document_title: Maple syrup

question_text: where is maple syrup produced in the world

text: Maple syrup

text: Sources[edit]

text: Three species of maple trees are predominantly used to produce maple syrup: the sugar maple (Acer saccharum), the black maple (A. nigrum), and the red maple (A. rubrum),[5] because of the high sugar content (roughly two to five percent) in the sap of these species.[6] The black maple is included as a subspecies or variety in a more broadly viewed concept of A. saccharum, the sugar maple, by some botanists.[7] Of these, the red maple has a shorter season because it buds earlier than sugar and black maples, which alters the flavour of the sap.[8]

text: A few other (but not all) species of maple (Acer) are also sometimes used as sources of sap for producing maple syrup, including the box elder or Manitoba maple (Acer negundo),[9] the silver maple (A. saccharinum),[10] and the bigleaf maple (A. macrophyllum).[11] Similar syrups may also be produced from birch or palm trees, among other sources.[12][13]

text: History[edit]

text: Indigenous peoples[edit]

text: Indigenous peoples living in northeastern North America were the first groups known to have produced maple syrup and maple sugar. According to aboriginal oral traditions, as well as archaeological evidence, maple tree sap was being processed into syrup long before Europeans arrived in the region.[14][15] There are no authenticated accounts of how maple syrup production and consumption began,[16] but various legends exist; one of the most popular involves maple sap being used in place of water to cook venison served to a chief.[15] Other stories credit the development of maple syrup production to Nanabozho, Glooskap, or the squirrel. Aboriginal tribes developed rituals around sugar-making, celebrating the Sugar Moon (the first full moon of spring) with a Maple Dance.[17] Many aboriginal dishes replaced the salt traditional in European cuisine with maple sugar or syrup.[15]

text: The Algonquians recognized maple sap as a source of energy and nutrition. At the beginning of the spring thaw, they used stone tools to make V-shaped incisions in tree trunks; they then inserted reeds or concave pieces of bark to run the sap into buckets, which were often made from birch bark.[16] The maple sap was concentrated either by dropping hot cooking stones into the buckets[18] or by leaving them exposed to the cold temperatures overnight and disposing of the layer of ice that formed on top. While there was widespread agriculture in Mesoamerica and the Southeast and Southwest regions of the United States, the production of maple syrup is one of only a few agricultural processes in the Northeast that is not a European colonial import.[16]

text: European colonists[edit]

text: In the early stages of European colonization in northeastern North America, local Indigenous peoples showed the arriving colonists how to tap the trunks of certain types of maples during the spring thaw to harvest the sap.[19] André Thevet, the "Royal Cosmographer of France", wrote about Jacques Cartier drinking maple sap during his Canadian voyages.[20] By 1680, European settlers and fur traders were involved in harvesting maple products.[21] However, rather than making incisions in the bark, the Europeans used the method of drilling tapholes in the trunks with augers. During the 17th and 18th centuries, processed maple sap was used primarily as a source of concentrated sugar, in both liquid and crystallized-solid form, as cane sugar had to be imported from the West Indies.[16][17]

text: Maple sugaring parties typically began to operate at the start of the spring thaw in regions of woodland with sufficiently large numbers of maples.[19] Syrup makers first bored holes in the trunks, usually more than one hole per large tree; they then inserted wooden spouts into the holes and hung a wooden bucket from the protruding end of each spout to collect the sap. The buckets were commonly made by cutting cylindrical segments from a large tree trunk and then hollowing out each segment's core from one end of the cylinder, creating a seamless, watertight container.[16] Sap filled the buckets, and was then either transferred to larger holding vessels (barrels, large pots, or hollowed-out wooden logs), often mounted on sledges or wagons pulled by draft animals, or carried in buckets or other convenient containers.[22] The sap-collection buckets were returned to the spouts mounted on the trees, and the process was repeated for as long as the flow of sap remained "sweet". The specific weather conditions of the thaw period were, and still are, critical in determining the length of the sugaring season.[23] As the weather continues to warm, a maple tree's normal early spring biological process eventually alters the taste of the sap, making it unpalatable, perhaps due to an increase in amino acids.[10]

text: The boiling process was very time-consuming. The harvested sap was transported back to the party's base camp, where it was then poured into large vessels (usually made from metal) and boiled to achieve the desired consistency.[16] The sap was usually transported using large barrels pulled by horses or oxen to a central collection point, where it was processed either over a fire built out in the open or inside a shelter built for that purpose (the "sugar shack").[16][24]

text: Since 1850[edit]

text: Around the time of the American Civil War (1861-1865), syrup makers started using large, flat sheet metal pans as they were more efficient for boiling than heavy, rounded iron kettles, because of a greater surface area for evaporation.[24] Around this time, cane sugar replaced maple sugar as the dominant sweetener in the US; as a result, producers focused marketing efforts on maple syrup. The first evaporator, used to heat and concentrate sap, was patented in 1858. In 1872, an evaporator was developed that featured two pans and a metal arch or firebox, which greatly decreased boiling time.[16] Around 1900, producers bent the tin that formed the bottom of a pan into a series of flues, which increased the heated surface area of the pan and again decreased boiling time. Some producers also added a finishing pan, a separate batch evaporator, as a final stage in the evaporation process.[24]

text: Buckets began to be replaced with plastic bags, which allowed people to see at a distance how much sap had been collected. Syrup producers also began using tractors to haul vats of sap from the trees being tapped (the sugarbush) to the evaporator. Some producers adopted motor-powered tappers and metal tubing systems to convey sap from the tree to a central collection container, but these techniques were not widely used.[16] Heating methods also diversified: modern producers use wood, oil, natural gas, propane, or steam to evaporate sap.[24] Modern filtration methods were perfected to prevent contamination of the syrup.[25]

text: A large number of technological changes took place during the 1970s. Plastic tubing systems that had been experimental since the early part of the century were perfected, and the sap came directly from the tree to the evaporator house.[26] Vacuum pumps were added to the tubing systems, and preheaters were developed to recycle heat lost in the steam. Producers developed reverse-osmosis machines to take a portion of water out of the sap before it was boiled, increasing processing efficiency.[16]

text: Improvements in tubing and vacuum pumps, new filtering techniques, "supercharged" preheaters, and better storage containers have since been developed. Research continues on pest control and improved woodlot management.[16] In 2009, researchers at the University of Vermont unveiled a new type of tap that prevents backflow of sap into the tree, reducing bacterial contamination and preventing the tree from attempting to heal the bore hole.[27] Experiments show that it may be possible to use saplings in a plantation instead of mature trees, dramatically boosting productivity per acre.[28]

text: Processing[edit]

text: Open pan evaporation methods have been streamlined since colonial days, but remain basically unchanged. Sap must first be collected and boiled down to obtain pure syrup without chemical agents or preservatives. Maple syrup is made by boiling between 20 and 50 volumes of sap (depending on its concentration) over an open fire until 1 volume of syrup is obtained, usually at a temperature 4.1 °C (7.4 °F) over the boiling point of water. As the boiling point of water varies with changes in air pressure the correct value for pure water is determined at the place where the syrup is being produced, each time evaporation is begun and periodically throughout the day.[24][29] Syrup can be boiled entirely over one heat source or can be drawn off into smaller batches and boiled at a more controlled temperature.[30]

text: Boiling the syrup is a tightly controlled process, which ensures appropriate sugar content. Syrup boiled too long will eventually crystallize, whereas under-boiled syrup will be watery, and will quickly spoil. The finished syrup has a density of 66° on the Brix scale (a hydrometric scale used to measure sugar solutions).[31] The syrup is then filtered to remove sugar sand, crystals made up largely of sugar and calcium malate.[32] These crystals are not toxic, but create a "gritty" texture in the syrup if not filtered out.[33]

text: In addition to open pan evaporation methods, many large producers use the more fuel efficient reverse osmosis procedure to separate the water from the sap.[34]

text: The higher the sugar content of the sap, the fewer the gallons of sap are needed to obtain one gallon of syrup. 57 gallons of sap with 1.5 percent sugar content will yield 1 gallon of syrup, but only 25 gallons of sap with a 3.5 percent sugar content are needed to obtain one gallon of syrup.[35] The sap's sugar content is highly variable and will fluctuate even within the same tree.[36]

text: The filtered syrup is graded and packaged while still hot, usually at a temperature of 82 °C (180 °F) or greater. The containers are turned over after being sealed to sterilize the cap with the hot syrup. Packages can be made of metal, glass, or coated plastic, depending on volume and target market.[37] The syrup can also be heated longer and further processed to create a variety of other maple products, including maple sugar, maple butter or cream, and maple candy or taffy.[38]

text: Off-flavours[edit]

text: Off-flavours can sometimes develop during the production of maple syrup, resulting from contaminants in the boiling apparatus (such as disinfectants), microorganisms, fermentation products, metallic can flavours, and "buddy sap", an off-flavour occurring late in the syrup season when tree budding has begun.[39] In some circumstances, it is possible to remove off-flavours through processing.[39][40]

text: Production[edit]

text: Maple syrup production is centred in northeastern North America; however, given the correct weather conditions, it can be made wherever suitable species of maple trees grow.

text: A maple syrup production farm is called a "sugarbush" or "sugarwood". Sap is often boiled in a "sugar house" (also known as a "sugar shack", "sugar shanty", or cabane à sucre), a building louvered at the top to vent the steam from the boiling sap.[41]

text: Maples are usually tapped beginning at 30 to 40 years of age. Each tree can support between one and three taps, depending on its trunk diameter. The average maple tree will produce 35 to 50 litres (9.2 to 13.2 US gal) of sap per season, up to 12 litres (3.2 US gal) per day.[42] This is roughly equal to seven percent of its total sap. Seasons last for four to eight weeks, depending on the weather.[43] During the day, starch stored in the roots for the winter rises through the trunk as sugary sap, allowing it to be tapped.[23] Sap is not tapped at night because the temperature drop inhibits sap flow, although taps are typically left in place overnight.[44] Some producers also tap in autumn, though this practice is less common than spring tapping. Maples can continue to be tapped for sap until they are over 100 years old.[42]

text: Commerce[edit]

text: Until the 1930s, the United States produced most of the world's maple syrup.[45] Today, after rapid growth in the 1990s, Canada produces more than 80 percent of the world's maple syrup, producing about 73,000,000 litres (19,000,000 US gal) in 2016.[1] The vast majority of this comes from the province of Quebec, which is the world's largest producer, with about 70 percent of global production.[1][2]

text: As of 2016, Quebec had some 7,300 producers working with 13,500 farmers, collectively making over 8,090,000 US gallons (30,600,000 L) of syrup.[1][46] Production in Quebec is controlled through a supply management system, with producers receiving quota allotments from the Federation of Quebec Maple Syrup Producers (Fédération des producteurs acéricoles du Québec, FPAQ), which also maintains reserves of syrup,[1][47] although there is a black-market trade in Quebec product.[1][48][49] In 2017, the FPAQ mandated increased output of maple syrup production, attempting to establish Quebec's dominance in the world market.[1][2] Canada exported more than C$362 million of maple syrup in 2016.[2] The provinces of Ontario, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island produce smaller amounts of syrup.[46]

text: The Canadian provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan produce maple syrup using the sap of the box elder or Manitoba maple (Acer negundo).[9] A Manitoba maple tree's yield is usually less than half that of a similar sugar maple tree.[50] Manitoba maple syrup has a slightly different flavour from sugar-maple syrup, because it contains less sugar and the tree's sap flows more slowly. British Columbia is home to a growing maple sugar industry using sap from the bigleaf maple, which is native to the West Coast of the United States and Canada.[51]

text: Vermont is the biggest US producer, with over 1,320,000 US gallons (5,000,000 L) during the 2013 season, followed by New York with 574,000 US gallons (2,170,000 L) and Maine with 450,000 US gallons (1,700,000 L). Wisconsin, Ohio, New Hampshire, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and Connecticut all produced marketable quantities of maple syrup of less than 265,000 US gallons (1,000,000 L) each in 2013.[52] As of 2003, Vermont produced about 5.5 percent of the global syrup supply.[53]

text: Maple syrup has been produced on a small scale in some other countries, notably Japan and South Korea.[54] However, in South Korea in particular, it is traditional to consume maple sap, called gorosoe, instead of processing it into syrup.[55]

text: In 2015, 64 percent of Canadian maple syrup exports went to the United States (a value of C$229 million), 8 percent to Germany (C$31 million), 6 percent to Japan (C$26 million), and 5 percent to the United Kingdom (C$16 million).[46]

text: Grades[edit]

text: Following an effort from the International Maple Syrup Institute (IMSI) and many maple syrup producer associations, both Canada and the United States have altered their laws regarding the classification of maple syrup to be uniform. Whereas in the past each state or province had their own laws on the classification of maple syrup, now those laws define a unified grading system. This had been a work in progress for several years, and most of the finalization of the new grading system was made in 2014. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) announced in the Canada Gazette on 28 June 2014 that rules for the sale of maple syrup would be amended to include new descriptors, at the request of the IMSI.[56]

text: As of December 31, 2014, the CFIA[56] and as of March 2, 2015, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Marketing Service[57] issued revised standards intended to harmonize Canada-United States regulations on the classification of maple syrup as follows:

text:
Grade A

Golden Colour and Delicate Taste
Amber Colour and Rich Taste
Dark Colour and Robust Taste
Very Dark Colour and Strong Taste

Processing Grade
Substandard

text: As long as maple syrup does not have an off-flavour, is of a uniform colour, and is free from turbidity and sediment, it can be labelled as one of the A grades. If it exhibits any problems, it does not meet Grade A requirements, and then must be labelled as Processing Grade maple syrup and may not be sold in containers smaller than 5 gallons.[56][57] If maple syrup does not meet the requirements of Processing Grade maple syrup (including a fairly characteristic maple taste), it is classified as Substandard.[56][57]

text: As of February 2015, this grading system has been accepted and made law by most maple-producing states and provinces, other than Ontario, Quebec,[56] and Ohio. Vermont, in an effort to "jump-start" the new grading regulations, adopted the new grading system as of January 1, 2014, after the grade changes passed the Senate and House in 2013. Maine passed a bill to take effect as soon as both Canada and the United States adopted the new grades. They are allowing a one-year grace period. In New York, the new grade changes became law on January 1, 2015, with a one-year grace period. New Hampshire did not require legislative approval and so the new grade laws became effective as of December 16, 2014, and producer compliance was required as of January 1, 2016.[58]

text: Golden and Amber grades typically have a milder flavour than Dark and Very dark, which are both dark and have an intense maple flavour.[59] The darker grades of syrup are used primarily for cooking and baking, although some specialty dark syrups are produced for table use.[60] Syrup harvested earlier in the season tends to yield a lighter colour.[61] With the new grading system, the classification of maple syrup depends ultimately on its internal transmittance at 560 nm wavelength through a 10 mm sample. Golden has to have 75 percent or more transmittance, Amber has to have 50.0 to 74.9 percent transmittance, Dark has to have 25.0 to 49.9 percent transmittance, and Very Dark is any product less than 25.0 percent transmittance.[57]

text: Old grading system[edit]

text: In Canada, maple syrup was classified prior to December 31, 2014, by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) as one of three grades, each with several colour classes:[56]

text:
Canada No. 1, including

Extra Light,
Light, and
Medium;

No. 2 Amber; and
No. 3 Dark or any other ungraded category.

text: Producers in Ontario or Quebec may have followed either federal or provincial grading guidelines.[56] Quebec's and Ontario's guidelines differed slightly from the federal:

text:
there were two "number" categories in Quebec

Number 1, with four colour classes, and
Number 2, with five colour classes).[62]

As in Quebec, Ontario's producers had two "number" grades:

Number 1, with three colour classes; and
Number 2, with one colour class, which was typically referred to as "Ontario Amber" when produced and sold in that province only.[63]

text: A typical year's yield for a maple syrup producer will be about 25 to 30 percent of each of the #1 colours, 10 percent #2 Amber, and 2 percent #3 Dark.[31]

text: The United States used (some states still do, as they await state regulation) different grading standards. Maple syrup was divided into two major grades:

text:
Grade A:

Light Amber (sometimes known as Fancy),
Medium Amber, and
Dark Amber. and,

Grade B.

text: In Massachusetts, the Grade B was renamed as Grade A Very Dark, Strong Taste.[64]

text: The Vermont Agency of Agriculture Food and Markets used a similar grading system of colour, and is roughly equivalent, especially for lighter syrups, but using letters: "AA", "A", etc.[65][66] The Vermont grading system differed from the US system in maintaining a slightly higher standard of product density (measured on the Baumé scale). New Hampshire maintained a similar standard, but not a separate state grading scale. The Vermont-graded product had 0.9 percent more sugar and less water in its composition than US-graded. One grade of syrup not for table use, called commercial or Grade C, was also produced under the Vermont system.[59]

text: Nutrition and food characteristics[edit]

text:
Maple syrup

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)

Energy
1,088 kJ (260 kcal)

Carbohydrates

67 g

Sugars
60.4

Fat

0.06 g

Protein

0.04 g

Vitamins

Thiamine (B1)

(6%)
0.066 mg

Riboflavin (B2)

(106%)
1.27 mg

Niacin (B3)

(1%)
0.081 mg

Pantothenic acid (B5)

(1%)
0.036 mg

Vitamin B6

(0%)
0.002 mg

Folate (B9)

(0%)
0 μg

Choline

(0%)
1.6 mg

Vitamin C

(0%)
0 mg

Minerals

Calcium

(10%)
102 mg

Iron

(1%)
0.11 mg

Magnesium

(6%)
21 mg

Manganese

(138%)
2.908 mg

Phosphorus

(0%)
2 mg

Potassium

(5%)
212 mg

Sodium

(1%)
12 mg

Zinc

(15%)
1.47 mg

Other constituents

Water
32.4 g

Link to USDA Database entry

Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units

Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.

text: The basic ingredient in maple syrup is the sap from the xylem of sugar maple or various other species of maple trees. It consists primarily of sucrose and water, with small amounts of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose from the invert sugar created in the boiling process.[67]

text: In a 100g amount, maple syrup provides 260 calories and is composed of 32 percent water by weight, 67 percent carbohydrates (90 percent of which are sugars), and no appreciable protein or fat (table). Maple syrup is generally low in overall micronutrient content, although manganese and riboflavin are at high levels along with moderate amounts of zinc and calcium (right table). It also contains trace amounts of amino acids which increase in content as sap flow occurs.[68]

text: Maple syrup contains a wide variety of volatile organic compounds, including vanillin, hydroxybutanone, and propionaldehyde. It is not yet known exactly what compounds are responsible for maple syrup's distinctive flavour,[32] however its primary flavour contributing compounds are maple furanone, strawberry furanone, and maltol.[69]

text: New compounds have been identified in maple syrup, one of which is quebecol, a natural phenolic compound created when the maple sap is boiled to create syrup.[70]

text: One author described maple syrup as "a unique ingredient, smooth- and silky-textured, with a sweet, distinctive flavour – hints of caramel with overtones of toffee will not do – and a rare colour, amber set alight. Maple flavour is, well, maple flavour, uniquely different from any other."[44] Agriculture Canada has developed a "flavour wheel" that details 91 unique flavours that can be present in maple syrup. These flavours are divided into 13 families: vanilla, empyreumatic (burnt), milky, fruity, floral, spicy, foreign (deterioration or fermentation), foreign (environment), maple, confectionery, plant (herbaceous), plant (forest, humus or cereals), and plant (ligneous).[71][72] These flavours are evaluated using a procedure similar to wine tasting.[73] Other culinary experts praise its unique flavour.[74][75][76][77]

text: Maple syrup and its various artificial imitations are widely used as toppings for pancakes, waffles, and French toast in North America. They can also be used to flavour a variety of foods, including fritters, ice cream, hot cereal, fresh fruit, and sausages. It is also used as sweetener for granola, applesauce, baked beans, candied sweet potatoes, winter squash, cakes, pies, breads, tea, coffee, and hot toddies. Maple syrup can also be used as a replacement for honey in wine (mead).[78]

text: Imitations[edit]

text: In Canada, maple syrup must be made entirely from maple sap, and syrup must have a density of 66° on the Brix scale to be marketed as maple syrup.[31] In the United States, maple syrup must be made almost entirely from maple sap, although small amounts of substances such as salt may be added.[79] Labeling laws prohibit imitation syrups from having "maple" in their names unless the finished product contains 10 percent or more of natural maple syrup.[79]

text: "Maple-flavoured" syrups include maple syrup, but may contain additional ingredients.[79] "Pancake syrup", "waffle syrup", "table syrup", and similarly named syrups are substitutes which are less expensive than maple syrup. In these syrups, the primary ingredient is most often high-fructose corn syrup flavoured with sotolon; they have little genuine maple content, and are usually thickened above the viscosity of maple syrup.[80]

text: Imitation syrups are generally cheaper than maple syrup, with less natural flavour.[80] In the United States, consumers generally prefer imitation syrups, likely because of the significantly lower cost and sweeter flavour;[81][82] they typically cost about $8 per gallon (1 US gallon (3,800 ml)), whereas authentic maple syrup costs $40 to $60 per gallon (2015 prices).[82]

text: In 2016, maple syrup producers from nine US states petitioned the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to regulate labeling of products containing maple syrup or using the word "maple" in manufactured products, indicating that imitation maple products contained insignificant amounts of natural maple syrup.[83] In September 2016, the FDA published a consumer advisory to carefully inspect the ingredient list of products labeled as "maple".[84]

text: Cultural significance[edit]

text: Maple products are considered emblematic of Canada, in particular Quebec, and are frequently sold in tourist shops and airports as souvenirs from Canada. The sugar maple's leaf has come to symbolize Canada, and is depicted on the country's flag.[85] Several US states, including New York, Vermont and Wisconsin, have the sugar maple as their state tree.[86] A scene of sap collection is depicted on the Vermont state quarter, issued in 2001.[87]

text: Maple syrup and maple sugar were used during the American Civil War and by abolitionists in the years before the war because most cane sugar and molasses were produced by Southern slaves.[81][88] Because of food rationing during the Second World War, people in the northeastern United States were encouraged to stretch their sugar rations by sweetening foods with maple syrup and maple sugar,[16] and recipe books were printed to help housewives employ this alternative source.[89]


document_title: Axel jump

question_text: who was the first woman to land a triple axle at the olympics

root

text: Axel jump

text: Value in competition[edit]

text: The Axel jump is considered the most technically difficult jump among six types of jumps in single figure skating. According to ISU judging system, a triple Axel jump has a base value of 8.5 points, while a double Axel has that of 3.3 points. This makes a triple Axel the highest base-valued triple jump, above other triple jumps such as the triple Lutz (6 points), triple flip (5.3 points), triple loop (5.1 points), triple Salchow (4.4 points), and triple toe loop (4.3 points).[1]

tag: p

text: Axel jumps comparison[edit]

text:
Jumps (rotation)
Base Value
Notes

single Axel
1.1
Senior skaters normally do not perform this jump.

double Axel
3.3
Most female skaters perform this.

triple Axel
8.5
Male skaters regularly perform this. Only eight female skaters have landed this in international competitions.

quadruple Axel
15.0
This jump has not been attempted in a formal competition.

tag: table

text: Triple jumps comparison[edit]

text:
Jumps (types)
Base Value

triple Axel
8.5

triple Lutz
6.0

triple flip
5.3

triple loop
5.1

triple Salchow
4.4

triple toeloop
4.3

text: Axel technique[edit]

text: To perform an Axel, the skater typically approaches the jump on a right back outside edge in a strongly held check position before stepping on a left forward outside edge. He or she vaults over the toe pick of the left skate and "steps up" into the jump with the right leg. The skater crosses the left foot in front of the right, which is known as a back spin position (similar to the loop jump), to bring the center of rotation around the right side of the body. This act is often described as a weight shift in the air. Uncrossing the legs during the landing checks the rotation and allows the skater to flow out of the jump with good speed.

text: It is common for skaters to skid the forward take off edge, especially on double and triple Axel jumps, rather than vaulting directly off a clean edge. The skid helps the blade grip the ice on the take off, and is considered an acceptable technique as long as the skid does not make the skater pre-rotate the jump or take off the back of the blade. When the skater makes a mistake in the timing of the jump so that the blade slips off the edge instead of gripping the ice, the result is called a "waxel," often resulting in a fall.

text: Computerized bio-mechanical studies of skaters performing double and triple Axel jumps have shown skaters typically do not achieve as much height on triple Axel jumps as they do on double Axel jumps. This may seem counter-intuitive because higher jumps ought to give a skater more time to complete the rotation. Instead, during the triple Axel, skaters do not take a big "step up" so that they can pull into the rotation position more quickly.

text: Axel history[edit]

text: Men[edit]

text:
Axel Paulsen (NOR) was the first skater to perform the jump named after him, in 1882. He performed this feat wearing speed skates rather than figure skates.
Dick Button (USA) was the first skater credited with a double Axel jump in competition. He performed this at the 1948 Winter Olympics, although footage of the jump shows that it may have been underrotated. Button's coach Gus Lussi was responsible for developing the modern Axel jump technique.
Vern Taylor (CAN) was the first to land a triple Axel in competition at the 1978 World Figure Skating Championships. It has since become a standard jump for male competitors, but it is rare for female skaters to successfully land them or attempt them in a competition setting.
Brian Orser (CAN) was the first skater to put two triple Axel jumps in the same program and the first to accomplish this at the World level at the 1987 World Figure Skating Championships; since he also landed one in the short program, he additionally was the first skater to land three triple Axel jumps in the same competition.

tag: ul

text: Women[edit]

text:
In the early years of skating, jumping was the exclusive domain of men. Sonja Henie is generally acknowledged as the first female skater to perform an Axel jump. Today, however, her Axel technique (preserved in her many films) would be considered very poor, since her jumps were badly pre-rotated without a "step up", giving them more the character of a jumped spin.
In 1953, Carol Heiss was the first woman to perform a double Axel.
Thirty-five years later, Midori Ito (JPN) became the first woman to land the triple Axel jump in competition, when she first performed it at the 1988 NHK Trophy. Since then, seven other women (Tonya Harding (USA), Yukari Nakano (JPN), Ludmila Nelidina (RUS), Mao Asada (JPN), Elizaveta Tuktamysheva (RUS), Rika Kihira (JPN) and Mirai Nagasu (USA)) have succeeded in completing the jump in international competition, while another woman, Kimmie Meissner (USA), first completed the jump at the 2005 U.S. Figure Skating Championships.
Midori Ito (JPN), Mao Asada (JPN), and Mirai Nagasu (USA) are the only women who have landed triple Axel jumps in Olympic games.
Tonya Harding (USA) was the first woman to land two triple Axel jumps in the same competition (1991 Skate America).
Mao Asada (JPN) was the first woman to land three triple Axel jumps in the same competition (2010 Winter Olympics).
Elizaveta Tuktamysheva (RUS) is the first woman to land four triple jumps in a short program including a triple Axel: 3A, 3Lz, 3T-3T (2015 World Championships)
Rika Kihira (JPN) landed the triple Axel jump at the 2016 JGP Ljubljana, making her the 2nd junior ladies competitor in history to land the jump successfully. This feat was first accomplished by fellow Japanese skater Mao Asada.
Rika Kihira (JPN) was the first woman to land a triple Axel-triple toeloop combination (2017-2018 JGP Final).
Mirai Nagasu (USA) landed the triple Axel jump at the 2017 Rostelecom Cup in Moscow, Russia. She was the first female athlete from the United States ever to land the triple Axel jump during an Olympic competition, at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea.[2]

text: Pairs[edit]

text: Rena Inoue and John Baldwin, Jr. (USA), became the first pair to perform a throw triple Axel in competition at the 2006 U.S. Figure Skating Championships, and then made Olympic and ISU history by landing it again at the 2006 Winter Olympics.

text: Axel variations[edit]

text: The jump with half a rotation from forward outside to backward outside is called a waltz jump or a three jump in some countries. Any other rotational jump with a forward takeoff is generally considered to be a variation of the Axel. These include:

text:
A delayed Axel is similar to a regular Axel, but the skater takes a very open body position on the ascent of the jump before pulling in to complete the rotation, in a similar way to the saut de basque in ballet. Robin Cousins mastered this variation.
In an open Axel, the skater maintains an open body position throughout the jump without delaying the rotation.
A tuck Axel has the same take-off and landing as a regular Axel, but the skater pulls the legs up into a tuck or sit spin position in the air.
A half Axel is a jump with a regular Axel take-off but with only one rotation, landed forward (typically on the left toe pick and right forward inside edge, for a counterclockwise jump). This jump is sometimes also called a bell jump or a once around.
A one-foot Axel is a 1½ rotation jump with a regular Axel take-off that lands on the back inside edge of the takeoff foot—the left foot, for a counterclockwise jump. This jump is sometimes known (especially in artistic roller skating) as a Colledge, after 1937 World Champion Cecilia Colledge. In the late 1980s, Jill Trenary made this jump as the first half of a combination (the other half being the triple Salchow) her signature move.
An inside Axel is a 1½ rotation jump that takes off from a forward inside edge and lands on the back outside edge of the same foot – the right foot, for a counterclockwise jump. This jump is sometimes known as a Böckl, after its inventor Willy Böckl.

text: In addition, an Axel entrance can be used as a take-off for flying spins. An Axel sit spin is also known as a flying reverse sit spin, and is essentially an Axel jump landed in a back sit spin. Rarely, skaters may also attempt a double Axel sit spin. In a flying open Axel sit spin, also known as a death drop, the skater achieves an almost horizontal position in the air (by kicking the takeoff leg backwards and to the side, instead of bringing it forward) before landing in a back sit spin.

text: In general, the International Skating Union's new ISU Judging System discourages skaters from including variety jumps such as Axel variants in their competitive programs, because they count towards the maximum number of permitted jumps but carry a much lower point value than any double or triple jump that the skater could perform instead. Likewise, the IJS treats all flying spins equally and does not reward the additional difficulty of a double Axel sit spin.

text: A toe Axel is not a real jump but is instead the name given to a flawed double toe loop jump.


document_title: List of Los Angeles Lakers first and second round draft picks

question_text: who did the lakers pick in this year's draft

question_tokens: who did the lakers pick in this year 's draft

text: Key[edit]

text:
Abbreviation
Meaning
Abbreviation
Meaning

T
Territorial pick
G
Guard

PG
Point guard
SG
Shooting guard

F
Forward
SF
Small forward

PF
Power forward
C
Center

*

Hall of Famer
(#)
Retired Lakers' Number

§

NBA All-star

text: Selections[edit]

text:
Draft

Round

Pick

Player

Nationality

Position

College/High School/Club

1948-11948

7000100000000000000♠1

7000900000000000000♠9

Chuck Hanger

 United States

F

California

1949-T1949

0T

—

Vern Mikkelsen*

 United States

F/C

Hamline

1950-11950

7000100000000000000♠1

7001100000000000000♠10

Kevin O'Shea

 United States

G

Notre Dame

1951-T1951

0T

—

Whitey Skoog

 United States

G

Minnesota

1951-21951

2

7001190000000000000♠19

Lew Hitch

 United States

F/C

Kansas State

1952-11952

7000100000000000000♠1

7000900000000000000♠9

Clyde Lovellette*

 United States

C/F

Kansas

1953-11953

7000100000000000000♠1

7000700000000000000♠7

Jim Fritsche

 United States

F/C[6]

Hamline

1954-11954

7000100000000000000♠1

7000900000000000000♠9

Ed Kalafat

 United States

C/F

Minnesota

1954-21954

2

7001180000000000000♠18

Al Bianchi

 United States

G

Bowling Green State

1955-T1955

0T

—

Dick Garmaker

 United States

G/F

Minnesota

1955-21955

2

7001120000000000000♠12

Chuck Mencel

 United States

F/G

Minnesota

1956-11956

7000100000000000000♠1

7000300000000000000♠3

Jim Paxson

 United States

F/G

Dayton

1957-11957

7000100000000000000♠1

7000300000000000000♠3

Jim Krebs

 United States

C/F

Southern Methodist

1957-21957

2

7001110000000000000♠11

Harv Schmidt

 United States

F [7]

Illinois

1958-11958

7000100000000000000♠1

7000100000000000000♠1

Elgin Baylor*§ (22)

 United States

F

Seattle

1959-11959

7000100000000000000♠1

7000300000000000000♠3

Tom Hawkins

 United States

F

Notre Dame

1959-21959

2

7000800000000000000♠8

Steve Hamilton

 United States

F/C

Morehead State

1959-21959

2

7001100000000000000♠10

Rudy LaRusso§

 United States

F/C

Dartmouth

1960-11960

7000100000000000000♠1

7000200000000000000♠2

Jerry West* (44)

 United States

G

West Virginia

1961-11961

7000100000000000000♠1

7000500000000000000♠5

Wayne Yates

 United States

C[8]

Memphis State

1961-21961

2

7001130000000000000♠13

Fred Sawyer

 United States

C[9]

Louisville

1962-11962

7000100000000000000♠1

7000600000000000000♠6

LeRoy Ellis

 United States

C

St. John's

1962-21962

2

7001150000000000000♠15

Gene Wiley

 United States

C[10]

Wichita

1963-11963

7000100000000000000♠1

7000700000000000000♠7

Roger Strickland

 United States

F[11]

Jacksonville

1963-21963

2

7001130000000000000♠13

Jim King (from Cincinnati)[a]

 United States

G

Tulsa

1963-21963

2

7001160000000000000♠16

Mel Gibson

 United States

G

Western Carolina

1964-T1964

0T

—

Mahdi Abdul-Rahman

 United States

G

UCLA

1964-21964

2

7001120000000000000♠12

Cotton Nash

 United States

F

Kentucky

1965-T1965

0T

—

Gail Goodrich* §(25)

 United States

G

UCLA

1965-21965

2

7001160000000000000♠16

John Fairchild

 United States

F[12]

Brigham Young

1966-11966

7000100000000000000♠1

7000700000000000000♠7

Jerry Chambers

 United States

F

Utah

1966-11966

2

7001170000000000000♠17

Hank Finkel

 United States

C

Dayton

1967-11967

2

7001160000000000000♠16

Randolph Mahaffey

 United States

F

Clemson

1968-11968

7000100000000000000♠1

7001110000000000000♠11

Bill Hewitt

 United States

F

USC

1969-11969

7000100000000000000♠1

7001120000000000000♠12

Willie McCarter

 United States

G

Drake

1969-21969

7000100000000000000♠1

7001150000000000000♠15

Rick Roberson

 United States

C/PF

Cincinnati

1969-31969

2

7001270000000000000♠27

Dick Garrett

 United States

G

Southern Illinois

1970-11970

7000100000000000000♠1

7001130000000000000♠13

Jim McMillian

 United States

F

Columbia

1970-11970

2

7001300000000000000♠30

Earnie Killum

 United States

G[13]

Stetson

1971-11971

7000100000000000000♠1

7001130000000000000♠13

Jim Cleamons

 United States

G

Ohio State

1972-11972

7000100000000000000♠1

7001130000000000000♠13

Travis Grant

 United States

F

Kentucky State

1972-21972

2

7001160000000000000♠16

Jim Price (from Cleveland)[b]

 United States

G

Louisville

1972-31972

2

7001220000000000000♠22

Paul Stovall (from Baltimore)[c]

 United States

F

Arizona State

1973-11973

7000100000000000000♠1

7000500000000000000♠5

Kermit Washington§ (from Cleveland)[d]

 United States

C/PF

American

1973-21973

2

7001230000000000000♠23

Billy Schaeffer

 United States

F[14]

St. John's

1973-21973

2

7001310000000000000♠31

Jim Chones (from Baltimore)[e]

 United States

C/PF

Marquette

1973-21973

2

7001340000000000000♠34

John Perry

 United States

C [15]

Pan American

1974-11974

7000100000000000000♠1

7001120000000000000♠12

Brian Winters§

 United States

SG/SF

South Carolina

1974-21974

2

7001210000000000000♠21

Billy Knight§

 United States

G/F

Pittsburgh

1975-11975

7000100000000000000♠1

7000200000000000000♠2

David Meyers

 United States

PF/C

UCLA

1975-11975

7000100000000000000♠1

7000800000000000000♠8

Junior Bridgeman

 United States

SF/SG

Louisville

1976-21976

2

7001210000000000000♠21

Earl Tatum (from Phoenix)[f]

 United States

G/F

Marquette

1977-11977

7000100000000000000♠1

7000600000000000000♠6

Kenny Carr

 United States

F

North Carolina State

1977-11977

7000100000000000000♠1

7001150000000000000♠15

Brad Davis (from San Antonio)[g]

 United States

G

Maryland

1977-11977

7000100000000000000♠1

7001220000000000000♠22

Norm Nixon§

 United States

PG

Duquesne

1978-21978

2

7001260000000000000♠26

Ron Carter

 United States

G

VMI

1978-21978

2

7001380000000000000♠38

Lew Massey (from Kansas City)[h]

 United States

SG[16]

UNC Charlotte

1979-11979

7000100000000000000♠1

7000100000000000000♠1

Earvin Johnson* §(32)

 United States

PG

Michigan State

1979-11979

7000100000000000000♠1

7001140000000000000♠14

Brad Holland

 United States

G

UCLA

1979-21979

2

7001250000000000000♠25

Oliver Mack

 United States

SG

East Carolina

1979-21979

2

7001390000000000000♠39

Victor King (from Denver)[i]

 United States

PF[17]

Louisiana Tech

1979-21979

2

7001410000000000000♠41

Mark Young (from Buffalo)[j]

 United States

PF[18]

Fairfield

1980-21980

2

7001310000000000000♠31

Wayne Robinson (from Cleveland)[k]

 United States

F

Virginia Tech

1980-21980

2

7001370000000000000♠37

Butch Carter (from Denver)[i]

 United States

G

Indiana

1981-11981

7000100000000000000♠1

7001190000000000000♠19

Mike McGee

 United States

SG/SF

Michigan

1981-21981

2

7001390000000000000♠39

Harvey Knuckles (from Cleveland)[k]

 United States

SF[19]

Toledo

1981-21981

2

7001420000000000000♠42

Elvis Rolle

 United States

C/PF[20]

Florida State

1982-11982

7000100000000000000♠1

7000100000000000000♠1

James Worthy*§ (42) (from Cleveland)[l]

 United States

SF

North Carolina

1984-11984

7000100000000000000♠1

7001230000000000000♠23

Earl Jones

 United States

C

District of Columbia

1985-11985

7000100000000000000♠1

7001230000000000000♠23

A. C. Green§

 United States

PF/C

Oregon State

1986-11986

7000100000000000000♠1

7001230000000000000♠23

Ken Barlow

 United States

F

Notre Dame

1988

7000100000000000000♠1

7001250000000000000♠25

David Rivers

 United States

PG

Notre Dame

1989

7000100000000000000♠1

7001260000000000000♠26

Vlade Divac§

 Yugoslavia (now  Serbia)

C

KK Partizan (Yugoslavia)

1990

7000100000000000000♠1

7001270000000000000♠27

Elden Campbell

 United States

PF/C

Clemson

1990

2

7001510000000000000♠51

Tony Smith (from San Antonio)[m]

 United States

G

Marquette

1991

2

7001520000000000000♠52

Anthony Jones

 United States

SG

Oral Roberts

1992

7000100000000000000♠1

7001150000000000000♠15

Anthony Peeler

 United States

SG

Missouri

1992

2

7001360000000000000♠36

Duane Cooper

 United States

G

USC

1993

7000100000000000000♠1

7001120000000000000♠12

George Lynch

 United States

PF

North Carolina

1993

2

7001370000000000000♠37

Nick Van Exel§

 United States

PG

Cincinnati

1994

7000100000000000000♠1

7001100000000000000♠10

Eddie Jones§

 United States

SG

Temple

1995

2

7001370000000000000♠37

Frankie King

 United States

PG

Western Carolina

1996

7000100000000000000♠1

7001240000000000000♠24

Derek Fisher

 United States

PG

Arkansas–Little Rock

1997

2

7001510000000000000♠51

DeJuan Wheat

 United States

PG

Louisville

1997

2

7001540000000000000♠54

Paul Rogers (from New York)[n]

 Australia

C

Gonzaga

1998

7000100000000000000♠1

7001260000000000000♠26

Sam Jacobson

 United States

SG/SF

Minnesota

1998

2

7001310000000000000♠31

Ruben Patterson (from Vancouver)[o]

 United States

SF

Cincinnati

1998

2

7001450000000000000♠45

Toby Bailey (traded to Phoenix)[p]

 United States

SG

UCLA

1999

7000100000000000000♠1

7001230000000000000♠23

Devean George

 United States

SF

Augsburg

1999

2

7001300000000000000♠30

John Celestand (from Vancouver)[o]

 United States

SG

Villanova

2000

7000100000000000000♠1

7001290000000000000♠29

Mark Madsen

 United States

PF/C

Stanford

2002

7000100000000000000♠1

7001270000000000000♠27

Chris Jefferies (traded to Toronto)[q]

 United States

SF

Fresno State

2003

7000100000000000000♠1

7001240000000000000♠24

Brian Cook

 United States

PF

Illinois

2003

2

7001320000000000000♠32

Luke Walton

 United States

SF

Arizona

2004

7000100000000000000♠1

7001270000000000000♠27

Sasha Vujačić

 Slovenia

G

Pallalcesto Amatori Udine (Italy)

2004

2

7001560000000000000♠56

Marcus Douthit

 United States

PF/C

Providence

2005

7000100000000000000♠1

7001100000000000000♠10

Andrew Bynum§

 United States

C

St. Joseph HS (New Jersey)

2005

2

7001370000000000000♠37

Ronny Turiaf (from New York via Atlanta and Charlotte)[r]

 France

PF/C

Gonzaga

2005

2

7001390000000000000♠39

Von Wafer

 United States

G

Florida State

2006

7000100000000000000♠1

7001260000000000000♠26

Jordan Farmar (from Miami)[s]

 United States

PG

UCLA

2006

2

7001510000000000000♠51

Cheikh Samb (traded to Detroit)[t]

 Senegal

C

WTC Cornellà (Spain, 2nd division)

2007

7000100000000000000♠1

7001190000000000000♠19

Javaris Crittenton

 United States

PG

Georgia Tech

2007

2

7001400000000000000♠40

 Sun Yue (from Charlotte)[u]

 China

PG

Beijing Olympians (ABA)

2007

2

7001480000000000000♠48

Marc Gasol§

 Spain

C

Akasvayu Girona (Liga Española de Baloncesto)

2008

2

7001580000000000000♠58

Joe Crawford

 United States

SG

Kentucky

2009

1

7001290000000000000♠29

Toney Douglas (traded to New York)[v]

 United States

G

Florida State

2009

2

7001420000000000000♠42

Patrick Beverley (from Charlotte; traded to Miami)[r][w]

 United States

G

Arkansas

2009

2

7001590000000000000♠59

Chinemelu Elonu

 United States

PF/C

Texas A&M

2010

2

7001430000000000000♠43

Devin Ebanks (from Memphis)[x]

 United States

F

West Virginia

2010

2

7001580000000000000♠58

Derrick Caracter

 United States

PF/C

UTEP

2011

2

41

Darius Morris (from Golden State Warriors via New Jersey Nets)[y]

 United States

PG

Michigan (So.)

2011

2

46

Andrew Goudelock (from New York Knicks)[v]

 United States

SG

College of Charleston (Sr.)

2011

2

56

Chukwudiebere Maduabum  (traded to Denver Nuggets)[z]

 Nigeria

SF

Bakersfield Jam (D-League)

2011

2

58

Ater Majok (from Miami Heat)[w]

 Australia

C

Gold Coast Blaze (Australia)

2012

2

60

Robert Sacre (from Chicago via Milwaukee and Brooklyn)

 Canada

C

Gonzaga (Sr.)

2013

2

48

Ryan Kelly

 United States

PF

Duke (Sr.)

2014

1

7

Julius Randle

 United States

PF

Kentucky

2014

2

46

Jordan Clarkson

 United States

SG

Missouri

2015

1

2

D'Angelo Russell

 United States

PG

Ohio State

2015

1

27

Larry Nance Jr.

 United States

PF

Wyoming

2015

2

34

Anthony Brown

 United States

SF

Stanford

2016

1

2

Brandon Ingram

 United States

SF

Duke (Fr.)

2016

2

32

Ivica Zubac

 Croatia

C

Mega Leks (Serbia)

2017

1

2

Lonzo Ball

 United States

PG

UCLA

2017

1

28

Tony Bradley (traded to Utah)

 United States

C

Utah

2018

1

25

Moritz Wagner (from Cleveland via Portland and Cleveland)

 Germany

PF

Michigan

2018

2

39

Isaac Bonga (from New York via Philadelphia)

 Germany

PG

Skyliners Frankfurt (Germany)

2018

2

47

Sviatoslav Mykhailiuk (from Denver via Utah and Chicago)

 Ukraine

SG

Kansas

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
a The Lakers traded Tom Hawkins to Cincinnati for a future draft pick (Jim King).[21]
b The Lakers traded Rick Roberson to Cleveland for a future draft pick (Jim Price) and cash.[21]
c The Lakers traded John Tresvant to Baltimore for a future draft pick (Paul Stovall).[21]
d The Lakers traded Jim Cleamons to Cleveland for a future draft pick (Kermit Washington).[21]
e The Lakers traded Flynn Robinson to Baltimore for future considerations.[21]
f The Lakers traded Pat Riley to Phoenix in exchange for two future draft picks (Earl Tatum and ?).[21]
g The Lakers traded Melvin Calvin to San Antonio for 1977 first round draft pick (Brad Davis) and cash.[21]
h The Lakers traded Lucius Allen to Kansas City for Ollie Johnson and a first and second round (Lew Massey) draft picks in 1978.[21]
i The Lakers traded Charlie Scott to Denver for Ron Boone and two second round draft picks (Victor King and Butch Carter).[21]
j The Lakers traded Tom Abernethy to Buffalo for a second round draft pick (Mark Young).[21]
k The Lakers traded Kenny Carr for two second round draft picks (Wayne Robinson and Harvey Knuckles).[21]
l The Lakers traded Don Ford and a first round draft pick (Chad Kinch) to Cleveland in exchange for Butch Lee and a first round draft pick in the 1982 draft (James Worthy).[21]
m The Lakers traded Mike Smrek to San Antonio for a 1990 second round draft pick (Tony Smith).[22]
n The Lakers traded Doug Christie to New York in exchange for two second round draft picks (Paul Rogers and ?).[22]
o The Lakers traded George Lynch and Anthony Peeler to Vancouver in exchange for future considerations.[22]
p The Lakers traded draft rights to Toby Bailey to the Phoenix Suns in exchange for future considerations.[23]
q The Lakers traded Lindsey Hunter and draft rights to Chris Jefferies in exchange for Tracy Murray and draft rights to Kareem Rush.[24]

r The Lakers have traded guard Kareem Rush to the Charlotte Bobcats for two future second round draft picks (Ronny Turiaf and Patrick Beverly). The Bobcats have acquired a second round pick (Ronny Turiaf) in the 2005 NBA Draft from Atlanta in exchange for forward/center Predrag Drobnjak. Atlanta Hawks acquired centers Michael Doleac (from the New York Knicks) and Joel Przybilla (from the Milwaukee Bucks), along with a 2005 second-round pick from the Knicks (Ronny Turiaf), while sending center Nazr Mohammed to the Knicks in the three-way trade.[25]
s The Lakers have acquired forward Lamar Odom, forward Caron Butler, forward Brian Grant and a future first round draft pick (Jordan Farmar) from the Miami Heat in exchange for center Shaquille O'Neal.[26]
t The Lakers traded draft rights to center Cheikh Samb in exchange for Maurice Evans.[27]
u The Lakers have traded forward Jumaine Jones to the Charlotte Bobcats for a 2007 second round draft pick (Sun Yue).[28]
v The Lakers traded draft rights to Toney Douglas to the New York Knicks in exchange for a 2011 second-round draft choice (Andrew Goudelock) and cash considerations.[29]
w The Lakers traded draft rights to Patrick Beverley to the Miami Heat in exchange for a 2011 second-round draft pick (Ater Majok) and cash considerations.[30]
x The Lakers traded forward Kwame Brown, guard Javaris Crittenton, guard Aaron McKie, the draft rights to Marc Gasol, and first round picks in 2008 (Donté Greene) and 2010 (Greivis Vásquez) to Memphis in exchange for Pau Gasol and a second round draft choice in 2010 (Devin Ebanks).[31]
y The Lakers traded guard Sasha Vujacic and a 2011 first round draft pick (JaJuan Johnson) to New Jersey in exchange for forward Joe Smith and two second-round draft picks (Darius Morris & Chicago's second-round pick in 2012) along with the draft rights to Sergei Lishchuk from Houston.[32]
z The Lakers traded draft rights to Chukwudiebere Maduabum to the Denver Nuggets in exchange for a future second-round draft pick.[33]


document_title: 2018–19 NBA season

question_text: when does the 2018/19 nba schedule come out

text: 2018–19 NBA season

text: Transactions

text: Retirement

text:
On May 10, 2018, Nick Collison announced his retirement from the NBA. Collison played all his 15 seasons with the Seattle SuperSonics/Oklahoma City Thunder franchise.[1]
On May 25, 2018 after playing 13 seasons in the NBA for seven teams, Mo Williams announced his retirement from the NBA to take the assistant head coaching job at Cal State Northridge.[2]
On July 17, 2018 after playing 10 seasons in the NBA for four teams, Roy Hibbert retired from the NBA.[3]

text: Free agency

text: Free agency negotiations began on July 1. Players began signing on July 6 after the July moratorium ended.

text: Coaching changes

text:
Coaching changes

Off-season

Team
2017–18 season
2018–19 season

Atlanta Hawks
Mike Budenholzer
Lloyd Pierce

Charlotte Hornets
Steve Clifford
James Borrego

Detroit Pistons
Stan Van Gundy
Dwane Casey

Milwaukee Bucks
Joe Prunty (interim)
Mike Budenholzer

New York Knicks
Jeff Hornacek
David Fizdale

Orlando Magic
Frank Vogel
Steve Clifford

Phoenix Suns
Jay Triano (interim)
Igor Kokoškov

Toronto Raptors
Dwane Casey
Nick Nurse

text: Off-season

text:
On April 12, 2018, the New York Knicks fired head coach Jeff Hornacek after the team missed the playoffs.[4] In addition, associate head coach Kurt Rambis was also fired.
On April 12, 2018, the Orlando Magic fired head coach Frank Vogel after the team missed the playoffs.[5]
On April 13, 2018, the Charlotte Hornets fired head coach Steve Clifford after the team missed the playoffs.[6]
On April 25, 2018, the Atlanta Hawks and Mike Budenholzer had mutually agreed to part ways.[7]
On May 1, 2018, the Memphis Grizzlies announced that J. B. Bickerstaff would become the new permanent head coach of the team.[8]
On May 2, 2018, the Phoenix Suns hired Igor Kokoškov as head coach.[9]
On May 7, 2018, the New York Knicks hired David Fizdale as head coach.[10]
On May 7, 2018, the Detroit Pistons fired head coach Stan Van Gundy after the team missed the playoffs for the second consecutive season.[11]
On May 10, 2018, the Charlotte Hornets hired James Borrego as head coach.[12]
On May 11, 2018, the Toronto Raptors fired Dwane Casey after the team was swept by the Cleveland Cavaliers for the second consecutive time in the postseason.[13]
On May 11, 2018, the Atlanta Hawks hired Lloyd Pierce as head coach.[14]
On May 17, 2018, the Milwaukee Bucks hired Mike Budenholzer as head coach.[15]
On May 30, 2018, the Orlando Magic hired Steve Clifford as head coach.[16]
On June 11, 2018, the Detroit Pistons hired Dwane Casey as head coach.[17]
On June 14, 2018, the Toronto Raptors promoted assistant coach Nick Nurse as their head coach.[18]

text: Preseason

text: The Preseason will begin on September 29 and will end on October 12.

text: International games

text: The Toronto Raptors will play two preseason games in Canada first beginning with the Portland Trail Blazers in Vancouver at the Rogers Arena on September 29. And then the Brooklyn Nets in Montreal at the Bell Centre on October 10.[19]

text: The Dallas Mavericks and the Philadelphia 76ers will play two preseason games in China at Shanghai on October 5 and Shenzhen on October 8.[20]

text: Regular season

text: The regular season will begin on October 16, 2018 and will end on April 10, 2019. The entire schedule was released at 4:00 p.m. ET on August 10, 2018.[21]

text: International games

text: On June 20, 2018, the NBA announced that the Washington Wizards would play the New York Knicks at the O2 Arena in London, United Kingdom on January 17, 2019.[22]

text: On August 7, 2018, the NBA announced that the Orlando Magic would play two games at Mexico City Arena in Mexico City. They will play the Chicago Bulls on December 13, 2018, and they will play the Utah Jazz on December 15, 2018.[23]

text: Arenas

text:
This will be the Golden State Warriors' final season at Oracle Arena in Oakland, before moving to the new Chase Center in San Francisco. The Warriors will play their final regular season game there in April 2019.[24]
This will be the Milwaukee Bucks' first season at the new Fiserv Forum after playing at the Bradley Center from 1988 to 2018. The Bucks will play their first game there in October 2018.[25][26]
The Toronto Raptors' home arena was renamed Scotiabank Arena on July 1, 2018.[27][28]

text: Media

text: This will be the third year of the current nine-year contracts with ABC, ESPN, TNT, and NBA TV.[citation needed]

text: Uniforms

text:
On June 6, 2018, the Denver Nuggets unveiled their new logos and uniforms to enter the 2018–19 season.[29][30]
On July 31, 2018, the Los Angeles Lakers unveiled their new uniforms to enter the 2018–19 season.[31]
On August 2, 2018, the Memphis Grizzlies unveiled their new logos and uniforms to enter the 2018–19 season.[32]


document_title: Pitch Perfect 2

question_text: where do they go in pitch perfect 2

question_tokens: where do they go in pitch perfect 2

text: Pitch Perfect 2

text: Plot[edit]

text: Three years after winning the previous competition, the Barden Bellas are now led by Beca Mitchell (Anna Kendrick) and three-time super senior Chloe Beale (Brittany Snow). The Bellas have become ICCA champions each of these three years. However, the group becomes involved in a national scandal, dubbed Muffgate, when Fat Amy Hobart (Rebel Wilson) accidentally rips her pants in front of President Obama during a performance on his birthday at the Kennedy Center, showing her genitals to the public since she did not wear underwear, leading to the Bellas' suspension from the ICCAs. Beca makes a deal to allow the Bellas to be reinstated should they win the World Championship of a cappella.

text: Freshman Emily Junk (Hailee Steinfeld) begins her college career, hoping to follow in her mother Katherine's (Katey Sagal) footsteps by being a Bella. At orientation, she watches an a cappella performance by the Treblemakers, now led by Beca's boyfriend Jesse Swanson (Skylar Astin). Benjamin "Benji" Applebaum (Ben Platt), Jesse's best friend, overhears Emily, leading to a crush on her.

text: The Bellas learn that Das Sound Machine (DSM), a German powerhouse group, have replaced the Bellas on their victory tour. Additionally, Beca has started an internship at a recording studio, Residual Heat, something only Jesse knows.

text: Emily goes to the Bellas' sorority house to audition for them because of their absence from the auditions. When she sings her unfinished song "Flashlight," she succeeds in joining the Bellas.

text: At a car show where the ICCA winners are due to perform, the Bellas scout their replacements, DSM, led by intimidating duo Pieter Krämer (Flula Borg) and Kommissar (Birgitte Hjort Sørensen), who take delight in mocking the all-girl group. Later, the Bellas are invited to an exclusive riff-off against DSM. Also in attendance are the Treblemakers, Tone Hangers (a group of former Treblemakers, including former Treblemakers leader Bumper Allen (Adam Devine), and the Green Bay Packers.) The Bellas make it to the final two, but end up losing to DSM in the final round when a nervous Emily flubs an attempt to sing "Flashlight," her original song not from the right category ("90's Hip-Hop Jamz").

text: The next day at the warmups, the Bellas' chances of winning end in disaster when the performance sets Cynthia Rose's (Ester Dean) hair on fire by pyrotechnics. Even before then,  John (John Michael Higgins) and Gail (Elizabeth Banks) question the Bellas' identity. In order to regain harmony and sync, Chloe takes them to a retreat led by former leader Aubrey Posen (Anna Camp). Beca starts a heated debate with Chloe over herself being the only one thinking about life beyond the Bellas and Chloe's obsession with winning Worlds.

text: To prove to her boss that she can produce music well, Beca offers Emily to produce "Flashlight" at the studio. The group realizes that they will no longer be together and may go their separate ways after graduation, and regain harmony by singing "Cups (When I'm Gone)." At the studio, Emily and Beca present their song to Beca's boss, in which he demonstrates envy for their talent and looks forward to producing with them.

text: The senior Bellas graduate and they all head off to Copenhagen for the World Finals, with Jesse and Benji to cheer them on. They perform a harmonized version of "Flashlight" with Aubrey, Katherine, and other past Bellas joining in. The Bellas win the championship and repair their damaged legacy. As the senior Bellas leave Barden, they give Emily a belated proper initiation with Fat Amy showing her how to do the last tradition: christening the house by sliding down the staircase.

text: In a mid-credits scene, Bumper performs on The Voice, chooses Christina Aguilera as his coach and makes her uncomfortable when he gives her an oddly lengthy hug.

text: Cast[edit]

text: The Barden Bellas[edit]

text:
Anna Kendrick as Beca Mitchell, the senior leader of the Bellas, known for creating the unique modern-day sound of the Bellas. She is an aspiring record producer and is now an intern at Residual Heat, a record label.
Brittany Snow as Chloe Beale, the three-time super senior with a Type A personality who is the co-leader of the Bellas.
Rebel Wilson as Patricia "Fat Amy" Hobart, a senior Bella from Australia who is confident and describes herself as the best singer in Tasmania
Hana Mae Lee as Lilly Onakuramara, a senior Bella known for her quiet speaking voice, odd remarks, and beat-boxing.
Alexis Knapp as Stacie Conrad, a senior Bella known for being overly sexual.
Ester Dean as Cynthia Rose Adams, a tough senior Bella known for her strong urban vocal skills.
Hailee Steinfeld as Emily Junk, a freshman legacy Bella who is an aspiring songwriter, and Benji's love interest. Her mother was also a Barden Bella, giving her the legacy status.
Chrissie Fit as Florencia "Flo" Fuentes, a senior Bella who joined the group her sophomore year when she came to Barden University from Guatemala.
Kelley Jakle as Jessica, a senior Bella.
Shelley Regner as Ashley, a senior Bella.

text: Additional characters[edit]

text:
Skylar Astin as Jesse Swanson, the leader of the Treblemakers and Beca's boyfriend.
Adam DeVine as Bumper Allen, Fat Amy's love interest, former leader of the Treblemakers and current member of Tone Hangers. After working for John Mayer, he returns to Barden University as a security guard.
Anna Camp as Aubrey Posen, former leader of the Bellas, now runs the Lodge of Fallen Leaves.
Ben Platt as Benjamin "Benji" Applebaum, a senior Treblemaker, Jesse's best friend and Emily's love interest.
Birgitte Hjort Sørensen as Kommissar, Das Sound Machine's leader.
Flula Borg as Pieter Krämer, Das Sound Machine's 'second in command'
Katey Sagal as Katherine Junk, Emily's mother and a former Bella.
John Michael Higgins as John Smith, an a cappella competition commentator.
Elizabeth Banks as Gail Abernathy-McKadden-Feinberger, an a cappella competition commentator.
Keegan-Michael Key as Sammy, Beca's boss at Residual Heat, a rude but successful producer.
Shawn Carter Peterson as Dax, an intern at Residual Heat.
David Cross (credited as Sir Willups Brightlysmore) as the Riff-Off host.
Reggie Watts, John Hodgman, Jason Jones and Joe Lo Truglio as Tone Hanger singers.
Pentatonix as Team Canada
Penn Masala as Team India
Filharmonic as Team Philippines

text: Green Bay Packers players Clay Matthews, David Bakhtiari, Don Barclay, Josh Sitton and T. J. Lang play themselves in cameo appearances. Also appearing as themselves are Snoop Dogg, Natalie Morales, Jake Tapper, Joe Scarborough, Mika Brzezinski, Jimmy Kimmel, Rosie O'Donnell, Rosie Perez, Nicolle Wallace, Jordan Rodgers, Christina Aguilera, Adam Levine, Blake Shelton and Pharrell Williams. Robin Roberts, C.J. Perry and Kether Donohue appear as Legacy Bellas during the finale. Additionally, President Barack Obama, First Lady Michelle Obama and Shonda Rhimes briefly appear via archive footage.

text: Production[edit]

text: In December 2012, Skylar Astin revealed that he and Rebel Wilson have had meetings with Universal Studios about the potential sequel.[8] In April 2013, it was confirmed that a sequel would be released in 2015.[9] Elizabeth Banks directed the sequel, and Kay Cannon returned as screenwriter.[10] Paul Brooks produced for Gold Circle Films, alongside Banks and Max Handelman.[10] Deke Sharon returned as vocal producer, and has a brief cameo as a German reporter.[11] As in the first movie, they ran a month of "a cappella boot camp" before filming.[12]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Anna Kendrick and Wilson returned to the cast early in 2014 to play the characters they originated in the first film.[13] Brittany Snow reprised her character.[14] On April 24, Chrissie Fit was added to the cast.[15] On May 1, Hailee Steinfeld was added to the cast, playing a new member of the Barden Bellas.[16] On May 5, Adam DeVine was reported to return in the film.[17] On May 14, Katey Sagal was added to the cast, playing Steinfeld's character's mother.[18] On May 29, Flula Borg was added to the cast.[19] He played the leader of a European a cappella group, Das Sound Machine, that competed with the Bellas.[20] It was confirmed on June 18, 2014 that Christopher Shepard was added to the cast.[21] It was confirmed on June 19, 2014 that Pentatonix would play the role of a rival group to the Barden Bellas.[22] It was later confirmed that The Filharmonic from season 4 of The Sing Off would make a cameo appearance as a rival group from the Philippines.[23] On August 24, 2014 it was announced that Penn Masala,[24] the all-male Hindi a cappella group from director Elizabeth Banks's and producer Max Handelman's alma mater The University of Pennsylvania, would be featured as a team from Southeast Asia.[25] On June 25, Birgitte Hjort Sørensen was confirmed added to the cast.[26]

text: Filming[edit]

text: On May 21, 2014, principal photography began at Louisiana State University (LSU) campus in Baton Rouge.[27]

text: Music[edit]

text: On December 3, 2014, Mark Mothersbaugh was hired to compose the music for the film.[28] The official soundtrack was released on May 12, 2015.[29] The special edition soundtrack was later released on August 8, 2015.[30]

text: The original album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, earning 107,000 album-equivalent units (92,000 copies of traditional sales) in the week ending May 17, 2015.[31]

text:
No.TitleMusicLength1."Universal Fanfare"
Elizabeth Banks
John Michael Higgins
0:332."Kennedy Center Performance (We Got the World/Timber/America the Beautiful/Wrecking Ball)"The Barden Bellas2:273."Lollipop"The Treblemakers2:434."Car Show (Uprising/Tsunami)"Das Sound Machine1:475."Winter Wonderland/Here Comes Santa Claus"
Snoop Dogg
Anna Kendrick
3:046."Riff Off (Thong Song/(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty/Low/Bootylicious/Baby Got Back/Live Like You Were Dying/Before He Cheats/A Thousand Miles/We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together/What's Love Got to Do with It/This Is How We Do It/Doo Wop (That Thing)/Poison/Scenario/Insane in the Brain/Flashlight)"
Das Sound Machine
Tone Hangers
The Barden Bellas
Green Bay Packers
The Treblemakers
4:247."Jump"
Das Sound Machine
Tone Hangers
The Treblemakers
Green Bay Packers
1:168."Convention Performance (Promises/Problem)"The Barden Bellas1:419."Back to Basics (Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy/You Can't Hurry Love/Lady Marmalade/MMMBop/My Lovin' (You're Never Gonna Get It))"The Barden Bellas1:3010."Cups ("When I'm Gone") [Campfire Version]"The Barden Bellas0:4511."We Belong"
Rebel Wilson
Adam DeVine
3:3412."Any Way You Want It (World Championship Medley)"
Pentatonix
Filharmonic
The Cantasticos
The Singboks
Penn Masala
1:5613."World Championship Finale 1 (My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light Em Up)/All I Do Is Win)"Das Sound Machine2:0114."World Championship Finale 2 (Run the World (Girls)/Where Them Girls At/Lady Marmalade/We Belong/Timber/Flashlight)"The Barden Bellas4:1615."Crazy Youngsters"Ester Dean3:3916."Pitch Perfect 2 End Credit Medley"Mark Mothersbaugh3:0017."Flashlight"Jessie J3:2918."All of Me (Bumper's Audition)"Adam DeVine1:27Total length:43:32[29][32]

text:
showSpecial editionNo.TitleMusicLength1."Universal Fanfare"
Elizabeth Banks
John Michael Higgins
0:332."Kennedy Center Performance (We Got the World/Timber/America The Beautiful/Wrecking Ball)"The Barden Bellas2:273."Bang Bang"
Jessie J
Ariana Grande
Nicki Minaj
3:194."Lollipop"The Treblemakers2:435."Change Your Life"Iggy Azalea (feat. T.I.)3:416."Sunshine"Teddybears3:207."Car Show (Uprising/Tsunami)"Das Sound Machine1:478."A Different Beat"Little Mix3:279."Winter Wonderland/Here Comes Santa Claus"
Snoop Dogg
Anna Kendrick
3:0410."Riff Off (Thong Song/(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty/Low/Bootylicious/Baby Got Back/Live Like You Were Dying/Before He Cheats/A Thousand Miles/We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together/What's Love Got to Do with It/This Is How We Do It/Doo Wop (That Thing)/Poison/Scenario/Insane in the Brain/Flashlight)"
Das Sound Machine
Tone Hangers
The Barden Bellas
Green Bay Packers
The Treblemakers
4:2411."Jump"
Das Sound Machine
Tone Hangers
The Treblemakers
Green Bay Packers
1:1612."Convention Performance (Promises/Problem)"The Barden Bellas1:4113."Back to Basics (Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy/You Can't Hurry Love/Lady Marmalade/MMMBop/My Lovin' (You're Never Gonna Get It))"The Barden Bellas1:3014."Cups ("When I'm Gone") [Campfire Version]"The Barden Bellas0:4515."We Belong"
Rebel Wilson
Adam Devine
3:3416."Any Way You Want It (World Championship Medley)"
Pentatonix
Filharmonic
The Cantasticos
The Singboks
Penn Masala
1:5617."World Championship Finale 1 (My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light Em Up)/All I Do Is Win)"Das Sound Machine2:0118."World Championship Finale 2 (Run the World (Girls)/Where Them Girls At/Lady Marmalade/We Belong/Timber/Flashlight)"The Barden Bellas4:1619."Crazy Youngsters"Ester Dean3:3920."Heartbreak Dream"Betty Who3:3821."Pitch Perfect 2 End Credit Medley"Mark Mothersbaugh3:0022."Flashlight"Jessie J3:2923."All of Me (Bumper's Audition)"Adam DeVine1:2724."Flashlight (Sweet Life Mix)"Hailee Steinfeld2:5825."Any Way You Want It"Pentatonix2:3026."Flashlight (Rebel Mix)"Jessie J3:4127."Jungle"The Barden Bellas0:32Total length:70:38[30]

text:
Chart (2015)

Peakposition

Australian Albums (ARIA)[33]

3

Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[34]

11

Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[35]

144

Canadian Albums (Billboard)[36]

3

German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[37]

12

New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[38]

8

Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[39]

26

Taiwanese Albums (Five Music)[40]

1

US Digital Albums (Billboard)[41]

1

US Billboard 200[42]

1

US Vinyl Albums (Billboard)[43]

1

text:
Chart (2015)

Position

Australian Albums (ARIA)[44]

27

US Billboard 200[45]

52

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was released on May 7, 2015 in Australia and New Zealand, and May 15 in the United States and Canada.[46]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: A still from the rehearsals for the film was revealed on May 16, 2014.[47] The poster was released on November 18, 2014 and the trailer came out the following day. A second trailer was aired during Super Bowl XLIX on February 1, 2015.[48]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Director Elizabeth Banks stated an additional performance by the Treblemakers was filmed specifically for the DVD release. Also included on the DVD will be deleted scenes.[49] On May 20, 2015, it was announced that FX Networks had acquired U.S. television broadcasting rights to the film.[50]

text: The Blu-ray and DVD editions of Pitch Perfect 2 were released on September 22, 2015 in the U.S.[51] with a Target-exclusive edition containing additional bonus features being released the same day.[52]  Pitch Perfect 2 was released on 4K UHD Blu-Ray on March 10, 2018.[53]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Pitch Perfect 2 grossed $184.2 million in North America and $103.2 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $287.5 million, against an estimated gross production budget of $29[2][4]-31 million, and the film was offered up to $8.9 million in production incentives and write-offs by the state of Louisiana.[3] In its first five days, the film surpassed the total gross of the original ($115.4 million), and also overtook School of Rock ($131.3 million) for the highest grossing musical-comedy of all-time and the second greatest musical debut ever (behind Beauty and the Beast's $174.8 million in 2017).[5] Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $139.6 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film.[54]

text: In the United States and Canada, Pitch Perfect 2 grossed $4.6 million from Thursday night showings and $27.8 million on its opening day, increasing the opening weekend projections from $40 million to $64 million.[55] In its opening weekend, the film grossed $69.2 million, finishing first at the box office.[56] The opening weekend gross was more than the entire North American total gross of the first film ($65 million), is the third biggest PG-13 comedy opening of all-time (behind The Simpsons Movie's $74 million in 2007 and Austin Powers in Goldmember's $73 million in 2002) and the highest grossing opening ever for a musical.[57]

text: Outside North America, the film opened at number one in Australia and New Zealand, earning $7.6 million and $1.2 million respectively.[58] The film grossed $22.1 million in Australia, $27.3 million in the United Kingdom and $2.7 million in New Zealand.[citation needed]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 65% based on 197 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Pitch Perfect 2 sings in sweet comedic harmony, even if it doesn't hit quite as many high notes as its predecessor."[59] On Metacritic, the film holds weighted average score of 63 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[60] In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[61]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Billboard Music Awards[edit]

text: 2016 Top Soundtrack (won)

text: Teen Choice Awards[edit]

text:
2015 Choice Movie: Comedy (won)
2015 Choice Movie Actor: Comedy (Skylar Astin, won)
2015 Choice Movie Actress: Comedy (Anna Kendrick, won)
2015 Choice Movie Actress: Comedy (Rebel Wilson, nominated)
2015 Choice Movie: Chemistry (Anna Kendrick and Brittany Snow, won)
2015 Choice Movie: Liplock (Rebel Wilson and Adam DeVine, nominated)
2015 Choice Movie: Hissy Fit (Anna Kendrick, won)
2015 Choice Movie: Scene Stealer (Adam DeVine, nominated)
2015 Choice Movie: Scene Stealer (Green Bay Packers, nominated)
2015 Choice Movie: Scene Stealer (Hailee Steinfeld, nominated)

text: People's Choice Awards[edit]

text:
Favorite Movie (lost to Furious 7)
Favorite Comedic Movie (won)
Favorite Comedic Movie Actress (Anna Kendrick, Rebel Wilson, both lost to Melissa McCarthy)

text: Kids Choice Awards[edit]

text:
Favorite Movie (lost to Star Wars: The Force Awakens)
Favorite Movie Actress (Anna Kendrick, Rebel Wilson, lost to Jennifer Lawrence)

text: MTV Movie Awards[edit]

text:
Best Female Performance (Anna Kendrick, nominated)
Best Comedic Performance (Rebel Wilson, nominated)
Best Kiss (Rebel Wilson and Adam DeVine, won)
Best Ensemble Cast (won)

text: Sequel[edit]

text: On April 11, 2015, a month before the release of the Pitch Perfect 2, it was announced that Rebel Wilson would return for a third film, although she stated that she did not know if Anna Kendrick or any of the other cast members would also be reprising their roles. She added that she would be "up for a Fat Amy spin-off," although nothing had yet been confirmed.[62] Director, star, and producer Elizabeth Banks acknowledged the possibility of a third film, saying, "I will say, it would be disingenuous to say that no one's talking about a Pitch Perfect 3; the possibility of it. We are really focused on getting as many butts in seats for this one. If fans embrace it, we are going to seriously think about what the continuing journey would look like, but we don’t know what that is yet".[63]

text: On June 10, 2015, a third film was officially confirmed, with Kay Cannon returning to write the script.[64] Several days later it was announced both Kendrick and Wilson would reprise their roles, and later Brittany Snow was also confirmed to return.[6] Banks returned to produce, but in June 2016 it was announced she would not be directing the film.[65]

text: The film was originally slated for a July 21, 2017 release, and was later pushed back to August 4, 2017 before moving back to the July 21 slot.[7] In May 2016 it was moved again, this time being pushed back to December 22, 2017.[66]