document_title: Elements of art

question_text: which is the characteristic of a line width depth color length

text: Elements of art

text: Form[edit]

text: The form of a work is its shape, including its volume or perceived volume. A three-dimensional artwork has depth as well as width and height. Three-dimensional form is the basis of sculpture.[1] However, two-dimensional artwork can achieve the illusion of form with the use of perspective and/or shading or modelling techniques.[2][3] Formalism is the analysis of works by their form or shapes in art history or archeology.

text: Line[edit]

text: Lines and curves are marks that span a distance between two points (or the path of a moving point). As an element of visual art, line is the use of various marks, outlines, and implied lines in artwork and design. A line has a width, direction, and length.[1] A line's width is sometimes called its "thickness". Lines are sometimes called "strokes", especially when referring to lines in digital artwork.

text: Color[edit]

text: Color is the element of art that is produced when light, striking an object, is reflected back to the eye.[1] There are three properties to color. The first is hue, which simply means the name we give to a color (red, yellow, blue, green, etc.). The second property is intensity, which refers to the vividness of the color. A color's intensity is sometimes referred to as its "colorfulness", its "saturation", its "purity" or its "strength".The third and final property of color is its value, meaning how light or dark it is.[4] The terms shade and tint refer to value changes in colors. In painting, shades are created by adding black to a color, while tints are created by adding white to a color.[2]

text: Space[edit]

text: Space is an area that an artist provides for a particular purpose.[1] Space includes the background, foreground and middle ground, and refers to the distances or area(s) around, between, and within things. There are two kinds of space: negative space and positive space.[5] Negative space is the area in between, around, through or within an object. Positive spaces are the areas that are occupied by an object and/or form.

text: Texture[edit]

text: Texture, another element of art, is used to describe how something feels or looks. e.g. her hair was smooth. Smooth is a texture, same as bumpy, hard, light, clear, rough and many more.

text: Value[edit]

text: Value is the degree of lightness and darkness in a color. The difference in values is called contrast. Value can relate to shades, where a color gets darker by adding black to it, or tints, where a color gets lighter by adding white to it.

text: Shape[edit]

text: Shape refers to a 2-dimensional, enclosed area. Shapes could be geometric, such as squares, circles, triangles etc. or organic and curvaceous.


document_title: Four-minute mile

question_text: first new zealander to run a mile in under four minutes

root

text: Four-minute mile

text: Record holders[edit]

text: Breaking the four-minute barrier was first achieved on 6 May 1954 at Oxford University's Iffley Road Track, by Englishman Roger Bannister,[4] with the help of fellow-runners as pacemakers.[5]

tag: p

text: Two months later, during the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games hosted in Vancouver, B.C., two competing runners, Australia's John Landy and Bannister, ran the distance of one mile in under four minutes. The race's end is memorialised in a statue of the two (with Landy glancing over his shoulder, thus losing the race) placed in front of the Pacific National Exhibition entrance plaza.

text: New Zealand's John Walker, the first man to run the mile under 3:50, managed to run 135 sub-four-minute miles during his career (during which he was the first person to run over 100 sub-four-minute miles), and American Steve Scott has run the most sub-four-minute miles, with 136. Algeria's Noureddine Morceli was the first under 3:45. Currently, the mile record is held by Morocco's Hicham El Guerrouj, who ran a time of 3:43.13 in Rome in 1999.

text: In 1964, America's Jim Ryun became the first high-school runner to break four minutes for the mile, running 3:59.0 as a junior and a then American record 3:55.3 as a senior in 1965.[6] Tim Danielson (1966) and Marty Liquori (1967) also came in under four minutes, but Ryun's high-school record stood until Alan Webb ran 3:53.43 in 2001.[7] Ten years later, in 2011, Lukas Verzbicas became the fifth high-schooler under four minutes.[8] In 2015, Matthew Maton and Grant Fisher became the sixth and seventh high-schoolers to break four minutes, both running 3:59.38 about a month apart.[9] Webb was the first high schooler to run sub-4 indoors, running 3:59.86 in early 2001. On 6 February 2016, Andrew Hunter significantly improved upon Webb's mark, running 3:58.25 on the same New York Armory track[10] and 3:57.81 two weeks later.[11] Hunter achieved the 4 minute mile mark outdoors later in the season at the Prefontaine Classic. At that same meet Michael Slagowski ran his second sub-4 minute of the season.[12] Reed Brown and Sam Mansfield both dipped under the barrier on June 1st, 2017, running the 4th fastest high school mile times ever recorded in a race: 3:59.30. [13]

text: Another illustration of the progression of performance in the men's mile is that, in 1994, forty years after Bannister's breaking of the barrier, the Irish runner Eamonn Coghlan became the first man over the age of 40 to run a sub-four-minute mile.[14] Because Coghlan surpassed the mark indoors and before the IAAF validated indoor performances as being eligible for outdoor records, World Masters Athletics still had not recognised a sub-4-minute-mile performance as a record in the M40 division. Many elite athletes made the attempts to extend their careers beyond age 40 to challenge that mark. Over 18 years after Coghlan, that was finally achieved by UK's Anthony Whiteman, running 3:58.79 on 2 June 2012.[15]

text: No woman has yet run a four-minute mile. As of 2015[update], the women's world record is held by retired Russian Svetlana Masterkova, with a time of 4:12.56 in 1996.[16]

text: In 1997, Daniel Komen of Kenya ran two miles in less than eight minutes, doubling up on Bannister's accomplishment.[17] He did it again in February 1998, falling just 0.3 seconds behind his previous performance, and is still the only individual to accomplish the feat.[18]

text: Possible other claims[edit]

text: James Parrott[edit]

text: Some sources (including Olympic medalist Peter Radford[19]) contend the first successful four-minute mile was run in London by James Parrott on 9 May 1770.[20][21] Parrott's route began on Goswell Road, before turning down Old Street, finishing at St Leonard's, Shoreditch. Although timing methods at this time were – following the invention of the chronometer by John Harrison – accurate enough to measure the four minutes correctly, the record is not recognised by modern sporting bodies.[22] Neal Bascomb notes in The Perfect Mile that "even nineteenth-century historians cast a skeptical eye on the account."[23]

text: The Weller Run[edit]

text: Then in 1796, the Sporting Magazine reported that on 10 October of that year a young man called Weller, "undertook for a wager of three guineas (about 5 months' pay at that time) to run one mile on the Banbury road, in four minutes, which he performed two seconds within the time."[24]

text: In other words, the magazine reports that he ran a mile in three minutes, fifty eight seconds. By that time, a mile could be routinely measured to within a few inches; [25] watches, thanks to John Harrison, could measure 4 minutes to within 0.0009 sec (i.e. gain or lose 10 seconds a month),[26] and after about 1750 the mass production of highly accurate watches was well underway.[27]

text: Glenn Cunningham[edit]

text: It is also reputed that Glenn Cunningham achieved a four-minute mile in a workout in the 1920s. In addition to being unsubstantiated, a workout run would not count as a record.[28]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: In 1988, the ABC and the BBC co-produced The Four Minute Mile, a miniseries dramatisation of the race to the four-minute mile, featuring Richard Huw as Bannister and Nique Needles as John Landy (who was simultaneously pursuing the milestone). It was written by David Williamson and directed by Jim Goddard.

text: In 2004, Neal Bascomb wrote a book entitled The Perfect Mile about Roger Bannister, John Landy, and Wes Santee, portraying their individual attempts to break the four-minute mile and the context of the sport of mile racing. A second film version (entitled Four Minutes) was made in 2005, starring Jamie Maclachlan as Bannister.

text: In June 2011 the watch used to time the original event was donated by Jeffrey Archer to a charity auction for Oxford University Athletics Club; it sold for £97,250.[29]

text: In July 2016 the BBC broadcast the documentary Bannister: Everest on the Track, The Roger Bannister Story with firsthand interviews from Bannister and various other figures on the first sub-4 minute mile.[30][31]


document_title: Group of Seven

question_text: the g-7 foreign ministers meeting has started in which country

text: Group of Seven

text: History[edit]

text: The concept of a forum for the world's major industrialized countries emerged prior to the 1973 oil crisis. On Sunday, March 25, 1973, the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, George Shultz, convened an informal gathering of finance ministers from West Germany (Helmut Schmidt), France (Valéry Giscard d'Estaing), and Britain (Anthony Barber) before an upcoming meeting in Washington, D.C. When running the idea past President Nixon, he noted that he would be out of town and offered use of the White House; the meeting was subsequently held in the library on the ground floor.[4] Taking their name from the setting, this original group of four became known as the "Library Group".[5] In mid-1973, at the World Bank-IMF meetings, Shultz proposed the addition of Japan to the original four nations, who agreed.[6] The informal gathering of senior financial officials from the United States, the United Kingdom, West Germany, Japan, and France became known as the "Group of Five"[7] (not to be confused with the current, but completely different "Group of Five", a group of the five top nations with emerging economies formed in 2005). During 1974 the heads of state or government of the top 10 industrial nations fell due to illness or scandal. There were two elections in the UK, three chancellors of West Germany, three presidents of France, three prime ministers of Japan and Italy, and two U.S. presidents; moreover, Canadian prime minister Pierre Trudeau was forced into an early election. Of the members of the Group of Five, all were new to the job with the exception of Pierre Trudeau.

text: The forum originated with a 1975 summit hosted by France that brought together representatives of six governments: France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States, Schmidt and Giscard d'Estaing were heads of government in their respective countries, and since they both spoke fluent English, it occurred to them that they, and British Prime Minister Harold Wilson and U.S. President Gerald Ford could get together in an informal retreat and discuss election results and the issues of the day. In late spring, d'Estaing of France invited the heads of government from West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States to a summit in Château de Rambouillet[8]; the annual meeting of the six leaders was organized under a rotating presidency, forming the Group of Six (G6). In 1976, with Wilson out as prime minister of Britain, Schmidt and Gerald Ford felt an English speaker with more experience was needed, so Canada's Pierre Trudeau was invited to join the group [9] and the group became the Group of Seven (G7)[8]. Since first invited by the United Kingdom in 1977 the European Union has been represented by the president of the European Commission, and the leader of the country that holds the presidency of the Council of the European Union[10] and the Council President now also regularly attends.

text: Until the 1985 Plaza Accord no one outside a tight official circle knew when the seven finance ministers met and what they agreed. The summit was announced the day before and a communiqué was issued afterwards.[11]

text: Following 1994's G7 summit in Naples, Russian officials held separate meetings with leaders of the G7 after the group's summits. This informal arrangement was dubbed the Political 8 (P8) – or, colloquially, the G7+1. At the invitation of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Tony Blair and President of the United States Bill Clinton,[12] Russian President Boris Yeltsin was invited first as a guest observer, later as a full participant.After the 1997 meeting Russia was formally invited to the next meeting and formally joined the group in 1998, resulting in a new governmental political forum, the Group of Eight, or G8.[8]Russia in fact had and has limited net national wealth and financial weight, compared to the other members of the forum G7.Russia also hasn't ever been a major advanced economy according to IMF.[13][14] However Russia was ejected from the G8 political forum in March 2014 following the Russian annexation of Crimea.[15]

text: Early function[edit]

text: The organization was founded to facilitate shared macroeconomic initiatives by its members in response to the collapse of the exchange rate 1971, during the time of the Nixon Shock, the 1970s energy crisis and the ensuing recession.[16]

text: Work[edit]

text: Since 1975, the group meets annually on summit site to discuss economic policies; since 1987, the G7 finance ministers have met at least semi-annually, up to 4 times a year at stand-alone meetings.[17]

text: In 1996, the G7 launched an initiative for the 42 heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC).[18]

text: In 1999, the G7 decided to get more directly involved in "managing the international monetary system" through the Financial Stability Forum, formed earlier in 1999 and the G-20, established following the summit, to "promote dialogue between major industrial and emerging market countries".[19] The G7 also announced their plan to cancel 90% of bilateral, and multilateral debt for the HIPC, totaling $100 billion.In 2005 the G7 announced, debt reductions of "up to 100%" to be negotiated on a "case by case" basis.[20]

text: In 2008 the G7 met twice in Washington, D.C. to discuss the global financial crisis of 2007-2010[21] and in February 2009 in Rome.[22][23] The group of finance ministers pledged to take "all necessary steps" to stem the crisis.[24]

text: On 2 March 2014, the G7 condemned the "Russian Federation's violation of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine."[25] The G7 stated "that the International Monetary Fund (IMF) remains the institution best prepared to help Ukraine address its immediate economic challenges through policy advice and financing, conditioned on needed reforms", and that the G7 was "committed to mobilize rapid technical assistance to support Ukraine in addressing its macroeconomic, regulatory and anti-corruption challenges."[25]

text: On 24 March 2014, the G7 convened an emergency meeting in response to the Russian Federation's annexation of Crimea at the Dutch Catshuis, located in The Hague because all G7 leaders were already present to attend the 2014 Nuclear Security Summit. This was the first G7 meeting neither taking place in a member nation nor having the host leader participating in the meeting.[26]

text: On 4 June 2014 leaders at the G7 summit in Brussels, condemned Moscow for its "continuing violation" of Ukraine's sovereignty, in their joint statement and stated they were prepared to impose further sanctions on Russia.[27] This meeting was the first since Russia was expelled from the group G8 following its annexation of Crimea in March.[27]

text: The annual G7 leaders summit is attended by the heads of government.[28] The member country holding the G7 presidency is responsible for organizing and hosting the year's summit.

text: The serial annual summits can be parsed chronologically in arguably distinct ways, including as the sequence of host countries for the summits has recurred over time, series, etc.[29]Generally every country hosts summit every 7 years. [30]

text: List of summits[edit]

text:
Date
Host
Host leader
Location held
Website
Notes

1st
15–17 November 1975
 France
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
Rambouillet (Castle of Rambouillet)

G6 Summit

2nd
27–28 June 1976
 United States
Gerald R. Ford
Dorado, Puerto Rico[31]

Also called "Rambouillet II". Canada joined the group, forming the G7[31]

3rd
7–8 May 1977
 United Kingdom
James Callaghan
London

President of the European Commission was invited to join the annual G-7 summits

4th
16–17 July 1978
 West Germany
Helmut Schmidt
Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia

5th
28–29 June 1979
 Japan
Masayoshi Ōhira
Tokyo

Prime Minister Ōhira died in office on 12 June; Foreign Minister Saburō Ōkita led the delegation which represented Japan.

6th
22–23 June 1980
 Italy
Francesco Cossiga
Venice

7th
20–21 July 1981
 Canada
Pierre E. Trudeau
Montebello, Québec

8th
4–6 June 1982
 France
François Mitterrand
Versailles

9th
28–30 May 1983
 United States
Ronald Reagan
Williamsburg, Virginia

10th
7–9 June 1984
 United Kingdom
Margaret Thatcher
London

11th
2–4 May 1985
 West Germany
Helmut Kohl
Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia

12th
4–6 May 1986
 Japan
Yasuhiro Nakasone
Tokyo

13th
8–10 June 1987
 Italy
Amintore Fanfani
Venice

14th
19–21 June 1988
 Canada
Brian Mulroney
Toronto, Ontario

15th
14–16 July 1989
 France
François Mitterrand
Paris

16th
9–11 July 1990
 United States
George H. W. Bush
Houston

17th
15–17 July 1991
 United Kingdom
John Major
London

18th
6–8 July 1992
 Germany
Helmut Kohl
Munich, Bavaria

19th
7–9 July 1993
 Japan
Kiichi Miyazawa
Tokyo

20th
8–10 July 1994
 Italy
Silvio Berlusconi
Naples

21st
15–17 June 1995
 Canada
Jean Chrétien
Halifax, Nova Scotia
[32]

22nd
27–29 June 1996
 France
Jacques Chirac
Lyon

International organizations' debut to G7 Summits periodically. The invited ones here were: United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organization.[33]

23rd
20–22 June 1997
 United States
Bill Clinton
Denver
[34]
Russia joins the group, forming G8

24th
15–17 May 1998
 United Kingdom
Tony Blair
Birmingham
[35]

25th
18–20 June 1999
 Germany
Gerhard Schröder
Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia
[36]
First Summit of the G-20 major economies at Berlin

26th
21–23 July 2000
 Japan
Yoshiro Mori
Nago, Okinawa
[37]
Formation of the G8+5 starts, when South Africa was invited. Until the 38th G8 summit in 2012, it has been invited to the Summit annually without interruption. Also, with permission from a G8 leader, other nations were invited to the Summit on a periodical basis for the first time. Nigeria, Algeria and Senegal accepted their invitations here. The World Health Organization was also invited for the first time.[33]

27th
20–22 July 2001
 Italy
Silvio Berlusconi
Genoa
[38]
Leaders from Bangladesh, Mali and El Salvador accepted their invitations here.[33] Demonstrator Carlo Giuliani is shot and killed by police during a violent demonstration. One of the largest and most violent anti-globalization movement protests occurred for the 27th G8 summit.[39] Following those events and the September 11 attacks two months later in 2001, the G8 have met at more remote locations.

28th
26–27 June 2002
 Canada
Jean Chrétien
Kananaskis, Alberta
[40]
Russia gains permission to officially host a G8 Summit.

29th
2–3 June 2003
 France
Jacques Chirac
Évian-les-Bains

The G8+5 was unofficially made, when China, India, Brazil, and Mexico were invited to this Summit for the first time. South Africa has joined the G8 Summit, since 2000, until the 2012 edition. Other first-time nations that were invited by the French president included: Egypt, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia and Switzerland.[33]

30th
8–10 June 2004
 United States
George W. Bush
Sea Island, Georgia
[41]
A record number of leaders from 12 different nations accepted their invitations here. Amongst a couple of veteran nations, the others were: Ghana, Afghanistan, Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Turkey, Yemen and Uganda.[33] Also, the state funeral of former president Ronald Reagan took place in Washington during the summit.

31st
6–8 July 2005
 United Kingdom
Tony Blair
Gleneagles
[42]
The G8+5 was officially formed. On the second day of the meeting, suicide bombers killed 52 people on the London Underground and a bus. Nations that were invited for the first time were Ethiopia and Tanzania. The African Union and the International Energy Agency made their debut here.[33] During the 31st G8 summit in United Kingdom, 225,000 people took to the streets of Edinburgh as part of the Make Poverty History campaign calling for Trade Justice, Debt Relief and Better Aid. Numerous other demonstrations also took place challenging the legitimacy of the G8.[43]

32nd
15–17 July 2006
 Russia (only G8 member, not G7)[44]
Vladimir Putin
Strelna, St. Petersburg

First G8 Summit on Russian soil. Also, the International Atomic Energy Agency and UNESCO made their debut here.[33]

33rd
6–8 June 2007
 Germany
Angela Merkel
Heiligendamm, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

Seven different international organizations accepted their invitations to this Summit. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the Commonwealth of Independent States made their debut here.[33]

34th
7–9 July 2008
 Japan
Yasuo Fukuda
Toyako (Lake Toya), Hokkaido
[45]
Nations that accepted their G8 Summit invitations for the first time are: Australia, Indonesia and South Korea.[33]

35th
8–10 July 2009
 Italy
Silvio Berlusconi
La Maddalena (cancelled)
L'Aquila, Abruzzo (re-located)[46]
[3]
This G8 Summit was originally planned to be in La Maddalena (Sardinia), but was moved to L'Aquila as a way of showing Prime Minister Berlusconi's desire to help the region after the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake. Nations that accepted their invitations for the first time were: Angola, Denmark, Netherlands and Spain.[47] A record of TEN (10) international organizations were represented in this G8 Summit. For the first time, the Food and Agriculture Organization, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, the World Food Programme, and the International Labour Organization accepted their invitations.[48]

36th
25–26 June 2010[49]
 Canada
Stephen Harper
Huntsville, Ontario[50]
[51]
Malawi, Colombia, Haiti, and Jamaica accepted their invitations for the first time.[52]

37th
26–27 May 2011
 France
Nicolas Sarkozy
Deauville,[53][54] Basse-Normandie

Guinea, Niger, Côte d'Ivoire and Tunisia accepted their invitations for the first time. Also, the League of Arab States made its debut to the meeting.[55]

38th
18–19 May 2012
 United States
Barack Obama
Chicago (cancelled)
Camp David (re-located)[56]

The summit was originally planned for Chicago, along with the NATO summit, but it was announced officially on 5 March 2012, that the G8 summit will be held at the more private location of Camp David and at one day earlier than previously scheduled.[57] Also, this is the second G8 summit, in which one of the core leaders (Vladimir Putin) declined to participate. This G8 summit concentrated on the core leaders only; no non-G8 leaders or international organizations were invited.

39th
17–18 June 2013
 United Kingdom
David Cameron
Lough Erne, County Fermanagh[58]
[4]
As in 2012, only the core members of the G8 attended this meeting. The four main topics that were discussed here were trade, government transparency, tackling tax evasion, and the ongoing Syrian crisis.[59]

40th
4–5 June 2014

 European Union

Belgium
Herman Van Rompuy and José Manuel Barroso
Brussels (re-located from Sochi, Russia)

G7 summit as an alternative meeting without Russia in 2014 due to association with Crimean crisis.[60] G8 summit did not take place in Sochi, Russia. G7 summit relocated to Brussels, Belgium.[61]

41st
7–8 June 2015
 Germany
Angela Merkel
Schloss Elmau, Bavaria[62]
[5]
Summit dedicated to focus on the global economy as well as on key issues regarding foreign, security and development policy.[63] Global Apollo Programme was also on the agenda.[64]

42nd
26–27 May 2016 [65][66]
 Japan
Shinzō Abe
Shima, Mie Prefecture[67]
[6]
The G7 leaders aim to address challenges affecting the growth of the world economy, like slowdowns in emerging markets and drops in price of oil. The G7 also issued a warning on the United Kingdom that "a UK exit from the EU would reverse the trend towards greater global trade and investment, and the jobs they create and is a further serious risk to growth".[68] Commitment to an EU–Japan Free Trade Agreement

43rd
26–27 May 2017[69]
 Italy
Paolo Gentiloni
Taormina, Sicily[70]
[7]
G7 leaders emphasized common endeavours: to end the Syrian crisis, to fulfill the UN mission in Libya and reducing the presence of ISIS, ISIL and Da'esh in Syria and Iraq. North Korea was urged to comply with UN resolutions, Russian responsibility was stressed for Ukrainian conflict. Supporting economic activity and ensuring price stability was demanded while inequalities in trade and gender were called to be challenged. It was agreed to help countries in creating conditions that address the drivers of migration: ending hunger, increasing competitiveness and advancing global health security.[71]

44th
8–9 June 2018
 Canada [72]
Justin Trudeau
La Malbaie, Québec

45th
TBD, 2019
 France [73]
Emmanuel Macron
TBD

46th
TBD, 2020
 United States [73]
Donald Trump
TBD

47th
TBD, 2021
 United Kingdom[74]
Theresa May
TBD

tag: table

text: Leaders[edit]

text:
Member

Head of government

Finance minister

Central bank governor

Canada
Prime Minister
Justin Trudeau
Minister of Finance
Bill Morneau
Stephen Poloz

France
President
Emmanuel Macron
Minister of the Economy
Bruno Le Maire
François Villeroy de Galhau

Prime Minister
Édouard Philippe

Germany
Chancellor
Angela Merkel
Minister of Finance
Wolfgang Schäuble
Jens Weidmann

Italy
Prime Minister
Paolo Gentiloni
Minister of Economy
and Finance
Pier Carlo Padoan
Ignazio Visco

Japan
Prime Minister
Shinzō Abe
Minister of Finance
Tarō Asō
Haruhiko Kuroda

United Kingdom
Prime Minister
Theresa May
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Philip Hammond
Mark Carney

United States
President
Donald Trump
Secretary of the Treasury
Steven Mnuchin
Janet Yellen

European Union
Council President[75]
Donald Tusk
Commissioner for Economic
and Monetary Affairs
and the Euro
Jyrki Katainen
Mario Draghi

Commission President[75]
Jean-Claude Juncker

text: Heads of State and Government and EU representatives, as of 2017[edit]

text:
Canada
Justin Trudeau,
Prime Minister

 France
Emmanuel Macron,
President

 Germany
Angela Merkel,
Chancellor

 Italy
Paolo Gentiloni,
Prime Minister

 Japan
Shinzō Abe,
Prime Minister

 United Kingdom
Theresa May,
Prime Minister

 United States
Donald Trump,
President

 European Union
Donald Tusk,
President of the
European Council

 European Union
Jean-Claude Juncker,
President of the
European Commission

tag: ul

text: Member country data[edit]

text:
Member
Trade mil. USD (2014)
Nom. GDP mil. USD (2014)[76]
PPP GDP mil. USD (2014)[76]
Nom. GDP per capita USD (2014)[76]
PPP GDP per capita USD (2014)[76]
HDI (2015)
Population (2014)
Permanent members of UN Security Council
DAC
OECD
Economic classification (IMF)[77]

Canada
947,200
1,785,387
1,595,975
50,304
44,967
0.913
35,467,000
N
Y
Y
Advanced

France
1,212,300
2,833,687
2,591,170
44,332
40,538
0.888
63,951,000
Y
Y
Y
Advanced

Germany
2,866,600
3,874,437
3,748,094
47,774
46,216
0.916
80,940,000
N
Y
Y
Advanced

Italy
948,600
2,167,744
2,135,359
35,335
35,131
0.873
60,665 551
N
Y
Y
Advanced

Japan
1,522,400
4,602,367
4,767,157
36,222
37,519
0.891
127,061,000
N
Y
Y
Advanced

United Kingdom
1,189,400
2,950,039
2,569,218
45,729
39,826
0.907
64,511,000
Y
Y
Y
Advanced

United States
3,944,000
17,348,075
17,348,075
54,370
54,370
0.915
318,523,000
Y
Y
Y
Advanced

European Union
4,485,000
18,527,116
18,640,411
36,645
36,869
0.865
505,570,700
N/A
Y
N/A
N/A

text: The G7 is composed of the seven wealthiest advanced countries. The People's Republic of China, according to its data, would be the second-largest (10.3% of the world net wealth) in the world [78] , but is excluded because the IMF and other main global institutions do not consider China an advanced country because of its relatively low net wealth per adult and its not major advanced economy.[79][80] As of 2017 Credit Suisse report the G7 (without the European Union) represents above 62% of the global net wealth.[81] Including the EU the G7 represents over 70% of the global net wealth.[82]

text: Member facts[edit]

text:
7 of the 7 top-ranked advanced economies with the current largest GDP and with the highest national wealth (United States, Japan, Germany, UK, France, Italy, Canada).[83]
7 of the 15 top-ranked countries with the highest net wealth per capita (United States, France, Japan, United Kingdom, Italy, Canada, Germany).
7 of 10 top-ranked leading export countries.[84]
5 of 10 top-ranked countries with the largest gold reserves (United States, Germany, Italy, France, Japan).
7 of 10 top-ranked economies (by nominal GDP), according to latest (2016 data) International Monetary Fund's statistics.
5 countries with a nominal GDP per capita above US$40,000 (United States, Canada, Germany, United Kingdom, France).
4 countries with a sovereign wealth fund, administered by either a national or a state/provincial government (United States, France, Canada, Italy).[85]
7 of 30 top-ranked nations with large amounts of foreign-exchange reserves in their central banks.
3 out of 9 countries having nuclear weapons (France, UK, United States),[86][87] plus 2 countries that have nuclear weapon sharing programs (Germany, Italy).[88][89]
6 of the 9 largest nuclear energy producers (United States, France, Japan, Germany, Canada, UK), although Germany announced in 2011 that it will close all of its nuclear power plants by 2022.[90] Following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, Japan shut down all of its nuclear reactors.[91] However, Japan restarted several nuclear reactors, with the refueling of other reactors underway.
7 of the 10 top donors to the UN budget for the 2016 annual fiscal year.
5 countries with a HDI index for 2016 of 0.9 and higher (United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Canada, Japan).
2 countries with the highest credit rating from Standard & Poor's, Fitch, and Moody's at the same time (Canada and Germany).[92]
3 countries are Constitutional Monarchies (United Kingdom, Canada, Japan), 2 are Presidential Republics (France, United States) and the other 2 are Parliamentary Republics (Germany, Italy)

text: Protests[edit]

text: In 2015, despite Germany's immense efforts to prevent it and despite the remote location of the summit, the luxury hotel Schloss Elmau at the foot of the Wetterstein mountains at an altitude of 1008 m above sea level, about 300 of the 7500 peaceful protesters led by the group 'Stop-G7' managed to reach the 3 m high and 7 km long security fence surrounding the summit location. The protesters questioned the legitimation of the G7 to make decisions that could affect the whole world. Authorities had banned demonstrations in the closer area of the summit location and 20,000 policemen were on duty in Southern Bavaria to keep activists and protesters from interfering with the summit.[93][94]


document_title: List of Tour de France general classification winners

question_text: british cyclist winner of the tour de france 2015 16 and 17

text: History[edit]

text: The Tour de France was established in 1903 by newspaper L'Auto, in an attempt to increase its sales. The first race was won by Frenchman Maurice Garin. He won again the next year, but was disqualified after allegations that he had been transported by car or rail arose. Henri Cornet became the winner after the dispute was settled; he is the youngest to win the Tour. Following the scandals in 1904, the scoring system was changed from being time-based to a points-based system, in which the cyclist who has the fewest points at the end of the race is victorious. This system lasted until 1912, when the time-based system was re-introduced. French cyclists were successful in the early Tours; the first non-Frenchman to win the Tour was François Faber of Luxembourg, who won in 1909.[8]

text: Belgian riders were more successful before and after the First World War (which suspended the Tour from 1915 to 1918). In the 1920s, trade teams dominated the Tour; cyclists such as Nicolas Frantz won the Tour with the Alcyon team. However, when Alcyon cyclist Maurice De Waele won the Tour in 1929 while ill, the organisers decided to introduce national teams the following year, to stop team tactics from undermining the race. Because of the Second World War, the Tour de France was suspended from 1940 to 1946.[9]

text: After the Second World War, no one dominated the Tour until Louison Bobet, who won three consecutive Tours from 1953 to 1955—he was the first person to achieve this feat.[10] This was bettered by the French cyclist Jacques Anquetil, who won four successive Tours from 1961 to 1964. Anquetil, who also won in 1957, became the first to win five Tours.[11] Anquetil's five victories were matched when Belgian cyclist Eddy Merckx won four successive Tours from 1969 to 1972 and the 1974 Tour. Merckx is the only person to have won the general, points and king of the mountains classifications in the same Tour. He achieved this in 1969, when he won his first Tour.[12]

text: Merckx looked to be heading for a record sixth Tour victory in 1975, but Bernard Thévenet beat him, becoming the first French winner in seven years. Thévenet won again in 1977; however, he was eclipsed in following years by fellow Frenchman Bernard Hinault, who won consecutive Tours in 1978 and 1979. Hinault won the Tour at his first attempt in 1978; becoming one of 11 cyclists (including Anquetil, Merckx, Hugo Koblet and Fausto Coppi) managed to do so.[13] In 1980, Hinault was going for a third consecutive win, but had to pull out because of tendinitis, and the Tour was won by Joop Zoetemelk.[14] Hinault returned in 1981 and won that race as well as the one after that. Hinault sat out the Tour in 1983, and another Frenchman—Laurent Fignon—achieved victory. Fignon won again the following year, beating Hinault; Hinault recovered in 1985 to win his fifth Tour.

text: American Greg LeMond became the first non-European to win the Tour in 1986. LeMond missed out in 1987 and 1988, but returned in 1989 to win the Tour by finishing eight seconds ahead of Laurent Fignon, the smallest winning margin in the Tour's history. LeMond also won in 1990.[15] In 1991, Spaniard Miguel Indurain won his first Tour. Indurain came to dominate the Tour, winning four more Tours consecutively—making him the first person to win five consecutive Tours.[16] He tried to win a record-high sixth Tour in 1996, but was beaten by Bjarne Riis, who later admitted to using Erythropoietin.[17] Jan Ullrich and Marco Pantani won in 1997 and 1998, respectively; however, Pantani's victory was overshadowed by doping scandals.[18]

text: The 1999 Tour saw the first victory of Lance Armstrong,[19] which was followed by six more, for a total of seven consecutive victories.[20] He was stripped of his titles in October 2012, when it emerged he had used performance-enhancing drugs throughout much of his career, including the Tour de France victories.[4] Floyd Landis won the Tour in 2006, but was later stripped of his title, after a drug-control test demonstrated the presence of a skewed testosterone/epitestosterone ratio.[21] Óscar Pereiro was subsequently awarded the victory. Alberto Contador won the 2007 Tour with the Discovery Channel. The 2007 Tour was also marred by doping scandals, thus Contador was unable to defend his title in 2008, as his Astana team was banned for its part. Fellow Spaniard Carlos Sastre of Team CSC won.[22] Contador and Astana returned in 2009 to regain the title. He won the Tour again in 2010, but was later stripped of his title after he was found guilty of doping. Runner-up Andy Schleck was awarded the victory.

text: Cadel Evans became the first Australian to win the Tour in 2011.[23] The following year, Bradley Wiggins became the first British cyclist to win the Tour.[24] Chris Froome became the second successive British winner in 2013, which was the 100th edition of the race.[25] He could not defend his title the following year, as he crashed out in stage 5, with Vincenzo Nibali winning his first Tour.[26] Froome regained the title in 2015 and then successfully defended it in 2016, the first rider in over 20 years to do so.[27] He then backed it up with a third consecutive win in 2017.[7]

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Key

Winner won points classification in the same year

*
Winner won mountains classification in the same year

#
Winner won young rider classification in the same year

Winner won points and mountains classification in the same year

text:
The "Year" column refers to the year the competition was held, and wikilinks to the article about that season.
The "Distance" column refers to the distance over which the race was held.
The "Margin" column refers to the margin of time or points by which the winner defeated the runner-up.
The "Stage wins" column refers to the number of stage wins the winner had during the race.

text:
Tour de France general classification winners

Year
Country
Cyclist
Sponsor/Team
Distance
Time/Points
Margin
Stage wins
Stages in lead

1903
 France
Garin, MauriceMaurice Garin
La Française
2,428 km (1,509 mi)
094 !94h 33' 14"
24921 !+ 2h 59' 21"
3
6

1904
 France
Garin, MauriceMaurice Garin Cornet, HenriHenri Cornet[E]
Conte
2,428 km (1,509 mi)
096 !96h 05' 55"
21614 !+ 2h 16' 14"
1
3

1905
 France
Trousselier, LouisLouis Trousselier
Peugeot–Wolber
2,994 km (1,860 mi)
35
26
5
10

1906
 France
Pottier, RenéRené Pottier
Peugeot–Wolber
4,637 km (2,881 mi)
31
8
5
12

1907
 France
Petit-Breton, LucienLucien Petit-Breton
Peugeot–Wolber
4,488 km (2,789 mi)
47
19
2
5

1908
 France
Petit-Breton, LucienLucien Petit-Breton
Peugeot–Wolber
4,497 km (2,794 mi)
36
32
5
13

1909
 Luxembourg
Faber, FrançoisFrançois Faber
Alcyon–Dunlop
4,498 km (2,795 mi)
37
20
6
13

1910
 France
Lapize, OctaveOctave Lapize
Alcyon–Dunlop
4,734 km (2,942 mi)
63
4
4
3

1911
 France
Garrigou, GustaveGustave Garrigou
Alcyon–Dunlop
5,343 km (3,320 mi)
43
18
2
13

1912
 Belgium
Defraye, OdileOdile Defraye
Alcyon–Dunlop
5,289 km (3,286 mi)
49
59
3
13

1913
 Belgium
Thys, PhilippePhilippe Thys
Peugeot–Wolber
5,287 km (3,285 mi)
197 !197h 54' 00"
00837 !+ 8' 37"
1
8

1914
 Belgium
Thys, PhilippePhilippe Thys
Peugeot–Wolber
5,380 km (3,340 mi)
200 !200h 28' 48"
00150 !+ 1' 50"
1
15

1915
World War I

1916

1917

1918

1919
 Belgium
Lambot, FirminFirmin Lambot
La Sportive
5,560 km (3,450 mi)
231 !231h 07' 15"
14254 !+ 1h 42' 54"
1
2

1920
 Belgium
Thys, PhilippePhilippe Thys
La Sportive
5,503 km (3,419 mi)
228 !228h 36' 13"
05721 !+ 57' 21"
4
14

1921
 Belgium
Scieur, LéonLéon Scieur
La Sportive
5,485 km (3,408 mi)
221 !221h 50' 26"
01836 !+ 18' 36"
2
14

1922
 Belgium
Lambot, FirminFirmin Lambot
Peugeot–Wolber
5,375 km (3,340 mi)
222 !222h 08' 06"
04115 !+ 41' 15"
0
3

1923
 France
Pélissier, HenriHenri Pélissier
Automoto–Hutchinson
5,386 km (3,347 mi)
222 !222h 15' 30"
03041 !+ 30 '41"
3
6

1924
 Italy
Bottecchia, OttavioOttavio Bottecchia
Automoto
5,425 km (3,371 mi)
226 !226h 18' 21"
03536 !+ 35' 36"
4
15

1925
 Italy
Bottecchia, OttavioOttavio Bottecchia
Automoto–Hutchinson
5,440 km (3,380 mi)
219 !219h 10' 18"
05420 !+ 54' 20"
4
13

1926
 Belgium
Buysse, LucienLucien Buysse
Automoto–Hutchinson
5,745 km (3,570 mi)
238 !238h 44' 25"
12225 !+ 1h 22' 25"
2
8

1927
 Luxembourg
Frantz, NicolasNicolas Frantz
Alcyon–Dunlop
5,398 km (3,354 mi)
198 !198h 16' 42"
14841 !+ 1h 48' 41"
3
14

1928
 Luxembourg
Frantz, NicolasNicolas Frantz
Alcyon–Dunlop
5,476 km (3,403 mi)
192 !192h 48' 58"
05007 !+ 50' 07"
5
22

1929
 Belgium
De Waele, MauriceMaurice De Waele
Alcyon–Dunlop
5,286 km (3,285 mi)
186 !186h 39' 15"
04423 !+44' 23"
1
16

1930
 France
Leducq, AndréAndré Leducq
Alcyon–Dunlop
4,822 km (2,996 mi)
172 !172h 12' 16"
01413 !+ 14' 13"
2
13

1931
 France
Magne, AntoninAntonin Magne
France
5,091 km (3,163 mi)
177 !177h 10' 03"
01256 !+ 12' 56"
1
16

1932
 France
Leducq, AndréAndré Leducq
France
4,479 km (2,783 mi)
154 !154h 11' 49"
02403 !+ 24' 03"
6
19

1933
 France
Speicher, GeorgesGeorges Speicher
France
4,395 km (2,731 mi)
147 !147h 51' 37"
00401 !+ 4' 01"
3
12

1934
 France
Magne, AntoninAntonin Magne
France
4,470 km (2,780 mi)
147 !147h 13' 58"
02731 !+ 27' 31"
3
22

1935
 Belgium
Maes, RomainRomain Maes
Belgium
4,338 km (2,696 mi)
141 !141h 23' 00"
01752 !+ 17' 52"
3
21

1936
 Belgium
Maes, SylvèreSylvère Maes
Belgium
4,442 km (2,760 mi)
142 !142h 47' 32"
02655 !+ 26' 55"
4
14

1937
 France
Lapébie, RogerRoger Lapébie
France
4,415 km (2,743 mi)
138 !138h 58' 31"
00717 !+ 7' 17"
3
4

1938
 Italy
Bartali, GinoGino Bartali*
Italy
4,694 km (2,917 mi)
148 !148h 29' 12"
01827 !+ 18' 27"
2
8

1939
 Belgium
Maes, SylvèreSylvère Maes*
Belgium
4,224 km (2,625 mi)
132 !132h 03' 17"
03038 !+ 30' 38"
2
4

1940
World War II

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947
 France
Robic, JeanJean Robic
France
4,642 km (2,884 mi)
148 !148h 11' 25"
00358 !+ 3' 58"
3
1

1948
 Italy
Bartali, GinoGino Bartali*
Italy
4,922 km (3,058 mi)
147 !147h 10' 36"
02616 !+ 26' 16"
7
9

1949
 Italy
Coppi, FaustoFausto Coppi*
Italy
4,808 km (2,988 mi)
149 !149h 40' 49"
01055 !+ 10' 55"
3
5

1950
  Switzerland
Kübler, FerdinandFerdinand Kübler
Switzerland
4,773 km (2,966 mi)
145 !145h 36' 56"
00930 !+ 9' 30"
3
11

1951
  Switzerland
Koblet, HugoHugo Koblet
Switzerland
4,690 km (2,910 mi)
142 !142h 20' 14"
02200 !+ 22' 00"
5
11

1952
 Italy
Coppi, FaustoFausto Coppi*
Italy
4,898 km (3,043 mi)
151 !151h 57' 20"
02817 !+ 28' 17"
5
14

1953
 France
Bobet, LouisonLouison Bobet
France
4,476 km (2,781 mi)
129 !129h 23' 25"
01418 !+ 14' 18"
2
5

1954
 France
Bobet, LouisonLouison Bobet
France
4,656 km (2,893 mi)
140 !140h 06' 05"
01549 !+ 15' 49"
3
14

1955
 France
Bobet, LouisonLouison Bobet
France
4,495 km (2,793 mi)
130 !130h 29' 26"
00453 !+ 4' 53"
2
6

1956
 France
Walkowiak, RogerRoger Walkowiak
France
4,498 km (2,795 mi)
124 !124h 01' 16"
00125 !+ 1' 25"
0
8

1957
 France
Anquetil, JacquesJacques Anquetil
France
4,669 km (2,901 mi)
135 !135h 44' 42"
01456 !+ 14' 56"
4
15

1958
 Luxembourg
Gaul, CharlyCharly Gaul
Luxembourg
4,319 km (2,684 mi)
116 !116h 59' 05"
00310 !+ 3' 10"
4
2

1959
 Spain
Bahamontes, FedericoFederico Bahamontes*
Spain
4,358 km (2,708 mi)
123 !123h 46' 45"
00401 !+ 4' 01"
1
6

1960
 Italy
Nencini, GastoneGastone Nencini
Italy
4,173 km (2,593 mi)
112 !112h 08' 42"
00502 !+ 5' 02"
0
14

1961
 France
Anquetil, JacquesJacques Anquetil
France
4,397 km (2,732 mi)
122 !122h 01' 33"
01214 !+ 12' 14"
2
21

1962
 France
Anquetil, JacquesJacques Anquetil
Saint-Raphaël–Helyett–Hutchinson
4,274 km (2,656 mi)
114 !114h 31' 54"
00459 !+ 4' 59"
2
3

1963
 France
Anquetil, JacquesJacques Anquetil
Saint-Raphaël–Gitane–R. Geminiani
4,138 km (2,571 mi)
113 !113h 30' 05"
00335 !+ 3' 35"
4
5

1964
 France
Anquetil, JacquesJacques Anquetil
Saint-Raphaël–Gitane–Dunlop
4,504 km (2,799 mi)
127 !127h 09' 44"
00055 !+ 55"
4
6

1965
 Italy
Gimondi, FeliceFelice Gimondi
Salvarani
4,188 km (2,602 mi)
116 !116h 42' 06"
00240 !+ 2' 40"
3
18

1966
 France
Aimar, LucienLucien Aimar
Ford France–Hutchinson
4,329 km (2,690 mi)
117 !117h 34' 21"
00107 !+ 1' 07"
0
6

1967
 France
Pingeon, RogerRoger Pingeon
Peugeot–BP–Michelin
4,779 km (2,970 mi)
136 !136h 53' 50"
00340 !+ 3' 40"
1
17

1968
 Netherlands
Janssen, JanJan Janssen
Pelforth–Sauvage–Lejeune
4,492 km (2,791 mi)
133 !133h 49' 42"
00038 !+ 38"
2
1

1969
 Belgium
Merckx, EddyEddy Merckx
Faema
4,117 km (2,558 mi)
116 !116h 16' 02"
01754 !+ 17' 54"
6
18

1970
 Belgium
Merckx, EddyEddy Merckx*
Faemino–Faema
4,254 km (2,643 mi)
119 !119h 31' 49"
01241 !+ 12' 41"
8
20

1971
 Belgium
Merckx, EddyEddy Merckx
Molteni
3,608 km (2,242 mi)
096 !96h 45' 14"
00951 !+ 9' 51"
4
17

1972
 Belgium
Merckx, EddyEddy Merckx
Molteni
3,846 km (2,390 mi)
108 !108h 17' 18"
01041 !+ 10' 41"
6
15

1973
 Spain
Ocaña, LuisLuis Ocaña
Bic
4,090 km (2,540 mi)
122 !122h 25' 34"
01551 !+ 15' 51"
6
14

1974
 Belgium
Merckx, EddyEddy Merckx
Molteni
4,098 km (2,546 mi)
116 !116h 16' 58"
00804 !+ 8' 04"
8
18

1975
 France
ThevenetBernard Thévenet
Peugeot–BP–Michelin
4,000 km (2,500 mi)
114 !114h 35' 31"
00247 !+ 2' 47"
2
8

1976
 Belgium
Van Impe, LucienLucien Van Impe
Gitane–Campagnolo
4,017 km (2,496 mi)
116 !116h 22' 23"
00414 !+ 4' 14"
1
12

1977
 France
ThevenetBernard Thévenet
Peugeot–Esso–Michelin
4,096 km (2,545 mi)
115 !115h 38' 30"
00048 !+ 48"
1
8

1978
 France
Hinault, BernardBernard Hinault
Renault–Gitane–Campagnolo
3,908 km (2,428 mi)
108 !108h 18' 00"
00356 !+ 3' 56"
3
3

1979
 France
Hinault, BernardBernard Hinault
Renault–Gitane
3,765 km (2,339 mi)
103 !103h 06' 50"
01307 !+ 13' 07"
7
17

1980
 Netherlands
Zoetemelk, JoopJoop Zoetemelk
TI–Raleigh–Creda
3,842 km (2,387 mi)
109 !109h 19' 14"
00655 !+ 6' 55"
2
10

1981
 France
Hinault, BernardBernard Hinault
Renault–Elf–Gitane
3,753 km (2,332 mi)
096 !96h 19' 38"
01434 !+ 14' 34"
5
18

1982
 France
Hinault, BernardBernard Hinault
Renault–Elf–Gitane
3,507 km (2,179 mi)
092 !92h 08' 46"
00621 !+ 6' 21"
4
12

1983
 France
Fignon, LaurentLaurent Fignon#
Renault–Elf
3,809 km (2,367 mi)
105 !105h 07' 52"
00404 !+ 4' 04"
1
6

1984
 France
Fignon, LaurentLaurent Fignon
Renault–Elf
4,021 km (2,499 mi)
112 !112h 03' 40"
01032 !+ 10' 32"
5
7

1985
 France
Hinault, BernardBernard Hinault
La Vie Claire
4,109 km (2,553 mi)
113 !113h 24' 23"
00142 !+ 1' 42"
2
16

1986
 United States
LeMond, GregGreg LeMond
La Vie Claire
4,094 km (2,544 mi)
110 !110h 35' 19"
00310 !+ 3' 10"
1
7

1987
 Ireland
Roche, StephenStephen Roche
Carrera Jeans–Vagabond
4,231 km (2,629 mi)
115 !115h 27' 42"
00040 !+ 40"
1
3

1988
 Spain
Delgado, PedroPedro Delgado
Reynolds
3,286 km (2,042 mi)
084 !84h 27' 53"
00713 !+ 7' 13"
1
11

1989
 United States
LeMond, GregGreg LeMond
AD Renting–W-Cup–Bottecchia
3,285 km (2,041 mi)
087 !87h 38' 35"
00008 !+ 8"
3
8

1990
 United States
LeMond, GregGreg LeMond
Z–Tomasso
3,504 km (2,177 mi)
090 !90h 43' 20"
00216 !+ 2' 16"
0
2

1991
 Spain
Indurain, MiguelMiguel Indurain
Banesto
3,914 km (2,432 mi)
101 !101h 01' 20"
00336 !+ 3' 36"
2
10

1992
 Spain
Indurain, MiguelMiguel Indurain
Banesto
3,983 km (2,475 mi)
100 !100h 49' 30"
00435 !+ 4' 35"
3
10

1993
 Spain
Indurain, MiguelMiguel Indurain
Banesto
3,714 km (2,308 mi)
095 !95h 57' 09"
00459 !+ 4' 59"
2
14

1994
 Spain
Indurain, MiguelMiguel Indurain
Banesto
3,978 km (2,472 mi)
103 !103h 38' 38"
00539 !+ 5' 39"
1
13

1995
 Spain
Indurain, MiguelMiguel Indurain
Banesto
3,635 km (2,259 mi)
092 !92h 44' 59"
00435 !+ 4' 35"
2
13

1996
 Denmark
Riis, BjarneBjarne Riis[A]
Team Telekom
3,765 km (2,339 mi)
095 !95h 57' 16"
00141 !+ 1' 41"
2
13

1997
 Germany
Ullrich, JanJan Ullrich#
Team Telekom
3,950 km (2,450 mi)
100 !100h 30' 35"
00909 !+ 9' 09"
2
12

1998
 Italy
Pantani, MarcoMarco Pantani
Mercatone Uno–Bianchi
3,875 km (2,408 mi)
092 !92h 49' 46"
00321 !+ 3' 21"
2
7

1999[B]
 United States
Armstrong, LanceLance Armstrong
U.S. Postal Service
3,687 km (2,291 mi)
091 !91h 32' 16"
00737 !+ 7' 37"
4
15

2000[B]
 United States
Armstrong, LanceLance Armstrong
U.S. Postal Service
3,662 km (2,275 mi)
092 !92h 33' 08"
00602 !+ 6' 02"
1
12

2001[B]
 United States
Armstrong, LanceLance Armstrong
U.S. Postal Service
3,458 km (2,149 mi)
086 !86h 17' 28"
00644 !+ 6' 44"
4
8

2002[B]
 United States
Armstrong, LanceLance Armstrong
U.S. Postal Service
3,272 km (2,033 mi)
082 !82h 05' 12"
00717 !+ 7' 17"
4
11

2003[B]
 United States
Armstrong, LanceLance Armstrong
U.S. Postal Service
3,427 km (2,129 mi)
083 !83h 41' 12"
00101 !+ 1' 01"
1
13

2004[B]
 United States
Armstrong, LanceLance Armstrong
U.S. Postal Service
3,391 km (2,107 mi)
083 !83h 36' 02"
00619 !+ 6' 19"
5
7

2005[B]
 United States
Armstrong, LanceLance Armstrong
Discovery Channel
3,593 km (2,233 mi)
086 !86h 15' 02"
00440 !+ 4' 40"
1
17

2006
 Spain
Landis, FloydFloyd Landis Pereiro, ÓscarÓscar Pereiro[C]
Caisse d'Epargne–Illes Balears
3,657 km (2,272 mi)
089 !89h 40' 27"
00032 !+ 32"
0
8

2007
 Spain
Contador, AlbertoAlberto Contador#
Discovery Channel
3,570 km (2,220 mi)
091 !91h 00' 26"
00023 !+ 23"
1
4

2008
 Spain
Sastre, CarlosCarlos Sastre*
Team CSC
3,559 km (2,211 mi)
087 !87h 52' 52"
00058 !+ 58"
1
5

2009
 Spain
Contador, AlbertoAlberto Contador
Astana
3,459 km (2,149 mi)
085 !85h 48' 35"
00411 !+ 4' 11"
2
7

2010
 Luxembourg
Contador, AlbertoAlberto Contador Schleck, AndyAndy Schleck#[D]
Team Saxo Bank
3,642 km (2,263 mi)
091 !91h 59' 27"
00122 !+ 1' 22"
2
12

2011
 Australia
Evans, CadelCadel Evans
BMC Racing Team
3,430 km (2,130 mi)
086 !86h 12' 22"
00134 !+ 1' 34"
1
2

2012
 Great Britain
Wiggins, BradleyBradley Wiggins
Team Sky
3,496 km (2,172 mi)
087 !87h 34' 47"
00321 !+ 3' 21"
2
14

2013
 Great Britain
Froome, ChrisChris Froome
Team Sky
3,404 km (2,115 mi)
083 !83h 56' 20"
00420 !+ 4' 20"
3
14

2014
 Italy
Nibali, VincenzoVincenzo Nibali
Astana
3,660.5 km (2,274.5 mi)
089 !89h 59' 06"
00737 !+ 7' 37"
4
19

2015
 Great Britain
Froome, ChrisChris Froome*
Team Sky
3,360.3 km (2,088.0 mi)
084 !84h 46' 14"
00112 !+ 1' 12"
1
16

2016
 Great Britain
Froome, ChrisChris Froome
Team Sky
3,529 km (2,193 mi)
089 !89h 04' 48"
00405 !+ 4' 05"
2
14

2017
 Great Britain
Froome, ChrisChris Froome
Team Sky
3,540 km (2,200 mi)
086 !86h 20' 55"
00054 !+ 54"
0
15

text: Multiple winners[edit]

text: The following riders have won the Tour de France on 2 or more occasions. Since the retirement of twice winner Alberto Contador in 2017, the only active rider on the list as of that year is Chris Froome, currently with 4 wins. Contador had originally won three Tours, but was stripped of one following an anti-doping violation[D].

text: Lance Armstrong was removed from the head of the list after having all seven of his Tour victories stripped when he was found guilty of repeated doping offences. Had his tainted Tour victories been reallocated (as were the victories of Floyd Landis and Contador) to the second placed rider in each race, Jan Ullrich would have joined the list with 4 Tour wins. However, the race organisers ASO have decided not to reallocate the titles won in those years, in recognition of the historic doping problem in the sport at that time - Ullrich himself having been banned for a doping violation. Ullrich, therefore, has a single Tour victory to his name.

text:
Multiple winners of the Tour de France general classification

Cyclist
Total
Years

 Anquetil, JacquesJacques Anquetil (FRA)
5
1957, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964

 Merckx, EddyEddy Merckx (BEL)
5
1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1974

 Hinault, BernardBernard Hinault (FRA)
5
1978, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1985

 Indurain, MiguelMiguel Indurain (ESP)
5
1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995

 Froome, ChrisChris Froome (GBR)
4
2013, 2015, 2016, 2017

 Thys, PhilippePhilippe Thys (BEL)
3
1913, 1914, 1920

 Bobet, LouisonLouison Bobet (FRA)
3
1953, 1954, 1955

 LeMond, GregGreg LeMond (USA)
3
1986, 1989, 1990

 Petit-Breton, LucienLucien Petit-Breton (FRA)
2
1907, 1908

 Lambot, FirminFirmin Lambot (BEL)
2
1919, 1922

 Bottecchia, OttavioOttavio Bottecchia (ITA)
2
1924, 1925

 Frantz, NicolasNicolas Frantz (LUX)
2
1927, 1928

 Leducq, AndréAndré Leducq (FRA)
2
1930, 1932

 Magne, AntoninAntonin Magne (FRA)
2
1931, 1934

 Maes, SylvèreSylvère Maes (BEL)
2
1936, 1939

 Bartali, GinoGino Bartali (ITA)
2
1938, 1948

 Coppi, FaustoFausto Coppi (ITA)
2
1949, 1952

 Thévenet, BernardBernard Thévenet (FRA)
2
1975, 1977

 Fignon, LaurentLaurent Fignon (FRA)
2
1983, 1984

 Contador, AlbertoAlberto Contador (ESP)[D]
2
2007, 2009

text: By nationality[edit]

text:
Tour de France general classification winners by nationality

Country
No. of winning cyclists
No. of wins

 France
23
36

 Belgium
10
18

 Spain[D]
7
12

 Italy
7
10

 Luxembourg
4
5

 Great Britain
2
5

 United States[B][C]
1
3

 Netherlands
2
2

  Switzerland
2
2

 Denmark
1
1

 Germany
1
1

 Ireland
1
1

 Australia
1
1

text: Footnotes[edit]

text: A. ^ Bjarne Riis has admitted to doping during the 1996 Tour de France. The organizers of the Tour de France have stated that they no longer consider him to be the winner, although Union Cycliste Internationale has so far refused to change the official status due to the amount of time passed since his win. Jan Ullrich was placed second on the podium in Paris.[28]

text: B. a b c d e f g h Lance Armstrong was declared winner of seven consecutive Tours from 1999 to 2005. However, in October 2012 he was stripped of all titles by the UCI due to the use of performance-enhancing drugs. The Tour director Christian Prudhomme had previously declared that if this happened, there would be no alternate winners for those years, but this has not yet been made official.[29]

text: C. a b Floyd Landis was the winner at the podium ceremony in Paris on the last day of the 2006 Tour, but subsequently was found to have tested positive for performance-enhancing drugs during stage 17 of the race. The United States Anti-Doping Agency found him guilty of using synthetic testosterone during the race and stripped him of his title on 20 September 2007.[30]

text: D. a b c Alberto Contador was the winner at the podium ceremony in Paris on the last day of the 2010 Tour, but subsequently was found to have tested positive for the prohibited substance Clenbuterol on a rest day. The Court of Arbitration for Sport found him guilty of using clenbuterol during the race and stripped him of his title on 6 February 2012.[31]

text: E. ^ Henri Cornet was declared the winner after the disqualification of Maurice Garin for cheating.


document_title: Kentucky Derby Trophy

question_text: who makes the kentucky derby garland of roses

text: Kentucky Derby Trophy

text: Early history[edit]

text: There is no record whether a trophy was presented to the winner of the first Derby in 1875. There is evidence that trophy presentations were sporadically made between 1876 and 1924. In 1924, Matt Winn, who was the president of Churchill Downs at the time commissioned a standard design from artist George L. Graff for the 1925 50th "Golden Anniversary" of the Derby.[1]

text: Design changes over time[edit]

text: Outside of the jeweled embellishments that were added to note special Derby anniversaries in 1949 (75th), 1974 (100th), and 1999 (125th), only one change has been made to the original design. For the 125th Kentucky Derby in 1999, Churchill Downs officials decided to defer to racing lore and change the direction of the decorative horseshoe.

text: The horseshoe, fashioned from 18-karat gold, had pointed downward on each of the trophies since 1924. To commemorate Derby 125 the change was made and the horseshoe was turned 180 degrees so that its ends pointed up. The trophy now annually incorporates the horseshoe with the ends pointing up. Racing superstition decrees that if the horseshoe is turned down all the luck will run out.[2]

text: Dimensions and manufacture[edit]

text: The trophy was supplied by Lemon & Son, a Louisville jeweller (and the oldest retail business in Louisville) from 1924 until 1999. From 1975 onwards, the trophy has been manufactured by the New England Sterling company, located in North Attleboro, Massachusetts.

text: The trophy, which is topped by an 18-karat gold horse and rider, includes horseshoe shaped handles, is 22 inches tall and weighs 56 ounces, excluding its jade base. Most of it is 14-karat gold; some components are 14-karat green gold.

text: To complete the trophy by April, construction begins during the fall of the previous year; the completed trophy takes approximately 2000 hours of labor. Typically 29 parts are combined into 19 components which comprise the trophy. Various construction techniques are used, including casting (the horse and rider that top the trophy), stamping and metal spinning.[3]

text: The trophy is believed to be the only solid gold trophy that is annually awarded the winner of a major American sporting event. As of 2008, its material raw value was $90,000.[4]

text: Presentations of trophy[edit]

text: Each year there are three separate presentations of the trophy. The first presentation of the gold Kentucky Derby Trophy is when it is officially presented to Churchill Downs race course on the last Saturday of April escorted by the Kentucky Army National Guard soldiers in between races on the undercard of the Derby Trial Stakes on opening day of the spring meet each year.

text: The second presentation is the one that is most familiar to the public on the first Saturday of May. It is when the Governor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky and the Chairman of Churchill Downs Incorporated awards the trophies to the winning connections about ten minutes after the race is declared official on NBC network TV.

text: The third and final presentation of the trophies is on "Alumni Day" on the Saturday of June following the Belmont Stakes, exactly six weeks after the race. The winning owner, trainer, jockey and breeder are all invited back to receive the trophies they earned earlier but have since been engraved with precise information engraved on each award. Churchill celebrates its third largest draw at the gate when the trophies are presented on "Stephen Foster" day. That day includes two opportunities for the public to meet winning alumni of the Kentucky Derby. The first has many former winning jockeys hold an autograph session. The second has the winning connections participating in a news conference and trophy presentation in between races on the undercard of the Stephen Foster Handicap, which is a grade one race for older horses at the Derby distance of one mile and a quarter.

text: "Run for the Roses"[edit]

text: The use of roses was first established as part of the Derby celebration when they were presented to all the ladies attending a fashionable Louisville Derby party in 1883. The roses were such a sensation, that the president of Churchill Downs, Colonel Lewis Clark, adopted the rose as the race's official flower. The rose garland now synonymous with the Kentucky Derby first appeared in the 1896 when the winner, Ben Brush, received a floral arrangement of white and pink roses.

text: In 1904 the red rose became the official flower of the Kentucky Derby. The tradition was strengthened when, in 1925, New York sports columnist Bill Corum, later the president of Churchill Downs, dubbed the Kentucky Derby the "Run for the Roses." The garland as it exists today was first introduced in 1932 for the 58th running won by Burgoo King.

text: Composition and construction of Garland[edit]

text: Each year, a garland of more than 400 red roses is sewn into a green satin backing with the seal of the Commonwealth on one end and the Churchill Downs twin spires and number of the running on the other. Each garland is also adorned with a "Crown" of roses, green fern and ribbon. The "Crown," a single rose pointing upward in the center of the garland, symbolizes the struggle and heart necessary to reach the winners' circle.

text: Each year the Governor and other dignitaries present the winning jockey with a bouquet of 60 long stemmed roses wrapped in ten yards of ribbon.

text: For several years, owners of the Derby winner also received a silk replica of the garland, but since Grindstone's 1996 victory, the actual garland has made the trip to Danville, Kentucky to be freeze-dried. Some owners have even gone as far as to have a flower dipped in silver. A silver dipped flower from the garland of Gato del Sol, the 1982 winner, is on display in the Kentucky Derby Museum.

text: The Kroger Company has been the official florist of the Kentucky Derby since 1987. After taking over the duties from the Kingsley Walker florist, Kroger began constructing the prestigious garland in one of its local stores for the public to view on Derby Eve. The preservation of the garland and crowds of spectators watching its construction are a testament to the prestige and mystique of the Garland of Roses.


document_title: MASH (film)

question_text: who did donald sutherland play in the movie mash

text: MASH (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The plot is told as a series of (presumably chronological) vignettes surrounding the life of the namesake Mobile Army Surgical Hospital where it is set. While the episodic film lacks the cohesion of an overarching singular plot with a traditional narrative structure, the vignettes do present a clear means for the film to explore the themes of military life.

text: Set in 1951 in South Korea, the 4077th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital is assigned two replacements: Captains "Hawkeye" Pierce and "Duke" Forrest, who arrive in a stolen Jeep. They are insubordinate, womanizing, mischievous rule-breakers, but they soon prove to be excellent combat surgeons. As the film progresses, further scenes introduce additional characters. Some characters are already at the camp when Hawkeye and Duke arrive, such as the bumbling commander Henry Blake, his hyper-competent chief clerk Radar O'Reilly, the morose dentist Walter "Painless" Waldowski, the incompetent and pompous surgeon Frank Burns, and the contemplative Chaplain Father Mulcahy. Other characters arrive after Hawkeye and Duke, and become integrated into camp life, such as surgeon Trapper John and Nurse Margaret Houlihan. After the characters are introduced, which forms the opening act, further comedic episodes explore the evolving relationships between the characters.

text: The main characters in the camp divide into two factions; Hawkeye, Duke, and Trapper John form one faction; all three were drafted into the army and are not as dedicated to the mission or lifestyle of the military. They are prone to pranks and heavy drinking. The other faction forms around the romantic relationship between Majors Houlihan and Burns, who are both career military personnel. The two factions battle back and forth in a series of pranks and reprisals (one involving exposing a naked Houlihan to the camp when the walls of the shower tent are collapsed, another embarrassing the couple by exposing their heretofore secret romance) until Burns is goaded into punching Hawkeye and removed from the unit for psychiatric evaluation. The removal of Burns changes the camp social dynamic and marks the transition to the third act.

text: Trapper and Hawkeye are removed to Japan to operate on a congressman's son. When they later perform an unauthorized operation on a local infant, they face discipline by the hospital commander for misusing army resources until they drug him and stage pictures with a prostitute, saving themselves through blackmail. Upon returning to Korea, General Hammond and Colonel Blake organize a "friendly" football game, with some money thrown into a pot to make bets ($5,000 or $6,000). Hawkeye and Blake arrange for a plan in order to assure victory. First, they get Henry to apply for a specific neurosurgeon: Dr. Oliver Harmon Jones, a former professional football player for the San Francisco 49ers. Then, they bet half their money up front and keep the ringer (Jones) out of the first half of the game. During the game, Houlihan uncharacteristically participates as a cheerleader in an effort to fit in. Once the other team racks up some easy points and becomes confident enough to offer good odds to bet the rest of the money, the 4077th brings in Jones for the second half. The 325th has its own ringers, however, and the 4077th fights back with illegal injuries and by drugging the 325th's running back. The game comes down to the last play, in which the quarterback (Trapper) returns the ball to the center, SSgt. Vollmer, who hides the ball under his jersey and runs into the end zone for the winning touchdown.

text: Not long after the football game, Hawkeye and Duke get their discharge orders and begin their journey home—in the same stolen Jeep in which they arrived—as the intercom breaks the fourth wall by announcing the end of the film, giving a roll-call for the film's cast, and thanking the audience for watching.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Donald Sutherland as Capt. Benjamin Franklin "Hawkeye" Pierce, Jr.
Elliott Gould as Capt. John Francis Xavier "Trapper John" McIntyre
Tom Skerritt as Capt. Augustus Bedford "Duke" Forrest
Sally Kellerman as Major Margaret "Hot Lips" Houlihan
Robert Duvall as Major Frank Burns
Roger Bowen as Lt. Col. Henry Braymore Blake
René Auberjonois as Father Francis John Patrick "Dago Red" Mulcahy
David Arkin as SSgt. Wade Douglas Vollmer
Jo Ann Pflug as Lt. Maria "Dish" Schneider
John Schuck as Capt. Walter Koskiusko "The Painless Pole" Waldowski, DDS
Carl Gottlieb as Capt. John "Ugly John" Black
Danny Goldman as Capt. Dennis Murrhardt
Corey Fischer as Capt. Patrick "Band-Aid" Bandini
Indus Arthur as Lt. Leslie
Dawne Damon as Lt. Wilma "Scorch" Storch
Tamara Horrocks as Capt. Bridget "Knocko" McCarthy
Gary Burghoff as Cpl. "Radar" O'Reilly
Ken Prymus as Pfc. Seidman
Fred Williamson as Capt. Oliver Harmon "Spearchucker" Jones
Michael Murphy as Capt. Ezekiel Bradbury "Me Lay" Marston V
Timothy Brown as Cpl. Judson
Bud Cort as Pvt. Warren Boone
G. Wood as Brig. Gen. Charlie Hammond
Kim Atwood as Ho-Jon
Dale Ishimoto as Korean doctor
Bobby Troup as Sgt. Gorman
Marvin Miller as PA announcer
Sylvester Stallone as Soldier (uncredited)

text: Production[edit]

text: The screenplay, by Ring Lardner, Jr., is different from the original novel. In the DVD audio commentary, Altman describes the novel as "pretty terrible" and somewhat "racist" (the only major black character has the nickname "Spearchucker"). He claims that the screenplay was used only as a springboard. While some improvisation occurs in the film and Altman changed the order of major sequences, most sequences are in the screenplay. The main deletion is a subplot of Ho-Jon's return to the 4077th as a casualty (when Radar steals blood from Henry, it is for Ho-Jon's operation under Trapper and Hawkeye's scalpels; when the surgeons are playing poker after the football game, they are resolutely ignoring Ho-Jon's corpse being driven away).[citation needed] The main deviation from the script is the trimming of much of the dialogue. According to Altman, Lardner was very upset with the liberties taken with his script, although Lardner denied this in his autobiography.

text: The filming process was difficult because of tensions between the director and his cast. During principal photography, Sutherland and Gould allegedly spent a third of their time trying to get Altman fired,[6] although this has been disputed.[7] Altman, relatively new to the filmmaking establishment at that time, lacked the credentials to justify his unorthodox filmmaking process and had a history of turning down work rather than creating a poor-quality product.[8] Altman: "I had practice working for people who don't care about quality, and I learned how to sneak it in."[9] Altman later commented that if he had known about Gould and Sutherland's protests, he would have resigned.[10] Gould later sent a letter of apology, and Altman used him in some of his later works, but he never worked with Sutherland again.

text: Only a few loudspeaker announcements were used in the original cut. When Altman realized he needed more structure to his largely episodic film, editor Danford Greene suggested using more loudspeaker announcements to frame different episodes of the story. Greene took a second-unit crew and filmed additional shots of the speakers. On the same night these scenes were shot, American astronauts landed on the moon.[11]

text: During production, a caption that mentions the Korean setting was added to the beginning of the film,[12] at the request of 20th Century Fox studios.[13] The Korean War is explicitly referenced in announcements on the camp public address system[14] and during a radio announcement that plays while Hawkeye and Trapper are putting in Col. Merrill's office which also cites the film as taking place in 1951.[citation needed]

text: In his director's commentary on the DVD release, Altman says that MASH was the first major studio film to use the word "fuck" in its dialogue.[citation needed] The word is spoken during the football game near the end of the film by "the Painless Pole" when he says to an opposing football player, "All right, Bud, your fucking head is coming right off!" The actor, John Schuck, said in an interview that Andy Sidaris, who was handling the football sequences, encouraged Shuck to "say something that’ll annoy him." Shuck did so, and that particular statement made it into the film without a second thought.[15]

text: First telecast[edit]

text: MASH had its television premiere as a CBS Friday Night Movie on September 13, 1974, at 9:00 (EDT), three days after the debut of the third season of the M*A*S*H TV series; it was repeated on CBS March 5, 1976.

text: Music[edit]

text: Johnny Mandel composed incidental music used throughout the film. Also heard on the soundtrack are Japanese vocal renditions of such songs as "Tokyo Shoe Shine Boy", "My Blue Heaven", "Happy Days Are Here Again", "Chattanooga Choo Choo", and "Hi-Lili, Hi-Lo"; impromptu performances of "Onward, Christian Soldiers", "When the Lights Go On Again", and "Hail to the Chief" by cast members; and the instrumental "Washington Post March" during the climactic football game. Columbia Records issued a soundtrack album for the film in 1970.

text: MASH features the song "Suicide Is Painless", with music by Mandel and lyrics by Mike Altman, the director's then 14-year-old son. The version heard under the opening credits was sung by uncredited session vocalists John Bahler, Tom Bahler, Ron Hicklin, and Ian Freebairn-Smith (on the single release, the song is attributed to "The Mash"); the song is reprised later in the film by Pvt. Seidman (played by Ken Prymus) in a scene in which a character, a dentist called "Painless", attempts suicide. Altman has noted in interviews that his son made quite a bit more money off publishing royalties for the song than the $70,000 or so he was paid to direct the film.

text: Reception[edit]

text: It was the sixth most popular film at the French box office in 1970.[16]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2016)

text: MASH received mostly positive reviews from critics. The film currently holds an 87% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 45 reviews, with an average rating of 8.4/10. The website's consensus states, "Bold, timely, subversive, and above all, funny, M*A*S*H remains a high point in Robert Altman's distinguished filmography."[17] The film also holds a score of 79 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on 7 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."[18]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: MASH won the Palme d'Or at the 1970 Cannes Film Festival.[19] It was nominated for five Academy Awards, including Best Picture (lost to Patton), Best Director (lost to Patton), Best Supporting Actress for Sally Kellerman (lost to Helen Hayes for Airport), and Best Film Editing (lost to Patton), and won an Oscar for its screenplay. The film also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture (Musical or Comedy) in 1971. It was the 38th film to be released to the home video market when 20th Century Fox licensed 50 motion pictures from their library to Magnetic Video. In 1996, MASH was deemed "culturally significant" by the Library of Congress and was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. The film is number 17 on Bravo's "100 Funniest Movies" and number 54 on "AFI" list of the top 100 American movies of all time.

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
1998: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – #56[20]
2000: AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs – #7[21]
2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:

"Suicide Is Painless" – #66[22]

2005: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

Maj. Margaret O'Houlihan: "Oh, Frank, my lips are hot. Kiss my hot lips." – Nominated[23]

2007: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – #54[24]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was re-released in North America in 1973, and earned an estimated $3.5 million in rentals. To attract audiences to the M*A*S*H television series, which was struggling with audiences at the time, the film was re-released at 112 minutes and received a PG rating. Several scenes were edited, including segments of graphic operations, the word "fuck" in the football game, and the scene where the curtain in the shower is pulled up on Hot Lips. "Suicide is Painless", the film's main theme song was replaced with music by Ahmad Jamal, according to film critic and historian Leonard Maltin in his movie and video guide. In the 1990s, Fox Video released a VHS version of MASH under their "Selections" banner which ran 116 minutes and rated PG. However, this is not the alternate PG version which was released in 1973. It has the same run time as the theatrical release; none of the aforementioned scenes or theme music was removed. The actual 1973 PG-edited version has never been released on video in the United States.[25]

text: This film was also released on betaMAX, Philips Video Cassette system, CED Video Disc, and Laser Disc.

text: A "restored" version of the film was released in a two-disc set on DVD (through Fox's "Five-Star Collection" series) in 2002, which included the feature film, as well as about 2 hours of bonus features.

text: A single disc release was released on DVD in 2004. In 2006, the same single disc release was included in the boxed set "The Robert Altman Collection", which included "MASH", "A Perfect Couple", "Quintet", and "A Wedding". Also in 2006, the single-disc edition was included with the complete M*A*S*H collection, called "Martinis and Medicine Collection". The single-disc edition was included in other Fox sets as well.[which?]

text: In 2009, MASH was released on the Blu-Ray format, incorporating most of the features that were included on the two-disc DVD release.