document_title: List of Riverdale episodes

question_text: name of the first episode of riverdale season 2

text: List of Riverdale episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedNielsen ratingsFirst airedLast airedRankAverage viewers(in millions inc. DVR)113January 26, 2017 (2017-01-26)May 11, 2017 (2017-05-11)1541.69[2]222October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)May 16, 2018 (2018-05-16)1732.11[3]3TBAOctober 10, 2018 (2018-10-10)[1]TBATBATBA

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeUS viewers(millions)11"Chapter One: The River's Edge"Lee Toland KriegerRoberto Aguirre-SacasaJanuary 26, 2017 (2017-01-26)T15.101361.38[4]
During an eventful summer, including the supposed drowning of quarterback Jason Blossom on the Fourth of July, Archie Andrews discovers his passion for music. He soon begins his sophomore year and expresses his love for music to Betty Cooper, the sweet girl-next-door who harbors her own secret—her feelings for Archie. Meanwhile, Veronica Lodge, the daughter of Hermione and Hiram, a millionaire facing embezzlement charges, arrives in town, instantly capturing Archie's attention. Despite the fact that a love triangle is developing, Betty and Veronica become fast friends, united when Veronica stands up against the condescending captain of the cheerleading squad, Cheryl Blossom, who may be hiding a secret concerning her brother's death. Archie's former best friend, Jughead Jones, begins to write a novel retelling the events of the summer, including what happened between him and Archie. Kevin Keller and Moose Mason stumble across Jason's body, which has a gunshot wound to the head, by the lake.
22"Chapter Two: A Touch of Evil"Lee Toland KriegerRoberto Aguirre-SacasaFebruary 2, 2017 (2017-02-02)T13.203021.15[5]
Veronica's kiss with Archie strains his relationship with both girls, while Miss Grundy insists that he not reveal that the two of them heard the gunshot that may have killed Jason since it would also expose their secret affair. Kevin, disturbed by the discovery of Jason's body, refuses to acknowledge Moose's affections for him. Jughead, after accidentally discovering Archie and Grundy holding hands, deduces their secret and confronts Archie for refusing to go to the sheriff, Kevin's father. Archie asks his father, Fred, for advice and decides to come clean. Cheryl strikes up a friendship with Betty, but it soon ends when it becomes clear that she blames Betty's sister, Polly, for Jason's death. At a pep rally in his honor, Cheryl runs away after hallucinating Jason on the field; in the locker room, where Veronica has followed to comfort her, Cheryl admits to her that Jason was supposed to "come back." Against the wishes of her mother, Alice, Betty renews her friendship with both Archie and Veronica, while Archie also reconciles with Jughead. The next day, during science class, Cheryl is arrested due to evidence from Jason's autopsy, which revealed that he was actually murdered a week after the Fourth of July.
33"Chapter Three: Body Double"Lee Toland KriegerYolonda E. LawrenceFebruary 9, 2017 (2017-02-09)T13.203031.20[6]
Cheryl admits to Sheriff Keller and her parents, Clifford and Penelope, that Jason wanted to run away and she helped him fake his drowning. Betty, upset with how Alice is attacking the Blossom family in the press, restarts the school newspaper, The Blue and Gold, and sends Jughead to interview the Adventure Scouts who found Cheryl at Sweet Water River just after Jason died. Veronica is enraged to learn that Chuck Clayton, whom she had one date with, has been slut shaming her to the rest of the school and, when he refuses to stop, she, Betty, and Cheryl find evidence linking him and his friends, including Jason, to the shaming. Jughead learns from one of the Scouts that the shot heard on the Fourth of July was fired by the troop's Scoutmaster, Dilton Doiley, during a training exercise. Betty and Veronica drug and torture Chuck until he apologizes and Jughead pressures Dilton to come clean. Fred builds a grounded Archie a studio in which to practice, Chuck is kicked off the football team, and Betty and Cheryl burn the evidence together. Dilton reveals that he saw Miss Grundy's car by the river and Jughead realizes Archie's secret is at risk.
44"Chapter Four: The Last Picture Show"Mark PiznarskiMichael GrassiFebruary 16, 2017 (2017-02-16)T13.203041.14[7]
Jughead despairs over the news that the local drive-in where he works is closing. At the diner, Betty spots Archie and Fred having dinner with Miss Grundy and she confronts him about their relationship. Under the guise of an interview, Betty questions Miss Grundy about her life, while Veronica demands answers from Hermione upon learning she was speaking to a gangbanger; Hermione insists that nothing shady happened. Betty and Veronica meet with Archie and inform him that there is no trace of Geraldine Grundy ever existing aside from a woman who died seven years ago. They break into her car and find a gun and ID with the name "Jennifer Gibson." Grundy reveals that she only wanted to escape from an abusive relationship. At the drive-in's final night, Veronica spots Hermione meeting with the same man from before. Alice exposes Archie's affair and threatens to put Grundy on trial, but agrees to stand down as long as she leaves town. Sheriff Keller finds that all of his evidence pertaining to Jason's murder has been stolen. Jughead vandalizes the projectionist's booth before leaving his temporary home in full view of the gang leader, who turns out to be his father.
55"Chapter Five: Heart of Darkness"Jesse WarnRoss MaxwellFebruary 23, 2017 (2017-02-23)T13.203050.98[8]
Angry at Cheryl for helping Jason run away, Clifford and Penelope refuse to allow her to speak at Jason's memorial, but Cheryl does so anyway, ultimately breaking down during her speech while wearing the white dress she had on the day he left. Coach Clayton pits Archie and Reggie Mantle against each other for the coveted spot of team captain. Archie is introduced to a potential songwriting mentor, who ultimately decides not to teach him. Trev informs Betty that Jason had become much more secretive in the weeks before his death and was rumored to be selling drugs. Jughead suggests searching the Blossom family mansion for clues during the memorial dinner. He and Betty encounter Jason's grandmother, Rose, who mistakes Betty for Polly and reveals that she and Jason were engaged. While cleaning the diner, Hermione finds a box with a snake inside it, a warning from the Serpents. Betty learns that her family has hated the Blossoms ever since their ancestor killed great-grandfather Cooper decades before. Archie is named captain, but turns it down to focus on his music. Jughead and Betty deduce that her father, Hal, is responsible for stealing the sheriff's evidence.
66"Chapter Six: Faster, Pussycats! Kill! Kill!"Steven A. AdelsonTessa Leigh Williams & Nicholas ZwartMarch 2, 2017 (2017-03-02)T13.203061.09[9]
With Riverdale High's annual variety show approaching, Valerie's efforts to help Archie prepare for his debut performance lead to a major fallout with Josie. Meanwhile, Betty and Jughead's investigation into Jason's murder brings them face-to-face with Betty's sister Polly, who is revealed to be captive at a home for troubled youth, unaware of Jason's death and seven months pregnant. As Veronica decides to rebuild her relationship with her mother, she learns that Hermione is using her for her own purposes. At the same time, Hermione's first day of work at Andrews Construction brings her closer to Fred. Josie deals with her own family pressures after her father visits for her performance at the variety show. Betty confronts Hal and Alice about Jason's death to no avail, but grows closer to Jughead, eventually kissing him. After, they discover a car hidden in the woods containing drugs and Jason's belongings. However, an unknown perpetrator torches the car and destroys all the evidence before the police arrive, around the same time that Polly escapes from the home.
77"Chapter Seven: In a Lonely Place"Allison AndersAaron AllenMarch 9, 2017 (2017-03-09)T13.203071.03[10]
Cheryl informs Sheriff Keller that Polly has escaped and the town organizes a search party to find her, which fails. As tensions continue to grow between the Blossoms and the Coopers, Betty finds her sister hiding in the attic of their house. Cheryl offers to help Betty take care of Polly. F.P., after being offered a job by Fred, reveals that he and Fred founded Andrews Construction together, but Fred kicked him out of the business after bailing him out of jail. Fred counters that F.P. was stealing money from him while abusing drugs and alcohol and that he had no choice. Jughead is taken into custody as a suspect in Jason's murder, but Fred provides Keller with an alibi. Cheryl suspects that her parents have bad intentions with Polly, so Polly moves in with the Lodges instead. F.P. is revealed to have Jason's jacket in his trailer.
88"Chapter Eight: The Outsiders"David KatzenbergJulia CohenMarch 30, 2017 (2017-03-30)T13.203080.99[11]
Polly reveals to Sheriff Keller that Jason was supposed to make a drug delivery for "some biker gang", implied to be the Southside Serpents, in exchange for money before both of them ran away. Veronica suggests hosting a baby shower for Polly. Fred's workers leave because of promised work from Clifford. Archie tries to help Fred by getting some friends to work on the construction project, but Moose is attacked after witnessing someone vandalize the machinery and warned they should stop.  After a confrontation with F.P. Jones in the Serpents' bar, Archie realizes Jughead's father is a Serpent. At the baby shower, Penelope and Alice argue over with whom Polly should live. Alice learns that Hal threatened Polly with an abortion, and when he refuses to let her come back, Alice kicks him out of the Cooper household. F.P. recruits some of his Serpents to replace Fred's crew and informs Hermione that Hiram was behind the attack on Fred's construction site. Polly chooses to live with the Blossoms.
99"Chapter Nine: La Grande Illusion"Lee RoseJames DeWilleApril 6, 2017 (2017-04-06)T13.203090.91[12]
As the Blossom family's annual maple tree-tapping ceremony approaches, Cheryl asks Archie to be her escort. When he refuses, Penelope offers to get him into an exclusive music school as a favor. Veronica grows close to Ethel but, when Hermione reveals that her father was one of Hiram's investors, she becomes distraught upon learning that he attempted suicide due to his financial hardship. Alice prepares to publish a full-blown exposé on the Blossoms, but Hal fires her from the paper as retaliation for being kicked out of the house. Betty gets a call from Archie, learning that Polly moved in with the Blossoms to uncover the truth about Jason's death. She and Jughead decide to write the tell-all exposé in The Blue and Gold and ask Alice to join them. Finally realizing that the Blossoms are using him, Archie attempts to reconcile with Val, but she breaks up with him.
1010"Chapter Ten: The Lost Weekend"Dawn WilkinsonBritta Lundin & Brian E. PatersonApril 13, 2017 (2017-04-13)T13.203100.87[13]
Fred leaves for Chicago to finalize his divorce, leaving Archie alone. Betty learns that Jughead's birthday is coming up and that he has never had an actual party. She and Veronica persuade Archie to let them throw it at his house. Hiram threatens retaliation against Hermione if Veronica refuses to testify on his behalf. The Vixens elect Veronica as captain over Cheryl, who retaliates by crashing the party with Chuck and his friends. F.P. also shows up after Betty's insistence. Jughead argues with Betty and tries to leave, but Cheryl forces him to stay for a "game" in which participants are forced to reveal their secrets. Jughead and Chuck get into a fight and F.P. declares the party over. He urges his son to reconcile with Betty and confronts Alice, implying she was once a member of the Serpents. Archie and Veronica comfort each other and share a kiss. Veronica agrees to testify on Hiram's behalf. To Archie's surprise, his father returns home with his mother, Mary.
1111"Chapter Eleven: To Riverdale and Back Again"Kevin SullivanRoberto Aguirre-SacasaApril 27, 2017 (2017-04-27)T13.203110.89[14]
While Archie and his mother reconnect, Veronica learns that Hiram may soon be released from prison. F.P. questions the purpose of Jughead's novel, urging him to consider moving on. To learn the truth about Hiram, Veronica decides to investigate F.P. as a possible suspect in Jason's murder. The Blossoms, increasingly suspicious of Polly, forbid her from entering their master bedroom. Fred and Mary agree to attend homecoming together. Polly and Cheryl discover the former's engagement ring in Penelope's jewelry collection, which she claims is because Jason threw it away in disgust after arguing with Clifford. At a contentious dinner, Alice tries to question F.P., but he shuts her down. Afterwards, he informs Jughead that they will be moving to Toledo to reunite with the rest of the Jones family. While Archie and Veronica perform "Kids in America" at homecoming, the police execute a search warrant on F.P.'s trailer, find a gun, and arrest him for murder. Jughead disappears and Archie and Veronica deduce that someone is framing F.P. for Jason's death.
1212"Chapter Twelve: Anatomy of a Murder"Rob SeidenglanzMichael GrassiMay 4, 2017 (2017-05-04)T13.203120.98[15]
Jughead calls his mother, but she refuses to let him move in with her. F.P. confesses to everything, including Jason's murder. Betty and Alice catch Hal trying to destroy evidence and learn the family secret: the Coopers are, in fact, Blossoms by blood, making Jason and Polly's relationship technically incest. The Coopers take Polly back to their home. Mary, posing as F.P.'s lawyer, advises Jughead to visit his father, who tells him never to come see him again. With Joaquin's help, the group tracks down one of F.P.'s associates, but finds him dead of an apparent overdose. The police are summoned and find a bag full of money with Hermione's initials on it. With both Hal and Hermione cleared as suspects, Jughead and Betty investigate a lead from Kevin and find Jason's varsity jacket. Inside one of the pockets, they find a thumb drive and discover Clifford murdered Jason, which they tell Cheryl. Nevertheless, Jughead learns that his father's other charges will not be dropped. Veronica learns that Hiram has been released and is coming to Riverdale and Mary returns to Chicago. When the police go to arrest Clifford, they discover he has hanged himself in the syrup distillery.
1313"Chapter Thirteen: The Sweet Hereafter"Lee Toland KriegerRoberto Aguirre-SacasaMay 11, 2017 (2017-05-11)T13.203130.96[16]
It is revealed that Clifford was in the drug business and Jason found out. Clifford killed Jason to stop him from exposing the family business. F.P. is cleared of all charges relating to the murder, but remains in police custody. Alice reveals to Betty that, in high school, she found out she was pregnant, but Hal sent her to the Sisters of Silent Mercy and made her give up the child, a baby boy, for adoption. Jughead is placed in the care of a foster family and transfers to Southside High. Devastated by her father's secrets and suicide, Cheryl attempts to drown herself in Sweetwater River, but Archie, along with Veronica, Betty, and Jughead, saves her. Cheryl later burns down the Thornhill mansion, much to Penelope's dismay. The next day, Archie meets Fred at Pop's, where a masked gunman arrives and demands Pop turn over his money. He then tells Fred to turn over his wallet at gunpoint. When Archie tries to intervene, the gunman shoots Fred.

text: Season 2 (2017–18)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeUS viewers(millions)141"Chapter Fourteen: A Kiss Before Dying"Rob SeidenglanzRoberto Aguirre-SacasaOctober 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)T13.208012.34[17]
After being shot, Fred is rushed to the hospital by Archie, who is soon joined by his friends. Sheriff Keller gains a description of the shooter from Archie and calls him in for a lineup, but none of the men in the lineup are the shooter. When Veronica searches Fred's belongings, Archie sees that his wallet is missing. Betty and Jughead visit Pop's to look for the wallet but find nothing; instead, they learn from Pop that the shooter did not take any money from the register, meaning that it was actually a hit against Fred. Jughead asks the Southside Serpents to investigate the shooting, but to no avail. Veronica accuses Hermione of hiring a hitman to kill Fred, but she vehemently denies this and tensions develop between them when Veronica is not sure of her mother is telling the truth. Meanwhile, Cheryl intimidates Penelope—who suffers severe burns due to the fire at their mansion and is hospitalized—into lying that it was an accident. Fred survives his shooting. Hiram returns to Riverdale, further escalating the tensions in the Lodge family. In the nearby town of Greendale, Ms. Grundy is strangled to death by Fred's shooter.
152"Chapter Fifteen: Nighthawks"Allison AndersMichael GrassiOctober 18, 2017 (2017-10-18)T13.208021.76[18]
After learning of Ms. Grundy's murder, an increasingly anxious Archie suspects that her death is connected with Fred's shooting, which pushes him to get a gun from Dilton Doiley. Following the shooting, business at Pop's Chock'lit Shoppe has declined, leading Pop to consider selling the diner, but Betty convinces Pop to let her throw a retro fun night to drum up business. Jughead learns that F.P. is facing 20 years in prison and seeks help from Penny Peabody, a Serpent lawyer, who advises Jughead to ask the Blossoms to testify on F.P.'s behalf. Cheryl initially refuses, but relents when Betty extorts her with the video of Jason's murder. With Cheryl's testimony, the judge decides to revisit F.P's sentence. Hiram quietly buys the diner from Pop, but tells Veronica he made a "charitable donation". In the woods, Moose Mason and Midge Klump take some jingle jangle (a new drug to Riverdale), and as they do so, they are shot by Fred's shooter.
163"Chapter Sixteen: The Watcher in the Woods"Kevin SullivanRoss MaxwellOctober 25, 2017 (2017-10-25)T13.208031.62[19]
Kevin, who was in the forest, hears the gunshots and rushes to find Midge crying. Moose, who shielded Midge from the gunfire, is hospitalized and survives. Following the incident, Archie founds a vigilante group called the Red Circle, to protect Riverdale High students. The Coopers receive a letter from "the Black Hood", taking responsibility for the shootings and the murder of Ms. Grundy, and detailing his intentions to target sinners. Polly leaves town, fearing for her babies. Meanwhile, Jughead begins his tenure at Southside High, befriends Toni Topaz, a Serpent, and refounds the school newspaper, the Red and Black, under the advisory of English teacher Robert Philips. Kevin keeps going out late at night, which concerns Betty. Betty follows him on one of his runs, which leads to him lashing out at her. Hiram tells Archie that he should utilize the Black Hood's main weapons for the Red Circle. Inspired by this, the Red Circle makes a video calling out the Black Hood.
174"Chapter Seventeen: The Town That Dreaded Sundown"Jason StoneAmanda LasherNovember 1, 2017 (2017-11-01)T13.208041.51[20]
Archie's viral video results in negative repercussions, as Principal Waldo Weatherbee demands he disband the Red Circle. Though Archie refuses, the Red Circle disbands regardless due to the football team being suspended but later reassembles with Veronica's help. Archie runs into trouble when he vandalizes the Serpant's territory with Red Circle graffitti.Veronica finds out that Archie intends to murder the Black Hood and convinces him to discard his gun. Betty receives a letter from the Black Hood, revealing that her speech from the jubilee ball inspired his actions and gives her a cipher that only she could solve. Mayor Sierra McCoy (Josie's mother) hosts a town meeting to discuss action against the Black Hood, in which Alice blames the Serpents, but Fred argues against letting fear rule them. Betty and Jughead figure out that the Black Hood intends to attack town hall and have the meeting evacuated, before showing the letter to her parents, Sheriff Keller and Mayor McCoy. Later, Betty receives a call from the Black Hood.
185"Chapter Eighteen: When a Stranger Calls"Ellen PressmanAaron AllenNovember 8, 2017 (2017-11-08)T13.208051.47[21]
The Black Hood reveals to Betty that he knows where Polly is and threatens to kill her unless she publishes a mugshot of Alice, which she does. Hiram invites the St. Clair's, friends of the Lodges from New York. On the Southside, Jughead attempts to stop Sweet Pea and the Serpents from blowing up the Riverdale Register office and joins the gang to prevent this from happening. The Black Hood forces Betty to cut ties with Veronica and Jughead and later gives her a hood. At the Lodge's open house event, Nick St. Clair drugs Cheryl and takes her back to his hotel room to rape her, but is stopped and beaten by Veronica and the Pussycats. Jughead and Toni sit in his trailer, where he tells her his relationship with Betty is over; they kiss. Back at Betty's house, the Black Hood tells her she has broken the rules and he will now kill Polly unless she gives him the name of a "sinner" to kill, to which Betty names Nick St. Clair.
196"Chapter Nineteen: Death Proof"Maggie KileyTessa Leigh Williams & Arabella AndersonNovember 15, 2017 (2017-11-15)T13.208061.43[22]
The Black Hood challenges Betty to find the identity of The Sugarman, who has been supplying the jingle jangle to Riverdale. Cheryl wants to press charges against Nick, whom the Black Hood did not attack, but Penelope agrees not to in exchange for money from the St. Clair's. Archie goes to Southside High, where he saves Jughead from a raid organized by McCoy and Sheriff Keller. Tall Boy, F.P.'s right hand man, reaches an agreement with the Ghoulies, the dealers of jingle jangle. Jughead and Archie visit F.P., who tells Jughead to challenge the Ghoulies to a race. During the race, Archie pulls the brake on Jughead's car, and reveals he called Sheriff Keller, who arrests the Ghoulies leader. Veronica convinces Hiram and Hermione to stop investing with the St. Clair's, while Cheryl does the same with Penelope. Later, the Lodges receive a call that the St. Clair's have been run off the road, but will recover in months. Penelope reveals to Cheryl that the Sugarman is Robert Philips; Cheryl later tells Betty, who exposes him in the Blue and Gold. Philips is subsequently arrested and shot by the Black Hood in jail.
207"Chapter Twenty: Tales from the Darkside"Dawn WilkinsonJames DeWilleNovember 29, 2017 (2017-11-29)T13.208071.45[23]
After killing Phillips, the Black Hood leaves a letter at Pop's challenging Riverdale to go 48 hours without sinning, or he will kill again. Jughead is enlisted by Penny Peabody to deliver a crate of drugs to repay her for her earlier help, which he does with Archie. She says this is a one-time thing, but Jughead later finds she was lying. Josie begins to receive weird messages from a secret admirer, implied to be Cheryl, including a box with a pig's heart. Mayor McCoy reprimands her for coming home late, revealing she has received death threats. Betty, realizing that Phillips was killed in the sheriff's office, believes Sheriff Keller might be the Black Hood. She investigates, but Keller is able to provide proof that he is not the Black Hood. However, Betty and Veronica discover that he is having an affair with Mayor McCoy. Archie, Jughead, Betty, Veronica, Josie, and Cheryl all gather at Pop's. After Jughead leaves to visit F.P., the Black Hood calls Pop to inform him Riverdale failed his challenge, and Pop grimly announces that "The reckoning is upon us".
218"Chapter Twenty-One: House of the Devil"Kevin SullivanYolonda LawrenceDecember 6, 2017 (2017-12-06)T13.208081.48[24]
F.P. is released from jail and begins working at Pop's, intending to quit the Serpents. Jughead and Betty decide to throw F.P. a "retirement" party at the Whyte Worm, so they enlist Archie and Veronica to do the detective work. While Jughead reconnects with his dad, Betty goes to the Whyte Worm to organize the party. There, she meets Toni and tells her she wants to keep watch over Jughead. Archie and Veronica follow a lead on a past serial killer called the Riverdale Reaper, who murdered a family of four before being killed himself by a lynch mob. Their investigation leads them to discover there was a fifth member of the family, which they discover to be the school's janitor, Joseph Svenson. Archie and Veronica confront Svenson, but decide he isn't the Black Hood. At the party, F.P., who is upset that Jughead helped Peabody, decides to stay with the Serpents. Outside, Veronica breaks up with Archie following a discussion about love. Jughead, not wanting to bring Betty into the Serpents' business, also ends their relationship.
229"Chapter Twenty-Two: Silent Night, Deadly Night"Rob SeidenglanzShepard BoucherDecember 13, 2017 (2017-12-13)T13.208091.43[25]
Fred receives a hospital bill of $86,000. Failing to convince her parents to help Fred, Veronica sneaks into Hiram's study and finds out that he bought Pop's. She later convinces him and Hermione to stop hiding secrets from her and help Fred. Jughead rallies the younger Serpents, who kidnap Peabody and cut off her Serpent tattoo. Betty and Archie receive a box from the Black Hood, containing Svenson's severed finger. They then receive a call from the Black Hood, who challenges them to find Svenson. They are able to find Svenson's location, but instead find an empty coffin. The Black Hood then arrives and tries to force Betty into burying Archie alive, but flees when the police arrive. After a chase, Keller shoots and kills the Black Hood before he can escape. The Black Hood is then revealed to be Svenson himself. Later, with the Black Hood dead, Veronica and Archie get back together, while Betty throws away all of her findings surrounding Svenson, but she keeps the hood he gave her earlier.
2310"Chapter Twenty-Three: The Blackboard Jungle"Tim HunterBritta Lundin & Brian E. PatersonJanuary 17, 2018 (2018-01-17)T13.208101.44[26]
The Lodges strike a deal with Mayor McCoy for land which involves shutting down Southside High, causing Jughead, Toni, Sweet Pea and the other Serpents to transfer to Riverdale High, putting them at odds with other students. Archie is approached by FBI Agent Adams, who wants his help on finding proof of Hiram's criminal dealings. Archie agrees to help in exchange for immunity for Veronica and Fred. Archie investigates Nick, who implies that Hiram was behind his car crash, which broke both of his legs. Despite Hal's objections, Betty and Alice track down Alice's son she gave up for adoption, Chic. Chic initially refuses to come with them, but Betty returns to his residence and saves him from an assault, bringing him to the Cooper household. Jughead, following advice from F.P., gets his fellow Serpents to lay low. Archie reveals to Adams that he secretly doubts Svenson was really the Black Hood. That night, Chic lurks in Betty's room while she sleeps.
2411"Chapter Twenty-Four: The Wrestler"Gregg ArakiGreg Murray & Devon TurnerJanuary 24, 2018 (2018-01-24)T13.208111.39[27]
Pickens' Day, a day in remembrance of Riverdale's founder, nears. Archie tries out for the wrestling team in order to impress Hiram, a former wrestler. Betty learns that Chic is a webcam model, and attempts to reach out to him. Jughead interviews Toni's grandfather for a school project, learning that he is a member of a Native American tribe which was slaughtered by Pickens. Jughead publishes the story, escalting tensions with the two sides. At the Pickens' Day fest, the Serpents protest the event, but Hiram spins their words positively. That night, Archie meets with Hiram, who offers him his business tutelage, which Archie accepts. The next morning, Mayor McCoy, Sheriff Keller, and the Lodges meet at the statue of Pickens, which has been decapitated.
2512"Chapter Twenty-Five: The Wicked and the Divine"Rachel TalalayRoberto Aguirre-SacasaJanuary 31, 2018 (2018-01-31)T13.208121.34[28]
Veronica's confirmation nears, bringing many Lodge family members and business associates to Riverdale. While serving at a poker game with Hiram and his associates, Archie learns that Hiram is a mobster and his associates are planning his 'removal' after Veronica's confirmation. Archie alerts Hiram to this, and Hiram later arranges that mobster's death. Meanwhile, Mayor McCoy orchestrates the eviction of all Serpents from their trailer park. Jughead and Betty are alerted to the location of the Pickens head by a scrapyard owner, who gives them evidence that Tall Boy decapitated the statue. Jughead and F.P. put Tall Boy on trial, who reveals that Hiram assisted him launching a mutiny so that Tall Boy could remove F.P. and Jughead from the Serpents. Betty and Jughead get back together. A strange man comes to the Cooper house asking for Chic. Later, Betty returns home to find Alice cleaning up the man's blood.
2613"Chapter Twenty-Six: The Tell-Tale Heart"Julie PlecMichael GrassiFebruary 7, 2018 (2018-02-07)T13.208131.28[29]
Betty and Alice clean up the man's body and dispose of it with help from Jughead and F.P. Jughead sends the Pickens' statue head to the Lodges, which Hiram believes may be a declaration of war. Mayor McCoy attempts to take control of her deal with the Lodges, and the Lodges prepare to expose her affair with Sheriff Keller. Veronica, however, warns her of this, and McCoy resigns from office. Agent Adams attempts to strong-arm Archie into giving him the information, including blackmailing Archie in order for him to plant a bug in Hiram's office. Archie instead reveals this to Hiram. Hiram's driver takes Archie to a private location to meet with "the boss", revealed to be Hermione. Hermione tells Archie that Adams is actually one of the Lodges' capos and it was a test, which Archie has passed. Hermione welcomes him to the family.
2714"Chapter Twenty-Seven: The Hills Have Eyes"David KatzenbergRoss MaxwellMarch 7, 2018 (2018-03-07)T13.208141.26[30]
Hiram suggests Archie, Veronica, Betty, and Jughead go to the Lodge's lake house for a romantic getaway. Cheryl, upset over not being invited, calls Jughead and informs him of Betty's kiss with Archie, which causes tension within the group. Veronica and Jughead kiss to "level the playing field". Later, the girls go into town while the guys have a discussion over the close mutual bonds between the four. Back in Riverdale, Josie informs Kevin of their parents affair. Cheryl reveals to Toni that she had a "friendship-turned-lesbian-relationship" broken up by Penelope. At the lake house, tensions arise again when Jughead and Betty learn that Hiram bought the trailer park and the Riverdale Register. A group of men that Veronica interacted with in town break into the house, but Veronica activates a silent alarm. One of Hiram's men arrive and kills one of the intruders, and the four return to Riverdale.
2815"Chapter Twenty-Eight: There Will Be Blood"Mark PiznarskiAaron AllenMarch 14, 2018 (2018-03-14)T13.208151.19[31]
Jughead keeps investigating the Lodges' plans, but he cannot use what he finds. Hiram and Hermione want Fred to run for mayor, including financing his run. Hal asks Alice for a divorce, and Polly comes back to Riverdale. Clifford's secret will is read, which entitles money to anyone of Blossom's blood. Clifford's twin brother Claudius returns. When Chic refuses the DNA test, Betty steals his dental floss to do her own test and discovers that Chic is not who he says to be. After Smithers points Jughead to Shankshaw Prison, F.P.'s inside contact allows them to learn the truth about the Lodge's plans: they want to turn Southside High into a private prison and the housing Fred is building will be for the employees of the prison. After the Lodges are forced to tell Fred, he refuses to run for Mayor, so Hermione announces her run instead. Archie undergoes a blood ritual with Hiram, pledging loyalty. Meanwhile, Claudius and Penelope plot to get their house "in order", including Nana and Cheryl, who overhears the plan.
2916"Chapter Twenty-Nine: Primary Colors"Sherwin ShilatiJames DeWilleMarch 21, 2018 (2018-03-21)T13.208161.16[32]
Jughead learns Southside High will be turned into a prison, and goes on a hunger strike to protest. Hiram accelerates the timeline for demolition, but the high school Serpents chain themselves to the school. Fred attempts to end his contract with the Lodges, leading to a legal dispute. Hiram asks Archie to cut the Serpents' chains, which Archie does in exchange for Fred being released from his contract. Betty learns Chic's father is not Hal. Penelope and Claudius attempt to kill Nana Rose, but she survives. Veronica runs for student president, but everyone seems to be against her. Jughead also considers running with Betty. Betty moves in with Jughead to avoid Chic. Cheryl tells Penelope she knows what she did, leading Penelope to get Cheryl committed. Free of his contract with the Lodges, Fred announces he is running for mayor against Hermione.
3017"Chapter Thirty: The Noose Tightens"Alexis OstranderBritta Lundin & Brian E. PatersonMarch 28, 2018 (2018-03-28)T13.208170.96[33]
Hermione's run for mayor is considered risky by fellow mobsters Kowalski and Martin, believing it may lead to unwanted investigation. They demand a 25% cut of the prison's profits, which Hiram refuses. Kowalski and Martin, however, turn Hiram's capo Adams into hospitalizing Andre, leaving the Lodges shorthanded on security. Archie scares the two into abandoning the deal with the help of Reggie and other Riverdale athletes. Meanwhile, the car belonging to the man Chic killed is found. The owner of the car demands $10,000 from the Coopers to prevent her from going to the police, but Jughead and the Serpents scare her away. Alice sends Chic away and apologizes the Serpents for her years of badmouthing them. Toni and Veronica discover that Cheryl has been admitted into conversion therapy, and with help from Nana Rose, find out she's at Sisters of the Quiet Mercy. Toni, Veronica, and Kevin rescue Cheryl, and Toni and Cheryl kiss. Cheryl soon returns to Riverdale High, which she declares 'will burn'.
3118"Chapter Thirty-One: A Night to Remember"Jason StoneArabella Anderson & Tessa Leigh WilliamsApril 18, 2018 (2018-04-18)T13.208181.10[34]
During a rehearsal of Riverdale High's musical production of Carrie, Cheryl calls out those who question her ability to play the lead role of Carrie White by demonstrating her singing ability. After rehearsal, Kevin confides in Jughead that he received several threats demanding that the role of Carrie be recast, supposedly from the Black Hood. Kevin gives in, and Midge replaces Cheryl as Carrie. Tensions arise between Archie and Fred after he finds out that Hiram bought Archie his first car, to which Archie warns Hiram not to get between him and his father. Cheryl, doused in blood, confronts her mother for her actions against the family and demands that she be emancipated. During the performance, a set wall is moved up to reveal Midge hung up to the wall with knives, murdered by the Black Hood who leaves a warning of his return.
3219"Chapter Thirty-Two: Prisoners"Jennifer PhangCristine ChambersApril 25, 2018 (2018-04-25)T13.208191.17[35]
Following Midge's funeral, her mother, Cheryl and the River Vixens blame Sheriff Keller for her death, causing him to consider resigning. Archie is abducted by Nick St. Clair, who demands a ransom from the Lodges. With her parents unwilling to pay and lacking the money herself, Veronica pretends to surrender herself to Nick but drugs him. Archie manages to escape and they hold Nick for ransom instead. Meanwhile, Betty and Jughead investigate Chic and learn from the Sisters of the Quiet Mercy that he is an impostor, resulting in his imprisonment. Betty is secretly contacted by the Black Hood, who offers to get rid of Chic. Betty gets Chic to confess that he murdered her real brother, Charles, by accident and then hands him over to the Black Hood, leaving him to die. Betty lies to Alice that Chic left town before learning that Hal was absent at the time of the exchange, leading her to suspect him as the Black Hood.
3320"Chapter Thirty-Three: Shadow of a Doubt"Gregory SmithYolanda E. LawrenceMay 2, 2018 (2018-05-02)T13.208201.11[36]
Betty tells Cheryl that she believes Hal is the Black Hood. Hiram restarts The Red Circle in hopes of causing unrest, and help Hermione's campaign. Moose reveals that Midge was having an affair with Fangs. A body, first thought to be Chic's, is found and Betty reveals she feels guilty for his presumed death. Fangs is arrested at school. Members of The Red Circle damage The Whyte Worm, and Reggie later reveals that Hiram is paying them against each other. Betty and Cheryl visit a room being paid for by Hal and find the same book used as a cipher previously. After the Black Hood attacks the Mayoral debate, Veronica wants her mother to stop running but she insists on continuing. Betty confronts her father, and arranges a meeting with him later. The Black Hood then appears at Cheryl's door. Fangs is released from prison, but is accidentally shot amidst the protesters outside.
3421"Chapter Thirty-Four: Judgment Night"Cherie NowlanShepard BoucherMay 9, 2018 (2018-05-09)T13.208211.00[37]
The Black Hood attacks Cheryl, but she wounds him with a bow-and-arrow. Reggie is accused to be Fangs' shooter, but it is later revealed to be Midge's mother. Veronica searches Hiram's study, where she finds that Hiram planned to reveal Hermione's affair with Fred, but Hermione reveals her involvement, as it would destroy Fred's campaign. The son of the mobster whose death Hiram arranged attacks the Lodges, killing Andre, but Hermione shoots him dead. The Ghoulies are released from prison and attack Pop's. Meanwhile, Hal reveals himself as the Black Hood to Betty and Alice. After admitting he did not attack the debate, he is subdued by Betty and arrested. Fred, who is wearing a bullet proof vest, is shot by a man in a black hood, and Betty and Archie realize the man was not Hal. Penny Peabody resurfaces and holds Toni captive but Jughead and Cheryl help her escape. F.P. alerts the Serpents of Fangs' death, and the Serpents decide to fight the Ghoulies. Jughead turns himself over to avoid bloodshed, but Penny breaks her promise, and the Ghoulies attack Jughead. Learning of this, F.P. goes to save him. Later, Archie, Cheryl, Betty, and the Serpents find F.P. carrying Jughead's bloodied, unconscious body.
3522"Chapter Thirty-Five: Brave New World"Steven A. AdelsonRoberto Aguirre-SacasaMay 16, 2018 (2018-05-16)T13.208221.28[38]
Jughead survives his assault and F.P. reveals Fangs is alive. Sheriff Minetta reveals the second Black Hood to be Tall Boy, who was killed by an officer. Cheryl discovers Penelope and Claudius meeting with Hiram and informs Veronica, who reveals this to Hermione. Hermione, believing it to be conceivable that Hiram planned the attack at the debate, reveals to Veronica that Hiram plans to consolidate the entire Southside, and needs the Whyte Worm to set his plan fully into motion. Jughead, Archie, and Cheryl lead the Serpents to the Northside, where they are offered asylum. Veronica buys the Worm, and trades it with Hiram for Pop's. F.P. retires from the Serpents, naming Jughead the new King, with Cheryl joining the Serpents. Hermione wins the mayoral election. Later, Hiram meets with Penny, Penelope, Claudius, Sheriff Minetta, and Malachi, to discuss joining forces. Archie is elected student body president, but is wrongfully arrested by Sheriff Minetta during his inaugration for the murder of one of the intruders from the lake house that one of Hiram's thugs killed.

text: Season 3[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeUS viewers(millions)361"Chapter Thirty-Six: Labor Day"[39]Kevin SullivanRoberto Aguirre-SacasaOctober 10, 2018 (2018-10-10)[1]TBATBD
372"Chapter Thirty-Seven: Fortune and Men's Eyes"[40]Jeff WoolnoughMichael GrassiOctober 17, 2018 (2018-10-17)TBATBD

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Season 1 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating/share(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"Chapter One: The River's Edge"

January 26, 2017
0.5/2
1.38[4]
0.4
1.01
0.9
2.38[41]

2

"Chapter Two: A Touch of Evil"

February 2, 2017
0.4/2
1.15[5]
0.4
0.76
0.8
1.91[42]

3

"Chapter Three: Body Double"

February 9, 2017
0.5/2
1.20[6]
N/A
0.71
N/A
1.90[43]

4

"Chapter Four: The Last Picture Show"

February 16, 2017
0.4/1
1.14[7]
0.4
0.73
0.8
1.87[44]

5

"Chapter Five: Heart of Darkness"

February 23, 2017
0.3/1
0.98[8]
0.4
0.71
0.7
1.69[45]

6

"Chapter Six: Faster, Pussycats! Kill! Kill!"

March 2, 2017
0.4/1
1.09[9]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

7

"Chapter Seven: In a Lonely Place"

March 9, 2017
0.4/1
1.03[10]
0.3
0.76
0.7
1.80[46]

8

"Chapter Eight: The Outsiders"

March 30, 2017
0.4/2
0.99[11]
N/A
0.55
N/A
1.54[47]

9

"Chapter Nine: La Grande Illusion"

April 6, 2017
0.3/1
0.91[12]
N/A
0.63
N/A
1.54[48]

10

"Chapter Ten: The Lost Weekend"

April 13, 2017
0.3/1
0.87[13]
0.3
0.58
0.6
1.48[49]

11

"Chapter Eleven: To Riverdale and Back Again"

April 27, 2017
0.3/1
0.89[14]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

12

"Chapter Twelve: Anatomy of a Murder"

May 4, 2017
0.3/1
0.98[15]
0.3
0.58
0.6
1.56[50]

13

"Chapter Thirteen: The Sweet Hereafter"

May 11, 2017
0.4/2
0.96[16]
N/A
0.56
N/A
1.52[51]

text: Season 2 (2017–18)[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating/share(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"Chapter Fourteen: A Kiss Before Dying"

October 11, 2017
0.8/3
2.34[17]
0.6
1.40
1.4
3.74[52]

2

"Chapter Fifteen: Nighthawks"

October 18, 2017
0.6/2
1.76[18]
0.6
1.34
1.2
3.10[53]

3

"Chapter Sixteen: The Watcher in the Woods"

October 25, 2017
0.6/2
1.62[19]
0.6
1.32
1.2
2.94[54]

4

"Chapter Seventeen: The Town That Dreaded Sundown"

November 1, 2017
0.6/2
1.51[20]
0.5
1.30
1.1
2.80[55]

5

"Chapter Eighteen: When a Stranger Calls"

November 8, 2017
0.5/2
1.47[21]
0.5
1.23
1.0
2.70[56]

6

"Chapter Nineteen: Death Proof"

November 15, 2017
0.5/2
1.43[22]
0.5
1.23
1.0
2.66[57]

7

"Chapter Twenty: Tales from the Darkside"

November 29, 2017
0.5/2
1.45[23]
0.5
1.19
1.0
2.64[58]

8

"Chapter Twenty-One: House of the Devil"

December 6, 2017
0.5/2
1.48[24]
0.6
1.20
1.1
2.68[59]

9

"Chapter Twenty-Two: Silent Night, Deadly Night"

December 13, 2017
0.5/2
1.43[25]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

10

"Chapter Twenty-Three: The Blackboard Jungle"

January 17, 2018
0.5/2
1.44[26]
0.5
1.14
1.0
2.59[60]

11

"Chapter Twenty-Four: The Wrestler"

January 24, 2018
0.5/2
1.39[27]
0.5
1.15
1.0
2.54[61]

12

"Chapter Twenty-Five: The Wicked and the Divine"

January 31, 2018
0.5/2
1.34[28]
0.5
1.06
1.0
2.40[62]

13

"Chapter Twenty-Six: The Tell-Tale Heart"

February 7, 2018
0.5/2
1.28[29]
0.4
0.96
0.9
2.24[63]

14

"Chapter Twenty-Seven: The Hills Have Eyes"

March 7, 2018
0.5/2
1.26[30]
0.4
0.95
0.9
2.22[64]

15

"Chapter Twenty-Eight: There Will Be Blood"

March 14, 2018
0.4/2
1.19[31]
0.4
0.91
0.8
2.10[65]

16

"Chapter Twenty-Nine: Primary Colors"

March 21, 2018
0.4/2
1.16[32]
0.4
0.94
0.8
2.10[66]

17

"Chapter Thirty: The Noose Tightens"

March 28, 2018
0.3/1
0.96[33]
0.4
0.91
0.7
1.87[67]

18

"Chapter Thirty-One: A Night to Remember"

April 18, 2018
0.4/2
1.10[34]
0.3
0.83
0.7
1.93[68]

19

"Chapter Thirty-Two: Prisoners"

April 25, 2018
0.4/2
1.17[35]
0.4
0.81
0.8
1.97[69]

20

"Chapter Thirty-Three: Shadow of a Doubt"

May 2, 2018
0.4/2
1.11[36]
0.4
0.93
0.8
2.04[70]

21

"Chapter Thirty-Four: Judgment Night"

May 9, 2018
0.4/2
1.00[37]
0.3
0.90
0.7
1.91[71]

22

"Chapter Thirty-Five: Brave New World"

May 16, 2018
0.4/2
1.28[38]
0.4
0.76
0.8
2.04[72]


document_title: Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor

question_text: what was the us reaction to pearl harbor

question_tokens: what was the us reaction to pearl harbor

root

text: American response[edit]

text: On December 7, 1941, the Japanese launched a surprise attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor. After two hours of bombing, 18 U.S. ships were sunk or damaged, 188 U.S. aircraft were destroyed, and 2,403 men were killed.

tag: p

text: The day after the attack, President Franklin D. Roosevelt addressed a joint session of the 77th United States Congress. Roosevelt called December 7 "a date which will live in infamy". Congress declared war on the Empire of Japan amid outrage at the attack, the deaths of thousands of Americans, and the late delivery of the note from the Japanese government breaking off relations with the U.S. government. Pacifist Representative Jeannette Rankin, a Republican from Montana, cast the only dissenting vote. Roosevelt signed the declaration of war later the same day. Continuing to intensify its military mobilization, the U.S. government finished converting to a war economy, a process begun by provision of weapons and supplies to the Soviet Union and the British Empire. Japanese Americans from the West Coast were sent to internment camps for the duration of the war.

text: The attack on Pearl Harbor immediately galvanized a divided nation into action. Public opinion had been moving towards support for entering the war during 1941, but considerable opposition remained until the attack. Overnight, Americans united against the Empire of Japan in response to calls to "Remember Pearl Harbor." American solidarity in the war effort probably made possible the unconditional surrender position later taken by the Allied Powers. Some historians, among them Samuel Eliot Morison, believe the attack doomed Imperial Japan to defeat simply because it awakened the "sleeping giant", regardless of whether the fuel depots or machine shops had been destroyed or even if the carriers had been caught in port and sunk. U.S. industrial and military capacity, once mobilized, was able to pour overwhelming resources into both the Pacific and Atlantic theaters. Others, such as Clay Blair, Jr.,[1] and Mark Parillo[2] believe Japanese trade protection was so incompetent that American submarines alone might have strangled Japan into defeat.

text: The closest friend Roosevelt had in the developing Allied alliance, Sir Winston Churchill, stated that his first thought regarding American assistance to the United Kingdom was that "We have won the war"[3] very soon after Pearl Harbor had been attacked.

text: Perceptions of treachery in the attack before a declaration of war sparked fears of sabotage or espionage by Japanese sympathizers residing in the U.S., including citizens of Japanese descent and was a factor in the subsequent Japanese internment in the western United States. Other factors included misrepresentations of intelligence information suggesting sabotage, notably by General John DeWitt, commanding general of Western Defense Command on the Pacific Coast, who had personal feelings against Japanese Americans.[4] In February 1942, Roosevelt signed United States Executive Order 9066, requiring all Japanese Americans to submit themselves for internment.

text: Propaganda made repeated use of the attack, because its effect was enormous and impossible to counter.[5] "Remember Pearl Harbor!" became the watchwords of the war.[6]

text: The American government understated the damage inflicted, in hopes of preventing the Japanese from learning it, but the Japanese had, through surveillance, a good estimate.[7]

text: Japanese views[edit]

text: On December 8, 1941, the Empire of Japan declared war on the United States and the British Empire. The Japanese document discussed world peace and the disruptive actions of the United States and the United Kingdom. The document claimed all avenues for averting war had been exhausted by the Government of Japan.

text: Although the Imperial Japanese government had made some effort to prepare their population for war via anti-U.S. propaganda, it appears most Japanese were surprised, apprehensive, and dismayed by the news they were now at war with the U.S., a country many Japanese admired. Nevertheless, the people at home and overseas thereafter generally accepted their government's account of the attack and supported the war effort until their nation's surrender in 1945.[8]

text: Japan's national leadership at the time appeared to have believed war between the U.S. and Japan had long been inevitable. In any case, Japanese-American relationships had already significantly deteriorated since Japan's invasion of China beginning in the early 1930s, of which the United States strongly disapproved. In 1942, Saburō Kurusu, former Japanese ambassador to the United States, gave an address in which he talked about the "historical inevitability of the war of Greater East Asia."[9] He said war had been a response to Washington's longstanding aggression toward Japan. For example, provocations against Japan included the San Francisco School incident, Naval Limitations Treaty, other unequal treaties, the Nine Power Pact, constant economic pressure against Japan, culminating in the "belligerent" scrap metal and oil embargo in 1941 by the United States and Allied countries to contain and/or reverse the actions of the Empire of Japan especially in Indochina during her expansion of influence and interests throughout Asia. In light of Japan's dependence on imported oil, the trade embargoes were especially significant. These pressures directly influenced Japan to go into alliance with Germany and Italy through the Tripartite Pact. According to Kurusu, because of these reasons, the Allies had already provoked war with Japan long before the attack at Pearl Harbor, and the United States was already preparing for war with Japan. Kurusu also states the United States was also looking for world domination, beyond just Asia, with "sinister designs".[9] Some of this view seems to have been shared by Adolf Hitler, when he called it one of the reasons Germany declared war on the United States. He also had mentioned European imperialism toward Japan many years before. Therefore, according to Kurusu, Japan had no choice but to defend herself and so should rapidly continue to militarize, bring Germany and Italy closer as allies and militarily combat the United States, Britain, and the Netherlands.

text: Japan's leaders also saw themselves as justified in their conduct, believing that they were building the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. They also explained Japan had done everything possible to alleviate tension between the two nations. The decision to attack, at least for public presentation, was reluctant and forced on Japan. Of the Pearl Harbor attack itself, Kurusu said it came in direct response to a virtual ultimatum from the U.S. government, the Hull note, and so the surprise attack was not treacherous. Since the Japanese-American relationship already had hit its lowest point, there was no alternative; in any case, had an acceptable settlement of differences been reached, the Carrier Striking Task Force could have been called back.

text: Germany and Italy declare war[edit]

text: On December 11, 1941, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy declared war on the United States, and the United States reciprocated, formally entering the war in Europe.

text: German dictator Adolf Hitler and Italian dictator Benito Mussolini were under no obligation to declare war on the United States under the mutual defense terms of the Tripartite Pact until the US counterattacked Japan. However, relations between the European Axis Powers and the United States had deteriorated since 1937. On December 4, 1941, the Germans learned of the U.S. military's contingency planning to get troops in Continental Europe by 1943; this was Rainbow Five, made public by sources unsympathetic to Roosevelt's New Deal, and published by the Chicago Tribune on that date.[10] Moreover, with Roosevelt's initiation of a Neutrality Patrol, which in fact also escorted British ships, as well as orders to U.S. Navy destroyers first to actively report U-boats, then "shoot on sight", American neutrality was honored more in the breach than observance.[11]

text: Having been unaware of Japanese plans, Hitler was initially furious that the United States had been dragged into the war at a time when he had not yet acquired full control of continental Europe — on the very day of the Pearl Harbor attack, Hitler himself had issued his Nacht und Nebel decree, concerning the suppression of resistance activities within Nazi-occupied lands. Hitler, who had previously declared the Japanese "Honorary Aryans" claimed that "this is what happens when your allies are not Anglo-Saxons".[12][citation needed] However, he decided war with the United States was unavoidable, and the Pearl Harbor attack, the publication of Rainbow Five, and Roosevelt's post-Pearl Harbor address, which focused on European affairs as well as the situation with Japan, probably contributed to the declaration. Hitler expected the United States would soon declare war on Germany in any event.[13] He disastrously underestimated American military production capacity, the United States' own ability to fight on two fronts, and the time his own Operation Barbarossa would require. Similarly, the Nazis may have hoped the declaration of war, a showing of solidarity with Japan, would result in closer collaboration with the Japanese in Eurasia, particularly against the Soviet Union — something that would not materialize, due to existing relations between Moscow and Tokyo at that time, as well as information submitted in mid-September 1941 by the Soviets' top spy in Japan, Richard Sorge, that the Japanese armed forces were not likely to abrogate any treaties between Japan and the Soviets unless:

text:
Moscow had been captured by the Axis
The Kwantung Army was three times the size of the Soviets' Far Eastern forces
A civil war had started in Siberia.[14]

tag: ol

text: The decision to declare war on the United States allowed the United States to enter the European war in support of the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union without much public opposition.[15][16][17][18][19]

text: Even as early as mid-March 1941,[20] President Roosevelt was quite acutely aware of Hitler's hostility towards the United States, and the destructive potential it presented, in reference to Hitler's statement of a "new order in Europe" during the Führer's own Berlin Sportpalast speech of January 30, 1941, the eighth anniversary of the Nazis' Machtergreifung:[21]

text: ...Nazi forces are not seeking mere modifications in colonial maps or in minor European boundaries. They openly seek the destruction of all elective systems of government on every continent, including our own. They seek to establish systems of government based on the regimentation of all human beings by a handful of individual rulers who seize power by force.

text: Yes, these men and their hypnotized followers call this a "New Order." It is not new, and it is not order. For order among nations presupposes something enduring, some system of justice under which individuals over a long period of time are willing to live. Humanity will never permanently accept a system imposed by conquest, and based on slavery. These modern tyrants find it necessary to their plans to eliminate all democracies — eliminate them one by one. The nations of Europe, and indeed we, ourselves, did not appreciate that purpose. We do now.[22]

text: Author Ian Kershaw records Hitler's initial reaction to the attack, when he was first informed about it on the evening of 7 December at Führer Headquarters: "We can't lose the war at all. We now have an ally which has never been conquered in 3,000 years".[23] Well before the attack, in 1928 Hitler had confided in the text of his then-unpublished Zweites Buch that while the Soviet Union was the most important immediate foe that the Third Reich had to defeat, the United States was the most important long-term challenge to Nazi aims.[24]

text: Hitler awarded Imperial Japanese ambassador to Nazi Germany Hiroshi Ōshima the Grand Cross of the Order of the German Eagle in Gold (1st class) after the attack, praising Japan for striking hard and without first declaring war.[25]

text: Canadian response[edit]

text: As a result of the Japanese attack on the Americans, William Lyon Mackenzie King, the Prime Minister of the Dominion of Canada advised George VI, King of Canada, that a state of war should exist between Canada and Japan.

text: In the late evening of December 7, 1941, the Canadian Prime Minister, W. L. Mackenzie King, announced the Cabinet's decision to declare war on Japan. The King approved Canada's declaration of war in the following proclamation issued on December 8, 1941.

text: Whereas by and with the advice of our Privy Council for Canada we have signified our approval of the issue of a proclamation in the Canada Gazette declaring that a state of war with Japan exists and has existed in Canada as and from the 7th day of December 1941.

text: Now, therefore, we do hereby declare and proclaim that a state of war with Japan exists and has existed as and from the seventh day of December 1941.

text: Of all which our loving subjects and all others whom these presents may concern are hereby required to take notice and to govern themselves accordingly.[26]

text: Canada remained focused on the European theatre however, and following VE Day was still in the process of transitioning its military force for a campaign in east Asia and the western Pacific when VJ Day arrived.

text: Investigations and blame[edit]

text: President Roosevelt appointed the Roberts Commission, headed by U.S. Supreme Court Justice Owen Roberts, to investigate and report facts and findings with respect to the attack on Pearl Harbor. It was the first of many official investigations (nine in all). Both the Fleet commander, Rear Admiral Husband E. Kimmel, and the Army commander, Lieutenant General Walter Short (the Army had been responsible for air defense of Hawaii, including Pearl Harbor, and for general defense of the islands against hostile attack), were relieved of their commands shortly thereafter. They were accused of "dereliction of duty" by the Roberts Commission for not making reasonable defensive preparations. None of the investigations conducted during the War, nor the Congressional investigation afterward, provided enough reason to reverse those actions. The decisions of the Navy and War Departments to relieve both was controversial at the time and has remained so. However, neither was court-martialed as would normally have been the result of dereliction of duty. On May 25, 1999, the U.S. Senate voted to recommend both officers be exonerated on all charges, citing "denial to Hawaii commanders of vital intelligence available in Washington".

text: A Joint Congressional Committee was also appointed, on September 14, 1945, to investigate the causes of the attack and subsequent disaster, and was convened on November 15, 1945.[27]

text: Rise of anti-Japanese sentiment and historical significance[edit]

text: The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor coupled with their alliance with the Nazis and the ensuing war in the Pacific fueled anti-Japanese sentiment, racism, xenophobia, and anti-Axis sentiment in the Allied nations like never before. Japanese, Japanese-Americans and Asians having a similar physical appearance were regarded with deep seated suspicion, distrust and hostility. The attack was viewed as having been conducted in an extremely underhanded way and also as a very "treacherous" or "sneaky attack". Suspicions were further fueled by the Niihau Incident, as historian Gordon Prange stated "the rapidity with which the three resident Japanese went over to the pilot's cause" which troubled the Hawaiians. "The more pessimistic among them cited the Niihau Incident as proof that no one could trust any Japanese, even if an American citizen, not to go over to Japan if it appeared expedient."[28]

text: The attack, the subsequent declarations of war, and fear of "Fifth Columnists" resulted in internment of Japanese, German, and Italian populations in the United States and others, for instance the Japanese American internment, German American internment, Italian American internment, and Japanese Canadian internment. The attack resulted in the United States fighting the Germans and Italians among others in Europe and Japan in the Pacific.

text: The consequences were world-changing. Prime Minister Winston Churchill knew that the survival of the British Empire depended on American aid, and since 1940 had frequently asked Roosevelt to declare war. Churchill aide John Colville stated that the prime minister and American Ambassador John Gilbert Winant, who also supported the British, "sort of danced around the room together" as the United States would now enter the war, making a British victory likely.[29]:164–165 Churchill later wrote, "Being saturated and satiated with emotion and sensation, I went to bed and slept the sleep of the saved and thankful."[30] By opening the Pacific War, which ended in the unconditional surrender of Japan, it broke the power of an Asian check on Soviet expansion. The Allied victory in this war and subsequent U.S. emergence as a dominant world power, eclipsing Britain, have shaped international politics ever since.

text: Pearl Harbor is generally regarded as an extraordinary event in American history, remembered as the first time since the War of 1812 that America was attacked in strength on its territory by another country – with only the September 11 attacks almost 60 years later being of a similarly catastrophic scale. It was the first decisive defeat for the United States in World War II. It has become synonymous with "surprise attack" ever since in American parlance. The U.S. mistakes of intelligence collection, sharing, and analysis leading to the Japanese success at Pearl Harbor did not, in the end, lead to lessons learned.[31]

text: Perception of the attack today[edit]

text: Some Japanese today feel they were compelled to fight because of threats to their national interests and an embargo imposed by the United States, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. The most important embargo was on oil on which its Navy and much of the economy was dependent.[32] For example, Japan Times, an English-language newspaper owned by one of the major news organizations in Japan (Asahi Shimbun), ran numerous columns in the early 2000s echoing Kurusu's comments in reference to the Pearl Harbor attack.[33]

text: In putting the Pearl Harbor attack into context, Japanese writers repeatedly contrast the thousands of U.S. non-combatants killed there with the hundreds of thousands of Japanese civilians killed in U.S. air attacks on Japan later in the war, even without mentioning the 1945 atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the United States.

text: However, in spite of the perceived inevitability of the war by many Japanese, many also believe the Pearl Harbor attack, although a tactical victory, was actually part of a seriously flawed strategy for engaging in war with the U.S. As one columnist wrote, "The Pearl Harbor attack was a brilliant tactic, but part of a strategy based on the belief that a spirit as firm as iron and as beautiful as cherry blossoms could overcome the materially wealthy United States. That strategy was flawed, and Japan's total defeat would follow."[34] In 1991, the Japanese Foreign Ministry released a statement saying Japan had intended to make a formal declaration of war to the United States at 1 p.m. Washington time, 25 minutes before the attack at Pearl Harbor was scheduled to begin. This officially acknowledged something that had been publicly known for years. Diplomatic communications had been coordinated well in advance with the attack, but had failed delivery at the intended time. It appears the Japanese government was referring to the "14-part message", which did not actually break off negotiations, let alone declare war, but did officially raise the possibility of a break in relations. However, because of various delays, the Japanese ambassador was unable to deliver this message until well after the attack had begun.

text: Imperial Japanese military leaders appear to have had mixed feelings about the attack. Fleet Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto was unhappy about the botched timing of the breaking off of negotiations. He is on record as having said, in the previous year, "I can run wild for six months ... after that, I have no expectation of success."[35] The reports of American reactions, terming it a "sneak attack" and "infamous behavior", confirmed that the effect on American morale had been the opposite of intended.[36]

text: The Prime Minister of Japan during World War II, Hideki Tōjō later wrote, "When reflecting upon it today, that the Pearl Harbor attack should have succeeded in achieving surprise seems a blessing from Heaven."

text: Yamamoto had said, regarding the imminent war with the United States, "Should hostilities once break out between Japan and the United States, it is not enough that we take Guam and the Philippines, nor even Hawaii and San Francisco. We would have to march into Washington and sign the treaty in the White House. I wonder if our politicians (who speak so lightly of a Japanese-American war) have confidence as to the outcome and are prepared to make the necessary sacrifices?"[37]

text: Revisionism controversies[edit]

text: There are some revisionists in Japan who claim that the Attack on Pearl Harbor was a legitimate attack. These historical perspectives are often claimed by Japanese Shintoist and nationalists and have been criticized from both inside and outside Japan.

text:
An exhibit at the Yasukuni Shrine Museum (Yūshūkan) asserts that the attack on Pearl Harbor was a trick by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and denies that Japan committed any atrocities.[38][39][40]
In 2006, Henry Hyde, chairman of the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs, sent a letter to House Speaker Dennis Hastert on April 26 to show concern about Junichiro Koizumi visits to Yasukuni Shrine. He pointed out that this Shrine honors Hideki Tōjō and other convicted Class-A war criminals who were involved in the Pearl Harbor attack.[41]
In May 2007, the Japan Ministry of Education distributed an animated DVD Hokori (Pride) which was created by Junior Chamber International Japan (JC). Japanese Communist Party Diet member Yuko Ishii introduced and criticized it to the House of Representatives of Japan in May 17, and revealed that its contents glamorized Class-A war criminals and had the main character Yuta tell his girlfriend Kokoro that the battle was a "self-defense attack" and "Asian colonial liberation" against American imperialism.[42]
On October 31, 2008, Toshio Tamogami, former chief of staff of Japan's Air Self-Defense Force, published an essay which argued that Franklin D. Roosevelt, who had allegedly been manipulated by the Comintern, drew Japan into the attack on Pearl Harbor. Following the essay's publication, Defense Minister Yasukazu Hamada removed Tamogami from his post and ordered him to retire, since the essay's viewpoint contradicted the government position.[43][44] Tamogami, on November 3, 2008, confirmed that the essay accurately expressed his views on the war and Japan's role in it.[45]

tag: ul

text: While not specifically directed at revisionism, but more as a likely result of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's controversial visits to the Yasukuni Shrine, where some 1,600 war criminals were enshrined after their executions, by February 2015 some concern within the Imperial House of Japan — which normally does not issue such statements — over the issue was voiced by Crown Prince Naruhito.[46] Naruhito stated on his 55th birthday (February 23, 2015) that it was "important to look back on the past humbly and correctly", in reference to Japan's role in World War II-era war crimes, and that he was concerned about the ongoing need to "correctly pass down tragic experiences and the history behind Japan to the generations who have no direct knowledge of the war, at the time memories of the war are about to fade".[47]

text: Analysis[edit]

text: Tactical implications[edit]

text: The attack was notable for its considerable destruction, as putting most of the U.S. battleships out of commission was regarded—in both navies and by most military observers worldwide—as a tremendous success for Japan. Influenced by the earlier Battle of Taranto, which pioneered the all-aircraft naval attack but resulted in far less damage and casualties, the Japanese struck against Pearl Harbor on a much larger scale than did the British at Taranto.[48]

text: The attack was a great shock to all the Allies in the Pacific Theater, and it was initially believed Pearl Harbor changed the balance of power, similar to how Taranto did the Mediterranean, both in the attackers' favor. Three days later, with the sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse off the coast of Malaya, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill exclaimed, "In all the war I never received a more direct shock. As I turned and twisted in bed the full horror of the news sank in upon me. There were no British or American capital ships in the Indian Ocean or the Pacific except the American survivors of Pearl Harbor who were hastening back to California. Over this vast expanse of waters Japan was supreme and we everywhere were weak and naked."[49]

text: However, Pearl Harbor did not have as crippling an effect on American operations as initially thought. Unlike the close confines of the Mediterranean, the vast expanses of the Pacific limited the tactical value of battleships as a fleet in being. Furthermore, unlike new fast battleships such as the Iowa class, the slow battleships were incapable of operating with carrier task forces, so once repaired they were relegated to delivering pre-invasion bombardments during the island hopping offensive against Japanese-held islands. These Pearl Harbor veterans were later part of a force that defeated IJN battleships at the Battle of Surigao Strait, an engagement very lopsided in the USN's favor in any case.[50][51] A major flaw of Japanese strategic thinking was a belief that the ultimate Pacific battle would be between battleships of both sides, in keeping with the doctrine of Captain Alfred Mahan. Seeing the decimation of battleships at the hands of aircraft, Yamamoto (and his successors) hoarded his battleships for a "decisive battle" that never happened, only committing a handful to the forefront of the Battles of Midway and Guadalcanal.

text: One of the main Japanese objectives was to destroy the three American aircraft carriers stationed in the Pacific, but they were not present: Enterprise was returning from Wake, Lexington from Midway, and Saratoga was under refit at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard. Had Japan sunk the American carriers, the U.S. would have sustained significant damage to the Pacific Fleet's ability to conduct offensive operations for a year or so (given no further diversions from the Atlantic Fleet). As it was, the elimination of the battleships left the U.S. Navy with no choice but to place its faith in aircraft carriers and submarines—particularly the large numbers under construction of the U.S. Navy's Essex-class aircraft carriers, eleven of which had been ordered before the attack—the very weapons with which the U.S. Navy halted and eventually reversed the Japanese advance.

text: Battleships[edit]

text: Despite the perception of this battle as a devastating blow to America, only three ships were permanently lost to the U.S. Navy. These were the battleships Arizona, Oklahoma, and the old battleship Utah (then used as a target ship); nevertheless, much usable material was salvaged from them, including the two aft main turrets from Arizona. The majority of each battleship's crews survived; there were exceptions as heavy casualties resulted from Arizona's magazine exploding and the Oklahoma capsizing. Four ships sunk during the attack were later raised and returned to duty, including the battleships California, West Virginia and Nevada. California and West Virginia had an effective torpedo-defense system which held up remarkably well, despite the weight of fire they had to endure, resulting in most of their crews being saved. Maryland and Tennessee suffered relatively light damage, as did Pennsylvania, which was in drydock at the time.

text: Chester Nimitz said later, "It was God's mercy that our fleet was in Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941." Nimitz believed if Kimmel had discovered the Japanese approach to Pearl Harbor, he would have sortied to meet them. With the American carriers absent and Kimmel's battleships at a severe disadvantage to the Japanese carriers, the likely result would have been the sinking of the American battleships at sea in deep water, where they would have been lost forever with tremendous casualties (up to twenty thousand dead), instead of in Pearl Harbor, where the crews could easily be rescued, and six battleships ultimately restored to duty.[52] This was also the reaction of Joseph Rochefort, head of HYPO, when he remarked the attack was cheap at the price.

text: Many of the surviving battleships were extensively refitted, including the replacement of their outdated secondary battery of anti-surface 5"/51 caliber guns with more useful turreted dual-purpose 5"/38 caliber guns, allowing them to better cope with the new tactical reality.[53] Addition of modern radar to the salvaged vessels would give them a marked qualitative advantage over those of the IJN.[50][51]

text: The repaired U.S. battleships primarily provided fire support for amphibious landings. Their low speed was a liability to their deployment in the vast expanses of the Pacific, for instance they could not accompany the fleet carriers that had become the dominant combatants. Six of the Standard Type vessels participated in the last battleship versus battleship engagement in naval history, the Battle of Surigao Strait, where none of them were hit. During active duty, being well protected by escorts and air cover, none of the Pearl Harbor battleships suffered serious damage save for Pennsylvania which was permanently crippled by a torpedo in the closing stages of the war; on September 2, 1945, West Virginia was among the Allied fleet in Tokyo Bay when the Japanese officially surrendered.

text: Carriers[edit]

text: The attack on Pearl Harbor failed to sight, or destroy, any of the Pacific Fleet's three aircraft carriers; they had been designated as primary targets along with the battleships.[54] The carriers Lexington and Enterprise were ferrying additional fighters to American bases on the islands of Wake and Midway while Saratoga was under refit at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard.[55] At the time of the Japanese attack, the US was expecting imminent war with Japan, beginning in any of several places, such as the Philippines or Allied bases in Borneo.[56] Nagumo's hesitation, and failure to find and destroy the American carriers, may have been a product of his lack of faith in the attack plan, and of the fact he was a gunnery officer, not an aviator. In addition, Yamamoto's targeting priorities, placing battleships first in importance, reflected an out-of-date Mahanian doctrine, and an inability to extrapolate from history, given the damage German submarines did to British trade in World War I. In the end, Japan achieved surprisingly little for all her daring and apparent success.[57] This all happened at a time when the first thirteen examples, CV-9 through CV-21, of the pivotal Essex-class aircraft carriers had been ordered by the United States Congress and were under construction — not one of the thirteen Essex-class carriers built and commissioned during the war years to serve with the U.S. Navy before August 1945 was sunk by the Axis forces in World War II.

text: Cruisers, essential to carrier task forces later in the war, had been considered tertiary targets and only three suffered damage. Of 27 destroyers present, only two were lost: Cassin and Downes were total losses as ships, but their machinery was salvaged and fitted into new hulls, retaining their original names, while Shaw was raised and returned to service.

text: Shore installations[edit]

text: Tank farms, containing 140 million U.S. gallons (530 million liters) of bunker oil, were unscathed, providing a ready source of fuel for American fleets at the submarine base. About this missed opportunity, Admiral Chester Nimitz would later say, "Had the Japanese destroyed the oil, it would have prolonged the war another two years."[58] These were vital to the initial phase of the war, and to commerce raiding throughout, and illustrate the deficiencies of Japanese planning for the attack. The Navy Yard, critical to ship maintenance, and repair of ships damaged in the attack was untouched. The engineering and initial repair shops, as well as the torpedo store, were intact. Other items of base infrastructure and operation, such as power generation, continued to operate normally. Also critical to the way the Pacific War was actually fought was the cryptanalysis unit, Station HYPO, located in the basement of the old Administration Building. It was undamaged and even benefited by gaining staff from unemployed ship's bands.[59]

text: The Army Air Force's loss of aircraft must be balanced against the fact that many of them were obsolete, such as the P-40's predecessor, the P-36. Japan might have achieved a good deal more with not much additional effort or loss.[60]

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Capital ships prior to attack[61]

Location
Battleships
Aircraft carriers

 United States

Atlantic
6 (+2*)
4 (+1*)

Pacific
9
3

 Empire of Japan

Pacific
10 (+1*)
10

*Plus ships completed but not yet commissioned.
US: North Carolina, Washington and Hornet
Japan: Yamato

Capital ships after attack

Location
Battleships
Aircraft carriers

 United States

Atlantic
6 (+2*)
4 (+1*)

Pacific
1 (+6**)
3

 Empire of Japan

Pacific
10 (+1*)
9

**Ships which can be repaired:
California,West Virginia, Nevada, Maryland, Tennessee, Pennsylvania.

Capital ships 12/1942

Location
Battleships
Aircraft carriers

 United States

Atlantic
4
1

Pacific
12 (+3**)
3

 Empire of Japan

Pacific
10
6

**Ships which can be repaired:
California,West Virginia, Nevada
US ships lost:
Lexington, Yorktown, Wasp, Hornet
US ships gained:
Essex, North Carolina, Washington, South Dakota, Indiana, Massachusetts, Alabama
Japanese ships lost:
Shoho, Akagi, Kaga, Soryu, Hiryu, Hiei, Kirishima
Japanese ships gained: Yamato, Musashi, Junyo, Hiyo.

tag: table

text: Of the 22 Japanese ships that took part in the attack, only one survived the war. As of 2006, the only U.S. ships in Pearl Harbor during the attack still remaining afloat are the Coast Guard Cutter Taney and the yard tug Hoga. Both remained active over 50 years after the attack and have been designated museum ships.

text: Strategic implications[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: A common view is that the Japanese fell victim to victory disease because of the perceived ease of their first victories. It has also been stated by the Japanese military commanders and politicians who visited and lived in the United States, that their leadership (mostly military personnel) took the war with the United States relatively lightly, compared to them. For instance, Admiral Yamamoto and General Tadamichi Kuribayashi expressed concerns about the greater industrial power of the United States.

text: The politics of a "Europe First" strategy, loss of air cover over Pearl Harbor, and subsequent loss of the Philippines, meant the U.S. Army and Army Air Forces[62][unreliable source] were unable to play a significant role in the Pacific War for several months. Japan was temporarily free of worries about the major rival Pacific naval power, which was at least part of the intention for the attack. Because Australian, New Zealand, Dutch and most British forces were already in Europe, Japan conquered nearly all of Southeast Asia, the Southwest Pacific, and extended her reach far into the Indian Ocean, without significant interference. The various Japanese advances were a nearly complete tactical success.

text: In the long term, the attack on Pearl Harbor was a grand strategic blunder for Japan. Indeed, Admiral Yamamoto, who conceived it, predicted even success here could not win a war with the United States, because American productive capacity was too large. It spurred the United States into a determination to fight to complete victory. The war resulted in the destruction of the Japanese armed forces, the occupation of the home islands (a state never before achieved in Japan's history), and the occupation of Okinawa and the Ryukyu Islands by the United States until 1972, while the Soviet Russian re-annexation of the Kurile Islands and Sakhalin Island's southern part, and the restoration of Formosa (Taiwan) to China, and the loss of Korea have not been reversed to this day.


document_title: Federal Reserve Board of Governors

question_text: the current chairman of the board of governors of the federal reserve system (the fed ) is

question_tokens: the current chairman of the board of governors of the federal reserve system ( the fed ) is

text: Federal Reserve Board of Governors

text: Description[edit]

text: By law, the appointments must yield a "fair representation of the financial, agricultural, industrial, and commercial interests and geographical divisions of the country".[1][2] As stipulated in the Banking Act of 1935, the Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Board are two of seven members of the Board of Governors who are appointed by the President from among the sitting Governors.[1][2]

text: The Board of Governors does not receive funding from Congress, and the terms of the seven members of the Board span multiple presidential and congressional terms. Once a member of the Board of Governors is appointed by the president, he or she functions mostly independently. The Board is required to make an annual report of operations to the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives.[3] It also supervises and regulates the operations of the Federal Reserve Banks, and the U.S. banking system in general.

text: Membership is by statute limited in term, and a member that has served for a full 14 year term is not eligible for reappointment.[4] There are numerous occasions where an individual was appointed to serve the remainder of another member's uncompleted term, and has been reappointed to serve a full 14-year term.[4] Since "upon the expiration of their terms of office, members of the Board shall continue to serve until their successors are appointed and have qualified",[4] it is possible for a member to serve for significantly longer than a full term of 14 years. The law provides for the removal of a member of the Board by the President "for cause".[4]

text: The Chair and Vice Chair of the Board of Governors are appointed by the President from among the sitting Governors. They both serve a four-year term and they can be renominated as many times as the President chooses, until their terms on the Board of Governors expire.[1]

text: Current members[edit]

text: The current members of the Board of Governors are as follows:[5]

text:
Governor
Political Party
Entered office
Term expires

Jerome Powell
(Chair)
Republican
February 5, 2018 (as Chair)
May 25, 2012 (as Governor)
June 16, 2014 (new term)
February 5, 2022 (as Chair)
January 31, 2028 (as Governor)

Vacant
(Vice Chair)

N/A (as Vice Chair)
January 31, 2020* (as Governor)

Randal Quarles
(Vice Chair for Supervision)
Republican
October 13, 2017 (as Vice Chair for Supervision)
October 13, 2017
October 13, 2021 (as Vice Chair for Supervision)
January 31, 2018 (as Governor)

Lael Brainard
Democratic
June 16, 2014
January 31, 2026

Vacant

January 31, 2022*

Vacant

January 31, 2024*

Vacant

January 31, 2030*

text: *Indicates the date of term expiration for the individual nominated to this vacant position.

text: Committees[edit]

text:
Committee on Board Affairs

Governor Powell, Chairman
Vice Chairman (vacant)

Committee on Consumer and Community Affairs

Governor Brainard, Chair
Vacant

Committee on Economic and Financial Monitoring and Research

Chairman (vacant)
Governor Brainard

Committee on Financial Stability

Chairman (vacant)
Governor Brainard
Vacant

Committee on Federal Reserve Bank Affairs

Governor Powell, Chairman
Governor Brainard

Committee on Bank Supervision

Vacant, Chairman
Governor Powell
Governor Brainard

Subcommittee on Smaller Regional and Community Banking

Governor Powell, Chairman
Governor Brainard

Committee on Payments, Clearing, and Settlement

Governor Powell, Chairman
Vacant

text: Source: [6]

text: List of governors[edit]

text:
Name
Bank
Begin
End
Term (Years)
Notes

Frederic A. Delano
Chicago
000000001914-08-10-0000August 10, 1914
000000001918-07-21-0000July 21, 1918
4

Paul M. Warburg
New York
000000001914-08-10-0000August 10, 1914
000000001918-08-09-0000August 9, 1918
4

William P.G. Harding
Atlanta
000000001914-08-10-0000August 10, 1914
000000001922-08-09-0000August 9, 1922
8
Chairman (1916–1922)

Adolph C. Miller
San Francisco
000000001914-08-10-0000August 10, 1914
000000001936-02-03-0000February 3, 1936
12

Charles S. Hamlin
Boston
000000001914-08-10-0000August 10, 1914
000000001936-02-03-0000February 3, 1936
12
Chairman (1914–1916)

Albert Strauss
New York
000000001918-10-26-0000October 26, 1918
000000001920-03-15-0000March 15, 1920
2

Henry A. Moehlenpah
Chicago
000000001919-11-10-0000November 10, 1919
000000001920-08-09-0000August 9, 1920
1

Edmund Platt
New York
000000001920-06-20-0000June 20, 1920
000000001930-09-14-0000September 14, 1930
10

David C. Wills
Cleveland
000000001920-09-20-0000September 20, 1920
000000001921-03-04-0000March 4, 1921
1

John R. Mitchell
Minneapolis
000000001921-05-12-0000May 12, 1921
000000001923-05-12-0000May 12, 1923
2

Milo D. Campbell
Chicago
000000001923-03-14-0000March 14, 1923
000000001923-03-22-0000March 22, 1923
<1
Died in office

Daniel R. Crissinger
Cleveland
000000001923-05-01-0000May 1, 1923
000000001927-09-15-0000September 15, 1927
4
Chairman (1923–1927)

Edward H. Cunningham
Chicago
000000001923-05-14-0000May 14, 1923
000000001930-11-28-0000November 28, 1930
7
Died in office

George R. James
St. Louis
000000001923-05-14-0000May 14, 1923
000000001936-02-03-0000February 3, 1936
13

Roy A. Young
Minneapolis
000000001927-10-04-0000October 4, 1927
000000001930-08-31-0000August 31, 1930
3
Chairman (1927–1930)

Eugene Meyer
New York
000000001930-09-16-0000September 16, 1930
000000001933-05-10-0000May 10, 1933
3
Chairman (1930–1933)

Wayland W. Magee
Kansas City
000000001931-05-18-0000May 18, 1931
000000001933-01-24-0000January 24, 1933
2

Eugene R. Black
Atlanta
000000001933-05-19-0000May 19, 1933
000000001934-08-15-0000August 15, 1934
1
Chairman (1933–1934)

J.J. Thomas
Kansas City
000000001933-06-14-0000June 14, 1933
000000001936-02-10-0000February 10, 1936
3

M.S. Szymczak
Chicago
000000001933-06-14-0000June 14, 1933
000000001961-05-31-0000May 31, 1961
28

Marriner S. Eccles
San Francisco
000000001934-11-15-0000November 15, 1934
000000001951-07-14-0000July 14, 1951
17
Chairman (1934–1948)

Joseph A. Broderick
New York
000000001936-02-03-0000February 3, 1936
000000001937-09-30-0000September 30, 1937
2

John K. McKee
Cleveland
000000001936-02-03-0000February 3, 1936
000000001946-04-04-0000April 4, 1946
10

Ronald Ransom
Atlanta
000000001936-02-03-0000February 3, 1936
000000001947-12-02-0000December 2, 1947
12
Died in office

Ralph W. Morrison
Dallas
000000001936-02-10-0000February 10, 1936
000000001936-07-09-0000July 9, 1936
<1

Chester C. Davis
Richmond
000000001936-06-25-0000June 25, 1936
000000001941-04-15-0000April 15, 1941
5

Ernest G. Draper
New York
000000001938-03-30-0000March 30, 1938
000000001950-09-01-0000September 1, 1950
12

Rudolph M. Evans
Richmond
000000001942-03-14-0000March 14, 1942
000000001954-08-13-0000August 13, 1954
12

James K. Vardaman, Jr.
St. Louis
000000001946-04-04-0000April 4, 1946
000000001958-11-30-0000November 30, 1958
12

Lawrence Clayton
Boston
000000001947-02-14-0000February 14, 1947
000000001949-12-04-0000December 4, 1949
3
Died in office

Thomas B. McCabe
Philadelphia
000000001948-04-15-0000April 15, 1948
000000001951-03-31-0000March 31, 1951
3
Chairman (1948–1951)

Edward L. Norton
Atlanta
000000001950-09-01-0000September 1, 1950
000000001952-01-31-0000January 31, 1952
1

Oliver S. Powell
Minneapolis
000000001950-09-01-0000September 1, 1950
000000001952-06-30-0000June 30, 1952
2

William McChesney Martin
New York
000000001951-04-02-0000April 2, 1951
000000001970-01-31-0000January 31, 1970
19
Chairman (1951–1970)

A.L. Mills, Jr.
San Francisco
000000001952-02-18-0000February 18, 1952
000000001965-02-28-0000February 28, 1965
13

J.L. Robertson
Kansas City
000000001952-02-18-0000February 18, 1952
000000001973-04-30-0000April 30, 1973
21

C. Canby Balderston
Philadelphia
000000001954-08-12-0000August 12, 1954
000000001966-02-28-0000February 28, 1966
12

Paul E. Miller
Minneapolis
000000001954-08-13-0000August 13, 1954
000000001954-10-21-0000October 21, 1954
<1
Died in office

Charles N. Shepardson
Dallas
000000001955-03-17-0000March 17, 1955
000000001967-04-30-0000April 30, 1967
12

G.H. King, Jr.
Atlanta
000000001959-03-25-0000March 25, 1959
000000001963-09-18-0000September 18, 1963
4

George W. Mitchell
Chicago
000000001961-08-31-0000August 31, 1961
000000001976-02-13-0000February 13, 1976
14

J. Dewey Daane
Richmond
000000001963-11-29-0000November 29, 1963
000000001974-03-08-0000March 8, 1974
11

Sherman J. Maisel
San Francisco
000000001965-04-30-0000April 30, 1965
000000001972-05-31-0000May 31, 1972
7

Andrew F. Brimmer
Philadelphia
000000001966-03-09-0000March 9, 1966
000000001974-08-31-0000August 31, 1974
8

William W. Sherrill
Dallas
000000001967-05-01-0000May 1, 1967
000000001971-11-15-0000November 15, 1971
5

Arthur F. Burns
New York
000000001970-01-31-0000January 31, 1970
000000001978-03-31-0000March 31, 1978
8
Chairman (1970–1978)

John E. Sheehan
St. Louis
000000001972-01-04-0000January 4, 1972
000000001975-06-01-0000June 1, 1975
3

Jeffrey M. Bucher
San Francisco
000000001972-06-05-0000June 5, 1972
000000001976-01-02-0000January 2, 1976
4

Robert C. Holland
Kansas City
000000001973-06-11-0000June 11, 1973
000000001976-05-15-0000May 15, 1976
3

Henry C. Wallich
Boston
000000001974-03-08-0000March 8, 1974
000000001986-12-15-0000December 15, 1986
12

Philip E. Coldwell
Dallas
000000001974-10-29-0000October 29, 1974
000000001980-02-29-0000February 29, 1980
6

Philip C. Jackson, Jr.
Atlanta
000000001975-07-14-0000July 14, 1975
000000001978-11-17-0000November 17, 1978
3

J. Charles Partee
Richmond
000000001976-01-05-0000January 5, 1976
000000001986-02-07-0000February 7, 1986
10

Stephen S. Gardner
Philadelphia
000000001976-02-13-0000February 13, 1976
000000001978-11-19-0000November 19, 1978
3
Died in office

David M. Lilly
Minneapolis
000000001976-06-01-0000June 1, 1976
000000001978-02-24-0000February 24, 1978
2

G. William Miller
San Francisco
000000001978-03-08-0000March 8, 1978
000000001979-08-06-0000August 6, 1979
1
Chairman (1978–1979)

Nancy H. Teeters
Chicago
000000001978-09-18-0000September 18, 1978
000000001984-06-27-0000June 27, 1984
6

Emmett J. Rice
New York
000000001979-06-20-0000June 20, 1979
000000001986-12-31-0000December 31, 1986
8

Frederick H. Schultz
Atlanta
000000001979-07-27-0000July 27, 1979
000000001982-02-11-0000February 11, 1982
3

Paul A. Volcker
Philadelphia
000000001979-08-06-0000August 6, 1979
000000001987-08-11-0000August 11, 1987
8
Chairman (1979–1987)

Lyle E. Gramley
Kansas City
000000001980-05-28-0000May 28, 1980
000000001985-09-01-0000September 1, 1985
5

Preston Martin[7]
San Francisco
000000001982-03-31-0000March 31, 1982
000000001986-04-30-0000April 30, 1986
4

Martha R. Seger
Chicago
000000001984-07-02-0000July 2, 1984
000000001991-03-11-0000March 11, 1991
7

Manuel H. Johnson
Richmond
000000001986-02-07-0000February 7, 1986
000000001990-08-03-0000August 3, 1990
4

Wayne D. Angell
Kansas City
000000001986-02-07-0000February 7, 1986
000000001994-02-09-0000February 9, 1994
8

H. Robert Heller
San Francisco
000000001986-08-19-0000August 19, 1986
000000001989-07-31-0000July 31, 1989
3

Edward W. Kelley, Jr.
Dallas
000000001987-05-26-0000May 26, 1987
000000002001-12-31-0000December 31, 2001
14

Alan Greenspan
New York
000000001987-08-11-0000August 11, 1987
000000002006-01-31-0000January 31, 2006
19
Chairman (1987–2006)

John P. LaWare
Boston
000000001988-08-15-0000August 15, 1988
000000001995-04-30-0000April 30, 1995
7

David W. Mullins, Jr.
St. Louis
000000001990-05-21-0000May 21, 1990
000000001994-02-14-0000February 14, 1994
4

Lawrence B. Lindsey
Richmond
000000001991-11-26-0000November 26, 1991
000000001997-02-05-0000February 5, 1997
5

Susan M. Phillips
Chicago
000000001991-12-02-0000December 2, 1991
000000001998-06-30-0000June 30, 1998
7

Alan S. Blinder
Philadelphia
000000001994-06-27-0000June 27, 1994
000000001996-01-31-0000January 31, 1996
2

Janet Yellen
San Francisco
000000001994-08-12-0000August 12, 1994
000000001997-02-17-0000February 17, 1997
3

Laurence H. Meyer
St. Louis
000000001996-06-24-0000June 24, 1996
000000002002-01-31-0000January 31, 2002
6

Alice M. Rivlin
Philadelphia
000000001996-06-25-0000June 25, 1996
000000001999-07-16-0000July 16, 1999
3

Edward M. Gramlich
Richmond
000000001997-11-05-0000November 5, 1997
000000002005-08-31-0000August 31, 2005
8

Roger W. Ferguson, Jr.
Boston
000000001997-11-05-0000November 5, 1997
000000002006-04-28-0000April 28, 2006
8

Mark W. Olson
Minneapolis
000000002001-12-07-0000December 7, 2001
000000002006-06-30-0000June 30, 2006
5

Susan S. Bies
Chicago
000000002001-12-07-0000December 7, 2001
000000002007-03-30-0000March 30, 2007
5

Ben S. Bernanke
Atlanta
000000002002-08-05-0000August 5, 2002
000000002005-06-21-0000June 21, 2005
3

Donald L. Kohn
Kansas City
000000002002-08-05-0000August 5, 2002
000000002010-09-01-0000September 1, 2010
8

Ben S. Bernanke
Atlanta
000000002006-02-01-0000February 1, 2006
000000002014-01-31-0000January 31, 2014
8
Chairman (2006–2014)

Kevin M. Warsh
New York
000000002006-02-24-0000February 24, 2006
000000002011-04-02-0000April 2, 2011
5

Randall S. Kroszner
Richmond
000000002006-03-01-0000March 1, 2006
000000002009-01-21-0000January 21, 2009
3

Frederic S. Mishkin
Boston
000000002006-09-05-0000September 5, 2006
000000002008-08-31-0000August 31, 2008
2

Elizabeth A. Duke
Philadelphia
000000002008-08-05-0000August 5, 2008
000000002013-08-31-0000August 31, 2013
5

Daniel Tarullo
Boston
000000002009-01-28-0000January 28, 2009
000000002017-04-05-0000April 5, 2017
8

Janet Yellen
San Francisco
000000002010-10-04-0000October 4, 2010
000000002018-02-03-0000February 3, 2018
7
Chair (2014–2018)

Sarah Bloom Raskin
Richmond
000000002010-10-04-0000October 4, 2010
000000002014-03-13-0000March 13, 2014
3

Jerome Powell
New York
000000002012-05-25-0000May 25, 2012
000000002028-01-31-0000January 31, 2028 (Incumbent)

Chairman (2018–present)

Jeremy C. Stein
Chicago
000000002012-05-30-0000May 30, 2012
000000002014-05-28-0000May 28, 2014
2

Stanley Fischer
New York
000000002014-05-28-0000May 28, 2014
000000002017-10-13-0000October 13, 2017
3

Lael Brainard
Richmond
000000002014-06-16-0000June 16, 2014
000000002026-01-31-0000January 31, 2026 (Incumbent)

Randal Quarles
Kansas City
000000002017-10-13-0000October 13, 2017
000000002018-01-31-0000January 31, 2018 (Incumbent)

Vice Chairman for Supervision (2017–present)

text: Source: [8]