document_title: Economic effects of Brexit

question_text: what is the impact of brexit on the uk economy

text: Economic effects of Brexit

text: Contributions to the EU[edit]

text: Supporters of withdrawal argued that ending net contributions to the EU would allow for tax cuts or government spending increases.[6] On the basis of Treasury figures, in 2014 the United Kingdom's gross national contribution (ignoring the rebate) was £18.8 billion, about 1% of GDP, or £350 million a week. Because the UK receives (per capita) less EU spending than other member states, a rebate was negotiated; net of this rebate, the contribution was £14.4 billion, approximately 0.8% of GDP, or £275 million a week. If EU spending in Britain is also taken into account, the average net contribution for the next five years is estimated at about £8 billion a year, which is about 0.4% of national income, or £150 million per week.[7] The Institute for Fiscal Studies noted that the majority of forecasts of the impact of Brexit on the UK economy indicated that the government would have less money to spend even if it no longer had to pay into the EU.[8]

text: Single market[edit]

text: According to Paul Krugman, Brexiteers' assertions that leaving the single market and customs union might increase UK exports  to the rest of the world are wrong. He considers the costs of Brexit might be around 2 per cent of GDP.[9]

text: Effect on trade and the economy[edit]

text: Most economists, including the UK Treasury, argue that being in the EU has a strong positive effect on trade and as a result the UK's trade would be worse off if it left the EU.[10][11][12][13] Surveys of leading economists show overwhelming agreement that Brexit will likely reduce the UK's real per-capita income level.[1][2][3] A 2017 survey of existing academic literature found "the research literature displays a broad consensus that in the long run Brexit will make the United Kingdom poorer because it will create new barriers to trade, foreign direct investment, and immigration. However, there is substantial uncertainty over how large the effect will be, with plausible estimates of the cost ranging between 1 and 10 percent of the UK’s income per capita."[4] These estimates differ depending on whether the UK stays in the European Single Market (for instance, by joining the EEA), makes a free trade agreement with the EU, or reverts to the trade rules that govern relations between all World Trade Organization members.[4] Prior to the referendum, the UK treasury estimated that leaving the EU would be bad for the UK's trade.[5]

text: On 10 August the Institute for Fiscal Studies published a report funded by the Economic and Social Research Council which warned that Britain faced some very difficult choices as it couldn't retain the benefits of full EU membership whilst restricting EU migration. The IFS claimed the cost of reduced economic growth would cost the UK around £70 billion, more than the £8 billion savings in membership fees. It did not expect new trade deals to make up the difference.[14]

text: On 5 January 2017, Andy Haldane, the Chief Economist and the Executive Director of Monetary Analysis and Statistics at the Bank of England, said that the BoE's own forecast predicting an immediate economic downturn due to the referendum result was inaccurate and noted strong market performance immediately after the referendum,[15][16][17] although some have pointed to prices rising faster than wages.[18] Haldane said the forecast was only inaccurate in its near-term assessment, and that over time, Brexit would harm economic growth.[16] London School of Economics economist Thomas Sampson notes that it is hard to assess the impact that the transition process to Brexit will have.[19]

text: A report by the London School of Economics suggests that food prices, notably prices of dairy products could rise and food supplies could become less secure if Britain leaves the EU under WTO trading arrangements.[20]

text: Foreign direct investment[edit]

text: European experts from the World Pensions Council (WPC) and the University of Bath have argued that, beyond short-lived market volatility, the long term economic prospects of Britain remain high, notably in terms of country attractiveness and foreign direct investment (FDI): "Country risk experts we spoke to are confident the UK's economy will remain robust in the event of an exit from the EU. 'The economic attractiveness of Britain will not go down and a trade war with London is in no one's interest,' says M Nicolas Firzli, director-general of the World Pensions Council (WPC) and advisory board member for the World Bank Global Infrastructure Facility [...] Bruce Morley, lecturer in economics at the University of Bath, goes further to suggest that the long-term benefits to the UK of leaving the Union, such as less regulation and more control over Britain's trade policy, could outweigh the short-term uncertainty observed in the [country risk] scores."[21]

text: The mooted importance of the UK's membership of the EU as a lure for FDI has long been stressed by supporters of the UK's continued involvement in the EU. In this view, foreign firms see the UK as a gateway to other EU markets, with the UK economy benefiting from its resulting attractiveness as a location for activity. The UK is certainly a major recipient of FDI. In 2014, it held the second largest stock of inward investment in the world, amounting to just over £1 trillion or almost 7% of the global total. This was more than double the 3% accounted for by Germany and France. On a per capita basis, the UK is the clear front-runner among major economies with a stock of FDI around three times larger than the level in other major European economies and 50% larger than in the US.

text: Property market[edit]

text: The BBC reported on 28 April 2017 that property investment firm JLL (company) data shows Asian investors accounted for 28% of the transactions in the UK property market in 2016, up from the 17% the year before — indicating that Brexit is not dissuading Asian property investors. The BBC also cited Chinese international property portal Juwai.com, which reported a 60% increase in enquiries into UK property in the prior 12 months.[22]  Property firm CBRE Group said in January 2017 that Brexit has increased risk in UK property markets by creating new uncertainties.[23]

text: Stock markets and currencies[edit]

text: When the London Stock Exchange opened on Friday 24 June, the FTSE 100 fell from 6338.10 to 5806.13 in the first ten minutes of trading. It recovered to 6091.27 after a further 90 minutes before further recovering to 6162.97 by the end of the day's trading. This equated to a fall of 3% by the close of trading.[24] When the markets reopened the following Monday, the FTSE 100 showed a steady decline, losing over 2% by mid-afternoon.[25] Upon opening later on the Friday after the referendum, the US Dow Jones Industrial Average dropped nearly 450 points or about 2.5% in less than half an hour. The Associated Press called the sudden worldwide stock market decline a stock market crash.[26] Internationally, more than US$2 trillion of wealth in equities markets was wiped out in the highest one-day sell-off in recorded history, in absolute terms.[27][28] The stock market losses amounted to a total of 3 trillion US dollars by 27 June;[29] up to the same date, the FTSE 100 index had lost £85 billion.[30] Near the close of trading on 27 June, the domestically-focused FTSE 250 Index was down approximately 14% compared to the day before the referendum results were published.[31]

text: However, by 1 July the FTSE 100 had risen above pre-referendum levels, to a ten-month high. Taking the previous fall into account, this represented the index's largest single-week rise since 2011.[32] On 11 July, it officially entered bull market territory, having risen by more than 20% from its February low.[33] The FTSE 250 moved above its pre-referendum level on 27 July.[34] In the US, the S&P 500, a broader market than the Dow Jones, reached an all-time high on 11 July.[35]

text: On the morning of 24 June, the pound sterling fell to its lowest level against the US dollar since 1985,[36] marking the pound down 10% against the US dollar and 7% against the euro. The drop from $1.50 to $1.37 was the biggest move for the currency in any two-hour period in history.[37] The pound remained low, and on 8 July became the worst performing currency of the year, against 31 other major currencies, performing worse than the Argentine peso, the previous lowest currency.[38] By contrast, the pound's trade-weighted index is only back at levels seen in the period 2008–2013.[39][40][41]

text: The referendum result also had an immediate economic effect on a number of other countries. The South African rand experienced its largest single-day decline since 2008, dropping in value by over 8% against the US dollar.[42][43] Other countries negatively affected included Canada, whose stock exchange fell 1.70%,[44] Nigeria,[43] and Kenya.[43] This was partly due to a general global financial shift out of currencies seen as risky and into the US dollar, and partly due to concerns over how the UK's withdrawal from the EU would affect the economies and trade relations of countries with close economic links to the United Kingdom.[42][43]

text: However, by September 2016 British media had reported that ignoring so-called 'Project Fear' scaremongering had rewarded those shareholders who ignored the associated pessimism, after the FTSE250 broke all records in the months following the referendum.[45]

text: On 5 January 2017, Andy Haldane, the Chief Economist and the Executive Director of Monetary Analysis and Statistics at the Bank of England, admitted that forecasts predicting an economic downturn due to the referendum have so far been inaccurate and noted strong market performance since the referendum.[46][47][48]

text: Economy and business[edit]

text: On 27 June, Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne attempted to reassure financial markets that the UK economy was not in serious trouble. This came after media reports that a survey by the Institute of Directors suggested that two-thirds of businesses believed that the outcome of the referendum would produce negative results as well as falls in the value of sterling and the FTSE 100. Some British businesses had also predicted that investment cuts, hiring freezes and redundancies would be necessary to cope with the results of the referendum.[49] Osborne indicated that Britain was facing the future "from a position of strength" and there was no current need for an emergency Budget.[50] "No-one should doubt our resolve to maintain the fiscal stability we have delivered for this country .... And to companies, large and small, I would say this: the British economy is fundamentally strong, highly competitive and we are open for business."[51]

text: On 14 July Philip Hammond, Osborne's successor as Chancellor, told BBC News the referendum result had caused uncertainty for businesses, and that it was important to send "signals of reassurance" to encourage investment and spending. He also confirmed there would not be an emergency budget: "We will want to work closely with the governor of the Bank of England and others through the summer to prepare for the Autumn Statement, when we will signal and set out the plans for the economy going forward in what are very different circumstances that we now face, and then those plans will be implemented in the Budget in the spring in the usual way."[52]

text: It was expected that the weaker pound would also benefit aerospace and defence firms, pharmaceutical companies, and professional services companies; the share prices of these companies were boosted after the EU referendum.[53]

text: On 12 July, the global investment management company BlackRock predicted the UK would experience a recession in late 2016 or early 2017 as a result of the vote to leave the EU, and that economic growth would slow down for at least five years because of a reduction in investment.[54] On 18 July, the UK-based economic forecasting group EY ITEM club suggested the country would experience a "short shallow recession" as the economy suffered "severe confidence effects on spending and business"; it also cut its economic growth forecasts for the UK from 2.6% to 0.4% in 2017, and 2.4% to 1.4% for 2018. The group's chief economic adviser, Peter Soencer, also argued there would be more long-term implications, and that the UK "may have to adjust to a permanent reduction in the size of the economy, compared to the trend that seemed possible prior to the vote".[55] Senior City investor Richard Buxton also argued there would be a "mild recession".[56] On 19 July, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) reduced its 2017 economic growth forecast for the UK from 2.2% to 1.3%, but still expected Britain to be the second fastest growing economy in the G7 during 2016; the IMF also reduced its forecasts for world economic growth by 0.1% to 3.1% in 2016 and 3.4% in 2017, as a result of the referendum, which it said had "thrown a spanner in the works" of global recovery.[57]

text: On 20 July, a report released by the Bank of England said that although uncertainty had risen "markedly" since the referendum, it was yet to see evidence of a sharp economic decline as a consequence. However, around a third of contacts surveyed for the report expected there to be "some negative impact" over the following year.[58]

text: In September 2016, following three months of positive economic data after the referendum, commentators suggested that many of the negative statements and predictions promoted from within the "remain" camp had failed to materialise,[45] but by December, analysis began to show that Brexit was having an effect on inflation.[59]

text: Research by the 'Centre for European Reform'[clarification needed] suggests the UK economy is 2.5% smaller than it would have been if Remain had won the referendum. Public finances fell by £26bn a year. This amounts to £500m a week and is growing.  An estimate suggestsd Britain’s economy is 2.1% smaller than it would have been after the first quarter of 2018.[60]

text: Financial institutions[edit]

text: On the day after the referendum, Bank of England Governor Mark Carney told a press conference:[61]

text: The capital requirements of our largest banks are now 10 times higher than before the financial crisis. The Bank of England has stress-tested those banks against scenarios far more severe than our country currently faces. As a result of these actions UK banks have raised over a £130bn of new capital and now have more than £600bn of high quality liquid assets. That substantial capital and huge liquidity gives banks the flexibility they need to continue to lend to UK businesses and households even during challenging times.Moreover, as a backstop to support the functioning of the markets the Bank of England stands ready to provide more than £250bn of additional funds through its normal market operations. The Bank of England is also able to provide substantial liquidity in foreign currency if required. We expect institutions to draw on this funding if and when appropriate.It will take some time for the UK to establish a new relationship with Europe and the rest of the world. So some market and economic volatility can be expected as this process unfolds, but we are well prepared for this. Her Majesty's Treasury and the Bank of England have engaged in extensive contingency planning and the chancellor and I have remained in close contact including through the night and this morning. The Bank of England will not hesitate to take additional measure as required, as markets adjust.

text:
Nonetheless, share prices of the five largest British banks fell an average of 21% on the morning after the referendum.[62] Shares in many other non-UK banks also fell by more than 10%.[63] By the end of Friday's trading, both HSBC and Standard Chartered had fully recovered, while Lloyds, RBS Group and Barclays remained more than 10% down.[64]
All of the Big Three credit rating agencies reacted negatively to the vote: Standard & Poor's cut the UK credit rating from AAA to AA, Fitch Group cut from AA+ to AA, and Moody's cut the UK's outlook to "negative".[65]

text: To increase financial stability, on 5 July the Bank of England released £150 billion in lending by reducing the countercyclical capital buffers that banks are required to hold.[66]

text: Fears of a fall in commercial property values led investors to begin redeeming investments in property funds, prompting Standard Life to bar withdrawals on 4 July, and Aviva followed suit the next day.[67] Other investment companies including Henderson Group and M&G Investments cut the amount that investors cashing in their funds would receive.[67] In the following weeks, the suspension of redemptions by several companies was lifted, replaced by exit penalties, and the exit penalties were successively reduced.[68]

text: On 4 October 2016, the Financial Times assessed the potential effect of Brexit on banking. The City of London is world leading in financial services, especially in foreign exchange currency transactions, including euros.[69][70][71][72][73] This position is enabled by the EU-wide "passporting" agreement for financial products. Should the passporting agreement expire in the event of a Brexit, the British financial service industry might lose up to 35,000 of its 1 million jobs, and the Treasury might lose 5 billion pounds annually in tax revenue. Indirect effects could increase these numbers to 71,000 job losses and 10 billion pounds of tax annually. The latter would correspond to about 2% of annual British tax revenue.[74]

text: By July 2016 the Senate of Berlin had sent invitation letters encouraging UK-based start-ups to re-locate to Berlin.[75] According to Anthony Browne of the British Banking Association, many major and minor banks may relocate outside the UK.[76]

text: Asset management companies[edit]

text: But the situation may be different when it comes to the fund management industry, as British asset owners, notably UK pension funds, often constitute an incommensurate share of total turnover for German, French, Dutch and other Continental European asset managers.

text: This imbalance could potentially give Britain some negotiating leverage e.g. power of retorsion in case the EU attempts to impose an abrupt cancellation of the mutually-binding obligations and advantages pertaining to the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive 2004 ("fund passporting"). Research conducted by the World Pensions Council (WPC) shows that

text: “Assets owned by UK pension funds are more than 11 times bigger than those of all German and French pension funds put together […] If need be, at the first hint of threat to the City of London, Her Majesty’s Government should be in a position to respond very forcefully.”[77]

text: International Monetary Fund[edit]

text: In July 2016, the IMF released a report warning that "‘Brexit’ marks the materialisation of an important downside risk to global growth,"  and that considering the current uncertainty as to how the UK would leave the EU, there was "still very much unfolding, more negative outcomes are a distinct possibility".[78]  In September 2018 the IMF stated that Brexit would probably, "entail costs", but a disorderly leaving could result in, "a significantly worse outcome".  Christine Lagarde said, "Any deal will not be as good as the smooth process under which goods, services, people and capital move around between the EU and the UK without impediments and obstacles. Our projections assume a timely agreement with the EU on a broad free-trade pact and a relatively smooth Brexit process after that. A more disruptive departure will have a much worse outcome. Let me be clear: compared with today’s smooth single market, all the likely Brexit scenarios will have costs for the UK economy, and to a lesser extent for the EU as well. The larger the impediments to trade in the new relationship, the costlier it will be." Lagarde also said a "disorderly" or "crash" Brexit would have many results, including cuts to growth, a worsened deficit and depreciation of sterling, causing the size of the UK economy to be reduced.  She added, "The larger the impediments to trade in the new relationship, the costlier it will be." Lagarde was asked if she predicted any positives from Brexit, Lagarde said, "I see a lot of negatives. If all the uncertainties were removed it would be better. It is bad for the economy to have this amount of uncertainty."[79][80]

text: G20 finance ministers[edit]

text: Held in late July 2016 in Chengdu, China this summit of finance ministers of 20 major economies warned that the UK's planned departure from the European Union was adding to uncertainty in the global economy and urged that the UK should remain a "close partner" with the European Union to reduce turmoil. While the G20 agreed that other world factors, including terrorist acts, were creating problems, Brexit was at the forefront of their concerns.[78]

text: In interviews while attending the G20 Summit, Philip Hammond, the UK's recently appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, said the country would attempt to minimise uncertainty by explaining in the near future "more clearly the kind of arrangement we envisage going forward with the European Union". He emphasised that "the uncertainty will only end when the deal is done" but hoped that the UK and the EU would be able to announce some agreement by late 2016 as to how the exit would be staged. Hammond also reiterated previous Government comments indicating that steps would be taken to stimulate the economy including tax cuts or increased spending, though without specifics. The UK was also planning to increase bilateral trade with China, he told the BBC.  "Once we are out of the European Union then I have no doubt on both sides we will want to cement that relationship into a firmer structure in a bilateral way that's appropriate."[81]

text: Although he was not addressing only the UK's departure from the EU, Mark Carney, chair of the Financial Stability Board (and Governor of the Bank of England), sent a letter in late July 2016 to Finance Ministers attending the G20 Summit and to Central Bank Governors about the difficulties the global economy had weathered (including the effects of Brexit) and the steps the FSB was taking.[82] The letter indicated that the financial system had "continued to function effectively" in spite of the "spikes in uncertainty and risk aversion", confirming that "this resilience in the face of stress demonstrates the enduring benefits of G20 post-crisis reforms." He emphasised the value of specific reforms that had been implemented by the Financial Stability Board stating that these had "dampened aftershocks from these events [world crises] rather than amplifying them". He expressed confidence in the FSB's strategies: "This resilience in the face of stress demonstrates the enduring benefits of G20 post-crisis reforms."[81]


document_title: Conservation of mass

question_text: who stated the law of conservation of mass

root

text: Conservation of mass

text: Formulation and examples[edit]

text:
The law of conservation of mass can only be formulated in classical mechanics when the energy scales associated to an isolated system are much smaller than

m

c

2

{\displaystyle mc^{2}}

, where

m

{\displaystyle m}

 is the mass of a typical object in the system, measured in the frame of reference where the object is at rest, and

c

{\displaystyle c}

 is the speed of light.

tag: p

text: The law can be formulated mathematically in the fields of fluid mechanics and continuum mechanics, where the conservation of mass is usually expressed using the continuity equation, given in differential form as

text:
∂
ρ

∂
t

+
∇
⋅
(
ρ

v

)
=
0
,

{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial t}}+\nabla \cdot (\rho \mathbf {v} )=0,}

text:
where

ρ

{\textstyle \rho }

 is the density (mass per unit volume),

t

{\textstyle t}

 is the time,

∇
⋅

{\textstyle \nabla \cdot }

 is the divergence, and

v

{\textstyle \mathbf {v} }

 is the flow velocity field. The interpretation of the continuity equation for mass is the following: For a given closed surface in the system, the change in time of the mass enclosed by the surface is equal to the mass that traverses the surface, positive if matter goes in and negative if matter goes out. For the whole isolated system, this condition implies that the total mass

M

{\textstyle M}

, sum of the masses of all components in the system, does not change in time, i.e.

text:
d

M

d

t

=

d

d

t

∫
ρ

d

V
=
0

{\displaystyle {\frac {{\text{d}}M}{{\text{d}}t}}={\frac {\text{d}}{{\text{d}}t}}\int \rho {\text{d}}V=0}

,

text:
where

d

V

{\textstyle {\text{d}}V}

 is the differential that defines the integral over the whole volume of the system.

text: The continuity equation for the mass is part of Euler equations of fluid dynamics. Many other convection–diffusion equations describe the conservation and flow of mass and matter in a given system.

text: In chemistry, the calculation of the amount of reactant and products in a chemical reaction, or stoichiometry, is founded on the principle of conservation of mass. The principle implies that during a chemical reaction the total mass of the reactant is equal to the total mass of the products. For example, in the following reaction

text:
where one molecule of methane (CH
4) and two oxygen molecules O
2 are converted into one molecule of carbon dioxide (CO
2) and two of water (H
2O). The number of molecules as result from the reaction can be derived from the principle of conservation of mass, as initially four hydrogen atoms, 4 oxygen atoms and one carbon atom are present (as well as in the final state), then the number water molecules produced must be exactly two per molecule of carbon dioxide produced.

text: Many engineering problems are solved by following the mass distribution in time of a given system, this practice is known as mass balance.

text: History[edit]

text: An important idea in ancient Greek philosophy was that "Nothing comes from nothing", so that what exists now has always existed: no new matter can come into existence where there was none before. An explicit statement of this, along with the further principle that nothing can pass away into nothing, is found in Empedocles (approx. 4th century BC): "For it is impossible for anything to come to be from what is not, and it cannot be brought about or heard of that what is should be utterly destroyed."[4]

text: A further principle of conservation was stated by Epicurus around 3th cenutry BC, who, describing the nature of the Universe, wrote that "the totality of things was always such as it is now, and always will be".[5]

text: Jain philosophy, a non-creationist philosophy based on the teachings of Mahavira (6th century BC),[6] states that the universe and its constituents such as matter cannot be destroyed or created. The Jain text Tattvarthasutra (2nd century CE) states that a substance is permanent, but its modes are characterised by creation and destruction.[7] A principle of the conservation of matter was also stated by Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī (around 13th century CE). He wrote that "A body of matter cannot disappear completely. It only changes its form, condition, composition, color and other properties and turns into a different complex or elementary matter".[8]

text: Mass conservation in chemistry[edit]

text: By the 18th century the principle of conservation of mass during chemical reactions was widely used and was an important assumption during experiments, even before a definition was formally established[9], as can be seen in the works of Joseph Black, Henry Cavendish, and Jean Rey.[10]. The first to outline the principle was given by Mikhail Lomonosov in 1756. He demonstrated it by experiments and had discussed the principle before in 1774 in correspondence with Leonhard Euler, though his claim on the subject is sometimes challenged.[11] A more refined series of experiments were later carried out by Antoine Lavoisier who expressed his conclusion in 1773 and popularized the principle of conservation of mass. The demonstrations of the principle led alternatives theories obsolete, like the phlogiston theory that claimed that mass could be gained or lost in combustion and heat processes.

text: The conservation of mass was obscure for millennia because of the buoyancy effect of the Earth's atmosphere on the weight of gases. For example, a piece of wood weighs less after burning; this seemed to suggest that some of its mass disappears, or is transformed or lost. This was not disproved until careful experiments were performed in which chemical reactions such as rusting were allowed to take place in sealed glass ampoules; it was found that the chemical reaction did not change the weight of the sealed container and its contents. Weighing of gases using scales was not possible until the invention of the vacuum pump in 17th century.

text: Once understood, the conservation of mass was of great importance in progressing from alchemy to modern chemistry. Once early chemists realized that chemical substances never disappeared but were only transformed into other substances with the same weight, these scientists could for the first time embark on quantitative studies of the transformations of substances. The idea of mass conservation plus a surmise that certain "elemental substances" also could not be transformed into others by chemical reactions, in turn led to an understanding of chemical elements, as well as the idea that all chemical processes and transformations (such as burning and metabolic reactions) are reactions between invariant amounts or weights of these chemical elements.

text: Following the pioneering work of Lavoisier the prolonged and exhaustive experiments of Jean Stas supported the strict accuracy of this law in chemical reactions,[12] even though they were carried out with other intentions. His research[13][14] indicated that in certain reactions the loss or gain could not have been more than from 2 to 4 parts in 100,000.[15] The difference in the accuracy aimed at and attained by Lavoisier on the one hand, and by Morley and Stas on the other, is enormous.[16]

text: Modern physics[edit]

text: The law of conservation of mass was challenged with the advent of special relativity. In one of the Annus Mirabilis papers of Albert Einstein in 1905, he suggested an equivalence between mass and energy. This theory implied several assertions, like the idea that internal energy of a system could contribute to the mass of whole the system, or that mass could be converted into electromagnetic radiation. However, as Max Planck pointed out, a change in mass as a result of extraction or addition of chemical energy, as predicted by Einstein's theory, is so small that it could not be measured with the available instruments and could not be presented as a test to the special relativity. Einstein speculated that the energies associated with newly discovered radioactivity were significant enough, compared with the mass of systems producing them, to enable their mass-change to be measured, once the energy of the reaction had been removed from the system. This later indeed proved to be possible, although it was eventually to be the first artificial nuclear transmutation reaction in 1932, demonstrated by Cockcroft and Walton, that proved the first successful test of Einstein's theory regarding mass-loss with energy-loss.

text: The law conservation of mass and the analogous law of conservation of energy were finally overruled by a more general principle known as the mass–energy equivalence. Special relativity also redefines the concept of mass and energy, which can be used interchangeably and are relative to the frame of reference. Several definitions had to be defined for consistency like rest mass of a particle (mass in the rest frame of the particle) and relativistic mass (in another frame). The latter term is usually less frequently used. For more discussion, see Mass in special relativity.

text: Generalization[edit]

text: This article or section may contain misleading parts. Please help clarify this article according to any suggestions provided on the talk page.

tag: table

text: Special relativity[edit]

text: In special relativity, the conservation of mass does not apply if the system is open and energy escapes. However, it does continue to apply to totally closed (isolated) systems. If energy cannot escape a system, its mass cannot decrease. In relativity theory, so long as any type of energy is retained within a system, this energy exhibits mass.

text: Also, mass must be differentiated from matter (see below), since matter may not be perfectly conserved in isolated systems, even though mass is always conserved in such systems. However, matter is so nearly conserved in chemistry that violations of matter conservation were not measured until the nuclear age, and the assumption of matter conservation remains an important practical concept in most systems in chemistry and other studies that do not involve the high energies typical of radioactivity and nuclear reactions.

text: The mass associated with chemical amounts of energy is too small to measure[edit]

text: The change in mass of certain kinds of open systems where atoms or massive particles are not allowed to escape, but other types of energy (such as light or heat) are allowed to enter or escape, went unnoticed during the 19th century, because the change in mass associated with addition or loss of small quantities of thermal or radiant energy in chemical reactions is very small. (In theory, mass would not change at all for experiments conducted in isolated systems where heat and work were not allowed in or out.)

text: Mass conservation remains correct if energy is not lost[edit]

text: The conservation of relativistic mass implies the viewpoint of a single observer (or the view from a single inertial frame) since changing inertial frames may result in a change of the total energy (relativistic energy) for systems, and this quantity determines the relativistic mass.

text: The principle that the mass of a system of particles must be equal to the sum of their rest masses, even though true in classical physics, may be false in special relativity. The reason that rest masses cannot be simply added is that this does not take into account other forms of energy, such as kinetic and potential energy, and massless particles such as photons, all of which may (or may not) affect the total mass of systems.

text: For moving massive particles in a system, examining the rest masses of the various particles also amounts to introducing many different inertial observation frames (which is prohibited if total system energy and momentum are to be conserved), and also when in the rest frame of one particle, this procedure ignores the momenta of other particles, which affect the system mass if the other particles are in motion in this frame.

text: For the special type of mass called invariant mass, changing the inertial frame of observation for a whole closed system has no effect on the measure of invariant mass of the system, which remains both conserved and invariant (unchanging), even for different observers who view the entire system. Invariant mass is a system combination of energy and momentum, which is invariant for any observer, because in any inertial frame, the energies and momenta of the various particles always add to the same quantity (the momentum may be negative, so the addition amounts to a subtraction). The invariant mass is the relativistic mass of the system when viewed in the center of momentum frame. It is the minimum mass which a system may exhibit, as viewed from all possible inertial frames.

text: The conservation of both relativistic and invariant mass applies even to systems of particles created by pair production, where energy for new particles may come from kinetic energy of other particles, or from one or more photons as part of a system that includes other particles besides a photon. Again, neither the relativistic nor the invariant mass of totally closed (that is, isolated) systems changes when new particles are created. However, different inertial observers will disagree on the value of this conserved mass, if it is the relativistic mass (i.e., relativistic mass is conserved but not invariant). However, all observers agree on the value of the conserved mass if the mass being measured is the invariant mass (i.e., invariant mass is both conserved and invariant).

text:
The mass-energy equivalence formula gives a different prediction in non-isolated systems, since if energy is allowed to escape a system, both relativistic mass and invariant mass will escape also. In this case, the mass-energy equivalence formula predicts that the change in mass of a system is associated with the change in its energy due to energy being added or subtracted:

Δ
m
=
Δ
E

/

c

2

.

{\displaystyle \Delta m=\Delta E/c^{2}.}

 This form involving changes was the form in which this famous equation was originally presented by Einstein. In this sense, mass changes in any system are explained simply if the mass of the energy added or removed from the system, are taken into account.

text: The formula implies that bound systems have an invariant mass (rest mass for the system) less than the sum of their parts, if the binding energy has been allowed to escape the system after the system has been bound. This may happen by converting system potential energy into some other kind of active energy, such as kinetic energy or photons, which easily escape a bound system. The difference in system masses, called a mass defect, is a measure of the binding energy in bound systems – in other words, the energy needed to break the system apart. The greater the mass defect, the larger the binding energy. The binding energy (which itself has mass) must be released (as light or heat) when the parts combine to form the bound system, and this is the reason the mass of the bound system decreases when the energy leaves the system.[17] The total invariant mass is actually conserved, when the mass of the binding energy that has escaped, is taken into account.

text: General relativity[edit]

text: In general relativity, the total invariant mass of photons in an expanding volume of space will decrease, due to the red shift of such an expansions. The conservation of both mass and energy therefore depends on various corrections made to energy in the theory, due to the changing gravitational potential energy of such systems.


document_title: Gill (name)

question_text: where does the last name gill come from

question_tokens: where does the last name gill come from

text: Gill (name)

text: Gill may be a surname or given name, derived from a number of unrelated sources;

text:
in English, Gill may be a hypocorism of a number of given names, including Giles, Julian, William (Guillaume), Gillian, etc.
the Dutch form of the given namen Giles
in Northern English, Scots and Norwegian, it may be a topographic name, ultimately derived from Old Norse gil "ravine"; c.f. Lord Gill
as a surname, an anglicization of the Scottish or Irish patronymic McGill (or Mac Gille, Mac An Ghoill and variants)
in Hebrew, a masculine given name or byname meaning "joy, gladness" (feminine form Gilla)
in Punjabi, a common last name in Punjab.

tag: ul

text: People with the surname Gill[edit]

text:
A. A. Gill (1954–2016), British newspaper columnist and writer
Adrian Gill (1937–1986), Australian meteorologist and oceanographer
Alan Gill, English vocalist, guitarist and songwriter
Albert Gill (1879–1916), English Victoria Cross recipient
André Gill (1840–1885), French caricaturist
Andrew Gill (coach) (c. 1887–1947), American college sports coach
Andy Gill (born 1956), English musician (Gang of Four)
Anthony Gill, multiple people
Anton Gill (born 1948), English historian and novelist
Arie Gill-Glick (1930-2016), Israeli Olympic runner
Aurélien Gill (born 1933), Canadian senator
Basil Gill (1877–1955), English stage and film actor
Bob Gill, multiple people including:

Bob Gill (artist) (born 1931), American illustrator
Bob Gill (daredevil), American motorcycle stuntman

Brendan Gill (1914–1997), American journalist
Brian Gill, Lord Gill, Lord Justice Clerk of Scotland
Bryan Nash Gill (1961–2013), American artist
Gill (Buckinghamshire cricketer)
Charles Gill, multiple people including:

Charles-Ignace Gill (1844–1901), Canadian Member of Parliament
Charles Ignace Adélard Gill (1871–1918), Canadian painter and poet

Christopher Gill (born 1936), U.K. politician
Colin Gill (1892-1940), British artist
Conor Gill (born 1980), American professional lacrosse player
Craig Gill (born 1961), British musician (Inspiral Carpets)
David Gill, multiple people including:

Dave Gill, Canadian ice hockey coach
David Gill (astronomer) (1843–1914), British astronomer
David Gill (executive) (born 1957), as of 2006, the Chief Executive of Manchester United Football Club

Duane Gill, American professional wrestler
Eddie Gill (born 1978), American professional basketball player
Edmund Dwen Gill (1908-1986), Australian geologist, palaeontologist and museum curator
Eric Gill (1882–1940), artist, sculptor and typographer (creator of Gill Sans)
Ernest Gill (1877–1950), English cricketer and footballer
Eugene Gill (1898–1981), American college sports coach
Frank Gill (ornithologist) (born 1941), American ornithologist
George Gill, multiple people including:

George Reynolds Gill (1828–1904), English portrait painter
George Gill (cricketer) (1876–1937), English cricketer

Hal Gill (born 1975), American professional ice hockey player
Harry Pelling Gill (1855–1916) painter and art teacher in South Australia
Irving Gill (1870–1936), American architect
Jacquelyn Gill, American paleoecologist
James Gill, multiple people including:

James Gill (columnist), British-born columnist
James Gill (artist) (born 1934), American pop artist
James Gill (Irish cricketer) (1911–2000), Irish cricketer

JB Gill, English singer and farmer
Jocelyn Gill (1916-1984), American astronomer
Joe Gill (1919–2006), American comics writer
John Gill, multiple people, including:

John Gill (1898–1971), Irish trade unionist and Labour TD
John Gill (born 1937), mathematician and climber
John Gill (1697–1771), Calvinist theologian

Johnny Gill, multiple people, including:

Johnny Gill (born 1966), American R&B singer and songwriter

Juan Bautista Gill (1840–1877, President of Paraguay
Ken Gill, multiple people, including:

Ken Gill (1927–2009), British trade unionist
Ken Gill (bishop) (1932–2013), English Anglican bishop

Kendall Gill (born 1968), retired American professional basketball player
Kimveer Gill (1981–2006), Canadian shooter responsible for Dawson School shootings 2006
Lesley Gill, American anthropologist
Liam Gill (born 1992), Australian Rugby Union player
Libby Gill, American personal coach
MacDonald Gill (1884–1947), English artist
Madge Gill, (1882–1961), English artist
Margaret Gill (died 1864), first wife of American black actor Ira Frederick Aldridge
Michel Gill (born 1960), American actor
Moses Gill, (1734–1800), U.S. politician
Nicolas Gill (born 1972), Canadian judo competitor
Peter Gill, multiple people, including:

Peter Gill (VC) (1831–1868), Irish Victoria Cross recipient
Peter Gill (rugby league footballer) (born 1964), former Australian Rugby League player

Richard Gill, multiple people, including:

Richard T. Gill, opera singer and Harvard economics professor
Richard Gill (conductor) (born 1942), Australian conductor
Richard D. Gill (born 1951), Anglo-Dutch mathematician / mathematical-statistician

R. R. Rockingham Gill (born 1944), Welsh philosophy lecturer
Robin D. Gill (born 1951), American japanologist
Robin Gill, Canadian journalist
Samuel Thomas Gill, (1818–1880), early Australian colonial artist
Sarah Ann Gill (1795–1866), Barbadian folk hero
Slats Gill (1901–1966), American basketball and baseball coach
Steve Gill, American radio talk-show host
Terry Gill, British actor
Thea Gill (born 1970), Canadian actress
Theodore Nicholas Gill (1837–1914), American ichthyologist
Thomas Gill, multiple people including:

Thomas Gill (U.S. politician) (1922–2009), U.S. Democratic politician
Thomas Gill (footballer) (born 1965), retired Norwegian footballer
Thomas Harry Gill (1885–1955), British politician

Tim Gill (born 1953), American computer software entrepreneur and gay rights activist
Tom Gill (public servant) (1849–1923), Under-Treasurer in South Australia
Turner Gill (born 1962), American college football coach
Vince Gill (born 1957), American country singer–songwriter
William Henry Gill (1839–1923), Manx musical scholar
W. Walter Gill (1876–1963), Manx scholar, folklorist and poet

text: Gill (Punjabi origin)[edit]

text:
Asha Gill (born 1972), English model, writer and film director
Avtar Gill, Bollywood actor
Gaurav Gill, race and rally car driver
Gursimrat Singh Gill, Indian footballer
Kanwar Pal Singh Gill, former Director General of Police, Punjab
Kimveer Gill (1981–2006), Canadian shooter responsible for Dawson School shootings 2006
Kultar Gill, Canadian Mixed Martial Arts fighter
Lachhman Singh Gill, former Chief-minister of Punjab (India)
Neelam Gill, British model
Neena Gill, British MEP
Nia Gill (born 1948), American Democratic Party politician
Parm Gill (born 1974), Canadian Conservative politician
Parmjit Singh Gill (born 1966), British Liberal Democrat politician
Piara Singh Gill, nuclear physicist & professor
Priya Gill (born 1977), Bollywood actress
Raminder Gill, Ontario politician
Shubman Gill, Indian cricketer

text: Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gill (surname).

text: This page lists people with the surname Gill. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.

text: Surnames

text: All set index articles


document_title: Seven Dwarfs

question_text: what did the seven dwarfs do for a living

text: Seven Dwarfs

text: History[edit]

text: The Seven Dwarfs are a group of seven dwarfs that live in a tiny cottage and work in the nearby mines. Snow White happened upon their house after being told by the Huntsman to flee from the Queen's kingdom.

text: The Seven Dwarfs returned home and immediately noticed someone had sneaked in, because the house was cleaned. During their loud discussion, they discovered the sleeping Snow White. She woke up and explained to them what happened. The Dwarfs took pity on her, saying: "If you will keep house for us, and cook, make beds, wash, sew, and knit, and keep everything clean and orderly, then you can stay with us, and you shall have everything that you want." They warn her to be careful when alone at home, and to not let anyone in while they are delving in the mountains.

text: When the Queen disguised as an old peddler ties a colorful, silky bodice onto Snow White which causes her to faint, the Seven Dwarfs return just in time and Snow White revives when the Dwarfs loosen the lace. When the Queen dresses as a comb seller and gives Snow White a poisoned comb, the Seven Dwarfs save her again. The Queen then appears disguised as a farmer's wife and gives Snow White a poisoned apple, of which she takes a bite. This time, the Seven Dwarfs are unable to revive the girl, because they can't find the source of Snow White's poor health and, assuming that she is dead, they place her in a glass coffin. After some time has passed, a Prince traveling through the land sees Snow White where he strides to her coffin, and instantly falls in love with her upon being enchanted by her beauty. The Seven Dwarfs let him take the coffin, and as his servants carry the coffin away, they stumble on some roots and the piece of apple comes out of Snow White's throat, reviving her.

text: Names[edit]

text: The following is a list of names of the Seven Dwarfs from multiple versions of the Snow White story. There are many adaptations to the story of Snow White; including animation, film, books, plays, etc. This is a listing of the Seven Dwarfs names based on release date. The original Snow White story, written by the Brothers Grimm, did not feature names to any of the dwarfs. Snow White & the Huntsman and Once Upon a Time feature eight dwarfs, while the 1991 animated Snow White only featured six.

text: Other dwarfs[edit]

text:
The 80s sitcom The Charmings contained one of the dwarfs, whose name was Luther.
The TV series Once Upon a Time (2012) uses the same names as "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" (1937). There is also an 8th dwarf called Stealthy, and a 9th honorary dwarf called Tiny. Grumpy was initially called Dreamy. Tiny (The Honorary Dwarf) was actually a Giant in the series (Once Upon a Time) before being cursed by Cora (The Evil Queen's Mother) at which time, he became human sized.
The Six Dwarfs in Sesame Street Episode 279 consisted of Sparky, Snooky, Flakey, Drippy, and Sneaky.

In Episode 2787, the Seven Emotional Dwarfs are named Cheerful, Sad, Angry, Proud, Fearful, Lovey, and Surprised.
In Episode 18/10, the Seven Dwarfs were Clumsy, Vertigo, Gassy, Itchy, Smelly, Sensitive-Nose, and Hammy.

text: Popular culture[edit]

text: Disney Dwarfs[edit]

text:
Disney Dwarfs

Created by
DisneyToon Studios

Original work
Licensing spin-off of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937)

Films and television

Animated series
The 7D (2014–2016)

Miscellaneous

Theme park attractions
Seven Dwarfs Mine Train (2014–present)

text: A Disney version of the Seven Dwarfs, also called Disney Dwarfs as a potential Disney Consumer Products/DisneyToon Studios franchise, appeared in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the Seven Dwarfs in this are:

text:
Doc (voiced by Roy Atwell in the film, Jim Cummings in the Walt Disney World Attraction and the DVD bonus features, David Ogden Stiers in Kingdom Hearts: Birth by Sleep, Bill Farmer in The 7D) - The leader of the seven dwarfs, Doc wears glasses and often mixes up his words.
Dopey (vocal effects provided by Eddie Collins in the film, Dee Bradley Baker in The 7D) - Dopey is the only dwarf who does not have a beard. He is clumsy and mute, with Happy explaining that he has simply "never tried" to speak. He is like Gideon the Cat in Pinocchio and the title character as the circus elephant Dumbo.
Bashful (voiced by Scotty Mattraw in the film, Jeff Bennett in Kingdom Hearts: Birth by Sleep, Billy West in The 7D) - Bashful is very shy and sweet. He is also described as cute. He also has a rosy blushy face and a small shy smile.
Grumpy (voiced by Pinto Colvig in the film, Corey Burton in later projects, Maurice LaMarche in The 7D) - Grumpy initially disapproves of Snow White's presence in the dwarfs' home, but later warns her of the threat posed by the Queen and rushes to her aid upon realizing that she is in danger, leading the charge himself. He has the biggest nose of the dwarfs, and is frequently seen with one eye shut.
Sneezy (voiced by Billy Gilbert in the film, Bob Joles in House of Mouse, Scott Menville in The 7D) - Sneezy's name is earned by his extraordinarily powerful sneezes (caused by hay fever), which are seen blowing even the heaviest of objects across a room.
Sleepy (voiced by Pinto Colvig in the film, Bill Farmer in Kingdom Hearts: Birth by Sleep and later projects, Stephen Stanton in The 7D) - Sleepy is always tired and appears laconic in most situations.
Happy (voiced by Otis Harlan in the film, Kevin Schon in House of Mouse, James Arnold Taylor in Kingdom Hearts: Birth by Sleep, Stephen Stanton in later projects, Kevin Michael Richardson in The 7D) - Happy is the joyous dwarf and is usually portrayed laughing.

text: The Seven Dwarfs also appeared in House of Mouse, and Kingdom Hearts: Birth by Sleep.

text: In the early 2000s, DisneyToon Studios (DTS) joined Disney Consumer Products (DCP) as their internal Disney conglomerate video partner in developing the new Disney franchises. While DCP eyed other potential franchises, DisneyToon looked to the Seven Dwarfs for a male-centric franchise to counterbalance the female-centric Fairies. By 2005, The Seven Dwarfs computer-animated sequel to Snow White was officially underway. Paul and Gaëtan Brizzi was one team that was given an attempt at a movie pitch, which was to follow the Dwarfs in which they trap the villain in the magic mirror and setting it up for Snow White movie. Given the possible demand, Buena Vista Games brought in Obsidian Entertainment, a game developer, who pitched a video game focusing on the Dwarfs' similar ancestors. DTS executives were not feeling that the two franchise launching projects were coming together well enough that they turned to Mike Disa, who worked on the Tinker Bell movie story. Disa and Evan Spiliotopoulos pitched a Lord of the Rings-style epic for the dwarfs while "connecting seamlessly" with the original movie, which was given permission to move forward. With interfering managers wanting a tragic back story for Dopey, Disa decided that he could not go forward. Walt Disney Animation Studios chief creative officer John Lasseter about two month later ended production on the film.[3]

text: The 7D is an American animated television series produced by Disney Television Animation franchise based on Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. This series is the first Walt Disney Animation Studios classic series. The TV series details the 7D working for Queen Delightful where they protect Jollywood from the Glooms and other threats.[3]

text: The Seven Dwarfs were given a new theme park attraction called the Seven Dwarfs Mine Train coaster.[3]

text: In Descendants and Descendants 2, Dopey is shown to have a son named Doug (portrayed by Zachary Gibson) who can talk and becomes smitten by Evil Queen's daughter Evie. In the Descendants novel The Isle of the Lost, Doc is shown to be sympathetic towards the Goblins that operate on the Isle of the Lost's Goblin Wharf where they want amnesty for their involvement with Maleficent.

text: Sesame Street[edit]

text: In Sesame Street, there were different versions of the Seven Dwarfs where each of them was made from an Anything Muppets.

text:
The Six Dwarfs seen in Episode 279 consisted of Sparky (performed by Jerry Nelson), Snooky (performed by Jerry Nelson), Pokey (performed by Jim Henson), Flakey (performed by Jim Henson), Drippy (performed by Jerry Nelson), and Sneaky (performed by Jim Henson). Snow White visited their house instead of the Seven Dwarfs by mistake and was able to see the difference.
In a Sesame Street News Flash that was seen in Episode 2787, the Seven Emotional Dwarfs appear where they were interviewed by Kermit the Frog. Their names are Cheerful (performed by Richard Hunt), Sad (performed by Kevin Clash), Angry (performed by Jerry Nelson), Proud (performed by Martin P. Robinson), Fearful (performed by David Rudman), Lovey (performed by James Kroupa), and Surprised (performed by Jim Martin).
In Episode 18/10, the Seven Dwarfs appear opposite of Snow White (played by Amy Sedaris). The Seven Dwarfs consist of Clumsy (performed by Joey Mazzarino), Vertigo (performed by Fran Brill), Gassy (performed by Matt Vogel), Itchy (performed by Carmen Osbahr), Smelly (performed by Martin P. Robinson), Sensitive-Nose (performed by Ryan Dillon), and Hammy (performed by Eric Jacobson).

text: Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics[edit]

text: In the "Snow White" episode of Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics, the Seven Dwarfs are named Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, and Saturday and are shown to be allied with a pack of wolves.

text: Happily Ever After[edit]

text: In Happily Ever After, it was mentioned that the Seven Dwarfs have opened up a mine in the next kingdom. In their place is the Seven Dwarfelles who have received a power based on nature to help out their boss Mother Nature.

text: The Dwarfelles consisted of:

text:
Muddy (voiced by Carol Channing) - A Dwarfelle who has power over the earth, and as such performs such tricks as causing minor tremors and such. She feels most comfortable playing in the mud.
Sunburn (voiced by Sally Kellerman) - A Dwarfelle who has power over sunlight, and is able to focus sun rays in any area and to whatever extremity she so wishes. She uses her power in the film to clear away clouds and summon down a beam of light to illuminate a dark cave. She has a New Yorker accent and attitude and her catchphrase is "This really BURNS me up!".
Blossom (voiced by Zsa Zsa Gabor) - A Dwarfelle who has power over plants and flowers, and is seen throughout the animation zapping the ground and having flowers spring up. It becomes apparent that her flora powers are less effective if the area is less natural or adaptable, as in the Realm of Doom. Blossom is very reminiscent of her voice actress with Gabor's mannerisms, penchant for the beautiful and fashionable, and even her signature accent.
Marina (voiced by Linda Gary) - A Dwarfelle who has power over all lakes and rivers, but the only example of her powers in the film is being able to breathe underwater. Marina carries herself as a gentlewoman and has a British accent.
Critterina (voiced by Linda Gary) - A Dwarfelle who has power of all animals who are created by Mother Nature. She is able to communicate with all animals, regardless of their creators, but does not have control over animals who are not Mother Nature's work like Lord Maliss' one-horned wolves. It should be noted that while the others Dwarfelles are human in appearance, Critterina looks anthropomorphic. She aptly has a cowgirl mentality and a Texan accent.
Moonbeam (voiced by Tracey Ullman) - A Dwarfelle is never seen using her powers, but has the distinct characteristic of being in a deep slumber and sleepwalking in the day, and only awaking at night.
Thunderella (voiced by Tracey Ullman) - The seventh and youngest Dwarfelle, and is considered the 'black sheep' of the seven because of her inability to control her powers. She has power over weather, and always seems to mess her attempts at creating storms. She ends up saving the day by hitting Lord Maliss with a bolt of lightning she creates from her fingertip.

text: The Dwarfelles helped Snow White on her quest to rescue the Prince from the Queen's sorcerer brother Lord Maliss.

text: Shrek[edit]

text: The Seven Dwarfs appear in the Shrek series.

text: In Shrek, the Seven Dwarfs appear in the first film carrying Snow White's coffin. When they place the coffin on the table, Shrek says "Oh no! Dead broad off the table!" One of the Dwarfs says "Where else are we supposed to put it? The bed's already been taken." Shrek promptly finds the Big Bad Wolf in his bed.

text: They are seen again at the start of Shrek 2, giving Shrek a ring engraved with "I love you" in flaming letters for Fiona (in an allusion to the One Ring from The Lord of the Rings).

text: In Shrek the Third, one of them is given to Fiona as a wedding present (as a babysitter) from Snow White who says she has six more at home.

text: The Seven Dwarfs are seen at the end of Scared Shrekless when Shrek and Fiona celebrate by egging them.

text: Mirror Mirror[edit]

text: In Mirror Mirror, the Seven Dwarfs work as Highwaymen and rob from anyone that comes down their way by wearing boots with retractable stilts that make them look taller. The Seven Dwarfs consist of:

text:
Will Grimm (played by Danny Woodburn) - The leader of the Seven Dwarfs. He is named after the Brothers Grimm.
Butcher (played by Martin Klebba) - A Dwarf that used to work as a butcher.
Wolf (played by Sebastian Saraceno) - A Dwarf in a wolf cape.
Napoleon (played by Jordan Prentice) - A Dwarf that wears a hat similar to Napoleon Bonaparte.
Half Pint (played by Mark Povinelli) - A Dwarf who has a crush on Snow White.
Grub (played by Joe Gnoffo) - A Dwarf who is always eating.
Chuck (played by Ronald Lee Clark) - A Dwarf who chuckles a lot.

text: The Seven Dwarfs help Snow White to form a resistance against Queen Clementianna.

text: Princesses[edit]

text: In the Princesses series by Jim C. Hines, the dwarfs are actually anthropomorphic elemental personifications, summoned by Snow to aid her based on a spell from one of her mother's books. The seven dwarfs represent Earth, Air, Fire, Water, Light, Shadow, and Magic, although the 'Magic' dwarf is essentially a spirit that just inhabits Snow and enhances her power rather than appearing on its own, with the others appearing in some form to represent their element. Although powerful fighters that will serve Snow loyally, the consequences of summoning them is that Snow must 'pay' the spirits with seven years of her life, with the result that she appears to be in her mid-thirties when she is really only in her early twenties. As a result, she has only summoned the dwarves twice, initially calling on their aid to help her defeat her mother before the series began, and summoning them again to help her and her allies defeat her mother's spirit in the first book in the series (she contemplated summoning them against to deal with the ruthless Wild Hunt in Red Riding's Revenge, but was advised against it as the spiritual nature of the hunt meant that nobody could be sure if the dwarves could do anything against them).

text: Snow White and the Huntsman[edit]

text: In Snow White and the Huntsman, the Seven Dwarfs started out as eight dwarfs when they are encountered by Snow White and Eric the Huntsman while fleeing Queen Ravenna. The Seven Dwarfs are:

text:
Beith (played by Ian McShane) - The leader of the Seven Dwarfs. His name is the name of the first letter ("B") in the Ogham alphabet.
Muir (played by Bob Hoskins) - The blind elder dwarf who possesses the powers of premonition and is the father of Quert. His name echoes muin, the name of "M" in the Ogham alphabet.
Quert (played by Johnny Harris) - The son of Muir. His name echoes ceirt, the name of "Q" in the Ogham alphabet.
Coll (played by Toby Jones) - The brother of Duir. His name is the name of "C" in the Ogham alphabet.
Duir (played by Eddie Marsan) - The brother of Coll. His name is the name of "D" in the Ogham alphabet.
Gort (played by Ray Winstone) - An ill-tempered dwarf. His name is the name of "G" in the Ogham alphabet.
Nion (played by Nick Frost) - Beith's right-hand dwarf. His name is the name of "N" in the Ogham alphabet (sometimes given as nuin).
Gus (played by Brian Gleeson) - A dwarf who develops a bond with Snow White. He is killed during an attack by Queen Ravenna's men where he sacrifices his life to protect Snow White. His name doesn’t correspond to an Ogham letter.

text: The Dwarfs were played by actors without dwarfism who had their faces digitally transmuted onto small bodies, prompting a protest from the Little People of America.[4]

text: Once Upon a Time[edit]

text: In Once Upon a Time, the Seven Dwarfs (who started out as eight) are on the side of Snow White and go by their Disney names.

text:
Grumpy (played by Lee Arenberg) is one of eight Dwarf brothers who hatched from their eggs at the same time. Like all dwarfs, he is immediately sent to work in the mines and is given an ax, which names him Dreamy. Because his egg was accidentally sprinkled with fairy dust by the fairy Nova, he dreams about her and falls in love with her. Later, he meets her and the pair make plans to buy a boat and see the world. However, the Blue Fairy tells him that if he and Nova run away together, she will lose her wings and she will never be truly happy. To prevent this, Dreamy ends their relationship and breaks her heart. He returns to the mines the next day and breaks his ax mining; when he is given another, it renames him Grumpy. He is later caught possessing a stolen diamond, which he did not know was stolen, and is seen in King George's dungeon in a cell next to Snow White's. He is freed by Stealthy, one of his brothers, and he in turn frees Snow. As he and Stealthy escape, they are discovered by George and his guards and Stealthy is killed. Before the guards can kill Grumpy, Snow goes with George in exchange for Grumpy's life. Grumpy and the remaining six dwarfs run into Snow outside the castle. Grumpy tells her that she must live with the pain of a lost love to grow as a person and does not allow her to drink a potion that makes her forget about her love for Prince James. The seven dwarfs then allow her to live with them. Later, Grumpy goes to tell her that James called off his wedding, but he discovers that she drank the potion. He and his brothers try to confront Snow about her new, mean-spirited behavior, but they drive her to try and kill the Evil Queen instead. He takes her to see Rumplestiltskin, who gave her the potion, but he advises her on the best way to kill the Queen instead. Eventually, Snow regains her memory and apologizes to the dwarfs for her behavior. She decides to rescue James, who was captured by George, and Grumpy and his brothers go with her. Grumpy is later seen discussing the best course of action against the Evil Queen and her curse, calling for war. He is also seen as a guard looking out for the curse in a watchtower of Snow's and James's castle. In Storybrooke, he is Leroy, a janitor at the hospital and the "town drunk." He, like the rest of Storybrooke, is hostile toward Mary Margaret, who is Snow White, after learning about her affair with David Nolan, who is Prince James. He meets Sister Astrid, who is Nova, and decides to help Mary Margaret sell candles for the nunnery and raise money for the nunnery's rent so that he can be near Astrid. When he and Mary Margaret fail to sell enough candles, he lies about the number they sold because he is unable to disappoint Astrid. He tries to sell his boat to Mr. Gold in the hopes that he will forgive the rent. Mr. Gold refuses. Astrid later learns about the candles and is upset that he lied. That night, Leroy causes a blackout, forcing the residents to buy candles. The candles sell out and the nunnery is able to pay its rent. Leroy then offers the grateful Astrid the opportunity to be the first passenger on his boat. Leroy's memories as Grumpy are restored when the curse is broken, and he hugs Snow when he next sees her. He wishes for Regina to be killed by the mob led by Dr. Whale, though he decides against it at Snow's insistence. He unites the Dwarfs together and they begin to mine for fairy dust again.
Sleepy (played by Faustino Di Bauda) - Sleepy is a sleepy dwarf who is one of the Seven Dwarfs. In Storybrooke, he is Walter, a security guard that works at Storybrooke Hospital who occasionally dozes off on the job.
Sneezy (played by Gabe Khouth) - Sneezy is a dwarf who often sneezes and is one of the Seven Dwarfs. In Storybrooke, he is Tom Clark, the owner of the Dark Star pharmacy where several characters are seen purchasing different products throughout the show. In Season 2, Sneezy joined the other dwarfs in an experiment that involved why the fairy tale characters can't leave Storybrooke. Upon drawing the shortest straw, Sneezy crossed the border out of Storybrooke and lost his memories of his past life in Fairy Tale Land once again.
Doc (played by David Paul Grove) - Doc is a dwarf who is one of the Seven Dwarfs. In Storybrooke, he still has his name but his occupation is unknown.
Bashful (played by Mig Micario) - Bashful is a dwarf who is one of the Seven Dwarfs. In Storybrooke, his human form is not named.
Dopey (played by Jeffrey Kaiser) - Dopey is a dwarf who is one of the Seven Dwarfs and has never spoken. In Storybrooke, his human form is not named.
Happy (played by Michael Coleman) - Happy is a dwarf who is one of the Seven Dwarfs. In Storybrooke, his human form is not named.

text: There were some other dwarfs that were associated with the Seven Dwarfs:

text:
Stealthy (played by Geoff Gustafson) was a dwarf who used to be part of the Seven Dwarfs' group. He received his name from his axe like the other dwarfs because of his skillful infiltration abilities. He once tried to break Grumpy and Snow White out of his prison cell in King George's castle, but was killed during their escape. Grumpy would later comment, "I miss Stealthy", when trying to sneak into an enemy lair. He later ended up in the Underworld and after Henry gives him his unfinished business being his resentment towards Bashful he is able to move and ask Henry to tell his brother he misses them. In the Wish Realm, Stealthy is seen to be alive after Queen Snow and King David defeated the Evil Queen.
Bossy (played by Ken Kramer) is a dwarf who is also the leader of the other dwarfs.
Watchy (played by Richard Ian Cox) is a dwarf who watches over the dwarf eggs until they hatch.

text: RWBY[edit]

text: In the American cartoon RWBY, the Seven Dwarfs are represented by Klein Sieben (translated as "Little Seven"). Seiben, voiced by J. Michael Tatum, possesses the ability to alter his eye color and personality at will; each personality resembles the personality of one of the Seven Dwarfs. Seiben serves as the butler of a large estate belonging to Jacques Schnee, CEO of the Schnee Dust Company in the kingdom of Atlas. Seiben's loyalty, however, lies with Jacques's daughter Weiss, whose likeness is based on Snow White herself.


document_title: The Presidential Agent series

question_text: web griffin by order of the president series

text: The Presidential Agent series

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Presidential Agent series was written by military author, W. E. B. Griffin. The series consists so far of eight novels, By Order of the President, The Hostage, The Hunters, The Shooters, Black Ops, The Outlaws, Covert Warriors, and Hazardous Duty. Like the rest of his novels, Griffin uses military time, along with the address of the place, and the chapter titles are never started on a separate page. The series is the author's latest.

text: The main character, Carlos Guillermo Castillo, first appears as an Army major and is later promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel. Carlos is also known as Karl Wilhelm von und zu Gossinger. The reason for the double name stems from his parentage. His father, U.S. Army Warrant Officer Junior Grade Jorge Alejandro Castillo, had a one-night stand with Carlos' mother. His mother, Erika von und zu Gossinger, never saw Jorge again as he died shortly thereafter, flying "his fifty-second rescue mission, picking up downed chopper crews, when he was hit and his Huey blew up." [1] Jorge Castillo was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. This allows Carlos to be admitted to West Point, which begins his Army career.

text: Erika raised Karl Wilhelm with the help of her father and brother, in das Haus im Wald (the House in the Woods) until they both died in an automobile accident on the Autobahn, leaving her to raise the boy alone. When Karl Wilhelm is the age of 12 his mother contracts fatal pancreatic cancer. She enlists the help of the then Major Naylor, who is stationed in Germany and was friends with her father, to find the boy's father. Naylor does some research into the father and finds out that not only is he dead but he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. He flies to San Antonio and shows Karl's paternal grandmother, Doña Alicia Castillo a photograph of Karl. Upon seeing the photo she says that the boy has "Jorge's eyes" and immediately goes to Germany. Doña Alicia says that she and her husband, Don Juan Fernando Castillo, will take care of Karl when Erika herself dies of cancer.[2] Karl is 12 and an orphan, but he goes from one rich, but loving, home to another and will gain a cousin, Fernando Lopez, who will become like a brother to him.

text: Castillo, known to his friends as Charley, admits to being confused about who he is at times. There is good reason for this. Not only do his family members leave him a proud legacy of elite Texican/Germanic heritage, they also give him a grounding in English, Spanish, German, Russian, Hungarian and a couple of others. He is an Army aviator, holds credentials for the Secret Service and an Executive Assistant to the Secretary of Homeland Security.[3] Because of his interesting background, Castillo comes to the attention of the President, who decides to use him as a single-source information funnel for intelligence matters, "to serve as sort of a check on the investigations of the various agencies involved...What I'd like to know is what did they know and when did they know it?"[4]

text: The series has become one of Griffin's most popular.

text: Griffin's son, William E. Butterworth, is listed on Griffin's website as co-authoring The Outlaws, Covert Warriors, and Hazardous Duty.[5]

text: Novels In The Series[edit]

text:
By Order of the President (2005), possibly based on the 2003 Boeing 727-223 disappearance.
The Hostage: A Presidential Agent Novel (2006)
The Hunters: A Presidential Agent Novel (2007)
The Shooters: A Presidential Agent Novel (2008)
Black Ops:A Presidential Agent Novel (2009).  This novel claims as a plot point that all subsequent Russian secret police agencies such as the SVR are descendants of the Oprichniki.
The Outlaws: A Presidential Agent Novel (2010), ISBN 0-399-15683-6
Covert Warriors: A Presidential Agent Novel (2011), ISBN 0399157808, ISBN 978-0399157806
Hazardous Duty: A Presidential Agent Novel (2013)


document_title: Premier League records and statistics

question_text: who has scored the most own goals in premier league history

text: Premier League records and statistics

text: League records[edit]

text: Titles[edit]

text:
Most titles: 13, Manchester United[1]
Most consecutive title wins: 3, Manchester United twice (1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01 and 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09)[1]
Biggest title-winning margin: 18 points, 1999–2000; Manchester United (91 points) over Arsenal (73 points)[2]
Smallest title-winning margin: 0 points and 8 goal difference – 2011–12; Manchester City (+64) over Manchester United (+56). Both finished on 89 points, but Manchester City won the title with a superior goal difference, the only time that goal difference has determined the Premier League.[3]

text: Wins[edit]

text:
Most wins in a season (38 games): 30, Chelsea (2016–17)[4]
Fewest wins in a season (38 games): 1, Derby County (2007–08)[5]
Fewest home wins in a season (19 games): 1, joint record:[5]

Sunderland (2005–06)
Derby County (2007–08)

Most home wins in a season (19 games): 18, joint record:[6]

Chelsea (2005–06)
Manchester United (2010–11)
Manchester City (2011–12)[7]

Most away wins in a season (19 games): 15, Chelsea (2004–05)[8]
Fewest away wins in a season (19/21 games): 0, joint record:[5][9][10]

Leeds United (1992–93)
Coventry City (1999–2000)
Wolverhampton Wanderers (2003–04)
Norwich City (2004–05)
Derby County (2007–08)
Hull City (2009–10)

Most consecutive wins: 14, Arsenal (between 10 February 2002 and 24 August 2002)[5][11][12]
Most consecutive wins in a season (38 games): 13, joint record:[13]

Arsenal (2001–02)
Chelsea (2016–17)

Most consecutive games without a win: 32, Derby County (2007–08)[5]
Most consecutive games without a win from beginning of season: 16, Queens Park Rangers (between 18 August 2012 and 8 December 2012)[14]
Most consecutive home wins: 20, Manchester City (between 5 March 2011 and 21 March 2012)[15]
Most consecutive away wins: 11, Chelsea (between 6 April 2008 and 7 December 2008)[16]

text: Losses[edit]

text:
Fewest losses in a season (38 games): 0, Arsenal (2003–04)[17]
Longest unbeaten run: 49 games, Arsenal (7 May 2003 – 24 October 2004)[18]
Most losses in total: 336, Everton[19]
Fewest home losses in a season (19 games): 0, joint record:

Manchester United (1995–96, 1999–2000, 2010–11)[20][21][22]
Arsenal (1998–99, 2003–04, 2007–08) [23][24][25]
Chelsea (2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2014–15)[25][26][27][28][29]
Liverpool (2008–09)[30]
Manchester City (2011–12)[7]
Tottenham Hotspur (2016–17)

Most consecutive losses over more than one season (38 games): 20, Sunderland (2002–03, 2005–06)[31]
Fewest away losses in a season (19 games): 0, Arsenal (2001–02, 2003–04)[24][32]
Most consecutive home games undefeated: 86, Chelsea (20 March 2004 – 26 October 2008)[33]
Most consecutive away games undefeated: 27, Arsenal (5 April 2003 – 25 September 2004)[34]

text: Draws[edit]

text:
Most draws in a season (42 games): 18 – joint record:

Manchester City (1993–94)[35]
Sheffield United (1993–94)[35]
Southampton (1994–95)[35]

Most draws in a season (38 games): 17 – joint record:

Newcastle United (2003–04)[35]
Aston Villa (2006–07 & 2011–12)[35]
Sunderland (2014–15)[35]

Most home draws in a season: 10 – joint record:

Sheffield Wednesday (1996–97)[35]
Leicester City (1997–98 & 2003–04)[35]
Manchester United (2016–17)[35]

Most away draws in a season: 10, Newcastle United (2003–04)[35]
Fewest draws in a season: 3, Chelsea (1997–98 & 2016–17)[35]
Fewest home draws in a season: 0 – joint record:

Manchester City (2008–09)[35]
Manchester United (2012–13)[35]
Chelsea (2016–17)[35]

Fewest away draws in a season: 1 – joint record:

Bolton Wanderers (1995–96)[35]
Queens Park Rangers (1995–96 & 2014–15)[35]
Barnsley (1997–98)[35]
Chelsea (1997–98)[35]
Bradford City (1999–2000)[35]
Everton (2000–01)[35]
Ipswich Town (2000–01)[35]
Portsmouth (2005–06 & 2007–08)[35]
Burnley (2009–10)[35]
Liverpool (2011–12)[35]
Newcastle United (2013–14)[35]
Queens Park Rangers (2014–15)[35]

Most consecutive draws: 7 – joint record:

Norwich City (1993–94)[35]
Southampton (1994–95)[35]
Manchester City (2009–10)[35]

Most draws in total: 277, Everton[19]

text: Attendances[edit]

text:
Highest attendance, single game: 76,069 Manchester United v. Blackburn Rovers (at Old Trafford, 31 March 2007)[36]
Lowest attendance, single game: 3,039, Wimbledon v. Everton (at Selhurst Park, 26 January 1993)[36][37]

text: Goals[edit]

text:
Most goals scored in a season: 103, Chelsea (2009–10)[38]
Fewest goals scored in a season: 20, Derby County (2007–08)[39]
Most goals conceded in a season (42 games): 100, Swindon Town (1993–94)[40]
Most goals conceded in a season (38 games): 89, Derby County (2007–08)[41]
Fewest goals conceded in a season: 15, Chelsea (2004–05)[42]
Best goal difference in a season: 71, Chelsea (2009–10)[42]
Most goals scored in a season by a relegated team: 55, Blackpool (2010–11)[43]
Most goals scored at home in a season: 68, Chelsea (2009–10)[42]
Fewest goals scored at home in a season: 10, Manchester City (2006–07)[44]
Most goals conceded at home in a season (21 games): 45, Swindon Town (1993–94)[45]
Most goals conceded at home in a season (19 games): 43

Derby County (2007–08)[45]
Wolverhampton Wanderers (2011–12)[45]

Fewest goals conceded at home in a season (21 games or 19 games): 4, Manchester United (1994–95)[45]
Most goals scored away in a season: 48, Liverpool (2013–14)[45]
Fewest goals scored away in a season: 8

Middlesbrough (1995–96)[45]
Southampton (1998–99)[45]
Sheffield United (2006–07)[45]
Derby County (2007–08)[45]

Most goals conceded away in a season (21 games): 59, Ipswich Town (1994–95)[45]
Most goals conceded away in a season (19 games): 55, Wigan Athletic (2009–10)[45]
Fewest goals conceded away in a season: 9, Chelsea (2004–05)[45]
Fewest failures to score in a match in a season: 0 (scored in every game), Arsenal (2001–02)[46]
Most goals scored in total: 1,856, Manchester United[19]
Most goals conceded in total: 1,231, Tottenham Hotspur[19]
Largest goal deficit overcome to win: 3

Leeds United 4–3 Derby County (8 November 1997)[47]
West Ham United 3–4 Wimbledon (9 September 1998)[48]
Tottenham Hotspur 3–5 Manchester United (29 September 2001)[49]
Wolverhampton Wanderers 4–3 Leicester City (25 October 2003)[50]

Largest goal deficit overcome to draw: 4, Newcastle United 4–4 Arsenal (5 February 2011)[51]

text: Points[edit]

text:
Most points in a season: 95, Chelsea (2004–05)[52]
Fewest points in a season: 11, Derby County (2007–08)[53]
Most points in a season without winning the league: 89, Manchester United (2011–12)[54]
Fewest points in a season while winning the league: 75, Manchester United (1996–97)[55]
Most points in a season while being relegated:

42 games: 49, Crystal Palace (1992–93)[56]
38 games: 42, West Ham United (2002–03)[56]

Fewest points in a season while surviving relegation: 34, West Bromwich Albion (2004–05)[57]

text: Player records[edit]

text: Appearances[edit]

text:
Most Premier League appearances: 633, Gareth Barry (2 May 1998 to 25 September 2017)[58]
Oldest player: John Burridge, 43 years and 162 days (for Manchester City v. Queens Park Rangers, 14 May 1995)[59]
Youngest player: Matthew Briggs, 16 years and 65 days (for Fulham v. Middlesbrough, 13 May 2007)[60]
Most consecutive Premier League appearances: 310, Brad Friedel (14 August 2004 until 7 October 2012)[61]
Most seasons appeared in: 22, Ryan Giggs (every season from 1992–93 to 2013–14)[62]

text: Goals[edit]

text:
First Premier League goal: Brian Deane (for Sheffield United v. Manchester United, 15 August 1992)[63]
Most Premier League goals: Alan Shearer (260)[64]

text:
Most goals scored away from home: Wayne Rooney (91)[citation needed]
Most Premier League goals at one club: Wayne Rooney (183, for Manchester United)[65]
Oldest goalscorer: Teddy Sheringham, 40 years and 268 days (for West Ham United v. Portsmouth, 26 December 2006)[66]
Youngest goalscorer: James Vaughan, 16 years and 271 days (for Everton v. Crystal Palace, 10 April 2005)[67]

text:
Most consecutive Premier League matches scored in: 11, Jamie Vardy (for Leicester City, 29 August to 28 November 2015)[68]
Most seasons scored in: 21, Ryan Giggs (every season from 1992–93 to 2012–13)[69]

text:
Rank
Name
Goals
Games
Goals per game
Playing position
First goal
Last goal

1
 Alan Shearer
260
441
0.59
Forward
1992–93
2005–06

2
 Wayne Rooney
200
463
0.43
Forward
2002–03
2017–18

3
 Andy Cole
187
414
0.45
Forward
1993–94
2006–07

4
 Frank Lampard
177
609
0.29
Midfield
1997–98
2014–15

5
 Thierry Henry
175
258
0.68
Forward
1999–2000
2011–12

6
 Robbie Fowler
163
379
0.43
Forward
1993–94
2006–07

7
 Jermain Defoe
159
474
0.33
Forward
2001–02
2017–18

8
 Michael Owen
150
326
0.46
Forward
1996–97
2012–13

9
 Les Ferdinand
149
351
0.42
Forward
1992–93
2004–05

10
 Teddy Sheringham
146
418
0.35
Forward
1992–93
2006–07

text:
Most goals in a season (42 games): 34, joint record:[71]

Andrew Cole (Newcastle United, 1993–94)
Alan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1994–95)

text:
Most goals in a season (38 games): 31, joint record:[72]

Alan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1995–96)
Cristiano Ronaldo (Manchester United, 2007–08)
Luis Suárez (Liverpool, 2013–14)

Most Premier League goals in a calendar year: 36, Alan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1995)[73]
Number of teams scored against in a season: 17, joint record:

20-team league: [74]

Ian Wright (Arsenal, 1996–97)
Robin van Persie (Arsenal, 2011–12)

22-team league:

Andrew Cole (Newcastle United, 1993–94)
Alan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1994–95)

Most goals in a debut season: 30, Kevin Phillips (Sunderland, 1999–2000)[75]
Most Premier League hat-tricks in a season: 5, Alan Shearer (38 games) (Blackburn Rovers, 1995–96)[76]
Most Premier League hat-tricks: 11, Alan Shearer[77]
Most goals in a game: 5, joint record:[78]

Andrew Cole (for Manchester United v. Ipswich Town, 4 March 1995) W 9–0
Alan Shearer (for Newcastle United v. Sheffield Wednesday, 19 September 1999) W 8–0
Jermain Defoe (for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic, 22 November 2009) W 9–1
Dimitar Berbatov (for Manchester United v. Blackburn Rovers, 27 November 2010) W 7–1
Sergio Agüero (for Manchester City v. Newcastle United, 3 October 2015) W 6–1

text:
Most goals in one half: 5, Jermain Defoe (for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic, 22 November 2009) W 9–1[79]
Fastest goal: 10 seconds, Ledley King (for Tottenham Hotspur v. Bradford City, 9 December 2000)[80]
Most goals scored by a substitute in a game: 4, Ole Gunnar Solskjær (for Manchester United v. Nottingham Forest, 6 February 1999)[81]
Most consecutive away league matches scored in: 9, Robin van Persie (for Arsenal, 1 January 2011 to 22 May 2011)[82]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 30 Goals: 3 (1993–1996), Alan Shearer (all for Blackburn Rovers) [83]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 25 Goals: 4 (1993–1997), Alan Shearer (1993–1996 for Blackburn Rovers, 1996–1997 for Newcastle United)[84]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 20 Goals: 5 (2001–2006), Thierry Henry (all for Arsenal)[84]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 10 Goals: 11 (2004–2015), Wayne Rooney (all for Manchester United)[85]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 1 Goal: 21 (1992–2013), Ryan Giggs (all for Manchester United)[69]
Fastest Premier League hat-trick: Sadio Mané, 2 minutes 56 seconds (for Southampton v. Aston Villa, 16 May 2015)[86]
Highest number of different clubs to score for: 7:

Craig Bellamy (for Coventry City, Newcastle United, Blackburn Rovers, Liverpool, West Ham United, Manchester City, Cardiff City)[87]

Most own goals: 10, Richard Dunne[88]
Most own goals in a season: 4, Martin Škrtel (2013–14)[89]
Most Hat-tricks against a single club: 3, Luis Suárez (for Liverpool v. Norwich City)[90]
Most Goals in a calendar month: 10 (December 2013), Luis Suárez (for Liverpool)[91]

text: Assists[edit]

text:
Rank
Player
Assists

Most assists (career)

1
 Ryan Giggs
162

2
 Cesc Fàbregas
107

3
 Frank Lampard
102

4
 Wayne Rooney
101

5
 Dennis Bergkamp
94

6
 Steven Gerrard
92

7
 David Beckham
80

8
 Teddy Sheringham
76

9
 James Milner
75

10
 Thierry Henry
74

text:
Most Premier League assists in a season: 20, Thierry Henry (Arsenal, 2002–03)[93]
Most consecutive Premier League matches assisted in: 7, Mesut Özil (for Arsenal, 26 September to 21 November 2015)[94]
Most assists in a single Premier League match: 4, joint record:[95]

Dennis Bergkamp (for Arsenal v. Leicester City, 20 February 1999)
José Antonio Reyes (for Arsenal v. Middlesbrough, 14 January 2006)
Cesc Fàbregas (for Arsenal v. Blackburn Rovers, 4 October 2009)
Emmanuel Adebayor (for Tottenham Hotspur v. Newcastle United, 11 February 2012)
Santi Cazorla (for Arsenal v. Wigan Athletic, 14 May 2013)
Dušan Tadić (for Southampton v. Sunderland, 18 October 2014)[96]

text: Goalkeepers[edit]

text:
Rank
Player
Clean
sheets

Most clean sheets (career)

1
 Petr Čech
192

2
 David James
169

3
 Mark Schwarzer
152

4
 David Seaman
142

5
 Nigel Martyn
138

6
 Pepe Reina
134

 Edwin van der Sar

8
 Tim Howard
132

 Brad Friedel

10
 Peter Schmeichel
129

text:
Most clean sheets in one season: 21, joint record:

Petr Čech (for Chelsea, 2004–05)[97]
Edwin van der Sar (for Manchester United, 2008–09)[98]

Longest consecutive run without conceding a goal: 14 games (1,311 minutes), Edwin van der Sar (for Manchester United, 2008–09)[99]
Goalscoring goalkeepers (excluding own goals):

Peter Schmeichel (Everton 3–2 Aston Villa, 20 October 2001)[100]
Brad Friedel (Charlton Athletic 3–2 Blackburn Rovers, 21 February 2004)[101]
Paul Robinson (Tottenham Hotspur 3–1 Watford, 17 March 2007)[102]
Tim Howard (Everton 1–2 Bolton Wanderers, 4 January 2012)[103]
Asmir Begović (Stoke City 1–1 Southampton, 2 November 2013)[104]

text: Disciplinary[edit]

text:
Most red cards: 8, joint record:[58]

Duncan Ferguson
Patrick Vieira
Richard Dunne

Most yellow cards for a player: 103, Gareth Barry[70]
Most yellow cards for a single team in one game: 9 (Tottenham Hotspur v. Chelsea, 2 May 2016)[105]
Fouling record: 782, Kevin Davies (since 2000–01, the first season for which reliable records are available)[106]
Longest ban: 12 matches, Joey Barton. After being dismissed for violent conduct, Barton was found guilty of two further separate counts of violent conduct after his dismissal vs Manchester City, 23 May 2012[107]

text: Youngest players to score[edit]

text: This is a list of the top 10 youngest players to score a goal in the Premier League.[108]

text:
Player
Date
Team
Age
Opposition

1
James Vaughan
10-Apr-2005
Everton
16 years 274 days
Crystal Palace

2
James Milner
26-Dec-2002
Leeds United
16 years 360 days
Sunderland

3
Wayne Rooney
19-Oct-2002
Everton
16 years 364 days
Arsenal

4
Cesc Fabregas
25-Aug-2004
Arsenal
17 years 113 days
Blackburn Rovers

5
Michael Owen
06-May-1997
Liverpool
17 years 148 days
Wimbledon

6
Andy Turner
05-Sep-1992
Tottenham
17 years 166 days
Everton

7
Federico Macheda
05-Apr-2009
Manchester United
17 years 226 days
Aston Villa

8
Raheem Sterling
20-Oct-2012
Liverpool
17 years 312 days
Reading

9
Mikael Forssell
20-Feb-1999
Chelsea
17 years 335 days
Nottingham Forest

10
Danny Cadamarteri
20-Sep-1997
Everton
17 years 338 days
Barnsley

text: Match records[edit]

text: Scorelines[edit]

text:
Biggest home win: 9–0, Manchester United v. Ipswich Town (4 March 1995)[109]
Biggest away win: 1–8, Nottingham Forest v. Manchester United (6 February 1999)[109]
Biggest aggregate win: 12–1, joint record:

Blackburn Rovers 7–0 Nottingham Forest (18 November 1995) & Nottingham Forest 1–5 Blackburn Rovers (13 April 1996)
Tottenham Hotspur 9–1 Wigan Athletic (22 November 2009) & Wigan Athletic 0–3 Tottenham Hotspur (21 February 2010)

Biggest loss by reigning champions: 1–6, joint record:[110]

Manchester United 1–6 Manchester City (23 October 2011), after Manchester United had won the 2010–11 competition
Leicester City 1–6 Tottenham Hotspur (18 May 2017), after Leicester City had won the 2015–16 competition

Highest scoring: 7–4, Portsmouth v. Reading (29 September 2007)[111]
Highest scoring draw: 5–5, West Bromwich Albion v. Manchester United (19 May 2013)[112]
Highest scoring in the first half: 7 goals, joint record:

Blackburn Rovers 3–4 Leeds United (14 September 1997 — final score; 3–4)[113]
Bradford City 4–3 Derby County (21 April 2000 — final score; 4–4)[114]
Reading 3–4 Manchester United (1 December 2012 — final score; 3–4)[115]

Most individual goal scorers in one game: 9, joint record:

Tottenham Hotspur 4–5 Arsenal (13 November 2004)[116]
Portsmouth 7–4 Reading (29 September 2007)[117]

Most individual goal scorers in one game for the same team: 7, joint record:

Chelsea 8–0 Aston Villa (23 December 2012)[118]
Manchester City 7–0 Norwich City (2 November 2013)[119]
Southampton 8–0 Sunderland (18 October 2014)[120]

text: All-time Premier League table[edit]

text: The all-time Premier League table is a cumulative record of all match results, points and goals of every team that has played in the Premier League since its inception in 1992. The table that follows is accurate as of the start of the 2017–18 season. Teams in bold are part of the 2017–18 Premier League. Numbers in bold are the record (highest either positive or negative) numbers in each column.[121]

text:
Pos.
Club
Seasons
Pld
Win
Draw
Loss
GF
GA
GD
Pts
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Relegated
Avg
Pts
Best
Pos.

1
Manchester United
25
962
604
209
149
1856
847
1009
2021
13
5
3
1

80.84
1

2
Arsenal
25
962
525
247
190
1698
911
787
1822
3
6
5
7

72.88
1

3
Chelsea
25
962
516
241
205
1645
925
720
1789
5
4
4
2

71.56
1

4
Liverpool
25
962
478
243
241
1601
986
615
1677

3
5
6

67.08
2

5
Tottenham Hotspur
25
962
400
247
315
1406
1231
175
1447

1
1
2

57.88
2

6
Everton
25
962
349
277
336
1259
1207
52
1324

1

52.96
4

7
Aston Villa
24
924
316
275
333
1117
1186
−69
1223

1

1
1
50.96
2

8
Newcastle United
22
844
322
217
305
1168
1140
28
1183

2
2
1
2
53.77
2

9
Manchester City
20
772
327
190
255
1173
925
248
1171
2
2
2
1
2
58.55
1

10
West Ham United
21
806
265
209
332
964
1146
−182
1004

2
47.81
5

11
Blackburn Rovers
18
696
262
184
250
927
907
20
970
1
1

1
2
53.89
1

12
Southampton
18
696
222
187
287
855
966
−111
853

1
47.39
6

13
Leeds United
12
468
189
125
154
641
573
68
692

1
2
1
57.67
3

14
Middlesbrough
15
574
165
169
240
648
794
−146
661[122]

4
44.01
7

15
Sunderland
16
608
153
159
296
612
904
−292
618

4
38.63
7

16
Fulham
13
494
150
136
208
570
697
−127
586

1
45.08
7

17
Bolton Wanderers
13
494
149
128
217
575
745
−170
575

3
44.23
6

18
Leicester City
11
422
130
118
174
516
610
−94
508
1

3
46.18
1

19
West Bromwich Albion
11
418
106
115
197
444
640
−196
433

3
39.36
8

20
Stoke City
9
342
109
97
136
363
457
−94
424

47.11
9

21
Coventry City
9
354
99
112
143
387
490
−103
409

1
45.40
11

22
Sheffield Wednesday
8
316
101
89
126
409
453
−44
392

1
49.00
7

23
Wimbledon
8
316
99
94
123
384
472
−88
391

1
48.88
6

24
Charlton Athletic
8
304
93
82
129
342
442
−100
361

2
45.13
7

25
Norwich City
8
316
89
92
135
365
510
−145
359

1

4
44.88
3

26
Crystal Palace
8
312
86
78
148
329
456
−127
336

4
42.00
10

27
Wigan Athletic
8
304
85
76
143
316
482
−166
331

1
41.38
10

28
Queens Park Rangers
7
278
81
65
132
339
431
−92
308

3
44.00
5

29
Birmingham City
7
266
73
82
111
273
360
−87
301

3
43.00
9

30
Portsmouth
7
266
79
65
122
292
380
−88
293[123]

1
41.90
8

31
Swansea City
6
228
74
57
97
278
327
−49
279

46.50
8

32
Derby County
7
266
68
70
128
271
420
−149
274

2
39.10
8

33
Nottingham Forest
5
198
60
59
79
229
287
−58
239

1

3
47.80
3

34
Ipswich Town
5
202
57
53
92
219
312
−93
224

2
44.80
5

35
Hull City
5
190
41
48
101
181
323
−142
171

3
34.20
16

36
Watford
4
152
34
35
83
144
254
−110
137

2
34.25
13

37
Wolverhampton Wanderers
4
152
32
40
80
156
281
−125
136

2
34.00
15

38
Sheffield United
3
122
32
36
54
128
168
−40
132

2
44.00
14

39
Reading
3
114
32
23
59
136
186
−50
119

2
39.67
8

40
Burnley
3
114
26
25
63
109
190
−81
103

2
34.33
16

41
Oldham Athletic
2
84
22
23
39
105
142
−37
89

1
44.50
19

42
Bournemouth
2
76
23
19
34
100
134
−34
88

44.00
9

43
Bradford City
2
76
14
20
42
68
138
−70
62

1
31.00
17

44
Blackpool
1
38
10
9
19
55
78
−23
39

1
39.00
19

45
Barnsley
1
38
10
5
23
37
82
−45
35

1
35.00
19

46
Cardiff City
1
38
7
9
22
32
74
−42
30

1
30.00
20

47
Swindon Town
1
42
5
15
22
47
100
−53
30

1
30.00
22

48
Brighton & Hove Albion
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

00.00

49
Huddersfield Town
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

00.00

text: League or status at 2017–18:

text:
2017–18 Premier League

2017–18 EFL Championship

2017–18 Football League One

2017–18 Football League Two

Defunct: by a 2007 agreement, neither Milton Keynes Dons nor AFC Wimbledon regards itself as custodian of Wimbledon F.C.'s statistics.[124][125]

text: Managers[edit]

text:
Most Premier League winner's medals: 13, Sir Alex Ferguson (Manchester United) – 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013
Winner of Premier League Manager of the Month Award: 27, Sir Alex Ferguson
Most consecutive Premier League Manager of the Month Awards: 3, Antonio Conte[126]
Most promotions to the Premier League: 4, Steve Bruce (Birmingham City in 2001–02 and 2006–07 and Hull City in 2012–13 and 2015–16)[127]
Most relegations from the Premier League: 3, Dave Bassett (Sheffield United in 1993–94, Nottingham Forest in 1996–97, and Leicester City in 2001–02)[128]
Longest-serving manager: Sir Alex Ferguson, 21 years (Manchester United, 1 July 1992 to 30 June 2013)[129]
Shortest-serving manager (excluding caretakers): Les Reed, 41 days (Charlton Athletic, 14 November 2006 to 24 December 2006)[130]


document_title: Original Starbucks

question_text: the very first starbucks opened in this this historic washington city

text: Original Starbucks

text: Coordinates: 47°36′36″N 122°20′33″W / 47.609899°N 122.342441°W / 47.609899; -122.342441

text: The Pike Place Starbucks store, commonly called the Original Starbucks, is the first Starbucks store, established in 1971 at Pike Place Market in downtown Seattle, Washington, United States. The store has kept its early appearance over time and is subject to design guidelines due to its historic significance.[1] The store is considered a tourist attraction and often hosts a crowd.[2][3]

text: While commonly referred to as the first Starbucks location, the current address is the second for the Pike Place store. The first Starbucks cafe was located at 2000 Western Avenue from 1971–1976. This cafe later moved to 1912 Pike Place, its present location.[4]