document_title: Sir William Hawkins

question_text: who commanded hector the first british trading ship to land at surat

text: Sir William Hawkins

text: William Hawkins (fl. c. 1600) was a representative of the English East India Company notable for being the commander of Hector, the first company ship to anchor at Surat in India on 24 August 1608. Hawkins travelled to Agra to negotiate consent for a factory from Emperor Jahangir in 1609.[1]

text: Life and career[edit]

text: The eldest son of William Hawkins or Hawkyns (d. 1589) and nephew of Sir John Hawkins (1532–1595), he served in Sir Francis Drake's voyage to the South Sea in 1577, presumably in the Elizabeth with John Wynter, though possibly in the Golden Hind with Drake himself. In October 1581 he was nominated, apparently at the request of his uncle, then treasurer of the navy, as lieutenant to Edward Fenton, appointed to command an expedition for the East Indies and China, which sailed from England in May 1582. Notwithstanding the connection between Fenton and John Hawkyns, who had married sisters, there was from the first a bad feeling between him and William Hawkyns, arising partly no doubt out of jealousy of the claims which had been put forward on behalf of young Hawkyns to command the expedition over Fenton's head; partly also, it may be, out of the insolent and insubordinate conduct of Hawkyns himself; the feeling was doubtless intensified by the formal instruction to Fenton not to remove him "but upon just cause cause duly proved and by consent of your assistants". When the little fleet was sailing from Plymouth, Hawkyns was still on shore, and Fenton put to sea without him; he was brought out in the Francis, one of the squadron, and put on board his own ship, the Leicester. Throughout the voyage the captain and the lieutenant seem to have quarrelled and thwarted each other on every occasion, and the Leicester finally arrived in the Thames with Hawkyns in irons. It does not appear that John Hawkyns gave his nephew any support in this quarrel; for five years afterwards he was on terms of confidential friendship with Fenton.

text: Hawkyns may probably be identified with the William Hawkyns who, in 1587, commanded the Advice on the coast of Ireland; and again with the William Hawkyns who, in 1588, commanded the Griffin against the Spanish Armada. It has been suggested that the commander of the Griffin was his father, then mayor of Plymouth; but this is impossible, for on 19 July the Griffin was at sea with Sir Francis Drake, and the mayor of Plymouth was on shore collecting reinforcements. Hawkins was, however, not an uncommon Devonshire name, and it is quite possible that the commander of the Advice or Griffin belonged to some other family.

text: By his father's will in 1589 Hawkyns inherited an annuity of £40. His uncle, Sir John Hawkyns, left him by will in 1595, besides a share of the prospective profits of the last fatal voyage to the West Indies, £10 a year to be paid quarterly, "on condition that he do not alienate nor sell the same annuity nor rent-charge, or any part thereof, for otherwise this gift shall be void." He left also legacies of £100 to each of Hawkyns's children, to be payable "to every such child at the time of their marriage, or at the accomplishment of their several ages of eighteen years, which shall first happen." From the wording of this clause it would seem probable that the children were girls; but we know nothing more of them.

text: Nor do we certainly know anything more of Hawkyns himself, though he has been identified with the man of the same name who in 1607 commanded the East India Company's ship Hector on a voyage to Surat with William Keeling, and was charged with "his Majestys letters and presents to the princes and governors of Cambaya, on account of his experience and language". This William Hawkyns, on arriving at Surat, proceeded accordingly to Agra and the court of the Great Mogul Jahangir, which he reached in April 1609, and where he remained for nearly three years. According to the account given in his Journal the emperor took much pleasure in his conversation, and detained him, assigning him a handsome maintenance, estimated at upwards of £3,000 a year, his serious occupation being to combat the intrigues of the Portuguese and to endeavour to obtain a formal permission for the establishment of an English factory at Surat. His favour with the emperor enabled him to overcome all difficulties, and the required license was given; it was the first distinct recognition of English commerce in the East. Jahangir was desirous of attaching him to the country and to his interests, and pressed him to marry a maid out of the palace. Such a wife could also ensure that his food was not poisoned since Jahangir had already told the Jesuits that if Hawkins "dyed by an extraordinary casualtie, they should rue for it."[2] Hawkins consented to the match, conditionally on her not being a Moor, and accordingly he took as his wife the daughter of an Armenian Christian. Afterwards, having fallen into some disfavour with the emperor, he was allowed to depart, and in this the Portuguese readily assisted him. He left Agra in November 1611, and three months later arrived at Surat, where he found Sir Henry Middleton, with whom he went to the Red Sea, and afterwards to Java. At Bantam he went on board the Thomas, part of the fleet under the overall command of John Saris, and in her sailed for England. She touched at the Cape of Good Hope in April 1613, and on the passage home, probably near the end of it, Hawkyns died. His remains were brought to Ireland and buried there. This Hawkyns was certainly a man of superior ability, and rendered valuable service to English commerce in procuring its formal recognition at Surat. But his identification with the nephew of Sir John Hawkyns is very unsatisfactory. It is not based on any evidence; and, indeed, what little evidence there is seems to point the opposite way. Fenton's lieutenant, if only by reason of his name and family, was a man of some consequence, and it is difficult to conceive that he could have been to the West Indies, or have gained experience in the East without any record remaining. Fenton's lieutenant had not a brother Charles , nor yet brothers Giles or Roger; the Mogul's friend seems to have had all three. A good deal was said in 1614 about the inheritance of the widow of Captain Hawkyns who died, apparently intestate, on board the Thomas, but nothing was claimed for any daughters by a former marriage. Another point is this: when, on the passage out in 1607, Captain Keeling called a council to consider the advisability of touching at Sierra Leone, it was resolved to do so, because "Sir Francis Drake and Captain Cavendish had made a favourable report" of it; but not a word was said about the much greater experience and knowledge of Sir John Hawkyns. All which tends to the conclusion that the Hawkyns of East Indian distinction was not the son and grandson of the mayors of Plymouth.

text: Note: A question on William Hawkins featured on Kaun Banega Crorepati - 8, a reality show on Sony Entertainment Television. The question carried a big bounty of Rs. 7 crores.

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Hawkins married Mariam Khan, an Armenian Christian who was the daughter of an influential merchant in the court of the Mughal Emperor Akbar by whom he does not seem to have had issue. The year after Hawkins death Mariam married Captain Gabriel Towerson and with him returned to India.[3]


document_title: Diavik Diamond Mine

question_text: diavik diamond mine which is located in the remote sub-arctic landscape of

root

text: Diavik Diamond Mine

text:
Diavik Diamond Mine

Diavik mine in 2006

Location

Diavik Mine

Location in Canada

Location
Lac de Gras

Territory
Northwest Territories

Country
Canada

Coordinates
64°29′46″N 110°16′24″W / 64.49611°N 110.27333°W / 64.49611; -110.27333Coordinates: 64°29′46″N 110°16′24″W / 64.49611°N 110.27333°W / 64.49611; -110.27333

Production

Products
Diamonds

History

Opened
2003

Owner

Company
Rio Tinto and Dominion Diamond Corporation, operated by Rio Tinto company Diavik Diamond Mines Inc.

Website
http://www.diavik.ca/

tag: table

text: The Diavik Diamond Mine is a diamond mine in the North Slave Region of the Northwest Territories, Canada, about 300 kilometres (190 mi) northeast of Yellowknife.[1] It has become an important part of the regional economy, employing 1,000, and producing approximately 7 million carats (1,400 kg (3,100 lb)) of diamonds annually.[2] The area was surveyed in 1992 and construction began in 2001, with production commencing in January 2003. It is connected to points south by an ice road and Diavik Airport with a 5,235 ft (1,596 m) gravel runway regularly accommodating Boeing 737 jet aircraft.

tag: p

text: Diavik Diamond Mine is an industrial complex set in a remote, sub-Arctic landscape. In the 2013 satellite image below, one can see the two main open pits, waste rock pile, and an airstrip capable of landing aircraft as large as 737s and C-130s. The complex also houses processing, power and boiler plants, fuel tanks, water and sewage processing facilities, maintenance shop, administrative buildings, and accommodations for workers.[3]

text: The mine is owned by a joint venture between the Rio Tinto Group (60%) and Dominion Diamond Corporation (40%), and is operated by Yellowknife-based Diavik Diamond Mines Inc., a subsidiary of Rio Tinto Group. The lifespan of the mine is expected to be 16 to 22 years. Commercial production commenced in 2003.

text: The mine consists of four kimberlite pipes associated with the Lac de Gras kimberlite field and is located on an island 20 km2 (7.7 sq mi) in Lac de Gras and is informally called East Island. It is about 220 km (140 mi) south of the Arctic Circle.

text: In 2006, the ice road from Yellowknife to the Diavik mine, and neighbouring mines, froze late and thawed early.[4] The Diavik mine was unable to truck in all the supplies needed for the rest of 2006 before the road closed and arrangements had to be made to bring the remainder of the supplies in by air. Subsequent annual ice road resupply has been completed as planned.

text: In September 2012, Diavik completed construction of the Northwest Territories' first large scale wind farm. The four turbine, 9.2 megawatt facility provides 11 per cent of the Diavik mine's annual power needs and operates at 98% availability. Diesel fuel offset is about 5 million litres per year. Diavik operates the world's largest wind diesel hybrid power facility at its remote off-grid mine. The wind farm, operational down to minus 40 degrees, sets a new benchmark in cold climate renewable energy.[citation needed]

text: In 2015, $US350 million was announced to fund development of a fourth kimberlite pipe ore body, known as A21. Construction of the A21 rockfill dike (like the other three ore bodies, A21 kimberlite pipe is under shallow waters of Lac de Gras) is expected to be complete in 2018 with first diamonds expected in the fall of that year. To build the dike, Diavik will use the same technologies as were used to build the A154 and A418 dikes.[citation needed]

text: In December 2015, Rio Tinto announced discovery of the 187.7 carat Diavik Foxfire diamond, one of the largest rough gem quality diamonds ever produced in Canada. The Diavik Foxfire was bestowed an indigenous name, Noi?eh Kwe, which, in the Tlicho First Nation language means caribou crossing stone.[5]

text: On July 5, 2007, a consortium of seven mining companies, including Rio Tinto, announced they are sponsoring environmental impact studies to construct a deep-water port in Bathurst Inlet.[6][7] Their plans include building a 211 km (131 mi) road connecting the port to their mines. The port would serve vessels of up to 25,000 tonnes.

text: In March 2010, underground mining began at the mine. The transition from open pit to underground mining was completed in September 2012.[8]


document_title: Mighty Mouse

question_text: who was the singing voice of mighty mouse

text: Mighty Mouse

text: History[edit]

text: The character was conceived originally by Paul Terry.[1] Created as a parody of Superman, he first appeared in 1942 in a theatrical animated short titled The Mouse of Tomorrow. Originally named Super Mouse, after seven films in 1942-43, he was renamed Mighty Mouse for The Wreck of the Hesperus (1944), after Paul Terry learned that another character named "Super Mouse" was to be published by Marvel Comics.[citation needed]

text: Beginning in 1945, some Mighty Mouse episodes had operatic dialogue, and he was drawn slightly differently. Both changes attempted to take advantage of the growing popularity of singer and actor Mario Lanza, beginning with Mighty Mouse and The Pirates.[citation needed] Others included Gypsy Life and The Crackpot King. Mighty Mouse's adventures later focused on Pearl Pureheart and Oilcan Harry; the dialogue in these episodes were always sung by the characters.

text: Mighty Mouse was first drawn wearing a blue costume with red trunks and cape, similar to Superman. Later, this outfit was changed to a yellow costume with red trunks and cape; in various theatrical shorts, those colors were reversed.[2] Roy Halee, Sr. was the first actor to provide the voice of Mighty Mouse,[3] a role later filled by voice actors Tom Morrison[4] and Allen Swift.[5] In The New Adventures of Mighty Mouse and Heckle and Jeckle, Alan Oppenheimer provided the voice, and during the run of Mighty Mouse, the New Adventures, Mighty Mouse was voiced by Patrick Pinney.

text: Mighty Mouse's superpowers included flight, super strength, and invulnerability. In some films he used X-ray vision and psychokinesis. He was also able to turn back time in The Johnstown Flood and Krakatoa. Other cartoons showed him leaving a red contrail during flight that he manipulated like a band of solid, flexible matter.

text: Mighty Mouse featured two recurring female leads. In the cartoon shorts, she was a mouse named Pearl Pureheart. In the comics in the 1950s and 1960s, the female lead was named Mitzi. His recurring arch-enemy is a villain cat named Oil Can Harry, who originated as a human in earlier Terrytoons as the enemy of Fanny Zilch.

text: The early formula of each story consisted of a crisis needing extraordinary help to resolve. At the decisive moment, Mighty Mouse came to the rescue. In the early films Mighty Mouse would not appear until nearly three quarters through the cartoon. Beginning with A Fight to the Finish (1947), the story line usually begins with Mighty Mouse and Pearl Pureheart already in a desperate situation as though in the next chapter of a serial.

text: Mighty Mouse cartoons spoofed the cliffhanger serials of silent films as well as the classic operettas of stage still popular at the time.

text: The characters often sing mock opera arias (e.g., Pearl: "Oil Can Harry, you're a villain!"; Oil Can Harry: "I know it, but it's a lot of fun..."). Mighty Mouse sings tenor, Pearl soprano, Oil Can Harry bass-baritone. Mighty Mouse is also famous for singing "Here I come to save the day!" when flying into action.

text: In several Mighty Mouse cartoons, whenever he achieves the most impossible physical tasks, the narrator exclaims, first softly, "what a mouse!!!", then loudly, "WHAT A MOUSE!!!".

text: The early Mighty Mouse cartoons often portray Mighty Mouse as a ruthless fighter. One of his most frequent tactics is to fly under an enemy's chin and let loose a volley of blows, subduing the opponent through sheer physical punishment.

text: While his typical opponents are nondescript cats, Mighty Mouse occasionally battles specific villains, though most appear in only one or two films. Several of the earliest "Super Mouse" films (having been made during World War II), feature the cats as thinly veiled caricatures of the Nazis, hunting down mice and marching them into concentration camp-like traps to what would otherwise be their doom. The Bat-cats, alien cats with bat wings and wheels for feet, appeared in two cartoons; in two others between 1949 and 1950 he faces a huge, dim-witted, but super-strong cat named Julius "Pinhead" Schlabotka (voiced by Dayton Allen) whose strength rivals Mighty Mouse's. In rare moments, he confronts non-feline adversaries such as human bad guy Bad Bill Bunion and his horse, or the Automatic Mouse Trap, a brontosaur-shaped robotic monster. In The Green Line (1944), the cats and the mice live on either side of a green dividing line down the middle of their town's main street. They agree to keep the peace as long as no one crosses it. An evil entity, a Satan cat, starts the cats and mice fighting. At the end, Mighty Mouse is cheered by mice and cats alike.

text: At least one episode, Wolf! Wolf!, has fallen into the public domain and is available at the Internet Archive.[6]

text: Gypsy Life (1945) was nominated for an Oscar in the category of Short Subject (Cartoon).[7]

text: Mighty Mouse Playhouse[edit]

text: Mighty Mouse had little theatrical impact, but became Terrytoons' most popular character and a cultural icon on television.

text: CBS purchased the Terrytoons studio from Paul Terry in 1955. The Mighty Mouse Playhouse aired Saturday mornings December 10, 1955 [8] until Sep. 2, 1967, using the existing film library. Only three new cartoons were produced after the sale. The final season included a new feature: The Mighty Heroes.

text: The show's theme song was credited on some early records to "The Terrytooners, Mitch Miller and Orchestra". However, writer Mark Evanier credits a group called The Sandpipers (not the 1960s easy listening group of the same name).[9]

text: The New Adventures of Mighty Mouse and Heckle & Jeckle[edit]

text: In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Filmation made television cartoons starring Mighty Mouse and fellow Terrytoon characters Heckle and Jeckle (both voiced by Frank Welker) in a show called The New Adventures of Mighty Mouse and Heckle & Jeckle. The show introduced two new characters: a vampire duck named Quacula (not to be confused with Count Duckula), and Oil Can Harry's bumbling, large, but swift-running, henchman Swifty. The show premiered in 1979 and lasted two seasons. It spawned a limited theatrical release matinee movie, Mighty Mouse in the Great Space Chase, released December 10, 1982. In the Filmation series and movie, Mighty Mouse and Oil Can Harry were voiced by veteran voice artist Alan Oppenheimer, Pearl Pureheart by Diane Pershing.

text: Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures[edit]

text: In 1987 and 1988, animation producer Ralph Bakshi (who began his career at Terrytoons in the late 1950s and worked on the last Mighty Mouse shorts filmed by that company) created a new series of Mighty Mouse cartoons entitled Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures for the CBS Saturday morning children's lineup. In this series, Mighty Mouse has a real identity, Mike Mouse (both identities voiced by Patrick Pinney), and a sidekick, Scrappy Mouse (voiced by actress Dana Hill), the little orphan. Though a children's cartoon, its heavy satirical tone, risque humor, and adult jokes made the Bakshi Mighty Mouse series a collector's item for collectors of older television series.

text: The best-remembered episode of this series featured a crossover with Mighty Mouse and another Baskshi creation, the Mighty Heroes. In this 1988 episode, the Mighty Heroes were middle-aged men (except for Diaper Man, who was in his twenties) and were all lawyers.

text: Later years[edit]

text: Marvel Comics produced a 10-issue comic book series (set in the New Adventures continuity) in 1990 and 1991. Nothing new has been produced using the Mighty Mouse character except for an arcade game by Atari and a 2001 "The power of cheese" television commercial.[10] That commercial shows Mighty Mouse dining calmly on cheese in a restaurant, utterly unconcerned with a scene of chaos and terror visibly unfolding in the street outside. The commercial was hastily withdrawn in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks.[citation needed]

text: The character appeared in the 1999 pilot Curbside.[11]

text: The rights to Mighty Mouse are now divided as a result of the 2006 corporate split of Viacom (the former owner of the Terrytoons franchise) into two separate companies. CBS Operations (a unit of the current CBS Corporation) owns the ancillary rights and trademarks to the character, while Paramount Home Entertainment/CBS Home Entertainment holds home video rights. The first official release of Mighty Mouse material has been announced and what is now CBS Television Distribution has television syndication rights (the shorts are currently out of circulation).

text: Failed Feature film adaptation[edit]

text: As early as 2004, Paramount Pictures, Omation Animation Studios and Nickelodeon Movies announced their intention to bring Mighty Mouse back to the motion picture screen with a CGI Mighty Mouse feature film that was tentatively scheduled to be released some time in 2013.[12] However, this has yet to happen.

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures was the subject of media controversy when one scene was interpreted as a depiction of cocaine use. In the episode "The Littlest Tramp" a poor mouse girl attempts to sell flowers, and is repeatedly harassed by a rich man who crushes her flowers.[13] She runs out of flowers and makes new ones from sundry items she finds, such as tomato slices, but the man crushes these too.[14] Mighty Mouse attempts to purchase the flowers with his chunk of cheese, and to avenge the girl, but she gives Mighty Mouse the crushed flowers and insists that others need help more than she does. After successfully saving several different characters, he is reminded of the girl, and attempts to smell the flowers she gave him (now a pink powder), inhaling them in the process. He then finds the man that has been harassing the girl, and spanks him. The girl is sympathetic to the man, and he is so moved that the two are married.

text: A family in Kentucky saw the episode and reportedly interpreted the scene as Mighty Mouse snorting cocaine. The family called the American Family Association in Tupelo, Mississippi. The group demanded Bakshi be removed from production of the series.[15] Bakshi and CBS denied the allegations, Bakshi stating the whole incident "smacks of McCarthyism. I'm not going to get into who sniffs what. This is lunacy."[14] To defuse the controversy, Bakshi agreed to cut the 3.5 seconds from the episode. Rev. Donald Wildmon claimed that the editing was a "de facto admission" of cocaine use, though Bakshi maintained that the episode was "totally innocent".[16]

text: It's because of Fritz that they're going after Mighty Mouse. I grew up in Brownsville in Brooklyn and attended High School for Industrial Arts. I remember teachers who quit. Because of McCarthyism they weren't able to teach what they wanted. This is the same thing. Mighty Mouse was happy after smelling the flowers because it helped him remember the little girl who sold it to him fondly. But even if you're right, their accusations become part of the air we breathe. That's why I cut the scene. I can't have children wondering if Mighty Mouse is using cocaine.

text: Cultural influences[edit]

text: In the book Astro Boy Essays, author Frederik L. Schodt quotes Japanese animator Osamu Tezuka as saying that Mighty Mouse was the influence that inspired him to name his well-known character Mighty Atom (also known as Astro Boy). He also chose to imitate Mighty Mouse's signature flying pose with one arm stretched ahead with a clenched fist.[17]

text: Mighty Mouse was featured on famed guitarist Tom Scholz's Les Paul guitar.[18]

text: The song Astro Man by Jimi Hendrix, a part of the Black Gold (Jimi Hendrix recordings) session, includes a version of the 'Here I come to save the day!' fanfare.

text: Apple trademark dispute[edit]

text: On August 2, 2005, Apple released the company's first multi-control USB computer mouse. The product was designed by Mitsumi Electric and premiered under the name Apple Mighty Mouse. Apple continued to use the name when the product was redesigned as a Bluetooth device in 2006. Prior to its release, CBS licensed the right to use the Mighty Mouse name to Apple. In 2008, Man and Machine, Inc., a company that produces medical grade, chemical-resistant, mice and keyboards, sued both Apple and CBS for trademark infringement.[19] Man and Machine claimed that it had used the name since 2004 and that CBS did not have the right to license the name for computer peripherals.[20] In 2009, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office ruled in favor of Man and Machine and Apple changed the name of its product to the "Apple Mouse".[21]

text: Cartoons[edit]

text: Terrytoons theatrical shorts[edit]

text: The first seven films starred the character named Super Mouse. In these early films, the character's costume is much closer in design to that of Superman (blue tunic and tights with red trunks and cape).

text:
#
Title
Release Date

01
"The Mouse of Tomorrow"
October 16, 1942 (1942-10-16)

In Mouseville, the town's cats capture all the mice except one, who escapes to a Supermarket, where he uses Super Soap, and eats Super Celery and Super Cheese, transforming into Super Mouse, who then vanquishes the cats and saves the mice of Mouseville.

02
"Frankenstein's Cat"
November 27, 1942 (1942-11-27)

Super Mouse must rescue the mice from a monster cat who energizes himself by a lightning strike.

03
"He Dood It Again"
February 5, 1943 (1943-02-05)

Super Mouse protects a group of mice who like to eat and party at night at a local diner.

04
"Pandora's Box"
June 11, 1943 (1943-06-11)

Greek mythology provides the background as Super Mouse must battle bat-like cats to save a female mouse from the troubles she unleashes from a box mysteriously dropped from the sky.

05
"Super Mouse Rides Again"
August 6, 1943 (1943-08-06)

Cats battle a group of mice with everything imaginable (including Tommy guns) that only Super Mouse can thwart. Later re-titled Mighty Mouse Rides Again

06
"Down with Cats"
October 7, 1943 (1943-10-07)

Super Mouse comes to the rescue of some mice enjoying winter sports. The influence of World War II is evident in this film.

07
"The Lion and the Mouse"
November 12, 1943 (1943-11-12)

Aesop's tale is reborn as Super Mouse faces a lion. Only cartoon where the name "Super Mouse" was not edited out for the name "Mighty Mouse" on television prints.

text: The next 73 films changed the character's name to Mighty Mouse.

text:
#
Title
Release Date

08
"The Wreck of the Hesperus"
February 11, 1944 (1944-02-11)

An old captain and his daughter are caught at sea in a hurricane. Mighty Mouse saves the captain, his daughter and the ship's crew and receives a hero's ticker-tape parade.

09
"The Champion of Justice"
March 17, 1944 (1944-03-17)

An elderly couple dies and leaves their fortune to some mice who had befriended them. Willy the Spender, a distant relative of the couple, vows to get the money away from the mice. (NOTE: The villain in this film is human, rather than the usual cat. Also, Mighty Mouse uses a gun in the course of fighting the villain.)

10
"Mighty Mouse Meets Jekyll and Hyde Cat"
April 28, 1944 (1944-04-28)

Mighty Mouse rescues a group of mice who sought shelter from a storm but accidentally hid away in the laboratory of Dr. Jekyll, and are threatened by his cat who has taken the Doctor's horrific formula.

11
"Eliza on the Ice"
June 16, 1944 (1944-06-16)

Mighty Mouse has to save Eliza from the clutches of Simon Legree in this story with characters named after those in Uncle Tom's Cabin.

12
"Wolf! Wolf!"
June 22, 1944 (1944-06-22)

' Little Bo Peep and her sheep are the victims in this story that tips the hat to the Pied Piper of Hamelin as Mighty Mouse goes up against the wolves with a jazz soundtrack. Only public domain Mighty Mouse cartoon.

13
"The Green Line"
July 7, 1944 (1944-07-07)

Mice and cats live in relative peace in a town divided in half by a green line until an evil spirit convinces the cats to cross the line. Mighty Mouse puts everything aright again.

14
"Mighty Mouse and the Two Barbers"
September 1, 1944 (1944-09-01)

Terrytown is the setting for this need for Mighty Mouse to rescue the mice who are threatened by a gang of alley cats.

15
"Sultan's Birthday"
October 13, 1944 (1944-10-13)

World War II mixes with the Arabian Nights as Mighty Mouse rescues a sultan's harem girl from the attack of cats on flying carpets. First appearance of the classic yellow suit with red cape and white gloves.

16
"At the Circus"
November 17, 1944 (1944-11-17)

Mighty Mouse flies to the circus this time to rescue a cute high-wire performer from escaped lions.

17
"Mighty Mouse and the Pirates"
January 12, 1945 (1945-01-12)

Pirate cats capture an island mouse princess who Mighty Mouse must rescue. First sung cartoon featuring an operatic soundtrack.

18
"The Port of Missing Mice"
February 2, 1945 (1945-02-02)

More pirate cats, this time in San Francisco as Mighty Mouse battles cats to save a group of sailor mice from their clutches.

19
"Raiding the Raiders"
March 9, 1945 (1945-03-09)

Rabbits are the victims this time, and vultures are the villains that Mighty Mouse must vanquish.

20
"The Kilkenny Cats"
April 13, 1945 (1945-04-13)

City mice are forced to battle a gang of cats with military weapons, until Mighty Mouse arrives to save the day.

21
"The Silver Streak"
June 8, 1945 (1945-06-08)

Mice living in an old shack are safe under the protection of their dog, until the cats capture the dog and leave him on the train tracks as the Silver Streak bears down on him. Only Mighty Mouse can save everyone concerned while teaching the cats a lesson.

22
"Mighty Mouse and the Wolf"
July 20, 1945 (1945-07-20)

Three fairy tales are inverted as the Wolf tries to show how he takes all the blame unjustly. Spoofs Red Riding Hood, Little Bo Peep and the Three Little Pigs just to let Mighty Mouse take out the Wolf three times.

23
"Gypsy Life"
August 3, 1945 (1945-08-03)

The bat-cats are back. This time, they kidnap a gypsy princess who Mighty Mouse must rescue while putting the bat-cats in their place.

24
"Mighty Mouse Meets Bad Bill Bunion"
November 9, 1945 (1945-11-09)

Mighty Mouse must save the saloon gal singer from the clutches of the outlaw Bad Bill Bunion.

25
"Krakatoa"
December 14, 1945 (1945-12-14)

Dancing mouse Krakatoa Katie offends the island volcano which spews lava to punish the mice. A signal for help is received by a scientist, who drinks a potion and changes (à la Jekyll/Hyde) into Mighty Mouse, who must stop the volcano's threat and set the island aright.

26
"Svengali's Cat"
January 8, 1946 (1946-01-08)

A hypnotist cat forces a girl mouse to act as bait to lure other mice to be captured and eaten by the cats until Mighty Mouse comes to the rescue.

27
"The Wicked Wolf"
March 8, 1946 (1946-03-08)

Goldilocks and the Three Bears get mixed in with the Wolf as Mighty Mouse must set everything right.

28
"My Old Kentucky Home"
March 29, 1946 (1946-03-29)

Humans are the recipients of Mighty Mouse's help this time when the Wolf comes to collect the mortgage on the home of The Colonel and Nellie. A jockey promises to win the horse race and use the money to pay the mortgage. The Wolf plans to prevent the jockey from winning, but Mighty Mouse won't let that happen.

29
"Throwing the Bull"
May 3, 1946 (1946-05-03)

A wealthy Spanish merchant offers a reward and marriage to his daughter to anyone who can defeat a bull. All comers fail, until Mighty Mouse enters the ring to win the fight and the merchant's daughter. Another opera cartoon, this one features Mighty signing "Here I come!" for the first time (but not, "to save the day!").

30
"The Johnstown Flood"
June 28, 1946 (1946-06-28)

In a re-imagining of the Johnstown Flood, mice and dogs are caught in the devastating deluge as Mighty Mouse battles to rescue them while averting further disaster.

31
"The Trojan Horse"
July 26, 1946 (1946-07-26)

A return to mythology, this time Troy (the mouse version) where the unsuspecting rodents take in a horse statue which hides cats within waiting to pounce. Mighty Mouse descends from Mount Olympus to save the day.

32
"Winning the West"
August 16, 1946 (1946-08-16)

American history sets the stage this time as Mighty Mouse turns up in the old west to battle cats threatening pioneer mice.

33
"The Electronic Mouse Trap"
September 6, 1946 (1946-09-06)

An evil scientist cat invents a robot mouse trap that goes after all the mice in the city. The Atomic Age begins to make its presence known as Mighty Mouse must battle a robot powered by atomic bombs.

34
"The Jail Break"
September 20, 1946 (1946-09-20)

Another story set in the classic American west. This time, Bad Bill Bunion returns to commit crimes until Mighty Mouse defeats him and send him back to prison at Alcatraz Island.

35
"The Crackpot King"
November 15, 1946 (1946-11-15)

Mighty Mouse must battle the insane cat king and his evil wolf wizard to rescue the fair damsel mouse in distress.

36
"Mighty Mouse and the Hep Cat"
December 6, 1946 (1946-12-06)

The fairy tale theme returns as a city of well-to-do suburban mice are lured to their demise by cats using the magic flute of the Pied Piper of Hamelin. Mighty Mouse must help the mice who cannot help themselves.

37
"Crying Wolf"
January 10, 1947 (1947-01-10)

A faithful sheepdog cares for the lambs under his care, but it's always the black sheep of the family that causes the problems and needs the help of Mighty Mouse when his practical jokes go awry. Dimwit Dog (from Heckle and Jeckle) appears as the sheepdog.

38
"The Dead End Cats"
February 14, 1947 (1947-02-14)

Mighty Mouse must face down a 1930s-style mob of racketeer cats.

39
"Aladdin's Lamp"
March 28, 1947 (1947-03-28)

The Arabian Nights return as Mighty Mouse becomes involved with rescuing the daughter of Aladdin in this retelling of the story.

40
"The Sky is Falling"
April 25, 1947 (1947-04-25)

Mighty Mouse rescues some barnyard animals who have been tricked by the fox into believing the sky is falling.

41
"Mighty Mouse Meets Deadeye Dick"
May 30, 1947 (1947-05-30)

Back to the American West as the sheriff and the bad guy battle it out until Mighty Mouse arrives to finish the fight.

42
"A Date for Dinner"
August 29, 1947 (1947-08-29)

A game of cat and mouse, until the cat catches the mouse. The mouse makes a promise to deliver an even better mouse if the cat will release him. When the mouse returns, dinner is...Mighty Mouse.

43
"The First Snow"
October 10, 1947 (1947-10-10)

In the winter, the rabbits are enjoying life when a fox shows up. They can handle him for a while, but when the baby bunnies are threatened, only Mighty Mouse can save the day.

44
"A Fight to the Finish"
November 14, 1947 (1947-11-14)

The spoofs of serial cliffhanger films begin as Oil Can Harry threatens Pearl Pureheart and Mighty Mouse must come to the rescue.

45
"Swiss Cheese Family Robinson"
December 19, 1947 (1947-12-19)

Even superheroes need time off, and as the mouse version of The Swiss Family Robinson gets underway Mighty Mouse is enjoying a vacation on a beach somewhere. The Robinsons send a note in a bottle for help, which finds its way to Mighty Mouse and he quickly returns from vacation to save the mice.

46
"Lazy Little Beaver"
December 26, 1947 (1947-12-26)

A young beaver runs away from home but soon discovers the world can be an unsafe place. Fortunately, Mighty Mouse will help him learn a lesson about work and sloth, safely.

47
"Mighty Mouse and the Magician"
March 27, 1948 (1948-03-27)

A mouse village magician's show is interrupted by an invasion of cats. The magician bravely tries to hold off the cats, but they gain his wand and become invisible. Only Mighty Mouse with his powers can rout the cats and save the mice.

48
"The Feudin' Hillbillies"
June 23, 1948 (1948-06-23)

Mighty Mouse must settle a clan feud between the cats and the mice.

49
"The Witch's Cat"
July 15, 1948 (1948-07-15)

A mouse Halloween party attracts a witch and her cat. Mighty Mouse, it seems, can be poisoned, but is revived by the rain to finish the job. Mighty finally sings "Here I come to save the day!" for the first time.

50
"Loves Labor Won"
September 15, 1948 (1948-09-15)

The first operatic cliffhanger serial spoof with Oil Can Harry and Pearl Pureheart. Mighty Mouse appears at the beginning of the cartoon for the first time.

51
"Triple Trouble"
September 30, 1948 (1948-09-30)

Another serial cliffhanger sets the stage as Mighty Mouse faces vultures while Oil Can Harry threatens the Colonel and kidnaps Pearl Pureheart.

52
"The Mysterious Stranger"
1948 (1948)

A mortgage is at stake, but this time Oil Can Harry holds the deed to a circus, and wants the hand of Nell, the highwire performer. But everything Harry tries is foiled by a mysterious stranger in a trenchcoat. Who is that masked man? It's Mighty Mouse, of course!

53
"Magic Slipper"
December 1948 (1948-12)

Cinderella is the framework for this retelling, with a wolf who might resemble Oil Can Harry and Pearl Pureheart as Cinderella. Of course, Mighty Mouse will set everything as it should be by the end of the story.

54
"The Racket Buster"
1949 (1949)

Gangster cats return to threaten Mighty Mouse and Pearl Pureheart. When they kidnap Pearl, it's up to Mighty to save the day.

55
"A Cold Romance"
April 10, 1949 (1949-04-10)

It's the return of Little Nell this time, with Oil Can Harry as the villain against Mighty Mouse set at the North Pole.

56
"The Catnip Gang"
July 22, 1949 (1949-07-22)

Mighty Mouse battles the Catnip Gang, a group of cats that have escaped from jail.

57
"Perils of Pearl Pureheart"
October 11, 1949 (1949-10-11)

Oil Can Harry and Pearl Pureheart return, with Harry hypnotizing Pearl to sign at his saloon.

58
"Stop, Look and Listen"
1949 (1949)

Another operetta, with Oil Can Harry having tied Pearl Pureheart to the horns of a rampaging bull and Mighty Mouse to its tail as they are chased by a locomotive.

59
"Anti-Cats"
March 1950 (1950-03)

To avoid a winter storm, a group of mice take refuge in a home with a hungry cat. Mighty Mouse dons his trenchcoat disguise to cause the cat no end of grief.

60
"Law and Order"
June 23, 1950 (1950-06-23)

Mighty Mouse rescues mice being sold as frozen treats by a gang of cats.

61
"Beauty on the Beach"
November 1950 (1950-11)

Mighty Mouse faces down Oil Can Harry for the safety of Pearl Pureheart in an amusement park.

62
"Mother Goose's Birthday Party"
December 1950 (1950-12)

All of Mother Goose's characters give her a party of honor, but when the Big Bad Wolf appears, only Mighty Mouse can save the party.

63
"Sunny Italy"
March 1951 (1951-03)

Mighty Mouse and Oil Can Harry battle all across Italian history and geography for the affections of sweet Pearl Pureheart.

64
"Goons from the Moon"
April 1, 1951 (1951-04-01)

Science fiction arrives with alien cats and bat-cats that want to capture the mice of TerryTown.

65
"Injun Trouble"
June 1951 (1951-06)

The Colonel has mortgage trouble again, and sets out to strike it rich in gold to pay it off, but it never works out. Mighty Mouse will again rescue the Colonel.

66
"A Swiss Miss"
August 1951 (1951-08)

Another cliffhanger (literally) as Oil Can Harry threatens Pearl Pureheart in the Swiss Alps. Until it's Mighty Mouse to the rescue.

67
"A Cat's Tale"
November 1951 (1951-11)

A cat narrates this origin story about Mighty Mouse.

68
"Prehistoric Perils"
1952 (1952)

Mighty Mouse, Oil Can Harry, and Pearl Pureheart time travel back to prehistoric times.

69
"Hansel and Gretel"
June 1952 (1952-06)

Mighty Mouse battles the witch and her cat to save mouse versions of Hansel and Gretel.

70
"Happy Holland"
November 1952 (1952-11)

Oil Can Harry and Pearl Pureheart meet Mighty Mouse in Holland this time.

71
"Hero for a Day"
April 1953 (1953-04)

A humble mouse dreams of being Mighty Mouse so he can impress the girl of his dreams, but the cats know the difference.

72
"Hot Rods"
June 1953 (1953-06)

Teenage mice driving their hot rods get into trouble that only Mighty Mouse can fix.

73
"When Mousehood was in Flower"
July 1953 (1953-07)

Taxes are at the heart of the troubles for the nobleman and his daughter, Pearl Pureheart. The Black Night, Oil Can Harry, wants the daughter's hand in marriage, and only Mighty Mouse can set things in order.

74
"A Soapy Opera"
1953 (1953)

Pearl Pureheart is the laundry maid beholden to Oil Can Harry, and only Mighty Mouse can rescue her.

75
"The Helpless Hippo"
March 1954 (1954-03)

Mighty Mouse meets his match when he tries to rescue a baby hippo and discovers that every baby animal in the jungle wants him as their babysitter.

76
"Reformed Wolf"
October 1954 (1954-10)

Mighty Mouse convinces a wolf that carrots are preferable to mutton.

77
"Spare the Rod"
1954 (1954)

Mighty Mouse must teach respect to a group of unruly mice children. The last theatrical Mighty Mouse cartoon.

78
"Outer Space Visitor"
November 1959 (1959-11)

Cheeseville is invaded by an infant, robot-like alien. Everyone thinks it's cute, until they learn that its parent plans to wipe out Cheeseville. First of three made for television shorts sold with the theatrical package of cartoons.

79
"The Mysterious Package"
December 15, 1960 (1960-12-15)

A mechanical monster is kidnapping the children of Mouseville. Mighty Mouse must go to the alien world to bring them back.

80
"Cat Alarm"
December 31, 1961 (1961-12-31)

The cats use Mighty Mouse to capture the mice of Cheeseville by making him believe the dam has burst and threatens the town. While trying to warn them, he sends the mice into the waiting clutches of the cats. The last made for TV Mighty Mouse cartoon to be packaged with the original theatrical series.

text: Comics[edit]

text: Mighty Mouse's first comic book appearance was in Terry-Toons Comics #38 (November 1945), published by Timely Comics. Mighty Mouse was featured in:

text:
Terry-Toons Comics #38-85 (1945-1951)
Paul Terry's Comics #86-125 (1951-1955)

tag: ul

text: Mighty Mouse was also featured in two main titles by several different publishers: Mighty Mouse and The Adventures of Mighty Mouse.

text: Mighty Mouse

text:
Timely Comics #1-4 (1946)
St. John Publications #5-67 (1947–1955)
Pines Comics #68-83 (1956–1959)

text: The Adventures of Mighty Mouse (renaming of Paul Terry's Comics, where Mighty Mouse appeared)

text:
St. John Publications #126-128 (1955)
Pines Comics #129-144 (1956–1959)
Dell Comics #145-155 (1959–1961)
Gold Key Comics #156-160 (1962–1963)
Dell Comics #161-172 (1964–1968)

text: Mighty Mouse, Spotlight Comics, #1-2 (1987)

text: Mighty Mouse, Marvel Comics, #1-10 (1990), based on the Ralph Bakshi version (Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures)

text: Mighty Mouse, Dynamite Entertainment, #1-present (2017-present)

text: Other appearances[edit]

text:
The Movie Orgy (1968): Some brief clips, as well as a commercial featuring Mighty Mouse.
Homicide: Life on the Street (1996): In the Episode, "Bad Medicine", Tim and Brodie are watching a black and white 'Mighty Mouse' cartoon episode in Tim's living room after Brodie moves in as a temporary roommate.
South Park's Imaginationland (2007): Mighty Mouse appears in Imagination Land.
Confessions of a Superhero (2007): Mighty Mouse Toy Seen
Robot Chicken (2009): In the Episode, "We Are a Humble Factory", Mighty Mouse tricks another mouse into a mousetrap.
NCIS: Los Ángeles: Callen, G (2010): Mighty Mouse is on the TV as Sam and Kensi enter the house.
MAD (2011)

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures, the first official release of Mighty Mouse material, was released on January 5, 2010.[22]

text: Video games[edit]

text:
In October 2008, CR Terry Toons - Mighty Mouse (ＣＲテリーテューンズマイティマウス, CR Terīte~yūnzu Maiti Mausu) a series of two pachinko games was released in Japan by Fuji Shogi.
In February 22, 2012, a video game titled MIGHTY MOUSE my Hero was released for iOS, as well as an exclusive version MIGHTY MOUSE My Hero HD for the iPad.

text: Further reading[edit]

text:
The Animated Movie Guide by Jerry Beck, Chicago Review Press, October 2005, ISBN 978-1-55652-591-9
Unfiltered: The Complete Ralph Bakshi, Universe, April 2008, ISBN 978-0-7893-1684-4
Castle Films: a hobbyists's guide by Scott MacGillivray, iUniverse, Inc., ISBN 978-0-595-32491-0
The Encyclopedia of Cartoon Superstars: From A to (Almost Z), by John Cawley and Jim Korkis, Pioneer Books, November 1990, ISBN 978-1-55698-269-9
Who's Who in Animated Cartoons, by Jeff Lenburg, Applause Books, June 1, 2006, ISBN 1-55783-671-X
Modern Masters Volume 3: Bruce Timm, by Eric Nolen-Weathington & Bruce Timm, TwoMorrows Publishing, June 1, 2004, ISBN 978-1-893905-30-6
Truth and Rumors: The Reality Behind TV's Most Famous Myths, by Bill Brioux, Praeger, December 30, 2007, ISBN 978-0-275-99247-7
American Animated Cartoons of the Vietnam Era: A Study of Social Commentary in Films And Television Programs, 1961-1973, Christopher P. Lehman, McFarland & Company, October 27, 2006, ISBN 978-0-7864-2818-2


document_title: Country Strong

question_text: who plays bo in the movie country strong

text: Country Strong

text: Plot[edit]

text: Beau sings with Kelly, a recovering alcoholic going through rehab. He is clearly smitten by her, and it is later revealed that the two have been having an affair, even though Kelly is married to James. Kelly is checked out of rehab a month early by James, who wants her to go on a three-city tour to restore her image. She agrees on the condition that Beau becomes her opening act. James has already planned to see Chiles Stanton, a beauty queen with potential to become a rising singer, perform that night in hopes that she will be Kelly's opener instead.

text: On the night of Chiles' performance, Beau dismisses Chiles as a "Country Barbie" and does not want her on the tour. Chiles' performance nearly falls apart as she gets stage fright and can not sing; however, Beau steps in and begins to sing "Friends in Low Places". The two sing the song together, and it gives Chiles the courage to continue on her own. James is impressed by Beau's performance, and offers the opening act to both of them. He suggests that Beau and Chiles could make quite the duo, but Beau disagrees. Nevertheless, Beau agrees to go on the tour because he cares about Kelly.

text: The first show is a disaster: before going on, Kelly receives an anonymous package containing a bloody baby doll with a note reading "Baby Killer," referring to the baby Kelly miscarried when she fell off the stage in Dallas during her last concert before she went into rehab. At that concert, she was five months pregnant and was found to have a blood alcohol level of 0.19 when she was in the hospital for the injuries related to the fall. Kelly falls apart, starts drinking, and almost refuses to go on. However, she is coerced into going on stage by James. She begins to sing "Country Strong" but breaks down on stage. She attempts to try another song, "A Fighter", but breaks down again and is led off stage by her husband, ending the show. They tell the media at a press conference that they had to cancel the show due to food poisoning and head off to the next show.

text: Beau ends his relationship with Kelly, and begins to spend more time with Chiles, whose fame has been increasing as the tour progresses. Chiles and Beau form a bond and Beau lets go of his earlier hostilities towards her. She even finishes the chorus to his song "Give in to Me". Later, Beau confronts James about Kelly's worsening condition. James insists that Kelly may get better, and says that he can't let her go out with a failure. Beau disagrees and subtly admits their affair. Enraged, James punches him in the jaw.

text: Before the next show in Austin, Kelly is unable to go on stage after drinking. Beau and Chiles still do their opening act, where they perform "Give in to Me" for the first time together. JJ, Kelly's agent, nearly cancels the tour but is dissuaded by Kelly's offer of sex; having witnessed this, Beau becomes frustrated with Kelly. That same night, Chiles and Beau have sex, and Beau confesses to Chiles that he likes her. In Dallas, Beau gives Chiles a pair of star-shaped earrings and asks her to move with him to California. Chiles immediately agrees, but then asks for more time to consider the offer.

text: The two perform and Kelly comes out, this time sober and ready, and performs her entire set for the first time. Kelly performs "Country Strong", "Shake That Thing", and "Coming Home". After the concert, James and JJ immediately begin making plans for Kelly's future. That night, Kelly commits suicide by overdosing on prescription medication. She leaves a letter to Beau, echoing his earlier words that "Love and fame can't live in the same place." In the letter, she gives him the advice to choose "love". Beau takes her advice, and after Kelly's funeral, he moves to California.

text: Later on, Beau is singing in a bar in California, when Chiles walk in, wearing the earrings he gave her. They begin singing "Give in to Me" together.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Gwyneth Paltrow as Kelly Canter
Tim McGraw as James Canter
Leighton Meester as Chiles Stanton
Garrett Hedlund as Beau Hutton
Marshall Chapman as Winnie
Lari White as Hair Stylist
Jeremy Childs as J.J.
Jim Lauderdale as Kelly's Bandmate
Amanda Shires as Kelly's Bandmate
Chris Scruggs as Beau's Bandmate

text: Production[edit]

text: With a budget of $15 million, pre-production work on the project began in November 2009.[2] Shana Feste was working as a nanny for Tobey Maguire, caring for his daughter, when she wrote the screenplay of Country Strong. She showed him her "work-in-progress" at his request and he agreed to co-produce the film.[3] She had real country stars in mind when she wrote the script.[4]

text: Garrett Hedlund took guitar lessons because he could not play the guitar nor sing before the film.[5] He explained: "When I read the script and started playing guitar I knew I wanted to get there. I mean I wasn't going to have a hand double come in and be playing the chords, having to have two different set ups just because I couldn't get it down."[6] Gwyneth Paltrow also took guitar lessons.[4] Paltrow stated she had trouble understanding her character's alcohol abuse and sought advice in playing the character from Robert Downey Jr, who has suffered from addiction in the past.[7] In interviews, Feste has said that American pop singer Britney Spears inspired Paltrow's character in the film.[8]

text: Principal photography took place in Nashville, Tennessee.[2] Locations used for the film include the Ryman Auditorium, the Union Station Hotel, Belle Meade Plantation, Mount Olivet Cemetery, the Nashville Municipal Auditorium, and the Andrew Jackson Hall.[9] Filming also took place in Liberty, Tennessee.[9] The film was shot in 2010 from early January to the first week of March.[2]

text: Release[edit]

text: On December 14, 2010, the official screening took place at the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in Beverly Hills, California. It was attended by the film's stars and included Tim McGraw, Gwyneth Paltrow, Leighton Meester, Garrett Hedlund, and many other stars of Hollywood and country music.[10]

text: In the United States, the film received a wide release on January 7, 2011.[11]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Country Strong has received mixed to negative reviews. Review aggregate Rotten Tomatoes reports that 22% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 130 reviews, with an average score of 4.5/10. However, Gwyneth Paltrow was praised for her role. The critical consensus is: "The cast gives it their all, and Paltrow handles her songs with aplomb, but Country Strong's cliched, disjointed screenplay hits too many bum notes."[12] Another review aggregate, Metacritic, gave the film a 45/100, indicating mixed or average reviews.

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film opened to a wide release on January 7, 2011, taking in $7.5 million and coming in sixth place that weekend.[13] It eventually grossed just $20.6 million, beating its $15 million budget.

text: Home Media[edit]

text: The film was released on DVD/Blu-ray on April 12, 2011. The special features include the soundtrack, deleted scenes, music videos, extended performances, the original ending, as well as featurettes about the cast, the songwriters, and the costumes.

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s)
Result

Academy Awards[14]
February 27, 2011
Best Original Song
"Coming Home"
Tom Douglas, Hillary Lindsey and Troy Verges
Nominated

Golden Globe Awards[15]
January 16, 2011
Best Original Song
"Coming Home"
Nominated

Satellite Awards[16]
December 19, 2010
Best Original Song
"Country Strong"
Jennifer Hanson and Gwyneth Paltrow
Nominated

Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards 2010[17]
December 16, 2010
Best Song
"Country Strong"
Nominated

Denver Film Critics Society Awards 2010[18]
January 21, 2011
Best Original Song
"Me and Tennessee"
Nominated

Golden Reel Awards[19]
February 20, 2011
Best Sound Editing: Music in a Musical Feature Film
N/A
Won

Teen Choice Awards[20]
August 7, 2011
Actress in a Drama
Leighton Meester
Nominated

Academy of Country Music Awards[21]
2010
Tex Ritter Film Award
Country Strong
Won

text: Music[edit]

text: The film's title track was recorded by Paltrow and released as a single to country radio on August 23, 2010.[22] Country artist Sara Evans' single "A Little Bit Stronger", is featured on the film's soundtrack[23] and was released as a single in September 2010 (which also served as a single for her sixth studio album, Stronger).[22] Both singles were promoted by RCA Nashville. The soundtrack debuted at #16 on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart upon its release on October 26, 2010. Following the film's release in January 2011, the soundtrack rose to a new peak of #2 on that chart, as well as #6 on the all-genre Billboard 200 albums chart.

text: The film's score was composed by Michael Brook. "Coming Home" by Bob DiPiero, Tom Douglas, Lindsey, Troy Verges and performed by Gwyneth Paltrow was nominated for Best Original Song at the 68th Golden Globe Awards and 83rd Academy Awards, but it lost both to "You Haven't Seen The Last of Me" from Burlesque and "We Belong Together" from Toy Story 3, respectively.


document_title: Presidential $1 Coin Program

question_text: how many presidents are on the gold dollars

text: Presidential $1 Coin Program

text: Legislative history[edit]

text: S. 1047, the Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005, was introduced on May 17, 2005, by Senator John E. Sununu with over 70 co-sponsors. It was reported favorably out of the U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs without amendment on July 29, 2005. The Senate passed it with a technical amendment (S.Amdt. 2676), by unanimous consent on November 18, 2005.  The House of Representatives passed it (291-113)[1] on December 13, 2005 (a similar bill, H.R. 902, had previously passed in the House, but it was the Senate bill which was passed by both chambers).  The engrossed bill was presented to president George W. Bush on December 15, 2005, and he signed it into law on December 22, 2005.[2]

text: Program details[edit]

text: The program began on January 1, 2007, and like the 50 State Quarters program, was not scheduled to end until every eligible subject was honored.  The program was to issue coins featuring each of four presidents per year on the obverse, issuing one for three months before moving on to the next president in chronological order by term in office.  To be eligible, a President must have been deceased for at least two years prior to the time of minting.[3] The U.S. Mint called it the Presidential $1 Coin Program.[4]

text: The reverse of the coins bears the Statue of Liberty, the inscription "$1" and the inscription "United States of America". Inscribed along the edge of the coin is the year of minting or issuance of the coin, the mint mark, 13 stars, and also the legend E Pluribus Unum in the following arrangement: ★★★★★★★★★★  2009  D  ★★★  E PLURIBUS UNUM; before 2009, In God We Trust was also part of the edge lettering. The legend "Liberty" is absent from the coin altogether, since the decision was made that the image of the Statue of Liberty on the reverse of the coin was sufficient to convey the message of liberty. The text of the act does not specify the color of the coins, but per the U.S. Mint "the specifications will be identical to those used for the current Golden dollar".[5] The George Washington $1 coin was first available to the public on February 15, 2007, in honor of Presidents' Day, which was observed on February 19.

text:
This marked the first time since the St. Gaudens Double Eagle (1907–33) that the United States had issued a coin with edge lettering for circulation. Edge-lettered coins date back to the 1790s.  The process was started to discourage the shaving of gold coin edges, a practice which was used to cheat payees. In December 2007, Congress passed H.R. 2764, moving "In God We Trust" to either the obverse or reverse of the coins.[6]
This is the same bill that created a program that included quarters for Washington, D.C., Puerto Rico, Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and American Samoa.

text: The act had been introduced because of the failure of the Sacagawea $1 coin to gain widespread circulation in the United States.  The act sympathized with the need of the nation's private sector for a $1 coin, and expected that the appeal of changing the design would increase the public demand for new coins (as the public generally responded well to the State Quarter program).  The program was also intended to help educate the public about the nation's presidents and their history. In the event that the coins did not catch on with the general public, the Mint hoped that collectors would be as interested in the dollars as they were with the State Quarters, which generated about $4.6 billion in seigniorage (i.e.,  the difference between the face value of the coins and the cost to produce them) between January 1999 and April 2005, according to a report by the Congressional Budget Office.[full citation needed]

text: Unlike the State Quarter program and the Westward Journey nickel series, which suspended the issuance of the current design during those programs, the act directed the Mint to continue to issue Sacagawea dollar coins during the presidential series. The law states that at least one in three issued dollars must be a Sacagawea dollar.  Furthermore, the Sacagawea design is required to continue after the Presidential Coin program ends. These requirements were added at the behest of the North Dakota congressional delegation to ensure that Sacagawea, whom North Dakotans consider to be one of their own, ultimately remains on the dollar coin.

text: However, Federal Reserve officials indicated to Congress that "if the Presidential $1 Coin Program does not stimulate substantial transactional demand for dollar coins, the requirement that the Mint nonetheless produce Sacagawea dollars would result in costs to the taxpayer without any offsetting benefits."  In that event, the Federal Reserve indicated that it would "strongly recommend that Congress reassess the one-third requirement."[7] The one-third requirement was later changed to one-fifth by the Native American $1 Coin Act,[8] passed on September 20, 2007.

text: Previous versions of the act called for removing from circulation dollar coins issued before the Sacagawea dollar, most notably the Susan B. Anthony dollar, but the version of the act which became law merely directs the Secretary of the Treasury to study the matter and report back to Congress.  The act required federal government agencies (including the United States Postal Service), businesses operating on federal property, and federally funded transit systems to accept and dispense dollar coins by January 2008, and to post signs indicating that they do so.[9]

text: Minting errors[edit]

text: On March 8, 2007, the United States Mint announced, that on February 15, 2007, an unknown number of George Washington Presidential $1 coins were released into circulation without their edge inscriptions (the U.S. mottos, "In God we trust" and "E pluribus unum", the coin's mint mark, and its year of issuance; i.e. E PLURIBUS UNUM  •  IN GOD WE TRUST  •  2007   X (where X is either P or D)).[10] Ron Guth, of the Professional Coin Grading Service, estimated at least 50,000 coins were released without the edge inscriptions. The first such coin discovered was sold on eBay for $600, while later coins were selling for $40–$60, as of late March 2007.[11][12] Because one of the inscriptions missing from the coins is the motto "In God we trust", some articles on the subject have referred to them as "Godless dollars".[13][14] Fake "Godless dollars" have been produced with the edge lettering filed off.[15]

text: Also, John Adams Presidential dollars have been discovered with plain edges. They are fewer in quantity than George Washington plain-edge dollars, making them rarer, thus more expensive. A more frequently encountered edge lettering error for the John Adams dollar is a coin with doubled edge lettering. This error occurs when a coin passes through the edge lettering machine twice.[16] Most examples of the doubled-edge-letter John Adams dollar are from the Philadelphia Mint (Denver Mint issues are comparatively scarce). They are seen in two varieties: 1) with both edge lettering inscriptions reading in the same direction, called "overlapped", and 2) with the two inscriptions running in opposite directions—i.e., inverted or upside-down relative to one another—called "inverted".

text: In early March 2007, a Colorado couple found a dollar coin that was not stamped on either side (missing the portrait of George Washington and the Statue of Liberty), but with the edge lettering on the blank planchet.[17]

text: Some of the coins have the words on the rim struck upside down (president face up). These are not minting errors, but rather a variation created by the minting process. Such upside-down coins have been sold on auction websites like eBay[18] and Amazon[19] for greater than their face value, though they represent roughly 50% of the minted population.[20]

text: Stockpile and suspension of production[edit]

text: By 2011, 1.4 billion uncirculated $1 coins were stockpiled,[21] which, if stacked flat, could reach from Los Angeles to Chicago. By 2016, this number might have reached two billion.[22]

text: Rep. Jackie Speier of California circulated a "Dear Colleague" letter recommending that the U.S. not produce any dollar coins. She was planning to introduce legislation calling for the immediate halting of all dollar coin programs.[23]

text: The United States Government Accountability Office has stated that discontinuing the dollar bill in favor of the dollar coin would save the U.S. government about $5.5 billion over 30 years.[24]

text: On December 13, 2011, Vice President Joe Biden and Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner announced that the minting of Presidential $1 coins for circulation would be suspended.[21] Future entries in the program, beginning with those of Chester A. Arthur, would be issued in reduced quantities, only for collectors.[25]

text: The program's end[edit]

text: The act specifies that for a former president to be honored, they must have been deceased for at least two years before issue.[26][27] Hence, former presidents Jimmy Carter, George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and current President Donald Trump were ineligible to have a dollar coin issued in their honor. The series ended in 2016, after honoring Ronald Reagan, the last President who was eligible.

text: Since the program has terminated, producing coins for those presidents not yet honored would require another Act of Congress.[28]

text: Coin details[edit]

text: Dollar coins were issued bearing the likenesses of presidents, as follows:[29]

text:
Releasenumber

Presidentnumber

Presidentname

Release date

DenverMintage

PhiladelphiaMintage

Total Mintage[30]

Design

In office

1

1st

George Washington

February 15, 2007[31]

163,680,000

176,680,000

340,360,000

1789–1797

2

2nd

John Adams

May 17, 2007[31]

112,140,000

112,420,000

224,560,000

1797–1801

3

3rd

Thomas Jefferson

August 16, 2007[31]

102,810,000

100,800,000

203,610,000

1801–1809

4

4th

James Madison

November 15, 2007[31]

87,780,000

84,560,000

172,340,000

1809–1817

5

5th

James Monroe

February 14, 2008[31]

60,230,000

64,260,000

124,490,000

1817–1825

6

6th

John Quincy Adams

May 15, 2008[31]

57,720,000

57,540,000

115,260,000

1825–1829

7

7th

Andrew Jackson

August 14, 2008[31]

61,070,000

61,180,000

122,250,000

1829–1837

8

8th

Martin Van Buren

November 13, 2008[31]

50,960,000

51,520,000

102,480,000

1837–1841

9

9th

William Henry Harrison

February 19, 2009[31]

55,160,000

43,260,000

98,420,000

1841

10

10th

John Tyler

May 21, 2009[31]

43,540,000

43,540,000

87,080,000

1841–1845

11

11th

James K. Polk

August 20, 2009[31]

41,720,000

46,620,000

88,340,000

1845–1849

12

12th

Zachary Taylor

November 19, 2009[31]

36,680,000

41,580,000

78,260,000

1849–1850

13

13th

Millard Fillmore

February 18, 2010[31]

36,960,000

37,520,000

74,480,000

1850–1853

14

14th

Franklin Pierce

May 20, 2010[31]

38,360,000

38,220,000

76,580,000

1853–1857

15

15th

James Buchanan

August 19, 2010[31]

36,540,000

36,820,000

73,360,000

1857–1861

16

16th

Abraham Lincoln

November 18, 2010[31]

48,020,000

49,000,000

97,020,000

1861–1865

17

17th

Andrew Johnson

February 17, 2011[32]

37,100,000

35,560,000

72,660,000

1865–1869

18

18th

Ulysses S. Grant

May 19, 2011[32]

37,940,000

38,080,000

76,020,000

1869–1877

19

19th

Rutherford B. Hayes

August 18, 2011[32]

36,820,000

37,660,000

74,480,000

1877–1881

20

20th

James A. Garfield

November 17, 2011[32]

37,100,000

37,100,000

74,200,000

1881

21

21st

Chester A. Arthur

February 5, 2012[32]

4,060,000

6,020,000

10,080,000

1881–1885

22

22nd

Grover Cleveland

May 25, 2012[32]

4,060,000

5,460,000

9,520,000

1885–1889

23

23rd

Benjamin Harrison

August 16, 2012[32]

4,200,000

5,640,001

9,840,001

1889–1893

24

24th

Grover Cleveland

November 15, 2012[32]

3,920,000

10,680,001

14,600,001

1893–1897

25

25th

William McKinley

February 19, 2013[33]

3,365,100

4,760,000

8,125,100

1897–1901

26

26th

Theodore Roosevelt

April 11, 2013[34]

3,920,000

5,310,700

9,230,700

1901–1909

27

27th

William Howard Taft

July 9, 2013[35]

3,360,000

4,760,000

8,120,000

1909–1913

28

28th

Woodrow Wilson

October 17, 2013[36]

3,360,000

4,620,000

7,980,000

1913–1921

29

29th

Warren G. Harding

February 6, 2014 [37]

3,780,000

6,160,000

9,940,000

1921–1923

30

30th

Calvin Coolidge

April 10, 2014[38]

3,780,000

4,480,000

8,260,000

1923–1929

31

31st

Herbert Hoover

June 19, 2014[39]

3,780,000

4,480,000

8,260,000

1929–1933

32

32nd

Franklin D. Roosevelt

August 28, 2014[40]

3,920,000

4,760,000

8,680,000

1933–1945

33

33rd

Harry S. Truman

February 5, 2015[41]

3,500,000

4,900,000

8,400,000

1945–1953

34

34th

Dwight D. Eisenhower

April 13, 2015[42]

3,645,998

4,900,000

8,545,998

1953–1961

35

35th

John F. Kennedy

June 18, 2015[43]

5,180,000

6,160,000

11,340,000

1961–1963

36

36th

Lyndon B. Johnson

August 18, 2015[44]

4,200,000

7,840,000

12,040,000

1963–1969

37

37th

Richard Nixon

February 3, 2016[45]

4,340,000

5,460,000

10,000,000

1969–1974

38

38th

Gerald Ford

March 8, 2016[46]

5,040,000

5,460,000

10,500,000

1974–1977

39

40th

Ronald Reagan

July 5, 2016[47]

5,880,000

7,140,000

13,020,000

1981–1989

text: First Spouse program[edit]

text: The United States has honored the spouses of each of the Presidents honored by the Presidential $1 Coin Act by issuing half-ounce $10 gold coins featuring their images, in the order they served as First Spouse, beginning in 2007.  To date, all first spouses have been women (often called First Ladies), but the law uses the term "First Spouse".

text: The obverse of these coins feature portraits of the nation's First Spouses, their names, the dates and order of their terms as first spouse, as well as the year of minting or issuance, and the words "In God We Trust" and "Liberty."  The United States Mint issued the First  Spouse gold coins on the same schedule as the Presidential $1 coins issued honoring the Presidents.  Each coin has a unique reverse design featuring an image emblematic of that spouse's life and work, as well as the words "The United States of America", "E Pluribus Unum", "$10", "1/2 oz.", and ".9999 Fine Gold".

text: When a President served without a First Spouse, as Thomas Jefferson did, a gold coin was issued bearing an obverse image emblematic of Liberty as depicted on a circulating coin of that era, and bearing a reverse image emblematic of themes of that President.  One exception is the coin depicting suffragist Alice Paul which represents the era of the Chester A. Arthur presidency, as Arthur was a widower.

text: The act, as written, explicitly states that the First Spouse coins are to be released at the same time as their respective $1 Presidential coins.[48] Because the act links a First Spouse's eligibility for a coin to that of the Presidential spouse, it means that a living First Spouse may appear on a coin. However, with the death of Nancy Reagan on March 6, 2016, there were no living eligible First Ladies.

text:
The United States Mint launched these coins officially at 12 pm EDT on June 19, 2007.
They provided two versions of the coin: a proof version for $429.95 and an uncirculated version for $410.95.

text: The United States Mint also produces and makes available to the public bronze medal duplicates of the First Spouse gold coins which are not legal tender.[49] In February 2009 Coin World reported that some 2007 Abigail Adams medals were struck using the reverse from the 2008 Louisa Adams medal.[50] These pieces, called mules, were contained within the 2007 First Spouse medal set.[50]

text: A full listing of the coins is:

text:
Release#

Spouse#

Name

Reverse design

Release date

Proof Issue Price

Mintagefigures[51]

Front/obverseDesign

ReverseDesign

Dates served

1

1

Martha Washington

Mrs. Washington sewing, with slogan "First Lady of the Continental Army"

June 19, 2007[52]

$429.95

19,167

1789–1797

2

2

Abigail Adams

Mrs. Adams writing her famous "Remember the Ladies" letter

June 19, 2007[52]

$429.95

17,149

1797–1801

3

3

Thomas Jefferson's Liberty

Jefferson's grave at Monticello

August 30, 2007[53]

$429.95

19,815

1801–1809

4

4

Dolley Madison

Mrs. Madison posing before the Lansdowne portrait of Washington, which she saved during the Burning of Washington

November 19, 2007[54]

$529.95

17,943

1809–1817

5

5

Elizabeth Monroe

Mrs. Monroe at the reopening of the White House in 1818

February 28, 2008[55]

$619.95*

7,800

1817–1825

6

6

Louisa Adams

Mrs. Adams and her son Charles making the dangerous journey from St Petersburg to Paris in 1812

May 29, 2008[56]

$619.95*

6,581

1825–1829

7

7

Andrew Jackson's Liberty

Jackson on horseback with his nickname "Old Hickory"

August 28, 2008[57]

$619.95*

7,684

1829–1837

8

8

Martin Van Buren's Liberty

Van Buren reading in the grass in his home village of Kinderhook

November 25, 2008[58]

$549.95

6,807

1837–1841

9

9

Anna Harrison

Mrs. Harrison reading to her children

March 5, 2009[59]

$629.00

6,251

1841

10

10

Letitia Tyler

Mrs. Tyler with children on Cedar Grove Plantation

July 2, 2009[60]

N/A

5,296

1841–1842

10A

10A

Julia Tyler

Mr. and Mrs. Tyler dancing

August 6, 2009[61]

N/A

4,844

1844–1845

11

11

Sarah Polk

Mr. and Mrs. Polk working together at a desk in the White House

September 3, 2009[62]

N/A

5,151

1845–1849

12

12

Margaret Taylor

A young Mrs. Taylor tending to a wounded soldier during the First Seminole War.

December 3, 2009[63]

N/A

4,936

1849–1850

13

13

Abigail Fillmore

Mrs. Fillmore shelving books in the White House Library, which she established.

March 18, 2010[64]

N/A

6,130

1850–1853

14

14

Jane Pierce

Mrs. Pierce in the visitors' gallery of the Old Senate Chamber, listening to a debate.

June 3, 2010[65]

N/A

4,775

1853–1857

15

15

James Buchanan's Liberty

Buchanan working as a bookkeeper in the family store

September 2, 2010[66]

N/A

7,110

1857–1861

16

16

Mary Todd Lincoln

Mrs. Lincoln giving flowers and a book to Union soldiers during the Civil War

December 2, 2010[67]

N/A

6,861

1861–1865

17

17

Eliza Johnson

Three children dancing and a Marine Band violinist at the children's ball that was held for President Johnson's 60th birthday.

May 5, 2011[68]

N/A

3,887

1865–1869

18

18

Julia Grant

Grant and a young Julia Dent horseriding at White Haven, her family home.

June 23, 2011[69]

N/A

3,943

1869–1877

19

19

Lucy Hayes

Mrs. Hayes hosting the first Easter Egg Roll at the White House, 1877

September 1, 2011[70]

N/A

3,868

1877–1881

20

20

Lucretia Garfield

Mrs. Garfield painting on a canvas with brush and palette.

December 1, 2011[71]

N/A

3,653

1881

21

21

Alice Paul [72]

Alice Paul marching for women's suffrage

October 12, 2012[73]

N/A

3,505

N/A †

22

22

Frances Cleveland

Mrs. Cleveland hosting a working women's reception.

November 15, 2012[74]

N/A

3,158

1886–1889

23

23

Caroline Harrison

orchid and paint brushes

December 6, 2012[75]

N/A

3,046

1889–1892

24

24

Frances Cleveland

Mrs. Cleveland delivering a speech

December 20, 2012[76]

N/A

3,104

1893–1897

25

25

Ida McKinley

Mrs. McKinley's hands crocheting slippers; she made thousands which were sold for charity.

November 14, 2013[77]

N/A

1,769

1897–1901

26

26

Edith Roosevelt

Image of the White House with compass and "The White House Restored 1902"

November 21, 2013[78]

N/A

2,851

1901–1909

27

27

Helen Taft

Cherry blossom of Prunus serrulata, brought to Washington, DC by Mrs. Taft

December 2, 2013[79]

$770.00

2,579

1909–1913

28

28

Ellen Wilson

Commemoration of Mrs. Wilson's creation of the White House Rose Garden

December 9, 2013[80]

$770.00

2,551

1913–1914

28A

28A

Edith Wilson

Image commemorating Mrs. Wilson's support for her husband after his stroke; the President holds onto a cane with Edith's hand resting warmly on top

December 16, 2013[81]

$770.00

2,452

1915–1921

29

29

Florence Harding

Items relating to Mrs. Harding's life: ballots and ballot box, camera, torch, and initials referencing World War I veterans

July 10, 2014[82]

$770.00

2,288

1921–1923

30

30

Grace Coolidge

U.S.A. spelled out in American Sign Language in front of the White House; Mrs. Coolidge promoted Deaf education

July 17, 2014[83]

$770.00

2,196

1923–1929

31

31

Lou Hoover

Radio commemorating Mrs. Hoover's radio address of 19 April 1929, the first by a First Lady

August 14, 2014[84]

$770.00

2,025

1929–1933

32

32

Eleanor Roosevelt

A hand lighting a candle, symbolizing her life's work and the global impact of her humanitarian initiatives.

September 4, 2014[85]

$770.00

2,389

1933–1945

33

33

Bess Truman

A wheel on railroad tracks, symbolizing Mrs. Truman's support for her husband on his 1948 whistle stop tour

April 16, 2015[86]

$770.00

N/A

1945–1953

34

34

Mamie Eisenhower

Hand holding an I Like Mamie badge

May 7, 2015[87]

$770.00

N/A

1953–1961

35

35

Jacqueline Kennedy

Saucer magnolia flower (planted by Mrs. Kennedy beside the John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame) overlaid on an image of the world.

June 25, 2015[88]

$770.00

N/A

1961–1963

36

36

Lady Bird Johnson

Jefferson Memorial, Washington Monument and flowers in reference to Mrs. Johnson's efforts in the beautification and conservation of America

August 27, 2015[89]

N/A

N/A

1963–1969

37

37

Pat Nixon

People standing hand-in-hand surrounding a globe, symbolizing Mrs. Nixon's commitment to volunteerism.

February 18, 2016[90]

N/A

N/A

1969–1974

38

38

Elizabeth Ford

Young woman ascending a staircase, representing Mrs. Ford's openness and advocacy regarding addiction, breast cancer and women's rights.

March 25, 2016[91]

N/A

N/A

1974–1977

39

40

Nancy Reagan

Mrs. Reagan with two children wearing "Just Say No" T-shirts

July 1, 2016[92]

N/A

N/A

1981–1989

text: * Due to volatility in the gold market, the U.S. Mint lowered the price to $549.95 on November 12, 2008 to more accurately reflect the current spot price of gold. This however constantly changed as the price of gold changed. The mint used pricing range tables to adjust pricing of gold coin: 2016 Pricing Grid

text: † Chester A. Arthur's wife Ellen died before he succeeded to the presidency.  Since there was no First Lady during his presidency, the act explicitly states that Alice Paul, who was born during his term, would appear on this coin.[72]  Since Paul was never First Lady, the coin does not have a served date.

text: Other provisions[edit]

text: The act also has two other provisions, for the following:

text:
Issuance of a $50 bullion coin reproducing the 1913 buffalo nickel designed by James Earle Fraser. See American Buffalo (coin)
Redesign of the reverse of the Lincoln cent in 2009 to show four different scenes from Abraham Lincoln's life in honor of the bicentennial of his birth. These four scenes include:
his birth and early childhood in Kentucky
his formative years in Indiana
his professional life in Illinois
his presidency in Washington, D.C.

text: In 2009, numismatic cents that have the metallic copper content of cents minted in 1909 were issued for collectors.

text: Since 2010, another redesigned reverse for the Lincoln cent is being minted; this "shall bear an image emblematic of President Lincoln's preservation of the United States of America as a single and united country", and replaced the Lincoln Memorial reverse in use from 1959 to 2008.