document_title: Justice League (soundtrack)

question_text: who sings the theme song in justice league

text: Justice League (soundtrack)

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All music composed by Danny Elfman, except where noted.

text: Though not included in the soundtrack, the theatrical cut features a brief excerpt of the piece "Krypton" ("Look To The Stars" on the 2013 CD release), which Hans Zimmer composed for Man of Steel. It is the only use of Zimmer's Superman theme in the film.

text:
No.
Title
Artist(s)
Length

1.
"Everybody Knows" (Leonard Cohen and Sharon Robinson)
Sigrid
4:25

2.
"The Justice League Theme – Logos"

0:48

3.
"Hero's Theme"

4:17

4.
"Batman on the Roof" (includes elements of the "1989 Batman Theme" and "Men Are Still Good")

2:34

5.
"Enter Cyborg"

2:00

6.
"Wonder Woman Rescue" (includes elements of "Is She with You?")

2:43

7.
"Hippolyta's Arrow"

1:16

8.
"The Story of Steppenwolf"

2:59

9.
"The Amazon Mother Box" (includes elements of "Is She with You?")

4:33

10.
"Cyborg Meets Diana"

2:36

11.
"Aquaman in Atlantis"

2:39

12.
"Then There Were Three" (includes elements of the "1989 Batman Theme")

1:10

13.
"The Tunnel Fight" (includes elements of the "1989 Batman Theme")

6:24

14.
"The World Needs Superman"

1:00

15.
"Spark of The Flash"

2:18

16.
"Friends and Foes" (includes elements of John Williams' "Superman Theme" from Superman)

4:14

17.
"Justice League United"

1:24

18.
"Home"

3:24

19.
"Bruce and Diana"

1:06

20.
"The Final Battle" (includes elements of the "1989 Batman Theme" and John Williams' "Superman Theme")

6:14

21.
"A New Hope"

4:36

22.
"Anti-Hero's Theme"

5:35

23.
"Come Together" (Lennon–McCartney)
Gary Clark Jr. and Junkie XL
3:13

24.
"Icky Thump" (Jack White)
The White Stripes
4:14

25.
"The Tunnel Fight (Full Length)" (includes elements of the "1989 Batman Theme")

10:58

26.
"The Final Battle (Full Length)" (includes elements of the "1989 Batman Theme" and John Williams' "Superman Theme")

12:57

27.
"Mother Russia"

1:45

Total length:
101:22

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2017)
Peak
position

US Billboard 200[2]
186

US Soundtrack Albums (Billboard)[3]
11


document_title: List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1981

question_text: what was the number one song on may 5 1981

root

text: These are the Billboard Hot 100 number-one hits of 1981. The longest running number-one single of 1981 is "Physical" by Olivia Newton-John which stayed at the top of the chart for six weeks in 1981 and then for four additional weeks in 1982, with a total of 10 weeks at number-one. This also makes "Physical" the longest running number-one single of the 1980s.

tag: p

text:
Key

The yellow background indicates the #1 song on Billboard's 1981 Year-End Chart of Pop Singles.

tag: table

text:
Issue Date

Song

Artist(s)

Reference

January 3

"(Just Like) Starting Over"

John Lennon

[1]

January 10

[2]

January 17

[3]

January 24

[4]

January 31

"The Tide Is High"

Blondie

[5]

February 7

"Celebration"

Kool & the Gang

[6]

February 14

[7]

February 21

"9 to 5"

Dolly Parton

[8]

February 28

"I Love a Rainy Night"

Eddie Rabbitt

[9]

March 7

[10]

March 14

"9 to 5"

Dolly Parton

[11]

March 21

"Keep On Loving You"

REO Speedwagon

[12]

March 28

"Rapture"

Blondie

[13]

April 4

[14]

April 11

"Kiss on My List"

Daryl Hall and John Oates

[15]

April 18

[16]

April 25

[17]

May 2

"Morning Train (Nine to Five)"

Sheena Easton

[18]

May 9

[19]

May 16

"Bette Davis Eyes"

Kim Carnes

[20]

May 23

[21]

May 30

[22]

June 6

[23]

June 13

[24]

June 20

"Stars on 45 Medley"

Stars on 45

[25]

June 27

"Bette Davis Eyes"

Kim Carnes

[26]

July 4

[27]

July 11

[28]

July 18

[29]

July 25

"The One That You Love"

Air Supply

[30]

August 1

"Jessie's Girl"

Rick Springfield

[31]

August 8

[32]

August 15

"Endless Love"

Diana Ross and Lionel Richie

[33]

August 22

[34]

August 29

[35]

September 5

[36]

September 12

[37]

September 19

[38]

September 26

[39]

October 3

[40]

October 10

[41]

October 17

"Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do)"

Christopher Cross

[42]

October 24

[43]

October 31

[44]

November 7

"Private Eyes"

Daryl Hall and John Oates

[45]

November 14

[46]

November 21

"Physical"

Olivia Newton-John

[47]

November 28

[48]

December 5

[49]

December 12

[50]

December 19

[51]

December 26

[52]


document_title: Rose Tyler

question_text: when does rose tyler come back to doctor who

text: Rose Tyler

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Television[edit]

text: Rose is introduced in the eponymous premiere episode of the 2005 series. There, she is saved from an Auton attack by the mysterious alien Time Lord known as the Doctor (Christopher Eccleston), and assists him in preventing an invasion of Earth.[1] Subsequently, the Doctor invites Rose to be his travelling companion, taking her to the end of the world and giving her a "superphone" so she can remain in contact with her mother Jackie (Camille Coduri), and boyfriend Mickey (Noel Clarke).[2] In their travels through time and space, Rose learns the importance of not tampering with history, when she attempts to save the life of her father Pete Tyler (Shaun Dingwall), who had died when she was a baby.[3] Throughout these journeys, she and the Doctor are haunted by two mysterious recurring words: 'Bad Wolf'. Rose, the Doctor, and new companion Captain Jack (John Barrowman) come to understand the meaning of this phrase when they encounter an unstoppable army of evil alien Daleks on the space station Satellite 5. To return to the Doctor after he sends her home to Earth in series finale "The Parting of the Ways", Rose tears open the console of the Doctor's time machine, the TARDIS, and becomes suffused with the power of the time vortex. Returning, she uses her power over the infinity of time and space to spread the words "Bad Wolf" over its entirety, then saving the universe from the Dalek invasion. Rose resurrects Jack, who died from Dalek fire, and destroys the Dalek fleet before the Doctor drains the energy out of her—by kissing her—to save her life from its harmful effects. Rose is horrified as the Doctor appears to die and regenerates into a new man (David Tennant),[4] who proceeds to take the TARDIS and a terrified Rose to Earth, abandoning Jack on Satellite 5.[5]

text: The new Doctor and Rose arrive on Earth on Christmas Day, where he passes out from the strain of regeneration in the midst of a Sycorax invasion in the 2005 Christmas special "The Christmas Invasion". Having woken up and saved Earth, the Doctor enjoys Christmas dinner with Rose before the two once again depart to parts unknown.[6] Over the second series (2006), Rose and the Doctor grow increasingly close to one another. After defeating a werewolf, they are knighted by Queen Victoria (Pauline Collins), who banishes them as threats to the Empire whilst setting up the Torchwood Institute, which aims to track the Doctor and other aliens.[7] Their relationship proves a source of tension once Mickey joins the pair in their travels, at the suggestion of the Doctor's former companion Sarah Jane Smith (Elisabeth Sladen).[8] Whilst stranded in a parallel universe, Rose meets a rich, entrepreneur version of her father who never died.[9] Mickey decides to stay behind on this world to battle the Cybermen—emotionless cyborgs which seek to convert humans to their ranks—as he no longer wants to feel like a spare part.[10] Alone with the Doctor again, Rose faces the mythical Beast (Gabriel Woolf), who prophesies that Rose will soon die in battle.[11] This day comes when, in the present day, the Torchwood Institute's director Yvonne Hartman (Tracy-Ann Oberman) accidentally allows the Cybermen army and Dalek Cult of Skaro into Rose's reality, where they begin a war.[12] In sealing the Cybermen and Daleks back into the "void" through which they came, Rose is transported to the parallel universe by Pete, to save her from also being pulled into the void. Rose becomes trapped in the parallel universe with Jackie and the alternate universe Pete as the walls between universes seal; she is later declared dead in her own universe. Months later, the Doctor is able to transmit Rose a goodbye message. She reveals she now works for that universe's Torchwood, and confesses her love for him. Before he can reply, their connection is lost.[13]

text: In spin-off series Torchwood (2006–2011), the audience learns that Rose's act of resurrecting Jack cursed him with being unable to die.[14] Her absence and the Doctor's pained estrangement from her proves a point of contention for the Doctor's series 3 companion Martha (Freema Agyeman); when Martha protects the Doctor, living as a human without his memories, it is still Rose that he dreams of.[15] When the Doctor is reunited with Donna Noble (Catherine Tate) in the show's fourth series (2008), Rose mysteriously begins to appear in the Doctor's life—first seen only by Donna, and later in silent video messages which the Doctor fails to notice.[16][17] When a "Time Beetle" creates an alternate universe in which Donna never meets the Doctor and the Doctor dies, Rose travels from her parallel world to this world, working alongside the organisation UNIT to send Donna back in time, and make Donna's younger self turn left at a junction and not right. Rose tells Donna to say two words to The Doctor; 'Bad Wolf'. The Doctor concludes this is a sign that the Universe, and reality itself is under threat.[18] Later, in the midst of Davros' (Julian Bleach) plot to obliterate existence, Rose unites with the Doctor and his companions Donna, Martha, Jack and Sarah Jane to make a stand against him and his army of Daleks. In the midst of the battle, a part-human Doctor is created and destroys the Daleks. The Doctor returns Rose to the parallel universe along with Jackie, and his part-human counterpart. Rose challenges the Doctor to say the words he did not say to her during their previous farewell. The Doctor does not answer, but his part-human counterpart whispers in her ear and Rose kisses him. The Doctor retreats, leaving Rose behind with his part-human counterpart.[19] In the closing scenes of The End of Time (2010), just prior to his regeneration, the Doctor travels to Rose's housing estate in the first minutes of 2005. He speaks to her from the shadows, asking her what year it is. She tells him it is January 1, 2005. The Doctor promises her that she will have a really great year.[20]

text: Piper returned for the show's 50th anniversary episode "The Day of the Doctor" (2013) as the interface of a sentient weapon of mass destruction known as "the Moment". The War Doctor (John Hurt) intends to end the raging Time War by using the Moment to destroy both the Daleks and the Time Lords. Using Rose's image, chosen for her future significance to the Doctor, the Moment attempts to persuade him to seek an alternative course of action by showing him how the decision will affect his future.[21]

text: Literature[edit]

text: Rose is featured in the first twelve Doctor Who New Series Adventures novels, which expand on her characterisation. The first three of these novels—The Clockwise Man, The Monsters Inside and Winner Takes All—were published in May 2005 and feature solely the Ninth Doctor and Rose.[22][23][24] The Monsters Inside depicts Rose's first visit to an alien planet, her travels previously having been confined to earth and orbiting space stations. Rose mentions this visit to the planet Justicia in the first series television episode "Boom Town" which aired 4 June 2005.[23][25] The second batch of Ninth Doctor novels —comprising The Deviant Strain, Only Human and The Stealers of Dreams—were released in September 2005 and expand on the Doctor and Rose's travels with Jack Harkness.[26][27][28] The novel Only Human mentions that Rose was engaged to a previous love interest before becoming involved with Mickey.[27] The events of "Boom Town" are addressed in The Stealers of Dreams in which Jackie complains that Rose did not alert her to her recent visit to modern day Cardiff.[28] The first three novels to feature Rose and the Tenth Doctor—The Stone Rose, The Feast of the Drowned and The Resurrection Casket—were released in April 2006 to coincide with the broadcast of the second television series.[29][30][31] The Feast of the Drowned explores the context of Rose's shifting relationship with Jackie and Mickey in light of her frequent absences from earth. Her relationship with a school friend, Keisha, is also explored; Rose is irritated to find out she and Mickey have become involved in her absence.[30] The last three New Series Adventures novels to feature Rose —The Nightmare of Black Island, The Art of Destruction and The Price of Paradise—were published in September 2006.[32][33][34] In addition to the regular range of novels, Rose is featured in the first Doctor Who Quick Reads Initiative novella, I am a Dalek in which she and the Doctor must deal with a human-Dalek hybrid.[35]

text: The Doctor Who Annual 2006, published in August 2005, gives further biographical information on Rose in an article written by the programme's chief writer and executive producer Russell T Davies, including the middle name "Marion", and information about her mother, school life and ex-boyfriends.[36] The character also appears in short stories featured in the Doctor Who annuals for 2006 and 2007, in addition to an issue of the series' sanctioned companion magazine, Doctor Who Magazine.[37] She has additionally been featured in comic book sequences which feature in the annuals, Doctor Who Magazine, and children's magazines Doctor Who Adventures and Doctor Who – Battles in Time. In one Doctor Who Magazine comic strip, "The Green-Eyed Monster", Rose is possessed by a creature that feeds on jealousy. In order to arouse enough jealousy to defeat this creature the Tenth Doctor feigns a romance with Rose's mother and sets up Mickey with a group of actors who pose as beautiful amazonian girlfriends.[38] The character also appears in a panel of Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight's second story, "No Future for You".[39][40]

text: Audio drama[edit]

text: Following the folding of AudioGO and Big Finish's acquisition of the new series license, Piper reprised her role as Rose in Doctor Who: The Tenth Doctor Adventures due to be released in November 2017, with David Tennant reprising his role as the Tenth Doctor. The stories include Infamy of the Zaross, Sword of the Chevalier and Cold Vengeance.[41]

text: Development[edit]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Lead writer and executive producer Russell T Davies chose the name Rose because he considered it a "good luck charm" after he used it for Lesley Sharp's character in Bob & Rose. His desire to make the show "essentially British" was another justification: he considered Rose to be "the most British name in the world" and feminine enough to subvert a recent trend of female companions having "boyish" names, such as Peri, Benny, Charley, and Ace.[42] Davies also frequently uses the surname "Tyler" in his work —previous characters he created with the surname include Ruth Tyler in Revelations (1994), Vince Tyler in Queer as Folk (1999), and Johnny Tyler in The Second Coming (2003) —due to his affection for how the surname is spelled and pronounced.[43] The casting of Piper as Rose was announced on by the BBC on 24 May 2004.[44] Head of Drama for BBC Wales Julie Gardner commented that the former pop star "fits the bill perfectly" as a "unique, dynamic partner for Christopher Eccleston".[44] Whilst some fans —including a representative of the Doctor Who Appreciation Society —were enthusiastic about the announcement, others felt it was "publicity stunt" casting and questioned Piper's acting credentials.[45] One of the factors that influenced Piper's acceptance of the role was that she was able to relate the character of Rose to her own experiences as a teenager.[46]

text: The British media had regularly released conflicting reports about how long Piper would be staying with the programme. In March 2006, she claimed that she would continue on Doctor Who into its third series in 2007.[47] The BBC announced on 15 June 2006 that Piper was to depart in the final episode of the second series, "Doomsday".[48] Piper's decision to leave had been taken a year previously but remained a secret until news of her departure became public.[49] Following "Doomsday", Piper as Rose was greenlit to be the star of the spin-off series Rose Tyler: Earth Defence, set in her parallel universe and to air as a bank holiday special, but Davies deemed the concept "a spin-off too far" after Torchwood and The Sarah Jane Adventures.[50] Piper's eventual return during series four was planned during filming of the second series; in January 2006, she made a pact promising to return to film several more episodes.[51] Davies and Piper cited her commitment to other projects—specifically, her roles as Belle de Jour in Secret Diary of a Call Girl, the lead character in the BBC adaptations of Philip Pullman's Sally Lockhart quartet, and Fanny Price in the ITV adaptation of Mansfield Park—as explanations behind her departure appearing permanent.[52] Davies' successor as executive producer, Steven Moffat praised the creation and casting of the character in advance of the series' 50th anniversary in 2013. He stated that the character of Rose helped secure the return of the show by allowing "an audience who would not naturally have watched Doctor Who" to become invested in the show. Moffat suggested that during the first two years of the revival Doctor Who "was Billie Piper’s show" and that this has given her an "iconic status" above other Doctor Who companions.[53]

text: Characterisation[edit]

text:
"I was very similar at 19. I wanted something to happen in life, I wanted a bit more. I wanted to find someone who could challenge my ideas. So I definitely tapped into that."

—Billie Piper on how her personal experience influenced her approach to the character.[46]

tag: div

text: Rose is used by Davies as an introduction to the shows mythos and fantasy elements. He later underlined similarities between Rose and Gwen Cooper —the leading lady he created for Torchwood — describing both as "the ordinary person who stumbles into something extraordinary and finds herself their equal."[54] Like her successor Martha, Rose is from London; Brett Mills from the University of East Anglia makes the assumption that this is because characters from the capital of the country are "relatable to all British people" because they are seen as "neutral".[55] Rose is introduced alongside a supporting cast in the form of her boyfriend Mickey and mother Jackie which James Chapman cites as "evidence of Davies' attempt to create a social context for the companion".[56] Davies states that the inclusion of these two characters was part of his desire to "make her real" and to "give her a life".[57] He later stated that in giving Rose a mother, a boyfriend and a "sad story with her father" the character has "her own mythology, to match the Doctor."[58] Lindy A. Orthia observes that Rose, like the other companions in Davies' era of Doctor Who, is "drawn from a cosmopolitan vision" in her case because of her class background. Orthia contends that whilst working-class companions had featured previously in the show "none were unskilled workers nor chronically under- or unemployed like Rose, Jackie and Donna".[59] Looking back at the two characters, Davies felt Jackie to be someone who is "holding Rose back" right from the first episode due to her suggestions her daughter be content with menial employment.[60] Piper states that this causes Rose to resent her mum somewhat, although she loves her.[57]

text: Kay McFadden of The Seattle Times felt Rose to resemble "the Bridget Jones type of Englishwoman, albeit a few pegs down the socioeconomic scale" waiting to be awakened "not by some Mark Darcy ...  but by adventure incarnate."[61] Piper stated that at the start of the series Rose is "looking for something to happen" and that once the Doctor arrives she becomes "ruthless" in her decision to "completely drop her life as she knows it."[62] At a media preview of the series she characterised Rose as being "positive, ambitious and full of conviction and confidence." She felt additionally that Rose is "a good character to relate to or aspire to."[63] In a 2013 retrospective on her time on Doctor Who Piper stated Rose's feminine characteristics contributed to her being a balanced representation of a female character. She felt that Rose as a character could be both "strong-willed and vulnerable" and ventured that her emotional response made her more interesting than "a female character endlessly striving towards perfection".[64] Eccleston, who played the Ninth Doctor described the character as a "heroine" who "teaches [the Doctor] huge emotional lessons".[63] In an episode of Doctor Who Confidential he expanded on this, describing her as "the Doctor's equal in every way" except for the fact she lacks his scientific knowledge.[57] He felt that the relationship between the two characters was "love at first sight" although in a more mysterious fashion than a conventional love affair.[63] Davies summarised the relationship between the two characters as "soul mates" who "understand and complement each other".[65]

text: Lynette Porter, in her book Tarnished Heroes, Charming Villains and Modern Monsters: Science Fiction in Shades of Gray on 21st Century Television observed that Rose's role "humanizes the Doctor and makes him less alien, not only to other characters, but to the audience".[66] In the first series finale, Rose takes on deadly energies to save the Doctor and planet Earth. Script editor Helen Raynor felt the episode gave Rose a chance to "again be the Doctor’s equal" and "to finally match him with a gesture that is so noble, and strong, and heroic, and clever". Davies describes Rose in the context of this scene, and the whole of the first series, as being "braver than brave and more loyal than anyone else in the universe". The Doctor repays her loyalty by sacrificing his ninth incarnation in turn to save her; Davies states unequivocally that "he gives his life for her".[67] Elements of Rose's characterisation in the first series were originally different. Paul Abbott was scheduled to write an episode which would have revealed that Rose's entire life had been manipulated by the Doctor in order to mould her into an ideal companion. Davies wrote the episode "Boom Town" to replace it when Abbott realised he was too busy to work on the script.[68][69]

text: With the Tenth Doctor[edit]

text: In an interview with SFX producer Phil Collinson stated that after the Doctor regenerates the "initial dynamic changes because [Rose] has to learn to trust him again".[70] Piper added that as the Doctor is incapacitated Rose consequently feels "unloved", "isolated" and "like she's lost her best friend". In the Doctor's absence Rose relies on her observations of him and tries to mimic his actions.[71] Collinson felt it was important to resolve any mistrust between the pair by the end of the Christmas Special, as the public had responded well to Rose and the Doctor's friendship previously.[70] Davies had scripted dialogue in "The Christmas Invasion" explaining the newly regenerated Doctor's estuary English accent by stating he had imprinted on Rose and adopted her way of speaking. However, due to time constraints this sequence was not filmed. Discussing how Rose had developed by the second series, Piper described her as having "come on in leaps and bounds" and stated she is now "a lot more proactive." She felt that there is a "different kind of energy" between Rose and the Tenth Doctor, whilst Tennant remarked that the audience would get to see the Doctor-companion relationship "developing and becoming something that it maybe hasn't before."[72] Piper stated that with the Tenth Doctor, Rose is "more tetchy and more possessive" over him as "she feels like she's lost him once and doesn't want to lose him again". She cited Rose's "catfight" with former companion Sarah Jane Smith in "School Reunion" as evidence of this.[73] Discussing the possibility of Rose and the Tenth Doctor becoming more romantically involved Piper stated "You want it to happen, but at the same time you don't want it to happen". Tennant likened the dynamic between the pair to that of Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) and Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) in The X-Files. Both Tennant and Piper agreed that the expectation of the relationship is more exciting than having it realised.[72] To add to the tragedy of their separation, Davies scripted the series two story arc so that Rose and the Doctor would be indirectly responsible for their separation. "It's deliberate when that happens [the Doctor and Rose's arrogance]", said Davies, "and they do pay the price. In "Tooth and Claw", they set up the very thing — Torchwood — that separates them in the end. It's sort of their own fault."[74] Though Davies left the Doctor's response to Rose's declaration of love in "Doomsday" unstated, Gardner felt strongly that the character reciprocated her feelings. On the commentary for the episode she stated that she would "confirm to the world" that he was going to "say it back."[75]

text: Davies created the expectation of Rose's return in the fourth series by mentioning her in dialogue and featuring Piper in cameo appearances in "Partners in Crime", "The Poison Sky", and "Midnight".[51] Speaking on how Rose's character had changed between her appearances, Davies described the fourth series Rose as "tougher, more independent, and [she] might, at times, seem a little harder".[76] Piper stated she rewatched her earlier episodes to remember how the character spoke and acted as she felt she had "been playing posh birds" since she left the programme and by contrast "Rose is a bit of a chav".[77] Rose is re-united with the Doctor near the climax of "The Stolen Earth". Director Graeme Harper insisted that the scene appear "mystical" because the characters' reunion was "the most magical moment" in the entire episode and Ernie Vincze, the Director of Photography for the show, compared the scene's feeling to the 1980s science-fiction film Blade Runner.[78] Davies characterised the reunion between Rose and the Doctor as "the biggest romance [the viewer] has ever seen" and joked that seminal films such as Gone with the Wind should have ended with a Dalek shooting the male lead.[79] He had difficulty splitting up the characters for a second time for the necessity of the plot. He felt that "Rose has to be stupid to fall in love with Doctor #2" because "she's doing what the plot demands, not what she'd demand".[80] At one stage he considered giving an explanation that Rose's dimension hopping and the Dalek's meddling with reality had contaminated her with "voidstuff" and that she would die if she stayed in her original universe.[81] In the final episode it is enough for her to stay that the human Doctor needs her and is able to reciprocate her love. Porter felt that the climax of "Journey's End" indicated that "Rose's role as a sidekick has been completed" as she has a second Doctor to humanise, one who she can be equals with.[82]

text: Reprisals[edit]

text: Piper's 2010 appearance in The End of Time, Tennant's final story as a series regular, was leaked by the press in May 2009 when Piper was seen photographed on location with Coduri and Tennant.[83] Though Davies had intended the serial to end with the Tenth Doctor visiting his former companions, he struggled with how to include Rose. An initial idea was for Rose to appear with her part-human Doctor in the parallel universe, where both would sense the original Tenth Doctor regenerating. However, Davies felt this would raise too many questions about their lives in the parallel universe.[84] Davies' successor as executive producer, Steven Moffat, felt that Davies ended Rose's story in the perfect way by choosing to take it back to the beginning of her acquaintance with the Doctor.[85][86] Piper's return for Doctor Who's 50th anniversary episode was confirmed in March 2013.[87] Moffat wished to include Piper in the episode because he felt that she symbolised the rebirth of Doctor Who. As he did not feel comfortable adding to Davies' story arc, he chose instead to re-introduce her Bad Wolf persona.[85] During the episode Piper's character has dialogue solely with John Hurt's War Doctor, and is unseen by the other characters, including the Tenth Doctor.[85] Reviewers noted similarities between the characterisation of Bad Wolf Rose and that of a plot device used by Charles Dickens in his 1843 novella A Christmas Carol.[88][89] Ted B. Kissell, a journalist for The Atlantic likened the War Doctor to Ebenezer Scrooge and dubbed Rose the "Ghost of Doctors Yet to Come".[89]

text: Reception[edit]

text: After a preview of the first series, The Guardian's Owen Gibson described Rose as "newly empowered" and a "go-getting teen in the Buffy the Vampire Slayer mould."[63] Ahead of the series premiere on Australian Network ABC the Sydney Morning Herald's Robin Oliver described Rose's role in the series as being "more the Doctor's equal than previous companions" and that this was "no mean achievement against Eccleston's acting skills."[90] Seventh Doctor actor Sylvester McCoy opined that Piper was "wonderful in the role" and the relationship between her and the Doctor was "quite extraordinary".[91] Porter suggests in her analysis of Rose that the romance between her and the Doctor widened the demographic appeal of the series. She claims that the love story "simmers enough below the surface that adults, especially women who find time-lords sexy, watched the series for Rose's interplay with the Doctor".[92] In their book Who is the Doctor?, Graeme Burk and Robert Smith described the climactic kiss between the Ninth Doctor and Rose in "The Parting of the Ways" as being something "we all secretly wanted, even though it ultimately killed him".[93] Peter Davison, who portrayed the Fifth Doctor, also felt that allowing the Doctor and his companion to have sexual tension ultimately allowed for more rounded characterization. He believed that Rose was the first example of the production team creating a well written companion.[94]

text: Burk and Smith found the pairing of the Doctor and Rose to be unlikeable in the episode "Tooth and Claw" because they were "acting like smug idiots" .[95] However they noted that "fortunately there are consequences: the season arc gets kicked off as a direct result of the Doctor and Rose being so irritating".[95] Harry Venning of The Stage commented that the eventual parting scene between Rose and the Doctor in "Doomsday" was "beautifully written and movingly played," with "not a dry eye in the universe".[96] Burk and Smith singled out Piper's performance in the episode for special praise stating she "is astonishing at capturing the reality of someone whose world suddenly, finally collapses."[97] Remarking on Piper's departure, Dek Hogan of Digital Spy stated that "Billie Piper’s energy has undoubtedly been one of the reasons that this revival has been so successful and the difficult third series will be so much more so without her."[98] Stephen Brook of The Guardian commented that "the departure of the much-loved Rose ...  was brilliantly handled and completely unexpected."[99]

text: Stephen James Walker, a writer of reference works on Doctor Who, gave an unfavourable review to Rose's return in "Turn Left" in his "unauthorised guide to Doctor Who's fourth series," Monsters Within. He thought that Billie Piper was "distinctly below par", citing her gaunt and malnourished appearance, new hairstyle, and slight lisp as reasons why her acting was not her finest. He criticised her role in the episode, stating it had been "far less well worked out" than Donna's.[100] Ben Rawson-Jones of Digital Spy also noted a change in Piper's enunciation; he compared her accent to "[having] her mouth numbed with local anaesthetic".[101] In Rawson-Jones' review of the series finalé he notes that whilst having the Doctor and Rose 'cop off' would be divisive with the shows audience, "Davies wisely managed to please both parties" by pairing her off with a human Doctor instead.[102] However, IGN's Travis Fickett reacted unfavourably towards Rose's return and her pairing with the part human Doctor. He thought that it undermined her "perfect send off" in "Doomsday" as she was on the sidelines for much of "Journey's End", and her ending up with the part human, part Time Lord Doctor "feels like an insult to the character".[103] Io9's Charlie Jane Anders also reacted unfavorably to Rose returning and wrote "it was pretty clear that she was only there so she could get her pet faux-Doctor at the end."[104] Reviewers generally reacted positively to Piper's 2013 appearance in 50th anniversary episode "The Day of the Doctor". Ben Lawrence of The Daily Telegraph called her performance as the "Bad Wolf" Rose "transfixing".[105] Neela Debnath of The Independent praised the chemistry between Hurt and Piper and compared Piper's performance to Suranne Jones' portrayal of the TARDIS in "The Doctor's Wife" describing it as "slightly eccentric", "oddball" and "off-the-wall".[106] Daniel Martin of the Guardian praised Steven Moffat's decision not to extend Rose Tyler's story or re-unite her with the Tenth Doctor. He called Piper "a true and unending legend of Doctor Who" and stated that "her wise rendition of the Bad Wolf avatar made a passable stab at the stealing of the show".[107]

text: Geoff Boucher of the Los Angeles Times named Rose the ninth best sidekick of all time, referring to her as "the saucy and smart character who was key to the success of the Russell T Davies relaunch of Doctor Who in 2005".[108] She was named the best Doctor Who companion by Digital Spy in 2011, who opined that she worked best alongside the Ninth Doctor.[109] In 2006 she was voted best companion by readers of Doctor Who Magazine.[110] In an online poll in late 2010 conducted by the Radio Times, with over 3,000 participants, Rose was again voted the most popular companion.[111] She retained this position in a 2013 poll conducted ahead of Doctor Who's 50th anniversary, which had over 21,000 respondents, with 25.09% of the vote.[112] In a 2012 poll conducted by BBC America with over 200,000 participants, Rose was voted "The Greatest Woman of Doctor Who."[113] Both The Daily Telegraph's Gavin Fuller and Daniel Martin of The Guardian rated her as the second-best female companion behind Sarah Jane Smith.[114][115] In 2012 Will Salmon of SFX magazine listed Rose's original exit as the greatest companion departure in the history of Doctor Who as he felt it "impossible not to be moved by the sudden severance of their relationship".[116] In 2014 Radio Times organized the most massive online (over 2 million respondents) poll which featured every companion since 1963, beating the main сompetitors Jack Harkness and River Song, Rose was crowned "Companion Champion".[117]

text: At the 2005 National Television Awards, Billie Piper won the "Most Popular Actress" award for her role as Rose.[118] In the BBC Online "Best of Drama" poll in 2005 Piper won the Best Actress category with 59.76% of the vote.[119] She was also voted the Most Desirable Star with 26.47%.[120] In January 2006 she was awarded the Breakthrough Award for Rising British Talent at The South Bank Show Awards.[121] Piper again won the Most Popular Actress category at the 2006 National Television Awards for her work on the second series of Doctor Who.[122] In September 2006, Piper was named Best Actress at the TV Quick and TV Choice Awards.[123] Radio Times's Tom Cole discussed the importance of Doctor Who in boosting Piper's career in an article on how former Doctor Who actors can now expect more than "a life of signing autographs at provincial sci-fi conventions." He notes that Piper's portrayal of Rose "firmly cemented her credentials as an actress" and cited the variety of roles she had taken on since leaving the show as proof that "as far as post-Who careers go, they don't get much healthier than Billie's."[124]


document_title: List of companies of Sweden

question_text: swedish multinational provider of communications technology and services

text: List of companies of Sweden

text: Largest firms[edit]

text: This list shows firms in the Fortune Global 500, which ranks firms by total revenues reported before March 31, 2017.[4] Only the top five firms (if available) are included as a sample.

text:
Rank
Image
Name
2016 revenues (USD $M)
Employees
Notes

301

Volvo
$35,269
89,477
Multinational manufacturer of trucks, buses, construction equipment and engines. The firm reached a high of 118, but revenues dropped significantly after selling its automotive brand to Ford Motor Company in 1999.

419

Ericsson
$26,004
111,464
Multinational networking and telecommunications equipment and services company in Stockholm. After 23 years on the list, the firm has dropped from a high of 133 in 2001.

482

H&M
$22,618
114,586

Swedish multinational clothing retailer; it is the second largest firm of its type and operates in 62 countries. The group is a recent addition to the Global 500, entering the list in 2016.

text: IKEA

text: Notable firms[edit]

text: This list includes notable companies with primary headquarters located in the country. The industry and sector follow the Industry Classification Benchmark taxonomy. Organizations which have ceased operations are included and noted as defunct.

text:
Notable companies
     Active      State-owned      Defunct

Name
Industry
Sector
Headquarters
Founded
Notes

3H Biomedical
Health care
Biotechnology
Uppsala
2004
Cell-based biotech

AarhusKarlshamn
Consumer goods
Food products
Malmö
2005
Vegetable oils, fats

Abba Seafood
Consumer goods
Food products
Gothenburg
1883
Seafood

ABU Garcia
Consumer goods
Recreational products
Svängsta[5]
1921
Fishing reels, part of Newell Brands (US)

Acando
Technology
Software
Stockholm
2001
IT consulting

Acast
Technology
Software
Stockholm
2014
Podcast streaming software

Acne Studios
Consumer goods
Clothing & accessories
Stockholm
1997
Fashion

ÅF
Industrials
Business support services
Stockholm
1895
Consulting

AGA
Oil & gas
Exploration & production
Luleå
1904
Defunct natural gas, now part of Linde AG

Åhléns
Consumer services
Broadline retailers
Stockholm
1899
Retail department stores

Alfa Laval
Industrials
Industrial machinery
Lund
1883
Heavy industry

Alfdex
Industrials
Industrial machinery
Landskrona
2002
Industrial separators

AP&T
Industrials
Industrial machinery
Ulricehamn
1989
Metal forming machinery

Apoteket
Health care
Pharmaceuticals
Stockholm
1970
State pharma

Aptilo Networks
Telecommunications
Mobile telecommunications
Stockholm
2001
Mobile services

Arcam
Industrials
Industrial suppliers
Mölndal
1997
3D printing

ASEA
Industrials
Diversified industrials
Västerås
1883
Manufacturer, defunct 1988

ABB Group
Industrials
Industrial machinery
Zürich
1988
Robotics, automation

Assa Abloy
Industrials
Industrial suppliers
Stockholm
1994
Locks

Astra AB
Health care
Pharmaceuticals
Södertälje
1913
Defunct 1999, now merged into AstraZeneca (UK)

Atlas Copco
Industrials
Diversified industrials
Nacka
1873
Industrials

Atlet AB
Industrials
Commercial vehicles & trucks
Mölnlycke
1958
Trucks, part of Nissan (Japan)

Autoliv
Industrials
Business support services
Stockholm
1997
Automotive safety

Avalanche Studios
Technology
Software
Stockholm
2003
Video games

Avanza
Financials
Investment services
Stockholm
1999
Stock broker

Axel Johnson AB
Conglomerates
-
Stockholm
1873[6]
Retail holdings, part of Axel Johnson Group

Axel Johnson Group
Conglomerates
-
Stockholm
1873
Diversified holdings

Axfood
Consumer services
Food retailers & wholesalers
Stockholm
1964
Grocery chain, part of Axel Johnson AB

Axis Communications
Technology
Computer hardware
Lund
1984
Network cameras, part of Canon Inc. (Japan)

BAE Systems AB
Industrials
Defense
Örnsköldsvik
2006[7]
Defence, part of BAE Systems (UK)

Bahco
Industrials
Diversified industrials
Enköping
1886
Part of Snap-on (US)

Bahnhof
Telecommunications
Fixed line telecommunications
Stockholm
1994
Internet service provider

Ballograf
Consumer goods
Nondurable household products
Gothenburg
1945
Ballpoint pens and pencils

Berg Propulsion
Industrials
Industrial machinery
Gothenburg
1912
Controllable pitch propellers

Betsson
Consumer services
Gambling
Stockholm
1963
Online gambling

Biacore
Health care
Biotechnology
Uppsala
1984
Part of GE Healthcare (US)

BillerudKorsnäs
Basic materials
Paper
Solna
2012
Paper

Bindomatic
Industrials
Industrial suppliers
Stockholm
1974
Office supplies

BioGaia
Health care
Pharmaceuticals
Stockholm
1990
Probiotic

Björn Borg
Consumer goods
Clothing & accessories
Stockholm
2004
Fashion

Bofors
Industrials
Defense
Karlskoga
1873
Arms

Boghammar Marin AB
Industrials
Commercial vehicles & trucks
Lidingö
1906
Shipyard

Boliden AB
Basic materials
General mining
Stockholm
1931
Mining

Bolinder-Munktell
Industrials
Commercial vehicles & trucks
Eskilstuna
1932
Defunct, now a part of Volvo Construction Equipment

Bona AB
Industrials
Building materials & fixtures
Malmö
1919
Flooring

Bonnier Group
Consumer services
Broadcasting & entertainment
Stockholm
1804
Media group

Braathens Regional Aviation
Consumer services
Airlines
Malmö
1981
Airline

Bredbandsbolaget
Telecommunications
Fixed line telecommunications
Stockholm[8]
1998
Triple play services, part of Telenor (Norway)

Brio
Consumer goods
Toys
Malmö
1884
Toys

Bure Equity
Financials
Investment services
Stockholm
1992
Investments

Camfil
Industrials
Industrial machinery
Stockholm
1963
Air filtration

Carnegie Investment Bank
Financials
Investment services
Stockholm
1803
Financial services

Casino Cosmopol
Consumer services
Gambling
Stockholm
1999
State gambling operator

Cederroth
Health care
Health care providers
Upplands Väsby
1895
Personal health care

Cheap Monday
Consumer goods
Clothing & accessories
Stockholm
2000
Clothing

Clas Ohlson
Consumer services
Home improvement retailers
Insjön
1918
Hardware stores

Clavia
Consumer goods
Recreational products
Stockholm
1983
Musical instruments

Cloetta
Consumer goods
Food products
Stockholm
1862
Chocolate

Columbitech
Technology
Software
Stockholm
2000
Wireless security

Com Hem
Telecommunications
Fixed line telecommunications
Stockholm
1983
Triple play services

Comviq
Telecommunications
Fixed line telecommunications
Stockholm
1981
Merged into Tele2, retained as a brand

Coop Norden
Consumer services
Food retailers & wholesalers
Stockholm
2001
Retail chain, defunct 2008

Danir AB
Financials
Investment services
Malmö
1986
Investments

Datasaab
Industrials
Business support services
Linköping
1954
Computer division of Saab, defunct

DeLaval
Industrials
Commercial vehicles & trucks
Tumba
1883
Farm machines

Destination Gotland
Consumer services
Travel & tourism
Visby
1998
Ferry line

Diamyd Medical
Health care
Biotechnology
Stockholm
1994[9]
Research

Dockstavarvet
Industrials
Commercial vehicles & trucks
Docksta
1905
Shipyard

Domnarvet
Basic materials
Iron & steel
Borlänge
1872
Iron, part of SSAB

Doro
Technology
Telecommunications equipment
Lund
1974[10]
Telecom products

Draim
Technology
Software
Nacka
2003
Games

EA DICE
Technology
Software
Stockholm
1992
Video games

Elanders
Industrials
Business support services
Mölnlycke
1908
Printing

Electrolux
Consumer goods
Durable household products
Stockholm
1919
Appliances

Elekta
Health care
Health care providers
Stockholm
1972
Radiation therapy

Elektron
Consumer goods
Recreational products
Gothenburg
1998
Synthesizers

Elfa International
Consumer goods
Furnishings
Malmö
1948
Shelving

Ellos
Consumer services
Broadline retailers
Borås
1947
E-commerce

ENEA AB
Technology
Software
Kista
1968
Information technology

Eniro
Technology
Internet
Stockholm
2000
Directory, search services

Ericsson
Technology
Telecommunications equipment
Stockholm
1876
Communication technology

ESAB
Industrials
Business support services
Gothenburg
1904
Welding, part of Colfax Corporation (US)

Eskilstuna Energy and Environment
Utilities
Conventional electricity
Eskilstuna
1993
State power

Esselte
Industrials
Industrial suppliers
Stockholm
1913
Office products, part of J.W. Childs Associates (US)

European Spallation Source
Industrials
Business support services
Lund
2013
Research

Expander System Sweden AB
Industrials
Industrial machinery
Åtvidaberg
1986
Commercial heavy machinery

Fagerhult Group
Industrials
Building materials & fixtures
Habo
1945[11]
Lighting

Fatshark
Technology
Software
Stockholm
2008
video games

Filippa K
Consumer goods
Clothing & accessories
Stockholm
1993
Clothing

Fjällräven
Consumer goods
Clothing & accessories
Örnsköldsvik
1960
Outdoor clothing

FKAB
Industrials
Business support services
Uddevalla
1961
Ship design

Flexlink
Industrials
Industrial machinery
Gothenburg
1980
Industrial automation

Föreningsbanken
Financials
Banks
Stockholm
1992
Rural bank, defunct 1997

Forex Bank
Financials
Investment services
Stockholm
1927
Currency exchange

Frictional Games
Technology
Software
Helsingborg
2007
Video games

Galvin Green
Consumer goods
Clothing & accessories
Växjö
1990
Golf clothing

GB Glace
Consumer goods
Food products
Stockholm
1942
Ice cream, part of Unilever (Netherlands)

Gekås
Consumer services
Broadline retailers
Falkenberg
1963
Swedish superstore

Getinge Group
Health care
Medical equipment
Gothenburg
1904
Medical technology

Göinge Mekaniska
Industrials
Heavy construction
Hässleholm
1946
Steel buildings, defunct 2005. Merged into Skanska

Green Cargo
Industrials
Delivery services
Solna
2001
State logistics

Grimaldi Industri
Conglomerates
-
Stockholm
1970
Consumer goods, industrials

Gunnebo Group
Industrials
Business support services
Gothenburg
1889
Security

H&M
Consumer services
Apparel retailers
Stockholm
1947
Retail clothing

Haglöfs
Consumer goods
Recreational products
Torsång
1914
Outdoor equipment

Hagström
Consumer goods
Recreational products
Älvdalen
1925
Musical instruments

Haldex
Consumer goods
Auto parts
Landskrona
1887
Automotive parts

Hallberg-Rassy
Consumer goods
Recreational products
Ellös
1943
Sailing yachts

Handelsbanken
Financials
Banks
Stockholm
1871
Bank

Handheld Group
Technology
Computer hardware
Lidköping
1997
Rugged computer

Hasselblad
Consumer goods
Recreational products
Gothenburg
1841
Cameras

Hästens
Consumer services
Specialty retailers
Köping
1852
Beds

Hestra
Consumer goods
Clothing & accessories
Hestra
1936
Gloves

Hexagon AB
Industrials
Business support services
Stockholm
1992
Metrology

HMS Industrial Networks
Telecommunications
Fixed line telecommunications
Halmstad
1988
Industrial communications

Höganäs AB
Basic materials
Iron & steel
Höganäs
1797
Powdered metals

Holmen
Basic materials
Paper
Stockholm
1875
Paper

Husaberg
Consumer goods
Automobiles
Mattighofen
1988
Motorcycles

Husqvarna Group
Industrials
Industrial suppliers
Stockholm
1689
Commercial tools

Hydrauliska Industri AB
Industrials
Commercial vehicles & trucks
Hudiksvall
1944
Lifts and cranes, part of Cargotec (Finland)

IAR Systems
Technology
Software
Uppsala
1983
Software

ICA Gruppen
Consumer services
Broadline retailers
Stockholm
1938
Retailing group

IFS AB
Technology
Software
Linköping
1983
Software

Ikano Bank
Financials
Banks
Malmö
1995
Bank

Illuminate Labs
Technology
Software
Gothenburg
2002
Video games lighting

IMINT Image Intelligence AB
Technology
Software
Uppsala
2007
Software

Infranord
Industrials
Railroads
Solna
2010
Railways

Ingate Systems
Technology
Software
Stockholm
2001
Data security

Intertex
Technology
Computer hardware
Stockholm
2001
Computer peripherals

Investment AB Latour
Financials
Investment services
Gothenburg
1984
Investments

Investment AB Öresund
Financials
Investment services
Stockholm
1961
Investments

Investor AB
Financials
Investment services
Stockholm
1916
Investments

IsaDora
Consumer goods
Personal products
Malmö
1983
Cosmetics

iZettle
Technology
Software
Stockholm
2011
Financial technology

J.Lindeberg
Consumer goods
Clothing & accessories
Stockholm
1997
Clothing

Jeeves
Technology
Software
Stockholm
1992
Software

Jens of Sweden
Consumer goods
Consumer electronics
Stockholm
2002
Media players, defunct 2005

Jernhusen
Industrials
Railroads
Stockholm
2001
Railways

Jofa
Consumer goods
Recreational products
Malung
1926
Sport equipment, part of Reebok (US)

Jonsereds Fabrikers AB
Industrials
Industrial machinery
Jonsered
1832
Part of Husqvarna Group

Kinnevik AB
Financials
Investment services
Stockholm
1936
Investments

Klarna
Consumer services
Broadline retailers
Stockholm
2005
E-commerce

Kockums Naval Solutions
Industrials
Commercial vehicles & trucks
Malmö
1840
Shipyard

Koenigsegg
Consumer goods
Automobiles
Ängelholm
1994
Automotive

Kopparbergs Brewery
Consumer goods
Brewers
Kopparberg
1882
Brewery

Kosta Glasbruk
Industrials
Building materials & fixtures
Kosta
1742
Glass

Krönleins
Consumer goods
Brewers
Halmstad
1836
Brewery

Kungsörnen
Consumer goods
Food products
Järna
1929
Food

L E Lundbergföretagen
Financials
Investment services
Stockholm
1944
Investments

Länsförsäkringar
Financials
Full line insurance
Stockholm[12]
1801
Insurance cooperative

Länsförsäkringar Bank
Financials
Banks
Stockholm
1996[13]
Bank, part of Länsförsäkringar

Lantmännen
Consumer goods
Farming & fishing
Stockholm
2001
Agriculture cooperative

LeoVegas
Consumer services
Gambling
Stockholm
2011
Mobile gaming

Lindex
Consumer services
Apparel retailers
Gothenburg
1954
Fashion retailer

Linjeflyg
Consumer services
Airlines
Stockholm
1957
Airline, defunct 1993, acquired by SAS

LKAB
Basic materials
General mining
Luleå
1890
Mining

Loomis
Industrials
Business support services
Stockholm
1997
Security

Lundin Petroleum
Oil & gas
Exploration & production
Stockholm
2001
Petroleum

Luxor AB
Consumer goods
Consumer electronics
Motala
1923
Defunct home electronics, acquired by Nokia (Finland)

MachineGames
Technology
Software
Uppsala
2009
Video games, part of ZeniMax Media (US)

Mälarenergi
Utilities
Conventional electricity
Västerås
1861
Power

Maratone Studios
Consumer services
Broadcasting & entertainment
Stockholm
2001
Music production

Massive Entertainment
Technology
Software
Malmö
1997
Video games, part of Ubisoft (France)

Mecel
Technology
Software
Gothenburg
1982
Software and systems consulting

Meda AB
Health care
Pharmaceuticals
Solna
1954
Pharmaceutical

Micromy
Basic materials
Specialty chemicals
Täby
2009
Industrial coatings

Modern Times Group (MTG)
Consumer services
Broadcasting & entertainment
Stockholm
1987
Digital entertainment

Mojang
Technology
Software
Stockholm
2009
Video games, acquired by Microsoft (US)

Mölnlycke Health Care
Health care
Medical equipment
Gothenburg
1849
Medical device

Monark
Consumer goods
Recreational products
Vansbro
1908
Bicycle

MySQL AB
Technology
Software
Uppsala
1995
Defunct 2008, acquired by Sun Microsystems (US)

Najad Yachts
Consumer goods
Recreational products
Henån
1971
Sailing yachts

Nanoradio
Technology
Semiconductors
Kista
2004
Wireless semiconductors, part of Samsung (South Korea)

Nasdaq Nordic
Financials
Investment services
Stockholm
2003
Stock exchange, part of Nasdaq, Inc. (US)

NCC AB
Industrials
Heavy construction
Solna
1988
Construction

Neogames
Consumer services
Publishing
Gothenburg
2006
Role-playing game publisher

Neonode
Telecommunications
Computer hardware
Stockholm
2001
Touch technology

Nextjet
Consumer services
Airlines
Stockholm
2002
Regional airline

Nobia
Consumer goods
Durable household products
Stockholm
1996
Kitchen goods

Nobina
Consumer services
Travel & tourism
Stockholm
1999
Public transport

NOHAB
Industrials
Diversified industrials
Trollhättan
1916
Manufacturing, defunct 1979

Nordiska Kompaniet
Consumer services
Broadline retailers
Stockholm
1864
Retail department stores

Nordstjernan
Conglomerates
-
Stockholm
1890
Part of Axel Johnson Group

NorthStar
Industrials
General industries
Stockholm
2000
Lead-acid batteries

Nudie Jeans
Consumer goods
Clothing & accessories
Gothenburg
2001
Clothing

Nyby bruk
Basic materials
Iron & steel
Torshälla
1829
Stainless steel, a part of Outokumpu (Finland)

Nyfors
Technology
Telecommunications equipment
Stockholm
1987
Optical fiber equipment

Nynas
Oil & gas
Exploration & production
Stockholm
1928
Petrochemical products

Odd Molly
Consumer goods
Clothing & accessories
Stockholm
2002
clothing

Öhlins
Consumer goods
Auto parts
Upplands Väsby
1976
Automotive parts

Onoff
Consumer services
Broadline retailers
Upplands Väsby
1971
Retail chain, defunct 2011

Orexo
Health care
Pharmaceuticals
Uppsala
1995
Pharmaceutical

Oriflame
Consumer goods
Personal products
Stockholm
1967
Cosmetics

Orrefors glassworks
Industrials
Building materials & fixtures
Orrefors
1898
Glassworks

Oskarshamn Shipyard
Industrials
Commercial vehicles & trucks
Oskarshamn
1863
Shipyard

Ovako
Basic materials
Iron & steel
Stockholm
1969
Steel

Pågen
Consumer goods
Food products
Malmö
1878
Bakery

Paradox Interactive
Technology
Software
Stockholm
1999
Video games

Peab
Industrials
Heavy construction
Förslöv
1959
Construction

Peltarion
Technology
Software
Stockholm
2004
Software

Phadia
Health care
Medical equipment
Uppsala
1971
Blood test systems

Pharmacia
Health care
Pharmaceuticals
Stockholm
1911
Pharma, defunct 2002

Polarbröd
Consumer goods
Food products
Älvsbyn
1972[14]
Bread

PostNord
Industrials
Delivery services
Solna
2009
Mail, logistics

PostNord Sverige
Industrials
Delivery services
Solna
1636
Mail, part of PostNord

Primus AB
Consumer goods
Household goods
Stockholm
1892
Portable cooking devices

Pripps
Consumer goods
Brewers
Gothenburg
1828
Brewery, part of Carlsberg Group (Denmark)

Profoto
Industrials
Building materials & fixtures
Stockholm
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1891
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Seavus
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1999
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1972
Financial services

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1980
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SF Studios
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1919
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SIA Glace
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Ice cream

SIBA
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1951
Home electronics retailer, defunct 2017

Silva compass
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Navigation equipment

Simogo
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2010
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SJ AB
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Skandia
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Skanska
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Spendrups
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-
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Symsoft
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1990
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1992
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2000
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Trelleborg
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TV4 Group
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1969[15]
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Gothenburg
1927
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1991
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WM-data
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1969
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X5 Music Group
Consumer services
Broadcasting & entertainment
Stockholm
2003
Music recordings

text:
Headquarters of Ericsson in Stockholm.

Handelsbanken Stockholm Headquarters.

Stockholm Stock Exchange

tag: ul


document_title: Christmas with the Kranks

question_text: who played marty in christmas with the kranks

text: Christmas with the Kranks

text: Plot[edit]

text: After Riverside, Illinois couple Luther (Tim Allen) and Nora Krank (Jamie Lee Curtis) see their daughter, Blair (Julie Gonzalo), depart for a Peace Corps assignment in Peru on the Sunday following Thanksgiving, empty nest syndrome sets in. Luther calculates the couple spent $6,132 during the previous year's holiday season and, not looking forward to celebrating Christmas without their daughter, he suggests they invest the money usually spent on decorations, gifts, and entertainment and treat themselves to a ten-day Caribbean cruise instead. Skeptical at first, Nora finally agrees under the condition that they still give a donation to the church and Children's Hospital. Luther tries to refuse but finally agrees and they begin planning the trip.

text: The Kranks are amazed to discover they are considered pariahs as a result of their decision. Luther's co-workers think he has become Ebenezer Scrooge when he gives all his employees letters that state about his Christmas boycott, local stationer Aubie is distressed to lose the couple's order for their engraved greeting cards and Christmas Eve party invitations, the Boy Scout troop is upset and angered when the Kranks refuse to purchase one of their Christmas trees to help the scouts make enough money for a camporee, and the police are stunned to discover they won't be buying this year's calendar from them. Most vocal in their objections are neighbors Vic Frohmeyer (Dan Aykroyd) and Walt Scheel (M. Emmet Walsh). Vic, who's the unelected leader of the street, organizes a campaign to force the Kranks to decorate their home so Hemlock Street won't lose the coveted award for best decorations. Vic has political and bureaucratic connections in Chicago. Walt doesn't seem to like Luther, so his efforts are primarily personal. However, it is revealed that Walt's wife Bev is suffering from cancer, perhaps dampening his holiday spirits. Children picket, led by Vic's son Spike (Erik Per Sullivan), neighbors constantly call, and Christmas carolers try to revive the Kranks' holiday spirit by singing on their lawn, which Luther stops by freezing his front lawn. Even the newspaper gets into the act by publishing a front page story complete with a photograph of the unlit Krank house and states that the Kranks' street has lost the prize and won sixth place because of how Luther and Nora refused to decorate their house. Still, Luther and Nora continue to stand their ground.

text: The two are in the process of packing on Christmas Eve morning when they receive a call from Blair, who announces she's at Miami International Airport, en route home with her Peruvian fiancé as a surprise for her parents. She's anxious to introduce Enrique to her family's holiday traditions, and when she asks if they're having their usual party that night, a panicked Nora says yes. Comic chaos ensues as the couple finds themselves trying to decorate the house and coordinate a party with only twelve hours to spare before their daughter and future son-in-law arrive.

text: While Nora scrambles to find food, especially Blair's favorite honey glazed ham, Luther goes to buy a tree from the Boy Scouts but they only have one worthless non-green tree left since their sales went big and rapid. Luther decides to give a donation by giving them money but taking the tree in the process; he then rejects it by throwing it in his backyard. While Spike leads a picket at the Kranks', Luther arranges to borrow the tree of neighbor Wes Trogdon who is going away for a week with his kids and wife to close relatives being given the warning that he is not to break one ornament or damage it. Luther and Spike try to transport it across the street on Spike's Radio Flyer wagon, only for the neighbors to confuse this to be Luther stealing the family's Christmas tree and end up being called for the police to arrest him for theft. Spike comes to Luther's rescue by showing the neighbors and officers that Luther has Trogdon's keys and thus was given permission to borrow the tree. Nora comes home enraged at Luther for making the borrowed Christmas tree a "Disaster" and how she had to buy "Smoked Trout" to replace the honey ham (which was crushed by a truck). Once it is established why Luther is trying frantically to decorate his home, the neighbors, led by Vic, come out full force to help him and Nora ready it for Blair. Blair calls to say she landed from Miami; despite this, she is sent by a police transport to their house thus leaving her still unaware of the chaos.

text: After subtly giving everybody, including Blair and Enrique, an un-thankful and non-friendly toast, Luther tries to convince Nora to accept the cruise when she confronts him for the toast, but she refuses, disgusted that he isn't happy Blair is home. Having a change of heart, Luther sadly slips out of the house and goes across the street to the Scheel home. Bev's cancer, once in remission, has returned and, knowing this may be their last holiday together, Luther insists they take the cruise in place of him and Nora, going so far as to offer to take care of their hated cat, Muffles, so they can go. At first Walt and Bev decline, but ultimately decide to accept his generosity; as a result, Luther, whose holiday spirit has been renewed, realizes skipping Christmas wasn't as good an idea as he had originally thought.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tim Allen as Luther Krank
Jamie Lee Curtis as Nora Krank, Luther's wife
Dan Aykroyd as Vic Frohmeyer, the Kranks' domineering neighbor
Dava Hulsey as Amanda Frohmeyer, the doting wife of Vic and loving mother of Spike.
Julie Gonzalo as Blair Krank, the Kranks' daughter
M. Emmet Walsh as Walt Scheel, the Kranks' obnoxious neighbor
Elizabeth Franz as Bev Scheel, Walt's ailing wife
Erik Per Sullivan as Spike Frohmeyer, Vic's kid
Cheech Marin as Officer Salino
Jake Busey as Officer Treen, Salino's partner
Austin Pendleton as Marty, an umbrella salesman who is actually Santa Claus
Tom Poston as Father Zabriskie, a priest
Kim Rhodes as Julie, Luther's employee
Arden Myrin as Daisy
René Lavan as Enrique Decardenal, Blair's fiance
Patrick Breen as Aubie, a stationier
Caroline Rhea as Candi, a friend of Nora's
Felicity Huffman as Merry, a friend of Nora's
Kevin Chamberlin as Duke Scanlon, a Boy Scout leader

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Joe Roth knew about John Grisham's Skipping Christmas before it was even published in 2001. He was asked by Grisham to read the book in galley form, assuming he could direct a movie based on it. Roth recalls: "It turns out he was right. Even while I was reading it, all I could think was that this would make a great Christmas movie. It had humor, it had wonderful characters and it had heart." It was a huge change for him as he, who previously directed thrillers, would now do work for a film lighter in tone and style. With the rights of the book received and the May 2000 founding of Revolution Studios, he stated that "as a start-up company, there was a great deal of work to do in order to get up and running."[2]

text: Later, filmmaker Chris Columbus, who also bought the rights to Skipping Christmas and had written a screenplay, called Roth about directing the adaption. As Roth explains: "Naturally, I thought he was going to direct it. But he said, 'No, you should direct it.' It turns out I was getting ready to direct another project. But when I read Chris's script, I knew I had to at least try to direct it. I promised myself that if I could get the right cast in place, I would do it." Producer Michael Barnathan said, "Joe read the script on a Sunday, bought it on Monday, decided he wanted to direct it on Tuesday and by Friday had cast Tim [Allen] and Jamie Lee [Curtis]. The following Monday morning we started pre-production."[2]

text: Setting[edit]

text: Christmas with the Kranks takes place mostly in the Kranks's neighborhood of Hemlock Street in Riverside, a suburb of Chicago, Illinois, over the course of four weeks from Thanksgiving to Christmas Eve. Production designer Garreth Stover originally looked for locations with the right weather conditions and suburban ambience for Hemlock Street, as described specifically in Columbus's script of the film. He was scouting from the metropolitan area of Chicago to Minnesota, but due to the extreme conditions of this part of the United States at the time, the filmmakers felt it was better to set up the neighborhood in an empty location instead of finding one.[2]

text: When looking for a place to build the set 15 weeks before filming began, Stover chose a parking lot of a former Boeing aircraft factory in Downey, California, about 15 miles away from downtown Los Angeles and in the midst of Downey Studios. The rest of the first three weeks were spent on designing the houses with assistance from construction coordinator David Elliott. In the next 12 weeks, hundreds of carpenters, plasterers and painters working built had built what would become the largest exterior set ever for a movie, being more than 700 feet long and including 16 houses. What Stover called "the core five" were the houses of the Kranks, the Frohmeyers, the Scheels, the Beckers and Trogdons, which he claimed had "full ground floors that are dressed and you can see into." He also said that the second floor of the Kranks' was built on a soundstage. Producer Michael Barnathan claimed that the set would later be available for other movies, TV series and commercials to use.[2]However, due to health complaints from the locals over toxix residues from factory period and lack of profit, the studio closed in 2012 and was razed to build a mall.[3]

text: Costumes[edit]

text: Susie DeSanto handled the costume design of Christmas with the Kranks. According to DeSanto, "I was looking for a project that was really textural, and maybe a bit nostalgic. I saw Christmas With the Kranks like a Christmas card, a beautiful Christmas memory of how we wish the holiday to be. So a lot of the fabrics I chose were not so much high-tech bright colors, but wools, plaids and mixing patterns. Joe [Roth] was specific about what he wanted, but within that, he allowed me a great deal of freedom to express myself.”[2]

text: DeSanto viewed that all the characters in Christmas with the Kranks would wear dresses that are supposed to serve as their "accents" rather than overtly defining them. Luther Krank is seen wearing the same-colored shirt and suit at work all the time, and according to DeSanto, this "tells that Luther’s a punch-the-clock kind of guy, so the whole idea of skipping Christmas and going off on a tropical vacation is completely averse to anything he’s ever done." She described Nora as "tasteful and kind of folksy, a middle-American woman approaching middle age. In our first meeting, Jamie Lee Curtis was totally prepared. She wanted to look like a real Midwestern woman who lives in the suburbs of Chicago and is as obsessed with Christmas as everyone around her. Nora dresses for the seasons and I found out by speaking to people at Marshall Field’s in Chicago that the Christmas sweater is a big deal. And Jamie wears it so well.” As for Vic Frohmeyer, she saw him as "a sort of commander-in-chief of the neighborhood, so I wanted something with a bit of a military flair. Since he’s also a college professor, we cut the pattern from a general’s jacket and made it professorial by using a vintage tweed mixed with corduroy.”[2]

text: Music[edit]

text: The soundtrack features many holiday standards, including "Jingle Bell Rock" by Brenda Lee; "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" by Billy May & His Orchestra with vocal by Alvin Stoller; "I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus" by Eddie Dunstedter; "White Christmas" by Dean Martin; "Frosty the Snowman" by Steve Van Zandt; "Blue Christmas" by Elvis Presley; and "The Christmas Song" by Ella Fitzgerald.

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film received negative reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 5% based on 123 reviews, with the site's critical consensus reading, "A mirthless movie as fresh as last year's fruit cake, Christmas with the Kranks is a coarse, garish comedy that promotes conformity."[4] On Metacritic the film has a score of 22 out of 100, based on 33 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[5]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Christmas with the Kranks was released on DVD and VHS on March 8, 2005.

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film was a box office success. On its opening weekend, it earned $21,570,867 on 3,393 screens, ranking #3 behind National Treasure and The Incredibles. It eventually grossed $96,572,480 worldwide.[1]


document_title: Hildesheim Cathedral

question_text: an important ottonian church was built at hildesheim under

text: Hildesheim Cathedral

text: History[edit]

text: Construction[edit]

text: After the establishment of the Diocese of Hildesheim in 815 by Louis the Pious,[1] a Chapel of St. Mary was built on the locations of the modern apse.[2] Bishop Gunthar of Hildesheim, who was in office from 815 to 834,[2] had a small basilica with two round towers built immediately to the south of the chapel, which he dedicated to Saint Cecilia. This served as the original cathedral and Stift church.[1] The first four bishops were buried there. Only traces of the foundations of these two buildings remain. An older Hildesheim parish church probably once stood on the site of the Chapel of Saint Stephen next to the gatehouse at the eastern entrance to the chapel of St. Hellweg, which might date back to Hildegrim of Châlons and his expedition to East Saxony.[3]

text: The Cathedral was built in 872 under Bishop Altfrid as a cruciform three-aisled basilica with a two-story westwork.[1] It is an example of Ottonian architecture, with alternating column support and semi circular apses completing the naves.[4] The building suffered severe fire damage in 1046.[2] Bishop Azelin planned to erect a new, larger building further to the west and to extend the nave. His successor, Hezilo of Hildesheim, abandoned this plan and instead built on the old foundations, incorporating the surviving walls into the new building. Further important renovations occurred up to the end of the fourteenth century but did not deviate from the ground plan of Bishop Altfrid's basilica. The north and south side chapels date from the gothic period and the tower above the crossing from the baroque period. In the nineteenth century, the original westwork was replaced by a Neo-Romanesque two-tower facade, which stood until 1945.[1]

text: School and library[edit]

text: The Hildesheim Cathedral School (Hildesheimer Domschule, de), which had rooms in the cloisters, was one of the most significant educational institutions of the Ottonian and Salian periods. Its library has served as the Hildesheim Cathedral library (German: Dombibliothek Hildesheim) since 815; it is the oldest library in Northern Germany.[5]

text:
Foundation of the first cathedral under the crypt dating from 815

Crossing and northern side chapels

Cloister, built from 1060 to 1070

Cloister with St. Anne's Chapel, c. 1845

Westwork before 1840

Neo-Romanesque westwork, 1890

Anne's chapel

Hezilo chandelier in the crossing, 2009

text: Destruction in the Second World War[edit]

text: During the aerial bombardment of Hildesheim by the RAF and RCAF in World War II, the main building was almost entirely destroyed; only the westwork and the outer walls survived.[1] Of the ancillary buildings, only the Gothic Anne's chapel (Annenkapelle), erected in 1321 in the middle of the cathedral's courtyard,[1] was mostly undamaged. It was the only cathedral in Germany that had to be newly consecrated after its reconstruction, on 27 March 1960 by Bishop Heinrich Maria Janssen.[1]

text: The building was rebuilt between 1950 and 1960 in a simplified form. The baroque elements were abandoned in favour of a form which took its cue from the early Romanesque style.[2] The most visible aspect of this on the exterior was that upper stories, and side towers added to the westwork in 1840 were not restored, and the westwork was reconstructed closer to its earlier state[6] based on the model of the westwork of Minden Cathedral.[7] In addition, the gatehouse in front of the westwork was reduced by about half. Otherwise, the exterior appeared as it had done before the destruction – in particular, the baroque crossing-tower was rebuilt.[7]

text: The reconstruction was carried out under tight constraints. Because of the lack of sandstone tiles, the floor was relaid in marble. The roofs of the nave, transept, and cloisters were cast in concrete and covered with wooden boards on the inside to recall the appearance of ceiling beams. The interior walls, as well as the walls of the nave, were rebuilt in brick and limestone, hidden from view by a dimension stone coating on the outside and by a coat of smooth plaster on the inside. The ground level was raised by 60 cm, which resulted in the rooms having a squat appearance, especially in the transepts. The columns of the nave were cast in concrete, and the pilasters were coated in sandstone.[7]

text: The reconsecration took until 1960 to complete because of various problems, chiefly the "Hildesheim Cathedral construction dispute" (Hildesheimer Dombaustreit), an argument between the Diocese of Hildesheim and the Land of Lower Saxony about the cost of the reconstruction and particularly about whether Lower Saxony was one of the legal successors of the Free State of Prussia which had undertaken to cover the cathedral's building expenses in 1803 (when it was still the Kingdom of Prussia) during the process of German mediatization. The parties reached a settlement in 1957.[7]

text: Renovations 2010–2014[edit]

text: After many years of planning, a thorough renovation of the cathedral began in January 2010, the first since 1960. Along with technical and conservation measures, there were alterations to the design . The floor was lowered to the original level, the Hezilo and Azelin chandeliers were restored to their places in the nave and the high choir, and Bernward Doors were again mounted facing outwards, behind an antechamber, as originally intended. In addition, a bishop's crypt was created.[8]

text: On 10 January 2010, the cathedral was closed for the work to begin. During the reconstruction, the basilica of St. Godehard served as the bishop's church (cathedra), as it had in the postwar years. The cathedral renovation was the largest church construction project in Germany. The solemn reopening of the cathedral was on 15 August 2014, coinciding with the beginning of the Diocese's 1200 year jubilee.[8]

text: Thousand-year Rose[edit]

text: The cathedral building is widely known for the "Thousand-year Rose" (Tausendjähriger Rosenstock) which grows outside the building on the outer wall of the apse in the courtyard of the cloisters. The exact age of the rose is no longer precisely known, but the legend of the rose bush claims that it dates to 815. It is an important symbol of Hildesheim - according to folklore, as long as the bush flourishes, Hildesheim will prosper.[9]

text: According to the story, Emperor Louis the Pious had to hold a Mass while out hunting in the middle of the forest. For this purpose, a reliquary of St. Mary which he had with him was hung from the branch of a wild rose. After the mass, the reliquary could not be removed from the branch. The Emperor considered this a sign that the new bishopric should be established here (not in Elze as he had planned) and he should dedicate it to St. Mary, whose symbol is the rose.[9]

text: The existence of the rose bush has been attested for at least four hundred years. The aerial bombardment of 22 March 1945 which damaged the cathedral and the apse also killed the main growth of the rose bush above the ground; under the rubble, only the charred stump of the rose remained. It was thought that the end of the famous rose had come, but the roots were largely intact, and in the spring of 1945 it put out 25 new shoots.[9] The first sparse flowers bloomed in 1947, and by 1948 there were 122 flowers. Since then, the new branches of the "Thousand-year Rose" (as it was already known before the bombing) have been marked with little metal signs with the year in which they first appeared. It is believed to be the oldest living rose in the world.[10]

text: Archaeological finds[edit]

text: In excavations during the 2010-2014 renovations of the cathedral, ninth-century foundations of the St. Mary's chapel were found.[11] The first cathedral building was a small church measuring 6 x 6 m with an apse to the east. The remains of the first altar were found in the apse. The foundations of this first cathedral building consist of sandstone and are extraordinarily thick.[12]

text: An even older cemetery was found to the west and south. Twenty graves were uncovered, including, in August 2012, the skeleton of a young woman who died around 800, with glass beads (the remnants of a necklace) and a little knife as grave goods. This is the oldest complete burial ever found in Hildesheim cathedral.[13]

text:
Excavations in the westwork

Grave from around 800

text: Interior decoration, art, and treasures[edit]

text: The cathedral houses numerous works of art. These include the world-famous cast-bronze doors, depicting scenes from the Gospels and the Book of Genesis; and a cast-bronze column depicting scenes from the life of Christ. These bronzeworks date from the early 11th century and were commissioned by Bishop Bernward of Hildesheim.[2] (The column was originally in St Michael's, where Bernward was buried, and has been moved there again during the restoration of the cathedral, possibly to stay.)[14]

text: There are also four notable Romanesque wheel chandeliers, also called corona or circular chandeliers,[15][16] the larger Hezilo chandelier (Heziloleuchter),[12][16] and the older Azelin chandelier (Azelinleuchter).[16] The Ringelheim Crucifix was made c. 1000 from linden wood for the body and oak for the arms.[17]

text: Other treasures include:[2]

text:
The shrine of St. Epiphanius of Pavia and Cathedral patrons under the high altar, first half of the twelfth century
The shrine of St. Godehard in the crypt, around 1140
The Hildesheim Reliquary of Mary, the Crosses of Bernward and further magnificent reliquaries and liturgical implements displayed in the Hildesheim Cathedral Museum (Dommuseum Hildesheim) in the south transept
The eagle lectern, c.1220, in liturgical use up until the recent renovations
The late Romanesque bronze baptismal font (Bronzetaufe), 1225.
The gothic Inkpot Madonna (Tintenfassmadonna)
The central table of the Wrisberg epitaph (in the south transept until the recent renovations)
Notable among the post-war furnishings are Mary's window in the high choir (Mary with the Earth and Stars after Revelation 12:1) and the apse mosaic, which recalls both the destruction of Hildesheim in the war and the apocalypse, with words from Psalms 104:30 underneath Renovabis faciem terrae, alleluia (You will renew the face of the Earth, allelujah!)
A statue of Mary standing in one of the side aisles of the nave, the pedestal of which, legend has it, was made from the core of the Irminsul
the Tomb of Priest Bruno (de) on the southern exterior wall of the choir
The Bernward Monument (de) of Carl Ferdinand Hartzer (de) from 1893 stands in front of the northwest entrance
The Hildesheim rood screen (Hildesheimer Domlettner, de) in St. Anthony's Church (deconsecrated on 17 September 2009) on the south side of the cloisters houses

text: During the 2010-2014 renovations, many religious items from the Cathedral were displayed at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, until 5 January 2014.[18][19]

text:
Bernward Column

Bronze baptismal font

Shrine of St. Epiphanius

Statue of Bishop Godehard

text: Organ[edit]

text: The history of the organ in Hildesheim Cathedral goes back to the fourteenth century. By 1378 there was an organ in the north aisle, above the chapel of the Three Kings. This instrument was moved to the Godehard choir in the fifteenth century and was sold in 1713.

text: The first large cathedral organ was built by master organ-builder Conrad Abtt (Minden), probably in 1616/7. The instrument had 31 registers in two manuals and pedals. Over the course of time the instrument was repeatedly rebuilt, expanded, and extended, especially at the end of the seventeenth and beginning of the eighteenth centuries. A complete rebuild by the organ-builders Furtwängler & Hammer (Hannover) in 1909, after which the organ had 54 registers in three manuals and pedals, is particularly important. Its original appearance remained largely intact through the course of all these renovations, but on 22 March 1945 the organ was destroyed in the air raid on Hildesheim.

text: Cathedral organ of 1960/1989 (until 2010)[edit]

text: During the restoration of the cathedral, the organ builder Franz Breil (Dorsten) built a new organ with 52 registers in four manuals. The instrument was completed in 1960. As well as the usual works (main organ, chair organ, choir organ and pedals), this organ included a unique feature - a Spanish reed organ with three registers, which could be played from the fourth manual.[20]

text: Breil's organ proved insufficiently sonorous, so in 1989 it was rebuilt using new techniques and expanded to 66 registers by the organ firm Klais (Bonn). By arrangement with the heritage society, the organ's appearance, which reflected the stylistic fashions of the 1950s and 60s, was retained, as were the pipes and housing.[20]

text: New cathedral organ (from 2015)[edit]

text: In the course of the renovations, the organ firm Seifert (Kevelaer) are constructing a new cathedral organ system from the existing organ, consisting of a main organ and a choir organ. The system should be complete for the diocese's 1200th jubilee in 2015. The main organ was dismantled in February 2010 to make way for this new organ.[21]

text: The new main organ should have 77 registers in five manuals (able to be played at a four manual console) and pedals. The 56 registers and the windchests of the old organ will be reused. Since the choir and organ gallery were demolished during the renovation, the new main organ's appearance will be modified and it will be adjusted to suit the new acoustic environment.[21]

text: A new choir organ will be built in the nave for the accompaniment of the choir, which will henceforth be in the front portion of the cathedral. The slider chest organ will have 20 registers (including a half-draw register in its main organ, as well as two borrowed stops and a derived quint in the pedal) in two manuals and a pedal. The choir organ will be capable of being played along with the main organ.[21]

text: Bells[edit]

text: Until the Second World War, the cathedral contained over sixteen ringing and quarter bells. The basis of the pre-war peal was five great bells with the tones F-sharp0, A0, C-sharp1, F-sharp1, G-sharp1. Nine bells of the pre-war peal survived the war; the great Godehard bell in the west tower was so severely damaged in an air raid that it could no longer be rung. The Bernard bell is in the Bell cemetery in Hamburg and was irreparably damaged during transport there. Two bells were capable of being reused: the historical Apostolica bell of bellfounder Johann Martin Roth of Mainz (1765), which could be integrated into the new peal, and another historic bell of Johann Martin Roth, the Nikolaus bell, which was originally hung in the crossing tower and was moved to the Nordparadies in 2010.[22]

text: Refounding of 1960[edit]

text: After the Second World War it was planned to create a 12-toned peal, with six great bells in the west tower and six smaller bells in the crossing tower (the planned tones: G1, B-flat1, C2, E-flat2, F2 and G2). At first only a six tone peal was produced. In 1960 the bellfounder Friedrich Wilhelm Schilling (de) (Heidelberg) cast five new bells, which were installed in the west tower together with the Apostolica bell. In the lower belfry of the tower hung the three deepest bells (1-3), while the three smaller bells (4–6) were in the upper belfry. The new peal (co-ordinated with the bells of the surrounding churches) was a semitone deeper than the original, so the Apostolica bell had to be tuned a semitone lower to fit with the new bells.[22]

text: Since the quarter bells had also been destroyed in the Second World War, the quarter-hour chimes were now struck by bell No. 5, the chime on the hour by bell No.4 and the chime at noon by bell No. 1. Bell No. 6 was used for the call to worship (the Angelusglocke).[22]

text: Renovation 2013/2014[edit]

text: In the course of the 2010-14 renovation, the peal is being expanded by six bells to the 12-tone peal which had originally been planned in the 1960s, though, the tone sequence will be slightly different.[23] The new cathedral bells will be named after witnesses of the faith, who enjoy particular veneration in the Diocese of Hildesheim. Thus bell No. 8 will be named for Bishop Altfrid, one of the most important bishops of Hildesheim, who secured large contributions for the construction of the Cathedral. Bell No. 9 will be named after Hedwig of Schlesien (or of Andechs), patron of refugees - since many refugees came to Hildesheim after the Second World War and were crucial in shaping it.[23]

text: In 2013 the old yoke in the upper belfry was taken apart and replaced by a new yoke of oak. It will hold the six new bells and some of the old ones. In the lower belfry the deepest bells will remain in place.[24]

text: On 16 November 2013 the new bells were cast by Glockengießerei Bachert (de) (Karlsruhe).[25]

text: The Cantabona bell is the second biggest of Lower-Saxony after the Christus- und Friedensglocke (Bell of Christ and Peace) in the Marktkirche, Hanover.

text:
[hide]Technical information and inscriptions of the bells

No.
Name
Year of casting
Caster, casting location
Ø
(mm)
Weight
(kg)
Strike tone
(ST-1/16)
Inscription

1
Cantabona
1960
Friedrich Wilhelm Schilling, Heidelberg
2300
8686
f0 +4
CANTATE DOMINO CANTICUM NOVUM QUIA MIRABILIA FECIT SANCTA MARIA CANTA BONA NOBIS! – Auxilio Matris D.N.J.Ch. confidens me fudit F.W. Schilling Heidelbergensis Anno Domini MCMLIX
("Sing for the Lord a new song since he has made miracles. Holy Mary sing good things for us! - trusting in the aid of the mother of our Lord Jesus Christ, F.W. Schillung of Heidelberg cast me in the year of our Lord 1969.")

2
Apostolica
1765
Johann Martin Roth, Mainz
1940
4895
as0 +6
Johann Martin Koch von Maintz hat mich gegossen in Hildesheim Anno 1765, APOSTOLIS PETRO ET PAULO COMPATRONIS HILDESIENSIBUS
("Johann Martin Koch of Mainz cast me in Hildesheim in the year 1765, for the Apostles Peter and Paul, joint-patrons of Hildesheim.")

3
Bernward
1960
Friedrich Wilhelm Schilling, Heidelberg
1698
3366
b0 +4
SIT PIA PAX ET VOS AMEN CANITE SANCTE BERNWARDE ORA PRO NOBIS0
("May there be holy peace. Sing "Amen"! Saint Bernward, plead for us")

4
Godehard
1500
2278
c1 +4
STERNE RESISTENTES/STANTES REGE/TOLLE JACENTES. SANCTE GODEHARDE ORA PRO NOBIS
("Otherthrow the resisters/ rule the upstanding/ lift up the downcast. Saint Godehard plead for us")

5
Epiphanius
1260
1343
es1 +6
EPIPHANIUS PACIFICATOR PATRONUS EPIPHANIAM DOMINI NUNTIAT. SANCTE EPIPHANI PRECARE PRO NOBIS
("Epiphanius the peacemaker and patron announces the epiphany of the Lord. Saint Epiphanius, pray for us")

6
Cäcilia
1060
1068
f1 +4
CANTANTIBUS ORGANIS CAECILIA DOMINO DECANTABAT! SANCTA CAECILIA ADJUVA NOS
("while the organs sing, Caecilia sings to the Lord! Holy Caecilia, aid us")

7
Martin of Tours
2013
Bachert, Karlsruhe

g1
HIC EST FRATRUM AMATOR + QUI MULTUM ORAT PRO POPULO
SANCTE MARTINE + ORA PRO NOBIS
("He who pleads a lot for the people, loves his brothers
Holy Martin, plead for us!")

8
Altfrid

as1
INTERCESSIONE SANCTI EPISCOPI ALTFRIDI SUFFULTA + DIOECESIS NOSTRA FIRMA IN FIDE MANEAT
("Supported by the intercession of Holy Bishop Altfrid, may our diocese remain firm in its faith")

9
Hedwig

b1
BEATAE HEDVIGIS INTERCESSIO TRIBUAT POPULIS POLONIAE ET GERMANIAE CAELESTE SUBSIDIUM
("The intercession of blessed Hedwig grants the support of Heaven to the people of Poland and Germany")

10
Oliver Plunkett

c2
PROBASTI NOS + DEUS + ET EDUXISTI NOS IN REFRIGERIUM
SANCTUS OLIVERUS PLUNKETT + RECONCILIATIONIS EXEMPLUM + EPISCOPUS ET MARTYR + ADIUVET NOS
(You have tested us, God, and you have brought us to consolation. May holy Oliver Plunkett, example of reconciliation, Bishop and martyr, aid us")

11
Niels Stensen

es2
PULCHRA QUAE VIDENTUR + PULCHRIORA QUAE SCIUNTUR + LONGE PULCHERRIMA QUAE IGNORANTUR
BEATE NICOLAE STENSEN + ORA PRO NOBIS
("What is seen is beautiful, what is known is more beautiful, what is unknown is most beautiful by far. Blessed Nicholas Stensen, plead for us")

12
Edith Stein

f2
CRUX EXALTATUR + UT CAELUM OSTENDAT
SANCTA TERESIA BENEDICTA A CRUCE + ORA PRO NOBIS
("The cross is raised up to touch the heavens. Holy Teresa blessed by the cross, plead for us")

–
Nikolaus
1766
Johann Martin Roth, Mainz
950
550
as1 +2

text: World Heritage Site[edit]

text: Hildesheim Cathedral was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985.[26]

text: Reopening[edit]

text: On 15 August 2014, the cathedral was reopened after restoration. Bishop Norbert Trelle opened the Bernward doors and entered the cathedral, followed by 30 other bishops and guests including the Protestant bishop Christoph Meyns (de), Robert Zollitsch, Stephan Weil and Christian Wulff. Trelle said in his sermon: "Die Kirche muss auf die Zukunft hin leben, so wie sie aus der Vergangenheit heraus lebt." (The church has to live towards a future, as it lives from by the past). He added, regarding the situation in Syria: "Während wir hier einen Dom wiedereröffnen, brennen dort die Kirchen." (While we reopen a cathedral here, churches are burnt there). The cathedral was restored to an appearance closer to the original building from the medieval age, for example a ceiling inserted after World War II was removed, and the original floor level restored. A new altar was created by Ulrich Rückriem.[27][28]

text: Bibliography[edit]

text:
Brandt, Michael (2009), Bernwards Säule – Schätze aus dem Dom zu Hildesheim (in German), Regensburg: Schnell & Steiner, ISBN 978-3-7954-2046-8 .
——— (2010), Bernwards Tür – Schätze aus dem Dom zu Hildesheim (in German), Regensburg: Schnell & Steiner, ISBN 978-3-7954-2045-1 .
Gallistl, Bernhard (2007–2008), "In Faciem Angelici Templi. Kultgeschichtliche Bemerkungen zu Inschrift und ursprünglicher Platzierung der Bernwardstür", Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Kunst im Bistum Hildesheim (in German), 75–76: 59–92, ISSN 0341-9975 .
——— (2000), Der Dom zu Hildesheim und sein Weltkulturerbe, Bernwardstür und Christussäule (in German), Hildesheim: Bernward Mediengesellschaft, ISBN 3-89366-500-5 .
Heise, Karin (1998), Der Lettner des Hildesheimer Doms – Die Bildhauerkunst der Münsterschen Werkstätten 1535–1560, Der Hildesheimer Dom – Studien und Quellen (in German), 2,1 + 2,2, Hildesheim , 2 volumes.
Claudia Höhl. Das Taufbecken des Wilbernus – Schätze aus dem Dom zu Hildesheim", Verlag Schnell & Steiner GmbH, Regensburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-7954-2047-5.
Ulrich Knapp (ed.), EGO SUM HILDENSEMENSIS – Bischof, Domkapitel und Dom in Hildesheim 815 bis 1810, (Kataloge des Dom-Museums Hildesheim; Bd. 3), Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg (2000), ISBN 3-932526-74-0.
Karl Bernhard Kruse (ed.), Der Hildesheimer Dom – Von der Kaiserkapelle und den Karolingischen Kathedralkirchen bis zur Zerstörung 1945 (Grabungen und Bauuntersuchungen auf dem Domhügel 1988 bis 1999), Verlag Hahnsche Buchhandlung, Hannover (2000), ISBN 3-7752-5644-X.
Annett Laube-Rosenpflanzer & Lutz Rosenpflanzer. Kirchen, Klöster, Königshöfe : vorromanische Architektur zwischen Weser und Elbe, Halle 2007, ISBN 3-89812-499-1.