document_title: List of capitals in the United States

question_text: what are the only 2 states that have their state name in their capital

root

text: List of capitals in the United States

text: State capitals[edit]

text: The dates listed in the following table indicate the year in which the city started to continuously serve as the state's sole capital. Most states have changed their capital city at least once—see Historical state, colonial, and territorial capitals for details. In the case of the thirteen original states, "statehood" in the table refers to date of ratification of the U.S. Constitution.

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text:
State capitals of the United States

State
Abr.
State-hood
Capital
Capital since
Area (mi²)
Population (2010)
Notes

Municipal (Within city proper boundaries)
Metropolitan (Both within the capital city proper and the surrounding area of the city proper)
Rank in state
Rank in US

Alabama
AL
1819
Montgomery
1846
155.4
205,764
374,536
2
115
Birmingham is the state's largest city.

Alaska
AK
1959
Juneau
1906
2716.7
31,275

3

Largest capital by municipal land area. Anchorage is the state's largest city.

Arizona
AZ
1912
Phoenix
1889
474.9
1,445,632
4,192,887
1
5
Most populous U.S. state capital and the only capital with more than 1 million citizens.

Arkansas
AR
1836
Little Rock
1821
116.2
193,524
877,091
1
117

California
CA
1850
Sacramento
1854
97.2
466,488
2,527,123
6
35
Supreme Court of California is headquartered in San Francisco. The state's largest city is Los Angeles.

Colorado
CO
1876
Denver
1867
153.4
600,158
2,552,195
1
19
Denver was called Denver City until 1882.

Connecticut
CT
1788
Hartford
1875
17.3
124,775
1,212,381
3
221
Bridgeport is the state's largest city, Hartford, however, is the state's largest Metro area

Delaware
DE
1787
Dover
1777
22.4
36,047
162,310
2

Longest-serving capital in terms of statehood. Wilmington is the state's largest city.

Florida
FL
1845
Tallahassee
1824
95.7
181,412
367,413
7
126
Jacksonville is the largest city. Miami is the largest metropolitan area.

Georgia
GA
1788
Atlanta
1868
131.7
420,003
5,789,700
1
38
State capital with the most populous metro area in the U.S.

Hawaii
HI
1959
Honolulu
1845
85.7
337,256
953,207
1
55

Idaho
ID
1890
Boise
1865
63.8
205,671
616,561
1
99

Illinois
IL
1818
Springfield
1837
54.0
116,250
208,182
6
241
Chicago is the state's largest city.

Indiana
IN
1816
Indianapolis
1825
361.5
829,718
1,756,221
1
15

Iowa
IA
1846
Des Moines
1857
75.8
203,433
580,255
1
102

Kansas
KS
1861
Topeka
1856
56.0
127,473
230,824
4
217
Wichita is the state's largest city.

Kentucky
KY
1792
Frankfort
1792
14.7
25,527
70,758
14

Louisville is the state's largest city.

Louisiana
LA
1812
Baton Rouge
1880
76.8
229,553
802,484
2
97
New Orleans is the state's largest city and home to the Louisiana Supreme Court, although Baton Rouge is located in the state's most populous parish. It is also home to the tallest state capitol building.

Maine
ME
1820
Augusta
1832
55.4
19,136
117,114
8

Portland is the state's largest city.

Maryland
MD
1788
Annapolis
1694
6.73
38,394

7

Smallest capital by land area. Baltimore is the state's largest city and county. Capitol building is the oldest in the U.S. still in use.

Massachusetts
MA
1788
Boston
1630
48.4
617,594
4,522,858
1
22
Longest continuously serving capital in the U.S.

Michigan
MI
1837
Lansing
1847
35.0
114,297
464,036
5
239
Only state capital that is not also its county seat (not counting the two state capitals that are independent cities and not located in any county). Detroit is the state's largest city.

Minnesota
MN
1858
Saint Paul
1849
52.8
300,851
3,502,891
2
64
Capital's twin city, Minneapolis, is the state's largest. The two form the core of the state's Largest Metro Area.

Mississippi
MS
1817
Jackson
1821
104.9
173,514
539,057
1
149
Only state capital that shares its status as county seat with another city (Raymond, Mississippi).

Missouri
MO
1821
Jefferson City
1826
27.3
43,079
149,807
15

Kansas City is the state's largest city, and Greater St. Louis is the state's largest metropolitan area.

Montana
MT
1889
Helena
1875
14.0
28,190
74,801
6

Billings is the state's largest city.

Nebraska
NE
1867
Lincoln
1867
74.6
258,379
302,157
2
71
Omaha is the state's largest city. It shares the largest metro area with Council Bluffs, Iowa.

Nevada
NV
1864
Carson City
1861
143.4
55,274

6

One of two independent cities that serves as a state capital. Las Vegas is the state's largest city. It shares the largest metro area with Paradise.

New Hampshire
NH
1788
Concord
1808
64.3
42,695

3

Manchester is the state's largest city.

New Jersey
NJ
1787
Trenton
1784
7.66
84,913
366,513
10

Served as the U.S. capital for a short period in the late 18th century. Newark is the state's largest city, although Trenton is the center of the largest Metropolitan Statistical Area centered in New Jersey.

New Mexico
NM
1912
Santa Fe
1610
37.3
75,764
183,732
4

Longest serving capital in the United States. Highest elevation of any state capital. Albuquerque is the state's largest city.

New York
NY
1788
Albany
1797
21.4
97,856
857,592
6

New York City is the state's largest city.

North Carolina
NC
1789
Raleigh
1792
114.6
403,892
1,130,490
2
41
Charlotte is the state's largest city.

North Dakota
ND
1889
Bismarck
1883
26.9
61,272
108,779
2

Fargo is the state's largest city.

Ohio
OH
1803
Columbus
1816
210.3
822,553
1,967,066
1
14
Third-largest state capital; however, the Cincinnati and Cleveland metropolitan areas are both slightly larger.

Oklahoma
OK
1907
Oklahoma City
1910
607.0
580,000
1,252,987
1
27
Shortest serving current state capital.

Oregon
OR
1859
Salem
1855
45.7
154,637
390,738
3
151
Portland is the state's largest city.

Pennsylvania
PA
1787
Harrisburg
1812
8.11
49,528
647,390
9

Philadelphia is the state's largest city.

Rhode Island
RI
1790
Providence
1900
18.5
178,042
1,630,956
1
137
Also served as the state's capital from 1636–1686 and 1689–1776. It was one of five co-capitals 1776–1853, and one of two co-capitals 1853–1900.

South Carolina
SC
1788
Columbia
1786
125.2
131,686
913,797
2
199
Charleston is the state's largest city, while Greenville is the Largest Metro area.

South Dakota
SD
1889
Pierre
1889
13.0
13,646

8

Sioux Falls is the state's largest city.

Tennessee
TN
1796
Nashville
1826
473.3
635,710
1,582,264
1
24

Texas
TX
1845
Austin
1839
251.5
790,390
1,716,291
4
11
Houston is the state's largest city and the previous capital, and Dallas–Fort Worth is the largest metro area. Austin is the largest state capital that is not also the state's largest city by population.

Utah
UT
1896
Salt Lake City
1858
109.1
186,440
1,124,197
1
123

Vermont
VT
1791
Montpelier
1805
10.2
7,855

6

Least populous U.S. state capital. Burlington is the state's most populous city and has the lowest population of those cities that are the most populous in their state.

Virginia
VA
1788
Richmond
1780
60.1
204,214
1,231,675
4
98
Virginia Beach and Norfolk are the state's largest cities, and Hampton Roads is the state's largest metro area based in the state. Richmond is one of two independent cities that serves as a state capital. Although Richmond is the county seat of Henrico County, it is not part of the county.

Washington
WA
1889
Olympia
1853
16.7
46,478
234,670
24

Seattle is the state's largest city.

West Virginia
WV
1863
Charleston
1885
31.6
51,400
304,214
1

Charleston is the smallest capital city that is still the most populous city in its state. Huntington has the largest metropolitan area.

Wisconsin
WI
1848
Madison
1838
68.7
233,209
561,505
2
82
Milwaukee is the state's largest city.

Wyoming
WY
1890
Cheyenne
1869
21.1
59,466
91,738
1

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text: Insular area capitals[edit]

text: An insular area is a United States territory that is neither a part of one of the fifty states nor a part of the District of Columbia, the nation's federal district. Those insular areas with territorial capitals are listed below.

text:
Capitals of United States Insular Areas

Insular area
Abr.
Date
Capital
Population
Date
Notes

American Samoa
AS
1899
Pago Pago
3,656
2010
Pago Pago refers to both a village and a group of villages, one of the group is Fagatogo the official seat of government stated in the territory's constitution since 1967.

Guam
GU
1898
Hagåtña
1,051
2010
Dededo is the area's largest village.

Northern Mariana Islands
MP
1947
Saipan
1,028
2010

Puerto Rico
PR
1898
San Juan
395,326
2010
The city of San Juan was originally called Puerto Rico while the island was called San Juan Bautista.

U.S. Virgin Islands
VI
1917
Charlotte Amalie
18,481
2010

text: Former national capitals[edit]

text: From 1774 to 1800, Congress met in numerous locations; therefore, the following cities can be said to have once been the United States capital:[1]

text: Carpenters' Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: September 5, 1774 to October 24, 1774

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text:
Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: May 10, 1775 to December 12, 1776
Henry Fite House, Baltimore, Maryland: December 20, 1776 to February 27, 1777
Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: March 4, 1777 to September 18, 1777
Court House, Lancaster, Pennsylvania: September 27, 1777 (one day)
Court House, York, Pennsylvania: September 30, 1777 to June 2, 1778
College Hall, College of Philadelphia: July 2, 1778 to July 20, 1778[2]
Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: July 23, 1778 to March 1, 1781

text:
Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: March 1, 1781 to June 21, 1783[b]
Nassau Hall, Princeton, New Jersey: June 30, 1783 to November 4, 1783
Maryland State House, Annapolis, Maryland: November 26, 1783 to August 19, 1784
French Arms Tavern, Trenton, New Jersey: November 1, 1784 to December 24, 1784
City Hall (Federal Hall), New York City, New York: January 11, 1785 to October 2, 1788[3]
Fraunces Tavern, New York City, New York: October 6, 1788 to March 3, 1789[4]

text:
Federal Hall, New York City, New York: March 4, 1789 to December 5, 1790
Congress Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: December 6, 1790 to May 14, 1800
United States Capitol, Washington, Maryland: November 17, 1800 to February 27, 1801[e]
United States Capitol, Washington, D.C.: February 27, 1801 to December 8, 1815[c]
Old Brick Capitol, Washington, D.C.: December 8, 1815 to 1819
United States Capitol, Washington, D.C.: 1819 to present

text: Kingdom and Republic of Hawaii[edit]

text: Prior to becoming a territory of the United States in 1898, Hawaii was an independent country. Five sites served as its capital:

text:
Waikīkī. Served as the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii, 1795–1796
Hilo. Served as the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii, 1796–1803
Kailua-Kona. Served as the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii, 1812–1820
Lahaina. Served as the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii, 1820–1845.
Honolulu

Served as the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii, 1803–1812.
Served as the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii, 1845–January 17, 1893.
Served as the seat of the Provisional Government of Hawaii after the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii, January 17, 1893 – July 4, 1894.
Served as the capital of the Republic of Hawaii when it was established on July 4, 1894 until the Republic was annexed by the United States on July 7, 1898 under the Newlands Resolution to become the Territory of Hawaii. On becoming a state in 1959, Honolulu became the capital of the State of Hawaii.

text: Republic of Texas[edit]

text: Before joining the United States under the Texas Annexation in 1845, Texas was an independent nation known as the Republic of Texas. Seven cities served as its capital:

text:
Washington (now Washington-on-the-Brazos), 1836
Harrisburg (now part of Houston), 1836
Galveston, 1836
Velasco, 1836
West Columbia, 1836
Houston, 1837–1839
Austin, 1839–1845 (also present-day capital of the State of Texas)

text: Native American capitals[edit]

text: Some Native American tribes, in particular the Five Civilized Tribes, organized their states with constitutions and capitals in Western style. Others, like the Iroquois, had long-standing, pre-Columbian traditions of a 'capitol' longhouse where wampum and council fires were maintained with special status. Since they did business with the U.S. Federal Government, these capitals can be seen as officially recognized in some sense.

text: Cherokee Nation[edit]

text: New Echota 1825-1832

text: New Echota, now near Calhoun, Georgia was founded in 1825, realizing the dream and plans of Cherokee Chief Major Ridge. Major Ridge chose the site because of its centrality in the historic Cherokee Nation which spanned parts of Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Alabama, and because it was near the confluence of the Conasauga and Coosawattee rivers. The town's layout was partly inspired by Ridge's many visits to Washington D.C. and to Baltimore, but also invoked traditional themes of the Southeastern ceremonial complex. Complete with the Council House, Supreme Court, Cherokee syllabary printing press, and the houses of several of the Nation's constitutional officers, New Echota served as the capital until 1832 when the state of Georgia outlawed Native American assembly in an attempt to undermine the Nation. Thousands of Cherokee would gather in New Echota for the annual National Councils, camping along the nearby rivers and holding long stomp dances in the park-like woods that were typical of many Southeastern Native American settlements.[5]

text: Red Clay 1832-1838

text: The Cherokee National council grounds were moved to Red Clay, Tennessee on the Georgia state line in order to evade the Georgia state militia. The log cabins, limestone springs and park-like woods of Red Clay served as the capital until the Cherokee Nation was removed to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) on the Trail of Tears.[5]

text: Tahlequah 1839-1907, 1938–present

text: Tahlequah, in present-day Oklahoma, served as the capital of the original Cherokee Nation after Removal. After the Civil War, a turbulent period for the Nation which was involved in its own civil war resulting from pervasive anger and disagreements over removal from Georgia, the Cherokee Nation built a new National Capitol in Tahlequah out of brick. The building served as the capitol until 1907, when the Dawes Act finally dissolved the Cherokee Nation and Tahlequah became the county seat of Cherokee County, Oklahoma. The Cherokee National government was re-established in 1938 and Tahlequah remains the capital of the modern Cherokee Nation; it is also the capital of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians.

text: Cherokee 20th century-present (Eastern Band of Cherokee)

text: Approximately four to eight hundred Cherokees escaped removal because they lived on a separated tract, purchased later with the help of Confederate Colonel William Holland Thomas, along the Oconaluftee river deep in the Smoky Mountains of North Carolina. Some Cherokees fleeing the Federal Army sent for the "round up," fled to the remote settlements separated from the rest of the Cherokee Territory in Georgia and North Carolina in order to remain in their homeland.[6] In the 20th century, their descendants organized as the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians; its capital is at Cherokee, North Carolina, in the tribally-controlled Qualla Boundary.

text: Muscogee Creek Nation[edit]

text: Hot Springs, Arkansas c. 1837-1866

text: After Removal from their Alabama-Georgia homeland, the Creek national government met near Hot Springs which was then part of their new territory as prescribed in the Treaty of Cusseta. However, the Union forced the Creeks to cede over three million acres (half of their land) of what is now Arkansas, after some Creeks fought with the Confederacy in the American Civil War.[7]

text: Okmulgee 1867-1906

text: Served as the National capital after the American Civil War. It was probably named after Ocmulgee, on the Ocmulgee river in Macon, a principle Coosa and later Creek town built with mounds and functioning as part of the Southeastern ceremonial complex. However, there were other traditional Creek "mother-towns" before removal. The Ocmulgee mounds were ceded illegally in 1821 with the Treaty of Indian Springs.

text: Iroquois Confederacy[edit]

text: Onondaga (Onondaga privilege c. 1450–present)

text: The Iroquois Confederacy or Haudenosaunee, which means "People of the Longhouse," was an alliance between the Five and later Six-Nations of Iroquoian language and culture of upstate New York.[8] These include the Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk, and, after 1722, the Tuscarora Nations. Since the Confederacy's formation around 1450, the Onondaga Nation has held privilege of hosting the Iroquois Grand Council and the status of Keepers of the Fire and the Wampum —which they still do at the official Longhouse on the Onondaga Reservation.[9] Now spread over reservations in New York and Ontario, the Six Nations of the Haudenosaunee preserve this arrangement to this day in what they claim to be the "world's oldest representative democracy."[10]

text: Seneca Nation of Indians[edit]

text:
Jimerson Town (Allegany Reservation)
Irving (Cattaraugus Reservation)

text: The Seneca Nation republic was founded in 1848 and has two capitals that rotate responsibilities every two years. Jimerson Town was founded in the 1960s following the formation of the Allegheny Reservoir. The Senecas also have an administrative longhouse in Steamburg but do not consider that location to be a capital.

text: Navajo Nation[edit]

text: Window Rock

text: Window Rock (Navajo: Tségháhoodzání), Arizona, is a small city that serves as the seat of government and capital of the Navajo Nation (1936–present), the largest territory of a sovereign Native American nation in North America. It lies within the boundaries of the St. Michaels Chapter, adjacent to the Arizona and New Mexico state line. Window Rock hosts the Navajo Nation governmental campus which contains the Navajo Nation Council, Navajo Nation Supreme Court, the offices of the Navajo Nation President and Vice President, and many Navajo government buildings.

text: Unrecognized national capitals[edit]

text: There have been a handful of nations within the current borders of the United States which were never officially recognized as legally independent sovereign entities; however, these nations did have de facto control over their respective regions during their existence.

text: Vermont Republic[edit]

text: Before joining the United States as the fourteenth state, Vermont was an independent republic known as the Vermont Republic. Two cities served as the capital of the Republic:

text:
Westminster, 1777
Windsor, 1777–1791

text: The current capital of the State of Vermont is Montpelier.

text: State of Franklin[edit]

text: The State of Franklin was an autonomous, secessionist United States territory created, not long after the end of the American Revolution, from territory that later was ceded by North Carolina to the federal government. Franklin's territory later became part of the state of Tennessee. Franklin was never officially admitted into the Union of the United States and existed for only four years.

text:
Jonesborough, Tennessee, 1784–?
Greeneville, Tennessee, 1785?–?

text: State of Muskogee[edit]

text: The State of Muskogee was a short-lived Native American state in Florida. It consisted of several tribes of Creeks and Seminoles. It existed from 1799 to 1803. It had one capital:

text: Miccosukee,[11] 1799–1803

text: Republic of West Florida[edit]

text: The Republic of West Florida was a short-lived republic involving the area known today as Louisiana's Florida Parishes — at the time the westernmost portion of Spanish West Florida. The area was soon seized by the United States under President James Madison and incorporated into the Territory of Orleans.

text: St. Francisville, Louisiana, 1810

text: Republic of Indian Stream[edit]

text: The Republic of Indian Stream was an unrecognized independent nation within the present state of New Hampshire.

text: Pittsburg, New Hampshire, 1832–1835

text: California Republic[edit]

text: Before being annexed by the United States in 1848 (following the Mexican–American War), a small portion of north-central California declared itself the California Republic, in an act of independence from Mexico, in 1846 (see Bear Flag Revolt). The republic only existed a month before it disbanded itself, to join the advancing American army and therefore became part of the United States.

text: The very short-lived California Republic was never recognized by the United States, Mexico or any other nation. There was one de facto capital of the California Republic:

text: Sonoma, 1846

text: Confederate States[edit]

text: The Confederate States of America (C.S.A.) had two capitals during its existence. The first capital was established February 4, 1861, in Montgomery, Alabama, and remained there until it was moved to Richmond, Virginia, on May 29, 1861.

text: The individual state capitals remained the same in the Confederacy as they had been in the Union (U.S.A.), although as the advancing Union Army used those cities for military districts, some of the Confederate governments were relocated or moved out of state, traveling along with secessionist armies.

text:
Montgomery, February 4, 1861 – May 29, 1861
Richmond, May 29, 1861 – April 3, 1865

text: Historical state, colonial, and territorial capitals[edit]

text: Most of the original Thirteen Colonies had their capitals occupied or attacked by the British during the American Revolutionary War. State governments operated where and as they could. The City of New York was occupied by British troops from 1776 to 1783. A similar situation occurred during the War of 1812, during the American Civil War in many Confederate states, and during the Pueblo Revolt of 1680–1692 in New Mexico.

text: Twenty-two state capitals have been a capital longer than their state has been a state, since they served as the capital of a predecessor territory, colony, or republic. Boston, Massachusetts, has been a capital city since 1630; it is the oldest continuously-running capital in the United States. Santa Fe, New Mexico, is the oldest capital city, having become capital in 1610 and interrupted only by the aforementioned Pueblo Revolt. An even older Spanish city, St. Augustine, Florida, served as a colonial capital from 1565 until about 1820, more than 250 years.

text: The table below includes the following information:

text:
The state, the year in which statehood was granted, and the state's capital are shown in bold type. NOTE: For the first thirteen states, formerly the Thirteen Colonies of Great Britain on the Atlantic seaboard, the year of statehood is shown as 1776 (United States Declaration of Independence) rather than the subsequent year each state ratified the 1787 United States Constitution. (See List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union.)
The year listed for each capital is the starting date; the ending date is the starting date for the successor unless otherwise indicated.
In many cases, capital cities of historical jurisdictions were outside of a state's present borders. (Those cities are generally indicated with the two-letter abbreviation for the U.S. state in which the former administrative capital is now located.)

tag: ol

text:
Historical capitals in the United States of America

State
Capital
Date
Notes

Alabama[12]
Statehood in 1819
San Agustín
1565
Capital of the Spanish colony of La Florida.[13]

Savannah
1733
Capital of the British proprietary Colony of Georgia.

1755
Capital of the British Province of Georgia.

1776
Capitals of the State of Georgia.

Augusta (GA)
1778

Heard's Fort (GA)
1780

Augusta (GA)
1781

Savannah (GA)
1782

Ebenezer (GA)
1782

Savannah (GA)
1784

Augusta (GA)
1786

Louisville (GA)
1796

Natchez (MS)
1798
Capitals of the Mississippi Territory.

Washington (MS)
1802

St. Stephens
1817
Capital of the Alabama Territory.

Huntsville
1819
Capitals of the State of Alabama.

Cahawba
1820

Tuscaloosa
1826

Montgomery
1846
Capital of the State of Alabama.
(Capital of the Confederate States of America in 1861.)

Alaska[14]
Statehood in 1959
Novo-Arkhangelsk
Sitka
1808
Capital of the Russian colony of Alaska.

1867
Capital of the Department of Alaska.

1900
Capitals of the District of Alaska.

Juneau
1906

1912
Capital of the Territory of Alaska.

1959
Capital of the State of Alaska.

Arizona[15]
Statehood in 1912
Santa Fe (NM)
1848
Capital of the U.S. provisional government of New Mexico 1848–1850.

1850
Capital of the U.S. Territory of New Mexico 1850–1912.

Mesilla (NM)
1862
Capital of the Confederate Territory of Arizona (southern New Mexico and Arizona 1862).

San Antonio (TX)
1862
Capital of the government-in-exile of the Confederate Territory of Arizona 1862–1865.

Fort Whipple
1864
Capitals of the U.S. Territory of Arizona.

Prescott
1864

Tucson
1867

Prescott
1877

Phoenix
1889

1912
Capital of the State of Arizona.

Arkansas[16]
Statehood in 1836
Saint-Louis
San Luis
St. Louis
1765
Capital of the Spanish (though predominantly Francophone) district of Alta Louisiana.

1800
Capital of the French district of La Haute-Louisiane.

1804
Capital of the District of Louisiana (under the authority of the Indiana Territory.)

1805
Capital of the Louisiana Territory.

1812
Capital of the Missouri Territory.

Arkansas Post
1819
Capitals of the Arkansaw Territory.[17]

Little Rock
1821

1836
Capital of the State of Arkansas.[17]
(Washington was the Confederate state capital 1863–1865.)

California[18]
Statehood in 1850
Loreto (BCS)
1770
Capitals of the Spanish Virreinato de la Nueva España colonies of las Californias.

Presidio Reál de San Carlos de Monterey

Monterey

1777

1804
Capital of the Spanish Virreinato de la Nueva España province of Alta California.

1821
Capital of the Mexican province of Alta California.

1846
Capital of the U.S. military government of California.

1849
Capital of the Provisional Government of California.

Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe
1850
Capitals of the State of California

Vallejo
1852

Benicia
1853

Sacramento[d]
1854

Colorado[19]
Statehood in 1876
Denver City[20]
1859
Capitals of the extralegal Territory of Jefferson.

Golden City
1860

Denver City
1861
Capitals of the Territory of Colorado.

Colorado City
1862

Golden City
1862

Denver City
Denver[21]
1867

1876
Capital of the State of Colorado.

Connecticut
Statehood in 1776
Fort Amsterdam (NY)
1625
Capital of the Netherlands colony of New Netherland.

Hartford
1639
Capital of the English Colony of Connecticut 1639–1686.

New-Haven
1640
Capital of the English Colony of New-Haven until its merger into the Connecticut Colony in 1662.

Boston (MA)
1686
Capital of the English Dominion of New-England in America.

Hartford
1689
Capital of the English Colony of Connecticut.

joint capitals
1701
Hartford and New-Haven served as the "co-capitals" of the English Colony of Connecticut, with the Assembly holding its May session in Hartford and its October session in New-Haven.

1707
Hartford and New-Haven joint capitals of the British Colony of Connecticut.

1776
Hartford and New Haven joint capitals of the State of Connecticut.

Hartford
1875
Capital of the State of Connecticut.

Delaware
Statehood in 1776
Fort Kristina
1638
Capital of the Swedish colony of Nya Sverige.

Fort Amsterdam
Nieuw-Amsterdam
New-York
Nieuw-Oranje
New-York (NY)
1655
Capital of the Dutch province of New Netherland.

1664
Capital of the English Colony of New-York.

1673
Capital of the Dutch military government of New Netherland.

1674
Capital of the English Colony of New-York.

Philadelphia (PA)
1682
Capital of the English Colony of Pennsylvania.

New Castle
1704
Capital of the English Lower Counties on the Delaware.

1707
Capital of the British Lower Counties on the Delaware.

1776
Capitals of the State of Delaware.

Dover
1777

Florida[22]
Statehood in 1845
Fort de la Caroline
1564
Capital of the French colony of La Caroline 1564–1565.

San Agustín
St. Augustine
1565
Capital of the Spanish colony of La Florida 1565–1763.[13]

1763
Capital of the British province of East Florida 1763–1783.

1783
Capital of the Spanish province of Florida Oriental 1783–1821.

Santa María de Ochuse
Pensacola
1763
Capital of the British province of British West Florida 1763–1783.

1783
Capital of the Spanish province of Florida Occidental 1783–1821.

Tallahassee
1824
Capital of the Florida Territory.

1845
Capital of the State of Florida.

Georgia[23]
Statehood in 1776
San Agustín
1565
Capital of the Spanish colony of La Florida.[13]

Savannah
1733
Capital of the British proprietary Colony of Georgia.

1755
Capital of the British Province of Georgia.

1776
Capitals of the State of Georgia.

Augusta
1778

Heard's Fort
1780

Augusta
1781

Savannah
1782

Ebenezer
1782

Savannah
1784

Augusta
1786

Louisville
1796

Milledgeville
1807

Macon
1864

Milledgeville
1865

Atlanta
1868

Hawaii
Statehood in 1959
Lahaina
1820
Capitals of the Kingdom of Hawaii.

Honolulu
1845

1894
Capital of the Republic of Hawaii.

1898
Capital of the Territory of Hawaii.

1959
Capital of the State of Hawaiʻi.

Idaho[24]
Statehood in 1890
Oregon City (OR)
1843
Capital of the Provisional Government of Oregon in the Oregon Country.[25]

1848
Capitals of the Territory of Oregon (all of Idaho 1848–1853, southern Idaho 1853–1859.)

Salem (OR)
1851

Olympia (WA)
1853
Capital of the Territory of Washington (northern Idaho 1853–1859, all of Idaho 1859–1863.)

Lewiston
1863
Capitals of the Territory of Idaho.

Boise
1865

1890
Capital of the State of Idaho.

Illinois[26]
Statehood in 1818
Marietta (OH)
1788
Capital of the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio.

Vincennes (IN)
1800
Capital of the Territory of Indiana.

Kaskaskia
1809
Capital of the Territory of Illinois.

1818
Capitals of the State of Illinois.

Vandalia
1820

Springfield
1839

Indiana
Statehood in 1816
Marietta (OH)
1788
Capital of the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio.

Vincennes
1800
Capitals of the Territory of Indiana.

Corydon
1813

1816
Capitals of the State of Indiana.

Indianapolis
1825

Iowa[27]
Statehood in 1846
Saint-Louis
San Luis
St. Louis (MO)
1765
Capital of the Spanish (though predominantly Francophone) district of Alta Louisiana.

1800
Capital of the French district of La Haute-Louisiane.

1804
Capital of the District of Louisiana (under the authority of the Indiana Territory.)

1805
Capital of the Louisiana Territory.

1812
Capital of the Missouri Territory (1812–1821).

Detroit (MI)
1834
Capital of the Territory of Michigan.

Belmont (WI)
1836
Capitals of the Territory of Wisconsin.

Burlington
1837

1838
Capitals of the Territory of Iowa.

Iowa City
1841

1846
Capitals of the State of Iowa.

Des Moines
1857

Kansas[28]
Statehood in 1861
Saint-Louis
San Luis
St. Louis
1765
Capital of the Spanish (though predominantly Francophone) district of Alta Louisiana.

1800
Capital of the French district of La Haute-Louisiane.

1804
Capital of the District of Louisiana (under the authority of the Indiana Territory.)

1805
Capital of the Louisiana Territory.

1812
Capital of the Missouri Territory (1812–1821).

Pawnee
1855
Capital of the Kansas Territory (July 2 – July 6).

Shawnee Mission
1855
Capital of the Kansas Territory.

Lecompton
1856
Capital de jure (pro-slavery) of the Territory of Kansas.

Topeka
Capital de facto (anti-slavery) of the Territory of Kansas.

Minneola
1858
Declared capital by territorial legislature, although this action was later declared void.[29]

Topeka
1861
Capital of the State of Kansas.

Kentucky[30]
Statehood in 1792
Williamsburg (VA)
1699
Capital of the English Colony of Virginia.

1707
Capital of the British Colony of Virginia.

1776
Capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia.

Richmond (VA)
1780

Frankfort
1792
Capital of the Commonwealth of Kentucky.
(The government initially met at Lexington but Frankfort was quickly named the capital. Bowling Green was the rival Confederate state capital 1861–62.)

Louisiana[31]
Statehood in 1812
San Agustín
1565
Capital of the Spanish colony of La Florida.[13]

La Mobile
1702
Capitals of the French colony of La Louisiane.

Bilocci
1720

La Nouvelle-Orléans
Nueva Orleans
New Orleans
1722

1763
Capital of the Spanish district of Baja Louisiana.

1800
Capital of the French district of La Basse-Louisiane.

1804
Capital of the Territory of Orleans.

1812
Capitals of the State of Louisiana.

Donaldsonville
1830

New Orleans
1831

Baton Rouge
1849

Opelousas
1862

Shreveport
1863

New Orleans
1865

Baton Rouge
1882

Maine[32]
Statehood in 1820
Île Sainte-Croix
1604
Capitals of the French colony of l'Acadie.

Port-Royal (NS)
1605

Boston (MA)
1630
Capital of the English Colony of Massachusetts Bay.

1686
Capital of the English Dominion of New-England in America.

1689
Capital of the dissident Colony of Massachusetts Bay.

1691
Capital of the English Province of Massachusetts Bay.

1707
Capital of the British Province of Massachusetts Bay.

1774
Capital of the dissident Province of Massachusetts Bay.

1776
Capital of the State of Massachusetts Bay.

1780
Capital of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

Portland
1820
Capital of the State of Maine.

1827
Capital de facto of the State of Maine.

Augusta
Capital de jure of the State of Maine.

1832
Capital of the State of Maine.

Maryland[33]
Statehood in 1776
St. Mary's City
1634
Capital of the English proprietary Colony of Maryland.

Anne Arundel's Towne
Annapolis

1694
Capital of the English Province of Maryland.

1707
Capital of the British Province of Maryland.

1776
Capital of the State of Maryland.
(Capital of the United States of America 1783–1784.)

Massachusetts
Statehood in 1776
Plimouth
1620
Capital of the English Colony of New-Plimouth 1620–1686.

Boston
1630
Capital of the English Colony of Massachusetts Bay 1630–1686.

1686
Capital of the English Dominion of New-England in America 1686–1689.

Plimouth
1688
Capital of the dissident Colony of New-Plimouth 1688–1692.

Boston
1689
Capital of the dissident Colony of Massachusetts Bay 1689–1692.

1692
Capital of the English Province of Massachusetts Bay.

1707
Capital of the British Province of Massachusetts Bay.

1774
Capital of the dissident Province of Massachusetts Bay.

1776
Capital of the State of Massachusetts Bay.

1780
Capital of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

Michigan[34]
Statehood in 1837
Marietta (OH)
1788
Capitals of the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio (all of Michigan 1788–1800, eastern Michigan 1800–1803.)

Chillicothe (OH)
1800

Vincennes (IN)
Capitals of the Territory of Indiana (western Michigan 1800–1803; all of Michigan 1803–1805, a portion of the Upper Peninsula 1805–1816.)

Corydon (IN)
1813

Detroit
1805
Capital of the Territory of Michigan (Lower Peninsula 1805–1818, all of Michigan 1818–1837.)
(Detroit was occupied by British Armed Forces 1812–1813.)

1837
Capitals of the State of Michigan.

Lansing
1847

Minnesota[35]
Statehood in 1858
Saint-Louis
San Luis
St. Louis (MO)
1765
Capital of the Spanish (though predominantly Francophone) district of Alta Louisiana 1765–1800.

1800
Capital of the French district of la Haute-Louisiane (west of Mississippi River 1800–1804.)

1804
Capital of the District of Louisiana (west of Mississippi River under the authority of the Indiana Territory 1804–1805.)

1805
Capital of the Territory of Louisiana (west of Mississippi River 1805–1812.)

1812
Capital of the Territory of Missouri (west of Mississippi River 1812–1821.)

Marietta (OH)
1788
Capital of the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio (east of Mississippi River 1788–1800.)

Vincennes (IN)
1800
Capital of the Territory of Indiana (east of Mississippi River 1800–1809.)

Kaskaskia (IL)
1809
Capital of the Territory of Illinois (east of Mississippi River 1809–1818.)

Detroit (MI)
1818
Capital of the Territory of Michigan (east of Mississippi River 1818-1834, all of Minnesota 1834–1836.)

Belmont (WI)
1836
Capitals of the Territory of Wisconsin.

Burlington (IA)
1837

1838
Capital of the Territory of Iowa (west of Mississippi River 1838–1841.)

Madison (WI)
Capital of the Territory of Wisconsin (east of Mississippi River 1838–1848.)

Iowa City (IA)
1841
Capital of the Territory of Iowa (west of Mississippi River 1841–1846.)

Saint Paul
1849
Capital of the Territory of Minnesota.

1858
Capital of the State of Minnesota.

Mississippi[36]
Statehood in 1817
San Agustín
1565
Capital of the Spanish colony of La Florida.[13]

Savannah
1733
Capital of the British proprietary Colony of Georgia.

1755
Capital of the British Province of Georgia.

1776
Capitals of the State of Georgia.

Augusta (GA)
1778

Heard's Fort (GA)
1780

Augusta (GA)
1781

Savannah (GA)
1782

Ebenezer (GA)
1782

Savannah (GA)
1784

Augusta (GA)
1786

Louisville (GA)
1796

Natchez
1798
Capitals of the Territory of Mississippi.

Washington
1802

Natchez
1817
Capitals of the State of Mississippi.

Jackson
1821

Missouri
Statehood in 1821
Saint-Louis
San Luis
St. Louis
1765
Capital of the Spanish (though predominantly Francophone) district of Alta Louisiana.

1800
Capital of the French district of La Haute-Louisiane.

1804
Capital of the District of Louisiana (under the authority of the Indiana Territory.)

1805
Capital of the Louisiana Territory.

1812
Capital of the Missouri Territory.

Saint Charles
1821
Capitals of the State of Missouri.
(A Confederate state government in exile operated from Neosho 1861–1863, and from Marshall, Texas, 1863–1865.)

Jefferson City
1826

Montana[37]
Statehood in 1889
Saint-Louis
San Luis
St. Louis (MO)
1765
Capital of the Spanish (though predominantly Francophone) district of Alta Louisiana (east of Continental Divide 1763–1800.)

1800
Capital of the French district of la Haute-Louisiane (east of Continental Divide 1800–1804.)

1804
Capital of the District of Louisiana (east of Continental Divide under the authority of the Indiana Territory 1804–1805.)

1805
Capital of the Territory of Louisiana (east of Continental Divide 1805–1812.)

1812
Capital of the Territory of Missouri (east of Continental Divide 1812–1821.)

Fort Vancouver (WA)
1825
Capital de facto of the Oregon Country (west of Continental Divide 1818–1843.)

Oregon City (OR)
1843
Capital of the Provisional Government of Oregon (west of Continental Divide 1843–1848.)

1848
Capitals of the Territory of Oregon (west of Continental Divide 1848–1853.)

Salem (OR)
1851

Olympia (WA)
1853
Capital of the Territory of Washington (west of Continental Divide 1853–1863.)

Omaha (NE)
1854
Capital of the Territory of Nebraska (east of Continental Divide 1854–1861.)

Yankton (SD)
1861
Capital of the Territory of Dakota (east of Continental Divide 1861–1863.)

Lewiston (ID)
1863
Capital of the Territory of Idaho.

Bannack
1864
Capitals of the Territory of Montana.

Virginia City
1865

Helena
1875

1889
Capital of the State of Montana.

Nebraska
Statehood in 1867
Saint-Louis
San Luis
St. Louis (MO)
1765
Capital of the Spanish (though predominantly Francophone) district of Alta Louisiana.

1800
Capital of the French district of la Haute-Louisiane.

1804
Capital of the District of Louisiana (under the authority of the Indiana Territory.)

1805
Capital of the Territory of Louisiana.

1812
Capital of the Territory of Missouri (1812–1821).

Omaha
1854
Capitals of the Territory of Nebraska.

Lancaster
Lincoln
1867

1867
Capital of the State of Nebraska.

Nevada[38]
Statehood in 1864
Fillmore (UT)
1850
Capitals of the Territory of Utah.

Salt Lake City (UT)
1858

Carson City
1861
Capital of the Territory of Nevada.

1864
Capital of the State of Nevada.

New Hampshire[39]
Statehood in 1776
Boston (MA)
1630
Capital of the English Colony of Massachusetts Bay.

Portsmouth
1680
Capital of the English Province of New Hampshire.

Boston (MA)
1686
Capital of the English Dominion of New-England in America.

Portsmouth
1689
Capital of the dissident Province of New Hampshire.

1691
Capital of the English Province of New Hampshire.

1698
Capital of the English Province of New Hampshire under jurisdiction of the Royal Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay.

1707
Capital of the British Province of New Hampshire under jurisdiction of the Royal Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay.

1741
Capital of the British Province of New Hampshire.

Exeter
1775
Capital of the Revolutionary War government of New Hampshire.

1776
Capitals of the State of New Hampshire.

Concord
1808

New Jersey
Statehood in 1776
Fort Amsterdam (NY)
1625
Capital of the Dutch colony of New Netherland.

1652
Capital of the Dutch province of New Netherland.

Elizabethtown (now Elizabeth)
1665
Capital of the English Province of New Jersey.

Perth Amboy
1673
Capital of the English Province of East Jersey 1673–1688.

Burlington
Capital of the English Province of West Jersey 1673–1688.

Boston (MA)
1688
Capital of the English Dominion of New-England in America 1688–1689.

Perth Amboy
1689
Capital of the English Province of East Jersey 1689–1702.

Burlington
Capital of the English Province of West Jersey 1689–1702.

joint capitals
1702
East Jersey and West Jersey were re-united as the English Province of New Jersey in 1702. Perth Amboy and Burlington served jointly as the capital until 1784.

1707
Joint capitals of the British Province of New Jersey.

1776
Joint capitals of the State of New Jersey.

Trenton
1784
Capital of the State of New Jersey.
(Capital of the United States of America in 1784.)

New Mexico
Statehood in 1912
San Juan de los Caballeros
1598
Capitals of the Spanish Virreinato de la Nueva España colony of Santa Fe de Nuevo México.

La Villa Real de la Santa Fé de San Francisco de Asís
1610

El Paso del Norte (now Ciudad Juárez CHH)
1680
Capital of the Spanish Virreinato de la Nueva España colony-in-exile of Santa Fe de Nuevo México (Pueblo Revolt 1680–1692).

La Villa Real de la Santa Fé de San Francisco de Asís

Santa Fe
1692
Capital of the Spanish Virreinato de la Nueva España colony of Santa Fe de Nuevo México.

1821
Capital of the Mexican province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México.

1824
Capital of the Mexican territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México.

1846
Capital of the U.S. military government of New Mexico 1846.

1846
Capital of the U.S. provisional government of New Mexico 1846–1850.

1850
Capital of the U.S. Territory of New Mexico 1850–1912.

Mesilla
1862
Capital of the Confederate Territory of Arizona (southern New Mexico and Arizona 1862).

San Antonio (TX)
1862
Capital of the government-in-exile of the Confederate Territory of Arizona 1862–1865.

Santa Fe
1912
Capital of the State of New Mexico.

New York
Statehood in 1776
Fort Amsterdam
Nieuw-Amsterdam
New-York
Nieuw-Oranje
New-York
1625
Capital of the Dutch colony of New Netherland (Novum Belgium).

1652
Capital of the Dutch province of New Netherland.

1664
Capital of the English Province of New York.

1673
Capital of the Dutch military government of New Netherland.

1674
Capital of the English Province of New York.

Boston (MA)
1688
Capital of the English Dominion of New-England in America.

New-York
1689
Capital of the dissident government of New-York.

1691
Capital of the English Province of New York.

1707
Capital of the British Province of New York.

1776
Capitals of the State of New York.

Kingston
1777

Hurley
1777

Poughkeepsie
1777

New York
1788
Capital of the State of New York.
(Capital of the United States of America 1785–1788 and 1789–1790.)

Albany
1797
Capital of the State of New York.

North Carolina
Statehood in 1776
San Agustín (FL)
1565
Capital of the Spanish colony of la Florida.[13]

Charlestown (SC)
1670
Capital of the English Province of Carolina.

1707
Capital of the British Province of Carolina.

New Bern
1712
Capital of the British Province of North Carolina.

1776
Capitals of the State of North Carolina.

Fayetteville
1789

Raleigh
1794

North Dakota
Statehood in 1889
Saint-Louis
San Luis
St. Louis (MO)
1765
Capital of the Spanish (though predominantly Francophone) district of Alta Louisiana.

1800
Capital of the French district of la Haute-Louisiane.

1804
Capital of the District of Louisiana (under the authority of the Indiana Territory.)

1805
Capital of the Territory of Louisiana.

1812
Capital of the Territory of Missouri (1812–1821).

Detroit (MI)
1834
Capital of the Territory of Michigan (east of Missouri River and White Earth River 1834–1836.)

Belmont (WI)
1836
Capitals of the Territory of Wisconsin (east of Missouri River and White Earth River 1836–1838.)

Burlington (IA)
1837

1838
Capitals of the Territory of Iowa (east of Missouri River and White Earth River 1838–1846.)

Iowa City (IA)
1841

Saint Paul (MN)
1849
Capital of the Territory of Minnesota (east of Missouri River and White Earth River 1849–1858.)

Omaha (NE)
1854
Capital of the Territory of Nebraska (west of Missouri River or White Earth River 1854–1861.)

Yankton (SD)
1861
Capitals of the Territory of Dakota.

Bismarck
1883

1889
Capital of the State of North Dakota.

Ohio
Statehood in 1803
Marietta
1788
Capitals of the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio.

Chillicothe
1800

1803
Capitals of the State of Ohio.

Zanesville
1810

Chillicothe
1812

Columbus
1816

Oklahoma
Statehood in 1907
Saint-Louis
San Luis
St. Louis (MO)
1765
Capital of the Spanish (though predominantly Francophone) district of Alta Louisiana.

1800
Capital of the French district of la Haute-Louisiane.

1804
Capital of the District of Louisiana (under the authority of the Indiana Territory.)

1805
Capital of the Territory of Louisiana.

1812
Capital of the Territory of Missouri.

Arkansas Post (AR)
1819
Capitals of the Territory of Arkansaw[17] (south of the parallel 36°30' north 1819–1824, southeastern Oklahoma 1824–1828.)

Little Rock (AR)
1821

Tahlequah
1838
Capital of the Cherokee Nation.

Tuskahoma
1838
Capital of the Choctaw Nation.

Tishomingo
1855
Capital of the Chickasaw Nation.

Wewoka
1866
Capital of the Seminole Nation.

Okmulgee
1867
Capital of the Creek Nation.

Pawhuska
?
Capital of the Osage Nation.

Guthrie
1889
Capital of the Territory of Oklahoma.

1907
Capitals of the State of Oklahoma.

Oklahoma City
1910

Oregon[40]
Statehood in 1859
Champoeg
1843
Temporary capital of the disputed Oregon Country.

Oregon City
1843
Capital of the Provisional Government of Oregon in the Oregon Country.[25]

1848
Capitals of the Territory of Oregon.

Salem
1851

Corvallis
1855

Salem
1855

1859
Capital of the State of Oregon.

Pennsylvania[41]
Statehood in 1776
Philadelphia
1682
Capital of the English proprietary Colony of Pennsylvania.

1707
Capital of the British proprietary Colony of Pennsylvania.

1776
Capital of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
(Capital of the United States of America 1776, 1777, 1778–1783, and 1790–1800.)

Lancaster
1799
Capital of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
(Capital of the United States of America 1777.)

Harrisburg
1812
Capital of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

Rhode Island
Statehood in 1776
Providence
1636
Capital of the English Colony of Providence 1636–1644.

Portsmouth
1639
Capital of the English Colony of Aquidneck Island 1639–1644.

1644
Capital of the English Colony of Rhode Island.

Providence
1644
Capital of the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.

Boston (MA)
1686
Capital of the English Dominion of New-England in America.

Providence
1689
Capital of the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.

1707
Capital of the British Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.

five capitals
1776
From 1776 to 1853, the legislature of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations rotated among the county seats of the state's five counties: Providence, Newport, East Greenwich, South Kingstown, and Bristol.

joint capitals
1854
From 1854 to 1899, the legislature of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations alternated sessions between Providence and Newport.

Providence
1900
Capital of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.

South Carolina
Statehood in 1776
San Agustín (FL)
1565
Capital of the Spanish colony of la Florida.[13]

Charlestown
1670
Capital of the English Province of Carolina.

1707
Capital of the British Province of Carolina.

1712
Capital of the British Province of South Carolina.

1776
Capitals of the State of South Carolina.

Columbia
1786

South Dakota
Statehood in 1889
Saint-Louis
San Luis
St. Louis (MO)
1765
Capital of the Spanish (though predominantly Francophone) district of Alta Louisiana.

1800
Capital of the French district of la Haute-Louisiane.

1804
Capital of the District of Louisiana (under the authority of the Indiana Territory.)

1805
Capital of the Territory of Louisiana.

1812
Capital of the Territory of Missouri (1812–1821).

Detroit (MI)
1834
Capital of the Territory of Michigan (east of Missouri River 1834–1836.)

Belmont (WI)
1836
Capitals of the Territory of Wisconsin (east of Missouri River 1836–1838.)

Burlington (IA)
1837

1838
Capitals of the Territory of Iowa (east of Missouri River 1838–1846.)

Iowa City (IA)
1841

Saint Paul (MN)
1849
Capital of the Territory of Minnesota (east of Missouri River 1849–1858.)

Omaha (NE)
1854
Capital of the Territory of Nebraska (west of Missouri River 1854–1861.)

Yankton
1861
Capitals of the Territory of Dakota.

Bismarck (ND)
1883

Pierre
1889
Capital of the State of South Dakota.

Tennessee[42]
Statehood in 1796
New Bern (NC)
1712
Capital of the British Province of North Carolina.

1776
Capital of the State of North Carolina.

Rocky Mount
1790
Capitals of the Territory South of the River Ohio.

White's Fort
Knoxville
1791

1796
Capital of the State of Tennessee.

Kingston
1807
Capital of the State of Tennessee for one day in 1807 to fulfill treaty obligations with the Cherokee Nation.

Knoxville
1807
Capitals of the State of Tennessee.

Nashville
1812

Knoxville
1817

Murfreesboro
1818

Nashville
1826

Texas
Statehood in 1845
Los Adaes (LA)
1729
Capitals of the Spanish colony of Tejas.

San Antonio de Béxar (now San Antonio)
1772

Saltillo (COA)
1824
Capitals of the Mexican province of Coahuila y Tejas.

Monclova (COA)
1833

Washington (now Washington-on-the-Brazos)
1836
Capitals of the Republic of Texas.

Galveston
1836

Harrisburg
1836

Velasco
1836

Columbia
1836

Houston
1837

Austin
1839

1845
Capital of the State of Texas.

Utah
Statehood in 1896
Salt Lake City
1849
Capital of the extralegal State of Deseret.

Fillmore
1850
Capitals of the Territory of Utah.

Salt Lake City
1858

1896
Capital of the State of Utah.

Vermont[43]
Statehood in 1791
Westminster
1777
Capitals of the Republic of New Connecticut.

Windsor
1777

1777
Capital of the Vermont Republic.

1791
Capitals of the State of Vermont.

Montpelier
1805

Virginia[44]
Statehood in 1776
Jamestown
1619
Capitals of the English Colony of Virginia.

Middle Plantation
Williamsburg
1698

1707
Capital of the British Colony of Virginia.

1776
Capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia.

Richmond
1780
Capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia.
(Capital of the Confederate States of America 1861–1865.)
(A rival pro-Union state government operated from Wheeling 1861–1863 and from Alexandria 1863–1865.)

Washington[45]
Statehood in 1889
Champoeg (OR)
1843
Temporary capital of the disputed Oregon Country.

Oregon City (OR)
1843
Capital of the Provisional Government of Oregon in the Oregon Country.[25]

1848
Capitals of the Territory of Oregon.

Salem (OR)
1851

Olympia
1853
Capital of the Territory of Washington.

1889
Capital of the State of Washington.

West Virginia
Statehood in 1863
Jamestown (VA)
1619
Capitals of the English Colony of Virginia.

Middle Plantation (VA)
Williamsburg (VA)
1698

1707
Capital of the British Colony of Virginia.

1776
Capitals of the Commonwealth of Virginia.

Richmond (VA)
1780

Wheeling
1861
Capital of the rival pro-Union government of the Commonwealth of Virginia.

1863
Capitals of the State of West Virginia.

Charleston
1870

Wheeling
1875

Charleston
1885

Wisconsin[46]
Statehood in 1848
Marietta (OH)
1788
Capital of the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio.

Vincennes (IN)
1800
Capital of the Territory of Indiana.

Kaskaskia (IL)
1809
Capital of the Territory of Illinois.

Detroit (MI)
1818
Capital of the Territory of Michigan.

Belmont
1836
Capitals of the Territory of Wisconsin.

Burlington (IA)
1837

Madison
1838

1848
Capital of the State of Wisconsin.

Wyoming[47]
Statehood in 1890
Lewiston (ID)
1863
Capital of the Territory of Idaho.

Yankton (SD)
1864
Capital of the Territory of Dakota.

Cheyenne
1869
Capital of the Territory of Wyoming.

1890
Capital of the State of Wyoming.


document_title: HTTPS

question_text: at which tcp/ip layer does the https protocol work

question_tokens: at which tcp / ip layer does the https protocol work

text: HTTPS

text: Overview[edit]

text: The Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) scheme HTTPS has identical usage syntax to the HTTP scheme. However, HTTPS signals the browser to use an added encryption layer of SSL/TLS to protect the traffic. SSL/TLS is especially suited for HTTP, since it can provide some protection even if only one side of the communication is authenticated. This is the case with HTTP transactions over the Internet, where typically only the server is authenticated (by the client examining the server's certificate).

text: HTTPS creates a secure channel over an insecure network. This ensures reasonable protection from eavesdroppers and man-in-the-middle attacks, provided that adequate cipher suites are used and that the server certificate is verified and trusted.

text: Because HTTPS piggybacks HTTP entirely on top of TLS, the entirety of the underlying HTTP protocol can be encrypted. This includes the request URL (which particular web page was requested), query parameters, headers, and cookies (which often contain identity information about the user). However, because host (website) addresses and port numbers are necessarily part of the underlying TCP/IP protocols, HTTPS cannot protect their disclosure. In practice this means that even on a correctly configured web server, eavesdroppers can infer the IP address and port number of the web server (sometimes even the domain name e.g. www.example.org, but not the rest of the URL) that one is communicating with, as well as the amount (data transferred) and duration (length of session) of the communication, though not the content of the communication.[5]

text: Web browsers know how to trust HTTPS websites based on certificate authorities that come pre-installed in their software. Certificate authorities (such as Symantec, Comodo, GoDaddy, GlobalSign and Let's Encrypt) are in this way being trusted by web browser creators to provide valid certificates. Therefore, a user should trust an HTTPS connection to a website if and only if all of the following are true:

text:
The user trusts that the browser software correctly implements HTTPS with correctly pre-installed certificate authorities.
The user trusts the certificate authority to vouch only for legitimate websites.
The website provides a valid certificate, which means it was signed by a trusted authority.
The certificate correctly identifies the website (e.g., when the browser visits "https://example.com", the received certificate is properly for "example.com" and not some other entity).
The user trusts that the protocol's encryption layer (SSL/TLS) is sufficiently secure against eavesdroppers.

text: HTTPS is especially important over insecure networks (such as public Wi-Fi access points), as anyone on the same local network can packet-sniff and discover sensitive information not protected by HTTPS. Additionally, many free to use and paid WLAN networks engage in packet injection in order to serve their own ads on webpages. However, this can be exploited maliciously in many ways, such as injecting malware onto webpages and stealing users' private information.[6]

text: HTTPS is also very important for connections over the Tor anonymity network, as malicious Tor nodes can damage or alter the contents passing through them in an insecure fashion and inject malware into the connection. This is one reason why the Electronic Frontier Foundation and the Tor project started the development of HTTPS Everywhere,[5] which is included in the Tor Browser Bundle.[7]

text: As more information is revealed about global mass surveillance and criminals stealing personal information, the use of HTTPS security on all websites is becoming increasingly important regardless of the type of Internet connection being used.[8][9] While metadata about individual pages that a user visits is not sensitive, when combined, they can reveal a lot about the user and compromise the user's privacy.[10][11][12]

text: Deploying HTTPS also allows the use of HTTP/2 (or its predecessor, the now-deprecated protocol SPDY), that are new generations of HTTP, designed to reduce page load times and latency.

text: It is recommended to use HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) with HTTPS to protect users from man-in-the-middle attacks, especially SSL stripping.[12][13]

text: HTTPS should not be confused with the little-used Secure HTTP (S-HTTP) specified in RFC 2660.

text: Usage in websites[edit]

text: As of November 2017[update], 27.7% of Alexa top 1,000,000 websites use HTTPS as default,[14] 43.1% of the Internet's 141,387 most popular websites have a secure implementation of HTTPS,[15] and 45% of page loads (measured by Firefox Telemetry) use HTTPS.[16]

text: According to Mozilla since January 2017 more than half of the Web traffic is encrypted.[17][18]

text: Browser integration[edit]

text: Most browsers display a warning if they receive an invalid certificate. Older browsers, when connecting to a site with an invalid certificate, would present the user with a dialog box asking whether they wanted to continue. Newer browsers display a warning across the entire window. Newer browsers also prominently display the site's security information in the address bar. Extended validation certificates turn the address bar green in newer browsers. Most browsers also display a warning to the user when visiting a site that contains a mixture of encrypted and unencrypted content.

text:
Comparison between different kinds of SSL/TLS certificates
(Using Firefox as an example)

Many web browsers, including Firefox (shown here), use the address bar to tell the user that their connection is secure, often by coloring the background.

When accessing a site only with a common certificate, the address bar of Firefox turns green. For some other browsers, a "lock" sign may appear.

Most web browsers alert the user when visiting sites that have invalid security certificates.

text: Firefox uses HTTPS for Google searches as of version 14,[19] to "shield our users from network infrastructure that may be gathering data about the users or modifying/censoring their search results".[20]

text: The Electronic Frontier Foundation, opining that "In an ideal world, every web request could be defaulted to HTTPS", has provided an add-on called HTTPS Everywhere for Mozilla Firefox that enables HTTPS by default for hundreds of frequently used websites. A beta version of this plugin is also available for Google Chrome and Chromium.[21][22]

text: Security[edit]

text: The security of HTTPS is that of the underlying TLS, which typically uses long-term public and private keys to generate a short-term session key, which is then used to encrypt the data flow between client and server. X.509 certificates are used to authenticate the server (and sometimes the client as well). As a consequence, certificate authorities and public key certificates are necessary to verify the relation between the certificate and its owner, as well as to generate, sign, and administer the validity of certificates. While this can be more beneficial than verifying the identities via a web of trust, the 2013 mass surveillance disclosures drew attention to certificate authorities as a potential weak point allowing man-in-the-middle attacks.[23][24] An important property in this context is forward secrecy, which ensures that encrypted communications recorded in the past cannot be retrieved and decrypted should long-term secret keys or passwords be compromised in the future. Not all web servers provide forward secrecy.[25][needs update]

text: A site must be completely hosted over HTTPS, without having part of its contents loaded over HTTP –  for example, having scripts loaded insecurely –  or the user will be vulnerable to some attacks and surveillance. Also having only a certain page that contains sensitive information (such as a log-in page) of a website loaded over HTTPS, while having the rest of the website loaded over plain HTTP, will expose the user to attacks. On a site that has sensitive information somewhere on it, every time that site is accessed with HTTP instead of HTTPS, the user and the session will get exposed. Similarly, cookies on a site served through HTTPS have to have the secure attribute enabled.[12]

text: Technical[edit]

text: Difference from HTTP[edit]

text: HTTPS URLs begin with "https://" and use port 443 by default, whereas HTTP URLs begin with "http://" and use port 80 by default.

text: HTTP is not encrypted and is vulnerable to man-in-the-middle and eavesdropping attacks, which can let attackers gain access to website accounts and sensitive information, and modify webpages to inject malware or advertisements. HTTPS is designed to withstand such attacks and is considered secure against them (with the exception of older, deprecated versions of SSL).

text: Network layers[edit]

text: HTTP operates at the highest layer of the TCP/IP model, the Application layer; as does the TLS security protocol (operating as a lower sublayer of the same layer), which encrypts an HTTP message prior to transmission and decrypts a message upon arrival. Strictly speaking, HTTPS is not a separate protocol, but refers to use of ordinary HTTP over an encrypted SSL/TLS connection.

text: Everything in the HTTPS message is encrypted, including the headers, and the request/response load. With the exception of the possible CCA cryptographic attack described in the limitations section below, the attacker can only know that a connection is taking place between the two parties and their domain names and IP addresses.

text: Server setup[edit]

text: To prepare a web server to accept HTTPS connections, the administrator must create a public key certificate for the web server. This certificate must be signed by a trusted certificate authority for the web browser to accept it without warning. The authority certifies that the certificate holder is the operator of the web server that presents it. Web browsers are generally distributed with a list of signing certificates of major certificate authorities so that they can verify certificates signed by them.

text: Acquiring certificates[edit]

text: Authoritatively signed certificates may be free[26][27] or cost between 8 USD[28] and 70 USD[29] per year (in 2012–2014).

text: Organizations may also run their own certificate authority, particularly if they are responsible for setting up browsers to access their own sites (for example, sites on a company intranet, or major universities). They can easily add copies of their own signing certificate to the trusted certificates distributed with the browser.

text: There also exists a peer-to-peer certificate authority, CACert. However, it is not included in the trusted root certificates of many popular browsers (e.g. Firefox, Chrome, Internet Explorer), which may cause warning messages to be displayed to end users.

text: Let's Encrypt, launched in April 2016,[30] provides free and automated SSL/TLS certificates to websites.[31] According to the Electronic Frontier Foundation, "Let's Encrypt" will make switching from HTTP to HTTPS "as easy as issuing one command, or clicking one button."[32]

text: Use as access control[edit]

text: The system can also be used for client authentication in order to limit access to a web server to authorized users. To do this, the site administrator typically creates a certificate for each user, a certificate that is loaded into their browser. Normally, that contains the name and e-mail address of the authorized user and is automatically checked by the server on each reconnect to verify the user's identity, potentially without even entering a password.

text: In case of compromised secret (private) key[edit]

text: An important property in this context is perfect forward secrecy (PFS). Possessing one of the long-term asymmetric secret keys used to establish an HTTPS session should not make it easier to derive the short-term session key to then decrypt the conversation, even at a later time. Diffie–Hellman key exchange (DHE) and Elliptic curve Diffie–Hellman key exchange (ECDHE) are in 2013 the only ones known to have that property. Only 30% of Firefox, Opera, and Chromium Browser sessions use it, and nearly 0% of Apple's Safari and Microsoft Internet Explorer sessions.[25] Among the larger internet providers, only Google supports PFS since 2011 (State of September 2013).[citation needed]

text: A certificate may be revoked before it expires, for example because the secrecy of the private key has been compromised. Newer versions of popular browsers such as Firefox,[33] Opera,[34] and Internet Explorer on Windows Vista[35] implement the Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) to verify that this is not the case. The browser sends the certificate's serial number to the certificate authority or its delegate via OCSP and the authority responds, telling the browser whether the certificate is still valid.[36]

text: Limitations[edit]

text: SSL and TLS encryption can be configured in two modes: simple and mutual. In simple mode, authentication is only performed by the server. The mutual version requires the user to install a personal client certificate in the web browser for user authentication..[37] In either case, the level of protection depends on the correctness of the implementation of software and the cryptographic algorithms in use.

text: SSL/TLS does not prevent the indexing of the site by a web crawler, and in some cases the URI of the encrypted resource can be inferred by knowing only the intercepted request/response size.[38] This allows an attacker to have access to the plaintext (the publicly available static content), and the encrypted text (the encrypted version of the static content), permitting a cryptographic attack.

text: Because TLS operates at a protocol level below that of HTTP, and has no knowledge of the higher-level protocols, TLS servers can only strictly present one certificate for a particular address and port combination.[39] In the past, this meant that it was not feasible to use name-based virtual hosting with HTTPS. A solution called Server Name Indication (SNI) exists, which sends the hostname to the server before encrypting the connection, although many old browsers do not support this extension. Support for SNI is available since Firefox 2, Opera 8, Safari 2.1, Google Chrome 6, and Internet Explorer 7 on Windows Vista.[40][41][42]

text: From an architectural point of view:

text:
An SSL/TLS connection is managed by the first front machine that initiates the TLS connection. If, for any reasons (routing, traffic optimization, etc.), this front machine is not the application server and it has to decipher data, solutions have to be found to propagate user authentication information or certificate to the application server, which needs to know who is going to be connected.
For SSL/TLS with mutual authentication, the SSL/TLS session is managed by the first server that initiates the connection. In situations where encryption has to be propagated along chained servers, session timeOut management becomes extremely tricky to implement.

text: With mutual SSL/TLS, security is maximal, but on the client-side, there is no way to properly end the SSL/TLS connection and disconnect the user except by waiting for the server session to expire or closing all related client applications.

text: A sophisticated type of man-in-the-middle attack called SSL stripping was presented at the Blackhat Conference 2009. This type of attack defeats the security provided by HTTPS by changing the https: link into an http: link, taking advantage of the fact that few Internet users actually type "https" into their browser interface: they get to a secure site by clicking on a link, and thus are fooled into thinking that they are using HTTPS when in fact they are using HTTP. The attacker then communicates in clear with the client.[43] This prompted the development of a countermeasure in HTTP called HTTP Strict Transport Security.

text: HTTPS has been shown vulnerable to a range of traffic analysis attacks. Traffic analysis attacks are a type of side-channel attack that relies on variations in the timing and size of traffic in order to infer properties about the encrypted traffic itself. Traffic analysis is possible because SSL/TLS encryption changes the contents of traffic, but has minimal impact on the size and timing of traffic. In May 2010, a research paper by researchers from Microsoft Research and Indiana University discovered that detailed sensitive user data can be inferred from side channels such as packet sizes. More specifically, the researchers found that an eavesdropper can infer the illnesses/medications/surgeries of the user, his/her family income and investment secrets, despite HTTPS protection in several high-profile, top-of-the-line web applications in healthcare, taxation, investment and web search.[44] Although this work demonstrated vulnerability of HTTPS to traffic analysis, the approach presented by the authors required manual analysis and focused specifically on web applications protected by HTTPS.

text: The fact that most modern websites, including Google, Yahoo!, and Amazon, use HTTPS causes problems for many users trying to access public Wi-Fi hot spots, because a Wi-Fi hot spot login page fails to load if the user tries to open an HTTPS resource [45][46]. Several websites, such as nonhttps.com or nothttps.com, guarantee that they will always remain accessible by HTTP.

text: History[edit]

text: Netscape Communications created HTTPS in 1994 for its Netscape Navigator web browser.[47] Originally, HTTPS was used with the SSL protocol. As SSL evolved into Transport Layer Security (TLS), HTTPS was formally specified by RFC 2818 in May 2000.