document_title: The Boy in the Plastic Bubble

question_text: who played the boy in the plastic bubble

text: The Boy in the Plastic Bubble

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: John and Mickey Lubitch conceive a child. After multiple previous miscarriages, Mickey fears the likelihood that something gravely wrong could happen to their child.

text: The pregnancy results in the birth of a live baby boy, whom they name Tod. Tod's immune system does not function properly, meaning that contact with unfiltered air may kill him, so he must live out his life in incubator-like conditions. He lives with his parents, in Houston, Texas. He is restricted to staying in his room all his life, where he eats, learns, reads, and exercises, while being protected from the outside world by various coverings.

text: As Tod grows, he wishes to see more of the outside world and meet regular people his age. He is enrolled at the local school after being equipped with suitable protective clothing, similar in style to a space suit. He falls in love with his next door neighbor, Gina Biggs, and he must decide between following his heart and facing near-certain death, or remaining in his protective bubble forever. In the end, after having a discussion with his doctor who tells him he has built up some immunities which may possibly be enough to survive the real world, he steps outside his house, unprotected, and he and Gina ride off on her horse.

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
John Travolta as Tod Lubitch
Glynnis O'Connor as Gina Biggs
Robert Reed as Johnny Lubitch
Diana Hyland as Mickey Lubitch
Ralph Bellamy
P.J. Soles
Kelly Ward
Vernee Watson-Johnson (as Vernee Watson)

text: Reception[edit]

text: The "Bubble Boy" who inspired this film, David Vetter, questioned the film's depiction of how sterile Tod's use of the spacesuit was. Vetter scoffed at the idea that Travolta's character could simply wear the space suit back into the isolator without contaminating the bubble.[1]

text: The film was nominated for four Emmy Awards, winning one posthumously for Hyland.

text: Travolta's positive experiences on the film led him to request Kleiser as director when he was cast as the lead in the 1978 film Grease; Kelly Ward also appeared in that film.[2]

text: Impact[edit]

text: Days after Bill Clinton was inaugurated as U.S. President, William Safire reported on the phrase "in the bubble" as used in reference to living in the White House.[3] Safire traced that usage in U.S. presidential politics to a passage in the 1990 political memoir What I Saw at the Revolution by Peggy Noonan, where she used it to characterize Ronald Reagan's "wistfulness about connection"; Richard Ben Cramer used the phrase two years later in What It Takes: The Way to the White House with reference to George H. W. Bush and how he had been "cosseted and cocooned in comfort by 400 people devoted to his security" and "never s[aw] one person who was not a friend or someone whose sole purpose it was to serve or protect him."[3] Noonan's use was a reference to The Boy in the Plastic Bubble.[3]

text: The film inspired the first song on the 1986 Paul Simon album Graceland.[4] In 1992, the film's premise was satirized in the seventh episode of the fourth season of Seinfeld. It was also the subject of the 2001 comedic remake Bubble Boy and the 2007 musical In the Bubble produced by American Music Theatre Project and featuring a book by Rinne Groff, music by Michael Friedman and Joe Popp and lyrics by Friedman, Groff and Popp.[4]

text: The film was mentioned several times on the series That '70s Show, in the episodes of NCIS "SWAK" and "Thirst" and in the film Superstar. In "Thirst" "Very Special Agent" Tony DiNozzo mentions it to partner Tim McGee, who asks if it was "pre or post Barbarino" to which Tony says that he thinks it was post, suggesting that Tim watch in Netflix. It was actually during Welcome Back, Kotter, which began in 1975.

text: The film had a personal impact on Travolta and Hyland, who began a six-month romantic relationship until her death, after the film ended principal photography.[5]

text: In 2010, Mystery Science Theater 3000 alumni Michael J. Nelson, Kevin Murphy, and Bill Corbett recorded a synchronized mocking commentary of the film for a RiffTrax VOD release.

text: On Dance Moms Series 6 Abby Lee Miller said the girls are doing a dance which is inspired from the movie.

text: Copyright[edit]

text: A copyright was registered for The Boy in the Plastic Bubble in 1976, and under current copyright law, it is not scheduled to lapse into the public domain until 2072.[6] This copyright has not often been enforced; bootleg recordings of the film, with the last few seconds cut off, have been widely distributed under the assumption that the film was not properly copyrighted and is thus in the public domain. (The bootlegs do not have any copyright notice as required under U.S. copyright law, but it is plausible that the original copy had its copyright notice in the last few seconds of the film that are cut off from the bootleg copies.)


document_title: The Shannara Chronicles

question_text: where was season 2 of shannara chronicles filmed

root

text: The Shannara Chronicles

text: Plot[edit]

text: Season one of The Shannara Chronicles roughly follows the storylines set out in The Elfstones of Shannara,[1] set in the fictional Four Lands.[2] As the series opens, demons start to return after being banished from this world to a place known as the Forbidding—locked by an ancient tree called the Ellcrys.[3] The series chronicles the journey of Wil, Amberle and Eretria who, with the guidance of the last druid Allanon, must go on a quest to protect the Ellcrys from dying and releasing all the banished demons back into the Four Lands.[1]

tag: p

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Austin Butler as Wil Ohmsford, a half-human/half-elf who is the last of the bloodline of the ancient Shannara family. He is destined to help save the Four Lands from demons. He possesses three Elfstones, which belonged to his late father, Shea Ohmsford.[4][5]
Poppy Drayton as Amberle Elessedil (season 1; recurring, season 2), the Elven Princess and the first female to be accepted as one of the Chosen, a group of elves responsible for protecting and caring for the Ellcrys tree.[4][5] Amberle becomes the lover of Wil before she sacrifices herself to save the Ellcrys and everyone else.
Ivana Baquero as Eretria, a human who was raised by Rovers, a band of thieves. Although at first untrustworthy, she later becomes a stalwart ally of the group. She also has romantic feelings for Wil, and becomes involved with the Princess of Leah, Lyria, in the second season.[4][5]
Manu Bennett as Allanon (season 1–2), a human and the last druid who has been alive for more than 300 years through the use of Druid Sleep. He guides and mentors the group on their quest to protect the Ellcrys.[4][5] In season 2, Bennett also portrays the Warlock Lord.
Aaron Jakubenko as Ander Elessedil (season 1–2), the youngest son of King Eventine who has a reputation for being irresponsible, due to the death of older brother Aine, as he blames himself for his brother's death, despite the fact it was not his fault.[4][5] However, after the death of his father and his brother Arion respectively, Ander becomes the new king of the elves; finally abandoning his irresponsible party boy nature, becoming the responsible ruler his kingdom needs.
Marcus Vanco as Bandon, an Elven boy with the gift of a seer, meaning that he can see possible futures when he touches someone. He follows a dark path in the second season.
Malese Jow as Mareth Ravenlock (season 2), a half-human/half-elf searching for Wil who is revealed to be Allanon's daughter. She eventually develops romantic feelings towards Wil.
Vanessa Morgan as Lyria (season 2), a human who is in a romantic relationship with Eretria, and who is revealed to be the Princess of Leah.
Gentry White as Garet Jax (season 2), a bounty hunter looking for Lyria for her mother the Queen of Leah. Later on he joins Wil's group in saving the Four Lands.

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
James Remar as Cephelo (season 1), the leader of the Rovers and adoptive father of Eretria. Upon first seeing Wil's Elfstones, Cephelo becomes obsessed with them. Despite his self-serving nature, he later helps Amberle on her quest.
Daniel MacPherson as Arion Elessedil (season 1), oldest living son of King Eventine and heir to the Elven throne. Arion is known to be hot-tempered and often disagrees with his father's commands.
Jed Brophy as the Dagda Mor (season 1), an ancient elvish druid who turned into a demon. His powers increase as the Ellcrys dies, and as such he uses lesser demons as henchmen and proxies.
Brooke Williams as Catania, an elf who is Amberle's handmaiden. She later becomes the love interest of Ander.
Emelia Burns as Commander Diana Tilton (season 1), the captain of the Black Watch, the elite unit of the Elven military whose sworn duty is to protect the Ellcrys. She is romantically involved with Arion and was previously in love with Ander.
Mark Mitchinson as Flick Ohmsford, Wil's uncle and Shea's brother. He is kidnapped by Bandon during the series' second season.
John Rhys-Davies as Eventine Elessedil (season 1), Amberle's grandfather who has ruled the Elven Kingdom of Arborlon for decades. After the death of his oldest son (Amberle's father), Eventine began grooming his son Arion for the throne. However, in the wake of the demon threat, he decides that the hot-headed Arion is not yet ready to rule.
Jared Turner (season 1) and Glen Levy (season 2) as Slanter, the Gnome resistance leader who murdered Amberle's father 10 years previously. He reluctantly agrees to help Ander and Tilton find the source of the demons in exchange for his release from prison. Slanter shares his name with a character from The Wishsong of Shannara.
James Trevena-Brown as Captain Crispin Edensong (season 1), captain of the Home Guard, the personal corps of Elven Hunters beholden to the king or queen of the elves.
Andrew Grainger as Cogline (season 2), a former druid whose mission is to protect Eretria from any threat; he trains her to defend herself against evil forces.
Desmond Chiam as General Riga (season 2), the leader of the Crimson, who is dedicated to eradicating the use of magic across the Four Lands.
Erroll Shand as Valcaa (season 2), Riga's right hand man.
Caroline Chikezie as Queen Tamlin (season 2), the formidable leader of the human Kingdom of Leah, and Lyria's estranged mother.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired
Network

1
10
January 5, 2016 (2016-01-05)
March 1, 2016 (2016-03-01)
MTV

2
10
October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)
November 22, 2017 (2017-11-22)
Spike

tag: table

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1

2
1

2
"Chosen"
Jonathan Liebesman
Alfred Gough & Miles Millar
January 5, 2016 (2016-01-05)
1.03[6]

Amberle, the Princess of the Elven Kingdom, runs the Gauntlet, customarily an all-male race, to determine who will become the Chosen, seven servants of the Ellcrys, a great tree that holds back an ancient army of demons in a realm called the Forbidding. She finishes seventh. When she touches the tree during the initiation ceremony, she has a vision of elves being slaughtered. The druid Allanon wakes up after a long slumber. Wil Ohmsford's mother passes him the elfstones, a magical relic that belonged to Wil's late father. Wil decides to go to Storlock, the village of healers, to learn the healing arts there. On the way, he is ambushed by a troll and saved by a Rover girl named Eretria, who drugs him and steals the elfstones. Allanon meets with the Elven King Eventine in the city of Arborlon and warns him that the Ellcrys is dying. He leaves to seek out Wil and finds him with Eretria. As the Ellcrys weakens, a demon named the Dagda Mor breaks free of the Forbidding along with the Changeling, whom he dispatches to eliminate the Chosen. Amberle, haunted by the visions she saw when she touched the Ellcrys, flees Arborlon. She comes across Eretria, steals food and a horse, and heads for Wing Hove to meet with her aunt, Eventine's sister Pyria (Sarah Peirse). Meanwhile, Allanon takes Wil to the Druid Keep at Paranor to find the secret to restoring the Ellcrys. Allanon uses magic to uncover a codex, proving to Wil that magic didn't end in the War of the Races 300 years ago. The Dagda Mor attacks Allanon in his mind. Allanon and Wil learn that the Chosen are the key to the renewal of the Ellcrys; however, the Changeling, using Amberle's form, has killed them all except Amberle, who had run away. Allanon and Wil track her to Wing Hove, where they are attacked by a Fury summoned from the Forbidding. The Fury kills Pyria and goes after Wil and Amberle.

3
3
"Fury"
James Marshall
Alfred Gough & Miles Millar
January 12, 2016 (2016-01-12)[a]
0.92[8]

As the Fury is chasing Wil and Amberle, an injured Allanon rises and kills it. The trio head to the Druid Cave to treat Allanon. After leaving him there, Wil and Amberle head to Silver River to grab some of its mud, which has healing properties, but are ambushed by Eretria and another rover. They are taken as hostages to the rover camp so Wil can teach Cephelo how to use the Elfstones. Wil is unable to do so, and Cephelo threatens to kill Eretria. A Fury attacks the Rover camp but is destroyed by Wil, using the powers of the elfstones. Allanon is cured by the magic from the Druid Cave and rescues Wil and Amberle from the Rovers. On their way to Arborlon, they find an elf named Bandon chained and left alone and they take him with them. At Arborlon, Bandon has a vision of Amberle dying. The Elven Council discusses the crisis of the Ellcrys and decides to let Amberle, the last of the Chosen, enter the tree and search for its seed, which must be taken to Safehold.

4
4
"Changeling"
James Marshall
Alfred Gough & Miles Millar
January 19, 2016 (2016-01-19)[a]
0.75[9]

Amberle enters the Ellcrys, is put to a test, and gains the seed from the tree when she succeeds. The group prepares to take it to Safehold but realizes that the demon is still alive. Amberle draws an image of a stained glass window, which she saw in a vision inside the Ellcrys. After being threatened by her foster father, Eretria sneaks into the elven palace and seduces Wil only to steal the elfstones again. As she tries to escape the palace, the demon disguises itself as her and attempts to kill Amberle but fails and the real Eretria is arrested for it. Bandon is revealed to be a seer. No one is able to find the demon, so they assume it must be a shapeshifting demon and prepare a trap to catch it. Wil and Eretria realize that the demon was disguised as one of the guards and was aware of the plan. Wil runs to warn Amberle, but the Changeling gets there first and is killed by Allanon, who orders the guards to burn it and save its ashes. However, the demon comes back to life and kills the guards.

5
5
"Reaper"
Brad Turner
Evan Endicott & Josh Stoddard
January 26, 2016 (2016-01-26)
1.03[10]

Ten years ago, a group of gnomes led by Slanter snuck into Arborlon in an attempt to assassinate the King, but ended up killing Prince Aine instead. In the present, the expedition to find Safehold is ambushed by Cephelo's rovers. Amberle is taken prisoner while Wil and the escort are left to die in the wilderness. Eretria receives her reward—her own freedom—and leaves the group, but comes back to free Amberle, take Cephelo prisoner and save Wil and most of the guards. Once the group arrives at their destination, the Reaper, a demon hungry for death, has already killed the garrison and attacks them. Cephelo lures it into an ancient field of chemical garbage and sets the field on fire, killing it. Meanwhile, Allanon asks Bandon to contact Amberle through the Ellcrys. In a vision, he sees her dead at Dagda Mor's feet. News comes in about demon attacks on elven villages. Ander suggests they seek the demon's source and enlists Slanter, who was captured 10 years ago, as a guide. The Changeling, disguised as Arion, kills the King and takes his place.

6
6
"Pykon"
Brad Turner
Zander Lehmann
February 2, 2016 (2016-02-02)
0.97[11]

While camping, Amberle has a romantic dream about Wil. As a snow storm comes their way, the group decides to take a shortcut to Wilderun by passing through Pykon, a snowy Elven outpost. As they get there, they are welcomed by Mag, a mysterious child, and Remo, an elf who is the property's caretaker. Elsewhere, Reaper rises from the ashes of the explosion and follows the group's tracks. Remo reveals himself to be a torturer seeking revenge. As he begins to torture Amberle, Wil is able to stop him with the help of Mag. The group tries to escape Pykon when the Reaper reaches them. Crispin is killed while fighting it. Wil, Amberle and Eretria fall off a cliff with the Reaper. In Arborlon, the Changeling, disguised as the King, convinces Arion to find an ancient sword said to possess power to defeat Dagda Mor. Once Arion succeeds, he is confronted by Allanon who reveals that the weapon is a talisman of evil and a danger to all. Arion then stabs Allanon, removing him from existence. Meanwhile, Ander and Slanter find Dagda Mor's horde of demons.

7
7
"Breakline"
Jesse Warn
Deanna Kizis
February 9, 2016 (2016-02-09)
0.80[12]

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After Wil, Eretria, and Amberle fall off the cliff, they get separated. After awakening next to the Reaper's corpse and prying the Elfstones out of his bloody left palm, Wil is attacked by a male elf from Owen Moor named Perk, whose left ear was stolen by Elf Hunters who cut off and sell the ears to gnomes. He wants to rescue his female partner Genewen who was captured by them. The man who cut off his ear, Cormac, is left behind to guard the camp as their female leader Zora pursues the princess. Eretria and Amberle are subsequently chased by the same group into an old hall that sunk underground during the great war. Meanwhile, in Arborlon, the Changeling, in the guise of King Eventine, sends the Princes Ander and Arion on a seemingly futile mission to kill the Dagda Mor. Allanon is healed by his former master Bremen and returns to Earth. While underground Amberle picks up three blue dice; an eight-sided and a pair of ten-sided dice. They also notice a map which resembles Eretria's vision and she tells Eretria it is Safehold. She and Eretria fight off some Elf Hunters but are captured by Zora. Wil arrives, dangling from Genewen, who turns out to be a flying Roc mounted by Perk, who is a Wing Rider. On the way out Zora shoots Eretria and she falls. More of the Elf Hunters arrive, preventing them from going back for her. The princes arrive to face the Dagda Mor, discovering an imprisoned Bandon. Arion attacks the evil Druid with the sword, but the Dagda Mor is prepared and kills him. Allanon arrives on the scene just in time to save Ander and free Bandon. Eretria is shown hauled off alongside a golf bag full of clubs and a white plastic lawn chair. Ander kills the Changeling with Allanon's collapsible sword, becoming King of the Elves.

8
8
"Utopia"
Jesse Warn
April Blair
February 16, 2016 (2016-02-16)
0.78[13]

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Allanon tells Bandon he'll train him to be the next druid. Ander gets drunk. Eretria is bought out of slavery (along with the map to Safehold) by a human, who shows her how to shoot a revolver and they watch James T. Kirk and Spock in a scene from Star Trek: The Motion Picture. After kissing, Wil and Amberle rescue Cephelo but he ditches them before they sneak into the human village Eretria's in, hugging Wil as he leaves. Cephelo is captured skulking around the village border after noticing that Zora is laying dead outside. Eretria reveals to Wil that the Safehold map is in the village, he seems surprised, indicating Amberle had not told him this. When Wil and Amberle's elven heritage is uncovered during the party, Eretria sneaks off and speaks to a man with a mutilated eye. After he warns her, she flirts with her new owner long enough to steal his revolver. The three are tied to posts to be sacrificed to trolls, Cephelo offers their captors a bag which he says contain the Elfstones. When opened, it is actually the three blue dice that Amberle found. Eretria frees the captives after shooting a troll about to kill Wil. Firefight ensues and Cephelo is mortally wounded. He takes Eretria's pistol and buys them time to escape. More trolls arrive and finding their dead friend attack the Utopians. Episode ends with Wil, Amberle and Eretria coming out of a forest to look upon the ruins of San Francisco.

9
9
"Safehold"
Brad Turner
Evan Endicott & Josh Stoddard
February 23, 2016 (2016-02-23)
0.72[14]

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Wil, Amberle, and Eretria arrive at Safehold, which turns out to be the ruins of San Francisco and Oakland (the name Safehold coming off the highway sign missing some letters). Eretria discovers that the tattoo on her back is a magical map to the location of the Bloodfire and leads the group there. They are confronted by the Guardians of the Bloodfire who attempt to turn the group against each other. Ander sends Commander Tilton to make an alliance with the Gnomes against the Demons. The Dagda Mor continues to control Bandon's mind, forcing him to attack Ander, Catania, and finally Allanon, who subdues him. Elven Councilor Kael Pindanon, thinking Ander too weak to lead, attempts to seize the throne for herself and has Ander imprisoned. Commander Tilton and Slanter return to Arborlon with a Gnome army and free Ander, and the Council accepts Ander as king after he announces the alliance with the Gnomes. Overcoming the Guardians' mental assaults, Eretria discovers her blood is the key to unlocking the Bloodfire and impales her hand on a magical spike, causing the Bloodfire to ignite. Wil destroys the Guardians with the Elfstones, and Amberle immerses herself in the Bloodfire. When it vanishes, Amberle is nowhere to be seen, and Eretria is unconscious. The last leaf falls from the Ellcrys, and the Elves and Gnomes prepare for war as the Dagda Mor's Demon army marches on Arborlon.

10
10
"Ellcrys"
Brad Turner
April Blair & Evan Endicott & Josh Stoddard
March 1, 2016 (2016-03-01)
0.85[15]

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Wil revives Eretria with the Elfstones. Within the magic of the Bloodfire, Amberle learns the nature of her quest from the spirit of the Ellcrys before returning to join Wil and Eretria. While leaving Safehold, the group is pursued by Trolls, and Eretria stays behind to give the others time to escape. After returning to Arborlon, Wil and Amberle profess their love for each other. Bandon escapes from prison with Catania's help. The Demon army attacks Arborlon, and the Elves and Gnomes fight to defend the Ellcrys. In the battle, Ander and Commander Tilton encounter Arion, now resurrected as a Demon. Arion kills Commander Tilton before being killed himself by Ander. Allanon and Slanter rescue Wil and Amberle from a group of Demons and escort them to the Ellcrys. The Dagda Mor blocks their way, and Allanon battles the evil Druid. Amberle tells Wil that she is the seed and must sacrifice herself to become the new Ellcrys. The Dagda Mor knocks Allanon aside and tries to kill Wil and Amberle. Wil holds off the Demon leader with the Elfstones and Allanon beheads him. Amberle successfully becomes the new Ellcrys, and the Forbidding is renewed, banishing the Demons. Allanon admits to a heartbroken Wil that he knew what Amberle had to do from the beginning and reminds him that all magic comes with a price. Wil rides off to Safehold to rescue Eretria. Bandon is briefly seen carrying the Dagda Mor's evil blade, his eyes turned completely black. Eretria is captured by Trolls and recognizes one of her captors.

text: ^ Jump up to: a b The third and fourth episodes were released online on January 5, 2016.[7]

tag: ol

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

11
1
"Druid"
Brad Turner
Alfred Gough & Miles Millar
October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)
0.31[16]

Eretria is living in the ruins of San Francisco, scavenging Old World technology for Cogline with her girlfriend, Lyria, and wondering why Wil and Amberle have not come looking for her. Wil is working in Storlock, training to become a Healer, when the mysterious Mareth arrives, seeking treatment for a burned hand. Meanwhile Ander Elessedil is struggling to help the Elves rebuild their lives after the battle against the Dagda Mor and his Demons. Bandon has taken refuge in Skull Mountain, where he plans to resurrect the Warlock Lord. Allanon endeavors to stop him. Riga goes hunting for Wil in Shady Vale.

12
2
"Wraith"
Brad Turner
Evan Endicott & Josh Stoddard
October 18, 2017 (2017-10-18)
0.21[17]

After learning that Mareth is the daughter of Allanon, Wil and Mareth search for answers. Meanwhile, Eretria and Lyria are taken captive by a group of Rovers only to be rescued by the bounty hunter Garet Jax. Jax reveals that he has been sent by Lyria's mother Queen Tamlin of Leah, the only human kingdom in the Four Lands. King Ander Elessedil seeks an alliance with Queen Tamlin, who demands that Ander marry Lyria in order to seal the alliance. Bandon learns that Wil's uncle Flick lives in Shady Vale. Following a confrontation with Wil, Bandon kidnaps Flik and tells him he has three days to bring Allanon to Paranor if he wants his uncle back alive. Meanwhile, Allanon is kidnapped by members of the Crimson. Ander's lover Catania is also murdered by Edain, an undercover Crimson agent.

13
3
"Graymark"
James Marshall
Javier Grillo-Marxuach
October 25, 2017 (2017-10-25)
0.23[18]

In Graymark, Allanon is brought before the magic-hating General Riga, leader of the Crimson. Determined to destroy magic, Riga demands that Allanon yield the Codex of Paranor and tortures him. After reuniting with Eretria, Wil teams up with Mareth and Garet Jax to rescue Allanon from Graymark. Posing as Jax's prisoner, Wil infiltrates Graymark only to be trapped by Riga. Seeking the Codex, Riga drains Wil's blood. Allanon and Wil are rescued by Eretria, Mareth, and Jax who escape following a skirmish with the Crimson. Trying to cover up Catania's death, Edain tells Ander that she left Leah. Queen Tamlin orders Edain to contact the Crimson, exposing herself as their financier.

14
4
"Dweller"
James Marshall
Elle Triedman
November 1, 2017 (2017-11-01)
0.16[19]

Bandon reminds Queen Tamlin of the deal she had forged with the Warlock Lord. Meanwhile, Mareth has a tense reunion with her Druid father Allanon. Bandon takes Flick to the former farm house where he was imprisoned. Consumed by hatred of the prejudice of non-magical folk towards magic users, Bandon brutally kills the new Elven occupants' son. Back in Leah, Eretria and Lyria reconcile and accepts Lyria's arranged marriage pact with Ander. Suspecting that Edain murdered Catania, Ander along with Garet, Eretria, and Slanter capture Edain and his men smuggling weapons to the Crimson. Edain confesses to his crime and is executed by Ander. Meanwhile, Allanon travels with Wil and Mareth to the Wolfsktaag Mountains to obtain the Sword of Shannara, which they obtain following a battle with a giant spider-like Dweller.

15
5
"Paranor"
Toa Fraser
Evan Endicott & Josh Stoddard
November 8, 2017 (2017-11-08)
0.24[20]

Wil, Allanon, and Mareth managed to trap Bandon inside Paranor. However, Bandon had poisoned Flick has an insurance and only has the cure that will save Wil from certain death. Ignoring Allanon and Flick's pleas not to heed Bandon, they decide to retrieve the Warlock Lord's skull. This quest takes them back in time to Shady Vale where the two encounter Wil's father Shea Ohmsford and mother Heady. Wil and Mareth struggle to save his parent's relationship while facing a demon. Meanwhile, Eretria learns from Cogline that she is a descendant of Armageddon's Children, a sect of human–demon hybrids who had the potential to be corrupted by dark forces. Under Cogline's tutelage, Eretria begins learning how to resist the darkness. Garet Jax is tracked down by Valcaa and several Crimson warriors but turns the table on his attackers. To punish Valcaa for murdering the son of one of his former Border Legion comrades, Jax along with Ander and Lyria brutally interrogate him.

16
6
"Crimson"
Brad Turner
April Blair
November 8, 2017 (2017-11-08)
0.27[20]

In the past, Wil and Mareth find the Warlock Lord's skull under Shea and Heady's scarecrow. Wil reveals his identity to Shea and saves his father from being killed by Mord Wraiths; making peace with his father. Returning to the present, Wil releases Bandon from Paranor but refuses to hand the Warlock Lord's skull until Bandon heals his uncle Flick. Flick kills himself with the Warlock Sword. Following a fight, Bandon escapes with the skull, leaving behind a wounded Allanon. Meanwhile, Garet Jax kills an escaped Valcaa. In Leah, the wedding of King Ander and Princess Lyria is gatecrashed by General Riga and the Crimson, who attack the guests. Despite the arrival of Jax and Eretria, King Ander is slain by General Riga.

17
7
"Warlock"
James Marshall
Alex Díaz & Julie Díaz
November 15, 2017 (2017-11-15)
0.27[21]

Eretria and Lyria flee Leah and hide in Cogline's lair. Eretria receives a vision from Amberle warning of a coming darkness and that Wil is their last hope and needs to reach the Ellcrys. Meanwhile, Mareth and Wil bring the wounded Allanon to Storlock. Mareth uses a magic ritual to enter Allanon's dreams and finds her father. The Druid Bremen tells them that Mareth is the next Druid. After awakening, the healed Allanon agrees to train Mareth as his successor. Eretria and Wil then travel to the Ellcrys together. Meanwhile, Bandon kills the garrison at Graymark and uses a magic ritual during an eclipse to resurrect the Warlord Lord. Back in Leah, General Riga sentences the deposed Queen Tamlin to death. Recognizing how her actions contributed to the predicament, Tamlin gracefully accepts her fate and throws herself over the waterfall.

18
8
"Amberle"
James Marshall
April Blair and Elle Triedman
November 15, 2017 (2017-11-15)
0.28[21]

Wil and Eretria arrived at Arborlon only to discover the Crimson have attacked. While Eretria searches for the Chosen, Wil enters the Ellcrys and meets with Amberle. Following a tense reunion, Wil reconciles with his former lover and decides to put the past behind him. Wil encounters his father Shea who tells him that the Warlock Lord can only be slain by the Sword of Shannara. After abandoning his feelings for Amberle, Wil finds that the sword has regrown. At Graymark, the Warlock Lord torments Bandon by resurrecting his lover Catania and forcing him to kill her. While bonding at Storlock, Allanon and Mareth are captured by General Riga and the Crimson, who seizes the Codex. The two are sentenced to burn at the stake. General Riga later returns to Graymark only to be killed by the Warlock Lord, who takes the Codex. Back at Arborlon, Eretria is possessed by a Mord-wraith in the service of the Warlock Lord.

19
9
"Wilderun"
Toa Fraser
Matt Lambert
November 22, 2017 (2017-11-22)
0.26[22]

At Storlock, Allanon and Mareth are rescued by the newly-freed Garet Jax and the Gnomes. Together, they set off for Graymark only to discover that the Warlock Lord has left with the Codex. They find a dead Bandon and General Riga's head. Using Riga's head, Jax and the Gnomes managed to convince the surviving Crimson soldiers at Leah to join forces and fight against the Warlock Lord. Meanwhile, Eretria reveals her past to Wil. Eretria, Wil, Allanon, and Mareth reunite with Lyria and Cogline in the Enclave. However, the Warlock Lord and his Mord-Wraith discovers their location using Eretria's demonic connection. The Warlock Lord bests Allanon, Cogline, and Mareth in combat while the possessed Eretria steals Lyria's golden elfstone necklace; the key to unlocking Heaven's Well.

20
10
"Blood"
Brad Turner
Evan Endicott & Josh Stoddard
November 22, 2017 (2017-11-22)
0.24[22]

The Warlock Lord kills Allanon in combat. Along with the possessed Eretria and the captive Lyria, they travel to Leah to infect Heaven’s Well. Garet Jax commands the combined defense of Leah. After unlocking Heaven’s Well, the Warlock Lord infects the dam and rivers with the dark magic in his blood. The possessed Eretria sabotages the dam but is exorcised by Cogline and Jax. Wil and Mareth fight the Warlock Lord with Wil sacrificing his life to kill the Warlock and heal the infected river. With the Warlock Lord’s defeat, Lyria is crowned Queen. Eretria, Mareth, and Cogline travel to Paranor where Mareth senses that Wil is still alive. Wil Awakens in a battlefield surrounded by Furies.

text: Production[edit]

text: Conception and development[edit]

text: Sonar Entertainment and Farah Films acquired the TV rights to the Shannara universe in 2012.[23] In December 2013, it was announced that a series based on the books was being produced for MTV and had been given a straight-to-series, 10-episode order.[24][25] On April 20, 2016, MTV greenlit a second season of The Shannara Chronicles.[26]

text: The series is produced by Dan Farah, Jon Favreau, Miles Millar, Al Gough, Jonathan Liebesman, and author Terry Brooks.[27] Brooks has stated in an interview that he is happy with the way his story has been adapted.[28] Much like the television adaptation of A Song of Ice and Fire, the series will not be a direct adaptation following the narrative order of the books, but will feature a mix of the books' stories.[29] The first book of the series to be adapted is The Elfstones of Shannara, the second book in the trilogy, with some elements of the other novels being gradually adapted to the show.[30]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In December 2014, it was announced that Manu Bennett would star as Allanon[31] and in January 2015 Ivana Baquero, Austin Butler, Poppy Drayton, Emelia Burns and John Rhys-Davies joined the show.[32] Malese Jow, Vanessa Morgan, Gentry White, Desmond Chiam and Caroline Chikezie joined the cast as series regulars in season two.[33]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming for the 10-episode first season wrapped in New Zealand at Auckland Film Studios in June 2015,[34] and the first trailer debuted on July 10, 2015.[35] Filming for the second season, which also consists of 10 episodes,[36] began January 31, 2017, in New Zealand.[citation needed]

text: Music[edit]

text: The opening theme song, "Until We Go Down", from the EP "Up in Flames",[37] is performed by Ruelle.[38][39][40][41] Other songs featured in the show's first season include "Midnight" by Coldplay, "You Are a Memory" by Message to Bears, "Wave" by Beck and "Run Boy Run" by Woodkid.[42]

text: Release[edit]

text: During the Shannara Chronicles panel at San Diego Comic-Con International in July 2015, a teaser trailer was revealed,[43] giving audiences a first look at the sets and characters. A television version of the trailer was shown during the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards.[44][45]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The Shannara Chronicles premiered on MTV in the United States on January 5, 2016, with a two-hour series premiere, right after the premiere of the second half of the fifth season of Teen Wolf on MTV.[importance?][46] New episodes were broadcast every Tuesday at 10 pm ET.[47] The third and fourth episodes were released online after the first two episodes aired on January 5, 2016, prior to their original broadcast schedule.[48][49]

text: The series was simulcast on MTV in Canada.[50] The two-hour pilot also aired on Bell Media sister network CTV on Wednesday, January 6, 2016.[51] The series has also been licensed to a number of different countries, including the United Kingdom (airing on 5STAR), Australia (Syfy) and New Zealand (Sky TV).[52]

text: The second season premiered on October 11, 2017, on Spike and broadcast new episodes every Wednesday at 10 pm ET.[36][53][54] In Canada, season two is now being simulcast on Space Channel, with season one viewable on-demand until November 2017.

text: Cancellation[edit]

text: On January 16, 2018, it was announced that the series had been cancelled after two seasons.[55][56] Producers later announced that the series is being shopped to other networks.[57][58]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The Shannara Chronicles has received mixed reviews, receiving a 52/100 score on Metacritic, based on 15 reviews[59] and a 54% for season 1 on Rotten Tomatoes based on 26 reviews, with an average rating of 5.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "The Shannara Chronicles wears its influences heavily on its sleeve and needs to find surer footing before it can tap its true potential, but it still might suffice for viewers in search of a teen-friendly Game of Thrones."[60]

text: Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times wrote: "So give this reasonably absorbing series a little credit, even though it often seems to be merely reworking various fantasy formulas. It moves quickly and does a nice job of weaving together two story lines involving an elfin world that is threatened when a giant tree, known as the Ellcrys, begins to die."[61] Maureen Ryan of Variety wrote: "Sure, Shannara, which harks back to the golden age of syndicated genre fare, is a standard quest journey in which there are trolls, gnomes, living trees and magic books, and characters say things like, 'If Allanon is here, there are dark days ahead.' But there's conviction in the show's execution."[62]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1/2
"Chosen"
January 5, 2016
0.5
1.03[6]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

3
"Fury"
January 12, 2016
0.4
0.92[8]
0.3
0.75
0.7
1.67[63]

4
"Changeling"
January 19, 2016
0.3
0.75[9]
0.3
N/A
0.6[64]
N/A

5
"Reaper"
January 26, 2016
0.5
1.03[10]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

6
"Pykon"
February 2, 2016
0.4
0.97[11]
0.5
1.11
0.9
2.08[65]

7
"Breakline"
February 9, 2016
0.3
0.80[12]
0.5
0.99
0.8
1.79[66]

8
"Utopia"
February 16, 2016
0.3
0.78[13]
0.5
0.93
0.8
1.71[67]

9
"Safehold"
February 23, 2016
0.3
0.72[14]
0.4
0.86
0.7
1.58[68]

10
"Ellcrys"
March 1, 2016
0.4
0.85[15]
0.4
0.92
0.8
1.77[69]

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Druid"
October 11, 2017
0.1
0.31[16]
0.2
0.42
0.3
0.73[70]

2
"Wraith"
October 18, 2017
0.1
0.21[17]
N/A
0.36
N/A
0.57[71]

3
"Graymark"
October 25, 2017
0.1
0.23[18]
0.2
0.36
0.3
0.58[72]

4
"Dweller"
November 1, 2017
0.1
0.16[19]
N/A
0.34
N/A
0.50[73]

5
"Paranor"
November 8, 2017
0.1
0.24[20]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

6
"Crimson"
November 8, 2017
0.1
0.27[20]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

7
"Warlock"
November 15, 2017
0.1
0.27[21]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

8
"Amberle"
November 15, 2017
0.1
0.28[21]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

9
"Wilderun"
November 22, 2017
0.1
0.26[22]
N/A
0.35
N/A
0.61[74]

10
"Blood"
November 22, 2017
0.1
0.24[22]
N/A
0.31
N/A
0.55[74]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The series was nominated for a Saturn Award for "Best Fantasy TV Series" for the 2015–2016 season.[75]


document_title: Ellis Island

question_text: where did the name ellis island come from

question_tokens: where did the name ellis island come from

text: Ellis Island

text: Geography and access[edit]

text: Ellis Island is in Upper New York Bay, east of Liberty State Park and north of Liberty Island, in Jersey City, New Jersey, with a small section that is part of New York City.[10][11] Largely created through land reclamation, the island has a land area of 27.5 acres (11.1 ha), most of which is part of New Jersey. The 2.74-acre (1.11 ha) natural island and contiguous areas comprise the 3.3 acres (1.3 ha) that are part of New York.[11][12]

text: The island has been owned and administered by the federal government of the United States since 1808 and operated by the National Park Service since 1965.[13]

text: Since the September 11 attacks in 2001, the island is guarded by patrols of the United States Park Police Marine Patrol Unit. Public access is by ferry from either Communipaw Terminal in Liberty State Park or from the Battery at the southern tip of Manhattan. The ferry operator, Hornblower Cruises and Events, also provides service to the nearby Statue of Liberty.[14] A bridge built for transporting materials and personnel during restoration projects connects Ellis Island with Liberty State Park but is not open to the public. The city of New York and the private ferry operator at the time opposed proposals to use it or replace it with a pedestrian bridge.[15]

text: Much of the island, including the entire south side, has been closed to the public since 1954. The renovated area on the north side was again closed to the public after Hurricane Sandy in October 2012.[16] The island was re-opened to the public and the museum partially re-opened on October 28, 2013, after major renovations.[17][18][19]

text: Early history[edit]

text: Originally much of the west shore of Upper New York Bay consisted of large tidal flats which hosted vast oyster banks, a major source of food for the Lenape population who lived in the area prior to the arrival of Dutch settlers. There were several islands which were not completely submerged at high tide. Three of them (later to be known as Liberty Island, Black Tom Island and Ellis Island) were given the name Oyster Islands by the settlers of New Netherland, the first European colony in the region. The oyster beds remained a major source of food for nearly three centuries.[20][21][22] Landfilling to build the railyards of the Lehigh Valley Railroad and the Central Railroad of New Jersey eventually obliterated the oyster beds, engulfed one island, and brought the shoreline much closer to the others.[23] During the colonial period, Little Oyster Island was known as Dyre's, then Bucking Island. In the 1760s, after some pirates were hanged from one of the island's scrubby trees, it became known as Gibbet Island.[24] It was acquired by Samuel Ellis, a colonial New Yorker and merchant possibly from Wales, around the time of the American Revolution.[25] In 1785, he unsuccessfully attempted to sell the island:[26]

text:
TO BE SOLD
By Samuel Ellis, no. 1, Greenwich Street, at the north river near the Bear Market, That pleasant situated Island called Oyster Island, lying in New York Bay, near Powle's Hook, together with all its improvements which are considerable;...

text: The State of New York leased the island in 1794 and started to fortify it in 1795. Ownership was in question and legislation was passed for acquisition by condemnation in 1807 and then ceded to the United States in 1808.[27] Shortly thereafter the War Department established a circular stone 14-gun battery, a mortar battery (possibly of six mortars), magazine, and barracks.[28][29][30] This was part of what was later called the second system of U.S. fortifications. From 1808 until 1814 it was a federal arsenal. The fort was initially called Crown Fort, but by the end of the War of 1812 the battery was named Fort Gibson, after Colonel James Gibson of the 4th Regiment of Riflemen, killed in the Siege of Fort Erie during the war.[31][32] Parts of the wall foundations of the fort were uncovered while excavating for the Immigrant Wall of Honor, and they are preserved with an interpretive plaque. The island remained a military post for nearly 80 years[33] before it was selected to be a federal immigration station.

text: Immigrant inspection station[edit]

text: In the 35 years before Ellis Island opened, more than eight million immigrants arriving in New York City had been processed by officials at Castle Garden Immigration Depot in Lower Manhattan, just across the bay.[33] The federal government assumed control of immigration on April 18, 1890, and Congress appropriated $75,000 to construct America's first federal immigration station on Ellis Island. Artesian wells were dug, and fill material was hauled in from incoming ships' ballast and from construction of New York City's subway tunnels, which doubled the size of Ellis Island to over six acres. While the building was under construction, the Barge Office nearby at the Battery was used for immigrant processing.

text: The first station was a three-story-tall structure with outbuildings, built of Georgia Pine, containing the amenities thought to be necessary. It opened with fanfare on January 1, 1892.[24] Three large ships landed on the first day, and 700 immigrants passed over the docks. Almost 450,000 immigrants were processed at the station during its first year. On June 15, 1897, a fire of unknown origin, possibly caused by faulty wiring, turned the wooden structures on Ellis Island into ashes. No loss of life was reported, but most of the immigration records dating back to 1855 were destroyed. About 1.5 million immigrants had been processed at the first building during its five years of use. Plans were immediately made to build a new, fireproof immigration station. During the construction period, passenger arrivals were again processed at the Barge Office.[24] Edward Lippincott Tilton and William A. Boring won the 1897 competition to design the first phase, including the Main Building (1897–1900), Kitchen and Laundry Building (1900–01), Main Powerhouse (1900–01), and the Main Hospital Building (1900–01).[34]

text: The present main structure was designed in French Renaissance Revival style and built of red brick with limestone trim. After it opened on December 17, 1900, the facilities proved barely able to handle the flood of immigrants that arrived in the years before World War I. In 1913, writer Louis Adamic came to America from Slovenia, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and described the night he and many other immigrants slept on bunk beds in a huge hall. Lacking a warm blanket, the young man "shivered, sleepless, all night, listening to snores" and dreams "in perhaps a dozen different languages". The facility was so large that the dining room could seat 1,000 people. It is reported the island’s first immigrant to be processed through was a teenager named Annie Moore from County Cork in Ireland.[35]

text: After its opening, Ellis Island was again expanded, and additional structures were built. By the time it closed on November 12, 1954, 12 million immigrants had been processed by the U.S. Bureau of Immigration.[33] It is estimated that 10.5 million immigrants departed for points across the United States from the Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal, just across a narrow strait.[36][37] Others would have used one of the other terminals along the North River (Hudson River) at that time.[38] At first, the majority of immigrants arriving through the station were Northern and Western Europeans (Germany, France, Switzerland, Belgium, The Netherlands, Great Britain, and the Scandinavian countries). Eventually, these groups of peoples slowed in the rates that they were coming in, and immigrants came in from Southern and Eastern Europe, including Jews. Many reasons these immigrants came to the United States included escaping political and economic oppression, as well as persecution, destitution, and violence. Other groups of peoples being processed through the station were Poles, Hungarians, Czechs, Serbs, Slovaks, Greeks, Syrians, Turks, and Armenians.[8]

text: Primary inspection[edit]

text: Between 1905 and 1914, an average of one million immigrants per year arrived in the United States. Immigration officials reviewed about 5,000 immigrants per day during peak times at Ellis Island.[39] Two-thirds of those individuals emigrated from eastern, southern and central Europe.[40] The peak year for immigration at Ellis Island was 1907, with 1,004,756 immigrants processed. The all-time daily high occurred on April 17, 1907, when 11,747 immigrants arrived.[24] After the Immigration Act of 1924 was passed, which greatly restricted immigration and allowed processing at overseas embassies, the only immigrants to pass through the station were those who had problems with their immigration paperwork, displaced persons, and war refugees.[41] Today, over 100 million Americans — about one-third to 40% of the population of the United States — can trace their ancestry to immigrants who arrived in America at Ellis Island before dispersing to points all over the country.[42]

text: Generally, those immigrants who were approved spent from two to five hours at Ellis Island. Arrivals were asked 29 questions including name, occupation, and the amount of money carried. It was important to the American government the new arrivals could support themselves and have money to get started. The average the government wanted the immigrants to have was between 18 and 25 dollars ($600 in 2015 adjusted for inflation). Those with visible health problems or diseases were sent home or held in the island's hospital facilities for long periods of time. More than 3,000 would-be immigrants died on Ellis Island while being held in the hospital facilities. Some unskilled workers were rejected because they were considered "likely to become a public charge." About 2% were denied admission to the U.S. and sent back to their countries of origin for reasons such as having a chronic contagious disease, criminal background, or insanity.[43] Ellis Island was sometimes known as "The Island of Tears" or "Heartbreak Island"[44] because of those 2% who were not admitted after the long transatlantic voyage. The Kissing Post is a wooden column outside the Registry Room, where new arrivals were greeted by their relatives and friends, typically with tears, hugs, and kisses.[45][46]

text: During World War I, the German sabotage of the Black Tom Wharf ammunition depot damaged buildings on Ellis Island. The repairs included the Main Hall's current barrel-vaulted ceiling.

text: Medical inspections[edit]

text: To support the activities of the United States Bureau of Immigration, the United States Public Health Service operated an extensive medical service at the immigrant station, called U.S. Marine Hospital Number 43, more widely known as the Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital. It was the nation's largest marine hospital. Uniformed military surgeons staffed the medical division, which was active in the hospital wards, the Barge Office at the Battery and the Main Building. They are best known for the role they played during the line inspection, in which they employed unusual techniques such as the use of the buttonhook to examine immigrants for signs of eye diseases (particularly, trachoma) and the use of a chalk mark code. Symbols were chalked on the clothing of potentially sick immigrants following the six-second medical examination. The doctors would look at the immigrants as they climbed the stairs from the baggage area to the Great Hall. Immigrants' behavior would be studied for difficulties in getting up the staircase. Some immigrants supposedly entered the country by surreptitiously wiping the chalk marks off, or by turning their clothes inside out.[47]

text: The symbols used were:

text:
B – Back
C – Conjunctivitis
TC – Trachoma
E – Eyes
F – Face
FT – Feet
G – Goiter
H – Heart
K – Hernia
L – Lameness
N – Neck
P – Physical and Lungs
PG – Pregnancy
S – Senility
SC – Scalp (Favus)
X – Suspected Mental defect
ⓧ – Definite signs of Mental defect

text: U.S. Immigrant Inspectors used some other symbols or marks as they interrogated immigrants in the Registry Room to determine whether to admit or detain them, including:

text:
SI – Special Inquiry
IV – Immigrant Visa
LPC – Likely or Liable to become a Public Charge
Med. Cert. – Medical certificate issued

text: Eugenic influence[edit]

text: Many of the people immigrating to America hailed from Europe, with Eastern Europe and Southern European immigrants being the primary groups. During this time period, eugenic ideals gained broad popularity and made heavy impact on immigration to the United States by way of exclusion of disabled and "morally defective" people.[citation needed]

text: Eugenicists of the late 19th and early 20th century believed reproductive selection should be carried out by the state as a collective decision.[48] For many eugenicists, this was considered a patriotic duty as they held an interest in creating a greater national race. Henry Fairfield Osborn's opening words to the New York Evening Journal in 1911 were, "As a biologist as well as a patriot...," on the subject on advocating for tighter inspections of immigrants of the United States.[49]

text: Eugenic selection occurred on two distinguishable levels:

text:
State/Local levels which handles institutionalization and sterilization of those considered defective as well as the education of the public, marriage laws, and social pressures such as fitter family and better baby contests.[citation needed]
Immigration control, the screening of immigrants for defects, was notably supported by Harry Laughlin, superintendent of the Eugenics Record Office from 1910 to 1939, who stated that this was where the "federal government must cooperate."[50]

text: At the time, it was a broadly popular idea that immigration policies had ought to be based off eugenics principles in order to help create a "superior race" in America. To do this, defective persons needed to be screened by immigration officials and denied entry on the basis of their disability.[51]

text: Types of defects screened for included:

text:
Physical: people who had hereditary or acquired physical disability. These included sickness and disease, deformity, lack of limbs, being abnormally tall or short, feminization, and so forth.[citation needed][49]
Mental: people who showed signs or history of mental illness and intellectual disability. These included "feeblemindedness", "imbecility", depression, and other illnesses that stemmed from the brain such as epilepsy and cerebral palsy.[citation needed]
Moral: people who had moral defects at the time were, but not limited to: homosexuals and those of illicit sexuality, criminals, impoverished, and other groups associated with "degeneracy" that deviated from the considered norm or American society at the time.[citation needed]

text: The people with moral or mental disability were of higher concern to officials and under the law, mandatorily excluded from immigrating to the United States. Persons with physical disability were under higher inspection and could be turned way on the basis of their disability. Much of this came in part of the eugenicist belief that defects were hereditary, especially those of the moral and mental nature those these were often outwardly signified by physical deformity as well.[48]

text: In 1898, a Chicago surgeon named Eugene S. Talbot (Eugene Solomon) wrote "crime is hereditary, a tendency which is, in most cases, associated with bodily defects."[52] Likewise, George Lydston, a medicine and criminal anthropology professor, argued further in 1906 that people with "defective physique" were not just criminally associated but that defectiveness was a primary factor "in the causation of crime."[53]

text: Between 1891 and 1930, Ellis Island reviewed over 25 million attempted immigrations. Of this 25 million, 700,000 were given certificates of disability or disease and of these 79,000 were barred from entry. Approximately 4.4% of immigrants between 1909 and 1930 were classified as disabled or diseased per with 11% being deported when this number spiked to 8.0% in the years of 1918-1919. One percent of immigrants were deported yearly due to medical causes.[54]

text: Detention and deportation station[edit]

text: With the passing of the Immigrant Quota Act of 1921, the number of immigrants being allowed into the United States declined greatly. The passing of the bill ended the era of mass immigration.[8] After 1924, Ellis Island became primarily a detention and deportation processing station.[24][55]

text: During and immediately following World War II, Ellis Island was used to hold German merchant mariners and "enemy aliens"—Axis nationals detained for fear of spying, sabotage, and other fifth column activity. In December 1941, Ellis Island held 279 Japanese, 248 Germans, and 81 Italians removed from the East Coast.[56] Unlike other wartime immigration detention stations, Ellis Island was designated as a permanent holding facility and was used to hold foreign nationals throughout the war.[57] A total of 7,000 Germans, Italians and Japanese would be ultimately detained at Ellis Island.[24] It was also a processing center for returning sick or wounded U.S. soldiers, and a Coast Guard training base. Ellis Island still managed to process tens of thousands of immigrants per year during this time, but many fewer than the hundreds of thousands per year who arrived before the war. After the war, immigration rapidly returned to earlier levels.

text: The Internal Security Act of 1950 barred members of communist or fascist organizations from immigrating to the United States. Ellis Island saw detention peak at 1,500, but by 1952, after changes to immigration laws and policies, only 30 detainees remained.[24]

text: One of the last detainees was the Indonesian Aceh separatist Hasan di Tiro who, while a student in New York in 1953, declared himself the "foreign minister" of the rebellious Darul Islam movement.[58] Due to this action, he was immediately stripped of his Indonesian citizenship, causing him to be imprisoned for a few months on Ellis Island as "an illegal alien."[58]

text: Staff[edit]

text: The station's commissioners were:[59][60]

text:
1890–1893 Colonel John B. Weber (Republican)[61]
1893–1897 Dr. Joseph H. Senner (Democrat)
1898–1902 Thomas Fitchie (Republican)
1902–1905 William Williams (Republican)
1905–1909 Robert Watchorn (Republican)
1909–1913 William Williams (Republican), 2nd term
1914–1919 Dr. Frederic C. Howe (Democrat)
1920–1921 Frederick A. Wallis (Democrat)
1921–1923 Robert E. Tod (Republican)
1923–1926 Henry C. Curran (Republican)
1926–1931 Benjamin M. Day (Republican)
1931–1934 Edward Corsi (Republican)
1934–1940 Rudolph Reimer (Democrat)
1940–1942 Byron H. Uhl (actual title: district director)
1942–1949 W. Frank Watkins (district director)
1949–1954 Edward J. Shaughnessy (district director)

text: Other notable officials at Ellis Island included James R. O'Beirne (assistant commissioner, 1890–93), Edward F. McSweeney (assistant commissioner, 1893-1902), Joseph E. Murray (assistant commissioner, 1902–09), Byron Uhl (assistant commissioner, 1909-1940), Dr. George W. Stoner (chief surgeon), Augustus Frederick Sherman (chief clerk), Dr. Victor Heiser (surgeon) (surgeon), Dr. Thomas W. Salmon (surgeon), Dr. Howard Knox (surgeon), Antonio Frabasilis (interpreter), Peter Mikolainis (interpreter), Maud Mosher (matron), Fiorello H. La Guardia (interpreter), Samuel Hays, (special immigrant inspector)Roman Dobler (immigrant inspector), Philip Cowen (immigrant inspector) and Philip Forman (immigrant inspector, 1930s; chief of detention, deportation and parole, 1940s, 1950s)

text: Prominent amongst the missionaries and immigrant aid workers were Rev. Michael J. Henry and Rev. Anthony J. Grogan (Irish Catholic), Rev. Gaspare Moretto (Italian Catholic), Alma E. Mathews (Methodist), Rev. Georg Doring (German Lutheran), Rev. Joseph L'Etauche (Polish Catholic), Rev. Reuben Breed (Episcopal), Michael Lodsin (Baptist), Brigadier Thomas Johnson (Salvation Army), Ludmila K. Foxlee (YWCA), Athena Marmaroff (Woman's Christian Temperance Union), Alexander Harkavy (HIAS), and Cecilia Greenstone and Cecilia Razovsky (National Council of Jewish Women).

text: Records[edit]

text: A myth persists that government officials on Ellis Island compelled immigrants to take new names against their wishes.[62][63] In fact, no historical records bear this out. Immigration inspectors used the passenger lists they received from the steamship companies to process each foreigner. These were the sole immigration records for entering the country and were prepared not by the U.S. Bureau of Immigration but by steamship companies such as the Cunard Line, the White Star Line, the North German Lloyd Line, the Hamburg-Amerika Line, the Italian Steam Navigation Company, the Red Star Line, the Holland America Line, and the Austro-American Line.[64][65] The Americanization of many immigrant families' surnames was for the most part adopted by the family after the immigration process, or by the second or third generation of the family after some assimilation into American culture. However, many last names were altered slightly because of the disparity between English and other languages in the pronunciation of certain letters of the alphabet.[66]

text: Notable immigrants[edit]

text: The first immigrant to pass through Ellis Island was Annie Moore, a 17-year-old girl from Cork, Ireland, who arrived on the ship Nevada on January 1, 1892.[67] She and her two brothers were coming to America to meet their parents, who had moved to New York two years prior. She received a greeting from officials and a $10 gold coin.[68] It was the largest sum of money she had ever owned.

text: The last person to pass through Ellis Island was Norwegian merchant seaman Arne Peterssen in 1954.

text: Immigration museum[edit]

text: The wooden structure built in 1892 to house the immigration station burned down after five years. The station's new Main Building, which now houses the Immigration Museum, was opened in 1900.[69] Architects Edward Lippincott Tilton and William Alciphron Boring received a gold medal at the 1900 Paris Exposition for the building's design and constructed the building at a cost of $1.5 million.[70] The architecture competition was the second under the Tarsney Act, which had permitted private architects rather than government architects in the Treasury Department's Office of the Supervising Architect to design federal buildings.[71]

text: After the immigration station closed in November 1954, the buildings fell into disrepair and were abandoned. Attempts at redeveloping the site were unsuccessful until its landmark status was established. On October 15, 1965, Ellis Island was proclaimed a part of Statue of Liberty National Monument. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966.

text: Boston-based architectural firm Finegold Alexander + Associates Inc, together with the New York architectural firm Beyer Blinder Belle, designed the restoration and adaptive use of the Beaux-Arts Main Building, one of the most symbolically important structures in American history. A construction budget of $150 million was required for this significant restoration. This money was raised by a campaign organized by the political fundraiser Wyatt A. Stewart.[72] The building reopened on September 10, 1990.[73] Exhibits include Hearing Room, Peak Immigration Years, the Peopling of America, Restoring a Landmark, Silent Voices, Treasures from Home, and Ellis Island Chronicles. There are also three theaters used for film and live performances.[74]

text: On May 20, 2015, the Ellis Island Immigration Museum was officially renamed the Ellis Island National Museum of Immigration, coinciding with the opening of the new Peopling of America galleries. The expansion tells the entire story of American immigration, including before and after the Ellis Island era. The Peopling of America Center was designed by ESI Design and fabricated by Hadley Exhibits, Inc. The architectural design was done by Highland Associates, with construction executed by Phelps Construction Group.[75]

text: The Wall of Honor outside of the main building contains a partial list of immigrants processed on the island.[76] Inclusion on the list is made possible by a donation to support the facility. In 2008 the museum's library was officially named the Bob Hope Memorial Library in honor of one the station's most famous immigrants.

text: The Ellis Island Medal of Honor is awarded annually at ceremonies on the island.

text: South side of the island[edit]

text: The south side of the island, home to the Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital, is closed to the general public and the object of restoration efforts spearheaded by Save Ellis Island.

text: Many of the facilities at Ellis Island were abandoned and remain unrenovated.[77] The entire south side, called by some the "sad side" of the island, is off limits to the general public. The Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital operated here from early 1902 to 1930.[78][79] The foundation Save Ellis Island is spearheading preservation efforts. The New Ferry Building, built in the Art Deco style to replace an earlier one, was renovated in 2008, but remains only partially accessible to the general public.[80]

text: As part of the National Park Service's Centennial Initiative, the south side of the island was to be the target of a project to restore the 28 buildings that have not yet been rehabilitated.[81]

text: State sovereignty dispute[edit]

text: The circumstances which led to an exclave of New York being located within New Jersey began in the colonial era, after the British takeover of New Netherland in 1664. An unusual clause in the colonial land grant outlined the territory that the proprietors of New Jersey would receive as being "westward of Long Island, and Manhitas Island and bounded on the east part by the main sea, and part by Hudson's river",[82] rather than at the river's midpoint, as was common in other colonial charters.[83]

text: Attempts were made as early as 1804 to resolve the status of the state line.[84] The City of New York claimed the right to regulate trade on all the waters. This was contested in Gibbons v. Ogden,[85] which decided that the regulation of interstate commerce fell under the authority of the federal government, thus influencing competition in the newly developing steam ferry service in New York Harbor.

text: In 1830, New Jersey planned to bring suit to clarify the border, but the case was never heard.[86] The matter was resolved with a compact between the states, ratified by U.S. Congress in 1834, which set the boundary line between them as the middle of the Hudson River and New York Harbor.[87] This was later confirmed by the U.S. Supreme Court in other cases which also expounded on the compact.[23][88][89]

text: The federal government, which had bought the island in 1808, began expanding the island by land fill, to accommodate the immigration station opened in 1892. Land filling continued in stages until 1934.[90]

text: Nine-tenths of the current area is artificial island that did not exist at the time of the interstate compact. New Jersey contended that the new extensions were part of New Jersey, since they were outside New York's border and were in fact within New Jersey's border. In 1956, after the 1954 closing of the U.S. immigration station, the then Mayor of Jersey City, Bernard J. Berry, commandeered a U.S. Coast Guard cutter and led a contingent of New Jersey officials on an expedition to claim the island.[91] In 1997, the state filed suit to establish its jurisdiction, leading New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani to remark dramatically that his father, an Italian who immigrated through Ellis Island, never intended to go to New Jersey.[92] The border was redrawn using information based on studies using geographic information science.[93]

text: The dispute eventually reached the Supreme Court of the United States, which ruled in New Jersey v. New York 523 U.S. 767 (1998), that New Jersey had jurisdiction over all portions of the island created after the original compact was approved (effectively, more than 80% of the island's present land). This caused several immediate instances of confusion: some buildings, for instance, fell into the territory of both states. New Jersey and New York soon agreed to share jurisdiction of the island. It remains wholly a federal property, however, and these legal decisions do not result in either state taking any fiscal or physical responsibility for the maintenance, preservation, or improvement of any of the historic properties.[86][94][95]

text: The ruling had no effect on the status of Liberty Island, 4.17 acres (1.69 ha) of which was created by land reclamation.[96][97]

text: For New York State tax purposes, it is assessed as Manhattan Block 1, Lot 201. Since 1998, it also has a tax number assigned by the state of New Jersey.[98]

text: Renovations and plans[edit]

text: Frank Lloyd Wright designed a key plan for the island that included housing, hotels, and large domes along the edges. The co-curator of the traveling exhibit, "Never Built New York" in which it is included told AM New York, "It's pretty remarkable but at the same time it's a little bit horrifying that they could have gotten rid of Ellis Island."[99]

text: In 1982 the National Parks Department embarked on an 8-year renovation. During that time, David Simonton was part of The Ellis Island Project: Documentation/Interpretation and captured stunning, black and white photos giving insight into immigrant's lives. Photographer Stephen Wilkes's series Ellis Island: Ghosts of Freedom (2006) captured the abandoned south side of Ellis Island.[100]

text: Emergency services[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Emergency services on Ellis Island are provided by the following emergency divisions of the National Park Service:

text:
Police services and security are provided for the island by the United States Park Police.
Fire suppression/protection is provided by the National Park Service's Statue of Liberty/Ellis Island Division of Safety and Emergency Management Statue of Liberty Fire Brigade which consists of a crew of federal NPS firefighters who are trained and certified as Structural Firefighter I, Structural Firefighter II or Wildland Firefighters. The crew also provides fire suppression response to nearby Liberty Island.

Since the nearest other National Park Service Engine Company is located in Fort Hancock in Sandy Hook, New Jersey, the Statue of Liberty Fire Brigade maintains a mutual aid agreement with the Jersey City Fire Department and the New York City Fire Department for mutual aid assistance on Ellis Island should it be required. The Statue of Liberty/ Ellis Island Division of Safety & Emergency Management staffs the fire brigade. The fire brigade is led by a Fire Captain (crew leader), two Lieutenants and has six collateral duty firefighters.
Emergency Medical Services are provided by National Park Services Statue of Liberty/Ellis Island Division of Safety and Emergency Management, which consists of a team of full-time NPS Emergency Medical Technicians and Certified First Responders. Patient transportation is coordinated with Jersey City Medical Center ambulances, but emergency response and patient care falls solely upon the National Park Service Emergency Medical Technicians.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Ellis Island has been a source of inspiration or used as a subject in popular culture. Its imagery or representation has been employed in literature (including novels, short stories and poetry), in song, musical composition, dance, theatre, including vaudeville, burlesque, musical comedy, revue, legitimate theatre, motion pictures (silent and sound), newsreels, and in radio and television.

text: Early films, including those from the silent era, which feature the station include Traffic in Souls (1913), How The Jews Care for Their Poor (educational film, 1914) The Yellow Passport (1916), My Boy (1921), Frank Capra's The Strong Man (1926), We Americans (1928), The Mating Call (1928), This is Heaven (1929), Paddy O'Day (1935), Ellis Island (1936), Gateway (1938), Exile Express (1939), I, Jane Doe (1948), and Gambling House (1951). In The Godfather Part II, Vito Corleone immigrates via Ellis Island as a boy. The opening scene of The Brother From Another Planet is set there. The island is visited by the characters in the 2005 romantic comedy, Hitch, and is the setting for the climactic battle in X-Men.

text: Over the decades, Ellis Island was also widely referenced or remarked on in books, such as Mrs 'Arris Goes to New York (1960) by Paul Gallico, and in popular films such as Cafe Metropole (1937) and With a Song in My Heart (1952).

text: Some films have focused on the immigrant experience, such as the 1984 TV miniseries Ellis Island. The IMAX 3D movie Across the Sea of Time incorporates both modern footage and historical photographs of Ellis Island. The 2006 Italian movie The Golden Door, directed by Emanuele Crialese, takes place largely on Ellis Island. Forgotten Ellis Island, a film and book, focuses on the Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital.[101] The Immigrant is a 2013 American drama film directed by James Gray, starring Marion Cotillard, Joaquin Phoenix, and Jeremy Renner.[102] Ellis, a short, premiered in November 2015.

text: Ellis Island as a port of entry is described in detail in Mottel the Cantor's Son by Sholom Aleichem.

text: Ellis Island: The Dream of America is a work for actors and orchestra with projected images by Peter Boyer, composed in 2001-02. The song "The New Ground - Isle of Hope, Isle of Tears", on the 2010 album Songs from the Heart by the group Celtic Woman, is about Annie Moore and Ellis Island.

text: The USPS issued a 32¢ stamp on February 3, 1998 as part of the Celebrate the Century stamp sheet series.


document_title: First Kill (2017 film)

question_text: where was the movie first kill filmed at

text: First Kill (2017 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Wall Street broker Will Beamon (Hayden Christensen) has been struggling with being present for his wife Laura (Megan Leonard) and son Danny (Ty Shelton). Shortly after hearing of Danny being bullied at school, Will decides to take his family to his hometown, Granville, Ohio in order to bond with Danny. Upon entering Granville, Will is reacquainted with Police Chief Marvin Howell (Bruce Willis), a family friend who at one point dated his aunt, Dottie (Deb G. Girdler). Howell advises Will on taking precaution after informing him of a recent bank robbery. While teaching Danny how to hunt with a rifle, Will and Danny witness a heated exchange between two men, one of them holding the other at gunpoint. The unarmed man (Gethin Anthony) is shot in the shoulder after throwing a key near Will's position at a shooting station, attracting the gunman's attention. The gunman opens fire on Will, prompting Will to shoot him with his hunting rifle in self-defense. Upon inspecting the gunman, discovers that the gunman was a police officer who failed to identify himself. Distraught, Will brings the wounded man to the family cabin in order for Laura, a hospital nurse, to provide first aid.

text: Shortly after being treated, the man takes Danny hostage at knife-point, demanding that Will help him retrieve the discarded key in exchange for Danny's freedom. While attempting to retrieve the key at a shooting shack, a uniformed officer, Richie Stechel (William DeMeo), opens fire on Will and the gunman. The gunman tells Will to meet him at a bulletin board after retrieving the key. After a failed attempt at pursuing his son, Will learns of the gunman's name from Howell as Levi Barrett, and that the deceased officer was Richie's brother, Charlie (Shea Buckner). Will waits until nightfall to retrieve the key, only to be confronted by Richie. Will successfully subdues Richie, and heads to the bulletin board for further instructions. Meanwhile, Danny bonds with Levi and learns the reasons behind robbing the bank. Howell and the Stechel brothers engineered the heist and intended to use Levi as the fall guy. Levi agreed to the heist in order to financially support Mabel Fantion (Christine Dye), Adele's (Magi Avila) cancer-ridden mother. Levi was supposed to drop off the stolen money at a drop-site, but did not arrive due to fear of the site being compromised with a potential assassin. Howell also deduces Levi's predicament after a uniformed officer investigates Barrett's apartment.

text: Howell and Will converge on Mabel's hospital bed, with Howell questioning Will. While Howell is distracted with a radio call by an officer, Will receives a map from Mabel revealing the location of the post office where the stolen money was stashed and the location of an underground bunker to make the exchange at. The key is used to unlock the mailbox containing the stolen cash. Will briefly eludes Howell, and is caught again after retrieving the money. Seemingly sympathetic to Will's situation, Howell provides Will transport to the bunker in order to apprehend Levi. Will gives the money to Levi and is reunited with Danny. During this reunion, Richie kidnaps Laura from the family cabin and drives her to Howell's location for leverage.

text: While attempting to flee, Adele is murdered by Howell. Left with nothing to lose, Levi attacks Howell and Richie only to be wounded. Will takes Danny to a hunter's watchtower, where the latter pushes a pursuing Richie off a ladder to knock him out. Howell holds Laura at gunpoint, threatening to shoot her. Danny retrieves Richie's pistol and attempts to shoot Howell, only for Will to stop him. In an attempt to taunt Will, Howell reveals himself as the person that murdered Will's father years earlier. Levi walks after Howell, only to be shot dead, providing Will the opportunity to shoot Howell in the head.

text: During the aftermath, Richie is questioned by the rest of the police department, and Mabel was found dead on the hospital bed, presumably murdered by Howell by removing her life support system. The Beamon family returns home to deal with their daily lives.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Hayden Christensen as Will Beamon
Bruce Willis as Police Chief Marvin Howell
Ty Shelton as Danny Beamon
Gethin Anthony as Levi Barrett
Megan Leonard as Laura Beamon
Tyler Jon Olson[1] as Officer Tom Davies
Jesse Pruett[1] as Officer Lewis
Shea Buckner as Charlie Stechel
William DeMeo as Richie Stechel
Magi Avila as Adèle
Chris R Moss as Officer Cox
Chelsea Mee as Tammy
Deb G. Girdler as Aunt Dottie
Christine Dye as Mabel Fantion

text: Production[edit]

text: Principal photography on the film began in August 2016 in Granville, Ohio.[2]


document_title: List of cities and towns in India by nicknames

question_text: which city is known as pearl city of india

text: List by states[edit]

text: Andhra Pradesh[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Dharmavaram

Silk City of Andhra Pradesh[1]

Kakinada

Pensioner's Paradise[2]

Piduguralla

Lime City[3]

Rajahmundry

Cultural Capital of Andhra Pradesh[4]

Tenali

Andhra Paris[5]

Tirupati

Spiritual Capital of India
Spiritual Capital of Andhra Pradesh[6]

Visakhapatnam

Financial Capital of Andhra Pradesh[6]
The Jewel of the East Coast[7]
Goa of the East[7]
The City of Destiny[7]

text: Bihar[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Muzaffarpur

The Land of Leechi[8]

Bhagalpur

Silk City[9][10]

Nalanda

land of knowledge

HAJIPUR

Electronic city of bihar

text: Chhattisgarh[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Chhattisgarh

Korba

Power hub of India

Jagdalpur

Tourism capital of Chhattisgarh

Bhilai

Steel city of India

Kanker

Gateway of bastar

text: Gujarat[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Ahmedabad

INDIA'S first world heritage city
Manchester City Of India
Boston of India

Surat

Diamond City of India

Baroda (Vadodara)

Banyan City[11]
Cultural Capital of Gujarat (Sanskari Nagari)[12]
Power Hub of India[13]
Sayajinagari

text: Chandigarh[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Chandigarh

The City Beautiful

text: Haryana[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Gurgaon

Millennium city of India

Bhiwani

Mini Cuba

Rewari

Copper City

Narnaul

Saffron City

text: Jharkhand[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Jamshedpur

Steel City of India[14]

Dhanbad

The Coal Capital of India

text: Karnataka[edit]

text:
City/town
Nickname

Bengaluru (Bengaluru)

Silicon Valley of India[15]
Science City of India[16]
Garden City of India[17]

Coorg (Kodagu)

Scotland of India[18]

Mangalore (Mangaluru)

Rome of the East[19]
Ice Cream Capital of India[20]

Mysore (Mysuru)

Sandalwood City[21]
Cultural Capital of Karnataka[22]
City of Palaces (†3)
Heritage City of Karnataka[23]

Sakleshpur (Sakleshpura)

Poor Man's Ooty[24][25]

text:
|Chickmagalur (Chickamagaluru)
|

text: Switzerland of India[26]

text: Kerala[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Trivandrum (Thiruvananthapuram)

Evergreen City of India

Kochi (Cochin)

Queen of Arabian Sea[27]

Kozhikode (Calicut)

City of Spices.[28]

Kannur (Cannanore)

City of Looms and Lores.[29]

Kottayam

City of letters (Aksharanagri)[30][better source needed]
City of Murals[30]
City of latex[30]
City of lakes[30]

Kollam (Quilon)

Cashew Capital of the World[31]

Alappuzha (Alleppey)

Venice of east[32][better source needed]

Kasaragod

Land of Seven Languages (സപ്തഭാഷസംഗമഭൂമി, Saptabashasangamabhoomi)[33]
Harkwillia[34]

Palakkad

Land of Palm trees[35]
Rice bowl of Kerala[36]

Thrissur

The Cultural capital of Kerala[37]
Land of Poorams (പൂരങ്ങളുടെ നാട്)[38]
The land of Vadakkumnathan (വടക്കുംനാഥന്റെ മണ്ണ്)[39]
Gold capital of India[40]

Wayanad

God’s own district [41]

text: Madhya Pradesh[edit]

text:
City/Town

Nickname

Indore

Mini Bombay

Ujjain

City Of Temples

Bhopal

City of Lakes

text: Maharashtra[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Akola

Cotton City of India[42][43][44]

Nagpur

Orange City,[45]
Tiger Capital of India[46]

Nashik

Wine Capital of India

Jalgaon

City of Banana

Pune

Queen of Deccan[47]
Oxford of the east
Educational hub
Information Technology (IT) hub
culture capital of Maharashtra
Automobile hub
India's smartest city

Kolhapur

City of Wrestlers[48]

Mumbai

City of Dreams
Financial Capital Of India
City of seven Islands
Maya Nagari
Gateway of India

Pandharpur

Spiritual Capital of Maharashtra

Aurangabad

Detroit of Maharashtra

Chandrapur

Black Golden City

text: Meghalaya[edit]

text:
City/Town

Nickname

Shillong

Scotland of East

text: Odisha[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Balangir

Cloth City of Odisha

Sambalpur

The City of Culture
Handloom City

Bargarh

Rice Bowl of Odisha

Bhubaneswar

The Temple City[49]

Cuttack

The silver city of India
Millenium City

Rourkela

Steel city of Odisha

Puri

Spiritual City of India

Deogarh

City of Waterfalls

text: Punjab[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Patiala

Royal City[50]

Ludhiana

Manchester of Punjab

text: Rajasthan[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Jaipur

Pink City[51]

Udaipur

City of Lakes[52]
Venice of the East (†4)[52][53]

Jodhpur

Blue City[54]

text:
Bhilwara
Textile City of India

text: Tamil Nadu[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Chennai (Madras) (Madarasapattinam)

Detroit of Asia[55]
Banking Capital of India[55]
Gateway of South India
Healthcare Capital of India[56]

Coimbatore (Kovai)

Manchester of South India[57][58]

Madurai

Athens of the east[59]

Salem

Steel City[60]
Mango City

Puducherry (Pondicherry)

Paris of the East (†3)

Tirunelveli

City of paddy fields[61]
Oxford of Southindia

Tuticorin (Thoothukudi)

Pearl City[62]

Auroville

City of Dawn

Yercaud

Poor Man's Ooty[63][64]
Jewel of the South[65]

Sivakasi

Kutty (A little) Japan
Crackers City of Tamil Nadu[66]

Ooty

Queen of Hill Stations[67]

Kodaikanal

Princess of Hill stations[68]

Ooththukuli

Butter city of Tamil Nadu[68]

Ambur

Biriyani city of Tamil Nadu[68]

Tirupur

dollar city of India
knitwear capital of india

text: Telangana[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Hyderabad

City of Biryani
City of Pearls[69]

Nalgonda

City of Rocks

Ramagundam

City of Coal

text: Uttar Pradesh[edit]

text:
City/town

Nickname

Lucknow

City of Nawabs[70]
City of Gardens
Constantinople of East

text:
City

Nickname

Kanpur

Manchester Of The East[71]
Leather City of the World[72]
Crossroad of National Highways

Allahabad (Prayag)

Sangam City[73]
City of Prime Ministers[74]
Abode of God[74] (भगवान का घर)
King of Pilgrims(तीर्थो का राजा)

Varanasi

The City Of Ghats
City of Lights
Abode of Shiva
Cultural Capital of India
The Ultimate Crematorium
The City of Moksha

text: West Bengal[edit]

text:
City

Nickname(s)

Calcutta (Kolkata)

City of Joy[75]
City of Palaces(†3)
Heaven of the Aged
Gateway of Eastern India

Siliguri

Gateway of Northeast India[76]
Gateway to the Dooars[77]
City of Hospitality

Asansol

City of black diamond

Bardhaman

City of Peace
Royal Heritage City of West Bengal

Durgapur

Rurh of India

Darjeeling

Queen of the Hills

Malda

Mango City

Purulia

Manbhum City

text: Anchors[edit]

text:
(†1) (For other places with the same nickname as 'Paris of the East', see Paris of the East)
(†2) (For other places with the same nickname as 'Venice of the East', see List of places called Venice of the East)
(†3) (For other places with the same nickname as 'City of Palaces', see City of Palaces)