document_title: Inguinal hernia surgery

question_text: where is mesh placed in inguinal hernia repair

text: Inguinal hernia surgery

text: Indications for surgery[edit]

text: Society guidelines recommend that indications for surgery take into account the severity of symptoms, the type of hernia, previous surgeries, hernia size, bowel incarceration (bowel can no longer return to the abdomen) and the overall general health of the person.[4][1][7][8]

text: Non-urgent repair[edit]

text: Elective surgery is planned in order to help relieve symptoms, respect the person's preference, and prevent future complications that may require emergency surgery.[9][10]

text: Surgery is offered to the majority of people who:

text:
have symptoms that interfere with their normal level of activity.[7][2]
have hernias that become increasingly difficult to reduce.[2][7]
are female as it is often difficult to classify the subtype of hernia based on an exam alone.[2][7]

text: Symptomatic hernias tend to cause pain or discomfort within the groin region that may increase with exertion and improve with rest. A swollen scrotum within males may coincide with persistent feelings of heaviness or generalized lower abdominal discomfort. The sensation of groin pressure tends to be most prominent at the end of the day as well as after strenuous activities. Changes in sensation may be experienced along the scrotum and inner thigh.[11]

text: Urgent repair[edit]

text: A hernia in which the small intestine has become incarcerated or strangulated constitutes a surgical emergency. Symptoms include:[9][3][11] 1 fever 2 nausea and vomiting 3 extreme pain in the area of the hernia 4 warm hernia bulge with surrounding skin redness 5 can no longer pass gas or stool Surgical repair within 6 hours of the above symptoms may be able to save the strangulated portion of intestine.[2]

text: Contraindications to surgery[edit]

text: The person with the hernia should be given an opportunity to participate in the shared decision-making with their physicians as almost all procedures carry significant risks. The benefits of inguinal hernia repair can become overshadowed by risks such that elective repair is no longer in a person's best interest. Such cases include:[11][2][4]

text:
People with unstable medical conditions
Repair using mesh is withheld if a person has an active infection within the groin or within the blood stream
Elective repair is delayed in pregnant women until 4 weeks after delivery

text: Additionally, certain medical conditions can prevent people from being candidates for laparoscopic approaches to repair. Examples of such include:[9][2][4]

text:
People who are unable to undergo general anesthesia
Prior major open abdominal surgery
People who have ascites
Previous radiation therapy to the pelvis
A complex hernia

text: Surgical approaches[edit]

text: Techniques to repair inguinal hernias fall into two broad categories termed "open" and "laparoscopic". Surgeons tailor their approach to by taking into account factors such as their own experience with either techniques, the features of the hernia itself, and the person's anesthetic needs.[9][11]

text: The cost associated with either approach varies widely across regions. As an example the UK's NHS spends £56 million a year in repairing inguinal hernias 96% of which were repaired via the open mesh approach while only 4% were done laparoscopically.[5] Updated guidelines published by the International Endohernia Society cast doubt on the comprehensiveness of cost comparison studies due in part to the complexity inherent in calculating costs across institutions.[citation needed] The IES asserts that hospital and societal costs are in fact lower for laparoscopic repairs as compared to open approaches. They recommend the routine use of reusable instruments as well as improving the proficiency of surgeons to help further decrease costs as well as time spent in the OR.[12]

text: Open hernia repair[edit]

text: All techniques involve an approximate 10-cm incision in the groin. Once exposed, the hernia sac is returned to the abdominal cavity or excised and the abdominal wall is very often reinforced with mesh.[3] There are many techniques that do not utilize mesh and have their own situations where they are preferable.[13][7]

text: Open repairs are classified via whether prosthetic mesh is utilized or whether the patient's own tissue is used to repair the weakness. Prosthetic repairs enable surgeons to repair a hernia without causing undue tension in the surrounding tissues while reinforcing the abdominal wall. Repairs with undue tension have been shown to increase the likelihood that the hernia will recur. Repairs not using prosthetic mesh are preferable options in patients with an above-average risk of infection such as cases where the bowel has become strangulated (blood supply lost due to constriction).[11]

text: One large benefit of this approach lies in its ability to tailor anesthesia to a person's needs. People can be administered local anesthesia, a spinal block, as well as general anesthesia.[9] Local anesthesia has been shown to cause less pain after surgery, shorten operating times, shorten recovery times as well as decrease the need to return to the hospital. However, people who undergo general anesthesia tend to be able to go home faster and experience fewer complications.[14][15][2] The European Hernia Society recommends the use of local anesthesia particularly for people with ongoing medical conditions.[4]

text: Open mesh repairs[edit]

text: Repairs that utilize mesh are usually the first recommendation for the vast majority of patients including those that undergo laparoscopic repair.[4] Procedures that employ mesh are the most commonly performed as they have been able to demonstrate greater results as compared to non-mesh repairs.[11] Approaches utilizing mesh have been able to demonstrate faster return to usual activity, lower rates of persistent pain, shorter hospital stays, and a lower likelihood that the hernia will recur.[16][4][17][18][19][20]

text: Options for mesh include either synthetic or biologic. Synthetic mesh provides the option of using "heavyweight" as well as "lightweight" variations according to the diameter and number of mesh fibers.[21] Lightweight mesh has been shown to have fewer complications related to the mesh itself than it's heavyweight counterparts.[22] It was additionally correlated with lower rates of chronic pain while sharing the same rates of hernia recurrence as compared to heavyweight options.[23][24][25] This has led to the adoption of lightweight mesh for minimizing the chance of chronic pain after surgery.[11] Biologic mesh is indicated in cases where the risk of infection is a major concern such as cases in which the bowel has become strangulated. They tend to have lower tensile strength than their synthetic counterparts lending them to higher rates of mesh rupture.[26]

text: Biomeshes are increasingly popular since their first use in 1999[27] and their subsequent introduction on the market in 2003. Some meshes have a price comparable to the high end of synthetic meshes, the cheapest ($500) being Surgisis-Biodesign, manufactured by Cook Group, made from the extra cellular matrix of pig small intestinal submucosa.[28] Currently, there exists one synthetic totally absorbable mesh, Tigr Matrix, manufactured by Novus Scientific, on the US market (510(k) Food and Drug Administration clearance)[29] since 2010 and on the EU market since 2011. It only has one 3-year pre-clinical evidence on sheep.[30]

text: Meshes made of mosquito net cloth, in copolymer of polyethylene and polypropylene have been used for low-income patients in rural India and Ghana.[31] Each piece costs $0.01, 3700 times cheaper than an equivalent commercial mesh.[32][33] They give results identical to commercial meshes in terms of infection and recurrence rate at 5 years.[32]

text: Lichtenstein technique[edit]

text: The Lichtenstein tension-free repair has persisted as one of the most commonly performed procedures in the world. The European Hernia Society recommends that in cases where an open approach is indicated, the Lichtenstein technique be utilized as the preferred method.[4] Recent studies have indicated that mesh attachment with the use of adhesive glue is faster and less likely to cause post-op pain as compared to attachment via suture material.[34][35][36]

text: Plug and patch technique[edit]

text: The plug and patch tension-free technique has fallen out of favor due to higher rates of mesh shift along with its tendency to irritate surrounding tissue. This has led to the European Hernia Society recommending that the technique not be used in most cases.[4]

text: Other open mesh repair techniques[edit]

text: A variety of other tension-free techniques have been developed and include:[9][11]

text:
Prolene mesh system (PHS)
Kugel (preperitoneal repair)
Stoppa
Trabucco (Hertra mesh)
Wantz
Rutkow/Robbins

text: Open non-mesh repairs[edit]

text: Techniques in which mesh is not used are referred to as tissue repair technique, suture technique, and tension technique. All involve bringing together the tissue with sutures and are a viable alternative when mesh placement is contraindicated.[9] Such situations are most commonly due to concerns of contamination in cases where there are infections of the groin, strangulation or perforation of the bowel.[11][2]

text: Shouldice technique[edit]

text: The Shouldice technique is the most effective non-mesh repair thus making it one of the most commonly utilized methods.[16] Numerous studies have been able to validate the conclusion that patients have lower rates of hernia recurrence with the Shouldice technique as compared to other non-mesh repair techniques.[37] However this method frequently experiences longer procedure times and length of hospital stay. Despite being the superior non-mesh technique, the Shouldice method results much higher rates of hernia recurrence in patients when compared to repairs that utilize mesh.[4][37]

text: Bassini technique[edit]

text: The first efficient inguinal hernia repair was described by Edoardo Bassini in the 1880s.[38][39] In the Bassini technique, the conjoint tendon (formed by the distal ends of the transversus abdominis and internal oblique muscles) is approximated to the inguinal ligament and closed.[40]

text: Other open non-mesh techniques[edit]

text: The Shouldice technique was itself an evolution of prior techniques that had greatly advanced the field of inguinal hernia surgery. Such classic open non-mesh repairs include:[11][9]

text:
McVay technique
Halsted
Maloney darn
Plication darn
Desarda technique[41] A 1–2 cm strip of the external oblique aponeurosis is stitched below to the inguinal ligament and above to the muscle arch without disturbing its continuity at either end.[2] This gives immediate protection so no restrictions on activities is required. This is a very simple mesh free and tension free repair based on the physiological principle with very low recurrences and complications.[42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54]

text: Laparoscopic repair[edit]

text: There are two main methods of laparoscopic repair: transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) and totally extra-peritoneal (TEP) repair. When performed by a surgeon experienced in hernia repair, laparoscopic repair causes fewer complications than Lichtenstein, particularly less chronic pain. However, if the surgeon is experienced in general laparoscopic surgery but not in the specific subject of laparoscopic hernia surgery, laparoscopic repair is not advised as it causes more recurrence risk than Lichtenstein while also presenting risks of serious complications, as organ injury. Indeed, the TAPP approach needs to go through the abdomen. All that said, many surgeons are moving to laparoscopic methodologies as they cause smaller incisions, resulting in less bleeding, less infection, faster recovery, reduced hospitalization, and reduced chronic pain.[55][56]

text:
Laparoscopic mesh surgery, as compared to open mesh surgery

Advantages
Disadvantages

Quicker recovery[56][57]
Less pain during first days[56]
Fewer postoperative complications[57]

such as infections, bleeding and seromas[56]

Less risk of chronic pain[56]

Needs surgeon highly experienced

(>200 operations/year) in inguinal hernia repairs[citation needed]

Longer operating time[57]
Increased recurrence of primary hernias if

surgeon not experienced enough[57]

text: Recurrence rates are identical when laparoscopy is performed by an experienced surgeon.[56] When performed by a surgeon less experienced in inguinal hernia lap repair, recurrence is larger than after Lichtenstein.[58]

text: Non-surgical management[edit]

text: Studies have demonstrated that men whose hernias cause little to no symptoms can safely continue to delay surgery until a time that is most convenient for patients and their healthcare team. Research shows that the risk of inguinal hernia complications remains under 1% within the population.[59][10][1][11] Watchful waiting requires that patients maintain a close follow-up schedule with providers to monitor the course of their hernia for any changes in symptoms and can be safely offered for up to 2 years.[60][3]

text: Patients who do elect watchful waiting eventually undergo repair within five years as 25% will experience a progression of symptoms such as worsening of pain. Elective repair discussions should be revisited if patient's begin to avoid aspects of their normal routine due to their hernia.[61][62][2] After 1 year it is estimated that 16% of patients who initially opted for watchful waiting will eventually undergo surgery. Furthermore, 54% and 72% will undergo repair at 5-year and 7.5-year marks respectively.[63][7]

text: The use of a truss is an additional non-surgical option for men. It resembles a jock-strap that utilizes a pad to exert pressure at the site of the hernia in order prevent excursion of the hernia sack. It has little evidence to support its routine use and has not been shown to prevent complications such as incarceration (bowel can no longer slide back into abdomen) or strangulation of bowel (constriction causing loss of blood supply). However some patients do report a soothing of symptoms when utilized.

text: Complications and prognosis[edit]

text: Inguinal hernia repair complications are unusual, and the procedure as a whole proves to be relatively safe for the majority of patients. Risks inherent in almost all surgical procedures include:[1]

text:
bleeding
infection
fluid collections
damage to surrounding structures such as blood vessels, nerves, or the bladder
urinary retention requiring a catheter

text: Risks that are specific to inguinal hernia repairs include such things as:[1][7][11]

text:
recurrence of the hernia
impairment of sexual activity, such as genital or ejaculatory pain[64]
in males, injury to the tube that conveys sperm from the testicle to the penis
in males, bruising and swelling of the scrotum
chronic regional pain (also known as post-herniorrhaphy inguinodynia, or chronic postoperative inguinal pain)

text: Post-herniorraphy pain syndrome[edit]

text: Post-herniorrhaphy inguinodynia is a condition where 10-12% of patients experience severe pain after inguinal hernia repair, due to a complex combination of different forms of pain signals.[65][66][67] It can occur with any inguinal hernia repair technique, and if unresponsive to pain medications, further surgical intervention is often required.[68] Removal of the implanted mesh, in combination with bisection of regional nerves, is commonly performed to address such cases.[69][70][71] There remains ongoing discussion amongst surgeons regarding the utility of planned resections of regional nerves as an attempt to prevent its occurrence.[71][72]

text: Mortality rates[edit]

text: Mortality rates for non-urgent, elective procedures was demonstrated as 0.1%, and around 3% for procedures performed urgently.[73][2] Other than urgent repair, risk factors that were also associated with increased mortality included being female, requiring a femoral hernia repair, and older age.[74][75][76]

text: Follow-up[edit]

text: Upon awakening from anesthesia, patients are monitored for their ability to drink fluids, produce urine, as well as their ability to walk after surgery. Most patients are then able to return home once those conditions are met.[7] It is not uncommon for patients to experience residual soreness for a couple of days after surgery.[77][13] Patients are encouraged to make strong efforts in getting up and walking around the day after surgery.[67] Most patients can resume their normal routine of daily living within the week such as driving, showering, light lifting, as well as sexual activity.[1] Long work absences are rarely necessary and length of sick days tend to be dictated by respective employment policies.[67][2]

text: In general, it is not recommended to administer antibiotics as prophylaxis after elective inguinal hernia repair. However, the rate of wound infection determines the appropriate use of the antibiotics.[78]

text: Post-op development of any of the following should warrant timely reporting via phone:[13][7]

text:
fever greater than 39C/101F
progressive swelling of the surgical site
severe pain
recurring nausea or vomiting
worsening redness around incisions
drainage of pus from incisions
difficulty or lack of producing urine
new-onset shortness of breath

text: Prevention and screening[edit]

text: Most indirect inguinal hernias in the abdominal wall are not preventable. Direct inguinal hernias may be able to be prevented by maintaining a healthy weight, refraining from smoking, preventing straining during bowel movements, and maintaining proper lifting techniques when heavy lifting.[7][1] There is no evidence that indicates physicians should routinely screen for asymptomatic inguinal hernias during patient visits.[79]


document_title: Remember the Titans

question_text: who played coach boone wife in remember the titans

root

text: Remember the Titans

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1971, at the desegregated T. C. Williams High School, a black head coach, Herman Boone, is hired to lead the school's football team. Boone is assigned to the coaching team under current coach Bill Yoast, nominated for the Virginia High School Hall of Fame. But, in an attempt to placate rising racial tensions and the fact that all other high schools are "white" only, Boone is assigned the head coach job. At first, he refuses as he thinks it is extremely unfair to Yoast, but accepts when he sees what it means to the black community. Yoast is then offered an assistant coach's job by the school board and initially refuses, but reconsiders after the white players pledge to boycott the team if he does not participate. Dismayed at the prospect of the students losing their chances at scholarships, Yoast changes his mind and takes up the position of defensive coordinator under Boone.

tag: p

text: The black students have a meeting in the gymnasium in auditioning to play for the team until Boone arrives, but the meeting turns into a fiasco when Yoast and white students interrupt. On August 15, 1971, the players gather and journey to Gettysburg College, where their training camp takes place. As their days of training camp progress, black and white football team members frequently clash in racially motivated conflicts, including some between captains Gerry Bertier and Julius Campbell. But after forceful coaching and rigorous athletic training by Boone, which includes an early morning run to the Gettysburg cemetery, and a motivational speech, the team achieves racial harmony and success. After returning from football camp, Boone is told by a member of the school board that if he loses even a single game, he will be dismissed. Subsequently, the Titans go through the season undefeated while battling racial prejudice, before slowly gaining support from the community. Gerry even has his best friend Ray removed from the team because of his racism, following a game where he intentionally missed a block that led to the near-season-ending injury of starting quarterback Jerry "Rev" Harris.

text: Just before the state semi-finals, Yoast is told by the chairman of the school board that he will be inducted into the Hall of Fame after the Titans lose one game, implying he wants Boone to be dismissed over his race. During the game, it becomes apparent that the referees are biased against the Titans. Upon seeing the chairman and other board members in the audience looking on with satisfaction, Yoast realizes they've rigged the game and warns the head official that he will go to the press and expose the scandal unless the game is officiated fairly. The Titans nonetheless win and advance to the state championship, but Yoast is told by the chairman that his actions have resulted in his loss of candidacy for Hall of Fame induction.

text: While celebrating the victory, Bertier is severely injured in an car accident with a truck after driving through an intersection. Although Bertier is unable to play due to being paralyzed from the waist down, the team goes on to win the state championship. Bertier would remain a paraplegic for the rest of his life. Ten years later, Bertier dies in another automobile accident by a drunk driver, after winning the gold medal in shot put in the Paralympic Games. Coaches and other former teammates reunite to attend his funeral.

text: In the epilogue, descriptions show about the players and coaches activities after the events in 1971.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Denzel Washington as Coach Herman Boone
Will Patton as assistant coach Bill Yoast
Wood Harris as DE Julius Campbell
Ryan Hurst as LB Gerry Bertier
Donald Faison as RB/CB Petey Jones
Ethan Suplee as OL Louie Lastik
Kip Pardue as QB Ronnie "Sunshine" Bass
Craig Kirkwood as QB Jerry "Rev" Harris
Nicole Ari Parker as Carol Boone, Herman Boone's wife.
Krysten Leigh Jones as Nicky Boone, Herman Boone's daughter.
Inasia Brown as Karen Boone, Herman Boone's youngest daughter.
Hayden Panettiere as Sheryl Yoast, Bill Yoast's 10-year-old daughter.
Kate Bosworth as Emma Hoyt - Gerry's girlfriend
Earl C. Poitier as OL Darryl "Blue" Stanton
Ryan Gosling as Linebacker Alan Bosley
Gregory Alan Williams as Coach Paul "Doc" Hines, offensive line coach
Brett Rice as Coach Herb Tyrell, special teams coach
Burgess Jenkins as TE Ray Budds
David Jefferson Jr. as "Cook"

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming locations for the motion picture included Atlanta, Georgia,[2] including Henry Grady High School and Druid Hills High School which both filled in for T.C. Williams High School.

text: Historical accuracy[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: While this movie is based on a true story, it has strayed from the actual events that had occurred on many occasions to add new elements of teamwork, commitment, and friendship to the film.

text:
Boone may not be the coach that Washington portrays in the movie; in interviews, many former Titans football players said they believed his coaching strategies had no correlation to their success, and were indeed too harsh, causing some players to quit.[3]
The Titans had a solid football team for many years and most of their games were large victories. By the end of the 1971 football season they were ranked second in the nation, and nine out of thirteen games were shutouts.[4]
In the movie, Coach Boone states, "We are not like all the other schools in this conference, they're all white. They don't have to worry about race. We do." This is false as well; all the schools the Titans faced were integrated years before.
While the team is at camp, it shows Coach Boone waking them up at three in the morning to go for a run. This did not occur; neither did his speech at Gettysburg.[4] The team did go on a tour in Gettysburg, although it was not as dramatic as portrayed in the film.
Sunshine (Ronnie) was far from being the only one with long hair at the time. Even Gerry (Ryan Hurst) had long hair. But in interviews Bass said "I'll say for the record my hair was never that long." He also says the kiss with Gerry never happened.
The climax of the movie is the fictionalized 1971 AAA state championship football game between T. C. Williams and George C. Marshall High School. The dramatic license taken in the movie was to convert what was actually a mid-season match-up between T. C. Williams and Marshall into a made-for-Hollywood state championship. In reality, the Marshall game was the toughest game T. C. Williams played all year. As depicted in the movie, the real Titans won the Marshall game on a fourth down come-from-behind play at the very end of the game. The actual state championship (against Andrew Lewis High School of Salem) was a 27–0 blowout. [5]
Bertier's car accident took place AFTER the Championship game, on December 11, 1971. Bertier had been at a banquet honoring the players of the 1971, T.C. Williams Titans football team for their undefeated season. After the banquet, Bertier borrowed his mother's new 1971 Chevrolet Camaro. Bertier lost control of the Camaro and crashed. (The movie shows him getting broadsided). The cause of the accident was determined to be a mechanical failure in the motor mount of the engine. [5]
The film also omits the fact that Sheryl Yoast died in 1996 at the age of 34 and that she was not an only child as she had three sisters. Her oldest sister Bonnie was in college, her second oldest Angela went to a different high school, and her younger sister Deidre was only three years-old in 1971.

text: Music[edit]

text: On September 19, 2000, the soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records. The film score was orchestrated by musician Trevor Rabin and features music composed by various artists. From the instrumental score, Rabin's track "Titans Spirit", was the only cue (of the 12 composed) added to the soundtrack. It is also the only piece of music on the soundtrack album not to have been previously released.

text: "Titans Spirit" was a seven-minute instrumental. It has been used on numerous sports telecasts, particularly those on NBC, which utilized the score during its closing credits for the Salt Lake 2002, Athens 2004, Torino 2006, Beijing 2008, Vancouver 2010, London 2012, and the Rio 2016 Olympic Games as well as with the final closing credits montage for their 12-year run with the NBA in 2002. The song was also played as veteran New York Mets players crossed home plate during the closing ceremonies at Shea Stadium, and as the New York Yankees were awarded their rings from their 2009 World Series championship. The New Jersey Devils also used this song during the jersey number retirement ceremonies for Scott Stevens, Ken Daneyko, Scott Niedermayer, and Martin Brodeur.

text: It was also used during the 2008 Democratic National Convention to accompany the celebration and fireworks at Invesco Field after future president Barack Obama gave his nomination acceptance speech, and was also used immediately following his victory speech upon winning the 2008 Presidential Election.[6]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Remember the Titans: An Original Walt Disney Motion Picture Soundtrack

Film score by Various Artists

Released
September 19, 2000

Genre
R&B, pop rock

Length
46:21

Label
Walt Disney

text:
Remember the Titans: An Original Walt Disney Motion Picture Soundtrack

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Ain't No Mountain High Enough"
2:29

2.
"Spirit in the Sky"
4:02

3.
"Peace Train"
4:08

4.
"Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye"
4:05

5.
"Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress"
3:17

6.
"I Want to Take You Higher"
2:44

7.
"Up Around the Bend"
2:42

8.
"Spill the Wine"
4:05

9.
"A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall"
5:10

10.
"Act Naturally"
2:21

11.
"Express Yourself"
3:53

12.
"Titans Spirit"
7:25

Total length:
46:21

text: Release[edit]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Following its release in theaters, the Region 1 widescreen and Pan and scan edition of the motion picture was released on DVD in the United States on March 20, 2001.[7] A Special Edition widescreen format of the film was released on March 20, 2001, along with a widescreen Director's cut on March 14, 2006.[8]

text: A restored widescreen hi-definition Blu-ray version was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on September 4, 2007. Special features include backstage feature audio commentary with director Boaz Yakin, producer Jerry Bruckheimer and writer Gregory Allen Howard, feature audio commentary with real-life coaches Herman Boone and Bill Yoast, "Remember The Titans: An inspirational journey behind the scenes" hosted by Lynn Swann, "Denzel Becomes Boone," "Beating The Odds"; Deleted scenes; Movie Showcase and seamless menus.[9]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Remember the Titans opened strongly at the U.S. box office, grossing $26,654,715 in its first weekend and staying within the top five for six weeks.[10] It eventually went on to gross an estimated $115,654,751 in the U.S., and $136,706,683 worldwide.[1]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Among mainstream critics in the U.S., Remember the Titans received generally positive reviews.[11] Rotten Tomatoes reported that 73% of 132 sampled critics gave the film a positive review, with an average score of 6.3 out of 10.[12] At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average out of 100 to critics' reviews, the film received a score of 48 based on 32 reviews.[11] CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare "A+" grade.[13]

text: Writing for The New York Times, A. O. Scott said that "aside from a handful of tense showdowns at the line of scrimmage, there's not much else to see — is washed in on the flood tide of a thousand violins."[14] James Berardinelli writing for ReelViews, called the film "relentlessly manipulative and hopelessly predictable" but noted that it was "a notch above the average entry in part because its social message (even if it is soft-peddled) creates a richer fabric than the usual cloth from which this kind of movie is cut."[15] Describing some pitfalls, Robert Wilonsky of the Dallas Observer said that "beneath its rah-rah rhetoric and pigskin proselytizing, it's no more provocative or thoughtful than a Hallmark Hall of Fame film or, for that matter, a Hallmark greeting card. Its heart is in the right place, but it has no soul."[16] Wilonsky however was quick to admit "The film's intentions are noble, but its delivery is ham-fisted and pretentious; you can't deny the message, but you can loathe the messenger without feeling too guilty about it."[16]

text:
'Remember the Titans' has the outer form of a brave statement about the races in America, but the soul of a sports movie in which everything is settled by the obligatory last play in the last seconds of the championship game.
“
”

—Roger Ebert, writing in the Chicago Sun-Times[17]

tag: div

text: Todd McCarthy, writing in Variety, said, "As simplistic and drained of complexity as the picture is, it may well appeal to mainstream audiences as an 'if only it could be like this' fantasy, as well as on the elemental level of a boot camp training film, albeit a PG-rated one with all the cuss words removed."[18] Roger Ebert, in the Chicago Sun-Times, viewed the film as "a parable about racial harmony, yoked to the formula of a sports movie," adding, "Victories over racism and victories over opposing teams alternate so quickly that sometimes we're not sure if we're cheering for tolerance or touchdowns. Real life is never this simple, but then that's what the movies are for".[17]

text: In the San Francisco Chronicle, Mick LaSalle wrote that the film reminds the viewer that "it's possible to make a sentimental drama that isn't sickening —  and a sports movie that transcends cliches."[19] Columnist Bob Grimm of the Sacramento News & Review, somewhat praised the film, writing, "The film is quite lightweight for the subject matter, but Washington and company make it watchable."[20] Some detractors like Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote, "Denzel Washington should have held out for a better script before he signed on to star in Remember the Titans, but you can see why he wanted to do the movie: He gets to play Martin Luther King Jr. and Vince Lombardi rolled into one nostalgically omnipotent tough-love saint."[21] Jeff Vice of the Deseret News admitted that although the film contained dialogue that was "corny, clichéd, and downright cheesy at times," as well as how it relayed its message in one of the "most predictable, heavy-handed manners we've seen in a movie in years", the film "serves as a reminder of how much goodness there is inside people, just waiting for the right person to bring it out." He also viewed the casting as top-notch, saying that it helped to have a "rock-solid foundation in the form of leading-man Denzel Washington" at the helm.[22]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film was nominated and won several awards in 2000–2001.

text:
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

2001 Angel Awards
Silver Angel
————
Nominated

BET Awards 2001
Best Actor
Denzel Washington
Won

2001 BMI Film & TV Awards
Film Music Award
Trevor Rabin
Won

Black Reel Awards of 2001
Best Actor
Denzel Washington
Won

Best Screenplay
Gregory Allen Howard
Won

Best Film
Jerry Bruckheimer, Chad Oman
Nominated

2001 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards
Favorite Actor - Drama
Denzel Washington
Nominated

Favorite Supporting Actor - Drama
Wood Harris
Nominated

2001 Casting Society of America Awards
Best Casting for Feature Film - Drama
Ronna Kress
Nominated

2001 NAACP Image Awards
Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture
Denzel Washington
Won

Outstanding Motion Picture
————
Won

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture
Wood Harris
Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture
Nicole Ari Parker
Nominated

Outstanding Youth Actor/Actress
Krysten Leigh Jones
Nominated

Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards 2000
Best Male Newcomer
Kip Pardue
Nominated

Youth in Film
Hayden Panettiere
Nominated

2001 Motion Picture Sound Editors Awards
Best Sound Editing - Dialogue & ADR
Robert L. Sephton, Christopher T. Welch, Julie Feiner, Cindy Marty, Gaston Biraben, Suhail Kafity
Nominated

Best Sound Editing - Music
Will Kaplan
Nominated

Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards 2000
Best Performance by a Youth in a Leading or Supporting Role
Hayden Panettiere
Nominated

2001 Political Film Society Awards
Human Rights
————
Won

Exposé
————
Nominated

Golden Satellite Awards 2000
Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture Drama
Denzel Washington
Nominated

2001 Teen Choice Awards
Film - Choice Drama/Action Adventure
————
Nominated

22nd Young Artist Awards
Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actress
Hayden Panettiere
Won

Best Family Feature Film - Drama
————
Nominated

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text: 2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated[23]


document_title: Station wagon

question_text: where did the word station wagon come from

question_tokens: where did the word station wagon come from

text: Station wagon

text: Name[edit]

text: Station wagon and wagon are the common names in American, Canadian, New Zealand, Australian and African English, while estate car and estate are common in the rest of the English-speaking world. Both names harken to the car's role as a shuttle, with storage space for baggage, between country estates and train stations.

text: Having shared antecedents with the British shooting-brake (originally a wooden-bodied vehicle used to carry shooting parties with their equipment and game), station wagons have been marketed as breaks, using the French term (which is sometimes given fully as break de chasse, literally "hunting break)." Early U.S. models often had exposed wooden bodies and were therefore called woodies.[4]

text: Manufacturers may designate station wagons across various model lines with a proprietary nameplate. Examples include "Estate" (Mercedes-Benz, Chevrolets with the fake-wood option), "Avant" (Audi), "Touring" (BMW), "Tourer" and "Cross-Tourer" (Citroën), "SW" for Station Wagon or Sports Wagon (Peugeot), Estate (Renault), MCV (Renault/Dacia), "Tourer" (Rover), Kombi or Variant (Volkswagen and Saab) and "Sports Tourer", "SW - Sportswagon" (Kia) or Caravan (Opel).

text: Distinction from hatchbacks[edit]

text: Both station wagons and hatchbacks typically share a two-box design configuration, with one shared, flexible, interior volume for passengers and cargo[5][6] — and a rear door for cargo access.[7][8] Further distinctions are highly variable:

text: Pillars: Both configurations typically feature A, B & C-pillars, station wagons feature a D-pillar and hatchbacks may feature a D pillar.

text: Cargo Volume: Station wagons prioritize passenger and cargo volume — with windows aside the cargo volume. Of the two body styles, a station wagon roof (viewed in profile) more likely extends to the very rearmost of the vehicle, enclosing a full-height cargo volume[6] — a hatchback roof (especially a liftback roof) might more likely rake down steeply behind the C-Pillar, prioritizing style[1] over interior volume, with shorter rear overhang and with smaller windows (or no windows) aside the cargo volume.

text: Cargo floor contour: Favoring cargo capacity, a station wagon may prioritize a fold-flat floor, where a hatchback would more likely allow a cargo floor with pronounced contour (e.g. the new Mini or the sixth generation Ford Fiesta).

text: Seating: Station wagons may have two or three rows of seats (e.g., the Ford Taurus wagons) while hatchbacks may only have one or two.[5]

text: Rear suspension: A station wagon may include reconfigured rear suspension for additional load capacity[1] and to minimize intrusion in the cargo volume, (e.g., worldwide versions of the first generation Ford Focus).

text: Rear Door: Hatchbacks typically feature a top-hinged liftgate for cargo access, with variations ranging from a two-part liftgate/tailgates (e.g., the 1958 A40 Countryman) to a complex tailgate that can function either as a full tailgate or as a trunk lid (e.g., the 2008 Škoda Superb's TwinDoor). Station wagons have also enjoyed numerous tailgate configurations. Hatchbacks may be called Liftbacks when the opening area is very sloped and the door is lifted up to open.[5]

text: Automotive journalist Dan Neil, in a 2002 New York Times report described verticality of the rear cargo door as the prime distinction between a hatchback and a station wagon: "Where you break the roofline, at what angle, defines the spirit of the vehicle", he said. "You could have a 90-degree break in the back and have a station wagon."[9]

text: A model range may include multiple configurations, as with the 2005–2007 Ford Focus which offered sedan (ZX4), wagon (ZXW) and three and five-door hatchback (ZX3 and ZX5) models.

text: History[edit]

text: Woodies[edit]

text: The first station wagons were a product of the age of train travel. They were originally called "depot hacks" because they worked around train depots as hacks (short for hackney carriage, an old name for taxis). They also came to be known as "carryalls" and "suburbans".[citation needed]

text: Before the 1930s, manufacturers assembled the framing of passenger compartments of passenger vehicles in hardwood. In automobiles, the framing was sheathed in steel and coated with colored lacquer for protection. Eventually, all-steel bodies were adopted because of their strength, cost, and durability.[10]

text: Early station wagons evolved from trucks and were viewed as commercial vehicles (along with vans and pickup trucks), not consumer automobiles—with the framing of the early station wagons left unsheathed because of the commercial nature of the vehicles. This would be reflected on those vehicles registrations--Pennsylvania, for instance, issued special "Suburban" license plates well into the 1960s, long after station wagons became car-based. Early station wagons were fixed roof vehicles, but lacked the glass that would normally enclose the passenger compartment, and had only bench seats.[11] In lieu of glass, side curtains of canvas could be unrolled. More rigid curtains could be snapped in place to protect passengers from the elements outside.

text: In 1922 Essex introduced the first affordable enclosed automobile (sedan), which shifted the auto industry away from open vehicles to meet consumer demand for enclosed automobiles.[12]

text: Initially, manufacture of the wagon's passenger compartments was outsourced to custom body builders because the production of the all-wood bodies was very time consuming. Major producers of wood-bodied station wagons included Mitchell Bentley, Hercules, USB&F, Cantrell, and other custom builders. The roofs of "woodie" wagons were usually made of stretched canvas that was treated with a waterproofing dressing.

text: In 1919, the Stoughton Wagon Company of Stoughton, Wisconsin, had begun putting custom wagon bodies on Model T chassis.[11] By 1929 Ford was by far the biggest seller of station wagons. Since Ford owned its own hardwood forest and mills, at the Ford Iron Mountain Plant in the Michigan Upper Peninsula, it began supplying the wood components for the Model A wagon (although initially some final assembly still took place away from the factory, by Briggs, in Detroit, with wood from the Mengel Company in Louisville, Kentucky).[11] The same year, J. T. Cantrell provided woodie bodies for Chrysler vehicles until 1931.[11]

text: Eventually, the car companies began producing their own station wagons. In 1923 Star (a division of Durant Motors) became the first car company to offer a station wagon assembled on its production line (using a wooden wagon body shipped in from an outside supplier.)[13]

text: By the mid-1930s, wood-bodied station wagons had some prestige. They were priced higher than regular cars and were popular in affluent communities. When it was introduced in 1941 the Chrysler Town & Country was the most expensive car in the company's lineup.

text: Woodie wagons required constant maintenance: bodies were finished in varnishes that required recoating; bolts and screws required periodic tightening as wood expanded and contracted through the seasons. In 1935, General Motors introduced a steel-bodied eight-seat Suburban wagon, based on the Chevrolet truck.[11]

text: The popularity of woodies was renewed, in the surfing culture, during the 1950s and 1960s.

text: All-steel wagons[edit]

text: After World War II, automobile production resumed, with prewar tooling. New advances in production techniques made all-steel station wagon bodies more practical, eliminating the cost, noise, and maintenance associated with wood bodies.[14]

text: The first factory-built all-steel station wagon in North America was the 1946 Jeep Station Wagon, based on the Jeep produced by Willys-Overland during World War II.[15][16] Willys offered a trim level, evoking earlier wood bodywork, rendered instead in paint and trim work. In 1935, Chevrolet introduced the Chevy Suburban, with an all-steel station-wagon body on a commercial-truck chassis. In 1947, Crosley introduced an all-steel, car-based wagon in Europe.

text: In 1949, Plymouth introduced the first all-steel station wagon in the U.S., the two-door Suburban, based on an automobile platform. In 1950 Plymouth discontinued the woodie station wagon, converting to all steel bodywork. Buick discontinued production of the last North American wood bodywork after the 1953 model year. Morris of England continued to market its Morris Minor Traveller until the late 1960s.

text: During the mid-1950s real wood accents replaced all wood sides, and by the late 1950s, the accents had been reduced to being simulated wood as durable, automotive-grade vinyl graphic appliqués were introduced in the mid-1950.[17] For example, only the very first Ford Country Squire had real wood accents, most were built with simulated woodgrain paneling.[18] By 1955, only Ford and Mercury offered a woodie model,[19] accomplishing the simulation of wood with other materials, e.g., steel, plastics and DI-NOC (a vinyl product).[20]

text: The Ford Country Sedan was actually a station wagon, they called it a sedan to highlight it was for personal ownership rather than taxi or other commercial use,as historically station wagons were for taxi style or hire car, hotel convenience vehicle, etc. services.

text: Ford was undoubtedly the most known for the use of woodgrain appliques on its vehicles. In addition to the well-known Country Squire, the "Squire" trim level was an available option in a few different model ranges. These include the Falcon Squire, Fairlane Squire, and in the 1970s the Pinto Squire. Surviving examples of these smaller "Squire" wagons are much rarer than the more popular full-size Country Squire, which was ordered and produced in much higher quantities. The Squire was always the highest trim level of any Ford Wagon and included the signature woodgrain applique, and usually additional exterior chrome, nicer interior trim, special emblems, etc. Other manufacturers marketed wagons and minivans with simulated wood from the mid-1950s through the early 1990s. The most notable of these are the Chrysler Town & Country, Buick Estate, Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser, Chevrolet Kingswood Estate, and Mercury Colony Park. The full-sized Jeep Grand Wagoneer also became recognized by its signature wood grained trim.[21][22] Simulated wood appliqués became less common in the 1980s. With the introduction of the retro-styled Chrysler PT Cruiser wagon-like model, aftermarket firms began selling simulated woodgrain kits.

text: Station wagons experienced highest production levels in the United States from the 1950s through the 1970s. The late 1950s through the mid-1960s was also the period of greatest variation in body styles, with pillared two- and four-door models marketed alongside hardtop (no B-pillar) four-door models (e.g., American Motors' Rambler Cross-Country wagons).[23] Rambler offered a four-door of this body style in 1956, followed by Mercury, Oldsmobile, and Buick in 1957; Chrysler entered the market in 1960. The pillarless designs could be expensive to produce, added wind noise, and created structural issues with body torque.[24] GM eliminated the hardtop wagon from its lineup in 1959, and AMC and Ford exited the field beginning with their 1960 and 1961 vehicles, leaving Chrysler and Dodge with the body style through the 1964 model year.

text: Full-size wagons[edit]

text: Traditionally, full-sized American station wagons were configured for six or nine passengers. The basic arrangement for seating six was three passengers in the front and three passengers in the rear, all on bench-type seats; to accommodate nine, a third bench seat was installed in the rear cargo area, over the rear axle. Through 1956, all wagons had the third row facing forward, but Chrysler's 1957 models had a roof too low to permit a forward-facing seat installed over the axle, so it was turned around and placed behind the axle. GM wagons would adopt the rear-facing third row with 1959 models until 1971, and again in 1977.

text: In full-size Ford and Mercury wagons built after 1964, the configuration was two seats facing each other, placed behind the rear axle. According to Ford, each seat would accommodate two people, raising the total seating capacity to ten passengers; however, these seats were quite narrow in later models and could accommodate only one passenger, limiting the total capacity to eight passengers.

text: The 1964–1972 Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser and 1964–1969 Buick Sport Wagon featured raised rooflines beginning above the second-row seat and continuing all the way to the rear tailgate. Above the second seat were acrylic glass skylights in which passengers could view the outside from overhead. On the three-seat models of these wagons, the third seat faced forward as did the first and second seats. Later, the 1971–1976 full-size "clamshell" wagons used a similar raised roof to provide adequate headroom for a forward-facing third row, but without the skylights.

text: Recent models of station wagons are usually built on smaller platforms and accommodate five or six passengers (depending on whether bucket or bench seats are fitted in front) in two rows of seating. The Mercedes-Benz E-Class Estate, a mid-sized station wagon, has an optional rear-facing jump seat for two passengers in the cargo area.[1]

text: Full-size station wagons have been replaced by medium or full-size SUVs (both light truck and crossover types) with three-row seating such as the Chevrolet Suburban, Ford Expedition, and Mercedes-Benz GL-Class.[2]

text: Two-door wagons[edit]

text: In 1951, the compact 100-inch (2,540 mm) wheelbase Nash Rambler line included a two-door station wagon design whose production continued through 1955. After the merger of Nash and Hudson, the new company, American Motors (AMC) reintroduced the two-door wagon in the "new" Rambler American line in 1959 with only a few modifications from the original version. This was a car targeting buyers looking for economy and load space, as well as a strategy of reintroducing an old design. This two distinct model run was a successful business decision that is almost unheard of in automobile history.[25]

text: The 1955–1957 Chevrolet Nomad (now a valuable collector car) and sibling Pontiac Safari were two-door station wagons, competing with the 1957–58 model years-produced Ford Del Rio two-door wagon. Mercury produced a two-door hardtop (no "B-pillar") station wagon from 1957 to 1960, named the Commuter. Chevrolet produced the 1964–1965 Chevelle 300 series two-door station wagon.

text: In 1961 Volkswagen introduced the Type 3 (also known in various markets as the Variant and the Volkswagen 1500 (later the Volkswagen 1600)), available as a two-door sedan and as a two-door station wagon, which was commonly called the Squareback. VW's then-typical rear-engine layout was retained for the Type 3, but the engine profile was flattened, resulting in a small car offering interior room, as well as trunk space in the front. The model was offered through the 1973 model year.

text: The 1970s were a high point for two-door wagons in the U.S. as GM, Ford, and AMC fielded examples in their subcompact car lines.

text: The Chevrolet Vega Kammback, introduced in September 1970, was the first U.S.-made four-passenger wagon and the first two-door wagon from GM in six years. It shared its wheelbase and length with Vega coupe versions and was produced in the 1971–1977 model years. The Pontiac Astre Safari wagon is a Pontiac rebadged Vega that was introduced in the U.S for the 1975 model year. The Chevrolet Monza and Pontiac Sunbird Safari wagons replaced the Vega and Astre respectively. Retaining the Vega wagon body, they were produced for the 1978 and 1979 models years with Pontiac and Buick engines.

text: Ford Pinto and Mercury Bobcat 2-door wagons were produced between 1972 and 1980. American Motors also entered the market with a wagon version of the AMC Pacer, produced between 1977 and 1980.[26] The last two-door wagon available in America, the Volkswagen Fox, was discontinued in 1991.

text: In the United Kingdom, estate car versions of small and middle sized models were more common. The estate ("Traveller") versions of the Morris 1000 ("Minor") and Mini, with external ash wood frames (structural on the 1000); had two vertically divided van-type rear doors in the style of older shooting-brakes (see "station wagons around the world", below). The Hillman Husky estate version of the Hillman Imp was unusual in being a rear-engined estate. Other two-door station wagons in Europe included the Ford Escort, Morris 1100, Vauxhall Viva, Vauxhall Chevette, Fiat 127, and Saab 95.

text: A former East German car fleet made uniformly of Trabants and Wartburgs had a distinct luxurious version of 2-doors estate coupe Trabant 601 Estate with an extra C-column far back to extend the rear compartment of the car. This version had a full scale liftgate allowing to access the entire rear room of nearly 1000 l with rear seats folded.

text: Popularity in North America[edit]

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text: Since the 1970s, sales of station wagons in the United States and Canada dropped for several reasons. The 1973 oil crisis was a turning point against the "traditional classic American station wagon—with its acres of fake woodgrain siding, sticky vinyl bench seats and lazy-revving V-8 engine", which have been described as "wallowing land arks".[27] The 1983 film National Lampoon's Vacation parodied the styling cues of 1970s station wagons with its garish Wagon Queen Family Truckster.

text: In 1984 Chrysler introduced the Chrysler minivans derived from the K platform. While the K platform was also used for the Plymouth Reliant and Dodge Aries station wagon models, the minivan would soon eclipse them in popularity. Since minivans and SUVs are classified as light trucks under US CAFE standards, manufacturers had a strong incentive to market those vehicles over station wagons, which are classified as cars. Station wagons have remained popular in Europe[28] and other locations whose emissions and efficiency regulations do not distinguish between cars and light trucks.[29]

text: The emergence and popularity of sport utility vehicles which closely approximate the traditional wagon bodystyle was a further blow. After struggling sales, the Chevrolet Caprice and the Buick Roadmaster, the last American full size wagons, were discontinued in 1996. The Ford Taurus wagon was discontinued after the 2005 model year. The Dodge Magnum was marketed during the 2005–2008 model years.

text: Since then, smaller wagons have been sold in the U.S. as less expensive alternatives to SUVs and minivans. Domestic wagons also remained in the Ford, Mercury, and Saturn lines until 2004 when the bodies began a phase-out, replaced by car-based crossover SUVs and minivans designed to look like station wagons.[citation needed]

text: Subaru has been a notable exception to the rule, offering full-size Legacy and Outback station wagon models in the United States and worldwide consistently from 1994 to the present. These models continue to be produced at the Subaru of Indiana plant in Lafayette.

text: The last subcompact station wagon produced in the United States and Canada was the 1992 Toyota Corolla. Compact station wagons have been declining since the 2000s. Ford dropped the Ford Focus ZXW wagon after its 2007 model year, and Subaru replaced the Subaru Impreza wagon with a 5-door hatchback model. Volvo announced that they will withdraw their compact station wagon, the Volvo V50, from the U.S market in 2012 due to poor sales figures. In Europe the V50 remains popular.[30] The VW Golf Sportwagen is Volkswagen's mid-2015 attempt to rectify the absence of a subcompact wagon from any manufacturer in the North American market.

text: European luxury carmakers such as Audi, BMW, and Mercedes-Benz continued to offer wagons in their North American lineup, using the labels "Avant", "Touring", and "Estate" instead of wagon. However, these wagons had fewer trim and powertrain levels than their sedan counterparts,[27] for instance the wagon styles of high-performance trims such as the BMW M5 and Audi RS6 were never imported to North America. The Mercedes-Benz E63 AMG in Estate trim is the sole performance wagon offered in the U.S. market. The Mercedes-Benz W204 wagon was not offered in the United States and Canada unlike the previous generation. The BMW 5 Series Touring was dropped from BMW's North American lineup after the conclusion of the E60 generation, due to slow sales in the United States with only 400 wagons sold in 2009.[31] Due to the popularity of SUVs in North America, these European manufacturers have been supplanting their wagons with car-based crossovers such as the BMW Sports Activity Series, the Audi Q5, and Mercedes-Benz M-Class, with these models offering a wider range of options and engines than wagons.

text: However, the Cadillac CTS gave rise to its wagon counterpart, the 2010 CTS Sportwagon. Unlike European luxury wagons sold in North America, the CTS Sportwagon has almost as many trim levels as its sedan counterpart.[27] The CTS wagon was discontinued in 2014. Volvo reintroduced a large wagon to the US market with the 2016 V90, but only by special order [32]

text: Around the world[edit]

text: European manufacturers often built two-door station wagons in the post-war period for the compact class, a practice that continued at Ford (amongst others) with its Escort Mark III well into the 1980s. By that time, manufacturers developed four-door models. In Europe, these vehicles remain popular and in volume production, although minivans (known in Europe as MPVs—multi-purpose vehicles) and the like have expanded into this market segment. As in North America, early station wagons were aftermarket conversions and had their new bodywork built with a wooden frame, sometimes with wooden panels, sometimes steel. Station wagons were the originators of fold down seats to accommodate passengers or cargo.

text: Station wagons are generally called estate cars or simply estates in the United Kingdom. The term shooting-brake, a term for an original hunting vehicle, came to be known synonymously with station wagon and were also custom built as modified luxury coupés with an estate car-like back. They generally retain two side doors. Until the early 1960s many of them were built with structural wooden rear frames, making them some of the most expensive and luxurious "woodies" ever built.

text: Most small cars produced in the UK from the 1950s until the 1980s had Estate versions, some of which were also used as small delivery vans minus the rear windows. By the mid-1950s most British car manufacturers offered at least one estate model. Manufacturers often chose a specific model name to apply to all their estate cars as a marketing exercise – for example Austin used the Countryman name and Morris estates were called Travellers. The famous wood-framed Morris Minor Traveller was produced from 1952 to 1971 and larger Morris Oxford Travellers were produced during the same time, initially also with wood-framed bodies but in five-door all-steel form from 1957. Some British estate cars were closely derived from existing commercial van models – such as the Austin A30/35 Countryman and the Hillman Husky while the Morris Travellers, the Austin Cambridge Countryman and the Standard Ten Companion were bespoke. One of the smallest estate cars ever made was the two-door Countryman/Traveller version of the Mini, initially available with or without (purely cosmetic) wood framing for the rear body – an option that was dropped in 1970 when the model was revised to become the more upmarket Mini Clubman Estate, which stayed in production until 1980.

text: Despite the popularity of station wagons in America, the two U.S.-owned manufacturers present in the UK (Ford and Vauxhall) were both relative latecomers to the estate car market, but the Ford Consul and Vauxhall Cresta were available as estates via factory-approved conversions from specialist coachbuilders such as Friary and Farnham.

text: Rover and Austin produced 4×4 canvas-topped utility vehicles in the 1950s that were available in estate car body styles that were sold as "Station Wagons". They incorporated better seating and trim than standard editions with options such as heaters. Early advertising for the Land Rover version took the name literally, showing the vehicle collecting people and goods from a railway station.

text: Germany is the largest market for station wagons in the world. Some 600 to 700,000 vehicles are sold each year, amounting to some 20% of all car sales.[33] The German language generally describes station wagons as Kombinationskraftwagen ("combination motor vehicle") or Kombi for short. During the 1980s Volkswagen Polo crossed car categories by offering a two-door station wagon shape (not named as a wagon) as the main model in its range in some markets.

text: In France almost all station wagon models are called the Break (with a different spelling from the English shooting brake). French breaks from Peugeot and Citroën were available in seven- or eight-seater "family" versions long before MPVs became known in Europe. The break version of the Citroën ID, introduced in 1958, was the first European model to offer the same size, style and luxury as an American full-size station wagon (prior to this breaks had been basic semi-commercial vehicles more like the American 'suburban'). The ID Break (known as the Safari in English-speaking countries) had the same eight-passenger seating arrangement as many American station wagons with two front-facing bench seats and two folding inward-facing seats in the load bed. The 'Familiale' version had a front bench seat, a forward-facing three-space bench seat in the middle and a folding forward-facing three-seat bench in the rear, providing a versatile nine-seater car. The Citroën also boasted an American-style two-part tailgate while its unique hydropneumatic suspension provided both self-levelling and automatic brake biasing regardless of the load carried. The car could also 'kneel' to the ground for easy loading of heavy or large items. The successors to the ID, the CX and XM, continued the tradition of offering some of the largest estate cars in Europe but the XM's replacement, the C6 was only produced as a saloon. The Peugeot 404, introduced in 1960, offered a conventional alternative to the innovative Citroëns for buyers wanting a large estate car. Its replacement, the 505 was available in both five-seat and seven-seat 'Familiale' versions. As with the Citroëns, changing demands in the French car market led to the end of the large Peugeot estate models in the mid-1990s, with the smaller and less versatile Peugeot 406 becoming the largest estate model in the range from 1995.

text: Volvo built a mid-sized station wagons such as the V70, but this model was dropped from the company's U.S. lineup for the 2011 model year.

text: Japanese manufacturers did not build station wagons in large volume until recently. Models marketed as passenger station wagons in export markets were often sold as utilitarian "van" models in the home market. Some were not updated for consecutive generations in a model's life in Japan: for example, while a sedan might have a model life of four years, the wagon served for eight years, such as the 1979 Toyota Corolla (built until 1987) and the 1987 Mazda Capella (built until 1996). The Nissan Avenir is an example of a model that began its life as a utility vehicle and became a passenger car in the 1990s. Toyota no longer builds a wagon version of the Camry, but has wagon versions of Corolla or Auris, as well as Avensis. Station wagons remain popular in Japan with the likes of Subaru Levorg and Toyota Corolla Fielder, although they are in slow decline as the SUVs and minivans have taken over a large portion of this market.

text: In Australia and New Zealand the most popular station wagons were the large Ford Falcon and Holden Commodore models, although the Falcon wagon ceased production in 2010 due to wagons being replaced by SUVs in the Australian marketplace. The Commodore is slated for discontinuation in 2017.[34] These are usually built on a longer wheelbase than their sedan counterparts, though they share the same door skins, leading to a slightly unusual appearance with the rear door not reaching all the way to the rear wheel arch. Traditional station wagons in Australia have seen a major market share decline since the early 2000s as they are replaced by medium and large SUVs.

text: The Mercedes-Benz E-Class and Volvo V70 are examples of seven-seater estates not manufactured by the French manufacturers.

text: South Korean manufacturers do not have strong tradition in producing estate cars.

text: Tailgate evolution[edit]

text: Many modern station wagons have an upward-swinging, full-width, full-height rear door supported on gas springs—often where the rear window can swing up independently. Historically, wagons have employed numerous designs:

text:
Split gate: The earliest common style was an upward-swinging window combined with a downward swinging tailgate. Both were manually operated. This configuration generally prevailed from the earliest origins of the wagon bodystyle in the 1920s through the 1940s. It remained in use through 1960 on several models offered by Ford, including the 1957-58 Del Rio two-door wagon. This style was later adopted on aftermarket camper shells for pickup trucks, seeing that pickup trucks already had a bottom half tailgate as an OEM feature.
Retractable window: In the early 1950s, tailgates with hand-cranked roll-down rear windows began to appear. This was another innovation first seen on Rambler wagons.[23] Later in the decade, electric power was applied to the tailgate window—it could be operated from the driver's seat, as well as by the keyhole in the rear door. By the early 1960s, this arrangement was common on both full-size and compact wagons.
Side hinge: A side hinged tailgate that opened like a door was offered on three-seat wagons by American Motors to make it easier for the back row passengers to enter and exit their rear-facing seats. This was later supplanted by the dual-hinged tailgate.

text:
Retractable roof: The Studebaker Wagonaire station wagon had a unique retractable rear roof section as well as a conventional rear tailgate which folded down. This allowed it to carry tall objects that would not fit otherwise. Water leaks, body flex and noise prevented the innovation from being adopted by other manufacturers. The concept was reintroduced in 2003 on GMC's mid-size Envoy XUV SUV.
Dual and tri-operating gates: Ford's full-size wagons for 1966 introduced a system marketed as "Magic Doorgate" — a conventional tailgate with retracting rear glass, where the tailgate could either fold down or pivot open on a side hinge — with the rear window retracted in either case. Competitors marketed their versions as a Drop and Swing or Dual Action Tailgate.[3] For 1969, Ford incorporated a design that allowed the rear glass to remain up or down when the door pivoted open on its side hinge, marketing the system, which had been engineered by Donald N. Frey[35] as the "Three-Way Magic Doorgate". Similar configurations became the standard on full-size and intermediate wagons from GM, Ford, and Chrysler. GM added a notch in the rear bumper that acted as a step plate; to fill the gap, a small portion of bumper was attached to the doorgate. When opened as a swinging door, this part of the bumper moved away, allowing the depression in the bumper to provide a "step" to ease entry; when the gate was opened by being lowered or raised to a closed position, the chrome section remained in place making the bumper "whole".

text:
Clamshell: Full-size General Motors 1971–1976 wagons — the Chevrolet Kingswood, Belair and Caprice Estates; Pontiac Safari and Grand Safari; Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser, and the Buick Estate models — featured a 'clamshell' design marketed as the Glide-away tailgate, also called a "disappearing" tailgate because when open, the tailgate was completely out of view. On the clamshell design, the rear power-operated glass slid up into the roof and the lower tailgate (with either manual or optional power operation), lowered completely below the load floor. The manual lower tailgate was counterbalanced by a torque rod similar to the torque rods used in holding a trunk lid open, requiring a 35 lb push to fully lower the gate. Raising the manual gate required a 5 lb pull via a handhold integral to the top edge of the retractable gate.[36] The power operation of both upper glass and lower tailgate became standard equipment in later model years. Wagons with the design featured an optional third row of forward-facing seats accessed by the rear side doors and a folding second-row seat — and could accommodate a 4 x 8' sheet of plywood with rear seats folded. The clamshell design required no increased footprint or operational area to open, allowing a user to stand at the cargo opening without impediment of a door — for example, in a closed garage. Subsequent GM full-size wagons reverted to the doorgate style for its full-size wagons.
Liftgate: A simplified, one-piece liftgate on smaller wagons. Subsequent generation of GM's full-size wagons returned to the upward-lifting rear window as had been used in the 1940s.
Swing-up window: An upward-lifting, full-height, full-width rear door, where the window on the rear door can be opened independently from the rear door itself. The window is also opened upwards and is held on gas struts. The Renault Laguna II estate featured this arrangement.
Fold-up license plate: Wagons (including the Volvo Amazon wagon, early models of the Range-Rover, and the Subaru Baja) had an upward folding hinged plate attached to the lower tailgate of the split rear door. When the tailgate was folded down, the plate hung down and remained readable. The wagon versions of the Citroen DS, variously called the Break, Familiale or Safari, had a different solution- two number plates were fitted to the tailgate at right angles to each other so one would be visible in either position.

text: Safety equipment[edit]

text: Some station wagons are fitted with additional front-facing or rear-facing seats, along with safety belts, to enable passengers to be carried safely in the cargo area.

text: Cargo barriers may be used to prevent unsecured cargo from causing injuries in the event of sudden deceleration, collision, or a rollover.[37]


document_title: The Next Step (2013 TV series)

question_text: when was season 1 of the next step filmed

text: The Next Step (2013 TV series)

text: Overview[edit]

text: The Next Step is a single-camera tween drama. Shot as a reality show, The Next Step follows the lives of a group of dancers at The Next Step Dance Studio as they attempt to win dance championships. It’s not just about winning, though.  It’s about working together, accepting everyone for who they are, and finding your footing, as these young dancers become young adults.

text: They’re an elite group of dancers whose personal lives, competitive natures, and huge passions keep getting in the way of them becoming the great dance squad they could be.[6]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Victoria Baldesarra as Michelle (seasons 1-6)
Alexandra Beaton as Emily (seasons 1–2, 5-6)
Brennan Clost as Daniel (seasons 1–3, 5)
Lamar Johnson as West (seasons 1-5)
Brittany Raymond as Riley (seasons 1–4)
Isaac Lupien as Eldon (seasons 1-6)
Trevor Tordjman as James (seasons 1–5)
Jordan Clark as Giselle (season 1–4)
Logan Fabbro as Amanda (seasons 1–4)
Myles Erlick as Noah (seasons 1–6)
Samantha Grecchi as Stephanie (season 1–4)
Taveeta Szymanowicz as Thalia (season 2–4, 6)
Briar Nolet as Richelle (seasons 2–6)
Alexandra Chaves as Piper (season 4–6)
Akiel Julien as LaTroy (season 4–6)
Sage Linder as Summer (season 6)
Shelby Bain as Amy (season 4–6)
Isaiah Peck as Henry (season 4–6)
Dylan Ratzlaff as Jacquie (season 5-6)
Milaina Robinson as Zara (season 5)
Jessica Lord as Lola (season 5)
Dawson Handy as Josh (season 5)
Julian Lombardi as Ozzy (season 5-6)
Noah Zulfikar as Kingston (season 5-6)
Hanna Miller as Heather (season 5-6)

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Alex Zaichkowski as John
Bree Wasylenko as  Miss Kate
Allain Lupien as Lucien
Nicholas Maiorano as Nick
Craig Brown as The Masked Man
Darian Mark as Ben
Jaclyn Riley as Becca
Jhaliel Swaby as Jake
Levi Randall as Theo
Shane Harte as Luke
Tamina Pollack–Paris as Tiffany (season 1)
Natalie Krill as Phoebe (seasons 2–3)
Rachel Riley as Gabi (seasons 2–3)
Cierra Healey as Cierra (season 3)
Devon Brown as Max (season 3)
Skylar Healey as Skylar (seasons 3–4)
Erika Prevost as Sloane (season 4)
Giuseppe Bausilio as Alfie (season 4)
Allie Goodbun as Cassie (season 4)

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In February 24, 2012, Family Channel announced that it had ordered 26 half-hour episodes (including S1 and S1.5),[8] and a four episode season finale.[9] Special content was also going to be available, including The Next Step Interactive. Filming began July 12, 2012 in Toronto, Ontario.[10]

text: On April 9, 2013, Family Channel announced that it had green lighted a second season of the show.[5] Kevin Wright, the Senior Vice President of Programming at Astral commented: "Family is an industry leader when it comes to making innovative programming that resonates with the tween audience. The Next Step is something different for Family and we recognize that we took a bit of a risk with the show. But we're delighted that our viewers have embraced the show in a big way. The record-breaking viewership and incredible reaction demonstrate that the show's appealing characters and relatable storylines really connect with our audience. We are thrilled to order a second season of this creative and highly entertaining series."

text: David Fortier and Ivan Schneeberg, the co-presidents of Temple Street Productions, also commented, saying: "The Next Step offers something viewers have been asking for in a tween series — drama and dance with compelling characters and storylines. We are pleased to be able to produce more episodes of this unique series for Family Channel."[5]

text: On June 17, 2013, Temple Street Productions announced that it had come up with a partnership with Segal Licensing. John Young, the Managing Director of Temple Street Productions said, "The Next Step has proven to be a ratings hit in Canada and is soon to air in many territories internationally. We are delighted to be working with Segal, who are leaders in the licensing world, to expand The Next Step brand and allow us to bring a variety of new opportunities for fans to get more of this hit show."[11] The second season of The Next Step started filming on July 24, 2013.[1]

text: On May 5, 2014, the series was renewed for a third season, which premiered on March 16, 2015.[12] On April 16, 2015, it was announced that the series would return for a fourth season, which premiered on February 15, 2016.[13] On March 21, 2016, Frank van Keeken announced on Instagram that The Next Step would return for a fifth season, which premiered on May 26, 2017.[14] The series has been renewed for a sixth season of 26 episodes which premiered in Canada on September 29, 2018.[15][7][16]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: On January 8, 2014, BBC Worldwide licensed the series to several international broadcasters, including ABC Me in Australia, Hulu in the United States, and CBBC in the United Kingdom.[17] To date, CBBC aired the first series from April 7, 2014, the second series from April 6, 2015, and the third series from August 24, 2015. The first half of the fourth series began on September 5, 2016[18] and the second half began on April 11, 2017. The fifth series started airing from August 22, 2017. Since September 30, 2017, new episodes air as part of the live Saturday morning show Saturday Mash-Up!.

text: In Canada, the show also airs on Vrak, in French, and AMI TV, in described video.

text: On August 27, 2017, Boat Rocker Rights announced that NBCUniversal's Universal Kids has acquired the U.S. linear distribution rights to The Next Step; and will also serve as a production partner for Season 6. [19]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Recipient

Result

Ref.

2013

Shaw Rocket Prize

Children (ages 6-to-12)

The Next Step

Won

[20]

Digi Awards

Best in Cross-Platform Kids

The Next Step Interactive

[21]

2014

KidScreen Awards

Best Companion Website

Nominated

[22][23]

Canadian Screen Awards

Best Children’s or Youth Fiction Program or Series

The Next Step

[24][25]

Best Direction in a Children’s or Youth Program or Series

Episode – "Sabotage"

text: The Next Step Interactive[edit]

text:
The Next Step Aftershow
Genre
Talk showBased on
The Next StepStarring

Asha Bromfield
Lovell Adams-Gray
Luke Watters
Kelly McNamee
Samantha Munro
Jordan Clark
Original language(s)
EnglishNo. of seasons
2No. of episodes
50ProductionRunning time
18–20 minProduction company(s)

Temple Street Productions
Family Channel
External links
Website

text: The Next Step Interactive is the website component to The Next Step. The website has an "About the Show", "Dance Mashup" and "Aftershow" section.

text: Aftershow[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: The aftershow starts when the episode is finished.[26] It is approximately 1–3 minutes long as only a part of the aftershow is premiered after each episode. It is hosted by five members: Asha Bromfield, Lovell Adams-Gray, Luke Watters, Kelly McNamee, and Samantha "Sam" Munro.[27] The aftershow talks about The Next Step and breaks down some parts to help the viewer understand it better. It may also give the viewer different perspectives on the characters.[26] The whole aftershow can be viewed on the Family Channel's website.[28]

text: Seasons 2 and 3[edit]

text: In Seasons 2 and 3, the aftershow was overhauled. The new aftershow was about characters (e.g. Becoming Michelle) and in Season 3, Cast Cams were created. It was more of a behind-the-scenes aftershow rather than, as with Season 1, being about what happened in the show.

text: About the Show[edit]

text: The About the Show section has information about the characters of the show, a schedule of shows, a gallery of shots and videos from the show and a store, with The Next Step related clothing. It also includes The Next Step soundtrack.[29][30]

text: Tours[edit]

text: Hit The Floor Tour[edit]

text:
The Next Step: Hit The Floor Tour
Shopping Mall tour by The Next Step
A promotional poster for the Conestoga Mall tour date.Start date
October 19, 2013 (2013-10-19)End date
October 27, 2013 (2013-10-27)No. of shows
9

text: On September 27, 2013, Paul Cormack of Family Channel announced that The Next Step cast would go on a tour. Cormack announced:

text: "We are always looking for new and exciting ways to connect with our audience on a national level. The Next Step Hit The Floor Tour reaches viewers in their own communities, providing a one-of-a-kind, interactive experience that demonstrates Family Channel's commitment to creating unique opportunities for its fans."

text: Not all of the cast members were the hosts of the tours. Only Victoria Baldesarra, Lamar Johnson, Isaac Lupien, Jennifer Pappas, Brittany Raymond, and Trevor Tordjman were part of the tour.

text: Each event consisted of the cast performing in groups, a Q&A period where the audience asks questions, and a session to get freebies for attending the event. The first 200 people to attend the events were given a wristband, which would get them an autograph signed by the hosts.

text:
Date[31]

City

County

Venue

October 19, 2013

Oshawa

Canada

Oshawa Centre

Toronto

Scarborough Town Centre

October 20, 2013

Richmond Hill

Hillcrest Mall

October 21, 2013

Waterloo

Conestoga Mall

October 22, 2013

Halifax

Mic Mac Mall

October 24, 2013

Winnipeg

Kildonan Place

October 25, 2013

Edmonton

Kingsway Mall

October 26, 2013

Calgary

The Core

October 27, 2013

Vancouver

Metropolis at Metrotown

text: Due to the attendance number in the past six malls, Family Channel announced that they had moved the event in the Kingsway Mall from inside to the parking lot.[32]

text: Wild Rhythm Tour[edit]

text: The cast of The Next Step went on a third tour during 2016. The tour will visit Canada, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Australia, New Zealand, England and Ireland. It will be the first international tour by the cast.

text: Not all the cast are going on the tour. Only Victoria Baldesarra (Michelle), Trevor Tordjman (James), Jordan Clark (Giselle), Taveeta Szymanowicz (Thalia), Isaac Lupien (Eldon), Lamar Johnson (West), Myles Erlick (Noah), and Briar Nolet (Richelle). Newcomer Isaiah Peck, who will star as Henry in season 4, will also attend the tour. Taveeta Szymanowicz (Thalia) was only on the Canadian tour, Brittany Raymond (Riley) was on the European shows and she could not come to the shows in Australia and New Zealand because of a family problem.

text:
Date

City

Country

Venue

North America

February 3, 2016

London

Canada

Budweiser Gardens

February 4, 2016

Hamilton

Hamilton Place Theatre

February 5, 2016

St. Chatharines

Meridian Centre

February 6, 2016

Kitchener

Centre in the Square

February 7, 2016

Sudbury

Sudbury Arena

February 9, 2016

Thunder Bay

Thunder Bay Community Auditorium

February 11, 2016

Regina

Conexus Arts Centre

February 12, 2016

Edmonton

Northern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium

February 13, 2016

Medicine Hat

Esplanade Theatre

February 14, 2016

Kelowna

Kelowna Community Theatre

February 15, 2016

Vancouver

Queen Elizabeth Theatre

February 17, 2016

Calgary

Stampede Corral

February 18, 2016

Saskatoon

TCU Place

February 19, 2016

Winnipeg

Pantages Playhouse Theatre

February 21, 2016

Sault Ste. Marue

Essar Centre

February 24, 2016

Montreal

Place des Arts

February 25, 2016

Kingston

Rogers K-Rock Centre

February 26, 2016

Toronto

Sony Centre for the Performing Arts

February 27, 2016

Quebec City

Grand Théâtre de Québec

February 28, 2016

Moncton

Casino New Brunswick

February 29, 2016

March 1, 2016

Halifax, Nova Scotia

Scotiabank Centre

March 3, 2016

St. John's

Mile One Centre

Europe

April 1, 2016

Madrid

Spain

Auditorio A. Recinto Ferial Juan Carlo I

April 2, 2016

Barcelona

Auditori de Barcelona

April 4, 2016

London

United Kingdom

Lyric Theatre

April 5, 2016

Wimbledon

April 6, 2016

Dublin

Ireland

Olympia Theatre

April 7, 2016

York

United Kingdom

Barbican Centre, York

April 8, 2016

Newcastle upon Tyne

Newcastle City Hall

April 9, 2016

Birmingham

Birmingham Town Hall

April 10, 2016

Manchester

The Lowry

Oceania

September 16, 2016

Sydney

Australia

Big Top Luna Park

Europe

October 29, 2016

Bath, Somerset

United Kingdom

The Forum, Bath