document_title: Lake Okeechobee

question_text: where does the water in lake okeechobee come from

text: Lake Okeechobee

text: Name[edit]

text: The name Okeechobee comes from the Hitchiti words oki (water) and chubi (big).

text: Because of its size and importance, it is often locally referred to simply as the Big O, or simply The Lake.

text: History[edit]

text: The oldest known name for the lake was Mayaimi (also meaning "big water"), reported by Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda in the 16th century.[6] Slightly later in the 16th century René Goulaine de Laudonnière reported hearing about a large freshwater lake in southern Florida called Serrope.[7] By the 18th century the largely mythical lake was known to British mapmakers and chroniclers by the Spanish name Laguna de Espiritu Santo.[8] In the early 19th century it was known as Mayacco Lake[9] or Lake Mayaca after the Mayaca people, originally from the upper reaches of the St. Johns River, who moved near the lake in the early 18th century. The modern Port Mayaca on the east side of the lake preserves that name.[10] The lake was also called Lake Macaco in the early 19th century.[11]

text: On the southern rim of Lake Okeechobee, three islands—Kreamer, Ritta, and Torey—were once settled by early pioneers. These settlements had a general store, post office, school, and town elections. Farming was the main vocation. The fertile land was challenging to farm because of the muddy muck. Over the first half of the twentieth century, farmers used agricultural tools—including tractors—to farm in the muck. By the 1960s, all of these settlements were abandoned.[12]

text: Hurricanes[edit]

text: In 1926 the Great Miami Hurricane hit the Lake Okeechobee area, killing approximately 300 people. Two years later in 1928, the Okeechobee Hurricane crossed over the lake, killing thousands. The Red Cross reported 1,836 deaths which the National Weather Service initially accepted, but in 2003, the number was revised to "at least 2,500".[13] In both cases the catastrophe was caused by flooding from a storm surge when strong winds drove water over the 6.6-foot (2-meter) mud dike that circled the lake at the time.

text: After the two hurricanes, the Florida State Legislature created the "Okeechobee Flood Control District". The organization was authorized to cooperate with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in actions to prevent similar disasters. U.S. President Herbert Hoover visited the area personally, and afterward the Corps designed a plan incorporating the construction of channels, gates, and levees. The Okeechobee Waterway was officially opened on 23 March 1937 by a procession of boats which left Fort Myers, Florida on 22 March and arrived at Stuart, Florida the following day. The dike was then named the "Herbert Hoover Dike" in honor of the president.

text: The 1947 Fort Lauderdale Hurricane sent an even larger storm surge to the crest of the new dike, causing it to be expanded again in the 1960s.

text: Four recent hurricanes - Frances, Jeanne, Wilma, and Irma – had no major adverse effects on communities surrounding Lake Okeechobee, even though the lake rose 18 inches (46 cm) after Hurricane Wilma in 2005. Tropical Storm Ernesto increased water levels by 1 foot (30 cm) in 2006, the last time it exceeded 13 feet (4.0 m).[14] However, the lake's level began dropping soon after and by July 2007, it had dropped more than 4 feet (1.2 m) to its all-time low of 8.82 feet (2.69 m). In August 2008, Tropical Storm Fay increased water levels to 2 feet (0.65 m)[clarification needed] above sea level, the first time it exceeded 12 feet (3.66 m) since January 2007. Over a seven-day period (including some storms that preceded Fay), about 8 inches (20 cm) of rain fell directly onto the lake.[14]

text: Rim Canal[edit]

text: During construction of the dike, earth was excavated along the inside perimeter, resulting in a deep channel which runs along the perimeter of the lake.[4] In most places the canal is part of the lake, but in others it is separated from the open lake by low grassy islands such as Kreamer Island. During the drought of 2007–2008 this canal remained navigable while much of surrounding areas were too shallow or even above the water line. Even when the waters are higher, navigating the open lake can be tricky, whereas the rim canal is simple, so to reach a specific location in the lake it is often easiest to go around the rim canal to get close then take one of the many channels into the lake.[citation needed]

text: Environmental concerns[edit]

text: In 2007, during a drought, state water and wildlife managers removed thousands of truckloads of toxic mud from the lake's floor, in an effort to restore the lake's natural sandy base and create clearer water and better habitat for wildlife. The mud contained elevated levels of arsenic and other pesticides. According to tests from the South Florida Water Management District, arsenic levels on the northern part of the lake bed were as much as four times the limit for residential land. Independent tests found the mud too polluted for use on agricultural or commercial lands, and therefore difficult to dispose of on land.[15]

text: Through early 2008, the lake remained well below normal levels, with large portions of the lake bed exposed above the water line. During this time, portions of the lake bed, covered in organic matter, dried out and caught fire.[16] In late August 2008, Tropical Storm Fay inundated Florida with record amounts of rain. Lake Okeechobee received almost a 4 feet (1.2 m) increase in water level, including local run-off from the tributaries.

text: In 2013 heavy rains in central Florida resulted in high runoff into the lake; rising lake levels forced the CoE (Army Corps of Engineers) to release large volumes of polluted water from the lake through the St. Lucie River estuary to the east and the Caloosahatchee River estuary to the west. Thus the normal mix of fresh and salt water in those estuaries was replaced by a flood of polluted fresh water resulting in ecological damage.[17]

text: Since 2013, the CoE has been forced to pump billions of gallons (billions of cubic meters) of water out of the lake to avoid jeopardizing the integrity of the Hoover dike holding back the water from inundating the surrounding populated area. Some claim that sugar plantations have been pumping polluted water from their flooded fields into the lake, but U.S. Sugar claims back pumping is only to avoid flooding of communities, never to protect farm land. In March 2015, the rate was 1 billion US gallons (3,785,412 m3) daily. This results in pollution problems for the Treasure Coast, St. Lucie estuary, and the Indian River Lagoon.[18][19]

text: In May 2016, 33 square miles (85 km2) of the southern portion of the lake were affected by an algal bloom.[20] The outbreak was possibly due in part to nutrient-laden waters reaching the lake from farms and other sources.[20][21] Microcystin was found among the other species involved in the outbreak.[20]

text: In July 2016, the Federal Government denied Governor Rick Scott's request for Federal Disaster Aid to the Treasure Coast as a result of the toxic algal bloom in the St. Lucie Estuary which was responsible for millions of dollars of lost income for local businesses: this reaffirmed the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) finding that the lake's water quality was a State issue. The Florida Department of Environmental Protection and Martin County had carried out toxicity testing on the algae, but had not funded any work to clean up the water, and a FEMA spokesman said that "The state has robust capability to respond to emergencies and disasters."[22]

text: On June 23, 2017, the South Florida Water Management District was granted emergency permission to back pump clean water into Lake Okeechobee to save animals and plants in bloated water conservation areas."[23]

text: Geology[edit]

text: Lake Okeechobee sits in a shallow geological trough that also underlies the Kissimmee River Valley and the Everglades. The trough is underlain by clay deposits that compacted more than the limestone and sand deposits did along both coasts of peninsular Florida. Until about 6,000 years ago, the trough was dry land. As the sea level rose, the water table in Florida also rose and rainfall increased. From 6,000 to 4,000 years ago, wetlands formed building up peat deposits. Eventually the water flow into the area created a lake, drowning the wetlands. Along what is now the southern edge of the lake, the wetlands built up the layers of peat rapidly enough (reaching 13-to-14-foot or 4-to-4.3-metre thick) to form a dam, until the lake overflowed into the Everglades.[24] At its capacity, the lake holds 1 trillion US gallons (3.8×109 m3) of water[14] and is the headwaters of the Everglades.[25]

text: The floor of the lake is a limestone basin, with a maximum depth of 13 feet (4 m). Its water is somewhat murky from runoff from surrounding farmlands. The Army Corps of Engineers targets keeping the surface of the lake between 12.5 and 15.5 feet (4 and 5 m) above sea level.[26] The lake is enclosed by a 40 feet (12 m) high Herbert Hoover Dike built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers after a hurricane in 1928 breached the old dike, flooding surrounding communities and claiming at least 2,500 lives.[27] Water flows into Lake Okeechobee from several sources, including the Kissimmee River, Fisheating Creek, Lake Istokpoga, Taylor Creek, and smaller sources such as Nubbin Slough and Nicodemus Slough.[28][29] The Kissimmee River is the largest source, providing more than 60% of the water flowing into Lake Okeechobee.[30][31] Fisheating Creek is the second largest source for the lake, with about 9% of the total inflow.[29] Prior to the 20th century, Lake Istokpoga was connected to the Kissimee River by Istokpoga Creek, but during the rainy season Lake Istokpoga overflowed, with the water flowing in a 40 km wide sheet across the Indian Prairie into Lake Okeechobee.[32] Today Lake Istokpoga drains into Lake Okeechobee through several canals that drain the Indian Prairie, and into the Kissimmee River through a canal that has replaced Istokpoga Creek.[33] Historically, outflow from the lake was by sheet flow over the Everglades, but most of the outflow has been diverted to dredged canals connecting to coastal rivers, such as the Miami Canal to the Miami River, the New River on the east, and the Caloosahatchee River (via the Caloosahatchee Canal and Lake Hicpochee) on the southwest.

text: Uses[edit]

text: Congressionally authorized uses for Lake Okeechobee[edit]

text: According to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,[34] the Congressionally authorized uses for Lake Okeechobee include the following:

text:
Flood and storm risk management
Navigation
Water supply for the following:

Salinity control in estuaries
Regional groundwater control
Agricultural irrigation
Municipalities and industry

Enhancement of fish and wildlife
Recreation

text: National Scenic Trail[edit]

text: The 30-metre (100 ft) wide dike surrounding Lake Okeechobee is the basis for the Lake Okeechobee Scenic Trail (LOST), a part of the Florida National Scenic Trail, a 1,300-mile (2,100 km) trail that is a National Scenic Trail. There is a well-maintained paved pathway along the majority of the perimeter, although with significant breaks.[35] It is used by hikers and bicyclists, and is wide enough to accommodate vehicles.

text: Fishing[edit]

text: The most common fish in this lake are largemouth bass, crappie, and bluegill. Pickerel have been less commonly caught.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Lake Okeechobee and the Everglades are featured as a backdrop for the 1951 Gary Cooper film, Distant Drums.

text: Lake Okeechobee is the setting of a climactic scene in Carl Hiaasen's 2002 novel Basket Case (Ch. 28).

text: Used in the John Anderson song "Seminole Wind" Lyric: "And blow, blow from the Okeechobee, All the way up to Micanopy"

text: Lake Okeechobee is the setting of a significant part of Zora Neale Hurston's novel Their Eyes Were Watching God, and the movie of the same name. Janie and Tea Cake go there to work "on the muck." Hurston refers to the lake as "Big Lake Okechobee, big beans, big cane, big weeds, big everything". The description speaks to the migrant African American laborers working in this area during the agricultural season in the 1920s.[36]

text: Lake Okeechobee and the Everglades are settings in Patrick D. Smith's novel A Land Remembered, chronicling the effects of modernization upon the lake and the Seminole tribe.

text: Lake Okeechobee is famously mentioned in Hank Williams Jr.'s number one Billboard country hit song "Dixie on My Mind", when comparing country life to big city life: "I've always heard lots about the big apple / So I thought I'd come up here and see. / But all I've seen so far is one big hassle / wish I was camped out on the Okeechobee'".

text: Lake Okeechobee is featured in the first episode of American Horror Story: Freak Show.

text: PBS Video[edit]

text: In 2007, PBS's Earth Edition produced a 27-minute video titled Lake Okeechobee: Big Water, Big Trouble. Earth Edition's description of the video follows: During the past 125 years, a series of well-intentioned decisions, actions and policies have turned what should have been one of Florida's greatest natural treasures into an environmental villain. Six thousand years later after it was formed, residents and agencies across the state are now raising the questions: Is it too late for Lake O?[37]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "Okeechobee". Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Lake Okeechobee Area, Visit Florida
Jump up ^ "Welcome to the Lake Okeechobee".
^ Jump up to: a b Heather S. Henkel (2010-04-15). "SOFIA Virtual Tour - Lake Okeechobee". Sofia.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
Jump up ^ Counties of Florida map from U.S. Census Bureau.
Jump up ^ Hahn:11
Jump up ^ Hann:148
Jump up ^ Hanna:32
Jump up ^ Hanna:33
Jump up ^ Hann:99
Jump up ^ "Mosquito County, Florida, 1830 (map) The Okeechobee river was affected by wind and water erosion". University of South Florida. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
Jump up ^ Wills, Lawrence E. (1977). A Cracker History of Okeechobee. West Palm Beach, Florida: Palm Beach County Historical Society.
Jump up ^ "National Hurricane Center: The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492-1996". Nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kleinberg, Eliot (2008-08-21). "Lake Okeechobee surpasses 12 feet for first time since January '07". Palm Beach Post. Archived from the original on 17 June 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
Jump up ^ "Polluted Muck Taken from Florida's Lake Okeechobee Prompts Fears on Land", Environmental News Network
Jump up ^ Lake Okeechobee Brush Fire, WINK News "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-05-17. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
Jump up ^ Lizette Alvarez (September 8, 2013). "In South Florida, a Polluted Bubble Ready to Burst". The New York Times. Retrieved September 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ Hiaasen, Carl (March 13, 2016). "Where's Rick Scott in Lake O pollution crisis?". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. pp. 23A. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ LaPeter Anton, Leonora; Pittman, Craig (March 19, 2016). "Lake Okeechobee flood control creates environmental disaster". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Water quality concerns grow as toxic bacteria found in Lake O". ABC 7 WZVN. 20 May 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Andy Reid (17 May 2016). "Lake Okeechobee algae bloom threatens to worsen water woes". Sun Sentinel. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Florida can pay for algae recovery on its own, FEMA says". TCPalm. 18 July 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Emergency Lake Okeechobee back-pumping granted to save wildlife". 23 June 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Lodge:110
Jump up ^ South Florida Water Management District: Okeechobee Watershed Overview
Jump up ^ Reid, Andy (April 21, 2011). "Declining Lake Okeechobee water levels threaten South Florida environment, water supplies". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Brochu, Nicole Sterghos (2003). "Florida's Forgotten Storm: the Hurricane of 1928". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
Jump up ^ Lodge:105, 109
^ Jump up to: a b Fisheating Creek Sub-Watershed Feasibility Study:11
Jump up ^ Lodge:106
Jump up ^ Boning:212
Jump up ^ Lodge:107, 109
Jump up ^ Lodge:109
Jump up ^ "LAKE OKEECHOBEE / Water Management > Jacksonville District > Fact Sheet Article View". Jacksonville District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 2012-10-09. Retrieved 2017-01-08.
Jump up ^ "Lake Okeechobee and Florida National Scenic Trails CURRENT CLOSURES" (PDF). US Army Corps of Engineers. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Hurston, Zora Neale (1998). Their Eyes Were Watching God. New York: Perennial Classics. p. 129. ISBN 0-06-093141-8.
Jump up ^ "PBS Earth Edition- Lake Okeechobee: Big Water, Big Trouble".


document_title: Wall of Sound (Grateful Dead)

question_text: when did the grateful dead stop using the wall of sound

root

text: Wall of Sound (Grateful Dead)

text: History[edit]

text: After Stanley got out of prison in late 1972, he, Dan Healy and Mark Raizene of the Grateful Dead's sound crew, in collaboration with Ron Wickersham, Rick Turner, and John Curl of Alembic, combined six independent sound systems using eleven separate channels, in an effort to deliver high-quality sound to audiences. Vocals, lead guitar, rhythm guitar, and piano each had their own channel and set of speakers. Phil Lesh's bass was piped through a quadraphonic encoder that sent signals from each of the four strings to a separate channel and set of speakers for each string. Another channel amplified the bass drum, and two more channels carried the snares, tom-toms, and cymbals. Because each speaker carried just one instrument or vocalist, the sound was exceptionally clear and free of intermodulation distortion.

tag: p

text: Several setups have been reported for The Wall of Sound:

text:
89 300-watt solid-state and three 350-watt vacuum tube amplifiers generating a total of 26,400 watts of audio power.  604 speakers total.[3]
586 JBL speakers and 54 Electrovoice tweeters powered by 48 McIntosh MC-2300 Amps (48 × 600 = 28,800 watts of continuous (RMS) power).[4][5]

tag: ol

text: This system projected high-quality playback at six hundred feet with an acceptable sound projected for a quarter mile, at which point wind interference degraded it. The Wall of Sound was the first large-scale line array used in modern sound reinforcement systems,[6] although it was not called a line array at the time.  The Wall of Sound was perhaps the second-largest non-permanent sound system ever built. The Wall of Sound can be seen in The Grateful Dead Movie, a documentation of the series of shows played October 16–20, 1974 at the Winterland Ballroom.

text: There were multiple sets of staging and scaffolding that toured with the Grateful Dead. In order to accommodate the time needed to set up and tear down the system, the band would perform with one set while another would "leapfrog" to the next show.  According to band historian Dennis McNally, there were two sets of scaffolding.[7] According to Stanley, there were three sets.[8] Four semi-trailers and 21 crew members were required to haul and set up the 75-ton Wall.

text: Though the initial framework and a rudimentary form of the system was unveiled at Stanford University's Roscoe Maples Pavilion on February 9, 1973 (every tweeter blew as the band began their first number), the Grateful Dead did not begin to tour with the full system until a year later. The completed Wall of Sound made its touring debut on March 23, 1974, at the Cow Palace in Daly City, California. A recording of the performance was released in 2002 as Dick's Picks Volume 24.

text: As Stanley described it,

text: "The Wall of Sound is the name some people gave to a super powerful, extremely accurate PA system that I designed and supervised the building of in 1973 for the Grateful Dead. It was a massive wall of speaker arrays set behind the musicians, which they themselves controlled without a front of house mixer. It did not need any delay towers to reach a distance of half a mile from the stage without degradation."[9]

text: Technical challenges[edit]

text: The Wall of Sound acted as its own monitor system, and it was therefore assembled behind the band so the members could hear exactly what their audience was hearing. Because of this, Stanley and Alembic designed a special microphone system to prevent feedback. This placed matched pairs of condenser microphones spaced 60 mm apart and run out of phase. The vocalist sang into the top microphone, and the lower mic picked up whatever other sound was present in the stage environment. The signals were added together using a differential summing amp so that the sound common to both mics (the sound from the Wall) was canceled, and only the vocals were amplified.[10]

text: The Wall was very efficient for its day, but suffered from more drawbacks than its sheer size. Frequent guest keyboardist Ned Lagin (best known for performing experimental interludes with various permutations of Lesh, Jerry Garcia and drummer Bill Kreutzmann throughout 1974 set breaks) preferred to play through the powerful vocal subsystem (considered to be "the best part of the entire... PA"); however, the group's sound crew often neglected to switch between his quadrophonic input and the vocal input during long sequences, resulting in few of his contributions being recorded.[11] Additionally, as many as two channels of his input would still be lost in the mix when the system was working properly.[12] The Wall's quadraphonic format did not translate well to soundboard tapes made during the period, as the sound was compressed into an unnatural stereo format and suffered from a pronounced tinniness.

text: Retirement[edit]

text: The rising cost of fuel and personnel, as well as friction among many of the newer crew members and associated hangers-on, contributed to the band's October 1974 "retirement." The Wall of Sound was disassembled, and when the Dead began touring again in 1976, it was replaced with a more logistically practical sound system.


document_title: Scary Movie 2

question_text: who plays the exorcist girl in scary movie 2

text: Scary Movie 2

text: Plot[edit]

text: A teenage girl named Megan Voorhees (Natasha Lyonne) becomes possessed by the spirit of Hugh Kane (Richard Moll), the house's previous owner. During a formal dinner party she emerges in her pajamas, insults her mother and the guests, then proceeds to urinate profusely on the floor. In response, Megan's mother (Veronica Cartwright) seeks help from two priests, Father McFeely (James Woods) and Father Harris (Andy Richter). After paying a trip to the bathroom, the men attempt to drive Hugh's ghost out, but the exorcism does not go as planned. After a chain of projectile vomits and various instances of pedophilia, Megan insults Father McFeely's mother. He responds by pulling out a gun and shooting Megan.

text: Meanwhile, Cindy Campbell (Anna Faris), Brenda Meeks (Regina Hall), Ray Wilkins (Shawn Wayans), and Shorty Meeks (Marlon Wayans) are at college, trying to live new lives since the events of the first film. Cindy and Brenda get tagged by a socially maladjusted girl, Alex (Tori Spelling). Shorty is still the same stoner he was before. Ray, still confused about his sexuality, has two new male friends, Tommy (James DeBello) and Buddy (Christopher Masterson). Buddy becomes romantically interested in Cindy, but she rebuffs him.

text: Professor Oldman  (Tim Curry) and his charming paraplegic assistant, Dwight Hartman (David Cross), plan to study the paranormal activity at a local haunted mansion called Hell House. They use Cindy and her friends as test subjects. At the mansion, Cindy encounters a foul-mouthed parrot and Hanson (Chris Elliott), the caretaker with a badly malformed hand. Later, the group is joined by newcomer Theo (Kathleen Robertson). They sit down for dinner, but soon lose their appetite due to Hanson's repulsive antics.

text: Later that night, Cindy hears voices directing her to a secret room, where she and Buddy discover the diary of Hugh Kane's wife. Seeing her portrait, they note Cindy's resemblance to her. Meanwhile, other teens also experience bizarre encounters. Hugh Kane's ghost has sex with Alex in her bedroom, but retreats when Alex expresses her interest in becoming the new Mrs. Kane. Cindy gets involved in a fistfight with the house cat, Mr. Kittles. A toy clown (Suli McCullough) attempts to kill Ray, but in a strange turn of events, the clown doll gets raped by Ray instead. A weed-monster rolls Shorty into a joint. It tries to smoke him, but gets distracted by munchies and lets him escape.

text: Professor Oldman is seduced and killed by the ghost of Hugh's mistress. Shorty later encounters the same ghost, but seduces and has sex with her. After Dwight equips the teens with weapons that can injure their spectral enemy, they are pursued throughout the mansion. Buddy and Cindy get locked in the walk-in freezer. Cindy gives Buddy a handjob and "revives" him, resulting in him releasing semen blasting Cindy to the door. Cindy then uses a collection of random objects in the room to produce a Caterpillar tractor and escapes the freezer.

text: Hanson gets possessed by Kane and kidnaps Shorty, who is high on drugs. In the dining room, Hanson sets up a cooker and cuts off the top of Shorty's head. Instead of a brain, there is a small man rapping (Beetlejuice) inside. Cindy, Brenda, and Theo team up to fight Hanson, but wind up defeated. Dwight regroups with the teens. Cindy acts as bait to lure Kane into a device that will destroy him. The plan succeeds, freeing the group from the house's curse.

text: Two months later, Cindy and Buddy are in a relationship. They are out on a walk when Buddy disappears and Hanson shows up. As he closes in menacingly, he gets hit by a car. The car's driver is Shorty, who is receiving a blowjob from the ghost that he seduced earlier.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Anna Faris as Cindy Campbell
Regina Hall as Brenda Meeks
Shawn Wayans as Ray Wilkins
Marlon Wayans as Shorty Meeks
Chris Masterson as Buddy Sanderson
Kathleen Robertson as Theo
David Cross as Dwight Hartman
James Woods as Father McFeely
Tim Curry as Professor Oldman
Tori Spelling as  Alex Monday
Chris Elliott as Hanson
Andy Richter as Father Harris
Richard Moll as Hugh Kane (Hell House Ghost)
Veronica Cartwright as Mrs. Voorhees
Natasha Lyonne as Megan Voorhees
Beetlejuice as Shorty's brain
Matt Friedman (voice) as Polly the parrot
Vitamin C (voice) as herself
Suli McCullough (voice) as Clown

tag: ul

text: Background[edit]

text:
The film is a sequel to Scary Movie. According to director Keenen Ivory Wayans, the makers of the film watched over 130 horror films for background research.[3] Marlon Brando was originally cast as Father McFeely and completed one day of filming before he had to leave the production due to illness.[4] He was replaced by James Woods who was paid $1 million for four days work.[5]
Charlton Heston has also turned down the James Woods part. At one point, former President Bill Clinton, who had just left office the year the film came out (2001), was considered for the James Woods part. Because Miramax had not greenlit this sequel until the massive box office success of the original, the film faced a punishing production schedule that involved coming up with a script and tearing through production and post-production in a total of less than 9 months, roughly half the average time for all those steps to be completed on a standard Hollywood production in 2000-2001.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: In North America, the film grossed $71,308,997. Worldwide, it grossed $141,220,678. Although it was a hit, out of the first four Scary Movie films, this was the least successful to date –  until the fifth film was released twelve years later.[2][6]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Scary Movie 2 received generally negative reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 15% based on 109 reviews with an average rating of 3.4/10 The site's critical consensus reads, "Instead of being funny, this gross-out sequel plays like a sloppy, rushed-out product."[7] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 29 out of 100 based on 25 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[8] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.[9]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film premiered on DVD on December 18, 2001.[10] It was later released on Blu-ray a decade later on September 20, 2011, after Lionsgate purchased Miramax and Dimension Films's catalogues.[11]


document_title: Visa requirements for Indian citizens

question_text: requirements for indian citizens for korean tourist visa

text: Visa requirements for Indian citizens

text: Recent changes[edit]

text: Requirements for Indian citizens to have visas were recently lifted by Indonesia, Mozambique, Mauritania, Serbia, Qatar, Malaysia and Ukraine (16 April 2017). Starting 8 August 2017, Indian citizens to get visa-free access to Primorye and rest of Khabarovsk, Sakhalin, Chukotka and Kamchatka regions from 2018 in the Russian Far East for Tourism, Business and Humanitarian purposes.[2]. Citizens of India, who have residence permit in the United Arab Emirates, Kingdom of Bahrain, State of Qatar, State of Kuwait and Sultanate of Oman can obtain Armenian entry visa on the border of the Republic of Armenia issued for a maximum stay of 120 days, effective from 22 March, 2017.[3] Indian citizens are eligible for the Australia online visitor visa (e600), effective from 1 July, 2017.[4] Indian travelers are eligible for speedy entry into the United States as India signs Global Entry program.[5] Qatar has introduced visa waiver on arrival for the purpose of tourism for nationals of India effective from 9 August 2017.[6] Starting 1 September 2017, Indian citizens can apply for electronic visa for Kyrgyzstan for tourism and business purposes.[7] Serbia abolished visa requirements for Indian citizens from 2 September 2017[8] Gabon has introduced visa on arrival from 12 October 2017.[9]

text: Visa requirements map[edit]

text: Visa requirements[edit]

text:
Country
Visa requirement
Notes (excluding departure fees)

 Afghanistan
Visa required[10]

 Albania
Visa required[11]
National visa may be substituted with a valid multiple entry visa issued by the US, UK or with a valid multiple entry C visa issued by a Schengen Member State provided it had been used at least once before arrival to Albania.

 Algeria
Visa required[12]

 Andorra
Visa required[13]
Andorra has no visa regime, but is only accessible through France and Spain. Multiple Entry .

 Angola
Visa required[14]

 Antigua and Barbuda
Electronic Entry Visa[15]
Visa on arrival if holding a valid visa or permanent resident card for the US, Canada, UK or if holding a Schengen visa.[16] Cruise ship visitors do not require a visa provided that they arrive in Antigua and Barbuda in the morning and depart the same evening.[dubious – discuss] In transit passengers traveling within the same day, do not need a visa for entry into Antigua and Barbuda, provided that they have proof of their onward journey.

 Argentina
Visa required[17]

 Armenia
Visa required[18]
Invitation issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs or Passport and Visa Department of the Police is mandatory for all categories of visitors except tourists.[19] Citizens of India, who have a valid residence permit in the United Arab Emirates, Kingdom of Bahrain, State of Qatar, State of Kuwait and Sultanate of Oman can obtain Armenian entry visa upon arrival at the border of the Republic of Armenia issued for a maximum stay of 120 days, effective from 22 March, 2017.[3]

 Australia
Visa required[20]
May apply online (Online Visitor e600 visa).[21]

 Austria
Visa required[22]

 Azerbaijan
eVisa[23]
30 days[24]

 Bahamas
Visa required[25]
National visa may be substituted with a permanent resident card of the US or Canada.[26]

 Bahrain
eVisa[27]
14 days to 1 year multiple entry visa (max stay 90 days).[28]Visa costs BD 29.[29] Residents of Gulf Cooperation Council countries, who have already stayed for more than six months in their country of residence and their job professions are in approved list, may apply for a 72-hour visa or a seven-day visa on arrival at Bahrain International Airport.

 Bangladesh
Visa required[30]

 Barbados
Visa required[31]

 Belarus
Visa required[32]
National visa may be substituted with a Schengen visa or a national visa of country of EU, and if arriving and departing via Minsk International Airport.[33]

 Belgium
Visa required[34]

 Belize
Visa required[35]
National visa may be substituted with a multiple entry US visa or permanent resident card.[36]

 Benin
Visa required[37]

 Bhutan
Visa not required[38][39]

 Bolivia
Visa on arrival[40]
90 days. Must possess letter of invitation issued by the Bolivian Immigration Authorities (DIGEMIG). May alternatively hold printed hotel reservations, return tickets, or printed itinerary.

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Visa required[41]
National visa may be substituted with a valid visa issued by a Schengen Area member state

 Botswana
Visa required[42]

 Brazil
Visa required[43]

 Brunei
Visa required[44]

 Bulgaria
Visa required[45]
National visa may be substituted with a C visa issued by Croatia, Cyprus, Romania or a Schengen Area member state

 Burkina Faso
Visa required[46]

 Burundi
Visa required[47]

 Cambodia
eVisa / Visa on arrival[48]
30 days; fee of USD 30 applicable

 Cameroon
Visa required[49]

 Canada
Visa required[50]
National visa may be substituted with a US permanent resident card;[51] Travelers with a US permanent resident card arriving by air require an Electronic Travel Authorization (ETA).[52]

 Cape Verde
Visa on arrival[53]
30 days

 Central African Republic
Visa required[54]

 Chad
Visa required[55]

 Chile
Visa required[56]

 China
Visa required[57]

 Colombia
Visa required[58]
National visa may be substituted with a valid C or D visa issued by a Schengen Area member state or a valid visa issued by the US (except for C1 transit visas).[58][59]

 Comoros
Visa on arrival[60]
30 days

 Republic of the Congo
Visa required[61]

 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Visa required[62]

 Costa Rica
Visa required[63]
National visa may be substituted with a valid visa issued by Canada, Japan, USA or a Schengen Area member state.

 Croatia
Visa required[64]
National visa may be substituted with a valid visa issued by a Schengen Area member state

 Cuba
Visa required[65]
As of 2016 a visa must be obtained in advance. Tourist cards are no longer available to Indian citizens nor to nationals of other countries travelling from India.[66] However, they are eligible to travel to Cuba with a tourist card if they also hold a valid visa[citation needed] or a residence permit issued by Canada, the United States or an EU member state.[67]

 Cyprus
Visa required[68]
National visa may be substituted with a double or multiple entry C visa issued by Bulgaria, Croatia, Romania or a Schengen Area member state.

 Czech Republic
Visa required[69]

 Denmark
Visa required[70]

 Djibouti
Visa required[71]

 Dominica
Visa not required[72]
6 months

 Dominican Republic
Visa required[73]
National visa may be substituted with a valid visa issued by Canada, US or any EU member state.

 East Timor
Visa on arrival[74]
30 days

 Ecuador
Visa not required[75]
90 days

 Egypt
Visa required[76]
If travelling as a part of an organized tourist group that consists of at least 10 persons and holding both onward and return flight tickets, booked accommodation and a signed Letter of Guarantee (LG) from an Egyptian travel agency can obtain, visa on arrival in Egypt.[77]

 El Salvador
Visa not required[78][79]
90 days

 Equatorial Guinea
Visa required[80]

 Eritrea
Visa required[81]

 Estonia
Visa required[82]

 Ethiopia
eVisa / Visa on arrival[83]
30 days

 Fiji
Visa not required[84]
4 months

 Finland
Visa required[85]

 France
Visa required[86]

 Gabon
eVisa / Visa on arrival[87]
Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport.[88]

 Gambia
Visa required[89]

 Georgia
eVisa[90]
30 days within 120 days

 Germany
Visa required[91]

 Ghana
Visa required[92]

 Greece
Visa required[93]

 Grenada
Visa not required[94]
3 months

 Guatemala
Visa required[95]
National visa may be substituted with a valid visa issued by Canada, the US or a Schengen Area member state.

 Guinea
Visa required[96]

 Guinea-Bissau
eVisa / Visa on arrival[97]
90 days

 Guyana
Visa on arrival[98]
30 days provided holding a letter of invitation from sponsor or host

 Haiti
Visa not required[99]
3 months

 Honduras
Visa required[100]
National visa may be substituted with a valid visa issued by Canada, the US or a Schengen Area member state.

 Hungary
Visa required[101]

 Iceland
Visa required[102]

 Indonesia
Visa not required[103]
30 days for tourism purposes.

 Iran
Visa required[104]

 Iraq
Visa required[105]

 Ireland
Visa required[106]
National visa may be substituted with a UK C visa holders until October 2021. Entry permitted only if first point of entry to the Common Travel Area is in the UK.[107]

 Israel
Visa required[108]

 Italy
Visa required[109]

 Ivory Coast
eVisa[110]
3 months; eVisa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport.

 Jamaica
Visa not required[111]
6 Months

 Japan
Visa required[112]

 Jordan
Visa on arrival[113]
Visa on arrival with a fee and a hotel booking along with proof of at least USD 1000 at the port of entry.Visa Free of Charge if bought a Jordan pass online.

 Kazakhstan
Visa required[114]

 Kenya
eVisa / Visa on arrival[115]
3 months

 Kiribati
Visa required[116]

 Kuwait
Visa required[117]

 Kyrgyzstan
eVisa[118]

 Laos
Visa on arrival[119]
30 days

 Latvia
Visa required[120]

 Lebanon
Visa required[121]
In addition to a visa, an approval should be obtained from the immigration department of the General Directorate of General Security (La Sûreté Générale)

 Lesotho
eVisa[122][123]
30 days

 Liberia
Visa required[124]

 Libya
Visa required[125]

 Liechtenstein
Visa required[126]

 Lithuania
Visa required[127]

 Luxembourg
Visa required[128]

 Macedonia
Visa required[129]
90 days. Visa is not required for holders of diplomatic passports.

 Madagascar
Visa on arrival[130]
30 days. Issued free of charge.

 Malawi
Visa required[131]

 Malaysia
eVisa/eNTRI[132]
30 days. Visa on arrival is also issued if arriving from Thailand, Singapore or Indonesia and holding a valid visa for any of those countries.[133]

 Maldives
Visa not required[134]
90 days

 Mali
Visa required[135]

 Malta
Visa required[136]

 Marshall Islands
Visa on arrival[137]
90 days

 Mauritania
Visa on arrival[138]
30 days

 Mauritius
Visa not required[139][140]
90 days

 Mexico
Visa required[141]
National visa may be substituted with a valid visa or permanent residence documents issued by the US, Canada, Japan, UK or Schengen Area member state to enter Mexico for tourism, transit, or business purposes.

 Micronesia
Visa not required[142]
30 days

 Moldova
Visa required[143]
Indian nationals holding a visa issued by a Schengen Area member state, UK or Ireland may obtain a Moldovan visa online.

 Monaco
Visa required[144]

 Mongolia
Visa required[145]

 Montenegro
Visa required[146]
National visa may be substituted with a valid visa issued by a Schengen Area member state, UK, Ireland or the US visa.

 Morocco
Visa required[147]

 Mozambique
Visa on arrival[148]
30 days[149]

 Myanmar
eVisa[150]
28 days. eVisa holders must arrive via Yangon, Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airports.

 Namibia
Visa required[151]

 Nauru
Visa required[152]

   Nepal
Freedom of movement[153]
Indian citizens may live and work freely in Nepal under the terms of the 1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship.

 Netherlands
Visa required[154]

 New Zealand
Visa required[155]
National visa may be substituted with an Australian permanent residence documents.[156]

 Nicaragua
Visa required[157]

 Niger
Visa required[158]

 Nigeria
Visa required[159]

 North Korea
Visa required[160]

 Norway
Visa required[161]

 Oman
Visa required[162]
National visa may be substituted with a GCC visa of certain categories (managers, sales executives etc.) when a visit visa on arrival can be granted if the visitor is coming directly from a GCC country via air or land. All passengers from India, who reside in or hold an entry visa to one of the following countries (USA, Canada, Australia, UK and Schengen states) are allowed to obtain non-sponsored electronic tourist visa to enter Oman.[163]

 Pakistan
Visa required[164]

 Palau
Visa on arrival[165]
30 days

 Panama
Visa required[166]
National visa may be substituted with a valid multiple entry visa issued by US (including Green Card Holders,[167]) UK, Canada, Australia or any EU country, which has been used at least once to enter those countries, and with at least one year validity remaining at the time of entry into Panama.[clarification needed][168]

 Papua New Guinea
Visa required[169]

 Paraguay
Visa required[170]

 Peru
Visa required[171]
National visa may be substituted with a valid US, Canada, Australia, Schengen Area or UK visa or permanent resident permit may be granted visa-free entry for a maximum of 180 days. The visa must be valid for a minimum of 6 months from the arrival date.[172]

 Philippines
Visa required[173]
National visa may be substituted with a valid US, Japanese, Australian, Canadian, Schengen, Singapore or UK visa or permanent resident permit whose holders may be granted visa-free entry for an initial stay not exceeding 14 days.[174]

 Poland
Visa required[175]

 Portugal
Visa required[176]

 Qatar
eVisa / Visa on arrival[177]
30 days, available at Hamad International Airport. eVisa is also available.

 Romania
Visa required[178]
National visa may be substituted with a double or multiple entry C visa issued by a Schengen Area member state valid for the period of intended stay.

 Russia
Visa required[179]
Visa not required if visiting Saint Petersburg for up to 72 hours via ferry from Finland.[180] E-Visa will be issued "on arrival" at Vladivostok allowing stays of up to a maximum of eight days in any of the 5 regions (Primorye, Khabarovsk, Sakhalin, Chukotka and Kamchatka) in the Russian Far East. The visas would be available for the purpose of, Business, Humanitarian or Tourism. The e-visa can be obtained four days prior to travel without any consular fee and is valid for 30 days.[181]

 Rwanda
eVisa[182]
30 days

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
Visa not required[183]
3 months

 Saint Lucia
Visa on arrival[184]
6 weeks

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Visa not required[185]
1 month

 Samoa
Visa on arrival !Entry Permit on arrival[186]
60 days

 San Marino
Visa required[187]

 São Tomé and Príncipe
eVisa[188]
National visa may be substituted with a US or a Schengen member state visa for stays up to 15 days.

 Saudi Arabia
Visa required[189]

 Senegal
Visa not required[190]
90 days

 Serbia
Visa not required[191]
30 days within one year.[192]

 Seychelles
Visa on arrival !Visitor's Permit on arrival[193]
3 months

 Sierra Leone
Visa required[194]

 Singapore
eVisa[195]
May obtain online eVisa through eligible authorized travel agencies or through local sponsors (Singapore citizen or Permanent Residents).[196]
Indian nationals with valid visa from countries such as UK, USA, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Germany and Switzerland who are in transit to or from any third country by air may be conditionally eligible for 96-hours Visa Free Transit Facility (VFTF)[197].

 Slovakia
Visa required[198]

 Slovenia
Visa required[199]

 Solomon Islands
Visa required[200]

 Somalia
Visa on arrival[201]
30 days, provided an invitation letter issued by the sponsor has been submitted to the Airport Immigration Department at least 2 days before arrival.

 South Africa
Visa required[202]

 South Korea
Visa required[203]

 South Sudan
Visa required[204]

 Spain
Visa required[205]

 Sri Lanka
eVisa / Visa on arrival[206]
30 days

 Sudan
Visa required[207]

 Suriname
Visa on arrival !Tourist Card on arrival[208]
90 days. Available at Johan Adolf Pengel International Airport

 Swaziland
Visa required[209]

 Sweden
Visa required[210]

  Switzerland
Visa required[211]

 Syria
Visa required[212]

 Tajikistan
eVisa[213]
eVisa holders can enter through all border points.[214]

 Tanzania
Visa on arrival[215]
30 days

 Thailand
Visa on arrival[216]
15 days. Visa fee of 2000 INR is payable upon entry. Visa must be obtained at first point of entry.[217]

 Togo
Visa on arrival[218]
7 days

 Tonga
Visa required[219]

 Trinidad and Tobago
Visa not required[220]
90 days

 Tunisia
Visa required[221]
Nationals of India are exempt from holding a tourist visa if traveling as part of a tourist group and holding a hotel reservation confirmation for a maximum stay of 2 weeks. Indians residing in any of the GCC countries should carry a valid residence permit for exempt from visa.

 Turkey
Visa required[222]
Conditional eVisa issued for the period of 30 days to holders of a valid visa or residence permit issues by one of the Schengen member countries, US, UK, or Ireland.[223]

 Turkmenistan
Visa required[224]

 Tuvalu
Visa on arrival[225]
1 month

 Uganda
eVisa / Visa on arrival[226]
30 days.[227]

 Ukraine
Visa on arrival[228]
15 days for business or tourism purposes, available at Kyiv Boryspil Airport, Kyiv International Airport (Zhuliany) and Odessa International Airport.[229] Letter of invitation from a legal entity registered in Ukraine on official letterhead,
or a tourist voucher by a touristic company in Ukraine, or a booked hotel confirmation and return flight tickes are required.[230]

 United Arab Emirates
Visa required[231]
National visa may be substituted with a valid residence visa from United Kingdom and European Union, valid US visa or Green Card whose holders may obtain a visa on arrival valid for 14 days.[232]

 United Kingdom
Visa required[233]
Visa not required if holding a biometric Irish visa endorsed with "BC BIVS" and with a valid Irish entry stamp.

 United States
Visa required[234]

 Uruguay
Visa required[235]

 Uzbekistan
Visa required[236]

 Vanuatu
Visa not required[237]
30 days

  Vatican City
Visa required[238]

 Venezuela
Visa required[239]

 Vietnam
Visa required[240]
Visa may be collected on arrival if prior online approval has been obtained through a travel agency.

 Yemen
Visa required[241]

 Zambia
eVisa[242]
30 days

 Zimbabwe
eVisa[243]
30 days

tag: table

text: Dependent, Disputed, or Restricted territories[edit]

text: Visa requirements for Indian citizens for visits to various territories, disputed areas, partially recognised countries and restricted zones:

text:
Europe

Visitor to
Visa requirement
Notes (excluding departure fees)

 Abkhazia
Visa required[244]

 Mount Athos
Special permit required
Special permit required (4 days: 25 euro for Orthodox visitors, 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors, 18 euro for students).
There is a visitors' quota: maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed.[245][246]

 Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park
Visa not required
3 days;[247] must first obtain an electronic pass[248]

 Crimea
Visa required
Visa issued by Russia is required.[249]

 Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
Visa not required
3 months[250][251]

 UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus
Access Permit required[252]
Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone, except Civil Use Areas.

 Faroe Islands
Visa required[253]

 Gibraltar
Visa required[254]
UK Visa/ Schengen Residence Permit covers entry

 Guernsey
Visa required[255]
UK Visa covers entry

 Isle of Man
Visa required[256]
UK Visa covers entry

 Jan Mayen
Permit required[254]
Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours[257] and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours.[258]

 Jersey
Visa required[259]
UK Visa covers entry

 Kosovo
Visa required[260]
Schengen zone visa or residence permit valid for 15 days. Serbia will not recognize the entry if coming from Kosovo without entering it first via Serbia. No VISA needed, if a holder of a valid travel documents issued by EU Member and Schengen States, United States of America, Canada, Australia and Japan.[261]

 Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
Visa required[262][263]
Travellers with Nagorno-Karabakh visa (expired or valid) or evidence of travel to Nagorno-Karabakh (stamps) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan.[264]

 Novorossiya
Restricted area
Crossing from Ukraine requires visit purpose to be explained to Ukrainian passport control on exit and those who entered from Russia are not allowed to proceed further into Ukraine.[265][266]

 Russia
Special authorization required
Several closed cities and regions in Russia require special authorisation.[267]

 South Ossetia
Visa not required
Multiple entry visa to Russia and three-day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia.[268][269]

 Svalbard
Visa not required
No one requires a visa to enter Svalbard but it's practically impossible to board a flight/ferry to Svalbard without entering Norway. Hence double entry Schengen visa would be required to go and come back from Svalbard to mainland Norway[270]

 Transnistria
Visa not required
Registration mandatory after 24 hours.[271][272]

Africa

Visitor to
Visa requirement
Notes (excluding departure fees)

 British Indian Ocean Territory
Special permit required
Special permit required.[273]

 Eritrea outside Asmara
Travel permit required
To travel in the rest of the country, a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required (20 Eritrean nakfa).[274]

 Ascension Island
Entry Permit required
Entry Permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance (3 months for 20/30 pounds sterling, single/double entry).[275]

 Saint Helena
Visitor's Pass on arrival
Visitor's Pass granted on arrival valid for 4/10/21/60/90 days for 12/14/16/20/25 pound sterling.[276]

 Tristan da Cunha
Permission required
Permission to land required for 15/30 pounds sterling (yacht/ship passenger) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island, Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands.[277]

Western Sahara
Undefined visa regime
Undefined visa regime in the Sahrawi administered areas. Moroccan visa required in Moroccan administered areas

 Réunion
Visa not required
15 days but only if trip arranged through approved travel agencies[278]

 Somaliland
Visa on arrival
30 days for 30 US dollars, payable on arrival.[279][280]

 Sudan
Travel permit required
All foreigners traveling more than 25 kilometres outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit.

 Darfur
Travel permit required
Separate travel permit is required.[281]

Asia

Visitor to
Visa requirement
Notes (excluding departure fees)

 Hong Kong
Electronic Travel Authorization
14 days entry on each visit. ETA is Valid for 6 Months or Till the expiry of passport.[282][283]

 Kazakhstan
Special permission required
Special permission required for the town of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast, and the town of Gvardeyskiy near Almaty.[284]

 Kish Island
Visa not required
Visitors to Kish Island do not require a visa.[285]

 Macau
Visa not required
30 days[286]

 Sabah and Sarawak
Evisa
The same Evisa for Malaysia is used to enter these states for tourism purposes.

 Maldives
Permission required
With the exception of the capital Malé, tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of Maldives.[287]

 North Korea outside Pyongyang
Special permit required
People are not allowed to leave the capital city, tourists can only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide (no independent moving)

 Palestine
Visa not required[288]
Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed.[289]

Jeju Island
Visa not required
30 days Visa free entry for Indian citizens provided arriving directly at Jeju Island.

 Taiwan
Visa required[290]
30 day online travel authority is available to the citizens of India with permanent residency or valid visa of Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, Schengen Convention countries, United Kingdom or United States.

 Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province
OIVR permit required
OIVR permit required (15+5 Tajikistani Somoni) and another special permit (free of charge) is required for Lake Sarez.[291][292][293]

 Tibet Autonomous Region
TTP required
Tibet Travel Permit required (10 US Dollars).[294][295][296]

 Korean Demilitarised Zone
Restricted zone.

 UNDOF Zone and Ghajar
Restricted zone.

 Yemen
Special permission required
Special permission needed for travel outside Sana’a or Aden. Also, a small fee is charged on a case by case basis.[297]

Caribbean and North Atlantic

Visitor to
Visa requirement
Notes (excluding departure fees)

 Anguilla
Visa required[298]
Visa required, except for Holders of a visa issued by the United Kingdom.

 Aruba
Visa required[299]
Visa not required if holding a valid multiple-entry visa issued by Canada or USA.

 Bermuda
Visa required[300]
Visa required, except for A max stay of 3 months for holders of a multiple-entry visa issued by Canada, USA or the United Kingdom, valid for at least 45 days beyond the period of intended stay in Bermuda.

 Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba
Visa required[301]
Visa not required if holding a valid multiple-entry visa issued by Canada or USA.

 British Virgin Islands
Visa not required[302]
30 days

 Cayman Islands
Visa required[303]
Visa not required if permanent resident of US, Canada, or UK, and are arriving from and departing to that country.

 Curacao
Visa required[304]
Visa not required if holding a valid multiple-entry visa issued by Canada or USA.

 French Guiana
Visa required[305]

 French West Indies
Visa required[306]
French West Indies refers to Martinique, Guadeloupe, Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy.

 Greenland
Visa required[253]

 Montserrat
Visa not required
6 months[307][308]

 Puerto Rico
Visa required[309]
Visa not required if holding a valid multiple-entry visa issued by USA.

 Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Visa required

 Sint Maarten
Visa required[310]
Visa not required if holding a valid multiple-entry visa issued by Canada or USA.

 Turks and Caicos Islands
Visa not required[311]

 U.S. Virgin Islands
Visa required[312]

Oceania

Visitor to
Visa requirement
Notes (excluding departure fees)

 Ashmore and Cartier Islands
Special authorisation required
Special authorisation required.[313]

 Clipperton Island
Special permit required
Special permit required.[314]

 Cook Islands
Visa not required
31 days[315]

 Lau Province
Special permission required
Special permission required.[316]

 French Polynesia
Visa required[317]

 Guam
Visa required[318]

 Niue
Visa on arrival
30 days[319]

 Pitcairn Islands
Visa not required
14 days visa free and landing fee 35 USD or tax of 5 USD if not going ashore.[320][321][322]

 United States Minor Outlying Islands
Special permits required
Special permits required for Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island.[323][324][325][326][327][328][329]

South America

Visitor to
Visa requirement
Notes (excluding departure fees)

 Galápagos
Pre-registration required
Online pre-registration is required. Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure.[330]

South Atlantic and Antarctica

Visitor to
Visa requirement
Notes (excluding departure fees)

 Falkland Islands
Visa required[331]

 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Permit required
Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required (72 hours/1 month for 110/160 pounds sterling).[332][333]

Antarctica

Special permits required for  British Antarctic Territory,  French Southern and Antarctic Lands,  Argentine Antarctica,  Australian Antarctic Territory,
 Chilean Antarctic Territory,  Heard Island and McDonald Islands,  Peter I Island,  Queen Maud Land,  Ross Dependency.[334][335][336][337][338][339][340][341][342][343][344][345]

text: Reciprocity[edit]

text: Indian Government has not drafted any laws to mandate reciprocity in visa agreements with other countries. While a very small number bilateral agreements have ended in reciprocity in visa arrangements, a large number of visa relationships continue to be highly skewed on one side or the other.

text: In 2015, Iran revoked visa-on-arrival for Indian citizens after it was included as one of the eight countries in India's Prior Reference Category, which would be excluded from India's visa liberalisation plans for foreign tourists.[346] The other countries on the list at the time were Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia, Nigeria and Sudan.[346]

text: Full reciprocity[edit]

text: India has by default achieved full reciprocity in Visa free/e-Visa Privileges with following countries:

text:
Australia (Electronic Visitor Visa)
 Bhutan (Visa not required)
   Nepal (Visa not required)
 Maldives (Visa not required, for 90 days)
 Antigua and Barbuda (e-Visa required)
 Ivory Coast (e-Visa required)
 Gabon (e-Visa required)
 Georgia (e-Visa required)
 Kenya (e-Visa required)
 Lesotho (e-Visa required)
 Malaysia (e-Visa required)
 Myanmar (e-Visa required)
 Sri Lanka (e-Visa required)
 Zambia (e-Visa required)
 Zimbabwe (e-Visa required)
 Hong Kong (Electronic Authorization required)

text: Partial reciprocity[edit]

text: India has achieved partial reciprocity with following countries, where Indian Immigration rules affords the citizens of the following countries a bit lesser visa privileges than what the following countries provide for Indian Citizens:

text:
Country
Visa Requirement for Indian Nationals to visit the country
Visa Requirement to visit India

 Myanmar
Conditional Visa on Arrival for Business Visa, workshops and events etc. It's unclear if exemption is valid for tourist visas.[347] Though, full reciprocity exits only in providing E-visa for tourism purpose.
e-Visa for 60 Days

 Indonesia
Visa not required for tourism purpose. Visa on arrival for business and family visit.
e-Visa for 60 Days

 Vietnam
Before travelling, an online approval letter needs to be received from a designated visa agency, and printed out. Takes 2 working days. Then, Visa on Arrival at Hanoi, Da Nang and HCM City.
e-Visa for 60 Days

 Laos
Visa on arrival for 30 days
e-Visa for 60 Days

 Cambodia
Visa on arrival for 30 days
e-Visa for 60 Days

 Bolivia
Visa on arrival for 90 days, charged at La Paz airport. Prior visa is free of cost at Bolivian embassy.
e-Visa for 60 Days

 Djibouti
Visa on arrival
e-Visa for 60 Days

 Dominica
Visa not required
e-Visa for 60 Days

 Ecuador
Visa not required
e-Visa for 60 Days

 El Salvador
Visa not required
e-Visa for 60 Days

 Fiji
Visa not required
e-Visa for 60 Days

 Grenada
Visa not required
e-Visa for 60 Days

 Guyana
Visa on arrival
e-Visa for 60 Days

 Haiti
Visa not required
e-Visa for 60 Days

 Jamaica
Visa not required
e-Visa for 60 Days

 Jordan
Visa on arrival
e-Visa for 60 Days

 Madagascar
Visa on arrival
e-Visa for 60 Days

 Malawi
Visa on arrival
e-Visa for 60 Days

 Mauritius
Visa not required
e-Visa for 60 Days

 Micronesia
Visa not required
e-Visa for 60 Days

 Nauru
Visa on arrival
e-Visa for 60 Days

 Palau
Visa on arrival
e-Visa for 60 Days

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
Visa not required
e-Visa for 60 Days

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Visa not required
e-visa for 60 days

 Saint Lucia
Visa on arrival
e-Visa for 60 Days

 Serbia
Visa not required
e-visa for 60 days

 Seychelles
Visa on arrival
e-Visa for 60 Days

 Tanzania
Visa on arrival
e-Visa for 60 Days

 Thailand
Visa on arrival
e-Visa for 60 Days

 Timor-Leste
Visa on arrival
e-Visa for 60 Days

 Trinidad and Tobago
Visa not required
e-Visa for 60 Days

 Tuvalu
Visa on arrival
e-Visa for 60 Days

 Ukraine
Visa on arrival
e-Visa for 60 Days

 Vanuatu
Visa not required
e-Visa for 60 Days

text: Complete disparity (at the expense of foreign citizens)[edit]

text: Visa privileges provided by Indian immigration for citizens of these countries are considerably far less than Visa Privileges provided by these countries to the Indian Citizens:

text:
Country
Visa Requirement to visit India
Visa Requirement for Indian Nationals to visit the country

 Burundi
Visa application and approval mandatory prior to Travel
30 day Visa on Arrival

 Bahrain
Visa application and approval mandatory prior to Travel
e-Visa available for tourism

 Cape Verde
Visa application and approval mandatory prior to Travel
Visa on Arrival

 Comoros
Visa application and approval mandatory prior to Travel
Visa on Arrival

 Ethiopia
Visa application and approval mandatory prior to Travel
Visa on Arrival

 Guinea-Bissau
Visa application and approval mandatory prior to Travel
Visa on Arrival

 Qatar
Visa application and approval mandatory prior to Travel
Visa on Arrival

 Rwanda
Visa application and approval mandatory prior to Travel
e-Visa available for tourism

 Somalia
Visa application and approval mandatory prior to Travel
Visa on Arrival

 Togo
Visa application and approval mandatory prior to Travel
Visa on Arrival

 Uganda
Visa application and approval mandatory prior to Travel
Visa on Arrival

text: Vaccination[edit]

text: Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination. Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from a vulnerable area.[348]

text: Passport validity[edit]

text: Many countries require passport validity of no less than 6 months and one or two blank pages.[349]

text: Limitations on passport use[edit]

text: Visitors holding Israeli passport or any passports showing evidence of travel to Israel are denied entry to the Arab League countries due to Arab League boycott of Israel.

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2017)

text: Fingerprinting[edit]

text: Several countries including Argentina, Cambodia, Japan, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, South Korea and the United States demand all passengers to be fingerprinted on arrival.[350][351][352][353][354][355][356]

text: Foreign travel statistics[edit]

text: According to the statistics these are the numbers of Indian visitors to various countries per annum in 2015 (unless otherwise noted):

text:
Foreign travel statistics

Destination
Number of visitors

 American Samoa[357]
50

 Angola[358]
9,170

 Antarctica[note 1][359]
207

 Antigua and Barbuda[note 1][360]
368

 Australia[note 1][361]
259,900

 Austria[note 2][note 1][362]
147,300

 Azerbaijan[note 1][363]
6,012

 Belgium[note 1][364]
44,898

 Bhutan[note 1][365]
114,301

 Bolivia[note 1][366]
1,338

 Bosnia and Herzegovina[note 1][367]
2,000

 Botswana[368]
17,413

 Brazil[note 1][369]
23,246

 Cambodia[note 1][370]
46,131

 Canada[note 1][371]
225,121

 Cayman Islands[note 1][note 3][372]
256

 Chile[note 1][373]
3,774

 China[374]
730,500

 Colombia[375]
5,402

 Congo[note 4][376]
2,373

 Costa Rica[note 1][377]
7,085

 Croatia[note 1][378]
35,057

 Dominica[379]
97

 Dominican Republic[note 1][380]
2,139

 France[381]
524,055

 French Polynesia[note 1][382]
637

 Georgia[note 1][383]
36,204

 Germany[note 1][384]
231,244

 Hong Kong[note 1][385]
480,906

 Hungary[note 2][note 1][386]
33,134

 Indonesia[note 1][387]
422,045

 Israel[note 1][388]
44,800

 Italy[note 1][389]
225,000

 Jamaica[note 1][390]
1,721

 Japan[391]
103,084

 Jordan[note 1][392]
57,720

 Kazakhstan[note 1][393]
13,975

 Kyrgyzstan[note 1][394]
11,400

 Laos[note 1][395]
8,249

 Latvia[note 2][note 1][396]
3,585

 Lebanon[note 1][397]
15,610

 Macao[note 1][398]
165,278

 Madagascar[399]
2,234

 Malaysia[note 1][400]
638,758

 Maldives[note 1][401]
66,955

 Mali[note 5][402]
1,500

 Mauritius[note 1][403]
82,670

 Mexico[note 1][404]
59,020

 Mongolia[note 1][405]
1,713

 Montenegro[note 5][note 2][406]
1,131

 Myanmar[407]
34,628

   Nepal[note 6][408]
75,124

 Netherlands[note 1][409]
127,000

 New Zealand[note 1][410]
52,016

 Oman[note 7][411]
244,786

 Panama[412]
6,748

 Papua New Guinea[note 1][413]
4,293

 Peru[414]
5,684

 Philippines[415]
74,824

 Qatar[note 1][416]
340,104

 Romania[note 1][417]
16,753

 Russia[note 1][418]
108,498

 Seychelles[note 1][419]
10,916

 Singapore[note 1][420]
1,097,186

 Slovakia[note 1][note 2][421]
6,805

 South Africa[422]
85,639

 South Korea[note 1][423]
195,911

 Spain[note 1][424]
97,033

 Sri Lanka[note 1][425]
356,729

 Suriname[426]
552

 Swaziland[note 1][427]
6,867

 Taiwan[note 5][428]
33,550

 Tanzania[note 1][429]
27,327

 Thailand[note 1][430]
1,193,822

 Timor-Leste[note 5][note 6][431]
799

 Turkey[note 1][432]
79,316

 Ukraine[note 1][433]
14,047

 United Arab Emirates[note 1][434][435][436]
2,123,388

 United Kingdom[note 1][437]
387,000

 United States[note 8][438]
1,898,327

 Zambia[439]
25,517

 Zimbabwe[440]
5,421

text:
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be Data for 2016
^ a b c d e Counting only guests in tourist accommodation establishments.
^ Data for arrivals by air only.
^ Data for 2012
^ a b c d Data for 2014
^ a b Data for arrivals by air only.
^ Data for 2013
^ Total number includes tourists, business travelers, students, exchange visitors, temporary workers and families, diplomats and other representatives and all other classes of nonimmigrant admissions (I-94).


document_title: The Bachelor (season 22)

question_text: when is the last episode of the bachelor arie

text: The Bachelor (season 22)

text: Filming and development[edit]

text: Casting and contestants[edit]

text: On September 7, 2017, during Good Morning America, Luyendyk was announced as the next Bachelor over The Bachelorette season 13 runner-up Peter Kraus, who was the fan favorite choice for the role. Many fans were in disbelief in response to Kraus' decision and the producers selected Luyendyk as a last minute direct replacement.[3]

text: Production[edit]

text: This season traveled to Lake Tahoe; Fort Lauderdale, Florida; Paris, France; Tuscany, Italy and Peru. Appearances for this season included racing driver Robby Gordon, Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling wrestlers Ursula Hayden and Angelina Altishin, wrestler and The Bachelorette contestant Kenny King, singer/songwriter Connor Duermit, country band Lanco, indie singer and songwriter Tenille Arts and French singer Pauline Paris.[4]

text: Contestants[edit]

text: This season began with 29 contestants.[5]

text:
Name
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Outcome
Place
Ref

Rebecca "Becca" Kufrin[6]
27
Prior Lake, Minnesota
Publicist
Winner
1
[7]

Lauren Burnham[8]
25
Virginia Beach, Virginia
Technology Salesperson
Runner-up
2

Kendall Long[9]
26
Santa Clarita, California
Creative Director
Week 9
3
[10]

Tia Booth[11]
26
Weiner, Arkansas
Physical Therapist
Week 8
4
[12]

Rebekah "Bekah" Martinez[9][13]
22[a]
Fresno, California
Nanny
Week 7
5
[15]

Seinne Fleming[9][16]
27
Long Beach, California
Commercial Real Estate Manager
6

Jacqueline Trumbull[17]
26
Morgantown, West Virginia
Research Coordinator
7 (quit)

Chelsea Roy[9][18][19]
29
South Portland, Maine
Real Estate Executive Assistant
Week 6
8–9
[20]

Jenna Cooper[21][22]
28
Upland, Indiana
Social Media Manager

Krystal Nielson[23]
30
Missoula, Montana
Fitness Coach
10

Ashley Luebke[24]
25
West Palm Beach, Florida
Real Estate Agent
Week 5
11–13
[25]

Maquel Cooper[26]
23
American Fork, Utah
Photographer

Marikh Mathias[27]
27
Salt Lake City, Utah
Restaurant Owner

Brittany Taylor[28]
30
Belton, South Carolina
Tech Recruiter
Week 4
14–15
[29]

Caroline Lunny[24][30]
26
Holliston, Massachusetts
Realtor

Bibiana Julian[9][24]
30
Miami, Florida
Executive Assistant
Week 3
16
[31]

Annaliese Puccini[32]
32
San Mateo, California
Event Designer
17

Lauren Schleyer[8]
31
Dallas, Texas
Social Media Manager
18

Jennifer "Jenny" Delaney[33]
25
Northbrook, Illinois
Graphic Designer
Week 2
19–21
[34]

Lauren Griffin[21]
26
Indianapolis, Indiana
Executive Recruiter

Valerie Biles
25
Murfreesboro, Tennessee
Server

Ali Harrington[8]
27
Lawton, Oklahoma
Personal Stylist
Week 1
22–29
[35]

Amber Wilkerson
29
Denver, Colorado
Business Owner

Brianna "Bri" Amaranthus[36]
25
Grants Pass, Oregon
Sports Reporter

Brittane Johnson
27
San Diego, California
Marketing Manager

Jessica Carroll[37]
26
Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Television Host

Lauren Jarreau[38][39]
33
New Roads, Louisiana
Recent Master's Graduate

D'Nysha "Nysha" Norris[28]
30
Anderson, South Carolina
Orthopedic Nurse

Olivia Goethals[33]
23
Geneseo, Illinois
Marketing Associate

text: Future appearances[edit]

text: The Bachelor Winter Games[edit]

text: Bibiana Julian and Lauren Griffin took part in The Bachelor Winter Games to compete as Team USA. Griffin was eliminated in week one. Julian quit in week four.

text: The Bachelorette[edit]

text: During the After the Final Rose Ceremony, it was revealed that Rebecca "Becca" Kufrin had been announced as the lead for season 14 of The Bachelorette.[40]

text: Bachelor in Paradise[edit]

text: During the Women Tell All special, it was announced that Bekah Martinez would be joining the cast of the fifth season of Bachelor in Paradise.[41]

text: Call-out order[edit]

text:
Order
Bachelorettes
Week

1
2
3
4[b]
5
6
7
8
9
10

1
Caroline
Chelsea
Becca K.
Bekah M.
Seinne
Chelsea
Lauren B.
Becca K.
Becca K.
Lauren B.
Becca K.

2
Chelsea
Becca K.
Krystal
Chelsea
Tia
Lauren B.
Bekah M.
Lauren B.
Lauren B.
Becca K.
Lauren B.

3
Kendall
Marikh
Seinne
Caroline
Bekah M.
Tia
Kendall
Kendall
Kendall
Kendall

4
Seinne
Kendall
Maquel
Kendall
Lauren B.
Bekah M.
Jacqueline
Tia
Tia

5
Tia
Lauren G.
Jacqueline
Ashley
Kendall
Seinne
Tia
Bekah M.

6
Bibiana
Krystal
Bekah M.
Lauren B.
Ashley
Kendall
Seinne
Seinne

7
Bri
Bekah M.
Jenna
Brittany T.
Becca K.
Becca K.
Becca K.
Jacqueline

8
Jenny
Lauren S.
Chelsea
Becca K.
Chelsea
Jacqueline
Chelsea
Jenna

9
Brittane J.
Seinne
Lauren S.
Seinne
Jenna
Jenna

10
Jacqueline
Caroline
Tia
Krystal
Jacqueline
Krystal
Krystal

11
Krystal
Brittany T.
Annaliese
Tia
Marikh
Ashley
Maquel
Marikh

12
Nysha
Bibiana
Lauren B.
Maquel
Krystal

13
Valerie
Annaliese
Kendall
Jenna
Brittany T.
Caroline

14
Bekah M.
Jenna
Brittany T.
Jacqueline

15
Jenna
Valerie
Ashley
Marikh
Maquel

16
Jessica
Jacqueline
Marikh
Bibiana

17
Marikh
Jenny
Caroline
Annaliese

18
Olivia
Lauren B.
Bibiana
Lauren S.

19
Becca K.
Ashley
Jenny
Lauren G.
Valerie

20
Lauren S.
Tia

21
Lauren J.
Maquel

22
Lauren B.
Ali
Amber
Bri
Brittane J.
Jessica
Lauren J.
Nysha
Olivia

23
Lauren G.

24
Ashley

25
Brittany T.

26
Amber

27
Ali

28
Annaliese

29
Maquel

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
Rating/share
(18–49)

219
1
"Week 1: Season 22 Premiere"
January 1, 2018 (2018-01-01)
2201
5.48[42]
1.5/5[42]

Upon arriving at the rental bachelor pad home for the tenure of the season, Arie is greeted by his friend and season seventeen Bachelor Sean Lowe, his wife Catherine and their son Samuel. Sean offers his advice on being the bachelor and Catherine provides parenting tips. The competition commences later as Arie greets the women as they arrive at the mansion. Tia holds a little wiener to represent the small town she hails from; Bri, a sports reporter, tosses Arie a catch; Valerie gives a ballroom dance; Bekah M. rides a 1965 Ford Mustang up to the mansion; Jessica recognizes Arie as her father met him a few years ago; Becca K. holds a black velvet ring box to give Arie a proposal; Annaliese wears a mask to recall Arie's nickname "kissing bandit" and Maquel rides an IndyCar race car, to dismay from the other girls. Arie and Brittany T. ride miniature cars outside the mansion, Kendall sings a song while playing her ukulele, Caroline brings a box of pizza to eat a slice, Jenna gives Arie a foot massage. In the end, Arie selects Chelsea to receive the first impression rose. At the rose ceremony, Ali, Amber, Bri, Brittane J., Jessica, Lauren J., Nysha and Olivia are sent home.

220
2
"Week 2"
January 8, 2018 (2018-01-08)
2202
5.56[43]
1.4/5[43]

Becca K. gets the first one-on-one date of the season. She gets to ride a motorcycle with Arie and they travel to his home for a tour. There, they get a surprise visit from Rachel Zoe and Becca receives a set of clothes and Louboutin heels, plus the gift of a necklace and two pairs of earrings. Arie and Becca discuss her painful past and Arie gives her a rose. Krystal also gets a one-on-one date with Arie and they fly to his hometown of Scottsdale, Arizona for a tour of the high school Arie attended. They stop by his parents' house where Krystal meets Arie's parents, including former race car driver Arie Luyendyk, his younger brother and his sister-in-law. They arrive back in Los Angeles and visit the Bradbury Building where Krystal shares some of her backstory with Arie. In the end, Arie gives her a rose and they are given a private concert by Connor Duermit inside the Los Angeles Theatre. Fifteen ladies take part in the first group date: a demolition derby race. Annaliese had a traumatic injury on a bumping car as a child, which influences her ability to enjoy the date. Chris Harrison and race car driver Robby Gordon present the event. Seinne emerges victorious and is declared the winner. After the derby event, Arie informs the girls that Brittany T. has been sent to hospital due to minor injuries. Bibiana starts a dramatic argument with the other ladies and threatens to leave. Seinne ends up with the group date rose. At the cocktail party, Brittany receives the "Most Hardcore" certificate award. Bibiana's drama continues when she interrupts Lauren B. and Krystal as they compete to spend time one-on-one with Arie. In the rose ceremony, Jenny, Lauren G. and Valerie are eliminated.

221
3
"Week 3"
January 15, 2018 (2018-01-15)
2203
6.61[44]
1.8/6[44]

Eight ladies go on a group date to take part in a wrestling event, dubbing themselves the "Gorgeous Ladies of Bachelor". Angelina Altishin and Ursula Hayden of Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling train them. Tia and Bibiana feel overwhelmed by the training and Arie comforts Tia. They divide into four teams of two. Arie opens the event by wrestling with professional wrestler and former The Bachelorette contestant Kenny King. They spend the night at Caravan Outpost in Ojai. Bibiana discusses Krystal's irritating behavior with Arie. Bekah M. gets the group date rose, despite Krystal thinking she has the strongest connection with him. Lauren S. gets the one-on-one date of the week. Arie meets her and they fly to Napa Valley. They spend time inside the winery, but Arie decides they lack romantic chemistry and Lauren S. is sent home. Seven ladies take part in a group date at a park, where Arie introduces them to his dog, Bastian. The women play with dogs and train them to perform tricks for a show. Annaliese had several traumatic instances with dogs in her childhood, which causes her to be nervous. The women have to perform the show at The Grove. Chris Harrison and Fred Willard present the event, which they call "Arie's Amazing Acrodogs". Chelsea gets the group date rose. At the cocktail party, Bibiana sets up a daybed outdoors with a telescope, though Lauren B. was the first one to discover the place before Bibiana claimed the spot. Tia presents moonshine to Arie. Annaliese and Arie decide they do not have mutual attraction or a future connection and she is eliminated before the ceremony. At the rose ceremony, Bibiana is eliminated.

222
4
"Week 4"
January 22, 2018 (2018-01-22)
2204
6.38[45]
1.8/6[45]

Chris Harrison tells the ladies they are traveling to South Lake Tahoe, California to meet up with Arie. Seinne gets the one-on-one date and they take a thrilling parasailing ride on a boat over Lake Tahoe. They dine at Hard Rock Lake Tahoe in Stateline, Nevada and share their stories with each other. Arie gives her a rose, they enjoy a private concert with Lanco inside. At the hotel, Maquel receives a call from her mother and learns that her grandfather has passed away. She subsequently leaves the competition. The twelve ladies chosen for a group date head into the wilderness where they meet survival experts Mykel and Ruth Hawke. The women learn three survival skills: drinking urine from a thermos, eating worms and bugs and exploring the vast wilderness with a provided map divided between three teams of four. Krystal recalls when she attended a camp. Tia ends up receiving the date rose. Bekah M. gets the second one-on-one date and she and Arie take a horseback ride through the foothills of Lake Tahoe until they reach a bathtub. Bekah finally reveals to Arie that she is 22. In the end, Arie gives Bekah the rose. Chris shows up at the hotel and announces that the cocktail party is cancelled. At the rose ceremony, Krystal wants to talk with Arie before the ceremony begins. In the end, Brittany and Caroline are eliminated from the competition.

223
5
"Week 5"
January 29, 2018 (2018-01-29)
2205
6.36[46]
1.7/6[46]

The remaining ladies travel to Fort Lauderdale, Florida, where Maquel has returned to rejoin the competition. Chelsea gets the one-on-one date with Arie on a houseboat and riding on a jet ski. They have dinner at an antique car museum where Chelsea confides to Arie about her past relationship and her son. Arie gives her a rose and they dance to a song by Tenille Arts backstage. The eleven ladies chosen for a group date go bowling. Arie splits the women into two teams, named The Spare Roses and The Pin Ups. He reveals that the winning team will go to the after party, while the losers will go back to the hotel. The Spare Roses win the game, but after Arie changes his mind and invites both teams to the after party, Krystal begins to show her frustration. They return to the hotel where Krystal decides to skip the after party, calling Arie a liar. Arie visits Krystal in her room and confines her to the room after they talk about Krystal's hurt feelings. She later changes her mind and joins the others, who confront her separately about her hypocrisy. Lauren B. gets the group date rose. Tia has a one-on-one date at the Everglades, riding a hydro boat with Arie and stopping by an old wooden house to eat three delicacies: fried gator, corn and frog legs. After dinner, Arie hands the rose to her. The cocktail party takes place at Bonnet House where Krystal's behavior becomes more irrational, causing others to be upset. At the rose ceremony, Ashley, Maquel and Marikh are eliminated.

224
6
"Week 6"
February 5, 2018 (2018-02-05)
2206
6.82[47]
1.8/7[47]

The ten ladies travel to Paris, France to stop at U by Uniworld cruise boat on the Seine River. Chris Harrison announces there will be four dates instead of the regular three. Lauren B. gets a one-on-one date with Arie, riding a boat and sightseeing around the city including Notre-Dame de Paris. They dine together at Le Grand Véfour and reveal their backstories. Arie relates how his ex-girlfriend was pregnant but suffered a miscarriage, and Lauren tells him she was previously engaged. Arie gives her a rose. The six ladies chosen for a group date take part in a Moulin Rouge Féerie cabaret inside the theater. They learn choreography, with Seinne demonstrating her dancing experience. Moulin Rouge artistic director Miss Janet announces the best performing lady will receive a rose to perform on stage with Arie. At the cocktail party, Arie has discussions with each of the ladies to open up their feelings, and Bekah M. receives the group date rose. She and Arie start the show for the night, while the rest of the girls sit in the audience. Kendall and Krystal get the two-on-one date and travel to Château de Breteuil in Yvelines to meet with Arie. They race through a hedge maze and Krystal finds Arie first. Krystal confides in Arie that Kendall is not ready for marriage, and Kendall talks to Krystal privately about it afterwards. Arie then announces the date will continue at a building close to Eiffel Tower. Kendall receives the rose, sending Krystal home. Arie and Kendall kiss at the top of Eiffel Tower. Jacqueline gets a one-on-one date with Arie, but their car breaks down. They go into a fashion store, where Jacqueline selects a dress to wear. They have lunch at Maxim's restaurant and she receives a rose from Arie. In the rose ceremony at Musée des Arts Forains that night, Chelsea and Jenna are eliminated. Afterwards, Arie announces that the remaining ladies will be traveling to Tuscany, Italy.

225
7
"Week 7"
February 12, 2018 (2018-02-12)
2207
5.94[48]
1.5/5[48]

The seven ladies arrive in Tuscany and stop in Pisa, where Chris Harrison announces there will be three individual dates, one group date and no rose ceremony. Becca K. gets the first one-on-one date and they drive to the town of Barga, buying bread and sharing a picnic overlooking the Tuscan view. She becomes excited about Arie meeting her family on the upcoming hometowns. Becca receives a rose. Jacqueline expresses increasing doubts and seeks out Arie to discuss her future goals about finishing her degree, ultimately deciding to quit the competition. Lauren B. has the second one-on-one to the town of Lucca with Arie, where they ride bicycles on a cobbled streets, eat gelato, and watch children playing football. They dine at Villa Grabau, when Lauren confesses her feelings to Arie, who gives her the rose. Seinne goes on the next one-on-one date, where she and Arie explore the Tuscan countryside to meet Giulio and his dogs, go hunting for truffles, and are welcomed by his family for lunch. Arie does not give a rose to Seinne, sending her home. Kendall, Bekah M. and Tia go on the last group date, meeting with Arie at Villa Reale. Tia expresses her concerns to Arie about Bekah's seriousness and youth, leaving Bekah upset and receiving consolation from Arie. Kendall receives the rose, leaving Tia and Bekah to have dinner on their continuation of the date. Tia gets the rose and Bekah is eliminated.

226
8
"Week 8"
February 19, 2018 (2018-02-19)
2208
6.27[49]
1.7/6[49]

Kendall's hometown date begins in Los Angeles where she meets Arie and takes him to a taxidermy studio, showing him how to stuff rats. Then, Kendall brings Arie to meet her family. Kendall's twin sister Kylie voices her concern to Arie about relationship issues; the sisters have been talking face-to-face. Tia takes Arie to her hometown Weiner, Arkansas, traveling to Crowley's Ridge Raceway near Paragould to experience car racing. Arie drifts first to take the lead. When Arie meets Tia's family, her overprotective father talks to Arie about his playboy reputation. The next stop is at Minneapolis, Minnesota to visit Becca, where she and Arie visit Minnetonka Orchards to harvest apples and take slingshots, then later make caramelized apples to eat. Later that day, Arie meets Becca's family in Prior Lake for a family dinner. Becca's uncle shares his story to Arie, that Becca's dad passed away and her mom is in remission from breast cancer. Finally, Arie travels to Virginia Beach, Virginia to meet with Lauren where they ride horses on a beach, go up the lighthouse and stroll on the pier. She introduces Arie to her family, Arie suffers an anxiety attack before dinner has started. He tells Lauren's father that he previously traveled to Iraq to visit the Armed Forces on a goodwill tour. At the rose ceremony, Arie takes Kendall aside and asks if she feels ready to be engaged. In the end, Tia is eliminated, leaving her crying and heartbroken.

227
9
"The Women Tell All"
February 25, 2018 (2018-02-25)
N/A
4.26[50]
1.1/4[50]

Eighteen eliminated contestants sit down to face the audience. Chris Harrison interviews Krystal about her harsh irrational attitude and hypocritical behavior. The ladies question her about lying on the bowling date in Fort Lauderdale, but Krystal defends herself instead of offering an apology. She reveals that she lost her voice throughout the season, and that her brother is currently recovering from homelessness. Seinne recalls memories from her date with Arie in Tuscany and says that she is still single. Bekah M. expresses frustrations over assumptions about her age and addresses Tia about her previous remarks. Chris shows a missing persons notice for her, and Bekah explains she went to work a marijuana farm weeks after completed filming, but did not have reception for days causing her mother to report her missing, Chris calls her mother on his cellphone, and suggests that her daughter may be absent for a few weeks to make an appearance on Bachelor in Paradise. Tia talks about feeling blindsided and Chris asks her if she wants to have another chance for love. Arie joins Chris onstage. Caroline calls out Arie, saying "I know what you did. I don't know how you could do that" with no further explanation given. Then, Arie reunites with Krystal and gives an apology for what happened on the two-on-one date in Paris. Before the special ends, bloopers and a sneak peek of Blockers are shown.

228
10
"Week 9"
February 26, 2018 (2018-02-26)
2209
6.57[51]
1.8/7[51]

The three ladies head to Ica, Peru for overnight dates. Kendall takes a dune buggy in Paracas where she ends up sandboarding to the bottom after the buggy gets stuck on a steep point and sets up a picnic in the desert. Lauren takes a plane ride over the Nazca Lines seeing aerial views of ancient large scale geoglyphs on the ground below. She talks with Arie about relationship issues, stating her fears of another heartbreak. Becca takes a catamaran ride to a picturesque view of Ballestas Islands and sees the seals there. All three ladies get the fantasy suites, and Arie receives a blessing from each lady the following morning after the overnight date. The next day, Becca's ex-boyfriend Ross shows up and talks to Arie, saying that he is desperate to have Becca back and win her heart. Ross goes to Becca's hotel room asking for a marriage proposal and she says no. At the rose ceremony, Arie called Kendall and Arie talk once again, as she is not really ready for marriage without chemistry and physical attraction. Arie sends her home before the ceremony.

229
11
"Week 10: Season Finale"
March 5, 2018 (2018-03-05)
2210
7.94[52]
2.2/8[52]

Lauren and Becca have an opportunity to meet with Arie's family in a hotel in Cusco. Both ladies have doubts after hearing a conversation with Arie's parents, with Arie saying he loves both women. Lauren's final date involves riding in a private train from Sacred Valley, she and Arie end at Machu Picchu with a view nearby. Lauren reveals that she met Arie before the show while she was living in Dallas. Becca's final date involves a plaza in Downtown Cusco, where Arie holds an umbrella waiting for her. They go into a marketplace trying to fit traditional poncho dress. They share their story how they first met, reading on a memory book about their potential future together including getting married and having children. At the rose ceremony, Lauren is feeling excited to receive a proposal, but Arie tells her something is stopping him and she is sent home in tears. When Becca arrives, they profess their love and Arie kneels an proposes to her. Becca accepts.

Weeks after filming wrapped up, Becca arrives at the safe house in Los Angeles just as Arie is arriving. He immediately announces he wants to call off the engagement. They speak in private and he tells Becca he is more in love with Lauren than her. Arie's goal is to reconcile with Lauren and he reveals to Becca that he spoke to Lauren on New Year's Day. Becca feels frustrated, confused, angry and heartbroken, sobbing on the bathroom floor. She finally asks Arie to leave the house, which he eventually does. In a live interview, Becca reveals that she hasn't spoken to Arie since that day.

230
12
"After the Final Rose"
March 6, 2018 (2018-03-06)
N/A
7.77[53]
2.2/8[53]

After the shocking breakup, Arie and Becca go their separate ways. Becca heads back to Minneapolis and cries while watching a video about her time with Arie. Arie later travels to Virginia Beach to see Lauren at her parents house where he suffers an anxiety attack. Then, Arie makes a confession to Lauren explaining what happened at the final rose ceremony. Becca confesses that she has felt depressed and struggled to find love. Chris shows billboards that have been seen nationwide, but they are digitally photoshopped. She later receives a reward of US$6,000 for American Association for Cancer Research. She has seen Arie since the breakup and accepted his apology. Season thirteen bachelor Jason Mesnick and his wife Molly are on the hot seat and discuss Arie's relationship with Lauren. Lauren explains how on New Year's Eve, Arie liked one of her photos on Instagram, then the following night, contacted her on the day of the premiere. Arie reveals that Lauren would move to Arizona to be with him, he then proposes to Lauren on one knee, asking for his mistakes to be forgotten, and Lauren accepts the proposal. The announcement for next Bachelorette is made: Chris names Becca as the next lead and she quickly begins her journey, meeting five guys for the first time.

text: Controversy[edit]

text: Bekah Martinez was reported missing by her mother during the filming of this season. Her mother tried to claim that Martinez informed her while she was working on a marijuana farm instead of being on national television and was filed in the missing person's report on November 18, 2017, authorities from Humboldt County Police Sheriff tried to locate, but unsuccessfully to reach her. That very same day, Martinez eventually went home and remained on the missing person's case. Her mother reported her missing, but ended up discovering that Martinez was indeed not missing.[54]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Bekah M's age was not revealed until midway through episode 4.[14]
Jump up ^ Early in week 4, Maquel voluntarily left from the competition due to the death of her grandfather. She returned to the competition in the following episode.


document_title: Video game publisher

question_text: what is the biggest game company in the world

text: Video game publisher

text: Business risks[edit]

text: Video game publishing is associated with high risk:

text:
The Christmas selling season accounts for a highly significant portion of industry sales, leading to a concentrated influx of high-quality competition every year in every game category, all in the fourth quarter of the year.
Product slippage is common due to the uncertain schedules of software development.  Most publishers have suffered a "false launch", in which the development staff assures the company that game development will be completed by a certain date, and a marketing launch is planned around that date, including advertising commitments, and then after all the advertising is paid for, the development staff announces that the game will "slip", and will actually be ready several months later than originally intended.  When the game finally appears, the effects among consumers of the marketing launch—excitement and "buzz" over the release of the game and an intent to purchase have dissipated, and lackluster interest leads to weak sales.  An example of this is the PSP version of Spider-Man 3.[1] These problems are compounded if the game is supposed to ship for the Christmas selling season, but actually slips into the subsequent year. Some developers (notably id and Epic) have alleviated this problem by simply saying that a given game will be released "when it's done", only announcing a definite date once the game is released to manufacturing. However, this sometimes can be problematic as well, as seen with Duke Nukem Forever.
The industry has become more "hit driven" over the past decade.[2][3][4] Consumers buy the game that's best-marketed but not necessarily of the highest quality, therefore buying fewer other games in that genre. This has led to much larger game development budgets, as every game publisher tries to ensure that its game is #1 in its category. It also caused publishers to on occasion force developers to focus on sequels of successful franchises instead of exploring original IP; some publishers such as Activision Blizzard and Electronic Arts have both attracted criticism for acquiring studios with original games, and assigning them to support roles in more mainstream franchises.[5][6]
Games are becoming more expensive to produce.[7] Current generation consoles have more advanced graphic capabilities than previous consoles. Taking advantage of those capabilities requires a larger team-size than games on earlier, simpler consoles. In order to compete with the best games on these consoles, there are more characters to animate; all characters must be modeled with a higher level of detail; more textures must be created; the entire art pipeline must be made more complex to allow the creation of normal maps and more complex programming code is required to simulate physics in the game world, and to render everything as precisely and quickly as possible. On this generation of consoles, games commonly require budgets of US$15 million to $20 million. Activision's Spider-Man 3, for example, cost US$35 million to develop, not counting the cost of marketing and sales.[8] Every game financed is, then, a large gamble, and pressure to succeed is high.

text: Contrasting with the big budget titles increased expense of "front-line" console games is the casual game market, in which smaller, simpler games are published for PCs and as downloadable console games. Also, Nintendo's Wii console, though debuting in the same generation as the PlayStation 3[9] and the Xbox 360,[10] requires a smaller development budget, as innovation on the Wii is centered around the use of the Wii Remote and not around the graphics pipeline.

text: When publishing for game consoles, game publishers take on the burden of a great deal of inventory risk.  All significant console manufacturers since Nintendo with its NES (1985) have monopolized the manufacture of every game made for their console, and have required all publishers to pay a royalty for every game so manufactured.  This royalty must be paid at the time of manufacturing, as opposed to royalty payments in almost all other industries, where royalties are paid upon actual sales of the product—and, importantly, are payable for games that did not sell to a consumer. So, if a game publisher orders one million copies of its game, but half of them do not sell, the publisher has already paid the full console manufacturer royalty on one million copies of the game, and has to absorb that cost.

text: Investor interest[edit]

text: Numerous video game publishers are traded publicly on stock markets. As a group, they have had mixed performance. At present, Electronic Arts is the only third-party publisher present in the S&P 500 diversified list of large U.S. corporations; in April 2010, it entered the Fortune 500 for the first time.[11]

text: Hype over video game publisher stocks has been breathless at two points:

text:
In the early 1990s, the introduction of CD-ROM computer drives caused hype about a multimedia revolution that would bring interactive entertainment to the masses.  Several Hollywood movie studios formed "interactive" divisions to profit in this allegedly booming new media.  Most of these divisions later folded after expensively producing several games that were heavy in "full-motion video" content, but light in the quality of gameplay.
In the United States, revenue from the sales of video and computer games exceeded revenue from film box-office receipts for the first time in the dot-com days of the late 1990s, when technology companies in general were surrounded by hype.  The video game publishers did not, however, experience the same level of rise in stock prices that many dot-com companies saw.  This was probably because video game publishing was seen as a more mature industry whose prospects were fairly well understood, as opposed to the typical exciting dot-com business model with unknown but possibly sky-high prospects.  While many technology stocks were eventually destroyed in the dot-com crash in the early 2000s, the stock prices of the video game publishers recovered as a group; several of the larger publishers such as EA and Take-Two Interactive achieved historical highs in the mid-2000s.

text: Rankings[edit]

text: Major publishers[edit]

text: Below are the largest publishers in general according to their revenue in billions of euros as of  2015[update].[12]

text:
2015

Name of Publisher

Revenue in €bn

1

 Sony Interactive Entertainment

9.89

2

 Tencent

7.73

3

 Microsoft Studios

7.25

4

 Nintendo

3.92

5

 Activision Blizzard

3.32

6

 Electronic Arts

3.25

7

 Bandai Namco Entertainment

2.05

8

 King Digital Entertainment

1.7

9

 Nexon

1.55

10

 Ubisoft

1.46

text: In 2016, the largest public companies by game revenue were Tencent, with US$10.2 billion, followed by Sony, with US$7.8 billion, and Activision Blizzard, with US$6.6 billion, according to Newzoo.[13]

text: Mid-size publishers[edit]

text: Below are the top AA (midsize) video game publishers, ranked by Metacritic in January 2014 based on game quality according to reviews.[14] These lists are based on the ranking by best to worst publishers according to metacritic's website. Note that two major publishers, Take-Two Interactive and Sega fell to mid-size and one, Square Enix, jumped from mid-size to major. Three mid-size publishers ranked in 2013 were dropped from 2014 chart, namely Xseed Games and Kalypso Media. Note also that iOS games were not included in the figures.

text:
2014 Position

Name of Publisher

2013 Position

1

 Telltale Games

N/A

2

 Paradox Interactive

4

3

 Capcom

2

4

 Take-Two Interactive

N/A[note 1]

5

 Sega

N/A[note 2]

6

 Zen Studios

N/A

7

 Devolver Digital

N/A

8

 Konami

1

9

 Slitherine Strategies

N/A

10

 NIS America

8

11

 Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment

3

12

 Koei Tecmo

7

13

 Atlus

6

14

 505 Games

5

15

 Aksys Games

N/A

16

 Deep Silver

9

17

 Focus Home Interactive

10

text:
Jump up ^ Was #1 as a major publisher

Jump up ^ Was #7 as a major publisher