document_title: Lok Sabha

question_text: which house has more power lok sabha or rajya sabha

text: Lok Sabha

text: History[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: A major portion of the Indian subcontinent was under British rule from 1858 to 1947.[8] During this period, the office of the Secretary of State for India (along with the Council of India) was the authority through whom British Parliament exercised its rule in the Indian sub-continent, and the office of Viceroy of India was created, along with an Executive Council in India, consisting of high officials of the British government. The Indian Councils Act 1861 provided for a Legislative Council consisting of the members of the Executive Council and non-official members. The Indian Councils Act 1892 established legislatures in each of the provinces of British India and increased the powers of the Legislative Council. Although these Acts increased the representation of Indians in the government, their power still remained limited, and the electorate very small. The Indian Councils Act 1909 and the Government of India Act 1919 further expanded the participation of Indians in the administration. The Government of India Act 1935 introduced provincial autonomy and proposed a federal structure in India.[9] The Indian Independence Act 1947, passed by the British parliament on 18 July 1947, divided British India (which did not include the Princely States) into two new independent countries, India and Pakistan, which were to be dominions under the Crown until they had each enacted a new constitution. The Constituent Assembly was divided into two for the separate nations, with each new Assembly having sovereign powers transferred to it for the respective dominion.

text: The Constitution of India was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950, proclaiming India to be a sovereign, democratic republic. This contained the founding principles of the law of the land which would govern India in its new form, which now included all the princely states which had not acceded to Pakistan.

text: According to Article 79 (Part V-The Union.) of the Constitution of India, the Parliament of India consists of the President of India and the two Houses of Parliament known as the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and the House of the People (Lok Sabha).[10]

text: The Lok Sabha (House of the Leaders) was duly constituted for the first time on 17 April 1952 after the first General Elections held from 25 October 1951 to 21 February 1952.

text:
Sessions of Lok Sabha

Sessions

Commenced Date

First

13 May 1952

Second

April 1957

Third

April 1962

Fourth

March 1967

Fifth

March 1971

Sixth

March 1977

Seventh

January 1980

Eighth

December 1984

Ninth

December 1989

Tenth

June 1991

Eleventh

May 1996

Twelfth

March 1998

Thirteenth

October 1999

Fourteenth

May 2004

Fifteenth

May 2009

Sixteenth (Current)

May 2014

text: Qualifications[edit]

text: Article 84 (Part V.—The Union)[11] of Indian Constitution sets qualifications for being a member of Lok Sabha, which are as follows:

text:
He / She should be a citizen of India, and must subscribe before the Election Commission of India an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule of Indian Constitution.
He / She should not be less than 25 years of age.
He / She possesses such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by Parliament.
He / She should not be proclaimed criminal i.e. they should not be a convict, a confirmed debtor or otherwise disqualified by law; and
He / She should have his/her name in the electoral rolls in any part of the country.

tag: ol

text: However, a member can be disqualified of being a member of Parliament:

text:
If he / she holds office of profit;
If he / she is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court
If he / she is an undischarged insolvent;
If he / she is not a citizen of India, or has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a foreign State, or is under any acknowledgment of allegiance or adherence to a foreign State;
If he / she is violating party discipline (as per Tenth schedule of the constitution); disqualified under Representation of People Act.

text: A seat in the Lok Sabha will become vacant in the following circumstances (during normal functioning of the House):

text:
When the holder of the seat, by writing to the speaker, resigns.
When the holder of the seat is absent from 60 consecutive days of proceedings of the House, without prior permission of the Speaker.
When the holder of the seat is subject to any disqualifications mentioned in the Constitution or any law enacted by Parliament.
A seat may also be vacated when the holder stands disqualified under the 'Anti-Defection Law'.

text: Furthermore, as per article 101 (Part V.—The Union)[12] of the Indian Constitution, a person cannot be:

text:
A member of both Houses of Parliament and provision shall be made by Parliament by law for the vacation by a person who is chosen a member of both Houses of his seat in one House or the other.
A member both of Parliament and of a House of the Legislature of a State.

text: System of elections in Lok Sabha[edit]

text: Members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people of India, on the basis of Universal Suffrage. For the purpose of holding direct elections to Lok Sabha; each state is divided into territorial constituencies. In this respect, the constitution of India makes the following two provisions:

text:
Each state is allotted a number of seats in the Lok Sabha in such a manner that the ratio between that number and its population is same for all the states of India. This provision does not apply for states having a population of less than 6 million (60 lakhs).
Each state is divided into territorial constituencies in such a manner that the ratio between the population of each constituency and the number of seats allotted to it remain the same throughout the state.

text: Note:

text:
The expression population while distributing seats among states refers to the population ascertained at the census of 1971.[13]
The expression population while distributing constituencies within a state refers to the population ascertained at the census of 2001.[14]

text: Powers[edit]

text: The Lok Sabha has certain powers that make it more powerful than the Rajya Sabha.

text:
Motions of no confidence against the government can be introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha. If passed by a majority vote, the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers resign collectively. The Rajya Sabha has no power over such a motion, and hence has no real power over the executive. This is because the Constitution of India has only made the Union Council of ministers responsible to the Lok Sabha, not to the Rajya Sabha.
Money bills can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha, and upon being passed, are sent to the Rajya Sabha, where it can be deliberated on for up to 14 days. If not rejected by the Rajya Sabha, or 14 days lapse from the introduction of the bill in the Rajya Sabha without any action by the House, or recommendations made by the Rajya Sabha are not accepted by the Lok Sabha, the bill is considered passed. The budget is presented in the Lok Sabha by the Finance Minister in the name of the President of India.
In matters pertaining to non-financial (ordinary) bills, after the bill has been passed by the House where it was originally tabled (Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha), it is sent to the other house, where it may be kept for a maximum period of 6 months. If the other House rejects the bill or a period of 6 months elapses without any action by that House, or the House that originally tabled the bill does not accept the recommendations made by the members of the other house, it results in a deadlock. This is resolved by a joint session of both Houses, presided over by the speaker of the Lok Sabha and decided by a simple majority. Though the Constitution has placed both houses on the same footing in this regard, in reality it is the Lok Sabha's opinions that mostly prevails—due to its bigger numerical strength.
Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing any Bill for Constitutional Amendment (by a majority of the total membership of the House and at least two-thirds majority of the members present and voting).
Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing a motion for the impeachment of the President (by two-thirds of the membership of the House).
Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in impeachment process (initiating and passing a motion for the removal) of the judges of the Supreme Court and the state High Courts (by a majority of the membership of the House and at least two-thirds majority of the members present and voting), who then can be removed by the President of India.
Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing a resolution declaring war or national emergency (by two-thirds majority) or constitutional emergency (by simple majority) in a state.
If the Lok Sabha is dissolved before or after the declaration of a National Emergency, the Rajya Sabha becomes the sole Parliament. It cannot be dissolved. This is a limitation on the Lok Sabha. But there is a possibility that president can exceed the term to not more than 1 year under the proclamation of emergency and the same would be lowered down to six-month if the said proclamation ceases to operate.

text: In conclusion, it is clear that the Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha in almost all matters. Even in those matters in which the Constitution has placed both Houses on an equal footing, the Lok Sabha has more influence due to its greater numerical strength. This is typical of any Parliamentary democracy, with the lower House always being more powerful than the upper.

text: Procedure[edit]

text: Procedure in the House[edit]

text: The Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha and Directions issued by the Speaker from time to time there under regulate the procedure in Lok Sabha. The items of business, notice of which is received from the Ministers/ Private Members and admitted by the Speaker, are included in the daily List of Business which is printed and circulated to members in advance. For various items of business to be taken up in the House the time is allotted by the House on the recommendations of the Business Advisory Committee. The Speaker presides over the sessions of the House and regulates procedure.

text: Sessions and Time of Sittings[edit]

text: Three sessions of Lok Sabha take place in a year:

text:
Budget session: February to May.
Monsoon session: July to September.
Winter session: November to mid December.

text: When in session, Lok Sabha holds its sittings usually from 11 A.M. to 1 P.M. and from 2 P.M. to 6 P.M. On some days the sittings are continuously held without observing lunch break and are also extended beyond 6 P.M. depending upon the business before the House. Lok Sabha does not ordinarily sit on Saturdays and Sundays and other closed holidays.

text: Question Hour[edit]

text: The first hour of every sitting is called Question Hour. Asking questions in Parliament is the free and unfettered right of members, and during Question Hour they may ask questions of ministers on different aspects of administration and government policy in the national and international spheres. Every minister whose turn it is to answer to questions has to stand up and answer for his department's acts of omission or commission.

text: Questions are of three types—Starred, Unstarred and Short Notice. A Starred Question is one to which a member desires an oral answer in the House and which is distinguished by an asterisk mark. An unstarred Question is one which is not called for oral answer in the house and on which no supplementary questions can consequently be asked. An answer to such a question is given in writing. Minimum period of notice for starred/ unstarred question is 10 clear days. If the questions given notice of are admitted by the Speaker, they are listed and printed for answer on the dates allotted to the Ministries to which the subject matter of the question pertains.

text: The normal period of notice does not apply to short notice questions which relate to matters of urgent public importance. However, a Short Notice Question may be answered only on short notice if so permitted by the Speaker and the Minister concerned is prepared to answer it at shorter notice. A short notice question is taken up for answer immediately after the Question Hour, popularly known as Zero Hour.

text: Zero Hour[edit]

text: The time immediately following the Question Hour has come to be known as "Zero Hour". It starts at around 12 noon (hence the name) and members can, with prior notice to the Speaker, raise issues of importance during this time. Typically, discussions on important Bills, the Budget, and other issues of national importance take place from 2 pm onwards.

text: Business after Question Hour[edit]

text: After the Question Hour, the House takes up miscellaneous items of work before proceeding to the main business of the day. These may consist of one or more of the following: Adjournment Motions, Questions involving breaches of Privileges, Papers to be laid on the Table, Communication of any messages from Rajya Sabha, Intimations regarding President's assent to Bills, Calling Attention Notices, Matters under Rule 377, Presentation of Reports of Parliamentary Committee, Presentation of Petitions, miscellaneous statements by Ministers, Motions regarding elections to Committees, Bills to be withdrawn or introduced.

text: Main Business[edit]

text: The main business of the day may be consideration of a Bill or financial business or consideration of a resolution or a motion.

text: Legislative Business[edit]

text: Legislative proposals in the form of a Bill can be brought forward either by a Minister or by a private member. In the former case it is known as Government Bill and in the latter case it is known as a Private Members' Bill. Every Bill passes through three stages—called three readings—before it is passed. To become law it must be passed by both the Houses of Parliament, Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, and then assented to by the president.

text: Financial Business[edit]

text: The presentation, discussion of, and voting on the annual General and Railways budgets—followed by the passing of the Appropriations Bill and the Finance Bill—is a long, drawn-out process that takes up a major part of the time of the House during its Budget Session every year.

text: Motions and Resolutions[edit]

text: Among other kinds of business that come up before the House are resolutions and motions. Resolutions and motions may be brought forward by Government or by private members. Government may move a resolution or a motion for obtaining the sanction to a scheme or opinion of the House on an important matter of policy or on a grave situation. Similarly, a private member may move a resolution or motion in order to draw the attention of the House and of the Government to a particular problem. The last two and half hours of sitting on every Friday are generally allotted for transaction of private members' business. While private members' bills are taken up on one Friday, private members' resolutions are taken up on the succeeding Friday, and so on.

text: Parliamentary Committees[edit]

text: Most of the business of drafting a bill or amendments are initially discussed and debated in the parliamentary committees. Since the time for legislation is limited, work of all departments of the government and any special focus tasks is delegated to the committees, wherein the committees shall prepare the initial draft of the bill/amendment for the consideration by both the houses. They consist of members from both the houses.

text: There are primarily two kinds of parliamentary committees based on their nature –

text:
Parliament Standing Committees (PSC) – Permanent in nature, reconstituted time to time with every new election.
Department based
Others
Ad hoc Committees – Created for specific purpose and ceases to exist when that purpose is achieved.

text: Half-an-Hour Discussion[edit]

text: A Half-an-Hour Discussion can be raised on a matter of sufficient public importance which has been the subject of a recent question in Lok Sabha irrespective of the fact whether the question was answered orally or the answer was laid on the Table of the House and the answer which needs elucidation on a matter of fact. Normally not more than half an hour is allowed for such a discussion. Usually, half-an-hour discussion is listed on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays only. In one session, a member is allowed to raise not more than two half-an-hour discussions. During the discussion, the member, who has given notice, makes a short statement and not more than four members, who have intimated earlier and have secured one of the four places in the ballot, are permitted to ask a question each for further elucidating any matter of fact. Thereafter, the Minister concerned replies. There is no formal motion before the House nor voting.

text: Discussion on Matters of Urgent Public Importance[edit]

text: Members may raise discussions on matters of urgent public importance with the permission of the Speaker. Such discussions may take place on two days in a week. No formal motion is moved in the House nor is there any voting on such a discussion.

text: Debate in the House[edit]

text: After the member who initiates discussion on an item of business has spoken, other members can speak on that item of business in such order as the Speaker may call upon them. Only one member can speak at a time and all speeches are directed to the Chair. A matter requiring the decision of the House is decided by means of a question put by the Speaker on a motion made by a member.

text: Division[edit]

text: A division is one of the forms in which the decision of the House is ascertained. Normally, when a motion is put to the House members for and against it indicate their opinion by saying "Aye" or "No" from their seats. The Chair goes by the voices and declares that the motion is either accepted or rejected by the House. If a member challenges the decision, the Chair orders that the lobbies be cleared. Then the division bell is rung and an entire network of bells installed in the various parts and rooms in Parliament House and Parliament House Annexe rings continuously for three and a half minutes. Members and Ministers rush to the Chamber from all sides. After the bell stops, all the doors to the Chamber are closed and nobody can enter or leave the Chamber till the division is over. Then the Chair puts the question for second time and declares whether in its opinion the "Ayes" or the "Noes", have it. If the opinion so declared is again challenged, the Chair asks the votes to be recorded by operating the Automatic Vote Recording Equipment.

text: Automatic Vote Recording System[edit]

text: With the announcement of the Speaker for recording the votes, the Secretary-General of the Lok Sabha presses the button of a key board. Then a gong sounds, serving as a signal to members for casting their votes. To vote, each member present in the Chamber has to flip a switch and then operate one of the three push buttons fixed in their seat. The push switch must be kept pressed simultaneously until the gong sounds for the second time after 10 seconds. There are two indicator boards installed in the wall on either side of the Speaker's chair in the Chamber. Each vote cast by a member is flashed here. Immediately after the votes are cast, they are totalled mechanically and the details of the results are flashed on the Result Indicator Boards installed in the railings of the Speaker's and Diplomatic Galleries.

text: Divisions are normally held with the aid of the Automatic Vote Recording Equipment. Where so directed by the Speaker in terms of relevant provision in the Rules of Procedure etc. in Lok Sabha, divisions may be held either by distribution of 'Aye'/'No' and 'Abstention' slips to members in the House or by the members recording their votes by going into the lobbies. There is an Indicator Board in the machine room showing the name of each member. The result of Division and vote cast by each member with the aid of Automatic Vote Recording Equipment appear also on this Board and immediately a photograph of the Indicator Board is taken. Later the Photograph is enlarged and the names of members who voted 'Ayes' and for 'Noes' are determined with the help of the photograph and incorporated in Lok Sabha Debates.

text: Publication of Debates[edit]

text: Three versions of Lok Sabha Debates are prepared: the Hindi version, the English version and the Original version. Only the Hindi and English versions are printed. The Original version, in cyclostyled form, is kept in the Parliament Library for record and reference. The Hindi version contains proceedings (all Questions asked and Answers given thereto and speeches made) in Hindi, and verbatim Hindi translation of proceedings in English or in regional languages. The English version contains  proceedings in English and the English translation of the proceedings which take place in Hindi or in any regional language. The Original version, however, contains proceedings in Hindi or in English as they actually took place in the House and also the English/Hindi translation of speeches made in regional languages.

text: If conflicting legislation is enacted by the two Houses, a joint sitting is held to resolve the differences. In such a session, the members of the Lok Sabha would generally prevail, since the Lok Sabha includes more than twice as many members as the Rajya Sabha.

text: Officers of Lok Sabha[edit]

text: Speaker and Deputy Speaker

text: As per Article 93 of Indian Constitution, the Lok Sabha has a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker. In the Lok Sabha, both presiding officers—the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker- are elected from among its members by a simple majority of members present and voting in the House. No specific qualifications are prescribed for being elected Speaker; the Constitution only requires that Speaker should be a member of the House. But an understanding of the Constitution and the laws of the country and the rules of procedure and conventions of Parliament is considered a major asset for the holder of the office of the Speaker. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker are mentioned under Article 94 of the Constitution of India. As per Article 94 of Indian Constitution, a Speaker or a Deputy Speaker should vacate his/her office, a) if he/she ceases to be a member of the House of the People, b) he/she resigns, or c) is removed from office by a resolution of the House passed by a majority.

text: The Speaker of Lok Sabha is both a member of the House and its Presiding Officer. The Speaker conducts the business in the House. He/she decides whether a bill is a money bill or not. He/she maintains discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for their unruly behaviour by suspending them. He/she permits the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions like the motion of no confidence, motion of adjournment, motion of censure and calling attention notice as per the rules. The Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting. It is the Speaker of the Lok Sabha who presides over joint sittings called in the event of disagreement between the two Houses on a legislative measure. Following the 52nd Constitution amendment, the Speaker is vested with the power relating to the disqualification of a member of the Lok Sabha on grounds of defection. The Speaker makes obituary references in the House, formal references to important national and international events and the valedictory address at the conclusion of every Session of the Lok Sabha and also when the term of the House expires. Though a member of the House, the Speaker does not vote in the House except on those rare occasions when there is a tie at the end of a decision. Till date, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha has not been called upon to exercise this unique casting vote. While the office of Speaker is vacant due to absence/resignation/removal, the duties of the office are performed by the Deputy Speaker or, if the office of Deputy Speaker is also vacant, by such member of the House of the People as the President may appoint for the purpose. The Lok Sabha has also a separate non-elected Secretariat staff.[15]

text: Shri G. V. Mavalankar was the first Speaker of Lok Sabha (15 May 1952 – 27 February 1956) and Shri M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar was the first Deputy Speaker (30 May 1952 – 7 March 1956). In the 16th Lok Sabha, Sumitra Mahajan is the Speaker and M. Thambidurai is the Deputy Speaker.

text: Lok Sabha general elections[edit]

text: Lok Sabha is constituted after the general election as follows:

text:
Lok Sabha
General Election

1st Lok Sabha
Indian general election, 1951–52

2nd Lok Sabha
Indian general election, 1957

3rd Lok Sabha
Indian general election, 1962

4th Lok Sabha
Indian general election, 1967

5th Lok Sabha
Indian general election, 1971

6th Lok Sabha
Indian general election, 1977

7th Lok Sabha
Indian general election, 1980

8th Lok Sabha
Indian general election, 1984

9th Lok Sabha
Indian general election, 1989

10th Lok Sabha
Indian general election, 1991

11th Lok Sabha
Indian general election, 1996

12th Lok Sabha
Indian general election, 1998

13th Lok Sabha
Indian general election, 1999

14th Lok Sabha
Indian general election, 2004

15th Lok Sabha
Indian general election, 2009

16th Lok Sabha
Indian general election, 2014

text: Composition[edit]

text:
State/Union Territory
Type
No. of constituencies[16]

Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Union Territory
1

Andhra Pradesh
State
25

Arunachal Pradesh
State
2

Assam
State
14

Bihar
State
40

Chandigarh
Union Territory
1

Chhattisgarh
State
11

Dadra and Nagar Haveli
Union Territory
1

Daman and Diu
Union Territory
1

National Capital Territory of Delhi
Union Territory
7

Goa
State
2

Gujarat
State
26

Haryana
State
10

Himachal Pradesh
State
4

Jammu and Kashmir
State
6

Jharkhand
State
14

Karnataka
State
28

Kerala
State
20

Lakshadweep
Union Territory
1

Madhya Pradesh
State
29

Maharashtra
State
48

Manipur
State
2

Meghalaya
State
2

Mizoram
State
1

Nagaland
State
1

Odisha
State
21

Puducherry
Union Territory
1

Punjab
State
13

Rajasthan
State
25

Sikkim
State
1

Tamil Nadu
State
39

Telangana
State
17

Tripura
State
2

Uttarakhand
State
5

Uttar Pradesh
State
80

West Bengal
State
42

Nominated
Anglo-Indian
2

Total
545

text: Membership by party[edit]

text: Members of 16th Lok Sabha by their political party (As of 26 October 2018):[17]

text:
Alliance

Party

Seats

National Democratic AllianceSeats: 312

Bharatiya Janata Party

270

Shiv Sena

18

Lok Janshakti Party

6

Shiromani Akali Dal

4

Rashtriya Lok Samta Party

3

Apna Dal

2

Janata Dal (United)

2

All India N.R. Congress

1

Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party

1

Pattali Makkal Katchi

1

Sikkim Democratic Front

1

Speaker of the House, BJP

1

Nominated Anglo-Indians, BJP

2

United Progressive AllianceSeats: 53

Indian National Congress

48

Indian Union Muslim League

2

Janata Dal (Secular)

1

Rashtriya Lok Dal

1

Revolutionary Socialist Party

1

Janata Parivar AllianceSeats: 6

Rashtriya Janata Dal

4

Indian National Lok Dal

2

Other PartiesSeats: 157

All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

37

All India Trinamool Congress

34

Biju Janata Dal

19

Telugu Desam Party

16

Telangana Rashtra Samithi

11

Communist Party of India (Marxist)

9

Samajwadi Party

7

Nationalist Congress Party

6

Aam Aadmi Party

4

YSR Congress Party

4

All India United Democratic Front

3

Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

2

All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen

1

Communist Party of India

1

Jammu & Kashmir National Conference

1

Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party

1

Swabhimani Paksha

1

Independents

3

Vacant Seats

Anantnag, Ongole, Kadapa, Nellore, Tirupati, Rajampet, Kottayam, Kendrapara, Tura, Katihar, Begusarai, Bellary, Shimoga and Mandya constituencies.

14

Total

545


document_title: The Dukes of Hazzard (film)

question_text: who played roscoe on the new dukes of hazzard

root

text: The Dukes of Hazzard (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Cousins Bo (Seann William Scott), Luke (Johnny Knoxville), and Daisy Duke (Jessica Simpson) run a moonshine business for their Uncle Jesse (Willie Nelson) in Hazzard County, Georgia. The cousins' primary mode of transportation is an orange 1969 Dodge Charger that the boys affectionately refer to as the "General Lee". Along the way, the family is tormented by corrupt Hazzard County Commissioner Jefferson Davis Hogg, widely known as "Boss Hogg" (Burt Reynolds), and his willing but dimwitted henchman, Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane (M. C. Gainey).

tag: p

text: After Rosco has the General Lee impounded after Bo and Luke’s attempt to run away from a daughter of one their many moonshine customers, Billy Prickett (James Roday), a famous stock-car driver, enters Hazzard to participate in the rally. Meanwhile, Rosco plants a fake moonshine still ("'cause he's too dumb to find the real one") in Uncle Jesse's barn and seizes the Duke property in the interest of eminent domain for Boss Hogg, forcing the family to temporarily reside with neighbor and Uncle Jesse's love-interest, Pauline (Lynda Carter). Pauline informs the Dukes that Rosco seized another farm on charges, so Bo and Luke investigate a local construction site and find geologic core samples with the help of bait-shop owner Sheev (Kevin Heffernan). Meanwhile, Coltrane makes arrangements to seize the General Lee as "evidence" from the local auto body shop run by the Dukes' friend Cooter Davenport (David Koechner), who instead turns the car into a hot rod and applies a new paint job and horn, in return for finally getting payment for all the work he has done ("...'cause that's how this works...") for the boys in the past.

text: After retrieving the General Lee before Rosco can, the Dukes go to Atlanta to visit a local university geology lab, meeting with Katie-Lynn Johnson (Nikki Griffin), a Hazzard county girl and the Dukes' love interest, and her Australian roommate Annette (Jacqui Maxwell). At the lab, they discover Boss Hogg's intentions of turning the county into a strip coal mine. They are later arrested by Atlanta Police after running from campus police. Back in Hazzard, Daisy learns, with the help of Sheriff's Deputy Enos Strate (Michael Weston), that Billy Prickett has been hired by Boss Hogg to participate in the rally as a ringer. Boss Hogg then heads to Atlanta, where he informs the Duke boys, in lock-up, that they are too late to stop him and reveals that the vote on Hogg's proposition is at the same time as the rally, explaining Billy Prickett's involvement. During a transfer from detainment, Daisy helps the boys escape from the patrol car, and they speed home to try to inform the townsfolk, escaping Atlanta Police, and the Georgia State Patrol after Bo outmaneuvers the city cops.

text: Upon returning home, the Dukes discover that Boss Hogg and Rosco had taken Uncle Jesse and Pauline hostage, an obvious trap for the boys, and that Billy is in on the scheme because he is ashamed of the town's low status. The two race to the farmhouse to cause a distraction to the waiting Hazzard County sheriff's deputies and Georgia state troopers, while Daisy and Cooter rescue Jesse and Pauline. Meanwhile, the college girls head to the rally with Sheev to inform the townsfolk about the vote on the strip-mining ordinance. Because of Sheev's armadillo hat and lack of pants, no one listens, so Bo leaves for the rally while Luke and Jesse team up to foil the county and state police who are chasing Bo, interfering with the race. Upon crossing the finish line first, before Billy, the two continue racing back and forth all the way into town, leading the townsfolk to the courthouse just in time to vote against Boss Hogg's proposed ordinance. At the courthouse, Daisy takes advantage of the governor of Georgia's presence and TV cameras to convince him to pardoning the boys, so Uncle Jesse takes the opportunity to knock out Boss Hogg and gets a pardon for assaulting a county commissioner at the same time.

text: The final scene shows a cook-out at the Dukes' house where Pauline convinces Uncle Jesse, who could not be found because he was "using the meat smoker", to get up and play the television series' main theme. Bo and Luke are romantically involved with the girls in the General Lee when they are caught by Luke's other love-interest Laurie Pullman (Alice Greczyn) from the introduction of the film, who proceeds to chase them with a shotgun as they drive away.

text: During the credits, outtakes from the production of the film are shown.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Johnny Knoxville as Luke Duke
Seann William Scott as Bo Duke
Jessica Simpson as Daisy Duke
Burt Reynolds as Boss Hogg
Willie Nelson as Uncle Jesse Duke
David Koechner as Cooter Davenport
M. C. Gainey as Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane
Michael Weston as Deputy Enos Strate
Lynda Carter as Pauline
James Roday as Billy Prickett
Kevin Heffernan as Derek "Sheev" Sheevington
Nikki Griffin as Katie-Lynn Johnson
Jacqui Maxwell as Annette
Alice Greczyn as Laurie Pullman
Junior Brown as The Balladeer (narrator)
Joe Don Baker as Governor Jim Applewhite
Barry Corbin as Bill Pullman
Andrew Prine as Angry Man
Randy Orton as Bo Duke (Stunt double)

tag: ul

text: Cameos[edit]

text: All five members of the comedy film troupe Broken Lizard make appearances in the film, classified as cameos, except for Kevin Heffernan, who had a larger speaking role (Sheev).

text:
Steve Lemme appears as Jimmy Pullman, the son of Bill Pullman, in an early car chase scene in which he accidentally shoots the inside of his father's truck.
Jay Chandrasekhar and Erik Stolhanske reprise their roles as Ramathorn and Rabbit from the Broken Lizard comedy, Super Troopers. The characters are now campus security officers, who give a warning to the Duke boys for driving too slowly.
Paul Soter appears as TV newsman Rick Shakely, who is reporting from the Hazzard Road Rally.
Charlie Finn, who played a dimwitted fast-food employee in Super Troopers, appears as a dimwitted geology student who assists the Duke boys with the coal samples.

text:
During the bar-fight scene, Indy-car driver A. J. Foyt IV appears as himself.[citation needed]
Bloopers roll under the ending credits, one of which features Rip Taylor interrupting the bedroom scene with Luke and the two college girls. Taylor had previously appeared with Knoxville in Jackass: The Movie.

text: Production[edit]

text: Stunts[edit]

text: Knoxville said he was initially reluctant to take on the role, but was persuaded by script changes and the presence of Dan Bradley as stunt coordinator and second unit for the car chase scenes. Knoxville praised him, saying, "everyone in Hollywood wants Dan Bradley to shoot their car stuff".[1]

text: Locations[edit]

text: The majority of the film was shot in and around Clinton, Louisiana. The street scenes are set in Atlanta, but filmed in the New Orleans Central Business District, and the university scenes were shot on the campus of Louisiana State University.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film was number one at the box office its opening weekend and grossed $30.7 million on 3,785 screens. It also had an adjusted-dollar rank of number 24 all-time for August releases.[2] The film eventually collected $111 million worldwide, although it was much less successful financially outside the United States.

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Roger Ebert gave the film one star, calling it a "lame-brained, outdated wheeze" and wondered that Burt Reynolds' part in the film is "karma-wise... the second half of what Smokey and the Bandit was the first half of".[3] Ebert also named it the second-worst film of the year and Richard Roeper named it the worst film of 2005.[4]

text: According to review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 14% of critics gave the film positive reviews, based on 168 reviews; the website's consensus called the film "A dumb, goofy, and vacuous adaptation of a TV show where plot is simply an excuse to string together the car chases." The film received an average rating of 33% on Metacritic based on 36 reviews, indicating "Generally unfavorable reviews."[5] Longtime fans of the original Dukes of Hazzard series were generally disappointed by the film.[6]

text: Awards[edit]

text: At the 26th Golden Raspberry Awards, the film received seven nominations, but did not win any.

text:
Worst Picture - lost to Dirty Love
Worst Director (Jay Chandrasekhar) - lost to John Mallory Asher for Dirty Love
Worst Screenplay (John O'Brien) - lost to Jenny McCarthy for Dirty Love
Worst Supporting Actor (Burt Reynolds) - lost to Hayden Christensen in Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith
Worst Supporting Actress (Jessica Simpson) - lost to Paris Hilton in House of Wax
Worst Screen Couple (Jessica Simpson and her Daisy Dukes) - lost to Nicole Kidman and Will Ferrell in Bewitched
Worst Remake or Sequel - lost to Son of the Mask

text: At the People's Choice Awards, Simpson won the "Favorite Song from a Movie" award for her cover of Nancy Sinatra's "These Boots Are Made For Walkin'".

text: The film was nominated for two MTV Movie Awards, including Best On-Screen Team (Johnny Knoxville, Seann William Scott, and Jessica Simpson), and Sexiest Performance (Jessica Simpson).

text: Simpson won the Choice Breakout Female award for her role in the film at the Teen Choice Awards.

text: Controversy[edit]

text: Before the release of this film, Warner Bros. reportedly paid $17.5 million to the producer of Moonrunners, the movie that inspired the television series. This was soon followed by a claim from screenwriter Gy Waldron. The Hollywood Reporter reported that James Best, who portrayed Rosco P. Coltrane in the original series, filed suit in late July 2011 over royalties he was contracted to receive over spinoffs that "used his identity".[7] Ben Jones, who played Cooter Davenport in the original series, criticized the film for its emphasis on sexual content, suggesting that the original series was more family-oriented and not as sexualized.[8] He called for fans of the television series to boycott the film "unless they clean it up before the August 5th release date."

text: Some have countered that the original series also contained sexual themes, primarily Catherine Bach's (Daisy Duke) much-displayed "short shorts" (which have become so ubiquitous in American culture that skimpy blue jean cutoff shorts are now often simply called "Daisy Dukes"). In a film review, a New York Daily News entertainment columnist said the movie's sex humor is "cruder" than the TV series, but that it is "nearly identical to the TV series in... its ogling of the posterior of cousin Daisy Duke."[9]

text: Although initially he commented that he enjoyed the new style of relationship between the movie versions of Bo and Luke, John Schneider, who played Bo Duke in the original series, was later asked if he saw the film and said: "My gosh... it was terrible! It wasn’t Dukes. It was true to whatever it was; I just don’t know what that was!"[10]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Jessica Simpson recorded her own version of "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'" (and added her own lyrics) for the soundtrack to the film The Dukes of Hazzard (2005). Performed from the point of view of her character in the movie, Simpson's cover was co-produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, and was released as the soundtrack's first single in 2005. It became Simpson's fifth top-20 single in the United States and its music video drew some controversy because of its sexual imagery.[11] Both the original Ram Jam version of "Black Betty", and the Sylvia Massy produced remake by Spiderbait appear in the film. "If You Want Blood (You've Got It)" and "Shoot to Thrill" are played by AC/DC.[12]

text: Unrated Cut[edit]

text: In 2008, an unrated cut restored changes made to get a PG-13 rating from the Motion Picture Association of America. The unrated cut was released on DVD, and included rated and unrated bonus features, including unrated deleted scenes and blooper scenes. This edition was not rated by the MPAA, but would have unquestionably been rated R for nudity, language, and violent driving stunts.[13]

text: Prequel[edit]

text: A prequel to the film, titled The Dukes of Hazzard: The Beginning, was released to television on March 4, 2007, and released to DVD on March 13, 2007.


document_title: Ground pressure

question_text: when does a man exert more pressure on floor while standing or while walking

text: Ground pressure

text: Example Ground Pressures[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: All examples are approximate, and will vary based on conditions

text: Hovercraft: 0.7 kPa (0.1 psi)

text: Human on Snowshoes: 3.5 kPa (0.5 psi)

text: Rubber-tracked ATV: 5.165 kPa (0.75 psi)

text: Diedrich D-50 - T2 Drilling rig: 26.2 kPa (3.8 psi)

text: Human male (1.8 meter tall, medium build): 55 kPa (8 psi)

text: M1 Abrams tank: 103 kPa (15 psi)

text: 1993 Toyota 4Runner / Hilux Surf: 170 kPa (25 psi)

text: Adult horse (550 kg, 1250 lb): 170 kPa (25 psi)

text: Bagger 288 Excavation machine: 170 kPa (25 psi)

text: Passenger car: 205 kPa (30 psi)

text: Wheeled ATV: 13.8 kPa (2 psi)

text: Adult elephant: 240 kPa (35 psi)

text: Mountain bicycle: 245 kPa (40 psi)

text: Road racing bicycle: 620 kPa (90 psi)

text: Stiletto heel: 3,250 kPa (471 psi)

text: Note: Pressures for Man and Horse are for standing still. A walking human will exert more than double his standing pressure. A galloping horse will exert up to 3.5 MPa (500 psi). The ground pressure for a pneumatic tire is roughly equal to its inflation pressure.


document_title: Mr. Holland's Opus

question_text: who played cole in mr holland's opus

question_tokens: who played cole in mr holland 's opus

text: Mr. Holland's Opus

text: Plot[edit]

text: In Portland, Oregon in 1965, Glenn Holland is a talented musician and composer who has been relatively successful in the exhausting life of a professional musical performer. However, in an attempt to enjoy more free time with his young wife, Iris, and to enable him to compose a piece of orchestral music, the 30-year-old Holland accepts a teaching position at John F. Kennedy High School.

text: Unfortunately for Holland, he is soon forced to realize that his position as a music teacher makes him a marginalized figure in the faculty's hierarchy. Many of his colleagues, and some in Kennedy High's administration, including the school's vice principal Gene Wolters, resent Holland and question the value and importance of music education given the school's strained budget. However, he quickly begins to win many of his colleagues over. Holland finds success using rock and roll as a way to make classical music more accessible to his students.

text: Holland's lack of quality time with Iris becomes problematic when their son Coltrane(Cole), is found to be deaf. Holland reacts with hostility to the news that he can never teach the joys of music to his own child. Iris willingly learns American Sign Language to communicate with her son, but Holland resists. This causes further estrangement within his family.

text: As the years progress, Holland grows closer to his students at Kennedy High and more distant from his own son. He addresses a series of challenges created by people who are either hesitant or hostile towards the concept of musical excellence within the walls of the average American high school. He inspires numerous students, but never has private time for himself or his family, delaying the completion of his own orchestral composition. Eventually, he reaches an age when it is too late to have a realistic chance of finding financial backing, or ever having it performed.

text: In 1995, the adversaries of the Kennedy High music program win a decisive institutional victory. Wolters, now promoted to principal, works with the board of education to eliminate funding for music along with other fine arts programs, thus leading to Holland's early retirement. Holland realizes that his career in music is likely over, thinking that his former students have mostly forgotten him and is dejected at his failure ever to have his composition, which he views as his life's work, performed.

text: On his final day as a teacher, Holland enters the school auditorium, where his professional life is surprisingly redeemed. Hearing that their beloved teacher is retiring, hundreds of his former students have secretly returned to the school to celebrate his life.

text: Holland's orchestral piece, never before heard in public, has been put before the musicians by his wife and son. One of his most musically challenged students, Gertrude Lang, now the Governor of Oregon, takes the podium and explains to Holland that the symphony he wrote is not his only legacy... it's the people he has inspired and taught, all of the people he has helped to make a better person, that is his true legacy. Gov. Lang then sits among the musicians with her clarinet, but not before asking Holland to step on up on stage and serve as their conductor for the premiere performance of Mr. Holland's Opus ("The American Symphony"). A proud Iris and Cole look on, appreciating the affection and respect that Holland receives.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Richard Dreyfuss as Glenn Holland
Glenne Headly as Iris Holland
Jay Thomas as Bill Meister
Olympia Dukakis as Principal Helen Jacobs
William H. Macy as Vice Principal (later Principal) Gene Wolters
Alicia Witt as young Gertrude Lang
Joanna Gleason as older Governor Gertrude Lang
Terrence Howard as Louis Russ
Damon Whitaker as Bobby Tidd
Jean Louisa Kelly as Rowena Morgan
Alexandra Boyd as Sarah Olmstead
Nicholas John Renner as Coltrane "Cole" Holland (age 6)
Joseph Anderson as Coltrane "Cole" Holland (age 15)
Anthony Natale as Coltrane "Cole" Holland (age 28)
Beth Maitland as Deaf School Principal
Balthazar Getty as Stadler

text: Production[edit]

text: The movie was written by Patrick Sheane Duncan, directed by Stephen Herek, and was filmed in and around Portland, Oregon, with many exterior and interior scenes taking place at Ulysses S. Grant High School.[3]

text: Archive footage[edit]

text: Archive footage seen in the film includes:

text:
Martin Luther King, Jr.'s speech
Robert and John F. Kennedy
Woodstock
Vietnam War
Richard Nixon's resignation speech
The Rocky Horror Picture Show
Saturday Night Fever
Stop Making Sense
Death of John Lennon
Disco Demolition Night at Comiskey Park

text: Music[edit]

text: The film features an orchestral score by Michael Kamen and many pieces of classical music. Kamen also wrote An American Symphony ("Mr. Holland's Opus"), the work on which Mr. Holland is shown working throughout the movie. Kamen's arrangement won the 1997 Grammy for Best Instrumental Arrangement.

text: Soundtrack releases[edit]

text: Two soundtrack albums were released for this film in January 1996. One is the original motion picture score, and includes all of the original music written for the film by Michael Kamen. The second album is a collection of popular music featured in the film:

text:
"Visions of a Sunset" – Shawn Stockman (of Boyz II Men)
"1-2-3" – Len Barry
"A Lover's Concerto" – The Toys
"Keep On Running" – Spencer Davis Group
"Uptight (Everything's Alright)" – Stevie Wonder
"Imagine" – John Lennon
"The Pretender" – Jackson Browne
"Someone to Watch Over Me" – Julia Fordham
"I Got a Woman" – Ray Charles
"Beautiful Boy (Darling Boy)" – John Lennon
"Cole's Song" – Julian Lennon and Tim Renwick
An American Symphony ("Mr. Holland's Opus") – London Metropolitan Orchestra and Michael Kamen

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: In the United States, gross domestic takings totaled US$82,569,971. International takings are estimated at US$23,700,000, for a gross worldwide takings of $106,269,971.[4] Rental totals reached $36,550,000 in the US. Although the film is included among 1995 box-office releases (it ranks as the 14th-most successful film of that year), it was only released in a few theatres in New York and Los Angeles on December 29, 1995, because Disney felt, accurately, that Richard Dreyfuss' performance had a good chance of getting an Oscar nomination if it beat that year's in-theatre deadline.

text: Critical[edit]

text: Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a 74% Fresh rating.[5] CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare "A+" grade. Writer Patrick Sheane Duncan was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay at the 53rd Golden Globe Awards. Dreyfuss was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama.

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text: 2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated[6]

text: The Mr. Holland's Opus Foundation[edit]

text: Inspired by the motion picture, its composer, Michael Kamen, founded The Mr. Holland's Opus Foundation in 1996 as his commitment to the future of music education.[7]


document_title: Robb Stark

question_text: when did robb stark die in game of thrones

text: Robb Stark

text: Character description[edit]

text: Robb is fourteen years old at the beginning of A Game of Thrones (1996). He is the eldest son of Eddard "Ned" Stark and his wife Catelyn, and has five siblings: Sansa, Arya, Bran, Rickon, and the illegitimate half-brother Jon Snow. Robb is constantly accompanied by his direwolf, Grey Wind.

text: Robb is the eldest legitimate son of Lord Eddard Stark, and heir to Winterfell. When Lord Eddard relocates to King's Landing to become the King's Hand, Robb remains at Winterfell to rule in his father's stead. When Eddard is beheaded by Ser Ilyn Payne, Robb is declared King in the North by his bannermen rather than swear fealty to the Lannister king, Joffrey Baratheon, drawing the lords of the North and of the Riverlands to his cause. Despite displaying a proficiency in military tactics in his victories against the Lannisters, he makes numerous political and strategic errors, culminating into his betrayal and murder by disgruntled allies Walder Frey and Roose Bolton, all under discreet command of Tywin Lannister at the wedding of his uncle, Edmure Tully, to Frey's daughter Roslin.

text: Development, overview and reception[edit]

text: Robb Stark is not a point of view character in the novels and is mostly a background character.[4]  His actions are witnessed and interpreted through the eyes of other people, such as his brother Bran and his mother Lady Catelyn, as well as memories from Jon Snow and Theon Greyjoy.

text: James Poniewozik of Time describes Robb as less eager to seek retaliation than his father Eddard Stark but also as more pragmatic.[5][6]  His overview of the television version of Robb focuses on his role as a foil for Eddard:

text: Robb has risen to take his father’s place, as a lord of Winterfell and as a focal character in the show. We never saw what kind of warrior Ned was in the field, but in King’s Landing, he fought a straight-ahead battle, telegraphing his moves, and died for it. Robb, seeing the Lannisters' numbers, shows himself capable of feints and deceptions—albeit at the cost of 2,000 men and the guilt of having sent them on a suicide mission.[7]

text: In the third novel, A Storm of Swords, Robb Stark is assassinated in an event called the Red Wedding, which was inspired by the Black Dinner and Glencoe Massacre from Scottish history.[8]  George Martin has said that he decided to kill Robb Stark because he wished to keep the story difficult to predict: "I killed Ned because everybody thinks he’s the hero ... The next predictable thing is to think his eldest son is going to rise up and avenge his father. And everybody is going to expect that. So immediately [killing Robb] became the next thing I had to do."[8]

text: In their 2015 book, Game of Thrones and Business, Tim Phillips and Rebecca Claire agree:

text: But the Internet-crashing shock wasn't fundamentally about death.  There's loads of that on TV.  What really made this stand out was that it broke the rules – the story just wasn't supposed to go this way.  We'd invested in the revenge story of Robb Stark and his family who, in Hollywood narrative terms, should clearly win the war against the Lannisters because that's the way things are done in fairy stories.[9]

text: The Scottish actor Richard Madden has received positive reviews for his role as Robb Stark in the TV series.[10]

text: Storylines[edit]

text: A Game of Thrones[edit]

text: When his father leaves for King's Landing to be made King Robert Baratheon's Hand, Robb becomes acting Lord of Winterfell.  After his father's arrest for presumed treason, he marches south with an army in attempt to free his father.  To secure passage through the Green Fork at the vital crossing of the Twins, Robb consents to the marriage to one of Walder Frey's daughters or granddaughters negotiated by his mother Lady Catelyn Tully.  After crossing the river, he surprises and destroys the Lannister army besieging Riverrun, capturing Jaime Lannister in the process.  Upon hearing of his father's execution at King's Landing, Robb is crowned the King in the North by his bannermen and King of the Trident by the Riverlands lords.

text: A Clash of Kings[edit]

text: Robb continues to win victories against the Lannister army, and earns the nickname "Young Wolf" for his ferocity in battle.  He sends his mother Lady Catelyn to negotiate an alliance with Renly Baratheon, but Renly is assassinated by his brother Stannis Baratheon with blood magic from the red priestess Melisandre.  As Stannis and the Starks still share a common enemy, Robb invades the Westerlands in order to strategically assist Stannis's campaign against the Lannisters.  He also sends Theon Greyjoy to Pyke in hope to win the alliance of Theon's father Balon Greyjoy, ruler of the Iron Islands.  However Balon decides to take advantage and attack the North instead.  Theon joins his father and seizes Winterfell by surprise, where he is believed to have murdered Robb's youngest siblings Bran and Rickon, though in reality they have escaped and gone into hiding.

text: A Storm of Swords[edit]

text: During one of his assaults in the Westerlands, Robb is wounded, at the same time learns the news of his brothers' apparent murder.  Falling ill due to mourning and injury, he falls in love with the noble maiden in charge of nursing him, Jeyne Westerling, taking her virginity.  To preserve Jeyne's honor, Robb marries her, rescinding the previous marriage arrangement with House Frey, causing the Freys to desert his army.  Meanwhile, Stannis Baratheon, who has suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Blackwater, is urged by Melisandre to use blood magic with leeches to curse the three rival kings Joffrey, Robb and Balon.

text: After Stannis's defeat at the Blackwater, Robb withdraws from the Westerlands and returns to Riverrun to attend the funeral of his grandfather Lord Hoster Tully.  Upon returning, Robb learns that his mother Lady Catelyn has secretly released the prisoner Jaime Lannister in the hope of exchanging her hostage daughter Sansa in King's Landing.  This leads to the mutiny of Lord Rickard Karstark, whose two sons were slain by Jaime during the Battle of Whispering Woods, forcing Robb to execute Lord Rickard and losing the Karstark support.  As the war situation is looking bad, Robb tries to repair the alliance with the Freys, by bargaining his uncle Edmure Tully to marry Roslin Frey, hence rebuilding the marriage alliance.  The Freys then demand that Robb personally attend the wedding at the Twins as a gesture of apology.

text: On their way to the Twins, Robb learns that Balon Greyjoy has accidentally died, and the ironborn commanders are returning to the Iron Islands to attend Kingsmoot.  He decided to lead his army to retake the North immediately after the wedding is complete.  He soon learns that his sister Sansa has been forcibly married off to Tyrion Lannister. To prevent the Lannisters from claiming Winterfell through Sansa's child by Tyrion, against the opposition of his mother Catelyn, Robb disinherits Sansa and signs a decree legitimizing his half-brother Jon Snow as his heir if he happens to die with no children, and requests the Night's Watch release Jon from service.  He then entrusts the decree to Lord Galbart Glover and Lady Maege Mormont, sending them to secretly sail up the Neck seeking contact with Howland Reed, Lord of Greywater Watch, so he can launch a coordinated attack to recapture the strategically crucial Moat Cailin.  However at the Twins, the Northern convoy, who are unarmed in attendance to the wedding, are betrayed and massacred by the Freys during the wedding feast in an event known as the "Red Wedding".  Robb is personally murdered by his chief vassal lord Roose Bolton, who has also secretly defected to the Lannisters and rewarded with the title of the Warden of the North.

text: Family tree of House Stark[edit]

text:
hidevteDescendants of Rickard Stark

Rickard[a]Lyarra[b]

Brandon[a]CatelynTully[c]Eddard[a]Lyanna[a][d]Benjen[a]

Robb[c]JeyneWesterling[e]Sansa[c]TyrionLannister[f]Arya[c]Brandon[c]Rickon[c]JonSnow[c][d]

Notes:

^ Jump up to: a b c d e Martin, George R. R. (1996). "Chapter 4: Eddard". A Game of Thrones. pp. 36–45. ISBN 978-0-553-89784-5.

Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R.; García Jr., Elio M.; Antonsson, Linda (2014). "Appendix: Stark Lineage". The World of Ice & Fire. ISBN 978-0-553-80544-4.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Martin. "Appendix: House Stark". A Game of Thrones. pp. 785–786.

^ Jump up to: a b In the TV series Game of Thrones, Jon is the son of Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna

Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R. (2000). "Chapter 14: Catelyn". A Storm of Swords. pp. 192–193. ISBN 978-0-553-89787-6.

Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R. (2000). "Chapter 28: Sansa". A Storm of Swords. pp. 382–393. ISBN 978-0-553-89787-6.

text: TV adaptation[edit]

text: Robb Stark is played by Richard Madden in the television adaption of the series of books.[11] There are some slight differences between the TV portrayal and the book version of Robb. Due to the child characters' ages being increased, Robb's age is changed from 14 to 17 years old at the start of the series. Instead of marrying Jeyne Westering (as in the novels), he marries a healer from Volantis named Talisa Maegyr, who is also killed during the Red Wedding. And while Robb is a background character in the books, not having any chapters told from his perspective, he is listed ahead of Michelle Fairley, who plays POV character Catelyn Stark in the books, in the opening credits of many episodes, and we see the Stark's storyline in Seasons 2 and 3 revolve more around Robb in the viewers' eyes as opposed to the readers'.

text: James Poniewozik comments on Madden's performance in "The Pointy End" in Time, saying "both the script and Richard Madden show in deft, quick strokes how the crisis focuses him. (This is another case where having a live actor does a better job of showing a transition that seemed more abrupt in the book.)"[6]

text: Madden said that he learned that the character would be killed off early on but otherwise read the books season by season, focusing primarily on the scripts: "I'm, as an actor, forced to bend the path I put Robb on and change it and keep the surprises coming. Hopefully, I managed to do that."[12]

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Robb Stark is the eldest son of Eddard and Catelyn Stark and the heir to Winterfell. His direwolf is called Grey Wind. Robb becomes involved in the war against the Lannisters after his father, Ned Stark, is arrested for treason. Robb summons his bannermen for war against House Lannister and marches to the Riverlands. Eventually, crossing the river at the Twins becomes strategically necessary. To win permission to cross, Robb agrees to marry a daughter of Walder Frey, Lord of the Twins. Robb leads the war effort against the Lannisters and successfully captures Jaime. After Ned is executed, the North and the Riverlands declare their independence from the Seven Kingdoms and proclaim Robb as their new King, "The King in the North".

text: He wins a succession of battles in Season 2, earning him the nickname the Young Wolf. However, he feels that he botched the political aspects of war. He sends Theon to the Iron Islands hoping that he can broker an alliance with Balon Greyjoy, Theon's father. In exchange for Greyjoy support, Robb as King in the North will recognize the Iron Islands' independence. He also sends his mother Catelyn to deal with Stannis Baratheon and Renly Baratheon, both of whom are fighting to be the rightful king. Theon and Catelyn fail in their missions, and Balon launches an invasion of the North. Robb falls in love with Talisa Maegyr, a healer from Volantis due to her kindness and spirit. Despite his mother's protest, Robb breaks his engagement with the Freys and marries Talisa in the 2nd-season finale. On news of his grandfather, Lord Hoster Tully's, death, Robb and his party travel north to Riverrun for the funeral, where the young king is reunited with his great-uncle, Brynden Blackfish, and his uncle, Edmure Tully, the new lord of Riverrun. While at Riverrun, Robb makes the decision to execute Lord Rickard Karstark for the murders of two teenage squires related to the Lannisters, a decision that loses the support of the Karstarks and leads Robb to make the ultimately fatal decision to ask the Freys for their alliance. He is killed in the Red Wedding Massacre, after witnessing the murder of his pregnant wife and their unborn child. Lord Bolton personally executes Robb, stabbing him through the heart while taunting that "the Lannisters send their regards", in fact a promise made to Jaime (who had no knowledge of Bolton's impending treason) when leaving for the Twins. His corpse is later decapitated and Grey Wind's head is sewn on and paraded around as the Stark forces are slaughtered by the Freys and the Boltons. Though House Stark is stripped of all lands and titles by House Lannister as a result of Robb's death and his failed rebellion against the Iron Throne, he and his mother are later avenged in Season 6 and the first episode of Season 7, when his cousin (believed to be half-brother) Jon Snow and sister Sansa Stark successfully overthrow House Bolton and retake Winterfell. Jon is crowned the King in the North by the remaining Northern lords, wildlings, and Knights of the Vale, restoring Stark rule in the North in the process. Meanwhile, his youngest sister Arya Stark returns to Westeros, murders Walder Frey, and later uses his face to disguise herself as Frey to poison all of his sons and male descendants at the Twins, ultimately avenging the Red Wedding and exterminating House Frey.

text: In other media[edit]

text: In his article "The War in Westeros and Just War Theory," Richard H. Corrigan uses Robb to illustrate the concepts of just cause and right intention in the decision to go to war: "Robb is not only fighting this war to ensure that his fellow Northerners have a just king [Robb's cause].  He is also doing it to avenge his father, Ned, and to recover his sisters Arya and Sansa [Robb's intention]." Corrigan speculates that Robb may be suffering from cognitive dissonance and says that, ethically, once Robb has achieved his cause, he is obligated to cease fighting even if he has not yet avenged his family.[13]

text: Robb's decision to renege on his promise to marry one of Walder Frey's daughters features heavily in the fifth chapter of Tim Phillips and Rebecca Clare's Game of Thrones and Business, "Keep Your Word: Robb Stark discovers too late the dangers of broken promises in business deals."[9]


document_title: Dal

question_text: what is the english name of masoor dal

question_tokens: what is the english name of masoor dal

text: Dal

text: Use[edit]

text: The outer hull is usually stripped off; dal that has not been hulled (whole) is described as chilka (skin), e.g. chilka urad dal, mung dal chilka in Hindi/Urdu.[2][3] The term dal is often contrasted with the term gram, used in the Indian subcontinent for pulses that are whole rather than split.[1]

text: Dals are frequently eaten with flatbreads such as rotis or chapatis, or with rice, a combination referred to as dal bhat. Dals are high in protein relative to other plants.

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The word dāl derives from the Sanskrit verbal root dal- "to split".[4]

text: Use by region[edit]

text: Dal preparations are eaten with rice (in eastern India), as well as rotis, chapati and naan (in western India) on the Indian subcontinent. In the Indian subcontinent, it is eaten with rice and with a wheat flatbread called roti. The manner in which it is cooked and presented varies by region. In South India, dal is primarily used to make the dish called sambar. It is also used to make pappu that is mixed with charu and rice.

text: Nutrition[edit]

text: In a 100 gram amount, cooked (boiled) dal contains 9% protein, 70% water, 20% carbohydrates (includes 8% fiber), and 1% fat.[5] Cooked dal (per 100 g) also supplies a rich content (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of the B vitamin, folate (45% DV) and manganese (25% DV), with moderate amounts of thiamine (11% DV) and several dietary minerals, such as iron (19% DV) and phosphorus (18% DV).[5]

text:
Macronutrients in common foods as a % of Carbohydrates

Food
Carbs (non-Fiber)
Fiber
Protein
Fat

Wheat
100
20.6
21.3
2.5

Rice
100
1.6
9
0.8

Soybean
100
44.2
174
95

Pigeon Pea
100
31
45.4
3

Milk
100
0
61
61.8

Guava
100
60
28.6
11.2

Carrot
100
41.1
14.7
3.6

Spinach
100
157
207
28

Potato
100
14.4
13
0.6

Sweet Potato
100
17.7
9.4
0.5

Eggplant
100
148
43.4
8.6

Apple
100
21
2.2
1.4

Orange
100
25.6
1.0
1.2

text:
Note: Carbohydrates do not include fiber.
Source:https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/

text:
Selected nutrients in grams per 100 g

Item
Water
Protein

Cooked rice[6]
68.4
2.7

Cooked dal[7]
68.5
6.8

Roti[8]
33.5
11.5

Cooked soybean[9]
62.5
16.6

Boiled egg[10]
74.6
12.6

Cooked chicken[11]
64.3
25.3

text:
Nutrient contents in %DV of Dals, wheat and rice (Raw, Uncooked) per 100 g
show

Vitamins

Minerals

Food

Protein

A

B1

B2

B3

B5

B6

B9

B12

Ch.

C

D

E

K

Ca

Fe

Mg

P

K

Na

Zn

Cu

Mn

Se

cooking Reduction %

10

30

20

25

25

35

0

0

30

10

15

20

10

20

5

10

25

Rice

14

0

12

3

11

20

5

2

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

9

6

7

2

0

8

9

49

22

Wheat

27

0

28

7

34

19

21

11

0

0

0

0

0

0

3

20

36

51

12

0

28

28

151

128

Soybean

73

0

58

51

8

8

19

94

0

24

10

0

4

59

28

87

70

70

51

0

33

83

126

25

Toor Dal

43

1

43

11

15

13

13

114

0

0

0

0

0

0

13

29

46

37

40

1

18

53

90

12

Urad Dal

45

0

24

21

10

0

22

54

0

0

0

0

0

0

14

58

75

54

21

3

35

0

0

0

Mung Dal

43

0

54

19

15

38

29

156

0

0

6

0

3

9

13

52

53

52

27

0

28

0

49

0

Chana Dal[12]

25

1

32

12

8

16

27

139

0

17

7

0

0

0

11

35

29

37

25

24

23

42

110

12

text:
Ch. = Choline;
Ca = Calcium;
Fe = Iron;
Mg = Magnesium;
P = Phosphorus;
K = Potassium;
Na = Sodium;
Zn = Zinc;
Cu = Copper;
Mn = Manganese;
Se = Selenium;
%DV = %Daily value i.e. % of DRI ( Dietary reference intake )
Note : All nutrient values including protein are in %DV per 100 grams of the food item. Significant values are highlighted in light gray color and bold letters.[5][13]
Cooking reduction = % Maximum typical reduction in nutrients due to boiling without draining for ovo-lacto-vegetables group[14][15]

text: Common ingredients[edit]

text:
Pigeon pea, i.e., yellow pigeon peas, is available either plain or oily. It is called thuvaram paruppu in Tamil Nadu, thuvara parippu in Kerala and is the main ingredient for the dish sambar. In Karnataka it is called togari bele and is an important ingredient in bisi bele bath. It is called kandi pappu in Telugu and is used in the preparation of a staple dish pappu charu. It is also known as Arhar dal in northern India.
Chana dal is produced by removing the outer layer of black chickpeas and then splitting the kernel. Although machines can do this, it can be done at home by soaking the whole chickpeas and removing the loose skins by rubbing.  In Karnataka it is called kadle bele. Other varieties of chickpea may be used, e.g., kabuli dal.

text:
Yellow split peas, are very prevalent in the Indian communities of Guyana, Fiji, Suriname, Mauritius, Trinidad and Tobago, and are popular amongst Indians in the United States as well as India. There, it is referred to generically as dal and is the most popular dal. It is prepared similarly to dals found in India, but may be used in recipes.
Split mung beans (mung dal) is by far the most popular in Bangladesh. It is used in parts of South India, such as in the Tamil dish ven pongal. Roasted and lightly salted or spiced mung bean is a popular snack in most parts of India.
Urad dal, sometimes referred to as "black gram", is a primary ingredient of the south Indian dishes idli and dosa. It is one of the main ingredients of East Indian (oriya and Bengali or Assamese) bori, sun-dried dumplings. The Punjabi version is dal makhani. In Karnataka, it is called uddina bele. It is rich in protein.
Masoor dal: split red lentils. In Karnataka, it is called kempu (red) togari bele.
Rajma dal: split kidney beans.
Mussyang is from dals of various colours found in various hilly regions of Nepal.
Panchratna dal (Hindi/Urdu) ("five jewels") is a mixture of five varieties of dal, which produces a dish with unique flavour.
Pulses may be split but not hulled; they are distinguished from hulled dals by adding the word chilka (skin).

text: Split and whole pulses[edit]

text: Although dal generally refers to split pulses, whole pulses can be referred to as sabit dhal and split pulses as dhuli dhal.[16][better source needed] The hulling of a pulse is intended to improve digestibility and palatability, but, as milling of whole grains into refined grains, affects the nutrition provided by the dish, reducing dietary fibre content.[17] Pulses with their outer hulls intact are also quite popular in the Indian subcontinent as the main cuisine. Over 50 different varieties of pulses are known in the Indian subcontinent.

text: Preparation[edit]

text: Most dal recipes are quite simple to prepare. The standard preparation begins with boiling a variety of dal (or a mix) in water with some turmeric, salt to taste, and then adding a fried garnish at the end of the cooking process. In some recipes, tomatoes, tamarind, unripe mango, or other ingredients are added while cooking the dal, often to impart a sour flavour.

text: The fried garnish for dal goes by many names, including chaunk, tadka and tarka. The ingredients in the chaunk for each variety of dal vary by region and individual tastes. The raw spices (more commonly cumin seeds, mustard seeds, asafoetida, and sometimes fenugreek seeds and dried red chili pepper) are first fried for a few seconds in the hot oil on medium/low heat. This is generally followed by ginger, garlic, and onion, which are generally fried for 10 minutes. After the onion turns golden brown, ground spices (turmeric, coriander, red chili powder, garam masala, etc.) are added. The chaunk is then poured over the cooked dal.