spurs play Woolwich Arsenal. In the overcrowded ground, spectators climbed up onto the roof of the refreshment stand, which then collapsed causing a few injuries. As Northumberland Park could no longer cope with the larger crowds, Spurs were forced to look for a larger ground and moved to the White Hart Lane site in 1899.[46]

text: White Hart Lane

text: The White Hart Lane ground was built on a disused nursery owned by the brewery Charringtons and located behind a public house named the White Hart on Tottenham High Road (the actual White Hart Lane road lies a few hundred yards north of the main entrance). The ground was initially leased from Charringtons, and the stands they used at Northumberland Park were moved here, giving shelter for 2,500 spectators.[47] Notts County were the first visitors to 'the Lane' in a friendly watched by 5,000 people and yielding £115 in receipts; Spurs won 4–1.[48] QPR became the first competitive visitors to the ground and 11,000 people saw them lose 1–0 to Tottenham. In 1905, Tottenham raised enough money to buy the freehold to the land as well as land at the northern (Paxton Road) end.[47]

text: After Spurs were admitted to the Football League, the club started to rebuild the stadium, with new stands designed by Archibald Leitch being constructed over the next two and a half decades. The West Stand was added in 1909, the East stand was also covered this year and extended further two years later. The profits from the 1921 FA Cup win were used to build a covered terrace at the Paxton Road end and the Park Lane end was built at a cost of over £3,000 some two years later. This increased the ground's capacity to around 58,000 with room for 40,000 under cover. The East Stand (Worcester Avenue) stand was finished in 1934 and this increased capacity to around 80,000 spectators but cost £60,000.[47]

text: Starting in the early 1980s, the stadium underwent another major phase of redevelopment. The West Stand was replaced by an expensive new structure in 1982, and the East Stand was renovated in 1988. In 1992, following the Taylor Report's recommendation that Premier League clubs eliminate standing areas, the lower terraces of the south and east stand were converted to seating, with the north stand becoming all-seater the following season. The south stand redevelopment was completed in March 1995 and included the first giant Sony Jumbotron TV screen for live game coverage and away match screenings. In the 1997–98 season the Paxton Road stand had a new upper tier as well as a second Jumbotron screen added.[47] Minor amendments to the seating configuration were made in 2006 bringing the capacity of the stadium to 36,310.[47]

text: By the turn of the millennium, the capacity of White Hart Lane was limited compared to other major Premier League clubs. Talks began over the future of White Hart Lane with a number of schemes considered, such as increasing the stadium capacity by redevelopment of the current site or the use of the 2012 London Olympic Stadium in Stratford.[49][50] Eventually the club settled on the Northumberland Development Project, whereby a new stadium would be built on a larger piece of land that incorporated the White Hart Lane site. In 2016, the northeast corner of White Hart Lane was removed to facilitate the construction of the new stadium. As this reduced the stadium capacity below that required for European games, Tottenham Hotspur played every European home game in 2016–17 at Wembley Stadium.[51] Domestic fixtures of the 2016–17 season continued to be played at the Lane, but demolition of the rest of the stadium started the day after the last game of the season,[52] and White Hart Lane was completely demolished by the end of July 2017.[53]

text: Northumberland Development Project

text: In October 2008, the club announced a plan to build a new stadium immediately to the north of the existing White Hart Lane stadium, with the southern half of the new stadium's pitch overlapping the northern part of the Lane.[54] The club submitted a planning application in October 2009, but following critical reactions to the plan, it was withdrawn in favour of a substantially revised planning application for the stadium and other associated developments. The new plan was resubmitted and approved by Haringey Council in September 2010,[55] and an agreement for the Northumberland Development Project was signed 20 September 2011.[56]

text: After a long delay over the compulsory purchase order of local businesses located on land to the north of the stadium and a legal challenge against the order,[57][58] resolved in early 2015,[59] planning application for another new design was approved by Haringey Council on 17 December 2015.[60] Construction of the new stadium started in 2016,[61] and the stadium is scheduled to open for the start of the 2018–19 season.[62] While the stadium is under construction, all Tottenham home games in the 2017–18 season would be played at Wembley Stadium.[63] The new stadium is as yet unnamed.[64]

text: Crest

text: Since the 1921 FA Cup final the Tottenham Hotspur crest has featured a cockerel. Harry Hotspur, after whom the club is named, was said to have been given the nickname Hotspur as he dug in his spurs to make his horse go faster as he charged in battles,[65] and he was also said to be fond of fighting cocks fitted with spurs.[40] The club used spurs as a symbol in 1900 which then evolved into a fighting cock.[65] A former player named William James Scott made a bronze cast of a cockerel standing on a football at a cost of £35, and this 9-foot 6 inches figure was then placed on top of the West Stand the end of the 1909–10 season.[65] Since then the cockerel and ball emblem has become a part of the club's identity.[66]

text: Between 1956 and 2006 Spurs used a faux heraldic shield featuring a number of local landmarks and associations. The lions flanking the shield came from the Northumberland family (of which Harry Hotspur was a member). The castle is Bruce Castle, 400 yards from the ground and the trees are the Seven Sisters. The arms featured the Latin motto Audere Est Facere (to dare is to do).

text: In 1983, to overcome unauthorised "pirate" merchandising, the club's badge was altered by adding the two red heraldic lions and the motto scroll. This device appeared on most Spurs' playing kits for the next 23 years.

text: In 2006 to rebrand and modernise the club's image, the club badge and coat of arms were dumped for a professionally designed logo/emblem.[67] This revamp showed a leaner, fitter cockerel on an old-time football. The club claims that the rebranding kept much of the original meaning of the name, but emphasised its originality.[68]

text: In November 2013, Tottenham forced non-league club Fleet Spurs to change their badge because its new design was "too similar" to the Tottenham crest.[69]

text:
Crest 1956–1983

Crest 1983–2005

Crest 2006 – present

text: Kit

text: The first Tottenham kit was in navy blue shirt with a letter H on a scarlet shield with on the left breast. In 1884 the club changed to a "quartered" kit similar in style to that of Blackburn Rovers after watching them win in the 1884 FA Cup Final.[40] Shortly after moving to Northumberland Road, the kit changed again to red shirt and blue shorts. Five years later, after becoming a professional club, they switched to a chocolate and gold striped kit.

text: At the end of the 19th century the club switched colours yet again, to the white shirts and blue shorts which they are now well known for wearing, hence the nickname "Lilywhites". This colour choice is thought to be in homage to Preston North End who had recently done The Double. White and navy blue have remained as the club's basic colours ever since. Soon after the First World War, the cockerel badge was added to the shirt. In 1939 numbers first appeared on shirt backs, and in 1983 Holsten became the first commercial sponsor logo to appear on the shirt. The club were the first to wear long-cut shorts, an innovation at a time where football kits all featured shorts cut well above the knee.[70]

text: When Thomson was chosen as kit sponsor in 2002 some Tottenham fans were unhappy as the shirt-front logo was red, the colour of their closest rivals, Arsenal.[71] In 2006, Tottenham then succeeded in securing a record £34 million sponsorship deal with internet casino group Mansion.com.[72]

text: In July 2010 Spurs announced a two-year shirt sponsorship contract with software infrastructure company Autonomy. It was said to be worth £20 million.[73] A month later they unveiled a deal with leading specialist bank and asset management firm Investec as shirt sponsor for the Champions League and domestic cup competitions for the next two years. The deal was worth £5 million.[74][75]

text: In March 2011, Under Armour announced a five-year deal to supply Spurs with shirts and other apparel from the start of 2012–13, but other deal terms were undisclosed. The kit was revealed on 12 July in London[76] and two weeks later the third kit was revealed via the promotion of Electronic Arts' FIFA 13 video game.

text: Kit suppliers and shirt sponsors

text:
Period
Kit manufacturer
Kit sponsor

1957–77
Umbro
No sponsor

1977–80
Admiral

1980–83
Le Coq Sportif

1983–85
Holsten

1985–91
Hummel

1991–95
Umbro

1995–99
Pony
Hewlett-Packard

1999–2002
Adidas
Holsten

2002–06
Kappa
Thomson Holidays

2006–10
Puma
Mansion.com Casino & Poker

2010–11
Autonomy Corporation1[77]

2011–12
Aurasma12[40]

2012–13
Under Armour

2013–14
Hewlett-Packard3[78]

2014–17
AIA[79]

2017–Present
Nike[80]

text: 1 Only appeared in the Premier League. Investec Bank appeared in the Champions League, FA Cup, League Cup and Europa League.[75][81]

text: 2 Aurasma is a subsidiary of the Autonomy Corporation.

text: 3 Hewlett-Packard is the parent company of the Autonomy Corporation and only appeared in the Premier League. AIA appeared in the FA Cup, League Cup and Europa League.[82]

text: Ownership

text: Tottenham Hotspur F.C. became a limited company, The Tottenham Hotspur Football and Athletic Company Ltd, on 2 March 1898 so as to raise funds for the club and limit the personal liability of its members. 8,000 shares were issued at £1 each, although only 1,558 shares were taken up in the first year.[83] Members of the Wale family, who had association with the club since the 1930s and were chairmen of Tottenham Hotspur F.C. in the 1960s and 1970s, were once the largest shareholder of the club.[84] In the early 1980s, cost overruns in the construction of a new West Stand together with the cost of rebuilding the team in previous years led to financial difficulties for the club. In November 1982, Irving Scholar bought 25% of the club for £600,000, and together with Paul Bobroff gained control of the club.[31] Scholar floated Tottenham Hotspur plc, which wholly owns the football club, on the London Stock Exchange in 1983, the first European sports club to be listed in a stock market.[27] The share issue was successful with 3.8 million shares quickly sold.[85] Ill-judged financial decisions led to accumulating debts,[83] and in June 1991 Terry Venables teamed up with businessman Alan Sugar to buy the club, initially as equal partner with each investing £3.25 million. Sugar increased his stake to £8 million by December 1991 and became the dominant partner with effective control of the club. In May 1993, Venables was sacked from the board after a dispute.[86] By 2000, Sugar began to consider selling the club,[87] and in February 2001, he sold the major part of his shareholding to ENIC International Ltd.[88]

text: Between 2001 and 2011 shares in Tottenham Hotspur F.C. were listed on the Alternative Investment Market (AIM index). The majority shareholder, ENIC International Ltd, is an investment company established by the British billionaire Joe Lewis. Daniel Levy, Lewis's partner at ENIC, is Executive Chairman of the club. They had acquired 29.9% after buying 27% share of the club for £22 million from Sugar in 1991.[88] Shareholding by ENIC increased over the decade through the purchase of the remaining 12% holding of Alan Sugar in 2007 for £25m,[89][90] and the 9.9% stake belonging to Stelios Haji-Ioannou through Hodram Inc in 2009. On 21 August 2009 the club reported that they had issued a further 30 million shares to fund the initial development costs of the new stadium project, and that 27.8 million of these new shares had been purchased by ENIC.[91] The Annual Report for 2010 indicated that ENIC had acquired 76% of all Ordinary Shares and also held 97% of all convertible redeemable preference shares, equivalent to a holding of 85% of share capital.[92] Following an announcement at the 2011 AGM, in January 2012 the club confirmed that they had been transferred into the private ownership of ENIC.[93]

text: Support

text: Tottenham has a large fanbase in the United Kingdom, drawn largely from north London and the Home counties. The attendance figures for its home matches, however, have fluctuated over the years. Five times between 1946 and 1969, Tottenham had the highest average attendance in England.[94][95] Tottenham was 9th in average attendances for the 2008–09 Premier League season, and 11th for all Premier League seasons.[96] In the 2017–18 season when Tottenham used Wembley as its home ground, it had the second highest attendance in the Premier League.[97] Historical supporters of the club have included such figures as philosopher A.J. Ayer.[98][99] There are many Official Supporters Club located all over the world,[100] while an independent supporters club, the Tottenham Hotspur Supporters' Trust, is officially recognised by the club as the representative for Spurs supporters.[101][102]

text: Historically, the club has a significant Jewish following from the Jewish communities in east and northeast London, with around a third of its supporters estimated to be Jewish in the 1930s.[103] Nowadays it no longer has a greater Jewish contingent among its fans than other major London clubs (Jewish supporters are estimated to form at most 5% of its fanbase), it is nevertheless identified as a Jewish club by rival fans.[104] This has led to much antisemitic provocation with chants of "Yids" or "Yiddos" against Tottenham supporters.[105][106] In response to the abusive chants, Tottenham supporters, Jewish and non-Jewish alike, began to chant back the insults and adopt the "Yids" or "Yid Army" identity starting from around the late 1970s or early 1980s.[107] Some fans view adopting "Yid" as a badge of pride, helping defuse its power as an insult.[108] The use of "Yid" as a self-identification, however, has been controversial; some argued that the word is offensive and its use by Spurs fans "legitimis[es] references to Jews in football",[109] and that such racist abuse should be stamped out in football.[110] Others such as the Prime Minister David Cameron argued that there is "a difference between Spurs fans self-describing themselves as Yids and someone calling someone a Yid as an insult" as its use by the Spurs fans is not motivated by hate and therefore cannot be considered hate speech.[111]

text: Fan culture

text: There are a number of songs associated with the club and frequently sung by Spurs fans, such as "Glory Glory Tottenham Hotspur". The song has its origin in 1961 after Spurs completed the Double in 1960–61, and the club entered the European Cup for the first time. Their first opponents were Górnik Zabrze, the Polish champions, and after a hard-fought match Spurs suffered a 4–2 reverse. Tottenham's tough tackling prompted the Polish press to describe them as "they were no angels". These comments incensed a group of three fans and for the return match at White Hart Lane they dressed as angels wearing white sheets fashioned into togas, sandals, false beards and carrying placards bearing biblical-type slogans. The angels were allowed on the perimeter of the pitch and their fervour whipped up the home fans who responded with a rendition of "Glory Glory Hallelujah", which is still sung on terraces at White Hart Lane and other football grounds.[112] The Lilywhites also responded to the atmosphere to win the tie 8–1. Then manager of Spurs, Bill Nicholson, wrote in his autobiography:

text: A new sound was heard in English football in the 1961–2 season. It was the hymn Glory, Glory Hallelujah being sung by 60,000 fans at White Hart Lane in our European Cup matches. I don't know how it started or who started it, but it took over the ground like a religious feeling.

text: There had been a number of incidences of hooliganism involving Spurs fans, particularly in the 1970s and 1980s. Significant events include the rioting by Spurs fans in Rotterdam at the 1974 UEFA Cup Final against Feyenoord, and again during the 1983–84 UEFA Cup matches against Feyenoord in Rotterdam and Anderlecht in Brussels.[114] Although fan violence has since abated, the occasional incidences of hooliganism continued to be reported.[115][116]

text: Rivalries

text: Tottenham supporters have rivalries with several clubs, mainly within the London area. The fiercest of these is with north London rivals Arsenal. The rivalry began in 1913 when Arsenal moved from the Manor Ground, Plumstead to Arsenal Stadium, Highbury, and this rivalry intensified in 1919 when Arsenal were unexpectedly promoted to the First Division, taking a place that Tottenham believed should have been theirs.[117] They also share notable rivalries with fellow London clubs Chelsea and West Ham United.[118]

text: Social responsibility

text: The club through its Community Programme has, since 2006, been working with Haringey Council and the Metropolitan Housing Trust and the local community on developing sports facilities and social programmes which have also been financially supported by Barclays Spaces for Sport and the Football Foundation.[119][120] The Tottenham Hotspur Foundation received high-level political support from the prime minister when it was launched at 10 Downing Street in February 2007.[121]

text: In March 2007 the Club announced a partnership with the charity SOS Children's Villages UK.[122] Player fines will go towards this charity's children's village in Rustenburg, South Africa with the funds being used to cover the running costs as well as in support of a variety of community development projects in and around Rustenburg. In the financial year 2006–07, Tottenham topped a league of Premier League charitable donations when viewed both in overall terms[123] and as a percentage of turnover by giving £4,545,889, including a one-off contribution of £4.5 million over four years, to set up the Tottenham Hotspur Foundation.[124] This compared to donations of £9,763 in 2005–06.[125]

text: The football club is one of the highest profile participants in the 10:10 project which encourages individuals, businesses and organisations to take action on environmental issues. They joined in 2009 in a commitment to reducing their carbon footprint. To do this they upgraded their lights to more efficient models, they turned down their heating dials and took less short-haul flights among a host of other things.[126] After working with 10:10 for one year, they reported that they had reduced their carbon emissions by an 14%.[126]

text: In contrast, they have successfully sought the reduction of section 106 planning obligations connected to the redevelopment of the stadium. Initially the development would incorporate 50% affordable housing (100 out of 200), but this was reduced to 0 out of 285[127] when Spurs suggested that the development was not financially viable with this obligation. In addition, a payment of £16m for community infrastructure was reduced to £0.5m. This is controversial in an area which has suffered high levels of deprivation as well as long-term planning blight as Spurs bought up property for the development, leaving it empty.

text: Tottenham Hotspur Ladies

text: Tottenham's women's team was founded in 1985 as Broxbourne Ladies. They started using the Tottenham Hotspur name for the 1991–92 season and played in the London and South East Women's Regional Football League (then fourth tier of the game). They won promotion after topping the league in 2007–08. In the 2016–17 season they won the FA Women's Premier League Southern Division and a subsequent playoff, gaining promotion to the FA Women's Super League 2.[128]

text: Honours

text: Major honours

text: Domestic

text: League competitions

text:
First Division/Premier League:[129][130][131]

Winners (2): 1950–51, 1960–61

Second Division/Championship:[130]

Winners (2): 1919–20, 1949–50

text: Cup competitions

text:
FA Cup:[132][133]

Winners (8): 1900–01, 1920–21, 1960–61, 1961–62, 1966–67, 1980–81, 1981–82, 1990–91

League Cup:[134]

Winners (4): 1970–71, 1972–73, 1998–99, 2007–08

FA Charity Shield/FA Community Shield:[135]

Winners (7): 1921, 1951, 1961, 1962, 1967*, 1981*, 1991* (*shared)

text: European

text:
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup:[136]

Winners (1): 1962–63

UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League:[137]

Winners (2): 1971–72, 1983–84

text: Other honours/friendlies

text: Historical competitions (All Levels)

text:
Southern League:[129]

Winners (1): 1899–1900

Western League:[129]

Winners (1): 1903–04

London League Premier Division Champions:

Winners (1): 1902–03

Football League South 'C' Division Champions:

Winners (1): 1939–40

Southern District Charity Cup:

Winners (3): 1901–02, 1904–05, 1906–07

Sheriff of London Charity Shield:

Winners (2): 1901–02, 1933–34

London Challenge Cup:

Winners (8): 1910–11, 1928–29, 1936–37, 1947–48, 1958–59, 1963–64, 1970–71, 1973–74

text: Friendly tournaments

text:
Anglo-Italian League Cup:[138]

Winners (1): 1971

Costa Del Sol Tournament:

Winners (2): 1965, 1966

Nolia Cup:

Winners (1): 1977

Kirin Cup:

Winners (1): 1979

Sun International Challenge Trophy:

Winners (1): 1983

Peace Cup:

Winners (1): 2005

Vodacom Challenge:

Winners (2): 2007, 2011

Feyenoord Jubileum Tournament:

Winners (1): 2008

Barclays Asia Trophy:

Winners (1): 2009

AIA Cup:

Winners (1): 2015

text: Statistics and records

text: Steve Perryman holds the appearance record for Spurs, having played 854 games for the club between 1969 and 1986, of which 655 were league matches.[139][140] Jimmy Greaves holds the club goal scoring record with 266 goals in 380 league, cup and European appearances.[141]

text: Tottenham's record league win is 9–0 against Bristol Rovers in the Second Division on 22 October 1977.[142][143] The club's record cup victory came on 3 February 1960 with a 13–2 win over Crewe Alexandra in the FA Cup.[144] Spurs' biggest top-flight victory came against Wigan Athletic on 22 November 2009, when they won 9–1 with Jermain Defoe scoring five goals.[143][145] The club's record defeat is an 8–0 loss to 1. FC Köln in the Intertoto Cup on 22 July 1995.[146]

text: The record home attendance at White Hart Lane was 75,038 on 5 March 1938 in a cup tie against Sunderland.[147] The highest recorded home attendances were at their temporary home, Wembley Stadium, due to its higher capacity – 85,512 spectators turned up on 2 November 2016 for the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League game against Bayer Leverkusen,[148] while 83,222 attended the North London Derby against Arsenal on 10 February 2018 which is the highest attendance recorded for any Premier League game.[149]

text: Players

text: First-team squad

text: Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

text:
No.

Position
Player

1

GK
Hugo Lloris (captain)

2

DF
Kieran Trippier

3

DF
Danny Rose

4

DF
Toby Alderweireld

5

DF
Jan Vertonghen (third captain)

6

DF
Davinson Sánchez

7

FW
Son Heung-min

10

FW
Harry Kane (vice-captain)

11

MF
Érik Lamela

12

MF
Victor Wanyama

13

GK
Michel Vorm

15

MF
Eric Dier

No.

Position
Player

17

MF
Moussa Sissoko

18

FW
Fernando Llorente

19

MF
Mousa Dembélé

20

MF
Dele Alli

21

DF
Juan Foyth

22

GK
Paulo Gazzaniga

23

MF
Christian Eriksen

24

DF
Serge Aurier

27

MF
Lucas Moura

29

MF
Harry Winks

33

DF
Ben Davies

37

DF
Kyle Walker-Peters

text: Out on loan

text:
No.

Position
Player

9

FW
Vincent Janssen (at Fenerbahçe for the 2017–18 season)[151]

14

MF
Georges-Kévin N'Koudou (at Burnley for the 2017–18 season)[152]

No.

Position
Player

25

MF
Josh Onomah (at Aston Villa for the 2017–18 season)[153]

38

DF
Cameron Carter-Vickers (at Ipswich Town for the 2017–18 season)[154]

text: Reserves and academy

text: Club management and support staff

text:
Role
Name

Manager
 Mauricio Pochettino

Assistant head coach
 Jesús Pérez

First team coach
 Miguel D'Agostino

First team goalkeeping coach
 Toni Jiménez

Head of sports science, fitness and conditioning
 Nathan Gardiner

International technical coordinator
 Steffen Freund

Head of recruitment and analysis
 Steve Hitchen

Head of player identification
 Rob Mackenzie

text: Club directors

text:
Role
Name[155][156]

Executive chairman
Daniel Levy

Finance director
Matthew Collecott

Director
Donna-Maria Cullen

Director
Darren Eales

non-executive director
Sir Keith Mills

non-executive director
Kevan Watts

non-executive director
Ron Robson

text: Managers and players

text: Managers and head coaches in club's history

text: Listed according to when they became managers for Tottenham Hotspur:

text:
(C) – Caretaker
(FTC) – First team coach

text:
1898  Frank Brettell
1899  John Cameron
1907  Fred Kirkham
1912  Peter McWilliam
1927  Billy Minter
1930  Percy Smith
1935  Wally Hardinge (C)
1935  Jack Tresadern
1938  Peter McWilliam
1942  Arthur Turner
1946  Joe Hulme
1949  Arthur Rowe
1955  Jimmy Anderson
1958  Bill Nicholson
1974  Terry Neill
1976  Keith Burkinshaw
1984  Peter Shreeves
1986  David Pleat
1987  Doug Livermore and  Trevor Hartley (C)
1987  Terry Venables
1991  Peter Shreeves
1992  Doug Livermore and  Ray Clemence (FTC)

1993  Osvaldo Ardiles
1994  Steve Perryman (C)
1994  Gerry Francis
1997  Chris Hughton (C)
1997  Christian Gross
1998  David Pleat (C)
1998  George Graham
2001  David Pleat (C)
2001  Glenn Hoddle
2003  David Pleat (C)
2004  Jacques Santini
2004  Martin Jol
2007  Clive Allen (C)
2007  Juande Ramos
2008  Harry Redknapp
2012  André Villas-Boas
2013  Tim Sherwood
2014  Mauricio Pochettino

text: Club hall of fame

text: The following players are noted as "greats" for their contributions to the club or have been inducted into the club's Hall of Fame:[157][158][159] The most recent additions to the club's Hall of Fame are Steve Perryman and Jimmy Greaves on 20 April 2016.[160]

text:
Osvaldo Ardiles
 Ricardo Villa
 Clive Allen
 Les Allen
 Paul Allen
 Darren Anderton
 Peter Baker
 Phil Beal
 Bobby Buckle
 Keith Burkinshaw
 Martin Chivers
 Tommy Clay
 Ray Clemence
 Ralph Coates
 Garth Crooks
 Jimmy Dimmock

 Ted Ditchburn
 Terry Dyson
 Paul Gascoigne
 Arthur Grimsdell
 Jimmy Greaves
 Willie Hall
 Ron Henry
 Glenn Hoddle
 Jack Jull
 Cyril Knowles
 Gary Lineker
 Gary Mabbutt
 Paul Miller
 Billy Minter
 Tom Morris
 Alan Mullery

 Bill Nicholson
 Maurice Norman
 Steve Perryman
 Martin Peters
 John Pratt
 Graham Roberts
 Teddy Sheringham
 Bobby Smith
 Vivian Woodward
 Chris Waddle
 Fanny Walden
 David Ginola
 Steffen Freund
 Jürgen Klinsmann
 Chris Hughton
 Danny Blanchflower

 Pat Jennings
 Steve Archibald
 Bill Brown
 John Cameron
 Alan Gilzean
 Dave Mackay
 John White
 Ronnie Burgess
 Mike England
 Cliff Jones
 Terry Medwin
 Taffy O'Callaghan

text: Player of the Year

text:
1987  Gary Mabbutt
1988  Chris Waddle
1989  Erik Thorstvedt
1990  Paul Gascoigne
1991  Paul Allen
1992  Gary Lineker
1993  Darren Anderton
1994  Jürgen Klinsmann

1995  Teddy Sheringham
1996  Sol Campbell
1997  Sol Campbell
1998  David Ginola
1999  Stephen Carr
2000  Stephen Carr
2001  Neil Sullivan
2002  Simon Davies

2003  Robbie Keane
2004  Jermain Defoe
2005–06  Robbie Keane
2006–07  Dimitar Berbatov
2007–08  Robbie Keane
2008–09  Aaron Lennon
2009–10  Michael Dawson
2010–11  Luka Modrić

2011–12  Scott Parker
2012–13  Gareth Bale
2013–14  Christian Eriksen
2014–15  Harry Kane
2015–16  Toby Alderweireld
2016–17  Christian Eriksen

text: Affiliated clubs

text:
Internacional[161]
 San Jose Earthquakes[162]
 South China[163]
 Supersport United[164]


document_title: Julie Mayer (Desperate Housewives)

question_text: who strangled susan's daughter in desperate housewives

question_tokens: who strangled susan 's daughter in desperate housewives

text: Julie Mayer (Desperate Housewives)

text: Development and casting[edit]

text: Prior to being cast in the role, Bowen did not think she would get it, explaining, "they were looking for a 12-year-old brunette ... and I was a 13-year-old blonde."[8] As a result, Bowen was asked to dye her hair for the role.[8] Bowen was initially attracted to the series because of the amount of attention paid to the younger characters. She stated, "If you watch a lot of other television shows, the kids don't have that much [of a] part in it. On this show, the writers give us each our own individual storylines that have a lot of layers to them."[8] For the show's third season, the character's storylines began revolving around themes of teenage rebellion and angst. Bowen commented: "She’s going to have, you know, primarily one love interest, and he’s a bit of a bad boy. We’re going to see if she has a positive effect on him, or if he has a negative effect on her. I’m definitely very excited about it ... because you kind of get to see a different side to her."[9]

text: At the beginning of the series' fourth season, Bowen commented on the possibility that her character would be leaving the show for college, stating that the writers had briefly alluded to the character's departure early in the season but removed it from the script. She continued: "Do I want my character to go off to college? No, I'm very happy where I am but I wouldn’t be too devastated if it happened because none of us feel too secure with their jobs being that people get killed left and right. I think we all live with the suspicion that we're going to be going."[10] The Julie character was written off the series for the fifth season. Hatcher expressed disappointment in the decision, but series creator Marc Cherry promised that Bowen would return to the series.[11] Bowen returned to the series for one episode during season five and rejoined the main cast as a series regular for the sixth season.[12] She appeared once in the seventh season and returned for a string of episodes in the show's eighth and final season.[13]

text: History[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: Julie usually helps Susan deal with problems regarding Susan's love life. She also helps to care for her mother after her divorce. She is briefly romantically involved with Zach Young (Cody Kasch), the troubled son of Susan's friend, Mary Alice (Brenda Strong). She harbors Zach in her room when he escapes from the mental institution Paul has sent him to.[14] Susan eventually finds Zach and sends him home, which Julie considers an act of betrayal.[5][7] Eventually, Susan bans Zach from seeing Julie due to his increasingly disturbing behavior, but they continue dating in secrecy.[15] Soon after, Julie breaks up with Zach because of his sadistic mentality.[16]

text: Season 2[edit]

text: During the second season, Julie expressed concern over Susan's remarriage to Karl, but agreed to it because she wanted Susan to have her surgery to remove her wandering spleen. Julie recognizes that Zach has changed and rekindles their romance. As an act of kindness towards Zach and Mike Delfino (James Denton), she invited Zach bowling with them, to try to help Mike and Zach bond. Their friendship was ruined when Zach's father, Paul Young (Mark Moses), forbids him from speaking to Julie, fearing he will discover Mike is his biological father.[17]

text: Julie catches Susan in bed with her dad Karl, and she is forced to sleep in a small van with Susan when their house is burned down by Edie Britt (Nicollette Sheridan). Karl buys them a new house, but Susan refuses, eventually moving back to their house in season 3.

text: Season 3[edit]

text: In the beginning of the third season, Julie meets Edie's nephew, Austin McCann (Josh Henderson), whom she likes but does not want to admit it.[18][19] Edie soon tells Julie that Austin is bad news and that she should not get attached.

text: After the two are held hostage in a grocery store, they begin dating.[20] Julie loses her virginity to Austin, realising that the relationship has to move forward if she wants to keep dating him. Unfortunately her mother and Edie catch Austin with Danielle Van de Kamp (Joy Lauren), and breaks up with him.[21] Eventually Julie agrees to give him a second chance, but when Danielle learns that she is pregnant with his child, Orson Hodge (Kyle MacLachlan) insists Austin leave town.[22]

text: Season 4[edit]

text: In the fourth Season premiere Julie is reunited with her childhood best friend, Dylan Mayfair (Lyndsy Fonseca), when Dylan and her family return to the street after twelve years of being absent. However Dylan does not remember Julie or ever living on Wisteria Lane. Julie becomes suspicious of Dylan.[23] Julie tells Susan that Dylan is not the same girl as she was years ago when they were best friends. It turns out that Julie's right, because the real Dylan had been crushed to death by a wardrobe and buried just before Katherine Mayfair (Dana Delany) left Fairview.

text: Julie also adjusts to having Mike as her stepfather. In the second episode of Season 4 "Smiles of a Summer Night" Julie asks Susan if she can go to a party. Mike tells her he would rather she did not go as he has seen some crazy parties at the house where Julie was going. Even though Susan had previously given Julie permission to go to the party, she sides with Mike and Julie is forbidden to go. However, without telling Mike, Susan changes her mind again and, telling Julie she just wanted Mike to feel as if he were part of the decision making process, she allows Julie to attend the party. Mike later finds out and tells Susan that he respects her decisions on how to raise Julie how she wants, since Julie is her child and not Mike's.[24]

text: Julie then began dating a questionable boy named Derek, who has many piercings, which freaked Susan out, so she tried to fix her up with a young man who had showed up at the house looking for Mike. However, Susan quickly broke the relationship up when she found out that the young man was in fact, Mike's drug dealer.

text: In the fourth-season finale, Julie is accepted to Princeton University.[25] One of the professors at Princeton was so impressed by her senior thesis that she was offered a summer internship. She left to attend college.

text: Season 5[edit]

text: After the five-year time jump, Julie reappears in the episode "City on Fire" and introduces Susan to her boyfriend, her college professor, Lloyd (Steven Weber), a 40-year-old man who has been married 3 times. Lloyd proposes to Julie but she rejects him, stating that she does not believe in marriage, following her mother's string of bad luck. Susan explains to Julie how much she believes in marriage and the two share a hug.[26]

text: Season 6[edit]

text: Julie returns to Wisteria Lane for the summer to help her mother with her upcoming wedding. During this time, she forms a relationship with Danny Bolen (Beau Mirchoff), who has moved in across the street with his parents. The relationship is turbulent and short-lived. When Julie is found, strangled outside her house and comatose, Danny is the prime suspect.[27][28] As the other characters work to reveal the identity of Julie's attacker, her affair with Danny's father, Nick (Jeffrey Nordling), and a pregnancy scare prior to the attack are exposed.[29] Several months after waking up from her coma, Julie decides to visit relatives on the East Coast until her attacker is caught.[30] In the episode "Epiphany", Julie's attacker is revealed to be Eddie Orlofsky (Josh Zuckerman), who mistook her for Susan and was planning to attack her for rejecting him.[31]

text: Season 7[edit]

text: Julie is not seen again until the seventh season episode "Where Do I Belong" when she visits Susan in hospital after her kidney has been removed.[32]

text: Season 8[edit]

text: Julie, who is working toward a Ph.D., reveals that she is six months pregnant. She plans to give her daughter up for adoption, hoping to spare herself and her child the drama that she experienced while being raised by a single mother.[33] Later, Susan learns that the baby's father is Porter Scavo (Charlie Carver), son of her friend Lynette (Felicity Huffman). Despite Julie's insistence, Porter refuses to let her put their daughter up for adoption, planning to raise her himself.[34] Eventually, Julie decides to keep the baby.[35] Julie's baby is born in the same day of Renee Perry's wedding and Karen McCluskey's death, in the series finale.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Bowen's performance throughout the course of the series has received mixed reviews. Entertainment Weekly's Annie Barrett identified Julie as a TV character she irrationally hates. She criticized the character as being one-note and inconsequential and opined that Bowen "started off the series in an awkward phase and then we realized the awkward phase was going to last her entire life."[36] Following the announcement that Bowen would be rejoining the cast for the sixth season, Michael Slezak of Entertainment Weekly wrote that Bowen's performance is "so deeply unconvincing [that she risks] getting upstaged if there's so much as a house plant in a scene with [her]."[37] He also criticized the performances of other young actresses on the series and raised the question, "how come Desperate Housewives has such a dreadful track record with younger actresses?"[37] Following the character's attack in the sixth-season premiere, Entertainment Weekly's Tanner Stransky wrote: "What I love about having Julie in peril in the first episode is that it's shocking and totally unexpected. She's a big enough character that I care about her and know a decent amount about her, but it's not like [a more important character] was knocked off the show."[38]


document_title: Bad Lip Reading

question_text: who sings bushes of love bad lip reading

text: Bad Lip Reading

text: History[edit]

text: The "Bad Lip Reader" behind the channel is an anonymous music and video producer originally from Texas.[3] The first Bad Lip Reading video released was a spoof of Rebecca Black's song "Friday", entitled "Gang Fight". New music and lyrics were matched to Black's video to make it appear as though she were singing about gang warfare. The "Gang Fight" YouTube video, released in March 2011, earned BLR a million hits and thousands of subscribers.[1]

text: More spoof videos followed, including interpretations of The Black Eyed Peas' "Boom Boom Pow" (a viral video[4] called "Everybody Poops"); Taylor Swift's "Our Song"; and Michael Bublé's "Haven't Met You Yet". The latter was transformed into the "electronica-inspired" "Russian Unicorn",[1] which Bublé himself praised as his "new favorite song"[5] and "one of the coolest things I've ever seen".[6]

text: In September 2011, BLR branched out from pop singers to politicians with a "bad lip-reading" of Texas governor and US Presidential hopeful Rick Perry. BLR replaced clips of Perry with invented dialogue matched to his lip movements. After airing on The Ellen DeGeneres Show, the video was featured by news and media outlets across the United States, leading to a sudden surge in Bad Lip Reading's popularity. Following the Perry spoof, BLR released bad lip-readings of President Obama,[7] Republican presidential candidates Michele Bachmann,[8] Mitt Romney, Herman Cain, Ron Paul, Newt Gingrich, and Rick Santorum.

text: The channel found even more success in November 2012 when it began overdubbing popular movie and television shows. BLR's version of Twilight quickly went viral, followed by parodies of The Hunger Games; The Walking Dead; and Game of Thrones. The videos have been well-received not only by the public, but also by the cast and creators of the properties being spoofed. In her online blog, Elizabeth Banks, Jennifer Lawrence's co-star in The Hunger Games, said, "Bad Lip Reading is awesome. I was introduced to it by none other than Jennifer Lawrence. Yup — she saw this, people. And she laughed. And so did I. A lot." Lawrence's co-star Josh Hutcherson also praised the video, tweeting it to his fans. The cast and creators of The Walking Dead have publicly praised the Bad Lip Reading "Walking Dead" videos on several occasions.[citation needed]

text: Expanding his scope yet again, in January 2013 BLR released a bad lip-reading of National Football League players, coaches, and referees, which would go on to become the channel's most popular video. A second NFL video followed in 2014,[9][10] and a third was released in 2015.[11] The NFL Bad Lip Reading video would go on to become an annual event for the channel, with each video being released shortly before the Super Bowl each year.

text: In December of 2015, Bad Lip Reading simultaneously released three new videos, one for each of the three films in the original Star Wars trilogy. These videos found BLR using guest voices for the first time, featuring Jack Black as Darth Vader, Maya Rudolph as Princess Leia, and Bill Hader in multiple roles.[12] The Empire Strikes Back BLR video featured a scene of Yoda singing to Luke about an unfortunate encounter with a seagull on the beach. BLR would later expand this scene into a full-length standalone song known as "Seagulls! (Stop It Now)", which was released in November 2016 (eventually hitting #1 on the Billboard Comedy Digital Tracks chart[13].) As of late 2017, the "Seagulls!" video is Bad Lip Reading's second most viewed YouTube upload, and most popular musical production. In the song, Yoda sings to Luke Skywalker about the dangers posed by vicious seagulls if one dares to go to the beach. Mark Hamill, who played Luke Skywalker in the Star Wars films, publicly praised "Seagulls!" (and Bad Lip Reading in general) while speaking at Star Wars Celebration in 2017: "I love them, and I showed Carrie [Fisher] the Yoda one… we were dying. I showed it to her in her trailer. She loved it. I retweeted it… and [BLR] contacted me and said ‘Do you want to do Bad Lip Reading?’ And I said, ‘I’d love to…’”. Hamill and Bad Lip Reading would go on to collaborate on Bad Lip Reading's version of The Force Awakens, with Hamill providing the voice of Han Solo.[14]

text: The Star Wars Trilogy Bad Lip Reading videos also spawned a second musical number titled "Bushes of Love", which featured Ben Kenobi singing to Luke Skywalker about the perils of love. The song would hit #2 on the Billboard Comedy Digital Tracks chart.[15] Hamilton creator and star Lin-Manuel Miranda described the song as "THE summer jam of 2017".[16]

text: In January 2017, BLR released a Bad Lip Reading of Donald Trump's inauguration, which quickly went viral, amassing over 36 million views in 2017 alone. YouTube would rank the video at #7 on its list of the Top Ten Trending Videos of 2017.[17]

text: In a Rolling Stone interview, the producer behind the Bad Lip Reading videos said that he first encountered the technique of lip reading when his mother, then in her 40s, lost her hearing due to unknown causes. While she excelled at lip reading, he was unable to pick up the skill despite trying: "I was terrible at it."[1]

text: In 2013, Bad Lip Reading won the Webby Awards' People's Voice Award for "Comedy: Long Form or Series". In April 2014, BLR won the American Comedy Award for Best Viral Video for its "NFL: A Bad Lip Reading" video. Patrick Stewart accepted the award on BLR's behalf during the televised ceremony on NBC.

text: On June 8, 2014 the BLR Facebook page announced the release of the full version of "Modify" by Kniles, a song that has been used in multiple BLR productions. The fact that this song was used without previous attribution, as well as stylistic similarities to other BLR-produced songs, have prompted speculation that Kniles is another pseudonym for the individual behind Bad Lip Reading.[18]

text: A Bad Lip Reading of the Disney Channel original movie High School Musical premiered as a half-hour special on July 11, 2016 on Disney XD.

text: Copyright dispute[edit]

text: One of Bad Lip Reading's works, "Dirty Spaceman", a redubbing of "Check It Out" by Will.i.am featuring Nicki Minaj, was taken down due to a claim of copyright infringement. It is unclear if Universal Music issued a formal DMCA takedown request or if YouTube's Content ID Match system detected the work and removed it automatically.[19] Also, in March 2012, the video "Beard With Glue," a bad lip reading of "You're Beautiful" by James Blunt, was taken down by Warner Music Group on a copyright claim. Unlike "Dirty Spaceman", the claim was soon released, and the video was returned. Likewise, "Gang Fight" was taken down in 2011, but returned. UMG has also taken down "Rockin' All Nite Long", the Taylor Swift spoof that also features Wiz Khalifa.

text: Videos[edit]

text: Based on songs[edit]

text:
Artist
Featuring
Original song(s)
Release date(s)
BLR song
Upload date

Rebecca Black

"Friday"
Mar 14, 2011
"Gang Fight"
Mar 21, 2011

Justin Bieber
Rascal Flatts
"That Should Be Me"
Mar 19, 2010
"Asian Baby"
Mar 24, 2011

Black Eyed Peas

"Boom Boom Pow"
Mar 30, 2009
"Everybody Poops"
Mar 29, 2011

Miley Cyrus
Snoop Dogg
"Party in the U.S.A.", "Boom"
Aug 11, 2009; Mar 8, 2011
"Black Umbrella (The Right Stuff)"
Apr 7, 2011

Ludacris
The Bee Gees
"My Chick Bad", "Too Much Heaven"
Feb 23, 2010; Oct 24, 1978
"Magic Man"
Apr 18, 2011

Justin Bieber
Rascal Flatts
"That Should Be Me"
Mar 19, 2010
"Hot Jumping Beans"
May 1, 2011

Taylor Swift

"Our Song"
Aug 22, 2007
"(Rockin') All Nite Long"
May 29, 2011

Michael Bublé

"Haven't Met You Yet"
Aug 31, 2009
"Russian Unicorn"
Jul 11, 2011

Bruno Mars
Lady Gaga, Jay-Z
"The Lazy Song", "Alejandro", "Empire State of Mind", "Do It Again (Put Ya Hands Up)"
Feb 15, 2011; Apr 20, 2010; Oct 20, 2009; Dec 14, 1999
"Morning Dew"
Aug 8, 2011

Barack Obama

N/A
N/A
"Trick the Bridesmaid"
Sep 19, 2011

will.i.am
Nicki Minaj
"Check It Out"
Sept 3, 2010
"Dirty Spaceman"
Oct 1, 2011

James Blunt

"You're Beautiful"
May 30, 2005
"Beard with Glue"
Oct 28, 2011

Gotye
Kimbra
"Somebody That I Used to Know"
Jul 5, 2011
"Kicked Your Monkey"
May 3, 2012

Double Take

"Hot Problems"
Apr 15, 2012
"Time to Rock"
May 16, 2012

Coldplay

"In My Place"
Aug 5, 2002
"Yeti"
Jul 24, 2012

One Direction

"Gotta Be You"
Nov 11, 2011
"SHADOW PICO Trailer"
Dec 27, 2012

Beyoncé

"The Star-Spangled Banner"
Jan 21, 2013
"La Fway"
Jan 26, 2013

Carl Grimes

Oct 10, 2012
"Carl Poppa"
Oct 2, 2014

Obi-Wan Kenobi
Luke Skywalker, R2-D2
N/A
N/A
"Bushes of Love"
Jan 1, 2016

N/A
Luke Skywalker, C-3PO, Chewbacca, R2-D2
N/A
N/A
"Not The Future"
Feb 9, 2016

Yoda
Luke Skywalker, R2-D2
N/A
N/A
"SEAGULLS! (Stop It Now)"
Nov 25, 2016

Luke Skywalker
General Veers, Wedge Antilles, Zev Senesca
N/A
N/A
"Hostiles on the Hill"
Dec 18, 2017

Grand Moff Tarkin
Leia Organa, Obi-Wan Kenobi, General Tagge, Admiral Motti, Saw Gerrera, Luke Skywalker
N/A
N/A
"It's Not A Moon"
Mar 12, 2018

text: Based on movies and TV shows[edit]

text:
Film/TV show
Release date
BLR title(s)
Upload date(s)

High School
Jun 1, 2012
A BLR of a scene from "High School"
May 30, 2012

Veep
Apr 22, 2012
Selina Meyer- A BLR Sound Bite from "VEEP"
Jun 4, 2012

Jeff, Who Lives at Home
Mar 16, 2012
Jeff, Who Lives at Home
Jul 6, 2012

Twilight
Nov 28, 2008
Edward and Bella
Sept 4, 2012

The Hunger Games
Mar 23, 2012
The Hunger Games
Sept 20, 2012

The Campaign
Aug 10, 2012
Iraqi Gold
Oct 26, 2012

The Twilight Saga: New Moon
Nov 20, 2009
More Twilight
Nov 21, 2012

The Amazing Spider-Man
Jul 3, 2012
Peter and Gwen
Mar 4, 2013

The Walking Dead
Oct 31, 2010
The Walking (And Talking) Dead
May 2, 2013

More Walking (And Talking) Dead: Part 1
Sept 25, 2014

More Walking (And Talking) Dead: Part 2
Oct 10, 2014

Game of Thrones
Apr 17, 2011
Medieval Land Fun-Time World — Extended Trailer
Oct 16, 2013

Bonus and Extended Scenes — Medieval Land Fun-Time World
Oct 22, 2013

The Twilight Saga: Eclipse
Jun 24, 2010
Twilight III
Apr 24, 2014

American Idol
Jun 11, 2002
Sing-Song Contest of America
May 22, 2014

The Hunger Games: Catching Fire
Nov 22, 2013
More Hunger Games
Nov 27, 2014

Obsidiots: Live From District 11
Nov 27, 2014

The Avengers
May 4, 2012
Redneck Avengers: Tulsa Nights
May 23, 2015

Star Wars
May 25, 1977
Star Wars: A Bad Lip Reading
Dec 16, 2015

The Empire Strikes Back
May 21, 1980
The Empire Strikes Back: A Bad Lip Reading
Dec 16, 2015

Return of the Jedi
May 25, 1983
Return of the Jedi: A Bad Lip Reading
Dec 16, 2015

High School Musical
Jan 20, 2006
High School Musical: A Bad Lip Reading
Jul 11, 2016

The Force Awakens
Dec 18, 2015
THE FORCE AWAKENS: A Bad Lip Reading (Featuring Mark Hamill as Han Solo)
Apr 6, 2017

Narcos
Aug 28, 2015
"SOY PABLO" Extended Trailer
Sept 13, 2017

Descendants
Jul 31, 2015
Bad Lip Reading Presents: Descendants
Nov 18, 2017

Stranger Things
Jul 15, 2016
"STRANGER THINGS: A Bad Lip Reading"
Dec 9, 2017

text: Other videos[edit]

text:
BLR title
Featuring
Upload date

Rick Perry
Rick Perry
Sept 18, 2011

Michele Bachmann
Michele Bachmann
Oct 3, 2011

Mitt Romney
Mitt Romney
Oct 14, 2011

Herman Cain
Herman Cain
Oct 28, 2011

Ron Paul
Ron Paul
Dec 5, 2011

Rick Santorum
Rick Santorum
Jan 31, 2012

Newt Gingrich
Newt Gingrich
Feb 7, 2012

Joe Biden
Joe Biden
Apr 16, 2012

A Bad Lip Reading of Rick Perry's "Strong" Ad
Rick Perry
May 22, 2012

Bush & Clinton
Bill Clinton, George W. Bush
June 28, 2012

More Mitt
Mitt Romney
Aug 13, 2012

Paul Ryan's Video Diary
Paul Ryan
Oct 2, 2012

Eye of the Sparrow
Mitt Romney, Barack Obama, Jim Lehrer
Oct 9, 2012

2012 Debate Highlights
Barack Obama, Mitt Romney, Joe Biden, Paul Ryan, Martha Raddatz, Bob Schieffer
Nov 6, 2012

The NFL: A Bad Lip Reading

Jan 15, 2013

Inauguration 2013: A Bad Lip Reading
Barack Obama, John Roberts, Beyoncé
Jan 24, 2013

2013 Independent Spirit Awards: Best Screenplay Nominees
Bradley Cooper, Jennifer Lawrence, Sam Rockwell, Olga Kurylenko, Paul Dano, Zoe Kazan, Tilda Swinton, Bruce Willis, Edward Norton, Thure Lindhardt, Zachary Booth
Feb 26, 2013

More NFL

Jan 24, 2014

NFL 2015
Highlights from the 2014 NFL season
Jan 22, 2015

First Republican Debate Highlights: 2015
Bret Baier, Megyn Kelly, Chris Wallace, Chris Christie, Ted Cruz, Donald Trump, Ben Carson, Mike Huckabee, Jeb Bush, Marco Rubio, John Kasich, Scott Walker, Rand Paul
Aug 19, 2015

First Democratic Debate Highlights: 2015
Anderson Cooper, Bernie Sanders, Martin O'Malley, Hillary Clinton, Jim Webb, Lincoln Chafee
Oct 28, 2015

NFL 2016: Part One
Highlights from the 2015 NFL season
Feb 2, 2016

NFL 2016: Part Two

Feb 5, 2016

Ted Cruz
Ted Cruz
Mar 1, 2016

Bernie & Hillary
Bernie Sanders, Hillary Clinton, Wolf Blitzer
Apr 21, 2016

Cruz Talks Trump[20]
Ted Cruz
Jul 25, 2016

Democratic National Convention
Hillary Clinton, Bernie Sanders, Michelle Obama, Bill Clinton, Barack Obama, Chelsea Clinton, Alicia Keys
Aug 19, 2016

Debate Night!
Hillary Clinton, Donald Trump, Lester Holt
Oct 6, 2016

Presidential Poetry Slam
Donald Trump, Hillary Clinton, Anderson Cooper, Martha Raddatz
Oct 21, 2016

Inauguration Day
Donald Trump, Barack Obama, George W. Bush, Mike Pence, Clarence Thomas, John Roberts, Michelle Obama, Melania Trump, Hillary Clinton, Karen Pence
Jan 25, 2017

NFL 2017
Highlights from the 2016 NFL season
Feb 1, 2017

Mayweather vs. McGregor
Floyd Mayweather, Conor McGregor
Jul 14, 2017

Christmas is Here!
Donald Trump, Melania Trump, Donald Trump animatronic
Dec 27, 2017

NFL 2018

Feb 3, 2018


document_title: J

question_text: when was the letter j added to english

question_tokens: when was the letter j added to english

text: J

text: History[edit]

text: The letter J originated as a swash letter I, used for the letter I at the end of Roman numerals when following another I, as in XXIIJ or xxiij instead of XXIII or xxiii for the Roman numeral representing 23. A distinctive usage emerged in Middle High German.[3] Gian Giorgio Trissino (1478–1550) was the first to explicitly distinguish I and J as representing separate sounds, in his Ɛpistola del Trissino de le lettere nuωvamente aggiunte ne la lingua italiana ("Trissino's epistle about the letters recently added in the Italian language") of 1524.[4] Originally, 'I' and 'J' were different shapes for the same letter, both equally representing /i/, /iː/, and /j/; but, Romance languages developed new sounds (from former /j/ and /ɡ/) that came to be represented as 'I' and 'J'; therefore, English J, acquired from the French J, has a sound value quite different from /j/ (which represents the initial sound in the English word "yet").

text: Use in writing systems[edit]

text: English[edit]

text: In English, ⟨j⟩ most commonly represents the affricate /dʒ/. In Old English, the phoneme /dʒ/ was represented orthographically with ⟨cg⟩ and ⟨cȝ⟩.[5] Under the influence of Old French, which had a similar phoneme deriving from Latin /j/, English scribes began to use ⟨i⟩ (later ⟨j⟩) to represent word-initial /dʒ/ in Old English (for example, iest and, later jest), while using ⟨dg⟩ elsewhere (for example, hedge).[5] Later, many other uses of ⟨i⟩ (later ⟨j⟩) were added in loanwords from French and other languages (e.g. adjoin, junta). The first English language book to make a clear distinction between ⟨i⟩ and ⟨j⟩ was published in 1633.[6] In loan words such as raj, ⟨j⟩ may represent /ʒ/. In some of these, including raj, Azerbaijan, Taj Mahal, and Beijing, the regular pronunciation /dʒ/ is actually closer to the native pronunciation, making the use of /ʒ/ an instance of a hyperforeignism.[7] Occasionally, ⟨j⟩ represents the original /j/ sound, as in Hallelujah and fjord (see Yodh for details). In words of Spanish origin, where ⟨j⟩ represents the voiceless velar fricative [x] (such as jalapeño), English speakers usually approximate with the voiceless glottal fricative /h/.

text: In English, ⟨j⟩ is the fourth least frequently used letter in words, being more frequent only than ⟨z⟩, ⟨q⟩, and ⟨x⟩. It is, however, quite common in proper nouns, especially personal names.

text: Other languages[edit]

text: Germanic and Eastern-European languages[edit]

text: The great majority of Germanic languages, such as German, Dutch, Icelandic, Swedish, Danish and Norwegian, use ⟨j⟩ for the palatal approximant /j/, which is usually represented by the letter ⟨y⟩ in English. Notable exceptions are English, Scots and (to a lesser degree) Luxembourgish. ⟨j⟩ also represents /j/ in Albanian, and those Uralic, Slavic and Baltic languages that use the Latin alphabet, such as Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian, Polish, Czech, Serbo-Croatian, Slovak, Latvian and Lithuanian. Some related languages, such as Serbo-Croatian and Macedonian, also adopted ⟨j⟩ into the Cyrillic alphabet for the same purpose. Because of this standard, the lower case letter was chosen to be used in the IPA as the phonetic symbol for the sound.

text: Romance languages[edit]

text: In the Romance languages, ⟨j⟩ has generally developed from its original palatal approximant value in Latin to some kind of fricative. In French, Portuguese, Catalan, and Romanian it has been fronted to the postalveolar fricative /ʒ/ (like ⟨s⟩ in English measure). In Spanish, by contrast, it has been both devoiced and backed from an earlier /ʝ/ to a present-day /x ~ h/,[8] with the actual phonetic realization depending on the speaker's dialect/s.

text: In modern standard Italian spelling, only Latin words, proper nouns (such as Jesi, Letojanni, Juventus etc.) or those borrowed from foreign languages have ⟨j⟩. Until the 19th century, ⟨j⟩ was used instead of ⟨i⟩ in diphthongs, as a replacement for final -ii, and in vowel groups (as in Savoja); this rule was quite strict for official writing. ⟨j⟩ is also used to render /j/ in dialect, e.g. Romanesque ajo for standard aglio (–/ʎ/–) (garlic). The Italian novelist Luigi Pirandello used ⟨j⟩ in vowel groups in his works written in Italian; he also wrote in his native Sicilian language, which still uses the letter ⟨j⟩ to represent /j/ (and sometimes also [dʒ] or [gj], depending on its environment).[9]

text: Basque[edit]

text: In Basque, the diaphoneme represented by ⟨j⟩ has a variety of realizations according to the regional dialect: [gʰ, kʰ, j, ʝ, ɟ, ʒ, ʃ, x] (the last one is typical of Gipuzkoa).

text: Non-European languages[edit]

text: Among non-European languages that have adopted the Latin script, ⟨j⟩ stands for /ʒ/ in Turkish and Azerbaijani, for /ʐ/ in Tatar. ⟨j⟩ stands for /dʒ/ in Indonesian, Somali, Malay, Igbo, Shona, Oromo, Turkmen, and Zulu. It represents a voiced palatal plosive /ɟ/ in Konkani, Yoruba, and Swahili. In Kiowa, ⟨j⟩ stands for a voiceless alveolar plosive, /t/.

text: In Chinese Pinyin, ⟨j⟩ stands for /tɕ/, the unaspirated equivalent of ⟨q⟩.

text: The Royal Thai General System of Transcription does not use the letter ⟨j⟩, although it is used in some proper names and non-standard transcriptions to represent either จ [tɕ] or ช [tɕʰ] (the latter following Pali/Sanskrit root equivalents).

text: In romanized Pashto, ⟨j⟩ represents ځ, pronounced [dz].

text: Related characters[edit]

text:
𐤉 : Semitic letter Yodh, from which the following symbols originally derive
I i : Latin letter I, from which J derives
ȷ : Dotless j
ᶡ : Modifier letter small dotless j with stroke[10]
ᶨ : Modifier letter small j with crossed-tail[10]
IPA-specific symbols related to J: ʝ ɟ ʄ ʲ
Uralic Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to J: U+1D0A ᴊ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL J[11], U+1D36 ᴶ MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL J[11], and U+2C7C ⱼ LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER J[12]
J with diacritics: Ĵ ĵ ǰ Ɉ ɉ J̃ j̇̃

text: Computing codes[edit]

text:
Character
J
j
ȷ

Unicode name
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J
LATIN SMALL LETTER J
LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS J

Encodings
decimal
hex
decimal
hex
decimal
hex

Unicode
74
U+004A
106
U+006A
567
U+0237

UTF-8
74
4A
106
6A
200 183
C8 B7

Numeric character reference
J
J
j
j
ȷ
ȷ

EBCDIC family
209
D1
145
91

ASCII 1
74
4A
106
6A

text: Unicode also has a dotless variant, ȷ (U+0237). It is primarily used in Landsmålsalfabet and in mathematics. It is not intended to be used with diacritics since the normal j is softdotted in Unicode (that is, the dot is removed if a diacritic is to be placed above; Unicode further states that, for example i+ ¨ ≠ ı+¨ and the same holds true for j and ȷ).[13]

text: In Unicode, a duplicate of 'J' for use as a special phonetic character in historical Greek linguistics is encoded in the Greek script block as ϳ (Unicode U+03F3). It is used to denote the palatal glide /j/ in the context of Greek script. It is called "Yot" in the Unicode standard, after the German name of the letter J.[14][15] An uppercase version of this letter was added to the Unicode Standard at U+037F with the release of version 7.0 in June 2014.[16][17]

text: Wingdings smiley issue[edit]

text: In the Wingdings font by Microsoft, the letter "J" is rendered as a smiley face (note this is distinct from the Unicode code point U+263A, which renders as ☺). In Microsoft applications, ":)" is automatically replaced by a smiley rendered in a specific font face when composing rich text documents or HTML email. This autocorrection feature can be switched off or changed to a Unicode smiley.[18] [19]

text: Other uses[edit]

text:
In international licence plate codes, J stands for Japan.
In mathematics, j is one of the three imaginary units of quaternions.
In the Metric system, J is the symbol for the joule, the SI derived unit for energy.
In physics, electrical engineering and related fields, j is the symbol for the imaginary unit (the square root of -1) (in other fields the letter i is used, but this would be ambiguous as it is also the symbol for current).
A J can be a slang term for a spliff (marijuana cigarette)

text: Other representations[edit]

text:
NATO phonetic
Morse code

Juliet
·–––

text:
Signal flag
Flag semaphore
American manual alphabet (ASL fingerspelling)
Braille
dots-245