document_title: List of Canada hurricanes

question_text: when was the last time canada had a hurricane

text: List of Canada hurricanes

text: List of tropical cyclones[edit]

text: These cyclones have either made a direct landfall in Canada, or made a notable close approach as a tropical cyclone.

text: Pre 1900[edit]

text: Many tropical storms and hurricanes struck Canada during this time. The most damaging one struck Newfoundland in September 1775, killing thousands. To shorten this particular list, insignificant tropical storms and depressions are omitted.

text:
September 9, 1775: The 1775 Newfoundland hurricane killed over 4,000 in Newfoundland. Not only is it the earliest recorded Canadian hurricane, it is also by far the deadliest.
October 10–11, 1804: The 1804 Snow hurricane unusually blanketed parts of Canada with snow after striking New England.
August 23, 1863: A Category 1 hurricane hit Nova Scotia just before losing tropical characteristics.
September 23–24, 1866: A hurricane hit Newfoundland after weakening from a Category 2 hurricane.
October 5, 1869: The 1869 Saxby Gale struck Canada's Bay of Fundy region damaging parts of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, killing 37 people offshore.
October 13, 1871: A hurricane hit Nova Scotia.
August 26, 1873: The Nova Scotia Hurricane of 1873 drifted south of Nova Scotia as a Category 3 hurricane. It weakened to a Category 1 before slowly making landfall in Newfoundland. It was a devastating hurricane that killed over 600. Damage in Nova Scotia was severe. It destroyed over 1,200 boats and over 900 homes and businesses. This is one of Nova Scotia's worst cyclones.
October 1882: Remnants of a hurricane hit Labrador, resulting in 140 deaths.
August 26, 1883: A Category 1 hurricane passed offshore Newfoundland, resulting in 80 deaths.
August 23, 1886: A major hurricane weakened to a Category 1 hurricane before crossing Newfoundland as a hurricane.
September 8, 1891: A hurricane struck both Nova Scotia and Newfoundland as a Category 1 hurricane.
August 18, 1893: A hurricane struck Newfoundland with 90 mph (145 km/h) winds.

text:
September 12–14, 1900: After leaving behind a trail of devastation in the United States, the 1900 Galveston hurricane affected six Canadian provinces as a powerful extratropical cyclone, killing 52–232 people, mainly due to shipwrecks.
August 8, 1926: The 1926 Nova Scotia hurricane made landfall in Nova Scotia as an extratropical storm, killing 55–58 people.
August 24, 1927: The 1927 Nova Scotia hurricane made landfall in Nova Scotia as a Category 2 hurricane with 105 mph (165 km/h) winds; the strongest hurricane to ever strike Canada. The storm caused immense damage, reaching $1.6 million (1927 USD), and killed 172–193 people.
August 26, 1935: A Category 1 hurricane strikes Newfoundland as an extratropical storm, resulting in major damage and at least 50 offshore deaths.
September 26, 1937: The extratropical remnant of a hurricane caused damage in Nova Scotia. The storm was moving swiftly, so most of the damage was strictly wind related.
September 21, 1938: The 1938 New England hurricane tracked into Canada, bringing strong winds to eastern Ontario and southern Quebec. Damage was primarily limited to trees and power lines; structural damage was minimal. This storm, along with Hurricane Hazel in 1954, was one of the few hurricanes to cause hurricane-force winds in Canada's interior.
October 18, 1939: After a long respite from hurricanes in Newfoundland, a hurricane struck the island as a Category 1 hurricane. No one died, but considerable damage was done to trees, boats, and buildings.
September 17, 1940: The 1940 Nova Scotia hurricane struck Nova Scotia as a Category 1 hurricane before weakening.

text:
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Canada
Highest-known totals

Precipitation
Storm
Location
Ref.

Rank
mm
in

1
302.0
11.89
Harvey 1999
Oxford
[2]

2
249.9
9.84
Beth 1971
Halifax
[3]

3
238.0
9.37
Igor 2010
St. Lawrence
[4]

4
224.8
8.85
Matthew 2016
Sydney
[5]

5
213.6
8.41
Hazel 1954
Snelgrove
[6]

6
200.4
7.89
Chantal 2007
Argentia
[7]

7
191.0
7.52
Bertha 1990
Hunters Mountain
[8]

8
185.0
7.28
Sandy 2012
Charlevoix
[9]

9
175.0
6.90
Gabrielle 2001
St. John's
[10]

10
165.0
6.50
Cristobal 2008
Baccaro Point
[11]

10
165.0
6.50
Leslie 2012
Shubenacadie
[12]

text: In this list, tropical storms are included but extratropical remnants aren't unless they were notable.

text:
August 21, 1950: Hurricane Able struck Nova Scotia as a strong tropical storm, causing only minor damage.
October 5, 1950: Hurricane George passed a few miles south as a tropical/extratropical storm.
February 5, 1952: The 1952 Groundhog Day tropical storm, affected New Brunswick before dissipating.
September 7, 1953: Hurricane Carol struck the New Brunswick/Nova Scotia border. It caused about $1 million in damage, mainly to boats and fish craft.
October 16, 1954: Hurricane Hazel moved into Ontario as a powerful extratropical storm (still of hurricane intensity) after having struck the Carolinas. Flash flooding from Hazel in Canada destroyed twenty bridges, killed 81 people, and left over 2,000 families homeless. In all, Hazel killed nearly 100 people and caused almost $630 million (2005 CAD) in damages (on top of over 500 other deaths and billions in damage in the US and Caribbean). No other recent natural disaster on Canadian soil has been so deadly. Floods killed 35 people on a single street in Toronto.[13]
August 23, 1955: Hurricane Connie – When the remnants of Connie entered Ontario as a tropical depression, it continued to produce winds of up to 46 mph (75 km/h), and the storm dropped 2.56 in (65 mm) of rainfall near the Great Lakes. In Burlington, 27 boats were destroyed, and one person drowned in Lake Erie after his boat sank. Two other people drowned in the province. Connie destroyed six houses and damaged several others due to high waves.
September 29, 1958: Hurricane Helene struck Newfoundland as a hurricane. Although not very damaging in Canada, Helene did destroy a 50-metre (160 foot) wharf carrying many lobsters out to sea.
June 19, 1959: The 1959 Escuminac Hurricane was a devastating hurricane that hit Nova Scotia. 22 boats were lost during the storm. In all the hurricane killed 35. The hurricane was so devastating, a monument was erected on Escuminac Harbour in memory of those lost.
July 12, 1959: Tropical Storm Cindy struck north of Nova Scotia as an extratropical cyclone.
October 8, 1962: Hurricane Daisy struck Nova Scotia as a hurricane, near the same area as Frances a year earlier, which struck the area while extratropical.
October 12, 1962: Typhoon Freda struck British Columbia as a very powerful extratropical cyclone with pressure equivalent to a Major Hurricane.
October 29, 1963: Hurricane Ginny struck Nova Scotia as a Category 2 strength extratropical cyclone. Ginny was unusual in the fact that the hurricane produced snow.
October 24, 1964: Hurricane Gladys dissipated near the coast of Newfoundland just after making landfall.
August 16, 1971: Hurricane Beth struck Nova Scotia as a minimal hurricane, bringing over 11 inches (275 mm) of rainfall.[14]
July 7, 1973: Hurricane Alice side-swiped the entire western coast of Newfoundland as a tropical storm before dissipating over Newfoundland.
July 28, 1975: Hurricane Blanche struck Nova Scotia as a tropical storm, dropping over 3 inches (75 mm) of rainfall.[15]
October 25, 1979: A subtropical storm (known as a subtropical "storm" but was actually a subtropical "hurricane" having reached 75 mph (120 km/h) winds while subtropical) struck Newfoundland as a subtropical storm after losing hurricane strength.
August 7–8, 1988: Tropical Storm Alberto, the furthest north forming tropical storm ever recorded in the Atlantic, struck the Canadian Maritimes and became extratropical over Newfoundland. Alberto was the first storm with a masculine name to directly strike Canada.
August 8, 1989: Hurricane Dean passed over Newfoundland before losing tropical characteristics.
August 2, 1990: Hurricane Bertha's extratropical remnants damaged crops and a suspension bridge in Prince Edward Island.
November 2, 1991: The 1991 unnamed hurricane, although staying mostly out to sea, made landfall in Nova Scotia as a tropical storm. The storm was not very damaging in Canada, but caused horrendous damage elsewhere.

text: All landfalling tropical systems are included in the following list. Storms that transited from the U.S. to Canada overland are excluded unless notable. Extratropical storms are also excluded unless notable.

text:
July 9, 1995: Tropical Storm Barry hit Nova Scotia while tropical with no known damage.[16]

Luis making landfall in Canada

September 11, 1995: Hurricane Luis, after raging through the Leeward Islands, turned towards Newfoundland on September 8. The Canadian Hurricane Centre issued bulletins on the powerful hurricane as it neared the province. Luis struck a sparsely populated area in eastern Newfoundland on September 11, dropping 2 to 4 inches (50–100 mm) of rain in the Avalon Peninsula without causing much damage. One was reported killed in Canada from Luis.[17]
July 14, 1996: Hurricane Bertha struck Newfoundland before dissipating, but passed from Maine to New Brunswick earlier in its life, dropping over 3 inches (75 mm) of rain in New Brunswick.[18]
September 13–15, 1996: the 1996 Lake Huron cyclone, an unusual storm over the Great Lakes which may have briefly been a tropical or subtropical cyclone, dropped over 4 inches (100 mm) of rain over parts of Ontario.[19]
September 15, 1996: Hurricane Hortense, the first hurricane to directly strike Nova Scotia while at hurricane strength since Blanche in 1975, struck the Nova Scotian coast as a Category 1 hurricane. $3 million were inflicted to Nova Scotia by Hortense after strong winds, heavy rain, and power outages.[20]
September 18, 1999: Hurricane Floyd struck the Canadian Maritimes after losing tropical characteristics. Despite high interest in Floyd by the CHC, little damage was inflicted in Canada. Floyd did, however, bring winds of 51 mph (82 km/h) and high seas.[21]
October 20, 2000: Hurricane Michael struck Harbour Breton as a Category 1 hurricane. A peak gust was recorded of nearly 107 mph (171 km/h), as well as a peak wave height of over 55 feet (16.7 m) that was recorded off the coast by Buoy 44193. Overall damage by Michael was light.[22]
October 15, 2001: Hurricane Karen brought beneficial rain after striking Liverpool, Nova Scotia. Winds there only gusted to about 64 mph (102 km/h), and little damage was reported.[23]
September 12, 2002: Hurricane Gustav struck Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, both as a Category 1 hurricane. Gustav brought hurricane-force winds to Nova Scotia and dropped at least two inches (50 mm) of rain across all Nova Scotian sites. The highest rainfall amount was 4 inches (100 mm) in Ashdale.[24]

Damage left by Juan.

September 29, 2003: Hurricane Juan is sometimes considered Atlantic Canada's most widely destructive hurricane in over a century. Juan killed 8 and caused over $200 million in damage. Power outages in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island left over 300,000 Canadians without power for two weeks. Many marinas were destroyed and many small fish craft were damaged or sank. Hurricane-force gusts were reported as far out as 100 miles (160 km) on either side of Juan at landfall with an astounding peak gust of 144 mph (229 km/h) (equivalent to a Category 4 hurricane) recorded in Halifax Harbour, although it was a Category 2 at landfall with 100 mph (160 km/h) sustained winds.[25]

Hurricane Alex, one of very few major hurricanes to remain at this strength just south of Nova Scotia.

September 17, 2005: Hurricane Ophelia, after stalling for several days off the coast of the southeastern states, raced up the Atlantic coast. On the 17th, Ophelia became extratropical and moved parallel to the Nova Scotian coast, never making landfall. Ophelia later struck Newfoundland. Although strong winds were forecast, they did not occur and overall damage was less than expected. One indirect death was reported from Ophelia in Canada.[26]
November 3, 2006: the 2006 Central Pacific cyclone, after developing in the north-central Pacific, made landfall on Vancouver Island, BC. The exact nature of this storm is debatable, but it appears to have been a tropical or subtropical cyclone for at least a portion of its life.[27] Nonetheless, this cyclone is not included in any archives of the National Hurricane Center or the Canadian Hurricane Centre.
November 6–7, 2007: Hurricane Noel, after gaining hurricane force north of the Bahama Islands, Noel moved north toward the Cape Cod region of the Massachusetts U.S. coast. After swiping southeast Massachusetts with hurricane-force winds, the offshore center transitioned to a sub-tropical and then extratropical stage at which time the storm slightly intensified and moved north-northeast to the Nova Scotia coast near Yarmouth. Full hurricane-force conditions occurred over much of southeastern and eastern areas of Nova Scotia from Yarmouth north and eastward to the metropolitan Halifax area(84 mph recorded at McNabs/Halifax). This very same area reported large-scale power and utility line damage as well as widespread tree damage. In areas south of Halifax the tree damage was more severe than that which had occurred during Hurricane Juan in 2003. This was due to the longer transition over the southern peninsula of Nova Scotia than that of Juan. Though at Category 1 status, Noel in its extratropical stage was responsible for coastal damage to some structures from waves and tides and wind damage to roofing and windows. Western areas of Nova Scotia, even well inland received strong gales, the strongest of which occurred in relation to a tropical system since hurricanes Gerda 1969 and Ginny of 1963.
September 28, 2008: Hurricane Kyle, after forming as a tropical storm just east of the Bahamas, headed north, making landfall in Nova Scotia as a Category 1 hurricane, causing power outages to 40,000 and $9 million in damage.[28]
August 23, 2009: Hurricane Bill, a Cape Verde hurricane, brushed by Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia causing up to 2.3 in of rain. 32,000 residences were reported to have lost power in addition to winds recorded up to 50 mph. Bill then made landfall at Point Rosie, on the Burin Peninsula of Newfoundland.
September 3, 2010: Hurricane Earl made landfall at Western Head, Nova Scotia as a minimal hurricane.[29] Earl produced 80–120 km/h (50–75 mph) sustained winds throughout Nova Scotia, which resulted in widespread power outages, fallen trees, and minor coastal flooding. After crossing Nova Scotia, Earl sped across Prince Edward Island before emerging into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. As the storm tracked through the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, western and northern Newfoundland experienced sustained tropical storm conditions. Earl finally transitioned into a non-tropical low approximately 120 kilometres (75 mi) northeast of Anticosti Island.
September 21, 2010: Hurricane Igor struck Cape Race, Newfoundland as a large Category 1 hurricane, resulting in major flooding and widespread power outages. Many communities were forced to declare a state of emergency, and some evacuated completely as the storm approached. Igor was unusual in that it restrengthened somewhat during its final approach despite being over cool water. As the storm made landfall near Cape Race, maximum sustained winds were estimated to be at least 120 km/h (80 mph), but gusts up to 170 km/h (105 mph) were reported.[30] Hurricane Igor produced hurricane conditions throughout the Avalon Peninsula and tropical storm conditions over the remainder of the island. Media outlets have stated that Igor was the worst hurricane to hit Newfoundland in a century.
August 28, 2011: Hurricane Irene crossed into Canada as an extratropical storm bringing heavy rain and strong winds to parts of Quebec and New Brunswick. Parts of New Brunswick received over 80mm of rain and wind gusts peaked at 93 km/h in Moncton.
September 16, 2011: Hurricane Maria made landfall near the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland. Due to Maria's rapid forward speed (90+ km/h), rainfall totals were kept to a minimum and strong winds remained offshore, confined to the eastern semi-circle. As a result, little damage occurred.
September 26, 2011: Typhoon Roke's remnants brought rain to British Columbia.
October 3, 2011: Hurricane Ophelia made landfall near the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland as a strong extratropical cyclone, damaging drainage infrastructure that had been repaired after Hurricane Igor a year earlier.
September 11, 2012: Hurricane Leslie made landfall on the Burin Peninsula of Newfoundland as a hurricane-strength post-tropical cyclone. Leslie's track put the Avalon Peninsula in the right-front quadrant, resulting in hurricane-force winds, widespread power outages, and structural damage.
October 29–30, 2012: Hurricane Sandy crossed into Canada on October 29 through to early October 30, bringing heavy rain, high winds, and in some places, snow, to Ontario, Quebec and the Maritimes.[31]
July 5, 2014: Hurricane Arthur made landfall in south western Nova Scotia on July 5, 2014. The storm at the time was downgraded to a tropical storm. Arthur brought heavy rain, winds and pounding surf to parts of the Atlantic Coast of Nova Scotia. The strong storm dropped nearly 150 mm of rain to parts to New Brunswick. It cut power to 1/3 of the Nova Scotia households and 65% of New Brunswick.
October 10, 2016: Hurricane Matthew's remnants affected Nova scotia and Newfoundland causing heavy rain and strong winds In Nova Scotia, rain amounts were recorded from east to west as 8.85 in (224.8 mm) in Sydney (Cape Breton Island), 5.09 in (129.2 mm) in Port Hawkesbury. More than 100,000+ Nova Scotia Power customers lost power. Damage is estimated to be at ≥7.6 million.[32]

text: Listed by month[edit]

text:
Month
Number of recorded storms
making landfall in Canada
while still tropical since 1950

January
0

February
0

March
0

April
0

May
0

June
0

July
4

August
6

September
9

October
5

November
1

December
0


document_title: Battle of Picacho Pass

question_text: who won the battle of picacho pass in arizona

root

text: Battle of Picacho Pass

text: Background[edit]

text: After a Confederate force of about 120 cavalrymen arrived at Tucson from Texas on February 28, 1862, they proclaimed Tucson the capital of the western district of the Confederate Arizona Territory, which comprised what is now southern Arizona and southern New Mexico. Mesilla, near Las Cruces, was declared the territorial capital and seat of the eastern district of the territory. The property of Tucson Unionists was confiscated and they were jailed or driven out of town. Confederates hoped a flood of sympathizers in southern California would join them and give the Confederacy an outlet on the Pacific Ocean, but this never happened. California Unionists were eager to prevent this, and 2,000 Union volunteers from California, known as the California Column and led by Colonel James Henry Carleton, moved east to Fort Yuma, California, and by May 1862 had driven the small Confederate force back into Texas.[1]

tag: p

text: Like most of the Civil War era engagements in Arizona (Dragoon Springs, Stanwix Station and Apache Pass) Picacho Pass occurred near remount stations along the former Butterfield Overland Stagecoach route, which opened in 1859 and ceased operations when the war began. This skirmish occurred about a mile northwest of Pichaco Pass Station.

text: Battle[edit]

text: Twelve Union cavalry troopers and one scout (reported to be mountain man Pauline Weaver but in reality Tucson resident John W. Jones), commanded by Lieutenant James Barrett of the 1st California Cavalry, were conducting a sweep of the Picacho Peak area, looking for Confederates reported to be nearby. The Arizona Confederates were commanded by Sergeant Henry Holmes. Barrett was under orders not to engage them, but to wait for the main column to come up. However, "Lt. Barrett acting alone rather than in concert, surprised the Rebels and should have captured them without firing a shot, if the thing had been conducted properly." Instead, in midafternoon the lieutenant "led his men into the thicket single file without dismounting them. The first fire from the enemy emptied four saddles, when the enemy retired farther into the dense thicket and had time to reload. ... Barrett followed them, calling on his men to follow him." Three of the Confederates surrendered. Barrett secured one of the prisoners and had just remounted his horse when a bullet struck him in the neck, killing him instantly. Fierce and confused fighting continued among the mesquite and arroyos for 90 minutes, with two more Union fatalities and three troopers wounded. Exhausted and leaderless, the Californians broke off the fight and the Arizona Rangers, minus three who surrendered, mounted and carried warning of the approaching Union army to Tucson. Barrett's disobedience of orders had cost him his life and lost any chance of a Union surprise attack on Tucson.

text: The Union troops retreated to the Pima Indian Villages and hastily built Fort Barrett (named for the fallen officer) at White's Mill, waiting to gather resources to continue the advance. However, with no Confederate reinforcements available, Captain Sherod Hunter and his men withdrew as soon as the column again advanced. The Union troops entered Tucson without any opposition.

text: The bodies of the two Union enlisted men killed at Picacho (George Johnson and William S Leonard) were later removed to the National Cemetery at the Presidio of San Francisco in San Francisco, California. However, Lieutenant Barrett's grave, near the present railroad tracks, remains undisturbed and unmarked. Union reports claimed that two Confederates were wounded in the fight, but Captain Hunter in his official report mentioned no Confederate casualties other than the three men captured.

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: Before this engagement a Confederate cavalry patrol had advanced as far west as Stanwix Station, where it was burning the hay stored there when it was attacked by a patrol of the California Column. The Confederates had been burning hay stored at the stage stations in order to delay the Union advance from California. About the same time as the skirmish at Picacho Peak, a larger force of Confederates was thwarted in its attempt to advance northward from Santa Fe, New Mexico, in the Battle of Glorieta Pass. By July the Confederates had retreated to Texas, though pro-Confederate militia units operated in some areas until mid-1863. The following year, the Union organized its own territory of Arizona, dividing New Mexico along the state's current north-south border, extending control southward from the provisional capital of Prescott. Although the encounter at Picacho Pass was only a minor event in the Civil War, it can be considered the high-water mark of the Confederate West.

text: Re-enactment[edit]

text: Every March, Picacho Peak State Park hosts a re-enactment of the Civil War battles of Arizona and New Mexico, including the battle of Picacho Pass. The re-enactments now have grown so large that many more participants tend to be involved than took part in the actual engagements, and include infantry units and artillery as well as cavalry. The 2015 re-enactment, which was held March 22 and 23, also included re-enactments of the Battle of Valverde and the Battle of Glorieta Pass, both of which took place in relatively nearby New Mexico.[2]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Monuments and Markers

Battle of Picacho Marker.

Picacho Battle Field Marker.

Battle of Picacho Monument.

Side view of the monument.

2007 re-enactment of the Picacho Pass battle.

tag: table

text: Further reading[edit]

text:
"The Battle of Picacho Pass: Visiting the Battlefield and Historic Site". The War Times Journal. Retrieved October 19, 2010.
Masich, Andrew E., The Civil War in Arizona; the Story of the California Volunteers, 1861–65; University of Oklahoma Press (Norman, 2006).

tag: ul


document_title: Wizards of Waverly Place (season 1)

question_text: first episode of wizards of waverly place season 1

text: Wizards of Waverly Place (season 1)

text: Production[edit]

text: The series was created and as executive produced by Todd J. Greenwald, who began developing the show after working as a writer and consulting producer during the first season of Hannah Montana. The show is produced by It's a Laugh Productions and Disney Channel Original Productions. The theme song, "Everything Is Not What It Seems", written by John Adair and Steve Hampton, is of techno-pop style and is performed by Selena Gomez. The series is filmed at Hollywood Center Studios in Hollywood, California.

text: Premise[edit]

text: Set on Waverly Place in Manhattan, New York's Greenwich Village neighborhood, Wizards of Waverly Place centers on the Italian-Mexican Russo family, which includes Alex (Selena Gomez), her older brother Justin (David Henrie) and their younger brother Max (Jake T. Austin). The three Russo siblings are wizards in training and live with their Italian-American father Jerry (David DeLuise), a former wizard, and their Mexican-American mother Theresa, who is a mortal. Alex also has a mortal friend, Harper (Jennifer Stone), who at first does not know the Russos are wizards.

text: Theme Song[edit]

text: The theme song begins with Alex (Selena Gomez) waking up in the morning with her alarm clock going off. She uses a spell to make the time 6:30. She then goes into the bathroom where Justin (David Henrie) is looking at himself in the mirror and spitting out mouthwash when Alex pushes him to the side. He gets annoyed and then uses magic to trap her in the mirror. In the kitchen, Max (Jake T. Austin) has an orange which he turns into a vanilla cupcake. Meanwhile, Harper (Jennifer Stone) meets Alex at the front door and shows off her watermelon shirt. Back at the kitchen, Max is about to put his cupcake into his backpack when his mother, Theresa (Maria Canals Barrera), makes him turn it back into an orange. Alex is telling Max to hurry up. In the lair, Jerry (David DeLuise) is talking to someone when his spell book flies away. He then goes to retrieve it. In the sub shop, Alex opens her book bag, which the spell book goes into (meanwhile Harper was distracted not seeing anything). Jerry lectures her as the main title card appears. Then the four friends walk to school. Throughout the sequence, the furniture in the background seems to be moving around.

text: Release[edit]

text: The show debuted on Disney Channel on October 12, 2007 after the premiere of Twitches Too, gathering 5.9 million viewers.[1] In February 2009, the episode "Helping Hand" broke the record for the largest audience in the 7:00 PM (Eastern Time) time period on the Disney Channel, with a total of 4.5 million viewers.[2] In January 2010, "Wizards vs. Werewolves" one-hour special episode became the series' most-watched episode with 6.2 million viewers,[3] surpassing the 6 million viewers of "Paint By Committee" episode[4] In 2009, the series was the top scripted telecast for teens between the age of 9–14 (1.63 million/6.7 rating) and second in kids 6–11 (1.81 million/7.4 rating), which was only slightly behind "The Suite Life on Deck" (1.82 million/7.4 rating.)[5]

text: Descriptions of the Russo children[edit]

text: Alex is the naughty one, always getting scolded for using magic without permission. She is so desperate to get the "no free-wheeling magic" rule lifted that she at one point gets her classmate, T.J. Taylor, also a wizard, to charm her parents into allowing it. However, this backfires and her parents don't care that they took a trip to Mars and Alex forgot her brother there. Throughout this series, Alex has one main love interest. She has a crush on her classmate, Riley, and at first humiliates herself once her brothers get revenge in front of him, but he puts that aside. Riley appears to return her feelings, as he asks her brother if she ever talks about him. She tells him she's his good luck charm as an attempt to impress him, and uses magic to make him believe her. They begin to date, but Riley soon breaks up with her when she's being paranoid about him looking at other girls. She animates a mannequin, Manny Kin, from a shop and makes Riley jealous, but Manny falls in love with her. She later gets a crush on Brad Sherwood, whose competing against her brother for their principal's attention. She continuously drops hints, but when he doesn't get it, she tries to give him a love potion. It backfires, however, and she drinks both halves, meaning she falls passionately in love with herself. After her brother wins over Brad, Brad asks her out, but Alex realizes she was only a backup, so she rejects him.

text: Justin is the smart one who always follows the rules, but is willing to accept an alternate approach now and then. He at first has a crush on Miranda (Lucy Hale), a classmate. With a lot of help from his sister, he finally gets his first kiss with her, but they break up soon enough for differences. He then gets a crush on another classmate, Kari Landsdorf, but cannot ask her out as she only dates baseball players. Justin uses magic to join the baseball team and then Kari notices him. When Justin asks her out, he realizes she only sees films about cats. After hearing this, Justin walks away, saying they can wait until a cat movie comes out. However, they never get around to it, as Kari never makes another appearance. When the Sub Station employs Millie, Justin gets a crush on her. When he asks her out, she misunderstands and he's stuck babysitting her cousin while she goes on their date with her boyfriend.

text: Max is the dimwitted odd one of the family. He has a different approach to things and doesn't understand most things.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Selena Gomez as Alex Russo
David Henrie as Justin Russo
Jake T. Austin as Max Russo
Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle
Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo
David DeLuise as Jerry Russo

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
This season consists of 21 episodes.
Filmed from July 2007 to December 2007.

text:
Wizards of Waverly Place Season 1 episodes

No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Crazy 10-Minute Sale"
Fred Savage
Todd J. Greenwald
October 12, 2007 (2007-10-12)
102
5.9[1]

Alex wants to go to The Crazy 10-Minute Sale, an annual clothing sale which lasts for ten minutes where every item is very inexpensive in order to get a jacket she wants at a very low sale price. Unfortunately, her dad will not let her go because she has wizard class that day. However, after duplicating herself using the Edgebono Utoosis spell, she leaves her clone at wizard class. But the clone will not talk but bark like a dog. Alex's plans to find the jacket change when Harper informs her that her mom is at the sale with her, and Gigi, her enemy, hides the jacket. When Alex's dad finds out she skipped class, he goes and gets her. While he is gone, Max gets a new wand and toys with Alex's clone. But whatever Max does to the clone using the E-Mimic feature on his wand, Alex does the same thing, exposing her clearly to her mom and dad. Alex exposes Gigi's real name (Gertrude) in order to get the jacket.
Guest star: Skyler Samuels as Gigi

2
2
"First Kiss"
Joe Regalbuto
Vince Cheung & Ben Montanio
October 19, 2007 (2007-10-19)
104
4.8[6]

Justin is going out with a girl called Miranda, but he cannot seem to work up the courage to kiss her.
Meanwhile, Max creates a sandwich that is among the few being considered to become the official sandwich of the New York Mets.
Justin goes to the cinema with Miranda, where he tries to kiss her but messes it up. Alex uses a spell to rewind time to give Justin another chance to kiss Miranda, which he botches again and again, and Alex ends up rewinding time for Justin 17 times.
As this is happening, Alex's time manipulation affects what the officials from the New York Mets think of Max's sandwich. The spell to rewind time (which purportedly gives mortals déjà vu) makes Max's unique sandwich ultimately bore the taste testers, who are unaware that they have in fact tasted Max's sandwich 17 times. This ruins the chances for it to become the New York Mets' official sandwich.
Jerry, who is at the sandwich tasting, deduces that Alex keeps rewinding time and heads to the cinema to stop her. In the end, he is supportive of Justin and lets Alex rewind time for a final eighteenth occurrence for Justin to get his first kiss. The family's frustration over the sandwich fiasco is quickly forgotten when they discover that Justin just had his first kiss. When it is discovered that Alex has not yet had her own first kiss, Justin teases her, but she gets back at him by kissing a random boy right in front of him the next day.
Guest stars: Lucy Hale as Miranda, Wayne Federman as Mr. Kaminsky, Bryant Johnson as Matt, Jim Wise as Mr. Malone

3
3
"I Almost Drowned in a Chocolate Fountain"
Joe Regalbuto
Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein
October 26, 2007 (2007-10-26)
105
3.7[7]

Alex decides to cheat on her Spanish test using pocket elves, who have in-depth knowledge of diverse subjects. She cheats successfully and is allowed to go on a date that night with Riley. To get revenge for Alex's snitching, Justin and Max try to plant the pocket elf in her purse, who then bites her, causing her to have Chocoholism (an uncontrollable craving for chocolate).
Guest stars: Brian Kubach as Riley, Al Madrigal as Spanish Pocket Elf, Jack Plotnick as Pocket Elf

4
4
"New Employee"
Bob Berlinger
Peter Murrieta
November 2, 2007 (2007-11-02)
107
N/A

After Harper complains that she and Alex never spend time together anymore, Alex decides to tell her parents to hire Harper. She somehow convinces her parents to actually hire her, but it turns out that Harper is a complete klutz and has never worked a real day in her life. After Harper causes complete destruction for an hour, Alex's parents tell her to either make Harper improve immediately or they will fire her. Alex uses "The Serving Wench Spell" to help Harper overcome her skills of an oaf. However, her plan backfires when Harper becomes a strict workaholic, leading Alex to fire her best friend. Meanwhile, Justin starts a tutoring business that makes the young local tutor Frankie mad. Frankie tries to get back at Justin by having a bunch of kids try to beat him up. In order to get back at Frankie, Justin gets his dumb, yet strong, students to scare and beat up Frankie and his friends in the yogurt parlor. Harper has been working for only a few hours but suddenly becomes Employee of the Month. Alex then runs into the scene, where Harper is making everyone who wants to use the restroom order something. Alex tries very badly to apologize to Harper, which does not exactly work out, so she uses another spell to ruin Harper's great waitressing skills. They make up while covered in frozen yogurt.
Guest star: Paulie Litt as Frankie
Absent: Jake T. Austin as Max Russo

5
5
"Disenchanted Evening"
Mark Cendrowski
Jack Sanderson
November 9, 2007 (2007-11-09)
114
4.6[8]

Alex meets fellow wizard TJ Taylor at school, who charmed his parents with magic to let him use magic anytime he wants. This is what Alex wants from her more conservative mom and dad; in a twisted turn of events, Jerry and Theresa are charmed by a noodle kugel to obey Alex's wishes, but Alex soon dislikes their laid-back attitude and tries to restore them to their usual selves.
Guest star: Daryl Sabara as T.J.
Absent: Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle

6
6
"You Can't Always Get What You Carpet"
Fred Savage
Peter Murrieta
November 10, 2007 (2007-11-10)
101
4.0[8]

Alex stumbles upon Jerry's old magic carpet and convinces him to give her flying lessons. Having treated Alex as his little girl all her life, he does not want her to grow up and gets impatient while teaching her how to fly. When Alex flies into a building, Jerry gets very mad and says she is not yet ready for lessons. Alex asks Justin to help her, and Justin decides to help her and gives her lessons. Jerry gives Alex another shot at lessons and while they are riding Jerry notices that Alex has improved.
Absent: Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle

7
7
"Alex's Choice"
Bob Berlinger
Matt Goldman
November 16, 2007 (2007-11-16)
109
N/A

Gigi invites Alex and Harper to her annual tea party held at the Hotel Fleur Dubladubladufladufla. Alex tries to convince Harper not to go, because she learns that Gigi plans to embarrass Harper by crowning her the biggest loser with the crown with the pink upper case letter "L." Meanwhile, Justin and Max send out a prank letter in the Wizard Mail, one where they claim they are lost on an island in "The Lava Sea", and they and Theresa, who let them into the lair, get into trouble by emergency wizards.
Guest stars: Skyler Samuels as Gigi, Brian Scolaro as Goblin, Michael A. Shepperd as Officer Lamp
Absent: David DeLuise as Jerry Russo

8
8
"Curb Your Dragon"
Bob Berlinger
Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein
November 30, 2007 (2007-11-30)
108
N/A

Alex buys Justin an enchanted dragon disguised as a Beagle because she feels bad she lost his other dog nine years ago. However, since it can still breathe fire and fly they have to hide from their parents that the dog is a dragon saying it is a lost dog and hanging up posters. One day, while they are at school, the dragon seller comes back, claims the dog and enters it in the local dog show where Alex, Justin, and Max must outsmart the dragon seller and retrieve Dragon.
Guest stars: Paulie Litt as Frankie, Taylor Negron as Dragon Seller
Absent: Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle

9
9
"Movies"
Mark Cendrowski
Justin Varava
December 14, 2007 (2007-12-14)
113
N/A

Alex makes friends with one of Justin's friends and tries to get into a horror movie she's too young for with them. Tired of being treated young by her parents and Justin, she accidentally transports herself into the movie, Night of the Halloween Sorority Party Disaster 2, forcing Justin to save her. Meanwhile, Theresa treats Max like a baby when she has trouble accepting that Alex and Justin are growing up.
Note: Dan Benson, who portrays Zach Rosenblack in this episode, later portrays Zeke Beakerman.
Guest stars: Tiffany Thornton as Susan, Malese Jow as Ruby Donahue
Absent: Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle

10
10
"Pop Me and We Both Go Down"
Bob Berlinger
Vince Cheung & Ben Montanio
January 6, 2008 (2008-01-06)
103
N/A

When Justin gets a big zit on his forehead right before the school dance, Alex tries to get rid of it and accidentally uses an animation spell on it causing Justin to face trouble his zit gets him into at the dance. Meanwhile, Alex searches for her father's trophy as she accidentally animated it and so she can learn the reversal spell to un-animate Justin's zit when she found the trophy. But in the end Justin finds out that Miranda, the girl in his biology class, has a zit as well.
Guest stars: Lucy Hale as Miranda, Charlie Bodin as Trophy Man, J.R. May as Large Boyfriend, Zone as DJ, Curtis Armstrong as The Zit
Absent: Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle

11
11
"Potion Commotion"
Bob Berlinger
Todd J. Greenwald
February 10, 2008 (2008-02-10)
110
N/A

Justin wants to be chosen for the World School Summit at the U.N., but he faces tough competition from a popular classmate Alex is infatuated with. Alex plans to use a love potion to make him fall in love with her, also helping Justin to sabotage his meeting. Unfortunately, Alex accidentally drinks the entire potion instead of just half and becomes obsessed with herself. After the potion wears off, it seems to have some after-effects; Alex mails herself mass amounts of flowers. Meanwhile, Max's wizard powers begin to develop, and he must wear a goofy hat to control them while his powers settle in.
Guest stars: Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate, Shane Lyons as Brad
Absent: Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle

12
12
"Justin's Little Sister"
Andrew Tsao
Eve Weston
March 9, 2008 (2008-03-09)
117
N/A

When Alex gets annoyed that everyone is constantly comparing her to Justin, she makes a wish with a Genie that her family and teachers will stop comparing her to him. Instead, the Genie cons her, causing everyone except Alex to forget who Justin is. Alex messes up her last wish, turning Justin invisible. After explaining the situation to Jerry, Max manages to confuse the genie and she gives him one free wish, in which he wishes for the reset button, which allows them to reverse all damage done by the Genie.
Guest stars: Candace Brown as Genie, Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate

13
13
"Wizard School" (Part 1)
Mark Cendrowski
Vince Cheung & Ben Montanio
April 6, 2008 (2008-04-06)
111
3.7[9]

Jerry and Theresa send Alex and Justin over the summer to a wizard school called Wiz Tech, presided over by teacher Dr. Evilini. While Justin excels, Alex constantly gets into trouble. But Alex soon uncovers an evil plot to steal Justin's powers. Meanwhile, Max and Jerry camp out on the terrace after Theresa questions their "man-hood".
Guest stars: Octavia Spencer as Dr. Evilini, Josh Sussman as Hugh Normous, J. Evan Bonifant as Jerko Phoenix
Absent: Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle

14
14
"Wizard School" (Part 2)
Mark Cendrowski
Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein
April 6, 2008 (2008-04-06)
112
3.7[9]

Alex tries to stop Wiz Tech teacher Dr. Evilini from draining Justin's powers during a school championship tournament of a wizard's table tennis-esque sport called 12 Ball. Justin gets pitted against a boy named Jerko Phoenix, the only one to simultaneously play 11 balls the year before. At the end of the 12 ball tournament, Alex uses a truth spell on Dr. Evilini to get her arrested and to prevent Justin from getting his powers drained. Meanwhile, a woman tries to run the Waverly Sub Station out of business by advertising a restaurant called The Salad Bowl.
Guest stars: Octavia Spencer as Dr. Evilini, Josh Sussman as Hugh Normous, Amanda Tepe as Information Desk Lady, J Evan Bonifant as Jerko Phoenix, Ian Abercrombie as Headmaster Crumbs, Robyn Moran as Salad Bowl Girl
Absent: Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle

15
15
"The Supernatural"
Mark Cendrowski
Matt Goldman
May 18, 2008 (2008-05-18)
115
N/A

Justin uses magic to land a spot on the school's baseball team so he can impress a girl named Kari (Chelsea Kane). Meanwhile, Alex tries to impress Riley by making him think she's the team's good luck charm.
Guest stars: Brian Kubach as Riley, Chelsea Staub as Kari Landsdorf, Michael Patrick McGill as Ump
Absent: Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo

16
16
"Alex in the Middle"
Bob Berlinger
Matt Goldman
June 15, 2008 (2008-06-15)
106
N/A

Jerry's wizard brother, Kelbo Russo, visits. He shows the kids a different, less conservative style of wizard training from that which Jerry uses (namely, actually letting them use their powers). Finding Kelbo more fun than Jerry, Alex appoints him as her new wizard teacher over her own father, but Kelbo quickly proves to be just as childish and irresponsible with his powers as Alex is with her own, and ends up endangering them both. They are saved by Jerry, who then reveals a secret that he had kept from them: he originally defeated Kelbo in the wizard competition, but, as wizards are forbidden to marry mortals, gave his powers up to Kelbo anyway in order to marry Theresa.
Guest stars: Jeff Garlin as Uncle Kelbo, Eric Allan Kramer as Coach Gunderson
Absent: Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle

17
17
"Report Card"
Andrew Tsao
Gigi McCreery, Perry Rein &
Peter Murrieta
June 29, 2008 (2008-06-29)
118
N/A

Alex, Justin, and Max get their wizard report cards. To hide the fact that she got a failing grade, Alex attempts to destroy the report card numerous times, all of which are unsuccessful. When Jerry and Theresa become suspicious, Alex, in a panic, turns them into guinea pigs. After Professor Crumbs finds out that Alex lied about her parents and her report card, he suspends Alex's powers for irresponsibility. Max and Justin lose the guinea pigs, not realizing who they actually are, and are brought up to speed by Alex. After finding them and changing them back, Professor Crumbs, shocked by how much trouble Alex has caused, decides to permanently strip Alex of her powers, but Justin stands up for her, explaining that cleaning up after Alex makes him a better wizard. Moved by Justin's loyalty to his younger sister, and seeing that Alex has learned her lesson, Crumbs gives Alex back her powers and departs.
Guest stars: Ian Abercrombie as Professor Crumbs, Charlie Adler as Report Card

18
18
"Credit Check"
Fred Savage
Todd J. Greenwald
July 6, 2008 (2008-07-06)
121
N/A

Alex's keen fashion sense leads her to begin an internship with a fashion magazine, but her employer takes credit for all of her ideas. She then plans a fashion show with Harper's distasteful clothing style to take revenge on him. Meanwhile, Justin tries to impress a new girl, Millie, working at the Sub Station, but finds out to his dismay that she has a boyfriend.
Guest stars: Julia Duffy as Ms. Angela, Jeffrey Christopher Todd as Jeffrey, Sara Paxton as Millie

19
19
"Alex's Spring Fling"
Victor Gonzalez
Matt Goldman
July 20, 2008 (2008-07-20)
119
N/A

Riley dumps Alex because he is becoming tired of the way Alex constantly acts jealous. She then plans to turn the tables on Riley by making him jealous instead. To do so, Alex animates a mannequin, naming him "Manny Kin", and pretends when in front of Riley that they are developing a relationship. However, Manny genuinely falls in love with Alex, preventing her from being able to change him back to a mannequin. Alex then animates Justin's precious action figure Calico Woman and tries to make Manny fall in love with her. Meanwhile, Justin is left in charge of the house when Jerry and Theresa go out of town, and his position of authority goes to his head.
Guest stars: Brian Kubach as Riley, Lauren Phillips as Calico Girl, Matt Smith as Manny
Absent: Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo, David DeLuise as Jerry Russo

20
20
"Quinceañera"
Andrew Tsao
Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein
August 10, 2008 (2008-08-10)
116
3.7[10]

The family prepares for Alex's Quinceañera, a traditional celebration to mark her journey to womanhood on her 15th birthday. Theresa takes control of the plans, turns it into the party that she wants, and refuses to listen to Alex's objections. This eventually irritates Alex to the point that she switches bodies with Theresa, who was not able to have a Quinceañera of her own when she was 15. Also joining in the party is Grandma Magdalena, who forgets her responsibility to teach Max and Justin to salsa dance. In the end, after all is resolved, Theresa realizes her error and allows Alex to have the party that she wants.
Guest stars: Belita Moreno as Magdalena, Gabrielle Dennis as Candace

21
21
"Art Museum Piece"
Victor Gonzalez
Vince Cheung & Ben Montanio
August 31, 2008 (2008-08-31)
120
N/A

When Alex decides to use magic to take a shortcut on her Art History Assignment, she brings historical masterpieces to life, such as Mona Lisa, The Blue Boy, Vincent van Gogh, and The Scream, in order to answer questions on her worksheet correctly. Meanwhile, Max and Jerry play football in the house using a spell which spreads to Theresa.
Guest stars: Julie Brown as Miss Marinovich, Danielle Bisutti as Mona Lisa, Britt Prentice as Babe Ruth


document_title: Mardi Gras in the United States

question_text: where was the first mardi gras in the us

question_tokens: where was the first mardi gras in the us

text: Mardi Gras in the United States

text: Early days in American colonies[edit]

text: Mardi Gras arrived in North America as a sedate French Catholic tradition with the Le Moyne brothers,[3] Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville and Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, in the late 17th century, when King Louis XIV sent the pair to defend France's claim on the territory of Louisiane, which included what are now the U.S. states of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana.[3]

text: The expedition, led by Iberville, entered the mouth of the Mississippi River on the evening of March 2, 1699, Lundi Gras, not yet knowing it was the river explored and claimed for France by René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle in 1683. The party proceeded upstream to a place on the west bank about 60 miles downriver from where New Orleans is today, where a small tributary emptied into the great river, and made camp in what is now Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana. This was on March 3, 1699, Mardi Gras day, so in honor of this holiday, Iberville named the spot Point du Mardi Gras (French: "Mardi Gras Point") and called the small tributary Bayou Mardi Gras.[4] Bienville went on to found Mobile, Alabama in 1702 as the first capital of French Louisiana.[5] In 1703 French settlers in that city began to celebrate the Mardi Gras tradition.[3][6][7] By 1720, Biloxi was made capital of Louisiana. While it had French settlers, Mardi Gras and other customs were celebrated with more fanfare given its new status.[3] In 1723, the capital of French Louisiana was moved to New Orleans, founded in 1718.[5] With the growth of New Orleans as a city and the creolization of different cultures, the varied celebration of Mardi Gras became the event most strongly associated with the city.[3] In more recent times, several U.S. cities without a French Catholic heritage have instituted the celebration of Mardi Gras, which sometimes emerged as grassroots movements to help accompany single people to celebrate something in late Winter which is often dominated by the commercialized and couple-centric Valentine's Day, and as a result it has been co-opted as the single people's late Winter holiday.

text: Alabama[edit]

text: Mardi Gras is an official state holiday in Mobile and Baldwin counties. Other counties in the state grant employees a day of personal leave in lieu of Mardi Gras.[8]

text: Mobile[edit]

text: Mobile, founded by Bienville in 1702, is known for having the oldest organized Mardi Gras celebrations in the United States, beginning in 1703.[9] It was also host to the first formally organized Mardi Gras parade in the United States in 1830.[9]

text: Mobile's Mardi Gras celebrations revolve around mystic societies, private social organizations that have been a fundamental part of the social and business fabric of the city. The mystic societies are organizations, similar to krewes in New Orleans, that present parades, masked balls, and activities for the enjoyment of its members, guests, and the public.[10] Mystic society membership is secret.[10] The mystic societies build colorful Carnival floats and parade throughout downtown Mobile during the Carnival season with masked society members tossing small gifts, known as "throws", to the parade spectators.[11] Throws were first introduced in Mobile during an 1837 Cowbellion de Rakin Society parade. They initially consisted of sugar plumbs, kisses, and oranges.[9] Currently, throws may be trinkets, candy, cookies, peanuts, women's panties, artificial roses, stuffed animals, doubloons, cups, hats, can coolers, Frisbees, medallion necklaces, bead necklaces of every variety, and the iconic Moon Pies.[10]

text: Mobile's mystic societies give formal masquerade balls, known as bal masqués, which are almost always invitation only and are oriented to adults.[10] Attendance at a ball requires that a strict dress code, or costume de rigueur, be followed. The formal dress code usually involves full-length evening gowns for women and white tie with tails for male invited guests, and masked costumes for society members.[10] The balls feature dramatic entertainment, music, dancing, food, and drinks.[10] Balls are usually based upon a theme which is carried out through scenery, decorations, costumes, and a tableau vivant.[10]

text: Mobile first celebrated Carnival in 1703 when French settlers began the festivities at the Old Mobile Site.[12] Mobile's first Carnival society was organized in 1704, when Nicholas Langlois founded Société de Saint Louis.[13] In 1711 it was renamed the Boeuf Gras Society (Fatted Ox Society) (1711–1861).[14] In 1830 Mobile's Cowbellion de Rakin Society was the first formally organized and masked mystic society in the United States to celebrate with a parade.[12][15] The Cowbellions got their start when Michael Krafft, a cotton factor from Pennsylvania, began a parade with participants' carrying rakes, hoes, and cowbells.[15] The "Cowbellions" introduced horse-drawn floats to the parades in 1840 with a parade entitled, "Heathen Gods and Goddesses".[14] The Striker's Independent Society was formed in 1843. It is the oldest surviving mystic society or krewe in the United States.[14]

text: In 1856 six businessmen, formerly of Mobile, gathered at a club room in New Orlean's French Quarter to organize a secret society to observe Mardi Gras with a formal parade. They founded New Orleans' first and oldest krewe, the Mistick Krewe of Comus.[16][17] Carnival celebrations in Mobile were cancelled during the American Civil War. In 1866 Joe Cain revived the Mardi Gras parades by portraying a fictional Chickasaw chief named Slacabamorinico while parading in costume through the city streets on Fat Tuesday. He celebrated the day in front of Union Army occupation troops.[18] The Order of Myths, Mobile's oldest mystic society that continues to parade, was founded in 1867 and held its first parade on Mardi Gras night in 1868.[14] The Infant Mystics also began to parade on Mardi Gras night in 1868, but later moved their parade to Lundi Gras.[14]

text: The Mobile Carnival Association was formed in 1871 to coordinate the events of Mardi Gras. That year was also the occasion of the First Royal Court at which was crowned the first king of Carnival, Emperor Felix I.[14] The Comic Cowboys of Wragg Swamp were established in 1884, along with their mission of satire and free expression.[14] The Continental Mystic Crew mystic society was founded in 1890; it was Mobile's first Jewish mystic society.[12] In 1894 the Order of Doves mystic society was founded and held its first Mardi Gras ball. It was the first African-American mystic society in Mobile.[12] In 1929 the Infant Mystics, the second oldest society that continues to parade, introduced the first electric floats to Mobile.[14] In 1939 the Colored Carnival Association was founded and had its first parade; it was later renamed the Mobile Area Mardi Gras Association.[12] In 1980 the Order of Osiris, the oldest surviving gay and lesbian mystic society in Mobile, held its first ball.[14] In 1995 the 1st Mobile International Carnival Ball was held, with every known Mobile mystic society in attendance.[14] In 2002, Mobile celebrated its Tricentennial with parades representing every known mystic society.[14] A documentary film, The Order of Myths, was released in 2008 with a focus on Mardi Gras celebrations and how race and class influences many aspects of Mardi Gras in the city, including the mystic societies.[19] According to statistics from the Alabama Tourism Department, Mobile Mardi Gras is the most-attended annual event in the state. The event attracted more than 800,000 people in 2010 and more than one million in 2011.[20][21]

text: Demopolis[edit]

text: Demopolis, another Alabama city with French roots, has held an annual Mardi Gras masquerade ball since 2008.[22][23] The ball, hosted by the Marengo County Historical Society, is held at one of the city's historic mansions, Lyon Hall.[22]

text: The city was founded and named by a group of French expatriates, a mix of exiled former Bonapartists and other French migrants who settled in the United States following the overthrow of the colonial government in Saint-Domingue (Haiti). The name means the People's City or City of the People. First settled in 1817, Demopolis is one of the oldest continuous settlements in the state outside of coastal Alabama.[24][25]

text: Arkansas[edit]

text: Eureka Springs[edit]

text: Eureka Gras is a celebration of Mardi Gras in the Ozark Mountain resort town of Eureka Springs, Arkansas. Begun in 2006 as a "one car parade" conducted by New Orleanian Daniel Ellis after he moved to Eureka Springs in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, it is now run by a so-called "Krewe of Krazo" ("Ozark" spelled in reverse) and has grown into a month-long celebration with a parade running more than an hour, multiple balls, and other events.[26]

text: California[edit]

text: San Francisco[edit]

text: Carnaval San Francisco is an annual street parade and festival in San Francisco at the end of May.

text: San Diego[edit]

text: As of 2005, there is a corporate-sponsored party in the Gaslamp Quarter of downtown San Diego.[27] In addition there is a San Diego Brazil Carnival Ball that is part of the San Diego Carnival Mardi Gras season.

text: San Luis Obispo[edit]

text: Mardi Gras celebrations in San Luis Obispo have been controversial in recent years. In 2005 leaders of this Central California city called for an end to public celebrations, as the city had become a destination for students from across the state, and celebrations had gotten out of control.

text: Florida[edit]

text: Pensacola[edit]

text: Pensacola, Florida hosts a Mardi Gras Celebration. The Pensacola celebrations also use Moon Pies in combination with beads, coins, candies & Krewe-related trades. The Pensacola festivities and the Krewes that sponsor them often are more light-hearted and family-oriented than some in other venues. The name of a number of the Krewes are puns of the names of historic Krewes in New Orleans and Mobile.

text: The annual Pensacola celebration, is among the oldest in the United States, dating back to 1874. Festivities typically took place on the eponymous Tuesday itself and the preceding week.

text: The first organized secular celebration of Carnival in Pensacola was in 1874, when a group of men including B. F. Yniestra, D. G. and F. C. Brent, D. K. Huckley and Dr. J. C. Whiting established the Knights of Priscus Association. The name Priscus came from Tarquinius Priscus, the fifth king of Rome who:

text: was the first Roman king to wear a purple robe, and golden crown on his head. He established the circus or place where games could be held, also increased the number of Roman knights, and built a stone wall around the city. His majesty of our carnival, like his prototype of old Rome, knows that "A little folly now and then / Is relished by the best of men."[28]

text: The event became unorganized, having "fallen entirely into the hands of individual merry-makers and frolickers who disported themselves as their own wild merriment dictated,"[28] but was reorganized by the Clerks Union in 1900. They formed the Pensacola Carnival Association with a 12-person committee led by chairman J. I. Johnson. Priscus remained the title of the festival's ceremonial king, and Alexander Clement Blount II was named the first King Priscus of the new group.

text: Pensacola's first ladies mystic society, the "Pompadour Mystic Society" (the Pompadours), held its first annual Mystic Ball at the Armory Hall on February 19, 1909, crowning Dudley Thornton as King.[29] The "Revellers of Ariola", Pensacola's first male mystic society, was organized in 1909[30] and held its first Tableau Ball at the K of C Hall on January 28, 1910 crowning Miss Cornelia Bass as Queen of Ariola.[31] In 1936, the female krewe "Merry Markers" held its first ball in 1936.[32] With the exception of the Pompadours, these founding Carnival Season organizations remain active in Pensacola's celebrations to this day.

text: The public celebration is currently organized by Pensacola Mardi Gras, Inc., and Pensacola Mardi Gras krewes parades and balls occur in the weekend prior to Fat Tuesday.

text: Parades are on Friday night ("Krewe of Lafitte"), Saturday afternoon (the "Grand Parade"), and the "Krewe of Wrecks" parade on Pensacola Beach on Sunday. No parades are held on Mardi Gras, itself.

text: Many krewes in Pensacola are smaller than in Mobile or New Orleans, so typically a parade has floats sponsored by numerous different krewes, rather than a single krewe having its own parade.

text: Older krewes holding Carnival balls but do not parade, include the Rebellaires (1947), Pierrettes, Mystic Maids sand Marionettes. Parading krewes include: Krewe of African Kings, Krewe of African Queens, Krewe of Andres de Pez, Krewe of Aphrodite, Krewe of Avant Garde, Krewe of Brewe, Krewe of Hip Huggers, Krewe of Jesters, Krewe of Lafitte, Mayoki Indians, Krewe of Nauga, Krewe of Seville, Krewe of the Silver Slipper, Krewe of Warriors, Mystic Krewe of Nereids, Krewe du YaYas, Order of Odin and Krewe of Gatsby Girls.

text: Hollywood[edit]

text: Hollywood, Florida hosts Mardi Gras festivities in the downtown area and a Fat Tuesday celebration on Hollywood Beach Broadwalk with live entertainment and Creole food. Fiesta Tropicale emerged from a Hollywood tradition that started in 1935 as Fiesta of the Nations, a celebration of different cultures featuring performances by costumed children at Hollywood Central School. In 1997, a core group of Hollywood residents re-established the Mardi Gras celebration as Fiesta Tropicale of Hollywood, Inc. where krewes built floats and second lined through the downtown business district.

text: Orlando[edit]

text: In Orlando, the Universal Studios Florida theme park hosts an annual Mardi Gras celebration. This event features concerts by top musical acts, a Mardi Gras parade, and more. The event takes place over multiple weekends from February to April at the park, and is included with the regular daily admission to the park.

text: Louisiana[edit]

text: New Orleans[edit]

text: New Orleans Mardi Gras celebrations draw hundreds of thousands of tourists to the city to mingle with the locals at the famed parties and parades. As many as a half-million spectators have been estimated by officials to line the route of major parades. The first Mardi Gras festivities in Louisiana were held on March 3, 1699. On that day, a group of French explorers set up camp on the west bank of the Mississippi River, about 60 miles downriver from what is now New Orleans. The group's leader, Pierre Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur d'Iberville dubbed the spot La Pointe du Mardi Gras. Three hundred years later, the Rex organization put a marker at the site.[33]

text: An account from 1743 notes that the custom of holding Carnival balls was established by that date, during the time when Bienville was governor. On Mardi Gras, there were masques and processions in the streets of the city, although they were, at times, prohibited by law. The celebrations were quickly resumed whenever restrictions were lifted or the enforcement of them was lax. In 1833, Bernard Xavier de Marigny de Mandeville, a rich plantation owner, raised the money to fund an official Mardi Gras celebration.

text: On Mardi Gras of 1857 the Mistick Krewe of Comus held its first parade. Comus is the oldest continuously active Mardi Gras organization. It originated a number of traditions that continue today (such as the use of floats in parades) and is considered the first Carnival krewe in the modern sense of the term.

text: In 1875, the state of Louisiana declared Mardi Gras a legal holiday.[34] Economic, political, and weather conditions sometimes led to the cancellation of some or all of the major parades, especially during the American Civil War, World War I and World War II, but Carnival has always been observed in the city in some way.[34]

text: The last large parades went through the narrow streets of the city's old French Quarter neighborhood in 1972. Larger floats and crowds and safety concerns led the city government to prohibit big parades in the Quarter.

text: In 1991, the New Orleans city council passed an ordinance that required social organizations, including Mardi Gras Krewes, to certify publicly that they did not discriminate on the basis of race, religion, gender or sexual orientation, in order to obtain parade permits and other public licenses.[35] The ordinance required these and other private social groups to abandon their traditional code of secrecy and identify their members for the city's Human Relations Commission. In protest, the 19th century krewes Comus and Momus stopped parading.[36] Proteus did parade in the 1992 Carnival season, but returned to the parade schedule in 2000. Two federal courts later declared that the ordinance was an unconstitutional infringement on First Amendment rights of free association, and an unwarranted intrusion on the privacy of the groups subject to the ordinance. The Supreme Court refused to hear the city's appeal of their decision. Today, many krewes operate under a business structure – membership is open to anyone who pays dues to have a place on a parade float.

text: The effect of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans in late 2005 caused a few people to question the future of the city's Mardi Gras celebrations. The city government, essentially bankrupt after the storm, pushed for a massively scaled back celebration to limit strains on city services. However, many krewes insisted that they wanted to and would be ready to parade, so negotiations between krewe leaders and city officials resulted in a compromise schedule, scaled back but less severely than originally suggested. The 2006 New Orleans' Carnival schedule included the Krewe du Vieux on its traditional route through Marigny and the French Quarter on February 11, then several parades on Saturday, the 18th, and Sunday the 19th, followed by six days of parades starting Thursday night, the 23rd, until Mardi Gras Day, the 28th. Other than Krewe du Vieux and two Westbank parades that went through Algiers, all New Orleans parades were restricted to the Saint Charles Avenue Uptown to Canal Street route, a section of the city which escaped significant flooding. Restrictions were placed on the amount of time parades could be on the street and how late they could go.

text: Louisiana State troopers and National Guard assisted with crowd control for the first time since 1979. Many of the floats had been partially submerged in the floodwaters for weeks. While some krewes repaired and removed all traces of these effects, others incorporated flood lines and other damage into the designs of the floats. Most of the locals who worked on the floats and rode on them were significantly impacted by the storm, and many had lost most or all of their possessions, but their enthusiasm for Carnival was even more intense than usual and celebrated as an affirmation of life. The themes of many costumes and floats had more barbed satire than usual, with commentary on the trials and tribulations of living in the devastated city, with references to MREs, Katrina refrigerators and FEMA trailers, along with much mocking of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), and local and national politicians.

text: It is impossible to estimate how synonymous Mardi Gras and New Orleans have become in popular culture. In 1926, Ferde Grofe wrote an orchestral cycle called the Mississippi Suite, the last movement featuring a musical depiction of Mardi Gras in the French Quarter. Since then the influence of Fat Tuesday on American culture has only increased, as evidenced by the wealth of songs, films, and television shows about the notorious festival.

text: Alexandria[edit]

text: Alexandria, which is located in the heart of Central Louisiana (CenLa), enjoys a blend of Mardi Gras traditions in keeping with the area's reputation as the "cultural crossroads" of the state. In addition to Mardi Gras balls, parties, and other functions, it hosts several parades, including the Alexandria Mardi Gras Association (AMGA) Krewe Parade, traditionally on the Sunday before Mardi Gras, a Children's parade, and the "Krewe of Provine" Parade, usually held on Mardi Gras Day. In 2008, the "College Cheerleaders and Classic Cars" parade made its debut with warm reception. The area's parades are known for their mix of traditional Mardi Gras fun and revelry with a family-friendly environment. They attract people from as far away as Texas and Mississippi.

text: Baton Rouge[edit]

text: Baton Rouge hosts eight parades, including the Spanish Town Parade, Krewe of Southdowns, Krewe of Mutts (dog parade), Krewe Mystique, and Parades such as the Krewe of Orion, Krewe of Artemis, Krewe of Jupiter, and Krewe of Poseidon(new for 2010) which offer more of a traditional New Orleans-style parade. All parades take place downtown, with the exception of the annual Southdowns parade, which runs through the Southdowns subdivision just south of Downtown.

text: Houma[edit]

text: Houma hosts a significant Mardi Gras celebration of ten parades, two of which roll on Mardi Gras day, and the others on the two weekends preceding the big day. King Houmas rules on Fat Tuesday itself. Law enforcement officials estimated that in 2008, more than 150,000 people lined the route of his parade. Mardi Gras has been celebrated annually in Houma since 1947. "Krewe of Hercules", "Krewe of Aquarius", "Krewe of Hyacinthians", "Krewe of Titans", "Krewe of Aphrodite", "Krewe of Mardi Gras", "Krewe of Terreanians", "Krewe of Cleopatra", "Krewe of Houmas", and the "Krewe of Kajuns" make up the ten parades. Houma is about 60 miles southwest of New Orleans.

text: Lafayette[edit]

text: Lafayette is home to the state's second largest Mardi Gras celebration,[37][38][39][40] which includes eight parades of floats and bands during the Carnival season. The first parade, ten days before Mardi Gras, is the celebrity-led "Krewe of Carnivale en Rio Parada", featuring over 600 riders. Parade royalty on Fat Tuesday includes King Gabriel and Queen Evangeline, named for the hero and heroine of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's epic poem; and King Toussaint L'Ouverture and Queen Suzanne Simonet, named for the great Haitian historical leaders. Mardi Gras parades have been an annual tradition in Lafayette since 1934. Recent attendance on Mardi Gras day has been estimated as high as 250,000 by police spokespersons. The first formal Mardi Gras ball and parade in Lafayette dates back to 1869.

text: In 1897, King Attakapas, the first Lafayette Mardi Gras king was crowned. He rode into town on a Southern Pacific train decorated to look like a royal throne and led the parade. After 1897, formal Mardi Gras parades and balls seemed to come and go until 1934 when the Southwest Louisiana Mardi Gras association was formed by representatives from civic and service organizations to ensure that Lafayette would always have a Mardi Gras celebration.

text: Lake Charles[edit]

text: Lake Charles hosts a family-friendly Mardi Gras celebration with nine parades.[41] With over 50 krewes, it is second only to New Orleans in the number of krewes in Louisiana.[42] The Lake Charles Mardi Gras celebration is unique in that it is the only place in Louisiana where the public is invited to see the costumes of the all the krewes in one place, at the Lake Charles Civic Center.[43] Mardi Gras began in Lake Charles as early as 1882 when King Momus landed on the lakefront to begin the celebration.[44] With the onset of the World Wars, Mardi Gras in Lake Charles was not celebrated as much, but was revived in the latter part of the century. This celebration begins in Lake Charles on January 6 each year. The last parade is the Krewe of Krewes Parade in downtown Lake Charles.[45] Mardi Gras in Lake Charles regularly draws 150,000 people.[46] In addition, Mardi Gras can be enjoyed in Lake Charles year round at the Mardi Gras Museum of Imperial Calcasieu, which features elaborate costumes and an interactive float.[47] This museum houses the world's largest collection of Mardi Gras costumes.[48]

text: New Roads[edit]

text: New Roads another Mardi Gras celebration outside New Orleans.[49] The family-friendly celebration has been an annual event since 1922 and includes two parades on Fat Tuesday: the Community Center Carnival parade, one of the nation's oldest African-American sponsored events, which rolls in the morning; and the New Roads Lions Carnival parade, the first-known Mardi Gras parade to be staged as a charitable fundraiser, which rolls in the afternoon.

text: Each parade consists of as many as 35 floats built fresh each year, and 10 marching bands and drill units. Unlike the exclusivity of krewe parades in New Orleans and other cities, New Roads' parades are open to public participation, with local schools, churches, organizations, businesses and families building, entering and riding the floats. New Roads' proximity to the Baton Rouge metropolitan area results in an unusually large number of visitors to the New Roads parades, the town's normal size considering. Law enforcement officials have estimated New Roads parade attendance as high as 100,000 in years marked by favorable weather.[50][51][52]

text: Shreveport[edit]

text: Shreveport, located in the Northwestern corner of the state, has numerous krewes, including several that do not parade. Some of them include Atlas, Sobek, Harambee, Centaur, Gemini, Highland, and Asclepius. Thousands of people come to Shreveport to see the parades each year. History has it that Shreveport was said to had Mardi Gras parades beginning after the Civil War. However, the Great Depression ended the celebration for years. In 1989 the parade tradition was renewed by the Krewe of Gemini parade. With their New Orleans style floats, Gemini has grown to the biggest krewe in Shreveport, peaking at over 300 members a couple of years ago.

text: Courir de Mardi Gras[edit]

text: In parts of Cajun country, such as Eunice, Basile, Church Point and Mamou, the traditional Courir de Mardi Gras (French for the "Mardi Gras Run") is still held. Le Capitaine leads masked men on horseback to gather ingredients for making the communal meal (usually a gumbo). Participants gather in costume and move from home to home requesting ingredients for the night's meal. This rural Mardi Gras draws on traditions that are centuries old. Revelers sing "La Chanson de Mardi Gras", a song echoing medieval melodies.

text: People escape from ordinary life partly through the alcohol many consume in their festive quest, but more so through the roles they portray in costume. As they act out their parts in a wild, gaudy pageant, they are escaping from routine existence, freed from the restraints that confine them every other day of the year.

text: [53] The capitaine maintains control over the Mardi Gras. He issues instructions to the riders as they assemble early in the morning and then leads them on their run. When they arrive at a farm house, he obtains permission to enter private property, after which the riders may charge toward the house, where they sing, dance, and beg until the owner offers them an ingredient for a gumbo. Often, the owner will throw a live chicken into the air that the maskers will chase, like football players trying to recover a fumble. By mid to late afternoon, the courir returns to town and parades down the main street on the way to the location where the evening gumbo will be prepared.[53]

text: Other Louisiana cities[edit]

text: Other Louisiana cities holding Mardi Gras parades include Bogalusa, Bush, Chalmette, Columbia, Covington, Gretna, Kaplan, La Place, Madisonville, Mandeville, Metairie, Minden, Monroe, Natchitoches, Pearl River, Slidell, Springhill, and Thibodaux.

text: Because of violent activities of the American terrorist group, the Ku Klux Klan, Louisiana has a state law prohibiting the wearing of hoods and masks in public. Mardi Gras is one of the occasions when exceptions are allowed, as are Halloween celebrations and religious observance.[54]

text: Michigan[edit]

text: Detroit[edit]

text: Michigan's first Catholic settlers were French. The Fat Tuesday celebrations of modern times in Detroit stem from the more recent influence of the Polish Paczki Day.

text: Mississippi[edit]

text: Gulf Coast[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Biloxi, Mississippi holds a traditional morning parade by the Gulf Coast Carnival Association (GCCA) and an afternoon parade by the Krewe of Neptune. Nearby Gulfport, holds a traditional night parade sponsored by the Krewe of Gemini. Other parades include evening events in Pascagoula, Ocean Springs, D'Iberville, Gautier, Waveland, Bay St. Louis, Long Beach, and Pass Christian, just to name a few. Damage from Hurricane Katrina led to deviations from traditional routes or parade cancellations in some locations in 2006.

text: Mardi Gras parades have since become a sign of rebuilding along the coast line. Traditions in Mississippi are closely tied into those of New Orleans, Louisiana. Typically the larger floats which casinos use in the Mississippi parades are rented from float builders in New Orleans. Schools on the Gulf Coast usually let out during the 2-day holiday so children can attend the parades. Much like Mobile and New Orleans, the Mississippi Gulf Coast has its own unique societies and Mardi Gras associations that participate in float building and annual balls. Most of these parades and balls operate along the largest main roads of the coast, Highways 90 and 49. Prior to Katrina, the Biloxi Parade consisted of a morning, noon and night parade. It has since decreased to two parades, GCCA first followed by the Krewe of Neptune.

text: Central Mississippi[edit]

text: Vicksburg, located along the Mississippi River in central Mississippi, holds an annual Mardi Gras parade,[55] along with a Mardi Gras ball.[56]

text: Missouri[edit]

text: St. Louis[edit]

text: Although founded by French settlers in 1764[57] the city has not had a significant French Catholic population since the late 19th Century. The St. Louis Mardi Gras was revived in the early 1980s by bored, drunk patrons of Hilary's bar in the Soulard neighborhood[58] adjacent to downtown, when they decided to march to another neighboring bar.[58] Over the years, what started as a private party has grown in size and scale, and has attracted major corporate sponsorship,[58][59] On the second Saturday before Mardi Gras, there is a family-oriented "Krewe of Barkus" pet parade with corporate sponsorship by Beggin' Strips.[59] Participants consist of anyone who dresses up their pet in costume, and walks their pet along the parade route. The parade is followed by the informal Wiener dog races. Then, on the Saturday before Fat Tuesday, the more adult-oriented, flesh-for-beads parade occurs, although there have been various attempts to reserve a family section at one end of the route. People from all over storm the streets with beers and bead necklaces after the Saturday parade. The streets of Soulard, Geyer, Allen, Russell, Ann, Shenandoah, and others are crowded with people from 7th to 12th Street. The Fat Tuesday parade occurs in the evening. In recent years it has been moved from just north of Soulard to downtown St. Louis. The majority of the overall Mardi Gras festivities have corporate sponsorship, primarily from Anheuser-Busch and Southern Comfort.[59] In 2006, this led to an investigation by the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau and the Missouri Division of Alcohol and Tobacco Control into the legality of Mardi Gras Inc.'s sponsorship deals.[59]

text: Oklahoma[edit]

text: Tulsa[edit]

text: In 2010, Tulsa began holding an annual Mardi Gras parade through its downtown Blue Dome District.[60]

text: Oregon[edit]

text: Portland[edit]

text: In 2010, a group of Louisiana expatriates and friends founded the Mysti Krewe of Nimbus Mysti Krewe of Nimbus to bring Mardi Gras and Louisiana culture to the Pacific Northwest and Portland in particular. Lacking in any formal Mardi Gras festivities, the Krewe held the first Portland Mardi Gras Ball Portland Oregon's Mardi Gras Ball the Saturday before Mardi Gras. The Ball is now in its fourth year. Krewe activities have grown to include a Mardi Gras Day parade on Mississippi Avenue, a float entry in the annual Rose Festival Starlight Parade and second line parades at the Safeway Waterfront Blues Festival.

text: Pennsylvania[edit]

text: Philadelphia[edit]

text: There is an unofficial celebration of Mardi Gras on South Street every year. There is a noticeable police presence because of widespread drunkenness and looting that occurred among some of the younger participants in 2001. Local restaurants include New Orleans' themes, such as Fat Tuesday's, Les Bon Temps, and Nola's.

text: Texas[edit]

text: Galveston[edit]

text: Galveston, Texas is home to the largest Mardi Gras festival in Texas attracting up to 200,000 revelers to the island each year. The celebration in Galveston dates back 1867 when it consisted of merely a masked ball and a theatre performance of Shakespeare's "King Henry IV." The emergence of rival Krewes the "Knights of Momus" and the "Knights of Myth" created the first extravagant Mardi Gras celebration in 1871.[61] The island tradition now includes many night parades, masked balls and exquisite costumes. The current Mardi Gras was revived in 1985 by George P. Mitchell; unlike its New Orleans counterparts, there are no celebrations held on the Monday prior to Fat Tuesday. Since 1987, the Galveston Park Board has managed the event despite its struggles and successes.[62][63][64]

text: Prior to Hurricane Ike, promoters from the Galveston Park Board usually charge admission fees on the first weekend during the Mardi Gras season kickoff related to events within the Strand Entertainment District (bounded by 25th Street, Harborside Drive, 20th Street, and Market Street/Avenue D). Parades on Seawall Boulevard are free to the general public. Around 2007, the Park Board slashed $800,000 in their budget due to budget deficits where they decided to drop the admission fee for the 2008 season along with live music performances.[65]

text: After Ike's devastation on Galveston Island, there was no admission charge in 2009 and 2010 - it was believed at the time that Mardi Gras! Galveston was becoming like its New Orleans counterpart with no admission revenues imposed.[66] An editorial by the Galveston County Daily News in 2007 suggested that Mardi Gras should be managed and operated like Dickens on the Strand as a manageable event under a nonprofit like the Galveston Historical Foundation similar to the Port Arthur, TX Mardi Gras (produced by Mardi Gras of Southeast Texas, Inc).[67] Around April 2010, Galveston businessman Mike Dean, who runs Yaga's Entertainment, Inc. (the producer of the annual Galveston Food and Wine Festival and Chili Quest Festival), entered into a bidding process to become the new Mardi Gras promoter from 2011 – 2015 under a five-year contract, made official on November 18, 2010 as voted on by members of the Galveston City Council.[68] The admission fee has returned – which now includes both weekends prior to Fat Tuesday despite the hiring of 30 security officers to augment local law enforcement. Statistics from the Galveston Convention and Visitor's Bureau have stated that with the admission fees for both weekends, crime has dropped 50% and Galveston Police Chief Charles Wiley (prior to his 2012 retirement) is backing the admission fee despite opposition from Downtown Galveston businesses on The Strand and Mechanic Street.[69][70][71][72]

text: Revelers and vendors who usually frequent Mardi Gras on Galveston Island have concerns that the admission fee will bring fewer attendees along with financial uncertainty when the Park Board sold admission tickets prior to the 2008 season.[73] The March 5, 2011 Knights of Momus Parade attracted 20,000 revelers within the Strand while the crowd estimate during the entire Mardi Gras season is 250,000. Vendors and Downtown Galveston businesses have reported a drop in their sales despite the promoter bringing more live music, parades, and added security which includes metal detectors and bag checks.[74][75] As a downside, Yaga's Entertainment Inc. incorporated the rules and regulations modeled on Mardi Gras DFW – including a prohibition on professional video and still camera equipment within the Strand Entertainment District because of the production of live entertainment from national touring or band acts.[76][77] Ticket sales for the first weekend of the 2012 season dropped to 30% during the first weekend despite the numerous complaints [78] vented at Yaga's Entertainment, Inc. - Dean stated that the admission charge will remain indefinitely until the existing 5-year contract with the City of Galveston is up for renewal. Admission pricing at the entry gates averaged $17 where discounted $8 tickets were available from the Yaga's Entertainment Inc. website (www.YagasPresents.com). Decreased ticket revenue was also attributed to the cold temperatures and high winds on the first weekend, and heavy precipitation on the second weekend - changes for the 2013 season would include contingency planning where events can be rescheduled by time shifts.[79][80]

text: As of January 2013, the $17 admission fee is still imposed by Yaga's Entertainment - one Strand business, Crow's Southwest Cantina, has circulated a petition since Dean is allegedly profiteering but has stated that a free Mardi Gras is unsustainable. Houston TV station KTRK has stated that Mardi Gras! Galveston is becoming too expensive where local merchants are losing out just to pay to be on a public street. Galveston Convention Center and Visitor Bureau chair Leah Cast stated on FOX 26 Houston that charging the admission fees brings in a quality event inclusive of Grammy-nominated musicians and balcony parties.[81][82][83][84] A few Strand-area businesses claim that the admission fee keeps out the undesirable elements - during the February 9, 2013 festivities in the Strand Entertainment District, seven revelers who refused to leave the entertainment district were arrested by the Galveston Police Department during the street sweep where the police clear The Strand of all revelers. Angry revelers threw beer bottles, trash cans, and barricade fencing at the police where video footage were posted on YouTube. Over a year later during the March 1, 2014 Mardi Gras weekend, the same incident was repeated but Galveston Police officers fired tear gas at 19 partygoers who refused to comply with the police order to disperse.[85][86] [87][88]

text: In January 2015, the City of Galveston issued a Request for Qualifications concerning the future promoter of the Strand Entertainment District where the same criteria proposed for the 2011-15 contract will remain the same (live entertainment from national touring acts limited to recording artists, bands, along with paid admission (on Fridays and Saturdays prior to Fat Tuesday with free admission on Sundays - this was amended during the latter part of the previous 2011-15 contract) and gated checkpoints/bag checks (which is stipulated under the new contract in the wake of the 2013 Boston Marathon bombings) but the contract (which lasted five years without a contract extension) is limited to 3 years where the City of Galveston can reserve the right to extend the contract for an additional two years. Some Strand businessowners who voiced their displeasure with Yaga's Entertainment would rather have the Strand Entertainment District managed like the Lone Star Rally since they do not set up gated checkpoints - their touring acts (live music) are usually performed at 2 stages.

text: Port Arthur[edit]

text: Port Arthur began celebrating Mardi Gras in 1993.[89]

text: Dallas[edit]

text: Dallas, Texas is home to a Mardi Gras celebration, MystiQal.[90]

text: Wisconsin[edit]

text: La Crosse[edit]

text: La Crosse has held a Mardi Gras celebration since 1991. Originally the celebration and its fund-raising efforts were used to provide assistance for Catholic school tuition within the Coulee Catholic Schools system. Now, in addition to the Coulee Catholic Schools, the event provides funding to the Boy Scouts of America, Girl Scouts of the USA, the Boys & Girls Clubs, and the YMCA. The La Crosse Mardi Gras includes a formal costume ball and a family and community festival.[91]


document_title: Just Getting Started (film)

question_text: where was the movie just getting started filmed at

text: Just Getting Started (film)

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: The story of defense lawyer Duke, who once defended the heads of the world's most dangerous criminal teams, and Leo, a former FBI agent, who are both now retired and living in a luxury resort named Villa Capri in Palm Springs, California.

text: As the alpha male and manager of the resort, Duke is initially threatened by newcomer Leo's activities with the ladies and competitive nature. But eventually they are forced to forget about competition, status, and even rest, as they work together to defeat the mafia and save Duke's life.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Morgan Freeman as Duke Diver
Tommy Lee Jones as Leo
Rene Russo as Suzie
Glenne Headly as Margarite
Sheryl Lee Ralph[6] as Roberta
Elizabeth Ashley[6] as Lily
Kristen Rakes[7] as Ginger
Joe Pantoliano as Joey
Graham Beckel[6] as Burt
Mel Raido[6] as Oscar
George Wallace[6] as Larry
Nick Peine[6] as Jimmy

text: Production[edit]

text: On May 14, 2016, it was announced that Broad Green Pictures would co-produce the film under the title Villa Capri with Entertainment One, with direction by Ron Shelton, starring Morgan Freeman and Tommy Lee Jones.[8][9][10] On June 9, 2016, it was announced that Rene Russo was cast in a leading role alongside Freeman and Jones.[11] Filming began in New Mexico on August 15, 2016.[6] In September 2017, the film was retitled from Villa Capri to Just Getting Started.[12]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: In the United States and Canada, Just Getting Started was released on December 8, 2017, alongside the wide expansion of The Disaster Artist, and was projected to gross around $5 million from 2,146 theaters in opening weekend.[13] It ended up debuting to $3.2 million, finishing 10th at the box office. When adjusting for inflation, it was the 21st worst opening of all-time.[14] In its second weekend the film dropped 69% to $978,923, finishing 14th.[15]

text: The film was pulled from so many theaters and grossed such a low amount following its second week that the studio did not disclose its future earnings.[16]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 5% based on 20 reviews, with an average rating of 2/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "A thoroughly unfunny misfire, Just Getting Started manages the incredible feat of wasting more than a century of combined acting experience from its three talented leads."[17] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film holds a weighted average score of 21 out of 100, based on 10 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[18] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C" on an A+ to F scale.[19]


document_title: Crain Communications Building

question_text: what is the name of the diamond shaped building in chicago

text: Crain Communications Building

text: History[edit]

text: Although the building looks as though it is split down the middle, the two sides are only slightly disjointed until nearing the top, where there is a gap between them.  At times, its slanted roof—which has been likened to a skyscraper slashed with a knife—displays local sports slogans on its face, such as "GO BEARS" and "GO SOX".[3][4] It also displayed "VOTE 2008" during the 2008 election day rally at Grant Park.[3]

text: At the time of its construction the Crain Communications Building was considered to be a smart building, with sophisticated environmental and security controls. Three years after its completion, the building played a role in the Touchstone Pictures film Adventures in Babysitting. The building is also modeled in EA's SimCity 4, as well as being destroyed in the film Transformers: Dark of the Moon and in the videogame Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2.

text:
The building name was changed to the Crain Communications Building in March 2012, after Crain Communications moved its headquarters there.[5]
It is popularly referred to as the Diamond Building or the Vagina Building (from the locally popular but apocryphal story that, with its prominent vertical slit up the front, the building was designed to be a yonic counter to the phallicism of most skyscrapers).[6]

text: Tenants[edit]

text:
Crain Communications[7]
Consulate General of Sweden Chicago
Wells Fargo Insurance Services[8]
United Airlines previously maintained a ticketing office in this building.[9]


document_title: Forbes' list of the world's highest-paid athletes

question_text: who is the highest paid sports person in the world

text: 2017 list

text: The 2017 list:[1]

text:
Rank

Name

Sport

Nation

Total

Salary/Winnings

Endorsements

1
Cristiano Ronaldo
Association football
 Portugal
$93 million
$58 million
$35 million

2
LeBron James
Basketball
 United States
$86.2 million
$31.2 million
$55 million

3
Lionel Messi
Association football
 Argentina
$80 million
$53 million
$27 million

4
Roger Federer
Tennis
 Switzerland
$64 million
$6 million
$58 million

5
Kevin Durant
Basketball
 United States
$60.6 million
$26.6 million
$34 million

6
Andrew Luck
American football
 United States
$50 million
$47 million
$3 million

6
Rory McIlroy
Golf
 Northern Ireland
$50 million
$16 million
$34 million

8
Stephen Curry
Basketball
 United States
$47.3 million
$12.3 million
$35 million

9
James Harden
Basketball
 United States
$46.6 million
$26.6 million
$20 million

10
Lewis Hamilton
Auto racing
 England
$46 million
$38 million
$8 million

text: 2016 list

text: The 2016 list:[2]

text:
Rank

Name

Sport

Nation

Total

Salary/Winnings

Endorsements

1
Cristiano Ronaldo
Association football
 Portugal
$88 million
$56 million
$32 million

2
Lionel Messi
Association football
 Argentina
$81.4 million
$53.4 million
$28 million

3
LeBron James
Basketball
 United States
$77.2 million
$23.2 million
$54 million

4
Roger Federer
Tennis
 Switzerland
$67.8 million
$7.8 million
$60 million

5
Kevin Durant
Basketball
 United States
$56.2 million
$20.2 million
$36 million

6
Novak Djokovic
Tennis
 Serbia
$55.8 million
$21.8 million
$34 million

7
Cam Newton
American football
 United States
$53.1 million
$41.1 million
$12 million

8
Phil Mickelson
Golf
 United States
$52.9 million
$2.9 million
$50 million

9
Jordan Spieth
Golf
 United States
$52.8 million
$20.8 million
$32 million

10
Kobe Bryant
Basketball
 United States
$50 million
$25 million
$25 million

text: 2015 list

text: The 2015 list was released on 10 June 2015.[3]

text:
Rank

Name

Sport

Nation

Total

Salary/Winnings

Endorsements

1
Floyd Mayweather Jr.
Boxing
 United States
$300 million
$285 million
$15 million

2
Manny Pacquiao
Boxing
 Philippines
$160 million
$148 million
$12 million

3
Cristiano Ronaldo
Association football
 Portugal
$79.6 million
$52.6 million
$27 million

4
Lionel Messi
Association football
 Argentina
$73.8 million
$51.8 million
$22 million

5
Roger Federer
Tennis
 Switzerland
$67 million
$9 million
$58 million

6
LeBron James
Basketball
 United States
$64.8 million
$20.8 million
$44 million

7
Kevin Durant
Basketball
 United States
$54.1 million
$19.1 million
$35 million

8
Phil Mickelson
Golf
 United States
$50.8 million
$2.8 million
$48 million

9
Tiger Woods
Golf
 United States
$50.6 million
$0.6 million
$50 million

10
Kobe Bryant
Basketball
 United States
$49.5 million
$23.5 million
$26 million

text: 2014 list

text: The 2014 list was released on 11 June 2014.[4]

text:
Rank

Name

Sport

Nation

Total

Salary/Winnings

Endorsements

1
Floyd Mayweather Jr.
Boxing
 United States
$105 million
$105 million
$0

2
Cristiano Ronaldo
Association football
 Portugal
$80 million
$52 million
$28 million

3
LeBron James
Basketball
 United States
$72.3 million
$19.3 million
$53 million

4
Lionel Messi
Association football
 Argentina
$64.7 million
$41.7 million
$23 million

5
Kobe Bryant
Basketball
 United States
$61.5 million
$30.5 million
$31 million

6
Tiger Woods
Golf
 United States
$61.2 million
$6.2 million
$55 million

7
Roger Federer
Tennis
 Switzerland
$56.2 million
$4.2 million
$52 million

8
Phil Mickelson
Golf
 United States
$53.2 million
$5.2 million
$48 million

9
Rafael Nadal
Tennis
 Spain
$44.5 million
$14.5 million
$30 million

10
Matt Ryan
American football
 United States
$43.8 million
$42 million
$1.8 million

text: 2013 list

text: The 2013 list was released on 5 June 2013.[5]

text:
Rank

Name

Sport

Nation

Total

Salary/Winnings

Endorsements

1
Tiger Woods
Golf
 United States
$78.1 million
$13.1 million
$65 million

2
Roger Federer
Tennis
 Switzerland
$71.5 million
$6.5 million
$65 million

3
Kobe Bryant
Basketball
 United States
$61.9 million
$27.9 million
$34 million

4
LeBron James
Basketball
 United States
$59.8 million
$17.8 million
$42 million

5
Drew Brees
American football
 United States
$51 million
$40 million
$11 million

6
Aaron Rodgers
American football
 United States
$49 million
$43 million
$6 million

7
Phil Mickelson
Golf
 United States
$48.7 million
$4.7 million
$44 million

8
David Beckham
Association football
 England
$47.2 million
$5.2 million
$42 million

9
Cristiano Ronaldo
Association football
 Portugal
$44 million
$23 million
$21 million

10
Lionel Messi
Association football
 Argentina
$41.3 million
$20.3 million
$21 million

text: 2012 list

text: The 2012 list was released on 18 June 2012.[6]

text:
Rank
Name
Sport
Nationality
Total earnings
Salary/winnings
Endorsements

1
Floyd Mayweather Jr.
Boxing
 United States
$85 million
$85 million
$0

2
Manny Pacquiao
Boxing
 Philippines
$62 million
$56 million
$6 million

3
Tiger Woods
Golf
 United States
$59.4 million
$4.4 million
$55 million

4
LeBron James
Basketball
 United States
$53 million
$13 million
$40 million

5
Roger Federer
Tennis
 Switzerland
$52.7 million
$7.7 million
$45 million

6
Kobe Bryant
Basketball
 United States
$52.3 million
$20.3 million
$32 million

7
Phil Mickelson
Golf
 United States
$47.8 million
$4.8 million
$43 million

8
David Beckham
Association football
 England
$46 million
$9 million
$37 million

9
Cristiano Ronaldo
Association football
 Portugal
$42.5 million
$20.5 million
$22 million

10
Peyton Manning
American football
 United States
$42.4 million
$32.4 million
$10 million