document_title: Home and Away

question_text: when did home and away start in the uk

question_tokens: when did home and away start in the uk

text: Home and Away

text: History[edit]

text: After the Seven Network cancelled their soap opera Neighbours on 12 July 1985 due to low ratings, rival network Ten picked it up and turned it into a success.[1] A couple of years later, Seven's head of drama, Alan Bateman, became desperate to get back into the soap market and began to work out how to launch another soap that was not a copy of Neighbours.[2] While on a trip to Kangaroo Point, New South Wales with his family, Bateman began talking to locals who were "up in arms" over the construction of a foster home for children from the city.[2][3] Seeing the degree of conflict the "influx of parentless children on a tight-knit community" was having, Bateman came away with the idea for a new serial.[3] He explained "Nobody in the community wanted them to move in and I began to wonder how streetwise city kids would adapt to the new lifestyle. Suddenly I thought, there is my slice of life in a community."[2] Bateman began outlining the storyline and set the serial in the fictional town of Summer Bay. While Seven Network executives were unconvinced by the idea, audience research was positive.[2] The soap opera was initially called Refuge, but the name was changed to the "friendlier" title of Home and Away once production began.[2]

text: Home and Away has since become the second-longest drama series in Australian television after Neighbours.[4][5] During the show's first season in 1988, a rape storyline for the character Carly Morris (Sharyn Hodgson) outraged the public and a protest erupted, as viewers deemed it an inappropriate subject to be covering in an early evening time slot.[6] In 2002, several former characters such as Frank Morgan (Alex Papps), Carly Morris (Sharyn Hodgson), Steven Matheson (Adam Willits), Blake Dean (Les Hill) and Sophie Simpson (Rebekah Elmaloglou) returned for a special storyline to mark the 150th anniversary of settlement in Summer Bay.[7][8] The storyline featured a majority of the cast boarded onto a ferry boat for a night cruise; however, a massive storm ruined the celebrations, leading the boat to sink.[9] In July 2005, Home and Away celebrated its 4000th episode, which saw many former cast members return for Alf Stewart's (Ray Meagher) surprise 60th birthday party.[10][11][12] In March 2007, the commercial television industry's Annual Code Complaint Report revealed that Home and Away was the eighth most complained about show on Australian television, and the only drama series in the top ten complaint list.[13] From 1 July 2005 to 30 June 2006, there were 23 written complaints about the show as viewers thought it was inappropriate for it to be shown in its 7:00 pm timeslot.[13]

text: In March 2009, it was alleged that Seven had agreed to censor a then-upcoming lesbian kiss scene between Charlie Buckton (Esther Anderson) and Joey Collins (Kate Bell), after receiving many complaints from conservative groups and mothers who did not want their children exposed to same-sex relationships in a family show.[14][15] Seven's head of creative drama, Bevan Lee, later confirmed that the censorship allegations were in fact false and that the scene would still go to air as planned.[16] Home and Away celebrated its 21st year in production in Sydney on 23 July 2009.[4] The mayor of Sydney's Pittwater Council presented cast members with the key to Palm Beach, the filming location for the show.[4] At the end of 2011, Cameron Welsh left his role as the series producer.[17][18] Welsh previously played the character Mitch McColl from 1999 until 2001 and then became the series producer for Home and Away in 2007.[17] Former All Saints producer Lucy Addario took over as series producer in January 2012.[17][18] In August 2012, Home and Away's official Australian Facebook page reached one million likes, becoming the first Australian television show to reach this milestone.[19] The Facebook page was established in November 2009 and is followed by fans mostly in Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway and the United Kingdom.[19] In 2013, Home and Away celebrated its 25th anniversary and former cast member Kate Ritchie (Sally Fletcher) returned for a special storyline to coincide with the celebrations.[20][21] For the first time in the show's history, Home and Away aired a two-hander episode, featuring only the characters Ricky Sharpe (Bonnie Sveen) and Darryl "Brax" Braxton (Steve Peacocke), on 14 February 2016.[22][23]

text: Settings[edit]

text: Home and Away is set in Summer Bay, a fictional seaside town of New South Wales. Locations within the town include the beach, a high school, diner, bait shop, garage and a  surf club, which includes a gym, small kiosk and an upstairs restaurant.[24] Characters in the show live at surrounding neighbouring areas such as the Summer Bay House, Summer Bay Caravan Park, Beach House, The Farmhouse, Pier Flat, and Saxon Avenue. Other fictional towns mentioned and sometimes seen in Home and Away are Mangrove River and Yabbie Creek.[25][26]

text: Palm Beach in Sydney's Northern Beaches district has been used as the location for Summer Bay since Home and Away began in 1988.[24][26][27] It has since become popular with tourists, and tours to the show's exterior sets at Palm Beach run throughout the year.[24][28][29] The exterior scenes are filmed mainly at Palm Beach and at Fisherman's Beach in Collaroy.[24][26][30] Interior scenes for the show were filmed at the Seven Network's Sydney studios in Epping until 2010. Following the closure of these studios in early 2010, the interiors are now filmed at the Australian Technology Park in Redfern.[31][32] The Jackeroo Ranch estate in Kenthurst had been used for the exterior sets of the Summer Bay House and Caravan Park since 1988.[26] After both sets were destroyed by a bushfire in December 2002, the caravan park set was moved and filmed at other locations such as the Waratah Park Earth Sanctuary between 2007–09 and the Lane Cove River Tourist Park between 2010–14.[26][33][34] A replica of the Summer Bay House was rebuilt in its original location at the Kenthurst estate several years later, with the exception of a grey roof instead of a red one.[26][35] The caravan park set moved back to the estate after the house was rebuilt, and both exterior sets made their on-screen returns in 2015.[36] The Summer Bay House is the only house to still be seen on screen since the pilot episode.[26]

text: Aside from New South Wales, Home and Away has also filmed scenes in other states of Australia. In May 2012, the show filmed scenes at Flinders Ranges and Nilpena Station in South Australia for a storyline in which Casey Braxton (Lincoln Younes) was kidnapped and taken to the outback by Kyle Braxton (Nic Westaway).[37][38][39]  The following month, Home and Away filmed scenes in Melbourne for the second time.[40] In November 2014, the show filmed an episode at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra with several cast members, as a tribute to the Anzac Centenary. The episode centered around Alf Stewart (Ray Meagher), "who becomes upset with the younger generation's perceived lack of respect for Anzac Day, and joins the school trip to Canberra to visit the War Memorial."[41][42] Outside of Australia, Home and Away has filmed in Hawaii once and in the UK three times.[37][43][44]

text: Broadcasting[edit]

text: In Australia, Home and Away currently airs on the Seven Network at 7:00 pm from Mondays to Thursdays, going up against rival current affairs shows A Current Affair on the Nine Network, and The Project on Network Ten.[45] The show is on air for approximately 45 weeks each year.[46] Each season is usually broadcast from January/February and conclude with the season finale in November/December, as it goes off air for two months during the Christmas and New Year period. All aired episodes shown during the week are available to watch on the Seven Network's 7plus app, as part of their catch up TV service.[47][48] They are also broadcast in an omnibus edition each Sunday on Seven's digital multichannel 7Two.[49]

text: When the show first began in 1988, it aired at 5:30 pm in Adelaide, at 6:00 pm in Melbourne and Sydney, at 6:30 pm in Brisbane, and at 7:00 pm in Perth.[50] In January 1992, Seven moved Home and Away to the 7:00 pm timeslot across the network.[50] On 3 November 2009, 7Two began airing repeat episodes of the show from the very beginning at 9:30 am, before moving to 9:00 am.[49][51] Since its premiere, the show had been screened as a 22-minute episode each weeknight. However, beginning in March 2013, Better Homes and Gardens began replacing Home and Away on Fridays to make way for Seven's AFL coverage.[52] Friday's episodes of Home and Away now air on Thursdays at 7:30 pm.[52] As of 2018, Home and Away currently airs sporadically, with episodes consisting from four to six episodes per week.[47]

text: Since 2000, Home and Away has ceased broadcast mid-season for two weeks during the Olympic Games and the episode to screen prior to this is referred to as an 'Olympic cliffhanger'. An Olympic cliffhanger episode would usually involve increased drama, with the peak of a storyline, similar to a season finale episode, and the outcome of the cliffhanger to conclude after the Olympics. Olympic cliffhangers have been broadcast in 2000, 2004, 2008 and 2016, with the exclusion of 2012, as the Seven Network did not have the rights to televise the 2012 London Olympics.[53] In addition to this, Home and Away took a transmission break on 3 April 2018 in order to broadcast the 2018 Commonwealth Games, and returned on 16 April 2018.[54]

text: International[edit]

text: Home and Away has been sold to over 80 countries around the world, making it one of Australia's successful media exports.[55][56]

text: In the United Kingdom, Home and Away was first broadcast on ITV from 11 February 1989 until 8 June 2000.[57][58] Home and Away was shown twice a day on ITV, with a lunchtime showing and a tea time repeat; many regions aired it at around 5:10 pm, while others at 6:00 pm or even 6:30 pm.[59][60] The show attracted up to eight million viewers, making it one of ITV's top 30 rated programmes.[60][61] It also helped boost audiences for ITV's regional and early evening news bulletins.[61] During the show's last year on ITV, Home and Away attracted an average audience of 4.4 million for its early-evening repeats.[58] In February 2000, it was announced that Home and Away would be moving to rival Channel 5 after they bought the rights to the show in a £40m auction deal.[60][61] ITV reportedly offered twice the amount by Channel 5, but the Seven Network in Australia were swayed by Channel 5's commitment to the long-term future of the show in a deal of more than five years.[60][61] After its run on ITV ended, Home and Away went off air for 12 months as ITV had an exclusivity clause that prevented any other broadcaster from airing the show for a year.[60][61] After a delay in screening, Home and Away made its debut on Channel 5 on 16 July 2001.[62] Channel 5 currently airs Home and Away at 1:15 pm each week day, with a repeat at 6:00 pm.[63] UK viewers are able to catch up with episodes on 5* and online via Demand 5.[63] From July 2018, Home and Away is available for catch up on Paramount Network, a channel operated by Channel 5.

text: In Ireland, Home and Away is broadcast on RTÉ Television at 1:30 pm on RTÉ One and repeated on RTÉ2 at 6:30 pm each weekday.[64] A repeat of the week's episodes is aired on Saturdays and Sundays on RTÉ2.[64] Viewers in the Republic of Ireland are also able to catch up with episodes on the RTÉ Player.[65] Home and Away is one of RTÉ's most popular drama series. It was the most watched programme of 2014 on the RTÉ Player with over four million viewers.[65] As of 2014, the show is no longer available to view in Northern Ireland via the Sky platform, however, it can still be viewed on free view service Saorview. In New Zealand, Home and Away is broadcast on TVNZ 2 at 5:30 pm each weekday.[66] A repeat of the previous day's episode is shown at 11:00 am weekdays and an omnibus edition is shown on Sunday afternoons.[66] The TVNZ website also offers viewers the chance to watch episodes online with its OnDemand service.[66][67] Home and Away is one of New Zealand's most popular TV series and is one of TVNZ 2's highest-rating shows.[68] The show had previously aired on TV3 since 2002, where it consistently won high ratings for TV3 and helped boost audiences for their 6pm news bulletin.[69][70][71] However, on 5 July 2013, the show's European distributor Endemol cancelled its agreement with TV3, causing them to lose the right to broadcast Home and Away.[69] In the United States, Home and Away began streaming on the subscription service Hulu on 2 March 2015, beginning with the 2015 season.[72] The service no longer receives new episodes, although the complete twenty-eighth season is currently available.[73]

text: Popularity and viewership[edit]

text: The launch of Home and Away in 1988 was hoped to help boost the Seven Network's early evening ratings which had been underperforming in previous years.[50] However, the show struggled to attract high ratings, particularly when compared to rival soap opera Neighbours, which was a huge ratings success at the time.[50] By the end of 1988, Home and Away's ratings had improved.[50] In January 1992, when Neighbours' high-rating era was over, Seven moved Home and Away to the 7:00 pm timeslot, putting both shows up against each other.[50] This caused Network Ten to move Neighbours to the 6.30 pm timeslot two months later.[50] During the early 2000s, Home and Away was averaging 1.3 million viewers[74][75] and in 2007, viewing figures rose to 1.4 million.[76] However, by the end of the decade, the ratings had dropped to an average of 1.1 million viewers.[75] During the early 2010s, viewing figures had further decreased to between 800,000 and 1 million an episode.[77][78] In 2012, Home and Away was averaging 981,000 viewers, down from 1.039 million in 2011 and 1.021 million in 2010.[79]

text: In 2015, the show began going through a serious ratings decline.[68][80] A July 2015 report revealed that the ratings were down 14% compared to the first six months of 2014, which translates to about 140,000 fewer viewers per episode.[68][80] On 6 July 2015, Home and Away ranked 16th in OzTAM's overnight ratings with 750,000 viewers.[68] The following night, the show fell to an even lower figure of 701,000 viewers.[81] A writer for the Australian Associated Press stated that one of the reasons for the ratings decline could be "the viewing habits of Gen Y, which the show is aimed at, have changed dramatically in recent times thanks to the launch of streaming services, Netflix, Stan and Presto. The exact age demographic that Home and Away targets are the same people who do not subscribe to appointment viewing. They prefer to watch shows when they want and don't want to be dictated to by the commercial networks."[68] A Seven spokeswoman commented that Home and Away was still performing well on digital and social platforms and that the overnight ratings were not the only measure of the show's success.[80]

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Home and Away's storylines have ranged from mild to serious issues throughout its run. While the central stories revolve around fostering children, family and teenage problem, school problems and romances,[82][83][84] the series has covered several controversial, adult-themed and detailed issues not suitable for young audiences, despite its early evening time of 7:00 pm. Storylines covered include abortion,[84] accidental death,[84] adultery,[85] adoption, alcoholism,[86] amnesia, amputation, arson, autism, bereavement, brain aneurysm, bulimia, bullying,[84] cancer, cage fighting,[87] career problems,[88] child abuse,[89] cults,[90] cyberbullying, domestic violence,[84] depression, drink driving, drug overdose, drug trafficking and drug use,[84] gambling addiction,[91] health problems,[92][93] hit-and-runs,[94] HIV and AIDS,[95][96] homosexuality,[97] Huntington's disease, incest,[84] miscarriage,[98] murder,[84] imprisonment,[99] kidnapping,[84] marriage problems,[100] obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), paedophilia,[101][102] post-natal depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, prostitution, racism,[84] rape,[84] revenge porn,[103] robbery,[104] self-harm,[89] sex,[105] shootings (including drive-by shootings),[106] stabbings,[84] stalking,[84] stroke, SIDS (cot death),[107] stillbirth, suicide,[83] surrogacy,[84] teacher-student relationships,[84] teenage pregnancy,[108] terminal illness, and witness protection. The show has also featured many natural disaster storylines, including a cyclone, storm, flood, landslide, earthquake, and bushfires.[50][109] There have also been several storylines involving car, bus, plane and boating accidents.[84][109][110] Furthermore, in addition to the show featuring scenes of moderate to strong violence in past episodes, the special episode, Home and Away: All or Nothing, which became available for online streaming in January 2017, is intended for "adult-only" viewing as it is described as the most violent episode of the entire series, as it contains scenes of strong violence.[111]

text: Rating and restrictions[edit]

text: Since 1988, Home and Away has dealt with some controversial issues, despite being broadcast in a G-rated timezone. In 2007, the show breached broadcasting rules when they aired a number of episodes featuring Martha MacKenzie (Jodi Gordon) involved with pole-dancing in the G classification, as the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) said that these episodes should have been rated PG as they contained sexual scenes and references.[112] Since 2008, every subsequent episode has been broadcast under the PG classification and often continues to exceed the rating. A 2010 episode which featured Martha McKenzie engaging in a sexual scene with Liam Murphy (Axle Whitehead) on a kitchen table was deemed "too raunchy" by a television watchdog in New Zealand, as the series was also aired in a G-rated timezone at 5:30 pm on TV3.[113] From 2015, The Early Years episodes (G-rated in original airings) which broadcast on weekday mornings on 7Two have been re-rated PG.

text: Characters[edit]

text: When Home and Away began in 1988, it initially focused on the Fletcher family – Tom (Roger Oakley) and his wife Pippa (Vanessa Downing), and their five foster children, Frank Morgan (Alex Papps), Carly Morris (Sharyn Hodgson), Steven Matheson (Adam Willits), Lynn Davenport (Helena Bozich), and Sally Fletcher (Kate Ritchie) – who relocated from the city to live in the seaside town of Summer Bay.[50][114] At the end of the first episode, Tom and Pippa take in their sixth foster child Bobby Simpson (Nicolle Dickson).[50][114] The Fletchers bought the Summer Bay Caravan Park and moved into the Summer Bay House.[3] They quickly built strong friendships with the locals, Ailsa Stewart (Judy Nunn), Alf Stewart (Ray Meagher), Donald Fisher (Norman Coburn), and Neville (Frank Lloyd) and Floss McPhee (Sheila Kennelly).[50][114]

text: While Home and Away features a mix of young cast members and older, more experienced actors, the show has always had a definite youth focus, with the younger characters dominating much of the storylines.[50] Many of the cast have spent several years on Home and Away, including original cast member Judy Nunn who left the series in 2000 after 12 years playing the co-owner of Summer Bay's diner. Other original cast members Norman Coburn played high school principal Donald Fisher until 2003, and Kate Ritchie departed in 2008 after 20 years playing Sally Fletcher.[115][116] Both Coburn and Ritchie along with Ray Meagher (Alf Stewart) entered the 2002 Guinness World Records as the longest-serving actors in an Australian drama series.[117][118][119] Meagher now holds that record alone and he is the only remaining original cast member in the show.[120] Meagher along with Lynne McGranger (Irene Roberts), Ada Nicodemou (Leah Patterson-Baker) and Emily Symons (Marilyn Chambers) are the longest-serving cast members currently in Home and Away.[121][122] In 2010, Georgie Parker joined the cast of Home and Away as Alf's daughter Roo Stewart, originally played by Justine Clarke in 1988–89. Alf and Roo are currently the only two original characters in the series.[123]

text: Celebrity guest appearances[edit]

text: Throughout the years, Home and Away has featured several guest appearances from celebrities such as John Farnham,[124] Johanna Griggs,[124] Sia Furler,[124] Michael Palin,[124] Ian Thorpe,[50] Lleyton Hewitt,[125] Paulini,[126] Nick Grimshaw,[127] Eliza Doolittle,[128] Ed Sheeran,[129] and Jessica Mauboy.[130]

text: Theme song[edit]

text: The theme song to Home and Away was written by Mike Perjanik.[131][132] There have been nine different versions of the theme song used throughout the years. The lyrics remained the same since the show's inception, but a number of verses were gradually cut back over the years due to time restrictions.[133][134] The original version was sung by Karen Boddington and Mark Williams, and was used from 1988 until mid-1995.[135][136] Their version was released as a single in the UK in 1989 and peaked at number 73 on the UK Singles Chart.[137] A new version performed by Doug Williams and Erana Clark debuted in 1995 and the opening theme was shortened in 1996; this version remained until 1999.[138] From 2000 to 2003, the theme song to Home and Away was sung by The Robertson Brothers and it was the first version to use only male vocals.[132][139] A 30-second updated version by The Robertson Brothers was used from 2004 to 2006.[140] In January 2007, a new version was introduced and performed by Israel Cannan, who played the character Wazza in the show.[141] After Cannan's version received many complaints from fans, the Seven Network decided to re-record the theme song in April 2007 with vocals provided by Luke Dolahenty.[131][142][143] A shorter, 15-second version sung by Dolahenty and Tarryn Stokes debuted in 2009.[144][145][146]

text: From 2010 until 2017, the Home and Away theme song was not used in the opening titles and was replaced by a short instrumental version.[147][148] However, Dolahenty and Stokes' version was still used in the closing credits for international broadcasts.[140] In 2018, two new eight-second versions of the theme song made a return to the opening titles after an eight-year absence. One version is sung by a male vocalist, while the other version is sung by a female vocalist; in the opening titles, both only sing the last two lines of the theme: "closer each day, Home and Away".[149] An extended 30-second version by the male vocalist was uploaded onto the Home and Away website.[150]

text: Opening titles[edit]

text: The Home and Away opening titles sequence was initially used to introduce the regular characters in the show. The sequences often featured the characters in couple shots or with family and friends, and showed them in familiar settings around Summer Bay such as the beach.[143] The titles for the show's earlier years featured black brush stroke cutouts around the character shots.[143] 2004 saw Home and Away introduce new picture frame-style opening titles, with characters shown posing in and out of large picture frames in front of beach backgrounds.[143] In January 2007, the show debuted new opening titles along with a new version of the theme song.[141][143] The picture-frame style was still used, but this time the titles featured framed pictures of the characters.[141][143] In 2009, the opening was reduced to 15 seconds and the characters were removed from the titles for the first time in Home and Away's history. They were replaced by a large photo collage showing various locations around Summer Bay.[144] The decision to remove the cast and shorten the titles was due to time restrictions.[134][151] Since then, many viewers in Australia and the UK have wanted the full-length title sequence with the cast to return.[134][151]

text: From 2013 until 2017, Home and Away used a series of five-second opening titles, which changed every week. The various titles mostly featured scenes of bikini-clad women and shirtless men with surfboards at the beach.[147] In 2018, a new series of eight-second titles were introduced along with the return of the show's theme song. The new titles, which currently change during each week, mostly feature two men or two women running down to the ocean for a surf.[149] A 30-second version of the titles, not aired on Australian television, was released on the Home and Away website.[150]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Home and Away has received many awards and nominations throughout the years. The show has won 46 Logie Awards from 153 nominations,[152] making it the most awarded program in Logie history.[5] In 2015, Home and Away was inducted into the Logie Hall of Fame.[153] The show has also won twelve Australian Writers' Guild Awards and five Australian Directors Guild Awards.[154][155]

text: Merchandise and spin-offs[edit]

text: Since 1988, Home and Away has generated a range of merchandise, including books, magazines, VHS tapes, DVDs and soundtracks. Various annuals and books about the show and its cast and characters were released in the late 1980s and early 1990s.[156][157] Between 2003 and 2005, several fictional books by Leon F. Saunders and Jane Anderson were released and based on characters from Home and Away.[158][159] Episodes of the show have been released on several VHS and DVDs. Home and Away: The Movie was the first VHS released in 1989 and contained the 90-minute pilot episode.[160] Another VHS tape, Home and Away: The Official Summer Bay Special, was released in 1996. It celebrated 2,000 episodes of the show and looked back at memorable moments throughout its earlier years.[161] Home and Away: Secrets and the City and Home and Away: Hearts Divided were the first DVDs released in October 2003, and both contained exclusive episodes that were never aired on television.[162][163] Two further DVDs, Home and Away: Romances and Home and Away: Weddings were released in November 2005 and March 2006, respectively, and featured clips from the most popular romances and weddings in the series' history. Romances featured the pilot episode, while Weddings featured two episodes containing Leah and Vinnie's wedding as a bonus feature.[164][165] Four soundtrack albums were released between 1996 and 2003 that featured music used on the show as well songs from some of the cast members.[166]

text: Home and Away has also produced several spin-off episodes. headLand was a spin-off series focusing on a university. It ran from November 2005 until January 2006, when it was cancelled due to low ratings.[167] In 2013, the show launched their first webisode series titled Home and Away Extras, which introduced new characters Andy (Tai Hara) and Josh Barrett (Jackson Gallagher) before they appeared on-air. The four-part websisode series was released on the show's Yahoo!7 website from 7 August 2013.[168][169] On 19 August 2015, it was announced that former cast members Dan Ewing (Heath Braxton) and Lisa Gormley (Bianca Scott) would be returning for a special spin-off episode titled Home and Away: An Eye for an Eye. The episode was commissioned specially for the local streaming service Presto and did not air on the Seven Network. It centred around the Braxton family and was a feature-length episode running for over an hour. Home and Away: An Eye for an Eye was made available to watch on Presto from 9 December 2015.[170][171][172] Following the success of Home and Away: An Eye for An Eye, it was announced on 6 May 2016 that two more feature-length episodes had been commissioned.[173] The first episode became available on 19 December 2016 and is titled Home and Away: Revenge. The second special, Home and Away: All or Nothing, became available for viewing on 26 January 2017.[174]


document_title: Voting age

question_text: when was the uk voting age lowered to 18

question_tokens: when was the uk voting age lowered to 18

root

text: Voting age

text: History[edit]

text: Before the Second World War, the voting age in almost all countries was 21 years or higher. Czechoslovakia was the first to reduce the voting age to 20 years in 1946, and by 1968 a total of 17 countries had lowered their voting age.[1] Many countries, particularly in Western Europe, reduced their voting ages to 18 years during the 1970s, starting with the United Kingdom (1970),[2] with the United States (26th Amendment) (1971), Canada, Germany (1972), Australia (1974), France (1974) and others following soon afterwards. By the end of the 20th century, 18 had become by far the most common voting age. However, a few countries maintain a voting age of 20 years or higher. It was argued that 18-year-old men could be drafted to go to war, and many people felt they should be able to vote at the age of 18.[3]

tag: p

text: In the late 20th and early 21st centuries voting ages were lowered to 18 in India, Switzerland, Austria and Morocco. Japan was due to make the change to 18 in 2016.[4] A dispute is continuing in the Maldives.[5][6]

text: Debate on lowering voting age to 16[edit]

text: Around the year 2000 a number of countries began to consider whether the voting age ought to be reduced further, with arguments most often being made in favour of a reduction to 16. The earliest moves came during the 1990s, when the voting age for municipal elections in some States of Germany was lowered to 16. Lower Saxony was the first state to make such a reduction, in 1995, and four other states did likewise.[7]

text: Arguments against lowering the voting age to sixteen include lack of political maturity and arguments for include encouraging interest in politics in young people.

text: During the 2000s several proposals for a reduced voting age were put forward in U.S. states, including California, Florida and Alaska,[8] but none was successful. A national reduction was proposed in 2005 in Canada[9] and in the Australian state of New South Wales,[10] but these proposals were not adopted. In May 2009, Danish Member of Parliament Mogens Jensen presented an initiative to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg to lower the voting age in Europe to 16.[11]

text: Austria[edit]

text: In 2007, Austria became the first member of the European Union to adopt a voting age of 16 for most purposes.[12] The voting age had been reduced in Austria from 19 to 18 at all levels in 1992. At that time a voting age of 16 was proposed by the Green Party, but was not adopted.[13]

text: The voting age for municipal elections in some states was lowered to 16 shortly after 2000.[7] Three states had made the reduction by 2003 (Burgenland, Carinthia and Styria),[7] and in May 2003 Vienna became the fourth.[14] Salzburg followed suit,[15][16] and so by the start of 2005 the total had reached at least five states out of nine.[17] As a consequence of state law, reduction of the municipal voting age in the states of Burgenland, Salzburg and Vienna resulted in the reduction of the regional voting age in those states as well.[16]

text: After the 2006 election, the winning SPÖ-ÖVP coalition announced on 12 January 2007 that one of its policies would be the reduction of the voting age to 16 for elections in all states and at all levels in Austria.[18] The policy was set in motion by a Government announcement on 14 March,[19] and a bill proposing an amendment to the Constitution was presented to the legislature on 2 May.[20][21] On 5 June the National Council approved the proposal following a recommendation from its Constitution Committee.[12][13][22] During the passage of the bill through the chamber relatively little opposition was raised to the reduction, with four out of five parties explicitly supporting it; indeed, there was some dispute over which party had been the first to suggest the idea. Greater controversy surrounded the other provisions of the bill concerning the Briefwahl, or postal vote, and the extension of the legislative period for the National Council from four to five years.[13] A further uncontroversial inclusion was a reduction in the candidacy age from 19 to 18. The Federal Council approved the Bill on 21 June, with no party voting against it.[23] The voting age was reduced when the Bill's provisions came into force on 1 July 2007.[24] Austria thus became the first member of the European Union, and the first of the developed world democracies, to adopt a voting age of 16 for all purposes.[12] Lowering the voting age encouraged political interest in young people in Austria. More sixteen and seventeen year olds voted than eighteen to twenty-one year olds in Austria.

text: Brazil[edit]

text: Brazil lowered the voting age from 18 to 16 in the 1988 constitution. The presidential election of 1989 was the first with the lower voting age. People between the ages 18 and 70 are required to vote.

text: Malta[edit]

text: On 20 November 2013, Malta lowered the voting age from 18 to 16 for local elections starting from 2015. The proposal had wide support from both the government and opposition, social scientists and youth organizations.

text: On Monday 29 January 2018, the Maltese Parliament will be debating to lower the voting age to 16 for General Elections, European Parliament Elections and referenda.

text: On Monday, 5 March 2018, the Maltese Parliament unanimously voted in favour of ammeding the constitution, lowering the official voting age from 18 to 16, making Malta the second state in the EU to lower its voting age to 16.[25]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: The Representation of the People Act 1969 lowered the voting age from 21 to 18, with effect from 1970 and remained in force until the Scottish Independence Referendum Act 2013 which allowed 16 year olds to vote for the first time, but only in Scotland and only in that particular referendum. The Scottish Parliament reduced the voting age to 16 for its own and Scottish local elections in 2015.[26]

text: Men in military service who turned 19 during the first world war were entitled to vote in 1918 irrespective of their age as part of the Representation of the People Act 1918 which also allowed some women over the age of 30 to vote. The Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928[27] brought the voting age for women down to 21.

text: The reduction of the voting age to 16 in the United Kingdom was first given serious consideration on 15 December 1999, when the House of Commons considered in Committee an amendment proposed by Simon Hughes to the Representation of the People Bill.[28] This was the first time the reduction of a voting age below 18 had ever been put to a vote in the Commons.[29] The Government opposed the amendment, and it was defeated by 434 votes to 36.[29]

text: The Votes at 16 coalition, a group of political and charitable organisations supporting a reduction of the voting age to 16, was launched on 29 January 2003.[30] At that time a Private Member's Bill was also proposed in the House of Lords by Lord Lucas, and received a Second Reading on 9 January.[31]

text: In 2004, the UK Electoral Commission conducted a major consultation on the subject of the voting and candidacy ages, and received a significant response. In its conclusions it recommended that the voting age remain at 18.[32] On 29 November 2005 the House of Commons voted 136-128 (on a free vote) against a Private Member's Bill for a reduction in the voting age to 16 proposed by Liberal Democrat MP Stephen Williams. Parliament chose not to include a provision reducing the voting age in the Electoral Administration Act during its passage in 2006.

text: On 27 February 2006, the report of the Power Inquiry called for a reduction of the voting age, and of the candidacy age for the House of Commons, to 16.[33] On the same day the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Gordon Brown, indicated in an article in The Guardian that he favoured a reduction provided it was made concurrently with effective citizenship education.[34]

text: The UK Ministry of Justice published on 3 July 2007 a Green Paper entitled The Governance of Britain, in which it proposed the establishment of a "Youth Citizenship Commission".[35] The Commission would examine the case for lowering the voting age. On launching the Paper in the House of Commons, PM Gordon Brown said: "Although the voting age has been 18 since 1969, it is right, as part of that debate, to examine, and hear from young people themselves, whether lowering that age would increase participation."[36]

text: The Scottish National Party's conference voted unanimously on 27 October 2007 for a policy of reducing the voting age to 16, as well as in favour of a campaign for the necessary power to be devolved to the Scottish Parliament.[37]

text: During the Youth Parliament debates of 30 October 2009 in the House of Commons, Votes at 16 was debated and young people of that age group voted for it overwhelmingly as a campaign priority. Since that debate the issue has been raised in Prime Minister's Questions and has also gained the widespread support of the major political parties.[citation needed]

text: In April 2015, Labour announced that it would support the policy if it won an overall majority in the 2015 general election.[38]

text: There was some criticism about not reducing the voting age to 16 years for the referendum on the membership in the European Union in 2016.[39][40]

text: Scotland[edit]

text: In September 2011, it was announced that the voting age was likely to be reduced from 18 to 16 for the Scottish independence referendum.[41] This was approved by the Scottish Parliament in June 2013.[42]

text: In June 2015, the Scottish Parliament voted unanimously to reduce the voting age to 16 for Scottish Parliament elections and Scottish local government elections.[26]

text: Crown dependencies[edit]

text: Moves to lower the voting age to 16 were successful in each of the three British Crown dependencies from 2006 to 2008. The Isle of Man was the first to amend its law, when in July 2006 it reduced the voting age to 16 for its general elections, with the House of Keys approving the move by 19 votes to 4.[43]

text: Jersey followed suit on 4 July 2007, when it approved in principle a reduction of the voting age to 16. The States of Jersey voted narrowly in favour, by 25 votes to 21,[44] and the legislative amendments were adopted on 26 September.[45] The law was sanctioned by Order in Council on 12 December,[46][47] and was brought into force on 1 April, in time for the general elections in late 2008.[48][49]

text: On 31 October 2007, a proposal[50][51] for a reduction made by the House Committee of the States of Guernsey, and approved by the States' Policy Committee, was adopted by the assembly by 30 votes to 15.[51][52] An Order in Council sanctioning the law was made on 12 December,[46] and it was registered at the Court of Guernsey on 19 December. It came into force immediately, and the voting age was accordingly reduced in time for the Guernsey general election, 2008.[53]

text: Alderney and Sark, each part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, have autonomy in deciding the question. Both have yet to favour a reduction to 16.

text: United States[edit]

text: In the United States, the debate about lowering voting age from 21 to 18 began during World War II and intensified during the Vietnam War, when most of those subjected to the draft were too young to vote, and the image of young men being forced to risk their lives in the military without the privileges of voting successfully pressured legislators to lower the voting age nationally and in many states. By 1968, several states had lowered the voting age below 21 years: Alaska and Hawaii's minimum age was 20, Kentucky's was 19, and Georgia's was 18.[54] In 1970, the Supreme Court in Oregon v. Mitchell ruled that Congress had the right to regulate the minimum voting age in federal elections; however, not at local and state level.

text: The 26th Amendment (passed and ratified in 1971)[55] set the voting age for federal and state elections at 18 years, but does not prevent states from establishing a lower voting age.[56] Except for the express limitations provided for in Amendments XIV, XV, XIX and XXVI, voter qualifications for House and Senate elections are largely delegated to the States under Article I, Section 2 and Amendment XVII of the United States Constitution, which respectively state that "The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature." and "The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures."[57]

text: 21 states permit 17-year-olds to vote in primary elections and caucuses if they will be 18 by election day: Alaska, Connecticut, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Mississippi, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico,[58] North Dakota, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Virginia, Vermont, and Washington. Alaska, Kansas, North Dakota and Washington allow 17-year-olds to participate in Democrat caucuses, but not in the Republican caucus. Minnesota allows 17-year-olds to participate in presidential caucuses, but may not vote in primary elections for other offices.[59] New Hampshire allows anyone who will be 18 years old by the time of next election to register, meaning some 17-year-olds can register to vote in this state.[60]

text: Currently, the Maine Green Independent Party, the state branch of the Green Party of the United States, calls for the lowering of the voting age to 17.[61] Youth suffrage appears to be gaining ground in Massachusetts; three of the four Democratic United States Senate candidates in 2010 supported lowering the voting age.[62]

text: In 2013, the City of Takoma Park, Maryland became the first place in the United States to lower its voting age to 16, for local (but not general) elections and referendums.[63][64]

text: Iran[edit]

text: Iran had been unique in awarding suffrage at 15, but raised the age to 18 in January 2007 despite the opposition of the Government.[65] In May 2007 the Iranian Cabinet proposed a bill to reverse the increase.[66][67]

text: Switzerland[edit]

text: On 6 May 2007, the Swiss Canton of Glarus reduced the voting age from 18 to 16 for cantonal and local elections.[68][69]

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: The New Zealand Green Party MP Sue Bradford announced on 21 June 2007 that she intended to introduce her Civics Education and Voting Age Bill on the next occasion upon which a place became available for the consideration of Members' Bills.[70] When this happened on 25 July Bradford abandoned the idea, citing an adverse public reaction.[71] The Bill would have sought to reduce the voting age to 16 in New Zealand and make civics education part of the compulsory curriculum in schools.

text: Venezuela[edit]

text: A request to lower the voting age to 16 was made during consideration of revisions to the Constitution of Venezuela in 2007. Cilia Flores, president of the National Assembly, announced that the Mixed Committee for Constitutional Reform had found the idea acceptable.[72] Following approval in the legislature[73] the amendment formed part of the package of constitutional proposals, and was defeated in the 2007 referendum.

text: Australia[edit]

text: A report suggesting that consideration be given to reducing the voting age to 16 in the Australian Capital Territory in Canberra, Australia was tabled in the territorial legislature on 26 September 2007 and defeated.[74]

text: In 2015, federal Opposition Leader Bill Shorten said that the voting age should be lowered to 16.[75]

text: Luxembourg[edit]

text: Luxembourg has compulsory voting from the age of 18. A proposal by the government to introduce optional voting for those aged 16 and 17 was rejected by 81% of voters in a June 2015 referendum.

text: Voting ages around the world[edit]

text: Eighteen is the most common voting age, with a small minority of countries differing from this rule. Those with a national minimum age of 17 include East Timor, Greece, Indonesia, North Korea, South Sudan and Sudan. The minimum age is 16 in Argentina, Austria, Brazil, Cuba, Ecuador, Nicaragua and the Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey (three self-governing British Crown Dependencies). People aged 16–18 can vote in Bosnia, Serbia and Montenegro if employed. The highest minimum voting age is 21 in several nations. Some countries have variable provision for the minimum voting age, whereby a lower age is set for eligibility to vote in state, regional or municipal elections.

text: The only known maximum voting age is in the Holy See, where the franchise for electing a new Pope is restricted to Cardinals under the age of 80.

text: Alphabetical list of countries[edit]

text: The following is an alphabetical list of voting ages in the various countries of the world.[76]

text: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

tag: ul

text: A[edit]

text:
Afghanistan: 18
Albania: 18
Algeria: 18
American Samoa: 18
Andorra: 18
Angola: 18
Anguilla: 18
Antigua and Barbuda: 18
Argentina: 16, 16 to 18 and 70+ optional.
Armenia: 18
Aruba:18
Australia: 18, voting is compulsory
Austria: 16[24]
Azerbaijan: 18

text: B[edit]

text:
Bahamas: 18
Bahrain: 20[77]
Bangladesh: 18
Barbados: 18
Belarus: 18
Belgium: 18 (compulsory)
Belize: 18
Benin: 18
Bermuda: 18
Bhutan: 18
Bolivia: 18, universal and compulsory
Bosnia and Herzegovina: 18, 16 if employed
Botswana: 18
Brazil: 16, compulsory for 18 to 70; optional for illiterate citizens.
British Virgin Islands: 18
Brunei: 18 (village elections only)
Bulgaria: 18
Burkina Faso: 18
Burundi: 18

text: C[edit]

text:
Cambodia: 18
Cameroon: 21
Canada: 18
Cape Verde: 18
Cayman Islands: 18
Central African Republic: 18
Chad: 18
Chile: 18
China: 18
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: 18
Colombia: 18
Comoros: 18
Democratic Republic of the Congo: 18
Republic of the Congo: 18
Cook Islands: 18
Costa Rica: 18
Côte d'Ivoire: 18
Croatia: 18
Cuba: 16
Curaçao: 18
Cyprus: 18
Czech Republic: 18

text: D[edit]

text:
Denmark: 18
Djibouti: 18
Dominica: 18
Dominican Republic: 18, compulsory; married persons regardless of age (members of the armed forces and national police cannot vote)

text: E[edit]

text:
East Timor: 17
Ecuador: 16; universal, compulsory for literate persons ages 18–65, optional for other eligible voters
Egypt: 18
El Salvador: 18
England: 18
Equatorial Guinea: 18
Eritrea: 18
Estonia: 18; 16 for local elections
Ethiopia: 17
European Union: 18

text: F[edit]

text:
Falkland Islands: 18
Faroe Islands: 18
Fiji: 18, as of 2013 Constitution
Finland: 18
France: 18
French Polynesia: 18

text: G[edit]

text:
Gabon: 18
Gambia: 18
Georgia: 18
Germany: 18

Voting age 16 for state elections:  Brandenburg,  Bremen,  Hamburg and  Schleswig-Holstein.
Voting age 16 for municipal elections:  Baden-Württemberg,  Berlin,  Brandenburg,  Bremen,  Hamburg,  Mecklenburg-Vorpommern,  Lower Saxony,  North Rhine-Westphalia,  Saxony-Anhalt and  Schleswig-Holstein.[78]

Ghana: 18
Gibraltar: 18; universal, plus other British citizens who have been residents six months or more
Greece: 17 from 3 August 2016 onwards,[79] was 18 before 3 August 2016
Greenland: 18
Grenada: 18
Guadeloupe: 18
Guam: 18; US citizens, but do not vote in US presidential elections
Guatemala: 18; active-duty members of the armed forces may not vote and are restricted to their barracks on election day.
Guernsey: 16[80]
Guinea: 18
Guinea-Bissau: 18
Guyana: 18

text: H[edit]

text:
Haiti: 18
Honduras: 18
Hong Kong: direct election 18 years of age; universal for permanent residents living in the territory of Hong Kong for the past seven years; indirect election limited to about 220,000 members of functional constituencies and an 1,200-member election committee drawn from broad regional groupings, municipal organizations, and central government bodies
Hungary: 18

text: I[edit]

text:
Iceland: 18
India: 18
Indonesia: 17; no threshold for married persons, except for the military and police
Iran: 18 (changed from 15 to 18 in 2007, returned to 15 in 2009 and returned to 18 in 2011)[65][81][82][83]
Iraq: 18
Ireland: 18
Isle of Man: 16
Israel: 18 (17 for municipal elections)
Italy: 18 (25 for Senate elections)

text: J[edit]

text:
Jamaica: 18
Japan: 18 (changed from 20 in 2016)[4]
Jersey: 16
Jordan: 18

text: K[edit]

text:
Kazakhstan: 18
Kenya: 18
Kiribati: 18
North Korea: 17; members of the military have the right to vote, regardless of age[84]
South Korea: 19
Kosovo (disputed): 18
Kuwait: 21 for those not in the military or police forces; all voters must have been citizens for 20 years; current proposal for reduction to 18[85]
Kyrgyzstan: 18

text: L[edit]

text:
Laos: 18
Latvia: 18
Lebanon: 21. Attempt to amend to 18 on 22 February 2010 failed to pass.[86]
Lesotho: 18
Liberia: 18
Libya: 18
Liechtenstein: 18
Lithuania: 18
Luxembourg: 18, compulsory until the age of 75. A proposal to lower the voting age to 16 was rejected in 2015 in a nationwide referendum (81% "no"-votes)

text: M[edit]

text:
Macau: direct election 18 years of age, universal for permanent residents living in Macau for the past seven years; indirect election limited to organizations registered as "corporate voters" (973 are currently registered) and a 300-member Election Committee drawn from broad regional groupings, municipal organizations, and central government bodies
Republic of Macedonia: 18
Madagascar: 18
Malawi: 18
Malaysia: 21
Maldives: 18
Mali: 18
Malta: 16
Marshall Islands: 18
Martinique: 18
Mauritania: 18
Mauritius: 18
Mayotte: 18
Mexico: 18
Federated States of Micronesia: 18
Moldova: 18
Monaco: 18
Mongolia: 18
Montenegro: 18
Montserrat: 18
Morocco: 18
Mozambique: 18
Myanmar (Burma): 18

text: N[edit]

text:
Namibia: 18
Nauru: 20
Nepal: 18
Netherlands: 18
New Caledonia: 18
New Zealand: 18
Nicaragua: 16
Niger: 18
Nigeria: 18
Niue: 18
Norfolk Island: 18
Northern Mariana Islands: 18; indigenous inhabitants are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections
Norway: 18; however, persons 17 years of age are permitted to vote in parliamentary elections if they will be 18 years of age in the year the election is held.

text: O[edit]

text: Oman: 21, except for members of the military and police.

text: P[edit]

text:
Pakistan: 18; joint electorates and reserved parliamentary seats for women and non-Muslims
Palau: 18
Panama: 18
Papua New Guinea: 18
Paraguay: 18; universal and compulsory until the age of 75
Peru: 18; universal and compulsory until the age of 70; (members of the military and national police could not vote until a Constitutional Reform in 2005[87])
Philippines: 18

For youth councils: 18 to 30; previously from 15 to 18. Incumbents are allowed to keep their positions if they surpass the legal age.

Pitcairn Islands: 18; universal with three years' residency
Poland: 18
Portugal: 18
Puerto Rico: 18; island residents are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections.

text: Q[edit]

text: Qatar: 18

text: R[edit]

text:
Réunion: 18
Romania: 18
Russia: 18
Rwanda: 18

text: S[edit]

text:
Saint Helena: 18
Saint Kitts and Nevis: 18
Saint Lucia: 18
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: 18
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: 18
Samoa: 21
San Marino: 18
São Tomé and Príncipe: 18
Saudi Arabia: 18
Scotland: 16
Senegal: 18
Serbia: 18[88]
Seychelles: 18[89]
Sierra Leone: 18
Singapore: 21
Sint Maarten: 18
Slovakia: 18
Slovenia: 18
Solomon Islands: 21
Somalia: 18
South Africa: 18
South Sudan: 17
Spain: 18 (16 only for Catalonia's 9N Referendum)
Sri Lanka: 18
Sudan: 17
Suriname: 18
Swaziland: 18
Sweden: 18
Switzerland: 18 (16 for cantonal and municipal elections in the canton of Glarus[68][69] [1/26])
Syria: 18

text: T[edit]

text:
Taiwan (Republic of China): 18
Tajikistan: 18
Tanzania: 18
Thailand: 18 (being a Thai citizen since birth, or at least 5 years)
Togo: 18
Tokelau: 21
Tonga: 21
Trinidad and Tobago: 18
Tunisia: 18 (with some exceptions)[90]
Turkey: 18
Turkmenistan: 18
Turks and Caicos Islands: 18
Tuvalu: 18

text: U[edit]

text:
Uganda: 18
Ukraine: 18[91]
United Arab Emirates: none[92] but at least 25 (the minimum age is decided by the ruler of each Emirate and may vary from one Emirate to another)[93]
United Kingdom: 18 (16 for the Scottish independence referendum, Scottish Parliament elections and Scottish local government elections.[26])
United States: 18; however, in many states, persons 17 years of age are permitted to vote in primary elections if they will be 18 years of age on or before the day of the general election.
Uruguay: 18
Uzbekistan: 18[94]

text: V[edit]

text:
Vanuatu: 18
Venezuela: 18
Vietnam: 18
Virgin Islands of the United States: 18; island residents are U.S. citizens but do not vote in U.S. presidential elections.

text: W[edit]

text:
Wallis and Futuna: 18
Western Sahara: none (18 for residents of Moroccan-controlled Western Sahara in Moroccan elections) [92]

text: Y[edit]

text: Yemen: 18

text: Z[edit]

text:
Zambia: 18
Zimbabwe: 18

text: Chronology of lowering the voting age to 18[edit]

text: The following is a chronological list of the dates upon which countries lowered the voting age to 18; unless otherwise indicated, the reduction was from 21. In some cases the age was lowered decrementally, and so the "staging points" are also given. Some information is also included on the relevant legal instruments involved.

text:
Turkey: 20 April 1924 (Previously 25 per the 1876 constitution, reduced to 18 with the 1924 constitution. It was again raised to 22 on 5 December 1934 while granting full women's suffrage, and gradually lowered to 21 in 1961, 20 in 1987 and 18 in 1995)[95][96]
Czechoslovakia: 1946
Poland: 1952[citation needed]
South Africa: 1958 (white voters only; Electoral Law Amendment Act, 1958)[97]
United Kingdom: 1 January 1970 (Representation of the People Act 1969)
Canada: 26 June 1970[98][99] (federal elections, amendment to Canada Elections Act)

text:
Germany: 1970 [104]
Netherlands: 1971 (previous reduction from 23 to 21 in 1965)
United States: 1 July 1971, per the Twenty-sixth Amendment. Previously reduced on 1 January 1971 by the Voting Rights Act Amendments 1970, ss. 302, 305[105] (Prior reductions: Georgia in August 1943,[106] Kentucky in 1955,[107] Guam in 1954[108] and American Samoa in 1965.[108])
Finland: 1972 (from 20; previous reductions were 24 to 21 in 1944 and 21 to 20 in 1968/1969)[109][110]
Sweden: 1972 (from 20) [111]
Ireland: 5 January 1973 (4th Amendment of the Constitution). Women under 30 gained the vote in local elections in 1935[112] and in Dáil elections and referendums in 1922 (Constitution of the Irish Free State[113]). The only popular election (in 1925) to the Free State Seanad had a voting age of 30.[114] (See also History of the franchise in Ireland.)
Australia: 1973 (New South Wales was the first state to do so, in 1970)
France: 5 July 1974 (Act No. 74-631)[115]
New Zealand: November 1974 (from 20; previous reduction from 21 to 20 in 1969)[116][117]
Dominica: 1974[118]
Italy: 1975 (voting age to elect the Senate remained at 25)
Trinidad and Tobago: 1976
Denmark: 19 September 1978 (from 20; 53.8% in referendum; previous reductions were 25 to 23 in 1953, 23 to 21 in 1961 and 21 to 20 in 1971)[119]
Spain: 29 December 1978 (1978 Constitution)[120]
Peru: 1979 Constitution
Belgium: 1981[121]
India: 28 March 1989 (61st Constitution Amendment Act, 1988 read with Act 21 of 1989)[122]
Switzerland: 1991 (from 20; referendum held on 3 March)[123]
Austria: 1992 (from 19; previous reductions were 21 to 20 in 1949 and 20 to 19 in 1970)[124]
Estonia: 29 July 1992 (from 22, according to the 1938 Constitution; was 18 during the Soviet Occupation since 1940 and 16 for the Congress of Estonia in 1990)[125][126]
Hong Kong: 1995 (from 21)[127]
Liechtenstein: 2000 (from 20; LGBl. 2000 No. 55)[128]
Jordan: July 2001 (from 19; Provisional Election Law No. 34/2001)[129]
Pakistan: 21 August 2002 (Legal Framework Order, 2002),[130][131] was 18 under 1973 Constitution, then increased to 21, then lowered back to 18.[132]
Morocco: 11 December 2002 (from 20)[133]
Uzbekistan: July 2012 (from 25)
Saudi Arabia: April 2015 (from 21)[134]
Japan: June 2016 (from 20)[135]

text: Chronology of lowering the voting age to 16[edit]

text: This is a further list, similar to the above but of the dates upon which countries lowered the voting age to 16; unless otherwise indicated, the reduction was from 18.

text:
Nicaragua: November 1984 (from 21)[136][137]
Brazil: 5 October 1988 (Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil, 1988)[138]
Estonia: 24 February 1990 (from 22 according to the 1938 Constitution, from 18 during the Soviet occupation); only for the Congress of Estonia, was raised to 18 according to the 1992 Constitution
Isle of Man: 11 July 2006; legislation brought into force in time for general election held on 23 November 2006[139]
Austria: 1 July 2007 (BGBl. No. 1/1930, as amended)[24]
Guernsey: 19 December 2007 (Reform (Guernsey) (Amendment) Law, 2007)[53][80]
Jersey: 1 April 2008 (Public Elections (Amendment No. 2) (Jersey) Law 2008)[47]
Ecuador: 28 September 2008 (New constitution accepted by referendum) for general election on 26 March 2009.
Argentina: 1 November 2012. Voting for teenagers between 16 and 18 years of age became optional.[140]
Malta: 20 November 2013. Motion passed in parliament to lower the voting age to 16 at local council elections starting from 2015.[141]
Scotland: 18 September 2014. 16 & 17 years old were given the vote for the Independence Referendum. This was subsequently extended permanently as of the 2016 parliament election.[142]
Estonia: 6 May 2015 in local elections only.

text: Organizations in favour of lowering the voting age[edit]

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The following are political parties and other campaigning organisations that have either endorsed a lower voting age or who favour its removal.

text: Alphabetical list of countries[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text:
Australian Democrats
Australian Greens
Australian Labor Party[75]

text: Austria[edit]

text:
The Greens – The Green Alternative
Liberal Forum[143]
Social Democratic Party of Austria[144]
vote4future.at Austrian National Youth Council[145]

text: Belgium[edit]

text:
Ecolo[146]
Groen[146]
Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten[146]

text: Canada[edit]

text:
Communist Party of Canada
Green Party of Canada[147]
New Democratic Party
Parti Québécois[148]
voteto16.ca[149]

text: Denmark[edit]

text:
Social Democrats
Socialist People's Party
Dansk Ungdoms Fællesråd[150]

text: Estonia[edit]

text:
Estonian National Youth Council
Young Social Democrats

text: France[edit]

text: La France Insoumise[151]

text: Germany[edit]

text:
Foundation for the Rights of Future Generations[152]
K.R.Ä.T.Z.Ä. (demanding abolition of any age-based voting restrictions)[153]

text: Greece[edit]

text: Ecologist Greens[154]

text: Ireland[edit]

text:
Green Party / Comhantas Glas[155]
Labour Party / Páirtí an Lucht Oibre[156]
Sinn Féin[157]
Socialist Party[158]

text: In 2013, the Constitutional Convention was asked to consider reducing the voting age to 17 and recommended lowering it to 16.[159] The then government agreed to hold a referendum,[160] but in 2015 postponed it indefinitely to give priority to other referendums.[161]

text: Italy[edit]

text: Five Star Movement[162]

text: Malaysia[edit]

text: No political party had decreed that its members should all follow the party line about lowering voting age policy, resulting in public differences of view. Most parties had splits in their members and supporters, taking different sides.[163]

text:
Malaysian civil societies' demands (to 18)[164]
Coalition for Clean and Fair Elections (BERSIH) (to 18)[165]
Democratic Action Party (to 18)[166]
National Trust Party (to 18)[167]
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (to 18)
Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (to 18)[168]
Parti Sosialis Malaysia (to 18)[169]
People's Justice Party (to 18)

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: GroenLinks

text: New Zealand[edit]

text:
Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand
New Zealand Labour Party

text: Norway[edit]

text:
Liberal Party[170]
Socialist Left Party[171]

text: Portugal[edit]

text:
Left Bloc
LIVRE/Tempo de Avançar
Socialist Party

text: Romania[edit]

text:
National Liberal Party[172]
National Union for the Progress of Romania[173]

text: Spain[edit]

text: Izquierda Unida

text: Sweden[edit]

text: Green Party[174]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text:
Green Party of England and Wales[175]
Green Party in Northern Ireland[176]
Liberal Democrats[177]
Liberal Party[178]
National Health Action Party[179]
Plaid Cymru[180]
Scottish Conservative Party
Scottish Green Party
Scottish National Party
Scottish Socialist Party[181]
Social Democratic Labour Party
Ulster Unionist Party
Votes at 16

text: United States[edit]

text:
Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions (supports full elimination of voting age)
Future Voters of America[182]
Green Party of Texas[183]
National Youth Rights Association
Rock the Vote
Socialist Party USA (to 15)
FairVote
Vermont Libertarian Party


document_title: List of largest pharmaceutical companies by revenue

question_text: what is the biggest pharmaceutical company in america

text: Top-20 Pharmaceutical companies by revenue[edit]

text:
Rank
Chg
Company
2017
USD billions
2016
USD billions
2015
USD billions
2014
USD billions
2013
USD billions
2012
USD billions
2011
USD billions

1

 Johnson & Johnson
NYSE: JNJ
17.80 Q1
18.84 Q2
19.70 Q3
56.34
71.89
70.04
74.30
71.31
67.20
65.00

2

 Roche
OTCQX: RHHBY
13.02 Q1
14.14 Q2
13.19 Q3
40.35
50.11
47.70
49.86
48.53
47.80
45.21

3

 Pfizer
NYSE: PFE
12.80 Q1
12.90 Q2
13.17 Q3
37.87
52.82
48.85
49.61
51.58
58.99
65.26

4

 Novartis
NYSE: NVS
11.54 Q1
12.24 Q2
12.41 Q3
36.19
48.52
49.41
58.00
57.36
56.67
58.57

5
 1
 Sanofi
NYSE: SNY
9.42 Q1
10.23 Q1
10.55 Q2
30.74
36.57
36.73
43.07
42.08
46.41
44.34

6
 1
 Bayer
FWB: BAYN
10.67 Q1
10.24 Q2
9.36 Q3
30.27
25.27
24.09
25.47
24.17
24.30
23.11

7

 Merck & Co.
NYSE: MRK
9.40 Q1
9.93 Q2
10.30 Q2
29.63
39.80
39.50
42.24
44.03
47.27
48.05

8

 GlaxoSmithKline
NYSE: GSK
9.58 Q1
9.59 Q2
10.41 Q3
29.58
34.79
29.84
37.96
41.61
39.93
41.39

9

 AbbVie
NYSE: ABBV
6.50 Q1
6.94 Q2
7.00 Q3
20.44
25.56
22.82
19.96
18.79
–
–

10

 Gilead Sciences
NASDAQ: GILD
6.38 Q1
7.05 Q2
6.40 Q3
19.83
30.39
32.15
24.47
10.80
9.70
8.39

11

 Abbott Laboratories
NASDAQ: ABT
6.34 Q1
6.60 Q2
6.80 Q3
19.74
20.85
20.41
20.25
21.85
39.87
38.85

12

 Amgen
NASDAQ: AMGN
5.46 Q1
5.80 Q2
5.77 Q3
17.03
22.99
21.66
20.06
18.68
17.30
15.58

13
 2
 Teva Pharmaceutical Industries
NASDAQ: TEVA
5.63 Q1
5.69 Q2
5.61 Q3
16.93
21.90
20.00
20.27
20.31
18.31
16.12

14
 1
 Eli Lilly & Co
NYSE: LLY
5.23 Q1
5.82 Q2
5.66 Q3
16.71
21.22
20.00
19.62
23.11
22.60
24.29

15

 AstraZeneca
NASDAQ: AZN
5.41 Q1
5.05 Q2
6.23 Q3
16.69
23.00
24.71
26.10
25.71
27.97
33.59

16
 1
 Bristol-Myers Squibb
NASDAQ: BMY
4.93 Q1
5.14 Q2
5.25 Q3
15.32
19.43
16.56
15.88
16.39
17.62
21.24

17
 1
 Novo Nordisk
NYSE: NVO
4.08 Q1
4.23 Q2
4.79 Q3
13.10
16.61
16.06
15.83
14.88
13.48
11.56

18
 1
 Merck Group
ETR: MRK
4.12 Q1
4.45 Q2
4.31 Q3
12.88
15.80
13.95
14.99
14.77
13.02
12.83

19

 Shire
NASDAQ: SHPG
3.57 Q1
3.60 Q2
3.50 Q3
10.67
11.40
6.42
6.00
4.76
4.68
3.50

20

 Biogen
NASDAQ: BIIB
2.81 Q1
3.08 Q2
3.07 Q3
8.96
11.40
10.80
9.70
6.90
5.50
5.00

References:
[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79]
[80][81][82][83][84][85][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110]


document_title: The Boss Baby

question_text: what is the boss baby's name at the end of the movie

question_tokens: what is the boss baby 's name at the end of the movie

text: The Boss Baby

text: Plot[edit]

text: A man named Tim Templeton tells a story about his 7-year-old self who lives with his parents, Ted and Janice. Ted and Janice work in a puppy factory called Puppy Co. founded by a man named Francis E. Francis. One day, Tim is surprised when an infant wearing a business suit shows up in a taxi at his house, and Ted and Janice call him Tim's little brother. Tim is envious of the attention the baby receives, not to mention suspicious when the infant acts odd around him.

text: Soon, Tim learns that the baby can talk like an adult, and he introduces himself as "The Boss". Seeing an opportunity to be rid of him, Tim decides to record a conversation between the Boss Baby and other toddlers who are at Tim's house for a meeting (under the guise of a play date by the parents) to do something about how puppies are receiving more love than babies. The Boss Baby and the other infants catch Tim with the recording, and the cassette tape is terminated after the Boss Baby threatens to tear up Tim's favorite stuffed animal, Lam-Lam. With no evidence to support him, Tim is grounded by his parents for his actions, much to his and the Boss Baby's dismay.

text: The Boss Baby apologizes to Tim, thinking he has felt bad for what he did and has him suck on a pacifier that transports them to Baby Corp., a place where infants with adult-like minds work to preserve infant love everywhere. The Boss Baby explains that he was sent to see why puppies are getting more love than infants. He has infiltrated Tim's residence because his parents work for Puppy Co., which is unleashing a new puppy on the day that employees take their children to work. The Boss Baby stays intelligent by drinking a "Secret Baby Formula" that enables a baby to act like an adult. However, if a baby does not drink it after a period of time, he or she becomes a regular baby. His mission is to find out what the new puppy is. If he succeeds, he'll get his portrait on a wall and be promoted to Baby Corp.'s corner office (with a private potty). When they overhear Boss Baby's boss threaten to fire him for not bringing in information, thereby stripping him of his formula and stranding him at the Templetons, he and Tim agree to work together to keep that from happening.

text: Tim's parents lift the grounding and take them to Puppy Co. for the "take your child to work day". While there, they slip away and find what they think is the plans for a "Forever Puppy", but it turns out to be a trap set by Francis (who is surprisingly a tall man). They discover that Francis used to be the head of Baby Corp. and Boss Baby's idol but was forced out when it was discovered that his lactose intolerance kept the secret formula from working properly. Vowing revenge, Francis founded Puppy Co. and intends to have the Forever Puppies overshadow babies by stealing Boss Baby's serum bottle and infecting the puppies with it. Tim's parents go with Francis to Las Vegas, and Francis has his brother Eugene pose as Tim and Boss Baby's babysitter to keep them from interfering.

text: Without a steady flow of formula to keep his intelligence in check, Boss Baby starts becoming a normal baby. Despite this, he and Tim evade the "babysitter" long enough to get to the airport but are too late to intercept Tim's parents. After letting out their frustrations at each other and quickly making up, they sneak on a plane for Elvis impersonators bound for Vegas. There, they stall Francis' presentation when Eugene unwittingly gives away their plan. Furious at their interference, Francis locks Tim's parents up so he can burn them with exhaust from a rocket used to launch the Forever Puppies. Tim and Boss Baby push him off of a ledge, making Francis tumble into the formula. Boss Baby opens the rocket to let the dogs out so they can save Tim's parents. His return to baby state is complete while on the rocket, but the baby starts crying and Tim sings to him with the family song to show his appreciation, causing him to jump off the rocket before it launches.

text: Boss Baby gets promoted and leaves. Tim goes back to being an only child, but Tim and Boss Baby miss each other. After Tim writes a letter convincing him to live with him as his brother, Boss Baby returns to the Templeton family as a regular baby named Theodore Lindsey "Ted" Templeton.

text: Back in the present, Tim, who finished the story, is now an adult and the father of two daughters, one of whom acts like Ted did when he was Boss Baby.

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
Alec Baldwin as Theodore Lindsey Templeton (a.k.a The Boss Baby), a baby with the mind of an adult.[4]
Miles Bakshi as Timothy Leslie Templeton,[9] Boss Baby's 7-year-old brother[10][11]

Tobey Maguire as an adult Tim, the narrator.[12]

Steve Buscemi as Francis E. Francis, the CEO of Puppy Co.[10]
Jimmy Kimmel as Ted Templeton, Tim's father.[10]
Lisa Kudrow as Janice Templeton, Tim's mother.[10]
Conrad Vernon as Eugene Francis, Francis E. Francis' brother.
James McGrath as Wizzie, Tim's Gandalf-esque alarm clock.
David Soren as Jimbo
Nina Zoe Bakshi as Tim's Daughter, Girl, Little Girl
Tom McGrath as TV Chef
Walt Dohrn as the Photographer
James Ryan as Story Bear
Eric Bell Jr. as Triplets
ViviAnn Yee as Staci
Edie Mirman as The Big Boss Baby, Boss Baby's big boss
James McGrath and James Izzo as Elvis impersonators

text: Production[edit]

text: Upon reading the original book on which the film is based McGrath felt a connection to it, as he had an older brother and felt like "the boss baby of the family".[13] In keeping with that theme he stated, in an interview with Den of Geek, that "My personal goal with this was to watch this movie with my brother, and to see how it affected him!", which resulted in McGrath's brothers being moved to tears by the completed film.[14]

text: The look of the film was inspired by design techniques popularized by in the 1960s,[15] as well as animated films from both 60s and 50s.[13] This was due to McGrath's belief that contemporary animated films focused too much on realism. To help his staff McGrath would play the opening scene of Lady and the Tramp for new hires specifically noting that the film "should be easy on the eyes and really lead your eye to what’s important in the shot.[15]

text: In September 2014, Alec Baldwin and Kevin Spacey joined the cast of the film,[4] with further casting news announced in June 2016, including Steve Buscemi replacing Spacey.[16]

text: Miles Bakshi, son of the DreamWorks Animation's producer Gina Shay and grandson of the film director Ralph Bakshi, provided the voice of 7-year old Tim. He was 10 when he began recording the voice. During the long process, his voice started to change and "by the end it got pretty tough", according to Bakshi, who was 14 when the film was released. He had to get his voice "very soft, but when I got that perfect tone it was great." Having been often present at DreamWorks, McGrath initially asked him only to provide a temporary voice for Tim to see if the character "worked". They still had to listen to between 30 and 40 children to choose the scratch voice. McGrath explained their decision: "No one sounded as authentic as Miles did. A lot of child actors are great, but they are over-articulate for their age. Miles was just natural and charming. He had a little slur to his voice at the time and it was very endearing." Three years later, Miles was told that he got the part.[17]

text: Music[edit]

text: The film was scored by Hans Zimmer, along with Steve Mazzaro and various artists. The film's soundtrack was released on Back Lot Music & iTunes. "Blackbird" by The Beatles is used as part of the plot at various points throughout the film.[18]

text: Release[edit]

text: Initially scheduled for release on March 18, 2016.[19] it was instead released on March 31 2017. [20] The film premiered at the Miami Film Festival on March 12, 2017,[21][22] and was released in the United States on March 31, 2017, by 20th Century Fox.[5]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The Boss Baby was released on Digital HD on July 4, 2017, and was released on DVD, Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D and Ultra HD Blu-ray on July 25, 2017 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. The releases also includes a new short film, The Boss Baby and Tim's Treasure Hunt Through Time.[23]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Boss Baby grossed $175 million in the United States and Canada and $323.9 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $498.9 million.[3]

text: In North America, The Boss Baby opened alongside Ghost in the Shell and The Zookeeper's Wife, and was initially projected to gross around $30 million from 3,773 theaters in its opening weekend.[24] However, after grossing $1.5 million from Thursday night previews and $15.5 million on Friday, weekend projections were increased to $50 million. It ended up debuting to $50.2 million, finishing first at the box office.[25] It remained atop the box office in its second weekend, grossing $26.3 million.[26]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, The Boss Baby has an approval rating of 52% based on 157 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Boss Baby's talented cast, glimmers of wit, and flashes of visual inventiveness can't make up for a thin premise and a disappointing willingness to settle for doody jokes."[27] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 50 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[28] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[29]

text: Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times praised Baldwin and the adult humor, saying: "The contrast between the helpless-infant stage of life and corporate-speak is funny but fairly high-concept for a kiddie movie, and the plot grows denser as it goes along and the baby and Tim reluctantly join forces to stop a conspiracy by which puppies would corner all the love in the world."[30]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

Academy Awards
March 4, 2018
Best Animated Feature
Tom McGrath and Ramsey Ann Naito
Pending
[6]

Annie Awards
February 3, 2018
Best Animated Feature
Ramsey Ann Naito
Nominated
[31]

Character Animation in an Animated Feature Production
Bryce McGovern
Nominated

Rani Naamani
Nominated

Character Design in an Animated Feature Production
Joe Moshier
Nominated

Directing in an Animated Feature Production
Tom McGrath
Nominated

Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production
Glenn Harmon
Nominated

Golden Globe Awards
January 7, 2018
Best Animated Feature Film
Tom McGrath
Nominated
[32]

Hollywood Music in Media Awards
November 16, 2017
Best Original Score – Animated Film
Hans Zimmer, Steve Mazzaro
Nominated
[33]

Online Film Critics Society
December 28, 2017
Best Voice-Over Performance
Alec Baldwin
Nominated
[34]

Producers Guild of America Award
January 20, 2018
Outstanding Producer of Animated Theatrical Motion Picture
Ramsey Ann Naito
Nominated
[35]

San Diego Film Critics Society
December 11, 2017
Best Animated Film
The Boss Baby
Runner-up
[36]

Satellite Awards
February 10, 2018
Best Animated or Mixed Media Feature
Nominated
[37]

Visual Effects Society Awards
February 13, 2018
Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Feature
Alec Baldwin, Carlos Puertolas, Rani Naamani, Joe Moshier for "Boss Baby"
Nominated
[38]

Outstanding Effects Simulations in an Animated Feature
Mitul Patel, Gaurav Mathus, Venkatesh Kongathi
Nominated

text: Franchise[edit]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: On May 25, 2017, Universal Pictures and DreamWorks announced a sequel is set to be released on March 26, 2021, with Baldwin reprising his role.[8]

text: Television series[edit]

text: On December 12, 2017, DreamWorks Animation and Netflix announced that an animated series based on the film, titled The Boss Baby: Back in Business, would be planned for a 2018 release.[39]


document_title: Glenn Talbot

question_text: who does glenn talbot become in agents of shield

text: Glenn Talbot

text: Publication history[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2014)

text: Glenn Talbot was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko in 1964 and first appeared in the Hulk feature of Tales to Astonish #61. He was a key character in the series' long-running story arc in which Bruce Banner/Hulk is suspected of being a communist traitor, and would remain a part of the Hulk's supporting cast long after Tales to Astonish had been renamed The Incredible Hulk.

text: Fictional character biography[edit]

text: Glenn Talbot was a career military man. When General Thaddeus "Thunderbolt" Ross contacts the Pentagon to request an investigation of civilian scientist Robert Bruce Banner, Talbot is put in charge of reviewing whether or not such an investigation is merited. After two weeks studying records of Dr. Banner's career, Talbot concludes that Ross' suspicions that Banner is a traitor are well-founded, and reports this to the Pentagon. The Pentagon responds by appointing Talbot security chief for Gamma Base, where Ross is the commanding officer. While reporting for duty to General Ross, Talbot meets the General's daughter Betty Ross, who is in love with Banner. He is immediately attracted to her and tries to court her without losing focus on his investigation of Banner. General Ross encourages this, as he objects to Betty's love for Banner all together, whether he was a traitor or not,  because he feels that Banner is too timid emotionally and physically. Ross believes that Talbot, a military man like himself, would be a much better suitor for his daughter.[1]

text: Talbot's suspicions of Banner are heightened when, upon Talbot's arrival at the base, the scientist mysteriously goes missing in the hills nearby.[2] Further suspicious circumstances follow, including Banner disappearing behind the Iron Curtain for a time, but proof that Banner is a traitor continues to elude Talbot.[3] However, when Banner disappears with the vital Absorbatron, orders are given to shoot him on sight, and the scientist is killed by a soldier.[4] Talbot is retained as the base's security chief, and he and Ross continue to pursue the Hulk until he, too, is seemingly killed by a barrage of nuclear weapons.[5] At Talbot's suggestion, the Hulk's frequent companion Rick Jones is taken into custody in order to pressure him into revealing the connection between Banner and the Hulk. When Jones still refuses to talk, he is set free, and Talbot confronts him privately. Persuaded in part by the fact that the Hulk is seemingly dead, Jones confesses to Talbot that Banner and the Hulk were one and the same. Talbot realizes that Banner being the Hulk explains all his past suspicious behavior.[6]

text: Subsequently, the Hulk is found still alive, and is captured using a plan devised and orchestrated by Talbot. The creature is subsequently freed by the traitor Dr. Konrad Zaxon,[7] and Talbot twice fails to prevent Betty from being abducted by supervillains.[8] However, he redeems himself by facing down Boomerang, preventing the villain from stealing the army's new Orion Missile despite a shrapnel wound. He is awarded one of the nation's highest honors for his heroism on this occasion.[9] Despite this, he is unable to convince Betty to relinquish her feelings for Banner, and he continually hopes that the army will be forced to kill the Hulk, so that Betty will eventually forget him.[10] He finally succeeded and married Betty all the while attempting to keep her away from Banner and the Hulk.[volume & issue needed]

text: Talbot is taken hostage by the Gremlin, rescued some months later it was discovered that his captivity had left him catatonic. In order to unblock his mind, Doctor Leonard Samson had the Hulk (who was Banner under control by a special helmet) unblock what was keeping him in a mindless state. The process was a success. However, Talbot's marriage to Betty later became strained.[volume & issue needed]

text: Yet he did take a leave from Gamma Base and soon divorced Betty, who later admitted to Rick Jones that she had never stopped loving Bruce Banner. Talbot continued battling the Hulk and tried to have Banner court-martialed. When General Ross had a breakdown, Talbot was promoted to Colonel. His life remained relatively uneventful until the Hulk stormed into Gamma Base, looking for his deceased love Jarella, who was still cryogenically frozen. It was revealed Talbot had fired a ray gun that sent the Hulk to the Sub-Atomic universe. This incident was the final straw in his already deteriorated relationship with Betty. Soon Congress cut funds from Gamma Base and Talbot decided once and for all to stop the Hulk by using the War Wagon.

text: Glenn Talbot was killed fighting the Hulk in Japan while piloting the War Wagon prototype.[11] Later, however, he was seen alive and well, in the company of Betty Ross; at the time, the circumstances of his apparent resurrection were not revealed.[12]

text: As the attempted coup d'état of Washington, D.C. takes place, Colonel Talbot appears on national TV as part of the Intelligencia's plan to seize control - only to be revealed as an L.M.D. himself when the Red Hulk decapitates him.[13] This L.M.D. was so thoroughly reprogrammed that it believed itself to be the resurrected Glenn Talbot, complete with all of Talbot's memories including his love for Betty Ross. The real Talbot is presumed to have remained dead all this time.

text: During the Chaos War storyline, Glenn Talbot returned from the dead after what happened to the death realms.[14] Although, Glenn Talbot and other dead heroes concluded returned to the grave after the Chaos King is defeated.[15]

text: Family[edit]

text: Since his "death" two of Talbot's relatives have also appeared. He has a younger brother named Brian Talbot who was a member of the Gamma Corps as Grey (who sports the DNA of Hulk and Leader). Trained in martial arts. The Leader DNA does not make Grey as smart as Prodigy but he has a brilliant military strategist and it seems to have been meant as a way to prevent him from losing control. Brian was often bullied and beaten by his older brother and had actually been delighted to hear of his death. He claimed he joined the Gamma Corps because the Hulk was dangerous but really it was to do what Glenn could not - destroy the Hulk.[volume & issue needed]

text: Talbot also has a nephew named Matt Talbot, who is also a member of the military.[volume & issue needed]

text: Other versions[edit]

text: In the alternate reality depicted in the 2005 "House of M" storyline, Glenn Talbot is married to Betty Ross.[16]

text: In Ultimate Marvel universe, a version of Talbot appeared in Ultimate Fantastic Four as General Talbot. Talbot is portrayed as a colleague and friend to General Ross, and operates in the Baxter Building's think tank. His full name is General Glenn M. Talbot.[17]

text: In the 2012 miniseries Avengers: X-Sanction, Cable initially mistakes Red Hulk for a foe of his from the future named 'Talbot', suggesting that one of Talbot's relatives will become another Red Hulk at some future.[18] Future versions of Wolverine and Hulk (resembling Old Man Logan and Maestro respectively) speak to the President of the United States who resembles a Red Hulk with Talbot's mustache.[19]

text: In other media[edit]

text: Novels[edit]

text: In Peter David's 1995 novel, The Incredible Hulk: What Savage Beast,[20] Talbot leads a new team of Hulkbusters against Banner/Hulk.

text: Television[edit]

text: Animation[edit]

text:
Glenn Talbot appears in the 1960s The Marvel Super Heroes, voiced by John Vernon.
Talbot appeared in the 1980s Incredible Hulk TV series, voiced by Pat Fraley. In this version, Major Talbot's first name was changed from Glenn to "Ned". He was nicknamed by the troops secretly as "Noodle-head Ned" because of the fact that he was very clumsy, was somewhat cowardly, he sucked up to General Ross, and is often deceived by the enemy throughout the 13 episodes.
Talbot appeared in the 1996 UPN animated series adaptation of The Incredible Hulk, voiced by Kevin Schon. He was shown acting as the right-hand man of General "Thunderbolt" Ross. He is also shown to have a romantic interest in Betty Ross, but she constantly rejects him because he doesn't do a very good job of hiding his disdain for either Bruce Banner or the Hulk. After he met the Ghost Rider, he reflected his own bad side and became more serious and selfless.
Talbot appeared in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes episode "Nightmare in Red", voiced by Troy Baker. He appears as a colonel and member of General Ross's Hulkbusters unit.
Talbot has an appearance in the Iron Man: Armored Adventures episode "Rage of the Hulk". In this version, he appears to be an Asian American instead of a Caucasian as in the comics. He debuts as a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent under Thunderbolt Ross's command, though he refuses to risk the city to destroy the Hulk.

text: Live-action[edit]

text: Glenn Talbot appeared in the Marvel Cinematic Universe as a recurring character on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., portrayed by Adrian Pasdar. Introduced in a cameo in the first-season episode "Providence" before making a more prominent appearance in "Nothing Personal", this incarnation is promoted from the rank of colonel to brigadier general for his efforts in bringing down the remnants of S.H.I.E.L.D. following the revelation that the organization had been compromised by Hydra.[21] He eventually forms a begrudging relationship with the secret new S.H.I.E.L.D. under Director Phil Coulson,[22] and in season three is made the head of the Advanced Threat Containment Unit (ATCU), the President's front organization for S.H.I.E.L.D.[23]

text: In season 4's "World's End", Talbot is rendered comatose when he is shot by a Life Model Decoy of Daisy Johnson.[24] In Season 5, he awakens, but suffers from sporadic emotional outbursts. He is taken into the custody of General Hale, a Hydra sleeper agent in the Air Force, who subjects him to post-hypnotic brainwashing.[25] After his rescue, his brainwashing is briefly activated, and he betrays S.H.I.E.L.D.'s location to Hydra.[26] To redeem himself, Talbot infuses himself with the gravity-manipulating substance gravitonium and kills alien warriors who are attacking S.H.I.E.L.D.,[27] becoming the MCU version of Graviton.[28][29] Under the substance's influence, Talbot decides to absorb subterranean gravitonium deposits to enhance his power and unilaterally protect the Earth from Thanos. To this end, he kills Hale,[30] and coerces Robin Hinton to reveal the location of another deposit of gravitonium.[31] Talbot is killed by Johnson, who uses her powers to push him into outer space.[32] In an alternate timeline where he was not defeated, Talbot destroys much of the Earth, and causes humanity's enslavement by the Kree.[33]

text: Film[edit]

text: Talbot appears in the 2003 Hulk film played by Josh Lucas. In this version, he is a former military officer-turned-bio-science executive at a Defense Department contractor called "Atheon". As well as being a former college acquaintance of Betty Ross who serves under her father's command. He seeks to obtain a tissue sample from the Hulk for military supersoldier-type applications, but during this endeavor, he fires an explosive missile at the Hulk, which ricochets off of the Hulk's skin, killing Talbot in the ensuring explosion during his escape from Ross's Gamma Base.

text: Video games[edit]

text: Talbot appears in the 2008 The Incredible Hulk video game, voiced by Michael Gannon. Talbot views both Banner and Hulk as threats to mankind. Later in the game, he becomes a boss as his actions against Banner/Hulk escalate to the point where Talbot himself is a danger to civilian safety, his strategies varying from attempting to launch missiles in a civilian area in order to destroy the Hulk to kidnapping Betty Ross and donning a nuclear-powered Hulkbuster suit to fight him directly, intending to pass off civilian casualties as the Hulk's fault once his foe has been dealt with. When he is defeated, a self-destruct mechanism activates in his Hulkbuster suit, intending to kill Hulk along with him and the entire city. Hulk throws Talbot's suit into the upper atmosphere, then his Hulkbuster armor explodes safely, killing Talbot.


document_title: The Rise of Nine

question_text: i am number four the rise of nine

question_tokens: i am number four the rise of nine

text: The Rise of Nine

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Number four(John Smith)
Number Six(Maren Elizabeth)
Number Seven(Marina as of the sea)
Number ten(Ella)
Number Nine
Crayton
Number Eight
Sarah Hart
Sam Goode
Setrakus Ra

text: Plot[edit]

text: Marina and Six, along with Ella (previously unknown member of the Garde) and Crayton (her Cêpan) are on a plane heading towards India, where they hope to find another member of the Garde: Number Eight. As soon as they land at the New Delhi airport they are picked up by men who worship Eight as they believe him to be the reincarnation of the Hindu god Vishnu (it is later revealed that he appeared to them in the form of Vishnu, thanks to his shape-shifting abilities). They plan to take the four to the summit of a mountain in the Himalayas, which is where Eight has made his home. However, before they reach him, they were ambushed by soldiers of the Lord's Resistance Front, an organization of people who want to kill Eight and all of those associated with him. After defeating their attackers and reach the mountain, Six, Seven and Ten have to face three of Vishnu's avatars, which are used as a way of testing whether they are really members of the Garde. Once Number Eight realizes that they are Loric, he tells them his story; his Cêpan Reynolds was killed by Mogodorians after being betrayed by the love of his life, a human named Lola. During this same attack, Eight's chest was taken by the Mogodorians (Marina finds it afterwards). Eight has been living in the Himalayas since. They discover that one of Eight's legacies is the ability to teleport, which they plan to use to reach New Mexico, where they can easily make their way to Number Four. They travel further up the mountain to a Loric cave that contains a large stone of Loralite, and acts as a "door" between several other locations that have a Loralite stone. In the cave they see paintings on the walls as they are a timeline of the events that have happened. (They see One's, Two's, and Three's deaths, Four's battle in the school and Number Five battling Mogs from a tree) They then come across a painting of a Loric with a sword through them although the face is ripped off. It is revealed this is Number Eight, who ripped off the face to try and avoid the fate. The Mogs then burst into the cave and kill Crayton, forcing the group to perform a hurried teleportation together from the Himalayas. Six is teleported to a desert in New Mexico while Eight, Seven, and Ten end up in Somalia. Six is dehydrated due to desert heat but manages to make it to an abandoned town, where she is captured by FBI agents. After intense questioning she manages to break out and in the process comes across Sarah Hart, Four's girlfriend who supposedly turned him in to the FBI in the previous novel. To Six's horror, the false Sarah Hart forms into Setrákus Ra. She challenges Setrákus Ra to a one-on-one fight before being thrown into a cell with the real Sarah Hart.

text: Meanwhile, Four and Nine, along with Bernie Kosar; Four's shape-shifting Chimæra, are captured by the FBI, who are now working with the Mogs. Whilst in transit they escape easily, seriously wounding their captors in the process. Four asks one of the dying agents, Agent Walker, where Sam and Sarah are being held and is told that they are being held out west. Walker then seemingly dies. Once he helps Nine fight off the rest of the FBI, Four returns to the van they had been traveling in only to find that all the bodies are gone. The pair take a freight train to Chicago and argue about what to do next. They eventually decide to go to Nine's safe house, although Four is angered by how little Nine seems to care about Sam and Sarah. Nine reveals that his safe house is in the top floor of the John Hancock Center, including training rooms, weapon cabinets and citywide surveillance systems. Nine shows off how experienced he is with all the rooms and, when the talk returns to Sam and the tablet the two found, that he has a piece of equipment that fits the tablet. When they use it they see a map of the Earth with several pulsing blue dots; two in Chicago, one in Jamaica and four in India. They realize that the tablet shows the locations of the other Garde and, seeing that there are seven dots instead of six, realized that there was a second ship that made it to Earth, carrying with it a tenth Garde member. They then see two green dots, one in New Mexico and the other in Egypt, and realize that these are their ships. As they watch the four dots in India suddenly reappear, with three off the coast of Somalia and one in New Mexico. The pair once again disagree about what to do next (with Four wanting to go to New Mexico to rescue the stranded Garde member and Nine wanting to go to Sam's house in Paradise, Ohio, to see what else they can find) and it becomes violent. The fight goes to the roof where, after a long battle, Nine holds Four over the edge and demands that he stop claiming to be Pittacus Lore (which he had told Nine during one of their arguments) and that they go to Paradise. Nine lets Four back onto the roof and storms off, threatening to drop him next time. Later in the night, Four has a vision where he and Nine are told to go to New Mexico. After finding out that Nine had the same vision they travel together towards New Mexico. Four begins to grow fond of Nine when he witnesses him defending a pair of unarmed hitchhikers from their assailants and they begin to open up about their previous lives.

text: In the meantime Seven, Eight, and Ten are able to teleport to Stonehenge and then onto New Mexico, after Ella contacts Six through telepathy (developing her first legacy) and learns her location. She even contacts Number Four who was on the way to New Mexico along with Number Nine. They eventually reunite after defeating the FBI who were attacking Four and Nine and enter the base where Setrákus Ra and Number Six are fighting. Setrákus Ra manages to use his power of removing a Garde member's legacy and overpowers Six but, instead of killing her, he uses a whip-like weapon to turn her into black rock. The group fight their way through the base and finds Sarah, who believes that Four is Setrákus Ra trying to trick her. Once Four convinces her that it really is him they move on, also finding a badly injured Agent Walker. They tell Sarah to watch her, giving her a Mogadorian cannon to shoot Walker with if she tries to escape. In a large room they see a black statue on the roof, which Nine goes to inspect and finds Six there, telling them that Setrákus Ra is dead and that the black mass is Mogadorian poison. Eight teleports to Six and embraces her, but is stabbed just as the painting in the Loric cave showed. The fake Six then transforms into Setrákus Ra, who removes all of their legacies. Nine fights Setrákus Ra whilst Bernie Kosar fights off the Mogadorian soldiers. Four and Marina try to carry away Eight so that Marina's healing legacy can return and save him, but are also attacked by Mogs. After defeating them they carry on trying to pull Eight out of the battle. John protecting Marina and Eight gets hurt and is losing blood very quickly. Ella out of nowhere comes and throws a red object at Ra, allowing the Gardes to gain back their powers. This allows Marina to heal everyone and save Eight's life. Six's body goes normal again. Just when the Gardes reunite, Setrákus Ra and all the Mogadorians in the room are gone.

text: Development[edit]

text: The Rise of Nine suffered brief setbacks after the departure of Hughes from the project, stating differences of opinion for the direction of the series.[3] In August 2012, ghostwriter Greg Boose issued a tweet that contained a photograph of a hardcover copy of The Rise of Nine, hinting that he was the ghostwriter of the series.[2]

text: In an interview with Entertainment Weekly it was confirmed that there would be at least six books in the series, with the series continuing "until the war ends".[4]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Reception for The Rise of Nine was positive, with the book garnering praise from Teenreads and Digital Journal.[5][6]