document_title: Rio (2011 film)

question_text: who does the voice of blue in rio

question_tokens: who does the voice of blue in rio

text: Rio (2011 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In Brazil, various exotic birds are smuggled out of the country. In Moose Lake, Minnesota, a crate with a male Spix's macaw hatchling falls out of a truck and is found by a little girl named Linda Gunderson, who names him Blu. Over the next 15 years,[6] Linda comes to own a bookstore. Highly domesticated and unable to fly because he is scared to, Blu is ridiculed frequently by the Canada geese that come by outside of Linda's bookstore.

text: One day, ornithologist Túlio Monteiro invites Blu and Linda to Rio de Janeiro on the condition that Blu, who is the last male of his species, needs to mate with the last female macaw. Linda accepts and they fly to Rio, where Blu meets a red-crested cardinal named Pedro and his yellow canary friend Nico. At Túlio's aviary, Blu meets Jewel, a fiercely independent Spix's macaw longing to flee back to the wilderness. The macaws are captured by Fernando, an orphaned boy, and a sulphur-crested cockatoo named Nigel, both of whom work for a group of smugglers led by Marcel, who wants to leave the country as soon as possible to secure a black market deal regarding Blu and Jewel. While Fernando has second thoughts about his actions, Nigel tells the macaws that he desires to exact revenge on "pretty birds" after his role on a television program had been ruined by one. However, because of Blu's familiarity with cages, they flee into the jungle. Fernando meets Linda and Túlio and helps them find the birds, while Blu and Jewel meet Rafael, a toco toucan, who offers to take them to his bulldog friend, Luiz, to remove their leg chain. He attempts to teach Blu how to fly, before they meet up with Pedro and Nico. Meanwhile, Nigel hires a horde of thieving marmosets led by Mauro to capture Blu and Jewel. Pedro and Nico then take the two birds to a Rio-style dance party, where they perform a duet and begin to fall in love, but encounter the marmosets in the process. The birds fight them off while the five escape on a tram. Fernando takes Linda and Túlio to the smugglers' hideout, where they discover that the birds have already been moved out. Marcel explains that he will use the Rio Carnival parade to smuggle the birds to the airport, as the other streets have been blocked off for the festivities. Meanwhile, Blu and the others meet Luiz, who releases the chain holding Blu and Jewel. After the two get into a heated argument, they decide to go their separate ways.

text: Pedro and Nico then witness Nigel capturing Jewel. When Blu and Rafael learn of it, they rush to the carnival to rescue her. Meanwhile, Linda and Túlio have spotted the smuggler's parade float and organize a rescue attempt for the birds. As Linda and Túlio pose as dancers in Spix's macaw costumes, Nigel captures Blu and the group. Linda and Túlio are unable to stop the smugglers in time and Marcel's group takes off in a Short SC.7 Skyvan. During the flight, Blu destroys his cage using a fire extinguisher and releases the other captive birds. However, Nigel attacks the macaws, injuring Jewel. Blu sends Nigel flying into the plane's engine using the fire extinguisher, causing the plane to fall. The smugglers flee the plane. Unable to fly, Jewel falls out of the plane's open cargo hatch towards the ocean. Jumping out of the plane to rescue her, Blu finally discovers that he is able to fly as he and Jewel kiss, and he carries her to Linda and Túlio for help. Later, they adopt Fernando and organize a sanctuary to protect the jungle from smugglers. Blu and Jewel eventually raise three children together, and fly above the jungle, joined by Linda, Luiz, and Túlio in a hang-glider. Meanwhile, Nigel survives the plane crash but is ridiculed for his loss of feathers by Mauro, and the smugglers except for Fernando, are sent to jail.

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
Jesse Eisenberg as Blu, a male Spix's macaw[7] who was born in Rio de Janeiro but raised in Moose Lake, Minnesota.
Anne Hathaway as Jewel, a female Spix's macaw from Rio de Janeiro.
Leslie Mann as Linda Gunderson, a girl who discovered Blu after he was taken from Rio de Janeiro to Moose Lake and adopted him for 15 years.
Jemaine Clement as Nigel, a sadistic sulphur-crested cockatoo.
Rodrigo Santoro as Dr. Túlio Monteiro, a Brazilian ornithologist. Santoro also voices a Soccer Announcer.
George Lopez as Rafael, a romantic toco toucan fond of Carnival.
Will.i.am as Pedro, a red-crested cardinal who is Nico's best friend.
Jamie Foxx as Nico, a yellow canary who loves to samba, and whose bottlecap hat functions as a tambourine.
Jake T. Austin as Fernando, Marcel's impoverished young assistant.
Tracy Morgan as Luiz, a bulldog who is Rafael's friend and a chainsaw expert who has a medical condition of drooling.
Carlos Ponce as Marcel, Nigel's owner and the leader of a group of exotic bird smugglers.
Jeffrey Garcia as Tipa and a short tailed bat.
Davi Vieira as Armando.
Bebel Gilberto as Eva, a keel-billed toucan and Rafael's wife.
Bernardo de Paula as Kipo, a roseate spoonbill, and Sylvio, the security guard at Túlio's aviary.
Francisco Ramos as Mauro, the leader of the marmosets.
Wanda Sykes as Chloe, a Canada goose who is Alice's sister.
Jane Lynch as Alice, a Canada goose who is Chloe's sister.

text: Production[edit]

text: Saldanha first had the idea for the film in 1995, involving a penguin being washed up on the beaches of Ipanema; it was changed to the current story after he learned of Happy Feet and Surf's Up (two other films involving penguins) being produced. He pitched the idea to Chris Wedge at Blue Sky in 2006.[6] Saldanha showed the animators maps and books with geographic landmarks and measurements, from which they built a digital version of Rio. Later, a group of artists from the company visited Rio to see the various story locations.[8] The animators also met with an expert on macaws at the Bronx Zoo to gain insight into their movement and personalities.[9] Saldanha himself is a Brazilian from Rio de Janeiro; such elements of Brazilian culture and landmarks were also influenced from Saldanha growing up in Brazil.[9]

text: The lead voice actors were approached in 2009.[6] Jemaine Clement was approached to do the film after seeing test shots of his character Nigel doing a speech from Flight of the Conchords,[10] which was done prior to a script being finalized.[11] Neil Patrick Harris was supposed to voice Blu, but had other commitments outside production;[12] he was later replaced by Jesse Eisenberg. Eisenberg was asked during the filming of The Social Network if he would do his voice recording on the weekends, and he agreed after reading the script, saying: "It was the perfect antidote to get out of the mindset of my character in Social Network who was so severe, and in some ways so joyless."[13]

text: For music, they brought on board Sérgio Mendes to act as music guru and online living library.[9] He in turn was able to reach out to artists such as will.i.am and Carlinhos Brown to provide music for the film.[14]

text: Eisenberg and Anne Hathaway, who voiced Jewel, had acted together before when both were still teenagers, when they played siblings in the short-lived 1999 TV show Get Real. Hathaway stated in an interview that she didn't see Eisenberg during production of Rio except "socially throughout the process," but that she was "very happy for all of his success."[15]

text: Music[edit]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Rio: Music from the Motion Picture

Soundtrack album by John Powell

Released
March 29, 2011 (2011-03-29) (Digital download)
April 5, 2011 (Audio CD)

Genre
Pop, Latin, alternative hip hop

Length
38:11

Label
Interscope, will.i.am Music Group

Producer
Sérgio Mendes, John Powell

Blue Sky Studios film soundtrack chronology

Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs
(2009)Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs2009
Rio
(2011)
Ice Age: Continental Drift
(2012)Ice Age: Continental Drift2012

Singles from Rio: Music from the Motion Picture

"Telling the World"
Released: March 22, 2011

text: On March 18, 2011, Brazilian-English singer-songwriter Taio Cruz released a music video and theme song named "Telling the World" on YouTube for the soundtrack.[16]

text: Rio: Music from the Motion Picture was released in the United States by 20th Century Fox on March 29, 2011, for digital download[17] and by Interscope Records on April 5, 2011, in Audio CD format.[18]

text: In the Brazilian edition some songs gained a Portuguese version performed by famous Brazilian artists such Ivete Sangalo (replacing Ester Dean in "Take You to Rio (Remix)") and Carlinhos Brown (replacing Jamie Foxx in "Fly Love"). "Real in Rio" became "Favo de Mel" (Honeycomb) but it was performed by the same artists as the English version.[19][20]

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2011)
Peak
position

US Billboard 200[21]
60

US Digital Albums
10

US Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums
6

US Billboard Top Rap Albums
2

US Kid Albums
8

US Soundtracks
4

text: Score[edit]

text:
Rio

Film score by John Powell

Released
April 19, 2011 (2011-04-19)

Genre
Score

Length
47:04

Label
Varèse Sarabande

John Powell film scores chronology

Mars Needs Moms
(2011)Mars Needs Moms2011
Rio
(2011)
Kung Fu Panda 2
(2011)Kung Fu Panda 22011

text: The film score of Rio was composed by John Powell and was released on April 19, 2011, by Varèse Sarabande Records.[22][23]

text: Release[edit]

text: The world premiere of Rio took place on March 22, 2011, at a Cinépolis theater in Lagoa, Rio de Janeiro.[1][24] The United States premiere was on April 10, 2011, at Grauman’s Chinese Theatre in Hollywood, California, and was released throughout the country five days later.[25] Since May 2009, it had been scheduled to be released in the United States on April 8, 2011, but in December 2010, it was rescheduled to April 15, 2011.[26][27] Pixar Animation Studios cancelled the release of their planned 2012 film Newt because of the similarity of its plotline to Rio.[28]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: In April 2011, Oreo announced its special edition Oreo cookies with blue cream in promotion of the film. The promotion included stickers inside each package of cookies. Two types of contest were also announced: first, by completing an album of stickers, consumers could win three movie passes and medium snack bar combos; second, by finding winning stickers in packages with prizes including a trip to Rio de Janeiro, backpacks, cinema passes for a year, and 3D glasses. The promotion ended on May 30, 2011.[29] The promotion is available in Ecuador, Peru, and Colombia.[citation needed]

text: On January 27, 2011, Rovio Mobile announced a partnership with 20th Century Fox to promote the film. The game Angry Birds Rio was released in March 2011 on the Android Market and the Apple App Store with 50 levels. Rovio released more levels throughout 2011.[30] With the DVD and Blu-ray release, Rovio and 20th Century Fox announced that they were going to start selling Rio Plush Toys in the Angry Birds Online Store and the DVD and Blu-ray comes with a code for 15 Hidden Levels, along with 3 Angry Birds Rio Videos. Also, McDonald's ran a promotion with Rio toys in their Happy Meals.[31]

text: In February 2011, the MPAA gave the film a PG rating for "mild off-color humor". The producers, displeased by this rating, resubmitted an edited version of the film to the ratings board one month later, and the MPAA changed the film to a G rating.[32]

text: Home media[edit]

text: As a tribute to the country where most of the story is set and where the director was born, Rio was first released for home video in Brazil, on both DVD and Blu-ray, on July 7, 2011.[33] The North American release date was August 2, 2011,[34] and the Australian release date was September 28, 2011.[35] As of June 2014, a total of 12 million Blu-ray and DVD units had been sold worldwide.[36]

text: Rio is available in 4 different packages: a 4-disc "Party Edition" combination package (3D Blu-ray, Blu-ray, DVD, and Digital Copy), a 3-disc "Party Edition" combination package (Blu-ray, DVD, and Digital Copy), a 2-disc "Party Edition" combination package (DVD and Digital Copy), and a single disc DVD.[34][37] The "Digital Copy" included with the 3-disc combination package is a separate disc that allows users to download a copy of the film to a computer through iTunes or Windows Media Player software. The 3-disc combination package also comes with an hour of bonus features.[37][38]

text: Video games[edit]

text: A video game based on the film was released on April 12, 2011, for the Wii, Nintendo DS, PlayStation 3, and the Xbox 360.[39] Another game, Angry Birds Rio, was released in March 2011 for various mobile and desktop systems.[40]

text: Rio: The 4-D Experience[edit]

text: Rio: The 4-D Experience is a 12-minute 4D film shown at various 4-D theatres over the world. Produced by SimEx-Iwerks, it premiered on September 27, 2013 at the San Diego Zoo 4-D Theater.[41] Since May 24, 2014, it is being shown at the 5D Cinema at the revived Kentucky Kingdom. Since July 2014, it is being shown at the 4D Special FX Theater at Moody Gardens.[42] And since October 25, 2014, it is being shown at the Roxy Theatre at Warner Bros. Movie World.[43]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Rio made $143,619,809 in North America, along with $341,015,951 in other territories for a total of $484,635,760 worldwide, becoming the 13th highest-grossing film of 2011[44] and the 107th highest-grossing film of all time.[3] It was the first film of 2011 to pass the $400-million mark.

text: North America[edit]

text: Rio debuted with $39,225,962 during its opening weekend on approximately 6,400 screens at 3,826 theaters. It ranked No. 1 at the box office surpassing the other new wide release, Scream 4, which ranked #2.[45] This was the highest-grossing opening weekend of 2011 that far, finishing the year at sixteenth.[46] It also scored the largest opening weekend in April for an animated feature, and the sixth largest in April overall.[47] On its second weekend (Easter weekend) it retained first place at the box office, dropping only 33% to $26.3 million, therefore surpassing that weekend's releases, Tyler Perry's Madea's Big Happy Family ($25.1 million), Water for Elephants ($16.8 million), and African Cats ($6 million), which ranked second, third, and sixth, respectively.[48] Rio's income of $143.6 million made it Blue Sky's second lowest box office result at the time, surpassing only Robots,[49] and the 18th highest grossing film of the year in North America.[50]

text: Other territories[edit]

text: On its first weekend overseas (the weekend before its release in North America) it topped the box office with $54.9 million from 11,714 screens in 72 countries.[51] On its second weekend it earned $55.4 million, still on top of the overseas box office[52] and on its third weekend it remained at the summit of the box office, grossing an estimated $44.3 million. It therefore marked the second film that succeeded in topping the overseas box office three times in 2011, joining Tangled, although it is the only one that did it on three consecutive weekends.[53]

text: In Brazil, the film's main setting and Saldanha's homeland, Rio was the largest release ever with over 1,000 screens.[54] Its opening weekend gross of $8.4 million was the biggest ever for an American film[55] (surpassed one year later by Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted). On its second weekend it earned $7.2 million, falling just 14% from its opening. It then delivered the highest-grossing third weekend in history with $6.3 million (a 12% decline).[56] Rio finished 2011 with a final gross of $36.8 million (R$68.7 million), the second highest income of the year after The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1.[57]

text: In Russia and the CIS, it topped the box office with $11.3 million during its opening weekend (including weekday previews), surpassing Tangled for the largest all-time opening of a non-sequel animated feature. It earned $24.7 million in total, marking the fourth largest animated film of all time.[58] In Venezuela, it has earned $8 million, marking the second-highest-grossing film of all time behind Ice Age 3 ($11.6 million).[59] In Uruguay, it is the fourth highest-grossing film of all time with $754,820 after Titanic ($2.1 million), Avatar ($1.1 million), and Ice Age 3 ($1 million).[60] In Peru, grossing $3.8 million, it is the third-largest animated feature behind Ice Age 3 and Shrek Forever After, and the fourth highest-grossing film of all time behind these two and Avatar.[61] In India, it grossed ₹10,000,000 in three weeks making the biggest animated opener ever.[62]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Rio received positive reviews from film critics. As of May 2015[update], review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes had scored a 72% rating, with an average rating of 6.4 out of 10, based on 145 reviews. The website's consensus is: "This straightforward movie hits great heights thanks to its colorful visual palette, catchy music, and perfect vocal performances."[63] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film has an average score of 63 out of 100, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[64]

text: Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a mixed "C" rating. Gleiberman praised the animation in Rio and its music, and later went on to say that the film is "less a Pixar-level pleasure than a busy, frantic, and overstuffed dessert of a movie."[65] Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times gave a positive review of the film. Sharkey wrote that the storyline is an "eco-sensitive variation of 101 Dalmatians with birds as prey", and praised the film for its comic action and the voices, as well as the visuals.[66]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Award
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result

84th Academy Awards
Best Original Song, "Real in Rio"
Sérgio Mendes
Carlinhos Brown
Siedah Garrett
Nominated

Annie Awards
Best Animated Feature
Bruce Anderson
John C. Donkin
Carlos Saldanha

Best Character Animation in an Animated Production
Jeff Gabor
Won

Patrik Puhala
Nominated

Best Character Design in a Feature Production
Sergios Pablos

Directing in an Animated Feature Production
Carlos Saldanha

Best Music in an Animated Feature Production
Mikael Mutti
Siedah Garrett
Carlinhos Brown
Sérgio Mendes
John Powell

Production Design in an Animated Feature Production
Thomas Cardone
Kyle MacNaughton
Peter Chan

Best Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production
Jemaine Clement

38th People's Choice Awards[67]
Favorite Movie Animated Voice
Anne Hathaway

2011 Teen Choice Awards[68]

2012 Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Animated Movie

38th Saturn Awards
Best Animated Film

text: Sequel[edit]

text: A sequel, titled Rio 2, was released on April 11, 2014. Carlos Saldanha, the creator and director of the first film, returned as director. All the main cast, including Anne Hathaway, Jesse Eisenberg, Jemaine Clement, Jamie Foxx, will.i.am, Tracy Morgan, George Lopez, Jake T. Austin, Leslie Mann, and Rodrigo Santoro, reprised their roles. New cast includes Andy García, Bruno Mars, Kristin Chenoweth, Rita Moreno, Amandla Stenberg, Rachel Crow, Pierce Gagnon, and Natalie Morales. The sequel follows Blu, Jewel and their three kids on a venture into the Amazon where they try to live like real birds. Eventually, they find Jewel's long-lost father Eduardo, who is in hiding with a tribe of other Spix's macaw. At first everything seems perfect, but Blu is having trouble adapting to the wild. Eventually, they discover that the Amazon is under threat, and that Blu and Jewel's old nemesis, Nigel the cockatoo, is back for revenge.[69]


document_title: Distributor

question_text: where does the distributor get its power from

root

text: Distributor

text: Description[edit]

text: A distributor consists of a rotating arm or rotor inside the distributor cap, on top of the distributor shaft, but insulated from it and the body of the vehicle (ground). The distributor shaft is driven by a gear on the camshaft on most overhead valve engines, and attached directly to a camshaft on most overhead cam engines. (The distributor shaft may also drive the oil pump.) The metal part of the rotor contacts the high voltage cable from the ignition coil via a spring-loaded carbon brush on the underside of the distributor cap. The metal part of the rotor arm passes close to (but does not touch) the output contacts which connect via high tension leads to the spark plug of each cylinder. As the rotor spins within the distributor, electric current is able to jump the small gaps created between the rotor arm and the contacts due to the high voltage created by the ignition coil.[2]

tag: p

text: The distributor shaft has a cam that operates the contact breaker (also called points). Opening the points causes a high induction voltage in the system's ignition coil.[2]

text: The distributor also houses the centrifugal advance unit: a set of hinged weights attached to the distributor shaft, that cause the breaker points mounting plate to slightly rotate and advance the spark timing with higher engine revolutions per minute (rpm). In addition, the distributor has a vacuum advance unit that advances the timing even further as a function of the vacuum in the inlet manifold. Usually there is also a capacitor attached to the distributor. The capacitor is connected parallel to the breaker points, to suppress sparking to prevent excessive wear of the points.

text: Around the 1970s[citation needed] the primary breaker points were largely replaced with a Hall effect sensor or optical sensor. As this is a non-contacting device and the ignition coil is controlled by solid state electronics, a great amount of maintenance in point adjustment and replacement was eliminated. This also eliminates any problem with breaker follower or cam wear, and by eliminating a side load it extends distributor shaft bearing life. The remaining secondary (high voltage) circuit stayed essentially the same, using an ignition coil and a rotary distributor.

text: Most distributors used on electronically fuel injected engines lack vacuum and centrifugal advance units. On such distributors, the timing advance is controlled electronically by the engine computer. This allows more accurate control of ignition timing, as well as the ability to alter timing based on factors other than engine speed and manifold vacuum (such as engine temperature). Additionally, eliminating vacuum and centrifugal advance results in a simpler and more reliable distributor.

text: Distributor cap[edit]

text: The distributor cap is the cover that protects the distributor's internal parts and holds the contacts between internal rotor and the spark plug wires.

text: The distributor cap has one post for each cylinder, and in points ignition systems there is a central post for the current from the ignition coil coming into the distributor. There are some exceptions however, as some engines (many Alfa Romeo cars, some 1980s Nissans) have two spark plugs per cylinder, so there are two leads coming out of the distributor per cylinder. Another implementation is the wasted spark system, where a single contact serves two leads, but in that case each lead connects one cylinder. In General Motors high energy ignition (HEI) systems there is no central post and the ignition coil sits on top of the distributor. Some Toyota and Honda engines also have their coil within the distributor cap. On the inside of the cap there is a terminal that corresponds to each post, and the plug terminals are arranged around the circumference of the cap according to the firing order in order to send the secondary voltage to the proper spark plug at the right time.

text: The rotor is attached to the top of the distributor shaft which is driven by the engine's camshaft and thus synchronized to it. Synchronization to the camshaft is required as the rotor must turn at exactly half the speed of the main crankshaft in the 4-stroke cycle. Often, the rotor and distributor are attached directly to the end of the one of (or the only) camshaft, at the opposite end to the timing drive belt. This rotor is pressed against a carbon brush on the center terminal of the distributor cap which connects to the ignition coil. The rotor is constructed such that the center tab is electrically connected to its outer edge so the current coming in to the center post travels through the carbon point to the outer edge of the rotor. As the camshaft rotates, the rotor spins and its outer edge passes each of the internal plug terminals to fire each spark plug in sequence.

text: Engines that use a mechanical distributor may fail if they run into deep puddles because any water that gets onto the distributor can short out the electric current that should go through the spark plugs, rerouting it directly to the body of the vehicle. This in turn causes the engine to stop as the fuel is not ignited in the cylinders.[3] This problem can be fixed by removing the distributor's cap and drying the cap, cam, rotor and the contacts by wiping with tissue paper or a clean rag, by blowing hot air on them, or using a moisture displacement spray e.g. WD-40 or similar. Oil, dirt or other contaminants can cause similar problems, so the distributor should be kept clean inside and outside to ensure reliable operation.[4] Some engines include a rubber o-ring or gasket between the distributor base and cap to help prevent this problem. The gasket is made of a material like Viton or butyl for a tight seal in extreme temperatures and chemical environments.[5] This gasket should not be discarded when replacing the cap. Most distributor caps have the position of the number 1 cylinder's terminal molded into the plastic. By referencing a firing order diagram and knowing the direction the rotor turns, (which can be seen by cranking the engine with the cap off) the spark plug wires can be correctly routed. Most distributor caps are designed so that they cannot be installed in the wrong position. Some older engine designs allow the cap to be installed in the wrong position by 180 degrees, however. The number 1 cylinder position on the cap should be noted before a cap is replaced.

text: The distributor cap is a prime example of a component that eventually succumbs to heat and vibration. It is a relatively easy and inexpensive part to replace if its bakelite housing does not break or crack first. Carbon deposit accumulation or erosion of its metal terminals may also cause distributor-cap failure.

text: As it is generally easy to remove and carry off, the distributor cap can be taken off as a means of theft prevention. Although not practical for everyday use, because it is essential for the starting and running of the engine, its removal thwarts any attempt at hot-wiring the vehicle.

text:
Breaker arm with contact points at the left. The pivot is on the right and the cam follower is in the middle of the breaker arm.

Distributor cap. At the center is a spring-loaded carbon button that touches the rotor. The number of contacts (in this case 4) is the same as the number of engine cylinders

Rotor. This rotates at the same speed as the camshaft, one half the speed of the crankshaft

Top of distributor with wires and terminals

Rotor contacts inside distributor cap

tag: table

text: Direct and distributorless ignition[edit]

text: Modern engine designs have abandoned the high-voltage distributor and coil, instead performing the distribution function in the primary circuit electronically and applying the primary (low-voltage) pulse to individual coils for each spark plug, or one coil for each pair of companion cylinders in an engine (two coils for a four-cylinder, three coils for a six-cylinder, four coils for an eight-cylinder, and so on).

text: In traditional remote distributorless systems, the coils are mounted together in a transformer oil filled 'coil pack', or separate coils for each cylinder, which are secured in a specified place in the engine compartment with wires to the spark plugs, similar to a distributor setup. General Motors, Ford, Chrysler, Hyundai, Subaru, Volkswagen and Toyota are among the automobile manufacturers known to have used coil packs. Coil packs by Delco for use with General Motors engines allow removal of the individual coils in case one should fail, but in most other remote distributorless coil pack setups, if a coil were to fail, replacement of the whole pack would be required to fix the problem.

text: More recent layouts utilize a coil located very near to (Coil-Near-Plugs) or directly on top of each spark plug (Direct Ignition, DI, coil-on-plug, or COP). This design avoids the need to transmit very high voltages, which is often a source of trouble, especially in damp conditions.

text: Both direct and remote distributorless systems also allow finer levels of ignition control by the engine computer, which helps to increase power output, decrease fuel consumption and emissions, and implement features such as cylinder deactivation. Spark plug wires, which need routine replacement due to wear, are also eliminated when the individual coils are mounted directly on top of each plug, since the power is transported a very short distance from the coil to the plug.

text: Wasted spark[edit]

text: Four-stroke 2-cylinder engines can be built without a distributor, as in the Citroen 2CV of 1948 and BMW boxer twin motorcycles. Both spark plugs of the boxer twin are fired simultaneously, resulting in a wasted spark on the cylinder currently on its exhaust stroke.[6]

text: Four-stroke 4-cylinder engines can be built without a distributor, as in the Citroen ID19. Two coils are used with one coil firing two of the spark plugs simultaneously, resulting in a wasted spark on the cylinder currently on its exhaust stroke, and the other coil used for the other two cylinders. This system has been scaled up to engines with virtually an unlimited number of cylinders.

text: Four-stroke one-cylinder engines can be built without a distributor, as in many lawn mowers. The spark plug is fired on every stroke, resulting in a wasted spark in the cylinder when on its exhaust stroke.


document_title: Connective tissue

question_text: the three basic types of protein fibers found in connective tissue are

text: Connective tissue

text: Structure[edit]

text: Connective tissue can be broadly subdivided into connective tissue proper, and special connective tissue.[3][4] Connective tissue proper consists of loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue (which is further subdivided into dense regular and dense irregular connective tissues.)[5] Special connective tissue consists of reticular connective tissue, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood.[6] Other kinds of connective tissues include fibrous, elastic, and lymphoid connective tissues.[7] New vascularised connective tissue that forms in the process of wound healing is termed granulation tissue.[8] Fibroblasts are the cells responsible for the production of some CT.

text: Type I collagen is present in many forms of connective tissue, and makes up about 25% of the total protein content of the mammalian body.[9]

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: Characteristics of CT:

text:
Cells are spread through an extracellular fluid.
Ground substance - A clear, colorless, and viscous fluid containing glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans to fix the body water and the collagen fibers in the intercellular spaces. Ground substance slows the spread of pathogens.
Fibers. Not all types of CT are fibrous. Examples of non-fibrous CT include adipose tissue and blood. Adipose tissue gives "mechanical cushioning" to the body, among other functions.[10][11] Although there is no dense collagen network in adipose tissue, groups of adipose cells are kept together by collagen fibers and collagen sheets in order to keep fat tissue under compression in place (for example, the sole of the foot). The matrix of blood is plasma.
Both the ground substance and proteins (fibers) create the matrix for CT. Connective tissues are derived from the mesenchyme.

tag: ul

text: Types of fibers:

text:
Tissue
Purpose
Components
Location

Collagenous fibers
Bind bones and other tissues to each other
Alpha polypeptide chains
tendon, ligament, skin, cornea, cartilage, bone, blood vessels, gut, and intervertebral disc.

Elastic fibers
Allow organs like arteries and lungs to recoil
Elastic microfibril and elastin
extracellular matrix

Reticular fibers
Form a scaffolding for other cells
Type III collagen
liver, bone marrow, and lymphatic organs

text: Function[edit]

text: Connective tissue has a wide variety of functions that depend on the types of cells and the different classes of fibers involved. Loose and dense irregular connective tissue, formed mainly by fibroblasts and collagen fibers, have an important role in providing a medium for oxygen and nutrients to diffuse from capillaries to cells, and carbon dioxide and waste substances to diffuse from cells back into circulation. They also allow organs to resist stretching and tearing forces. Dense regular connective tissue, which forms organized structures, is a major functional component of tendons, ligaments and aponeuroses, and is also found in highly specialized organs such as the cornea.[12]:161 Elastic fibers, made from elastin and fibrillin, also provide resistance to stretch forces.[12]:171 They are found in the walls of large blood vessels and in certain ligaments, particularly in the ligamenta flava.[12]:173

text: In hematopoietic and lymphatic tissues, reticular fibers made by reticular cells provide the stroma—or structural support—for the parenchyma—or functional part—of the organ.[12]:171

text: Mesenchyme is a type of connective tissue found in developing organs of embryos that is capable of differentiation into all types of mature connective tissue.[13] Another type of relatively undifferentiated connective tissue is mucous connective tissue, found inside the umbilical cord.[12]:160

text: Various types of specialized tissues and cells are classified under the spectrum of connective tissue, and are as diverse as brown and white adipose tissue, blood, cartilage and bone.[12]:158 Cells of the immune system, such as macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells and eosinophils are found scattered in loose connective tissue, providing the ground for starting inflammatory and immune responses upon the detection of antigens.[12]:161

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: It is estimated that 1 in 10 people have a connective tissue disorder.[14][better source needed] Diseases of connective tissue include:

text:
Connective tissue neoplasms including sarcomas such as hemangiopericytoma and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor in nervous tissue.
Congenital diseases include Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome.
Myxomatous degeneration – a pathological weakening of connective tissue.
Mixed connective tissue disease – a disease of the autoimmune system, also undifferentiated connective tissue disease.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) – a major autoimmune disease of connective tissue
Scurvy, caused by a deficiency of vitamin C which is necessary for the synthesis of collagen.

text: Staining of connective tissue[edit]

text: For microscopic viewing, most of the connective tissue staining-techniques, colour tissue fibers in contrasting shades. Collagen may be differentially stained by any of the following:

text:
Van Gieson's stain
Masson's trichrome stain
Mallory's trichrome stain
Aniline blue stain
Eosin
Reticulin stain


document_title: The Less I Know the Better

question_text: less i know the better music video girl

question_tokens: less i know the better music video girl

text: The Less I Know the Better

text: Background[edit]

text: Parker stated that "The Less I Know the Better" originated from his love of disco:

text:
“

That song originally I thought shouldn't be on a Tame Impala album, because it has this dorky, white disco funk. I wouldn't call it cheesy, but it's not trying to be too cool, because the lyrics are pretty dorky and the groove is pretty dorky. But at the same time, for me, I love that kind of music. I don't know why, but I've been obsessed with disco for the last year or two.[4]

”

text: According to Parker, recording the song became obsessive. He recalled performing over 1,057 partial vocal takes for either "The Less I Know the Better" or the album's second single, "'Cause I'm a Man", though he could not recall which.[5]

text: Music video[edit]

text: A music video for the song was uploaded on 26 November 2015 to the group's Vevo channel. The video follows a high school basketball player in love with a cheerleader, who soon begins a relationship with the team's gorilla mascot (named Trevor).[6] Lars Brandle of Billboard described it thus: "the clip is a strange tale of high school lust and jealousy (and King Kong) played out in a technicolor trip." The clip was filmed by the Spanish creative collective and directors known as "Canada".[7] The cheerleader is portrayed by Spanish actress Laia Manzanares[8] and the basketball player is portayed by Spanish actor Albert Baró.[9]

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2015–16)

Peakposition

Australia (ARIA)[10]

66

Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[11]

23

Belgium (Ultratip Wallonia)[12]

8

France (SNEP)[13]

195

US Hot Rock Songs (Billboard)[14]

35

text: Certifications[edit]

text:
Region

Certification
Certified units/Sales

Australia (ARIA)[15]

Gold

35,000^

United Kingdom (BPI)[16]

Silver

200,000

United States (RIAA)[17]

Gold

500,000

^shipments figures based on certification alonesales+streaming figures based on certification alone


document_title: If Loving You Is Wrong (TV series)

question_text: who plays joey on if loving you is wrong

text: If Loving You Is Wrong (TV series)

text: Series Overview[edit]

text: If Loving You Is Wrong is loosely based on Perry's 2014 film The Single Moms Club. Actress Zulay Henao reprised her movie role of Esperanza, although her character and storyline was rebooted for the TV series. It was officially ordered straight-to-series on January 9, 2014.[3][4][5] It premiered on September 9, 2014, on the Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN), and the first half of the first season finale aired on November 4, 2014.[5][6][7]

text: The series premiere was the highest-rated in OWN history, setting a new record over The Haves and the Have Nots. The second half of the first season aired on March 24, 2015. On February 27, 2015, the series was renewed for a second season with 22 more episodes. The second season premiered on September 22, 2015. The second half premiered on March 15, 2016. OWN renewed the series for a third season. The third season of the series premiered on September 13, 2016.[8] The second half of the third season premiered on March 21, 2017. On August 29, 2017, OWN announced the show's return for the fourth season, which premiered on September 19, 2017.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Amanda Clayton as Alex Montgomery, a housewife who is married to businessman, Brad. She has two children with him, Peter and Paisley, after which he had a vasectomy. She was caught having an affair with her next door neighbor, Randall, which ends her friendship with Randall's wife Marcie and prompts Brad to leave her. She gave birth to a third child, a son, who may be Randall's son, born from their affair.[5]
Matt Cook as Joey Blackman, Natalie's oldest son who was released from jail. Somewhat naïve in a lot of things while getting used to being out of jail, and is often hovered over by his mother with whom he works with at her place of business, Burger Fast.
Edwina Findley as Kelly Issacs, a single and working mother to a young son named Justice. She is being pursued by a man named Travis, despite his being engaged to someone he met while in Haiti.[5]
Tiffany Haddish as Jackie (season 1), Natalie's loyal assistant at Burger Fast. A very business-savy woman.
Heather Hemmens as Marcie Holmes, a real estate agent and Randall's unhappy wife, who is angry with Alex for her affair with Randall. Gets even with both of them by embarking on a revenge affair with Brad. She demands that Randall divorce her; he refuses because he still loves her, but also loves Alex.[5] In the third season, it is revealed that Marcie is pregnant, but with Brad's child.
Zulay Henao as Esperanza Willis, ex-wife of Edward, a 911 dispatcher for the city of Maxine. Mother of a daughter named Mika with Edward. When she began dating Julius, he immediately became a target of Edward's rage and jealousy, which is later justified as he is the relative of a drug-cartel leader, which constantly places her and Mika in danger.[5]
April Parker Jones as Natalie Henning, a single working mother of four kids who manages a fast food place called Burger Fast. Often hovers over her oldest son, Joey.[5]
Eltony Williams as Dr. Randall Holmes, Marcie's estranged husband, a psychologist. He has an affair with Alex, which destroys both his marriage to Marcie and his friendship with Brad. With the affair out in the second season premiere he is attacked by both Eddie and Brad. Later that night Brad destroys Randall's boat and comes at him with an axe and the two begin to fight as Brad pulls out a gun and shots are fired. In season three Randall gets a dose of his own medicine when he finds Marcie and Brad begin a revenge affair and having sex in his shed where he had his affair with Alex. He refuses to divorce Marcie, because he wants to have both women in his life. In the season three finale it was revealed that Randall is not the father of Alex's newborn baby boy.[5]
Aiden Turner as Brad Montgomery, a former Royal Marine who fought in Iraq with Alex's cousin, Eddie and later became a businessman and married Alex. Now a businessman who was unaware of his wife's affair with his friend, Randall until the second season premiere. He gets into a fight with Randall, demolishes his boat and nearly kills him. He eventually leaves Alex and he begins a revenge affair with Marcie. Brad is the father of Peter and Paisley his children with Alex, Brad had a vasectomy after Paisley's birth, which gives credence to Randall being the father of Alex's newborn son.[5]
Joel Rush as Edward “Eddie” Willis, Esperanza's ex, Alex's cousin and Brad's friend. A former U.S. Marine and a very corrupt police officer for the city of Maxine. He has a daughter named Mika with Esperanza. He still intends to control her life although he himself is remarried and has kids with a woman named Yolanda, who would eventually leave him as well. Later revealed that he is still in love with Esperanza, which drives him to behave the way he does, and is also a recovering cocaine addict.[5]
Octavio Pizano as Julius Escada Jr., Esperanza's new boyfriend, a target of the jealous Edward's rage, in this case, justifiably, as he is the relative of a Drug-Cartel leader, and Edward is concerned for the safety of Esperanza and, more importantly, his daughter, Mika.[5]
Charles Malik Whitfield as Lushion Morgan, Natalie's fiancé and the father of her youngest son, Frankie. He's a rookie cop with Eddie, who has a hostile working relationship with him, due to his corrupt ways. However, he still has enough loyalty to save him from a drive by shooting.[5]
Denzel Wells as Travis Cain, Kelly's love interest, who is away on a relief mission in Haiti. Upon his return, he reveals that he got engaged to another woman while in Haiti and left Kelly. However, he has second thoughts, and ends his engagement. He then pursues Kelly anew, although she is very disinterested. In season three, he becomes very angry and hostile towards Kelly.
Dawan Owens as Quan (seasons 1–3), Joey's old running buddy who is not liked by Lushion and Natalie, and at times, Joey himself. In season 3 he is killed during a shoot-out with Joey, who was seriously injured but survives.

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Brianne Davis as Yolanda, Edward's new wife who would, like Esperanza did, leave him. An alcoholic, she absolutely despises Esperanza, and the two women often quarrel. Has two children (one an unnamed older daughter) with Edward, and is Mika's stepmother.[9]
Claudette Ortiz as Claudia, a new addition to the 911 emergency service who is also the half-sister of Quan.
Jasmine Guy as Mattaline Cain, Travis' mother who did not approve of Kelly, but later accepts her.
Judi Blair as Faun, daughter of Mr. Kym, owner of Burger Fast. Faun is friendly with Joey, who works at Burger Fast with Natalie and Jackie.
Clayton Landey as Captain Daniel Mackey, the immediate superior of Edward and Lushion and the head of the Maxine Police Department.
Sharon Conley as Sally
Celine Areu as Mika Willis, the daughter of Eddie and Esperanza.
Chase Wainscott as Peter Montgomery, the son and oldest child of Brad and Alex.
Ashlyn Areu as Paisley Montgomery, the daughter and youngest child of Brad and Alex.
Timmy Richardson as Justice Issacs, the son of Kelly.
Donielle T. Hansley Jr. as Frank Morgan, the youngest son of Natalie and Lushion.
Trevante Rhodes as Ramsey Walters, Kelly's new neighbor, to whom she is attracted.
Chris V. Pipkin as Pete Davis, a rookie cop who takes it upon himself to investigates Ben's shooting.
Andrea Frye as Louise Holmes, Randall's mother. Tries to be a peace barrier for Marcie and Randall.
Jordan Wiseley as Ben Bryant, a drug addict and rookie cop who works under Eddie.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
20
September 9, 2014 (2014-09-09)
May 26, 2015 (2015-05-26)

2
22
September 22, 2015 (2015-09-22)
May 24, 2016 (2016-05-24)

3
22
September 13, 2016 (2016-09-13)
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)

4
18
September 19, 2017 (2017-09-19)
TBA


document_title: Golden City

question_text: which city is called golden city of india

text: Golden City

text: Golden City or The Golden City could refer to:

text: Places[edit]

text:
Golden, Colorado, originally named Golden City
Golden City, Missouri, a city in Golden City Township, Barton County, Missouri, United States
Golden City Township, Barton County, Missouri, a township in Barton County, Missouri, United States
Egoli (disambiguation) (City of Gold), Zulu name for Johannesburg, South Africa
Amritsar, a city in Punjab, India, nicknamed the Golden City

text:
Troy, also known as the "gilded city", best known for being the focus of the Trojan War
Chrysopolis, an ancient Greek city, the name of which means literally Golden City in Greek. Nowadays, Üsküdar part of Istanbul
Prague, the capital of Czech Republic, commonly referred to as Zlatá Praha (Golden Prague in Czech)
Ballarat and Bendigo two cities in Victoria, Australia are both nicknamed "Golden City" due to the wealth of their gold production during the Victorian Gold rush
Jerusalem is often referred to as the city of gold, particularly in song.
Mainz, the German city at the banks of the River Rhine, earned its name of Golden Mainz during its peak of power in the Middle Ages

text: Golden City (comics), a fictional city that appears in comic books published by Dark Horse Comics

text: Other[edit]

text:
The Golden City, book on architecture by Henry Hope Reed, Jr.
The Golden City (novel), the third in Fourth Realm Trilogy of dystopian novels by John Twelve Hawks
Die goldene Stadt, a German film 1941
The Golden City, a city of the Lego Exo-Force toy line