document_title: The Good Doctor (TV series)

question_text: who plays shawn's brother in the good doctor

question_tokens: who plays shawn 's brother in the good doctor

text: The Good Doctor (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series follows Shaun Murphy, a young surgeon with autism and savant syndrome from the mid-size city of Casper, Wyoming, where he had a troubled childhood. He relocates to San Jose, California, to work at the prestigious San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital.[2]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Freddie Highmore as Dr. Shaun Murphy, a surgical resident with autism and savant syndrome.[3] His savant abilities include near-photographic recall and the ability to note minute details and changes. He is portrayed in flashbacks to his teen years by Graham Verchere.[4]
Nicholas Gonzalez as Dr. Neil Melendez: Attending cardiothoracic surgeon in charge of surgical residents.[3]
Antonia Thomas as Dr. Claire Browne, a surgical resident who forms a friendship with Shaun.[5]
Chuku Modu as Dr. Jared Kalu, a surgical resident from a wealthy family.[6] (season 1; guest, season 2)
Beau Garrett as Jessica Preston: The hospital in-house attorney and Vice President of Risk Management. She is the granddaughter of the hospital founder and a friend of Dr. Glassman.[7] (season 1)
Hill Harper as Dr. Marcus Andrews, President of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital, former Chief of Surgery, attending plastic surgeon.[8]
Richard Schiff as Dr. Aaron Glassman, former President of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital and attending neurosurgeon, who has been a mentor and good friend of Shaun since he was 14.[9][10]
Tamlyn Tomita as Allegra Aoki, Chairman of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital Board and Vice President of the foundation that controls the hospital's funding.[11]
Will Yun Lee as Dr. Alex Park, an ex-cop who decided to become a doctor (debuted in "Heartfelt").[12] (season 2; recurring, season 1)
Fiona Gubelmann as Dr. Morgan Reznick, a new resident. (season 2; recurring, season 1)[13] As a resident, Morgan will turn out to be a rival for Claire. (debuted in "She").[14]
Christina Chang as Dr. Audrey Lim (season 2; recurring, season 1)
Paige Spara as Lea Dilallo: Shaun's love interest/ former neighbor. (season 2; recurring, season 1)

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Dylan Kingwell as Steve Murphy (season 1): Shaun's younger brother, in flashbacks.[4]  He also portrays Evan Gallico, a boy in the present that resembles Shaun's brother and is suffering from stage 4 osteosarcoma.
Chris D'Elia as Kenny (season 1): Shaun's new neighbor, who moves into Lea's apartment. Shaun mentioned that he was arrested when Lea returned.
Lisa Edelstein as Dr. Marina Blaize (season 2), an expert oncologist[15]

text: Notable guests[edit]

text:
Irene Keng as Dr. Elle McLean, a surgical resident (only appears in the pilot, however had series regular status for that episode) [8][16]
Jasika Nicole as Carly[17]
Eve Gordon as Nurse Fryday[17]
Eric Winter as Matt Coyle, a suave doctor who charms the hospital's staff, until he makes explicit advances towards Claire.[18]
Marsha Thomason as Dr. Isabel Barnes, Marcus' wife.  [19]
Kelly Blatz as Aidan Coulter, donor and Allegra's love interest
Manny Jacinto as Bobby Ato, in the 10th episode of the first season, "Sacrifice"
Sheila Kelley as hospital barista Debbi, a love interest for Dr. Glassman, in the 17th episode of the first season, "Smile" and 5th episode of the second season, "Carrots."

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series overview[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired118September 25, 2017 (2017-09-25)March 26, 2018 (2018-03-26)218[20]September 24, 2018 (2018-09-24)TBA

text: Season 1 (2017–18)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)11"Burnt Food"Seth GordonDavid ShoreSeptember 25, 2017 (2017-09-25)11.22[21]
On the way to begin his surgical residency at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital, Dr. Shaun Murphy witnesses an airport sign fall and shatter glass onto a young boy. With his unique ability to visualize the internal body and using improvised methods and tools, Shaun is able to stabilize the boy. In a hospital board meeting, Dr. Aaron Glassman, president of the hospital, tries to convince the board to hire Shaun, despite his autism. Flashbacks give us a picture of Shaun's childhood and his motivation for becoming a doctor.
22"Mount Rushmore"Mike ListoDavid ShoreOctober 2, 2017 (2017-10-02)10.93[22]
Dr. Neil Melendez is doing rounds with Dr. Claire Browne and Dr. Jared Kalu. Melendez calls out Shaun for arriving late on his first full day. A middle aged woman is brought into the ER with abdominal pain. Shaun immediately diagnoses a malignant tumor. As punishment for lateness, Shaun is assigned 'scut work', where his attention to detail gets him in trouble. After rechecking a discharged young girl's test results, Shaun races to her home, annoying her parents over the late hour, but eventually saving the girl's life.
33"Oliver"John DahlWilliam RotkoOctober 9, 2017 (2017-10-09)10.69[23]
Shaun and Claire fly to San Francisco Municipal Hospital to get a liver for a transplant patient. After learning the helicopter can't take off due to bad weather, they resort to a police escort. Meanwhile, at the Hospital, Chuck, the recipient of the liver, is discovered to have alcohol in his system, a development that could void his transplant eligibility. Chuck later confesses he had one drink at his daughter's graduation. In order to protect its reputation and ability to supply transplants to future patients, the hospital denies Chuck the liver.  Shaun and Claire arrive back, having kept the liver viable, only to learn that it is to be taken to a patient at another hospital.
44"Pipes"Steven DePaulThomas L. MoranOctober 16, 2017 (2017-10-16)10.60[24]
Barb Allen, 22 weeks pregnant, and her husband arrive at St. Bonaventure, hoping the doctors can save their baby. A large non-cancerous tumor is growing on the fetus and must be removed in order to save his life. Despite the serious risks both to her and the baby, Barb insists on surgery. Meanwhile, Shaun and Claire are assigned a patient, Olivia, who has a boil in her genital area.  However, when doctors attempt to drain it, a fibroid tumor is found to be wrapped around a nerve. The surgery to remove it will cut off all feeling in Olivia's genitals. Shaun comes up with a solution that allows her to keep feeling in her genital area.
55"Point Three Percent"Larry TengDavid HoseltonOctober 23, 2017 (2017-10-23)10.39[25]
Shaun notices a young boy, Evan, who has an uncanny resemblance to his deceased brother Steve. Evan was brought to the hospital by his parents for a possible fracture to his arm. However, we discover that he is actually suffering from terminal bone cancer, a fact his parents have kept hidden from him. Shaun attempts to find another diagnosis and save Evan, earning him the scorn of his colleagues. Evan's terminal cancer diagnosis is ultimately confirmed with the revelation that it has metastasized into his chest cavity. However, Evan reveals that he has secretly known the truth for a long time and accepts his situation, but is thankful for Shaun's attempts to help. Meanwhile, the other members of the team try to diagnose an older man, brought in by his estranged son, with a severe allergy condition causing him to convulse violently. Claire and Jared determine that the man is suffering from a cystic form of tapeworms located in his skull.  A successful surgery is performed by Dr. Glassman.
66"Not Fake"Michael Patrick JannSimran BaidwanOctober 30, 2017 (2017-10-30)10.60[26]
Shaun and the rest of the residents are working the graveyard shift when numerous casualties from a wedding bus crash come in. Among the victims is a woman with severe, visible burns, on whom Jared tries an experimental procedure, and a young man with a severely damaged leg. Tensions arise between the patient's parents and fiancée over the best choice for treatment; his parents want to amputate the leg, his fiancée is in favour of an experimental bone-replacement procedure. Due to Jessica filing an injunction, a judge is left to make the decision and after hearing all sides, goes with the bone-replacement. Melendez and Shaun are able to save the man's leg and though he will have a long recovery, he is expected to be fine. After treating a patient, Claire realises that a woman has been left behind at the crash site. Claire and Glassman successfully treat the woman for a brain bleed, but discover afterwards that she is mysteriously brain dead and she doesn't survive. Glassman later realizes that Claire improperly intubated the patient at the crash site, causing hypoxia and leading to her brain death.
77"22 Steps"David StraitonJohanna LeeNovember 13, 2017 (2017-11-13)10.14[27]
Shaun encounters Liam, a patient with autism, when he is admitted to the hospital. Having to face prejudice from the young man's parents, Dr. Melendez defends him for the first time and acknowledges his exceptional abilities. After Liam voices his support for Shaun doing the surgery, his parents allow it. Melendez allows Shaun to take lead on the surgery and Shaun saves Liam's life during a dangerous part of the surgery. In the aftermath, Shaun helps Liam's parents see how their overbearing and overprotective nature towards their son lead to him getting sick in the first place. As a result, Liam's parents start asking Liam for his opinion on things rather than unilaterally making decisions for him. On Dr. Glassman's directive, Claire continues with therapy sessions in order to curb her guilt over inadvertently causing the death of a patient. Jared treats a 73-year-old man with severe chest pains who needs urgent medical attention and a pacemaker, but the patient states his desire is to die. Ultimately, Jared chooses to honor the man's wishes, but stays with him as he dies. Afterwards, Jared and Claire comfort each other over the loss of their respective patients.
88"Apple"Nestor CarbonellDavid RenaudNovember 20, 2017 (2017-11-20)9.97[28]
While Shaun is shopping at a grocery mart for apples, a robbery takes place. With Shaun's communication limitations, he puts the lives of two customers on a first date at risk, leading to a young woman getting shot. Shaun's neighbor Lea hugs him after he admits that he made a mistake and got someone hurt. During surgery, Dr. Lim questions Claire's ability to not let her emotions get the better of her because of a racist patient, the shooter in the robbery. This leads to an argument between the two, with Dr. Lim ordering Claire to leave the operating room. Claire puts her emotions in check to save the life of the racist patient, much to the satisfaction and delight of Dr. Lim.
99"Intangibles"Bronwen HughesKaren StruckNovember 27, 2017 (2017-11-27)9.25[29]
The team takes on the case of a young boy from the Congo who has severe congenital heart anomalies. Murphy's latest encounter with his neighbor Lea has him confused. He takes flirting lessons from Claire, noting and charting what he sees in regards to the "flirting trifecta." Meanwhile, Claire, along with a lab tech, searches for a misplaced tissue sample from a woman with possible throat cancer.
1010"Sacrifice"Michael Patrick JannLloyd Gilyard Jr.December 4, 2017 (2017-12-04)9.03[30]
Shaun has reluctantly agreed to Dr. Glassman's repeated suggestions to meet with a therapist, but ultimately changes his mind after a new patient, Bobby Ato, convinces Shaun to stop letting people tell him what to do. Claire runs into an uncomfortable situation with Dr. Matt Coyle, who makes unwanted sexual advances toward her during a patient consultation. Jared finds out and physically threatens him. As a result, Jared is fired. After a tense dinner with Jessica, her father and Dr. Melendez, Jessica states that she doesn't want to have children.
1111"Islands Part One"Bill D'EliaThomas L. Moran & William RotkoJanuary 8, 2018 (2018-01-08)8.30[31]
Shaun and Lea embark on an impromptu road trip. Shaun drives, drinks Tequila, sings karaoke, all for the first time, and experiences his first kiss with Lea. Melendez and Andrews operate on conjoined twins, one of whom needs a kidney. Complications develop and the operation to separate them, planned for six months after the kidney surgery, must be done immediately. The operation goes well until it's discovered the twins have not awakened from the surgery. Melendez decides it's more important to be with Jessica and that he can be a "father" in other ways.
1212"Islands Part Two"Cherie NowlanThomas L. Moran & William RotkoJanuary 15, 2018 (2018-01-15)9.33[32]
Shaun returns to the hospital after his trip and gives Dr. Glassman his two weeks’ notice, intending on moving to Hershey to be with Lea. The twins suffer complications from their surgery; Katie is not getting enough blood flow to the brain, while Jenny’s heart is failing.  Despite the doctors’ best efforts to save both twins, Jenny dies on the operating table.  Jessica is forced to look into previous misconduct at the hospital in which white doctors were only warned instead of fired, after allegations of racism by Kalu’s lawyer; as a result, Jared is reinstated. Jessica tells Melendez that she wants to break up because she feels like she is standing in his way of being a father.
1313"Seven Reasons"Mike ListoDavid Shore & David HoseltonJanuary 22, 2018 (2018-01-22)9.61[33]
While treating a Muslim patient, Shaun senses she is lying and makes controversial claims about how she sustained her injuries. Melendez punctures the bronchus of the patient during surgery and is put under investigation after Shaun questions if his personal life is affecting his work. While Claire assists in a surgery on a stroke patient who had an aneurysm with Dr. Lim, she learns that Coyle got a new job and a raise. They inform the patient's wife that he needs surgery or he will die, but she refuses to consent until Claire explains the reality of the situation. Shaun asks Glassman to be friends, but Glassman decides to give him his own space and not be friends, which upsets Shaun.
1414"She"Seth GordonSimran BaidwanFebruary 5, 2018 (2018-02-05)9.63[34]
The four residents including the new Dr. Morgan Reznick are paired off in competition; Reznick and Browne with Melendez, Murphy and Kalu with Lim. Murphy and Kalu are faced with a gender dysphoric patient, Quinn, which leads to friction when Murphy claims that sex and gender are one in the same. Murphy and Kalu determine that Quinn has testicular cancer along with fragile bones caused by puberty blockers. Browne and Reznick tend to a male patient that has contracted a superbug resistant to all medication, as a result of taking leftover perscription medication for the wrong purpose. Drs. Andrews and Barnes see a fertility specialist as they are having trouble conceiving.
1515"Heartfelt"Regina KingThomas L. Moran & Johanna LeeFebruary 26, 2018 (2018-02-26)7.82[35]
A female teen goes through a risky surgery to implant a sternum so she can live a normal life without being confined to her house. A young male teen initially rejects the idea of having a convicted killer's liver transplanted in him, but without it he has a day to live.  A former 15 year veteran cop turned doctor, Alex Park, is skeptical of the convict, Boris's, motives. Allegra talks to Dr. Andrews about a young wealthy donor, Aidan Coulter, but Andrews says being involved with him might give people the wrong idea and that she used sex to solicit donations.  At a fundraiser, Jared tells Claire he loved her and thought maybe she would one day love him, but came to the realization that isn't true leaving the status of their relationship unknown.
1616"Pain"Allison Liddi-BrownWilliam L. Rotko & David RenaudMarch 12, 2018 (2018-03-12)9.88[36]
Shaun, Claire, and Alex assist Melendez with one of his first patients, a man named Hunter who was paralyzed in a motorcycle accident ten years prior. Jared, Morgan, and Andrews attend a patient who has an infection caused by plastic surgery.  Claire's estranged mother shows up at the hospital in an attempt to reconnect. Andrews sees an infertility specialist that tells him there is a surgery that could help him with his sperm count, but that there is a risk of impotence.  Alex does a background check on Kenny which sheds light on his criminal past leading him to suggest Shaun is being used by him.
1717"Smile"Bill D'EliaDavid Hoselton & Karen StruckMarch 19, 2018 (2018-03-19)9.03[37]
Shaun and Alex treat teenaged Gretchen's Mobius Syndrome, enabling her to smile; Andrews persuades an insurance executive to cover the surgery. After Gretchen fails to wake up, it is believed that she has become brain dead, but Park realizes that a rare condition is causing her to remain under anesthesia and she recovers. Morgan and Claire's patient, "Lucy Callard," is actually an identity thief who let her insurance lapse to pay her son's college tuition and failed to fill her post-operative antibiotic prescription due to fear of discovery resulting in a post-op infection. Morgan convinces the real Lucy Callard, a painkiller addict, to enter rehab; Claire gains the trust of the imposter, Beatrice, who dies after her infection turns into septicemia which fails to respond to treatment. Jared romantically pursues his burn-victim patient, Celez, after she completes her treatment; he is also offered a job in Denver. Kenny takes advantage of Shaun. Shaun urges Glassman to date hospital barista Debbie; they hit it off over their interest in classic cars, but Glassman suddenly experiences aphasia at the end of their dinner date.
1818"More"Mike ListoDavid Shore & Lloyd Gilyard, Jr.March 26, 2018 (2018-03-26)9.52[38]
Shaun tells Glassman that he has an inoperable glioma and eighteen months to live. Glassman accepts his death, but agrees to additional imaging for Shaun's sake; this yields a worse prognosis of four months to live. Glassman takes Shaun to a park his late daughter loved so they can enjoy the time Glassman has left. Shaun determines how a minimally invasive biopsy could be performed. If Glassman is diagnosed with an operable form of cancer, he will pursue treatment. The biopsy proves that Glassman's cancer is operable and though he will have a long road to recovery, he will most likely survive. Collegiate patient Caden suffers a complication after treatment for a fraternity hazing injury. Jared and Alex question Caden's friend, but Jared is put off by Alex's distrustful nature. Shaun determines that he erred in clamping Caden's artery. He proposes a risky procedure to save Caden's life and offers to take full responsibility for performing it, but Melendez decides they will perform it together. Caden survives and Melendez invites the team out for drinks, which Morgan finds perverse; Melendez hopes a doctor supports her when she inevitably kills a patient. Shaun decides he must admit his mistake to Andrews, even though Glassman staked his position on Shaun's success; Glassman leaves the decision up to Shaun, and accompanies him to meet with Andrews.

text: Season 2 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateUS viewers(millions)191"Hello"Mike ListoFreddie HighmoreSeptember 24, 2018 (2018-09-24)7.35[39]
In performance reviews, Andrews, now president of the hospital, tells Shaun to learn to communicate, Claire to be more assertive, and Morgan to improve her teamwork. Jared, working his last day before moving to Denver, skips his. Jared and Shaun run a mobile clinic and meet Harry, a mentally unstable homeless man. When Shaun takes Jared's advice to spend time with Glassman, who is beginning his cancer treatment with Dr. Blaize (his last hire before being replaced), it leads Shaun to diagnose Harry with a brain tumor. Shaun has a communication breakthrough in persuading Harry (whose real name is Edward) to receive treatment, which is successful and enables him to reunite with his family. Shaun commits to standing by Glassman through his treatment. Andrews, following Allegra's advice that Glassman was manipulative, persuades Melendez to perform a risky heart surgery that could raise the hospital's public profile. Claire resolves a complication, and Morgan encourages her to take credit. The procedure is a success, and Claire acknowledges her innovation. Claire has a change of heart and asks Jared to stay, but he tells her they will both be happy apart. He leaves for Denver. Lea unexpectedly greets Shaun outside his apartment.
202"Middle Ground"Steve RobinDavid ShoreOctober 1, 2018 (2018-10-01)7.20[40]
Shaun and Claire assist Dr. Melendez in treating Paul, a hospital janitor Shaun has diagnosed with pancreatic cancer and one year to live. Paul's wife and adult children encourage him to have risky surgery; Paul agrees, telling Shaun he wants to please his family, and advising Shaun to lie when the truth is unhelpful. Paul dies from a complication and his family begins to squabble over having coerced Paul; Shaun lies, telling them that Paul wanted the surgery. Dr. Lim treats Mara, a sixteen-year-old American girl with scarring from female genital mutilation, risking liability in willfully ignoring Mara's fake ID. Mara experiences extreme pain, revealing live tissue; with her parents and Child Protective Services involved, Mara declines reconstruction in favor of clitoridectomy, but Lim performs the reconstruction without consent; Mara is apparently pleased with the result and Lim's discretion. Dr. Glassman delays picking a neurosurgeon, fearing he could survive but suffer permanent disability; at Dr. Blaize's insistence, Glassman undergoes surgery. Shaun avoids his houseguest Lea for days, telling Claire he doesn't understand his own feelings. He tells Lea she hurt him, and he wants her to leave before she hurts him again.
213"36 Hours"Larry TengThomas L. MoranOctober 8, 2018 (2018-10-08)7.18[41]
On 36-hour shifts, Shaun and Morgan manage the emergency room in Dr. Lim's absence while Claire and Alex assist Dr. Melendez.  Melendez performs surgery to treat a woman's endometriosis and restore her fertility. Her condition is more severe than realized, and the planned hourlong surgery stretches to over 22 hours; tensions rise among Melendez, Claire, and Nurse Flores. When a risky procedure is the only way to avoid a hysterectomy, the patient's husband refuses to make a decision; he cedes the responsibility to Claire, who overrides Melendez's decision; they perform the hysterectomy. Called before Dr. Andrews over their bickering, Melendez, Claire, and Flores have only praise for each other. Shaun and Morgan safely extract a light bulb from a child's mouth and treat a young man whose priapism reveals an abscess. In traffic court, Lim fails to get a ticket dismissed and is jailed for contempt of court; she is later called away to operate on the abscess, interrupting a tryst with the prosecutor. Shaun apoligizes to Lea; but she criticizes him for hurting her and failing to reciprocate her friendship. Glassman wakes from his successful surgery, and has a vision of his dead daughter, Maddie.
224"Tough Titmouse"Steven DePaulDavid HoseltonOctober 15, 2018 (2018-10-15)6.68[42]
Mac, a boy with fragile X syndrome, injures himself and his mother, Nicole. Alex and Shaun believe Nicole should send Mac to a group home; at Melendez's recommendation, Nicole agrees.  Shaun recalls living with a tough-loving foster mother who became terminally ill. Dr. Lim, Claire, and Morgan treat injured 18-year-old female free solo climber Kitty; her parents, disapproving a risky surgery that could preserve Kitty's athleticism, obtain a declaration of medical incompetence and authorize a safer procedure that may leave her disabled. Kitty disowns her parents; Claire tries to reconcile them, but nobody changes their decision. Claire and Melendez discuss how their baggage influences their advice.  Claire struggled with her irresponsible mother, and Melendez's developmentally challenged sister Gabi lives in a care home. Glassman's daughter Maddie, who became a heavy marijuana user as a teen, died when Glassman locked her out at night as punishment; Glassman has an emotional confrontation with the hallucination of Maddie, and they confirm their mutual love. Shaun struggles to make amends with Lea, succeeding only when he asks what happened in Hershey. Lea is stunned to learn Shaun has rented a two-bedroom apartment for them to share.
235"Carrots"Sharat RajuLiz FriedmanOctober 29, 2018 (2018-10-29)6.79[43]
Dr. Lim treats Wade who, due to Crohn's disease and a fistula, must have his gastric bypass reversed. Wade keeps his past obesity secret from his husband, Spencer. Divorcees Alex and Lim disagree over marital honesty; Alex considers it more important. Wade tells Spencer he kept the secret because Spencer mocked their overweight friends. Spencer admits to Alex his unease at knowing Wade could regain the weight. Dr. Melendez treats Louisa, an anorexic mother suffering mitral regurgitation; her mental illness prevents the weight gain she needs before surgery. Melendez wants to operate despite the risks, rejecting Claire's suggestion of deep brain stimulation; she presents the option to Louisa, who requests it. Melendez is the review board's deciding vote for DBS, but he removes Claire from his team for not accepting his decision. After DBS, Louisa wants to eat, but feels less bonded to her son, a risk she understood and accepted. Glassman is too self-conscious to attempt walking until Shaun brings Debbie to convince him, making Shaun doubt his importance to Glassman. Shaun and Lea talk through her fear that living together will damage their platonic friendship; she ultimately agrees to move into the new apartment with him.
246"Two-Ply (or Not Two-Ply)"[44]Tara Nicole WeyrSimran BaidwanNovember 5, 2018 (2018-11-05)TBD
257"Hubert"[45]Marisol AdlerDavid RenaudNovember 12, 2018 (2018-11-12)TBD

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In May 2014, CBS Television Studios began development on an American remake of the hit South Korean medical drama Good Doctor with Daniel Dae Kim as producer. Kim explained the appeal of adapting the series as "something that can fit into a recognizable world, with a breadth of characters that can be explored in the long run".[46] The story of a pediatric surgeon with autism was to be set in Boston and projected to air in August 2015.[47][48] However, CBS did not pick up the project and it moved to Sony Pictures Television, with a put pilot commitment from ABC in October 2016. The series is developed by David Shore, who is executive producing alongside Kim, Sebastian Lee, and David Kim.[49] ABC officially ordered the series to pilot in January 2017.[50]

text: On May 11, 2017, ABC ordered the show to series as a co-production with Sony Pictures Television and ABC Studios,[51] and it was officially picked up for a full season of 18 episodes on October 3, 2017.[52] On March 7, 2018, ABC renewed the series for a second season.[53] It will premiere in the fall of 2018.

text: Casting[edit]

text: On February 17, 2017, Antonia Thomas was cast as Dr. Claire Browne, a strong-willed and talented doctor who forms a special connection with Shaun.[5] A week later, Freddie Highmore was cast in the lead role as Dr. Shaun Murphy, a young surgeon with autism; and Nicholas Gonzalez was cast as Dr. Neil Melendez, the boss of the surgical residents at the hospital.[3] The next month, Chuku Modu was cast as resident Dr. Jared Kalu (originally Dr. Jared Unger);[6] Hill Harper as head of surgery Dr. Marcus Andrews (originally Dr. Horace Andrews); Irene Keng as resident Dr. Elle McLean;[8] and Richard Schiff was cast as Dr. Aaron Glassman (originally Dr. Ira Glassman), the hospital president and Shaun's mentor.[9][51] Schiff was shortly followed by Beau Garrett as hospital board member Jessica Preston and a friend of Dr. Glassman.[7] In September 2017, Tamlyn Tomita was promoted to the principal cast as Allegra Aoki.[11]

text: In April 2018, it was revealed that Will Yun Lee, Fiona Gubelmann, Christina Chang, and Paige Spara had been promoted to series regulars for the second season, after recurring in the first as Alex, Morgan, Audrey, and Lea, respectively.[54] In addition, it was announced that Chuku Modu would not return for the second season.[54] In September 19, 2018, it was announced that Beau Garrett had left the series ahead of the second season premiere.[55]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Production on the pilot took place from March 21 to April 6, 2017, in Vancouver, British Columbia.[57][58] Filming for the rest of the season began on July 26, 2017, and concluded on March 1, 2018.[59] Filming for season two began on June 27, 2018, and is set to conclude on February 12, 2019.[60]

text: Music[edit]

text: Emmy nominated Dan Romer serves as the primary composer for the series[61][62]. He won an ASCAP Screen Music Awards for his work on the show.[63][64]

text: Release[edit]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The Good Doctor began airing on September 25, 2017, on ABC in the United States,[65] and on CTV in Canada.[66] Sky Living acquired the broadcast rights for the United Kingdom and Ireland.[67] Seven Network airs the series in Australia.[68] Wowow, the largest Japanese private satellite and pay-per-view television network in Japan acquired the rights to broadcast the series beginning in April 2018.[69] In the Netherlands, the series began airing on January 29, 2018, on RTL 4 and on video-on-demand service Videoland.[70] In Italy the series premiered on Rai 1 on July 17, 2018 setting a record of 5.2 million total viewers from 9.30pm to 11.45pm, reaching a share of 31,7% in the third episode[71] and entering the Top 10 of Most Watched Foreign TV Series in Italy at No.5[72], an event since the leaderboard never changed again after the last entry in November 14, 2007 with an episode of House[73][72]. In Brazil, the series was the first international production to be released at the Rede Globo's  video-on-demand service Globoplay[74]. On August 27 the two first episodes was aired at Globo free-to-air television network to announce the launch of the series in the streaming service[75].

text: Marketing[edit]

text: A full-length trailer was released for ABC's May 2017 Upfront presentation, which /Film's Ethan Anderton described the concept as feeling like "House meets Rain Man, that just might be enough to make it interesting". However, he questioned "how long can audiences be entranced by both the brilliance of [Highmore's] character's savant skills and the difficulties that come from his autism in the workplace."[76] Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter felt the trailer was "both kinda progressive and really dated". He added, "Too much felt on-the-nose—especially Hill Harper as the main character's detractor and Richard Schiff as his noble defender", while also commentating that "On-the-nose/premise is how you have to trailer a show like this, and maybe spaced out over 43 minutes it won't grate."[77] Ben Travers and Steve Greene for IndieWire called it "a serious trailer for a serious subject. The first glimpse of Highmore's character hints that they're toeing the line between presenting a thoughtful depiction of his condition and using his perceptive abilities as a kind of secret weapon."[78] The trailer had been viewed over 25.4 million times after a week of its release, including over 22 million views on Facebook.[79]

text: The pilot was screened at ABC's PaleyFest event on September 9, 2017.[80] On March 22, 2018, members of the cast as well as executive producers Shore and Kim attended the 35th annual PaleyFest LA to promote the series, along with a screening of the season finale of the first season.[81]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)

Episodes

First aired

Last aired
TV season
Rank
Avg. viewers(millions)

Date

Viewers(millions)

Date

Viewers(millions)

1
Monday 10:00 pm

18

September 25, 2017 (2017-09-25)

11.22[21]

March 26, 2018 (2018-03-26)

9.52[38]
2017–18
7
15.61[82]

2

18[83]

September 24, 2018 (2018-09-24)[84]

7.35[39]

TBA

TBD
2018–19
TBD
TBD

text: The series premiere earned a 2.2/9 rating in the 18- to 49-year-old demographic, with 11.22 million total viewers, making it the most watched Monday drama debut on ABC in 21 years, since Dangerous Minds in September 1996, and the highest rated Monday drama in the 18–49 demographic in 8.5 years, since Castle in March 2009.[85] Factoring live plus seven-day ratings, the pilot was watched by a total of 19.2 million viewers and set a record for DVR viewers with 7.9 million, surpassing the record of 7.67 million set by the pilot of Designated Survivor in 2016.[86] According to TV Guide's November 13–26 issue, the October 9 episode attracted 18.2 million viewers, beating out both high-rated CBS shows NCIS and The Big Bang Theory for the most viewed primetime show that week.[87]

text: Season 1 (2017–18)[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating/share(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"Burnt Food"

September 25, 2017
2.2/9
11.22[21]
2.2
7.86
4.4
19.21[88]

2

"Mount Rushmore"

October 2, 2017
2.2/9
10.93[22]
2.1
7.21
4.3
18.12[89]

3

"Oliver"

October 9, 2017
2.0/7
10.69[23]
2.2
7.53
4.2
18.22[90]

4

"Pipes"

October 16, 2017
2.0/8
10.60[24]
2.1
7.34
4.1
17.96[91]

5

"Point Three Percent"

October 23, 2017
1.8/7
10.39[25]
2.0
7.10
3.8
17.50[92]

6

"Not Fake"

October 30, 2017
1.9/7
10.60[26]
2.0
6.93
3.9
17.51[93]

7

"22 Steps"

November 13, 2017
1.9/7
10.14[27]
1.9
6.92
3.8
17.14[94]

8

"Apple"

November 20, 2017
1.8/7
9.97[28]
1.8
6.98
3.6
16.99[95]

9

"Intangibles"

November 27, 2017
1.7/7
9.25[29]
1.8
6.66
3.5
15.91[96]

10

"Sacrifice"

December 4, 2017
1.6/7
9.03[30]
1.8
6.67
3.4
15.74[97]

11

"Islands Part One"

January 8, 2018
1.6/6
8.30[31]
1.8
7.10
3.4
15.40[98]

12

"Islands Part Two"

January 15, 2018
1.7/6
9.33[32]
1.8
6.66
3.5
16.00[99]

13

"Seven Reasons"

January 22, 2018
1.7/7
9.61[33]
1.9
6.91
3.6
16.53[100]

14

"She"

February 5, 2018
1.7/7
9.63[34]
1.8
7.07
3.5
16.71[101]

15

"Heartfelt"

February 26, 2018
1.3/5
7.82[35]
1.8
6.84
3.1
14.66[102]

16

"Pain"

March 12, 2018
1.8/7
9.88[36]
1.5
6.23
3.3
16.12[103]

17

"Smile"

March 19, 2018
1.6/6
9.03[37]
1.5
6.39
3.1
15.42[104]

18

"More"

March 26, 2018
1.7/6
9.52[38]
1.6
6.32
3.3
15.85[105]

text: Season 2 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating/share(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"Hello"

September 24, 2018
1.3/6
7.35[39]
1.7
6.78
3.0
14.13[106]

2

"Middle Ground"

October 1, 2018
1.1/5
7.20[40]
1.5
6.14
2.6
13.34[107]

3

"36 Hours"

October 8, 2018
1.1/5
7.18[41]
1.4
6.04
2.5
13.22[108]

4

"Tough Titmouse"

October 15, 2018
1.1/5
6.68[42]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

5

"Carrots"

October 29, 2018
1.0/5
6.79[43]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 60% approval rating with an average rating of 5.62/10 based on 40 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "The Good Doctor's heavy-handed bedside manner undermines a solid lead performance, but under all the emotionally manipulative gimmickry, there's still plenty of room to improve."[109] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 53 out of 100 based on 15 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[110]

text: Giving his first impression of the series' pilot for TVLine, Matt Webb Mitovich  stated, "The Good Doctor boasts great DNA... [and] has the potential to be a refreshingly thought-provoking hospital drama, based on the buttons pushed in the pilot alone." He enjoyed the "warm dynamic" of Schiff and Highmore, while describing Thomas' character as "our emotional 'in' to Shaun's distinct, distant world". He noted that "it takes a while to build up momentum", but concluded that "the very final scene packs quite a punch, as Dr. Murphy unwittingly puts a colleague on notice".[111]

text: The New York Times television critic, James Poniewozik, notes in his Critic's Notebook column, that for the most part the drama is a "hospital melodrama with whiz-bang medical science, a dash of intra-staff romance and shameless sentimentality." Discussing the main characters of Dr. Aaron Glassman (Richard Schiff) and Dr. Shaun Murphy (Freddie Highmore), however, Poniewozik writes that "Mr. Schiff is convincing in the role and Mr. Highmore is striking in his." [112]

text: Speaking of Freddie Highmore's Golden Globe nomination on Monday, December 11, 2017, for his role in The Good Doctor, Laura Bradley, writing for Vanity Fair says: "... Freddie Highmore received the awards recognition that has long and unjustly eluded him..."  Bradley feels that Highmore's performance has been "the central key" to the show's enormous success and while the show had lukewarm reviews, most critics have praised Highmore's work.[113]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year

Association

Category

Nominee

Result

Ref.

2018

Golden Globe Awards

Best Actor – Television Series Drama

Freddie Highmore

Nominated

[114][115]

Humanitas Prize

60-Minute Category

David Shore

Won

[116]

ASCAP Screen Music Awards

Top Network TV series

Dan Romer

Won

[117]

Banff Rockie Awards

Scripted Melodrama Series

The Good Doctor

Won

[118]

The Hollywood Reporter Impact Award

The Good Doctor

Won

Teen Choice Awards

Choice Drama TV Actor

Freddie Highmore

Nominated

[119]

Gold Derby Awards

Best Drama Actor

Freddie Highmore

Nominated

[120]

Seoul International Drama Awards

Best Series Drama

The Good Doctor

Nominated

[121]

Best Actor

Freddie Highmore

Nominated

Best Screenwriter

David Shore

Nominated


document_title: Buffalo Wild Wings

question_text: where did the first buffalo wild wings open

root

text: Buffalo Wild Wings

text: History[edit]

text: Buffalo Wild Wings & Weck was founded in 1982 by Jim Disbrow and Scott Lowery. Lowery's parents had become Disbrow's guardians as they were his ice skating coaches. After Disbrow had finished judging an amateur figure skating competition at Kent State University, the pair met up to get some Buffalo-style chicken wings to eat. Failing to find any restaurant serving them, they decided to open their own restaurant serving wings. For the first location, they selected a location near the Ohio State University, Columbus. Weck was an original part of the name, as beyond the wings and its dozen sauces, the restaurant served beef on weck.[6]

tag: p

text: The pair brought on an additional partner, Mark Lutz, within six months after opening. None had any restaurant experience and thus ran all aspects of the business, including its finances, haphazardly. The restaurant expanded into a chain over the next decade as it added six additional locations in Ohio, Indiana, and Steamboat Springs, Colorado. The Colorado location was selected as they skied there.[6]

text: The company began to franchise in 1992 by working with Francorp, a Chicago-based law firm. The original franchise fee was $15,000 to $20,000 plus a percentage of sales. Its bottled wing sauces were then manufactured by Wilsey, Inc. of Atlanta. The company's headquarters was set up in 1992 in Cincinnati. By 1993, eight more locations were added, primarily in Ohio.[6]

text: In late 1994, Disbrow hired a part-time chief financial officer, Sally Smith, who was employed at his new father-in-law's business. In order to get her full-time, the company moved its headquarters to the Minneapolis/Saint Paul area where Smith wished to stay. Smith had to deal with issues with lenders and the Internal Revenue Service and a potential bankruptcy as a part overhauling its finances. Smith was unable to determine the firm's net income/loss prior to 1995. While in 1995, the company did $12 million in revenue with loss of $1.6 million.[6]

text: Expecting more growth in 1995, BW3 designed a new prototype free-standing outlet with clear separation between the bar and dining areas and seating 190 in a 5,000- to 7,500-square-foot space. This was a shift in strategy from a college sports-bar to casual dining. The company looked closer at new franchisees' qualifications. Existing franchisees were encouraged to add more locations while more corporate locations were planned. At that time, there were 48 locations with 12 corporate owned.[6]

text: Smith was promoted to president and CEO in August 1996, while Disbrow became chairman of the board. At the end of the year, 27 new locations were opened. An initial public stock offering was considered in 1998, but discarded given unfavorable market conditions. After using different name variations, bw-3 and Buffalo Wild Wings, in different markets in its first national ad campaign market; the decision was made to standardize the name throughout the system with the latter name. The company moved to increase home sales of their sauces by upgrading the packaging.[6]

text: The 100th location opened in October 1999 in Apple Valley, Minnesota a short drive from its corporate headquarters. At the time, there were 23 company owned restaurants. Three venture capital firms and other purchased a majority stake, $8.5 million in shares, available in a December 1999 private placement. The funding was planned to fund expansion with expectation to have 260 sites by late 2003. The company tested new several sauces in 2000 but only added two to the menu with its first dessert. In 2000, the chain, now calling its locations, Buffalo Wild Wings Grill & Bar, was in 19 states and 140 locations (at year end) with one finally in the city of its signature menu item, Buffalo, New York.[6]

text: System-wide revenue were $150 million in 2001 with same-stores averaged growth of 8 percent per year. The company began pushing takeout sales. In late 2001, the company signed on Frito-Lay to its plans for branded potato chips to the retail market.[6]

text: Disbrow died in October 2002, while Smith continued as company executive with Lowery as vice-president of franchise construction. There were 211 locations in 27 states by the end of third quarter of 2003.[6]

text: In 2010, the company announced an expansion into Canada.[7] In 2015, Buffalo Wild Wings expanded in the United Arab Emirates when it opened a restaurant in Dubai.[8]

text: In March 2013, the company took a minority stake in PizzaRev upscale pizza restaurant.[9] In August 2014, BW3 had purchased a majority stake in Rusty Taco chain[10] and changed its name to R Taco the next year.[11]

text: On September 11, 2017, customers at the Eastvale, California franchise complained that an employee muted the sound for the United States National Anthem at the start of the Monday Night Football game claiming that it was controversial and that it was not company policy to play it. The franchise owner later apologized and clarified that there is no policy regarding this matter.[12]

text: In November 2017, Roark Capital Group and The Wendy's Company co-owned Arby's Restaurant Group announced its plan to purchase the chain for about $2.4 billion plus debt .[13][14] This deal completed on February 5, 2018 with Arby's Restaurant Group being renamed Inspire Brands and set up as the holding parent company to Arby's, Buffalo Wild Wings and R Taco. Inspire Restaurant Group intends to for each restaurant to keep their individual brands, name, logos, and operating autonomously.[15]

text: Concept[edit]

text: The chain is best known for Buffalo-style chicken wings along with over a dozen sauces, as well as a complement of other items such as chicken tenders and legs. The chain's menu also features appetizers, burgers, tacos, salads, and desserts, along with beer, wine, and other beverages. They are known for their famous "Blazin Wing Challenge." They challenge customers to eat 12 of their hottest wings under six minutes. The winners receive a free T-shirt. The restaurants feature an open layout with a bar area and patio seating flanked by over 50 televisions and media screens.[16] Starting in 2016, the new restaurants being built follow a new type of layout that gives the guests the feeling as if they were actually in a sports stadium. Server uniforms consist of gray shorts and jerseys with the number 82, signifying the year that the chain was established in 1982.[17]

text: Naming rights[edit]

text: Buffalo Wild Wings Citrus Bowl – NCAA Division I FBS football

tag: ul

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Buffalo Wild Wings location in Athens, Ohio

The exterior of a Buffalo Wild Wings location in Carolina Forest, South Carolina

A Buffalo Wild Wings in Carson, California

A Buffalo Wild Wings in Gillette, Wyoming


document_title: List of forms of government

question_text: a form of government where a handful of elite society members hold political power is called

text: List of forms of government

text: Forms of government by power structure[edit]

text:
Term

Definition

Unitary State

A unitary state is a state governed as a single power in which the central government is ultimately supreme and any administrative divisions (sub-national units) exercise only the powers that the central government chooses to delegate. The majority of states in the world have a unitary system of government. Of the 193 UN member states, 165 are governed as unitary states.

Federation

A federation (also known as a federal state) is a political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing states or regions under a central (federal) government. In a federation, the self-governing status of the component states, as well as the division of power between them and the central government, is typically constitutionally entrenched and may not be altered by a unilateral decision of either party, the states or the federal political body. Alternatively, federation is a form of government in which sovereign power is formally divided between a central authority and a number of constituent regions so that each region retains some degree of control over its internal affairs.

Confederation

A confederation (also known as a confederacy or league) is a union of sovereign states, united for purposes of common action often in relation to other states. Usually created by a treaty, confederations of states tend to be established for dealing with critical issues, such as defense, foreign relations, internal trade or currency, with the general government being required to provide support for all its members. Confederalism represents a main form of inter-governmentalism, this being defined as ‘any form of interaction between states which takes place on the basis of sovereign independence or government.

Anarchy

A society without a publicly enforced government or political authority.[1][2] Sometimes said to be non-governance; it is a structure which strives for non-hierarchical, voluntary associations among agents. Anarchy is a situation where there is no state. When used in this sense, anarchy may[3] or may not[4]
This can be a natural, temporary result of civil war in a country, when an established state has been destroyed and the region is in a transitional period without definitive leadership.[5] Alternatively, it has been presented as a viable long term choice by individuals known as anarchists who oppose the state and other forms of coercive hierarchies. These individuals typically think people should organize in non-hierarchical, voluntary associations where people voluntarily help each other.[6] There are a variety of forms of anarchy that attempt to avoid the use of coercion, violence, force and authority, while still producing a productive and desirable society.[7][8]

tag: table

text: Forms of government by power source[edit]

text:
Term

Description

Democracy

Democracy, meaning "rule of the people", is a system of government in which the citizens exercise power directly or elect representatives from among themselves to form a governing body, such as a parliament. Democracy is sometimes referred to as "rule of the majority". Democracy is a system of processing conflicts in which outcomes depend on what participants do, but no single force controls what occurs and its outcomes.

Oligarchy

Oligarchy, meaning "rule of the few", is a form of power structure in which power rests with a small number of people. These people might be distinguished by nobility, wealth, family ties, education or corporate, religious or military control. Such states are often controlled by families who typically pass their influence from one generation to the next, but inheritance is not a necessary condition for the application of this term.

Autocracy

Autocracy is a system of government in which supreme power (social and political) is concentrated in the hands of one person or polity, whose decisions are subject to neither external legal restraints nor regularized mechanisms of popular control (except perhaps for the implicit threat of a coup d'état or mass insurrection). Absolute monarchy (such as Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Brunei and eSwatini) and dictatorships (such as North Korea) are the main modern day forms of autocracy.

text: Types of democracy[edit]

text: In democracies, large proportions of the population are provided the means to either to make decisions or to choose representatives to make decisions. Usually, though not necessarily (see Demarchy), this means is voting.  Significant in most vote-based democracies are political parties, which are groups of people with similar ideas about how a country or region should be governed. Different political parties have different ideas about how the government should handle different problems.

text: Note: These categories are not exclusive.

text:
Term

Definition

Direct democracy
Variant of democracy; government in which the people represent themselves and vote directly for new laws and public policy.

Liquid Democracy

Variant of democracy; government in which the people represent themselves or choose to temporarily delegate their vote to another voter to vote for new laws and public policy.

Representative democracy
Variant of democracy; wherein the people or citizens of a country elect representatives to create and implement public policy in place of active participation by the people.

Liberal democracy
Variant of democracy; a form of government in which representative democracy operates under the principles of liberalism. It is characterised by fair, free, and competitive elections between multiple distinct political parties, a separation of powers into different branches of government, the rule of law in everyday life as part of an open society, and the protection of human rights and civil liberties for all persons. To define the system in practice, liberal democracies often draw upon a constitution, either formally written or uncodified, to delineate the powers of government and enshrine the social contract. After a period of sustained expansion throughout the 20th century, liberal democracy became the predominant political system in the world. A liberal democracy may take various constitutional forms: it may be a republic, such as France, Germany, India, Ireland, Italy, Taiwan, or the United States; or a constitutional monarchy, such as Japan, Spain, or the United Kingdom. It may have a presidential system (Colombia, Brazil, Mexico, or the United States), a semi-presidential system (France, Portugal, or Taiwan), or a parliamentary system (Australia, Canada, Germany, Ireland, India, Italy, New Zealand, or the United Kingdom).

Social democracy
Variant of democracy; social democracy rejects the "either/or" phobiocratic/polarization interpretation of capitalism versus socialism. It claims that fostering a progressive evolution of capitalism will gradually result in the evolution of capitalist economy into socialist economy. Social democracy argues that all citizens should be legally entitled to certain social rights. These are made up of universal access to public services such as: education, health care, workers' compensation, public transportation, and other services including child care and care for the elderly. Social democracy is connected with the trade union labour movement and supports collective bargaining rights for workers. Contemporary social democracy advocates freedom from discrimination based on differences of: ability/disability, age, ethnicity, sex, gender, language, race, religion, sexual orientation, and social class.

Totalitarian democracy
Variant of democracy; refers to a system of government in which lawfully elected representatives maintain the integrity of a nation state whose citizens, while granted the right to vote, have little or no participation in the decision-making process of the government.

Electocracy
Variant of democracy; where citizens are able to vote for their government but cannot participate directly in governmental decision making and where the government does not share any power.

Demarchy
Variant of democracy; government in which the state is governed by randomly selected decision makers who have been selected by sortition (lot) from a broadly inclusive pool of eligible citizens. These groups, sometimes termed "policy juries", "citizens' juries", or "consensus conferences", deliberately make decisions about public policies in much the same way that juries decide criminal cases. Demarchy, in theory, could overcome some of the functional problems of conventional representative democracy, which is widely subject to manipulation by special interests and a division between professional policymakers (politicians and lobbyists) vs. a largely passive, uninvolved and often uninformed electorate. According to Australian philosopher John Burnheim, random selection of policymakers would make it easier for everyday citizens to meaningfully participate, and harder for special interests to corrupt the process.
More generally, random selection of decision makers from a larger group is known as sortition (from the Latin base for lottery). The Athenian democracy made much use of sortition, with nearly all government offices filled by lottery (of full citizens) rather than by election. Candidates were almost always male, Greek, educated citizens holding a minimum of wealth and status.

text: Types of oligarchy[edit]

text: Oligarchies are societies controlled and organised by a small class of privileged people, with no intervention from the most part of society; this small elite is defined as sharing some common trait.

text: De jure democratic governments with a de facto oligarchy are ruled by a small group of segregated, powerful or influential people who usually share similar interests or family relations. These people may spread power and elect candidates equally or not equally. An oligarchy is different from a true democracy because very few people are given the chance to change things. An oligarchy does not have to be hereditary or monarchic. An oligarchy does not have one clear ruler but several rulers.

text: Some historical examples of oligarchy are the Roman Republic, in which only males of the nobility could run for office and only wealthy males could vote, and the Athenian democracy, which used sortition to elect candidates, almost always male, Greek, educated citizens holding a minimum of land, wealth and status. Some critics of capitalism and/or representative democracy think of the United States as an oligarchy.

text:
Term

Definition

Aristocracy

Rule by the nobility; a system of governance where political power is in the hands of a small class of privileged individuals who claim a higher birth than the rest of society.

Plutocracy
Rule by the wealthy; a system wherein governance is indebted to, dependent upon or heavily influenced by the desires of the rich. Plutocratic influence can alter any form of government. For instance, in a republic, if a significant number of elected representative positions are dependent upon financial support from wealthy sources, it is a plutocratic republic.

Kraterocracy
Rule by the strong; a system of governance where those who are strong enough to seize power through physical force, social maneuvering or political cunning.

Stratocracy

Rule by military service; a system of governance composed of military government in which the state and the military are traditionally or constitutionally the same entity. Citizens with mandatory or voluntary active military service or who have been honorably discharged have the right to govern. (Therefore, stratocracy is not to be confused with "military junta" or "military dictatorship".) The Spartan city-state is a historical example; its social system and constitution were completely focused on military training and excellence. Stratocratic ideology often attaches to the honor-oriented timocracy.

Timocracy
Rule by the honourable; a system of governance ruled by honorable citizens and property owners. Socrates defines a timocracy as a government ruled by people who love honour and are selected according to the degree of honour they hold in society. This form of timocracy is very similar to meritocracy, in the sense that individuals of outstanding character or faculty are placed in the seat of power.

Meritocracy
Rule by the meritorious; a system of governance where groups are selected on the basis of people's ability, knowledge in a given area, and contributions to society.

Technocracy
Rule by the educated or technical experts; a system of governance where people who are skilled or proficient govern in their respective areas of expertise in technology would be in control of all decision making. Doctors, engineers, scientists, professionals and technologists who have knowledge, expertise, or skills would compose the governing body instead of politicians, businessmen and economists.[9] In a technocracy, decision makers would be selected based upon how knowledgeable and skillful they are in their field.

Geniocracy
Rule by the intelligent; a system of governance where creativity, innovation, intelligence and wisdom are required for those who wish to govern. Comparable to noocracy.

Noocracy

Rule by the wise; a system of governance in which decision making is in the hands of philosophers. (advocated by Plato)

Theocracy

Rule by a religious elite; a system of governance composed of religious institutions in which the state and the church are traditionally or constitutionally the same entity. The Vatican's (see Pope), Iran's (see Supreme Leader), Tibetan government's (see Dalai Lama), Caliphates and other Islamic states are historically considered theocracies.

Kritarchy

Rule by various judges, the kritarchs; a system of governance composed of law enforcement institutions in which the state and the legal systems are traditionally or constitutionally the same entity. The kritarchs, magistrates and other adjudicators have the legal power to legislate and administer the enforcement of government laws in addition to the interposition of laws and the resolution of disputes. (Not to be confused with "judiciary" or "judicial system".) Somalia, ruled by judges with the tradition of xeer,[10] as well as the Islamic Courts Union, is a historical example.[11]

Particracy

Rule by a dominant political party (or parties).

Ergatocracy

Rule by the proletariat, the workers, or the working class. Examples of ergatocracy include communist revolutionaries and rebels which control most of society and create an alternative economy for people and workers. See Dictatorship of the proletariat.

Netocracy

Rule by social connections; a term invented by the editorial board of the American technology magazine Wired in the early 1990s. A portmanteau of Internet and aristocracy, netocracy refers to a perceived global upper-class that bases its power on a technological advantage and networking skills, in comparison to what is portrayed as a bourgeoisie of a gradually diminishing importance. The netocracy concept has been compared with Richard Florida's concept of the creative class. Bard and Söderqvist have also defined an under-class in opposition to the netocracy, which they refer to as the consumtariat.

text: Types of autocracy[edit]

text: Autocracies are ruled by a single entity with absolute power, whose decisions are subject to neither external legal restraints nor regular mechanisms of popular control (except perhaps for implicit threat). That entity may be an individual, as in a dictatorship or it may be a group, as in a one-party state. The word despotism means to "rule in the fashion of despots" and is often used to describe autocracy.

text: Historical examples of autocracy include the Roman Empire, Nazi Germany and Soviet Union.

text:
Term

Definition

Civilian Dictatorship
A dictatorship where power resides in the hands of one single person or polity. That person may be, for example, an absolute monarch or a dictator, but can also be an elected president. The Roman Republic made dictators to lead during times of war; but the Roman dictators only held power for a small time. In modern times, an autocrat's rule is one that not stopped by any rules of law, constitutions, or other social and political institutions. After World War II, many governments in Latin America, Asia, and Africa were ruled by autocratic governments. Examples of dictators include: Adolf Hitler, Josef Stalin, Mao Zedong, Idi Amin, Muammar Gaddafi, and Gamal Abdul Nasser.

Military Dictatorship
A dictatorship primarily enforced by the military. Military dictators are different from civilian dictators for a number of reasons: their motivations for seizing power, the institutions through which they organize their rule, and the ways in which they leave power. Often viewing itself as saving the nation from the corrupt or myopic civilian politicians, a military dictatorship justifies its position as “neutral” arbiters on the basis of their membership within the armed forces. For example, many juntas adopt titles, such as “National Redemption Council", “Committee of National Restoration", or “National Liberation Committee". Military leaders often rule as a junta, selecting one of them as the head.

text: Pejorative attributes[edit]

text: Regardless of the form of government, the actual governance may be influenced by sectors with political power which are not part of the formal government. These are terms that highlight certain actions of the governors, such as corruption, demagoguery, or fear mongering that may disrupt the intended way of working of the government if they are widespread enough.

text:
Term

Definition

Banana republic
A politically unstable and kleptocratic government that economically depends upon the exports of a limited resource (fruits, minerals), and usually features a society composed of stratified social classes, such as a great, impoverished ergatocracy and a ruling plutocracy, composed of the aristocracy of business, politics, and the military.[12] In political science, the term banana republic denotes a country dependent upon limited primary-sector productions, which is ruled by a plutocracy who exploit the national economy by means of a politico-economic oligarchy.[13] In American literature, the term banana republic originally denoted the fictional Republic of Anchuria, a servile dictatorship that abetted, or supported for kickbacks, the exploitation of large-scale plantation agriculture, especially banana cultivation.[13] In U.S. politics, the term banana republic is a pejorative political descriptor coined by the American writer O. Henry in Cabbages and Kings (1904), a book of thematically related short stories derived from his 1896–1897 residence in Honduras, where he was hiding from U.S. law for bank embezzlement.[14]

Bankocracy
Rule by banks;[15] a system of governance with excessive power or influence of banks and other financial authorities on public policy-making. It can also refer to a form of government where financial institutions rule society.

Corporatocracy
Rule by corporations; a system of governance where an economic and political system is controlled by corporations or corporate interests.[16] Its use is generally pejorative. Examples include company rule in India and business voters for the City of London Corporation.

Nepotocracy
Rule by nephews; favouritism granted to relatives regardless of merit; a system of governance in which importance is given to the relatives of those already in power, like a nephew (where the word comes from). In such governments even if the relatives aren't qualified they are given positions of authority just because they know someone who already has authority. Pope Alexander VI (Borgia) was accused of this.

Kakistocracy
Rule by the stupid; a system of governance where the worst or least-qualified citizens govern or dictate policies. Due to human nature being inherently flawed, it has been suggested that every government which has ever existed has been a prime example of kakistocracy.

Kleptocracy
Rule by thieves; a system of governance where its officials and the ruling class in general pursue personal wealth and political power at the expense of the wider population. In strict terms kleptocracy is not a form of government but a characteristic of a government engaged in such behavior. Examples include Mexico as being considered a "narcokleptocracy", (narco-state) since its democratic government is perceived to be corrupted by those who profit from trade in illegal drugs smuggled into the United States.

Ochlocracy
Rule by the crowd; a system of governance where mob rule is government by mob or a mass of people, or the intimidation of legitimate authorities. As a pejorative for majoritarianism, it is akin to the Latin phrase mobile vulgus meaning "the fickle crowd", from which the English term "mob" was originally derived in the 1680s. Ochlocratic governments are often a democracy spoiled by demagoguery, "tyranny of the majority" and the rule of passion over reason; such governments can be as oppressive as autocratic tyrants. Ochlocracy is synonymous in meaning and usage to the modern, informal term "mobocracy".

text: Other attributes[edit]

text:
Term

Definition

Anocracy
A regime type where power is not vested in public institutions (as in a normal democracy) but spread amongst elite groups who are constantly competing with each other for power. Examples of anocracies in Africa include the warlords of Somalia and the shared governments in Kenya and Zimbabwe. Anocracies are situated midway between an autocracy and a democracy.[17]
The Polity IV dataset[clarification needed] recognised anocracy as a category. In that dataset, anocracies are exactly in the middle between autocracies and democracies.
Often the word is defined more broadly. For example, a 2010 International Alert publication defined anocracies as "countries that are neither autocratic nor democratic, most of which are making the risky transition between autocracy and democracy".[18] Alert noted that the number of anocracies had increased substantially since the end of the Cold War. Anocracy is not surprisingly the least resilient political system to short-term shocks: it creates the promise but not yet the actuality of an inclusive and effective political economy, and threatens members of the established elite; and is therefore very vulnerable to disruption and armed violence.

Adhocracy

Rule by a government based on relatively disorganised principles and institutions as compared to a bureaucracy, its exact opposite.

Bureaucracy

Rule by a system of governance with many bureaus, administrators, and petty officials

Cybersynacy

Ruled by a data fed group of secluded individuals that regulates aspects of public and private life using data feeds and technology having no interactivity with the citizens but using "facts only" to decide direction.

Nomocracy

Rule by a government under the sovereignty of rational laws and civic right as opposed to one under theocratic systems of government. In a nomocracy, ultimate and final authority (sovereignty) exists in the law.

Band society

Rule by a government based on small (usually family) unit with a semi-informal hierarchy, with strongest (either physical strength or strength of character) as leader. Very much like a pack seen in other animals, such as wolves.

text: Forms of government by ideology[edit]

text: By socio-political attributes[edit]

text:
Term

Definition

Monarchy

A monarchy is a form of government in which a group, generally a family representing a dynasty, embodies the country's national identity and its head, the monarch, exercises the role of sovereignty. The actual power of the monarch may vary from purely symbolic (crowned republic), to partial and restricted (constitutional monarchy), to completely autocratic (absolute monarchy). Traditionally the monarch's post is inherited and lasts until death or abdication. In contrast, elective monarchies require the monarch to be elected. Both types have further variations as there are widely divergent structures and traditions defining monarchy. For example, in some[which?]elected monarchies only pedigrees are taken into account for eligibility of the next ruler, whereas many hereditary monarchies impose requirements regarding the religion, age, gender, mental capacity, etc. Occasionally this might create a situation of rival claimants whose legitimacy is subject to effective election. There have been cases where the term of a monarch's reign is either fixed in years or continues until certain goals are achieved: an invasion being repulsed, for instance.

Republic

A republic (Latin: res publica) is a form of government in which the country is considered a "public matter", not the private concern or property of the rulers. The primary positions of power within a republic are not inherited, but are attained through elections expressing the consent of the governed. Such leadership positions are therefore expected to fairly represent the citizen body. It is a form of government under which the head of state is not a monarch. In American English, the definition of a republic can also refer specifically to a government in which elected individuals represent the citizen body, known elsewhere as a representative democracy (a democratic republic) and exercise power according to the rule of law (a constitutional republic).

text: Types of monarchy[edit]

text: Countries with monarchy attributes are those where a family or group of families (rarely another type of group), called the royalty, represents national identity, with power traditionally assigned to one of its individuals, called the monarch, who mostly rule kingdoms. The actual role of the monarch and other members of royalty varies from purely symbolical (crowned republic) to partial and restricted (constitutional monarchy) to completely despotic (absolute monarchy). Traditionally and in most cases, the post of the monarch is inherited, but there are also elective monarchies where the monarch is elected.

text:
Term

Definition

Absolute monarchy
A traditional and historical system where the monarch exercises ultimate governing authority as head of state and head of government. Many nations of Europe during the Middle Ages were absolute monarchies. Modern examples include mainly Islamic countries such as Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman, Brunei and one African country, eSwatini.

Constitutional monarchy
Also called parliamentary monarchy, the monarch's powers are limited by law or by a formal constitution,[19][20] usually assigning them to those of the head of state. Many modern developed countries, including the United Kingdom, Norway, Netherlands, Australia, Canada, and Japan, are constitutional monarchy systems.

Crowned republic
A form of government where the monarch (and family) is an official ceremonial entity with no political power. The royal family and the monarch are intended to represent the country and may perform speeches or attend an important ceremonial events as a symbolical guide to the people, but hold no actual power in decision-making, appointments, et cetera.

text: Types of republic[edit]

text: Rule by a form of government in which the people, or some significant portion of them, have supreme control over the government and where offices of state are elected or chosen by elected people.[21][22] A common simplified definition of a republic is a government where the head of state is not a monarch.[23][24] Montesquieu included both democracies, where all the people have a share in rule, and aristocracies or oligarchies, where only some of the people rule, as republican forms of government.[25]

text:
Term

Definition

Constitutional Republic
Republics where there is rule by a government whose powers are limited by law or a formal constitution, and chosen by a vote amongst at least some sections of the populace (Ancient Sparta was in its own terms a republic, though most inhabitants were disenfranchised). Republics that exclude sections of the populace from participation will typically claim to represent all citizens (by defining people without the vote as "non-citizens"). Examples include the United States, South Africa, India, etc.

Democratic republic
Republics where the running of the country is considered a "public matter" (Latin: res publica), not a private concern or property of rulers, and where offices of states are subsequently, directly or indirectly, elected or appointed – rather than inherited – where all eligible citizens have an equal say in the local and national decisions that affect their lives.

Parliamentary republic
Republics, like Germany, India or Singapore, with an elected head of state, but where the head of state and head of government are kept separate with the head of government retaining most executive powers, or a head of state akin to a head of government, elected by a parliament.

Presidential Republic

Republics with an elected head of state, where the head of state is also the head of the government. Examples include United States, Mexico, Brazil, and Indonesia.

Federal republic
Republics that are a federal union of states or provinces Examples include United States, Argentina, Austria, Brazil, Germany, India, Mexico, Russia, and Switzerland.

People's republic
Republics that include countries like China and Vietnam that are de jure governed for and by the people, but with no direct elections. The term People's Republic is used to differentiate themselves from the earlier republic of their countries before the people's revolution, like the Republic of China.

Islamic Republic
Republics governed in accordance with Islamic law. Examples include Afghanistan, Iran, Mauritania, and Pakistan.

text: By socio-economic attributes[edit]

text: Historically, most political systems originated as socioeconomic ideologies. Experience with those movements in power and the strong ties they may have to particular forms of government can cause them to be considered as forms of government in themselves.

text:
Term

Definition

Tribalism

A system based on a small complex society of varying degrees of centralisation that is led by an individual known as a chief.

Monarchism

A system in which the government is headed by an agreed upon head of the nobility who is known as the monarch, usually in the form of a king or emperor (but also less commonly a queen or empress). In most monarchical systems the position of monarch is one inherited from a previous ruler by bloodline or marriage, but in other cases it may be a position elected by the nobility themselves, as was the case in the ancient Roman Kingdom and the medieval Holy Roman Empire.

Republicanism

A system in which the laws and governmental policies of the state are considered a "public matter" and decided by the citizens of the society, whoever they may be. Most modern nation-states are examples of republics, but other examples include those of ancient Rome and Athens.

Despotism

A system in which the laws and resources of a nation are controlled by one individual, usually a monarch or dictator, who holds absolute political power. Examples include the pharaohs of Ancient Egypt and the Roman emperors.
(Often used as a slur by republicans to refer to all monarchical systems, monarchists conversely use the term to refer to systems in which monarchs have overstepped their boundaries, or to refer to some of the more totalitarian republican systems)

Feudalism
A system of land ownership and duties common to medieval Europe. Under feudalism, all the land in a kingdom belonged to the king. However, the king would give some of the land to the lords or nobles who fought for him. These presents of land were called manors. Then the nobles gave some of their land to vassals. The vassals then had to do duties for the nobles. The lands of vassals were called fiefs.
A similar system is the Iqta, used by medieval Islamic societies of the middle east and north Africa. This functioned much like the feudal system but generally had titles that weren't granted to a family dynasty but to individuals at the behest of the sultan and generally only required a tax from the lower classes, instead of military service and/or manual labour like in the feudal system.

Colonialism

A system in which a native group (or their lands and resources) is subjugated by an external political power for their own economic and/or political benefit.

Capitalism
A system in which the means of production (machines, tools, factories, etc.) are owned by private individuals, workers then negotiate with those individuals to use those means of production in exchange for a portion of what they produce, usually in the form of capital (money). The owners of the means of production are entitled to whatever portion of the products of the workers' labor that is agreed upon by the two parties.
The capitalist system is usually accompanied by a Welfare state which plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the economic and social well-being of its citizens. It is based on the principles of equality of opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for those unable to avail themselves of the minimal provisions for a good life.

Minarchism

A variant of capitalism which advocates for the State to exist solely to provide a very small number of services. A popular model of the State proposed by minarchists is known as the night-watchman state, in which the only governmental functions are to protect citizens from aggression, theft, breach of contract, and fraud as defined by property laws, limiting it to three institutions: the military, the police, and courts.

Distributism
A variant of capitalism which views widespread property ownership as fundamental right;[26] the means of production are spread as widely as possible rather than being centralized under the control of the state (as in state socialism), or a few individuals/corporations (as in what proponents of distributism call "crony capitalism")[27] Distributism fundamentally opposes socialism and capitalism,[28][29] which distributists view as equally flawed and exploitative. In contrast, distributism seeks to subordinate economic activity to human life as a whole, to our spiritual life, our intellectual life, our family life".[30]

Socialism
A system in which workers, democratically and/or socially own the means of production.[31] The economic framework may be decentralized and self-managed in autonomous economic units, as in libertarian systems, or centrally planned, as in authoritarian systems.[32] Public services such as healthcare and education would be commonly, collectively, and/or state owned.

Anarchism

A system that advocates self-governed societies based on voluntary institutions. These are often described as stateless societies, although several authors have defined them more specifically as institutions based on non-hierarchical or free associations. Anarchism holds the state to be undesirable, unnecessary, and/or harmful.

Communism
A socialist system in which the means of production are commonly owned (either by the people directly, through the commune, or by a communist state or society), and production is undertaken for use, rather than for profit.[33][34] Communist society is thus, in theory, stateless, classless, moneyless, and democratic — it is usually regarded as the "final form" of a socialist or anarchist society.

Totalitarianism

A system in which the land and resources of a nation are controlled by a centralised authoritarian state that holds absolute political power, usually under a dictatorship or single political party. Examples include the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany.

text: By geo-cultural attributes[edit]

text: Governments can also be categorized based on their size and scope of influence:

text:
Term

Definition

Commune

From the Medieval Latin communia. An intentional community of people living together, sharing common interests, often having common values and beliefs, as well as shared property, possessions, resources, and, in some communes, work, income or assets.

City-State

A sovereign state, also described as a type of small independent country, that usually consists of a single city and its dependent territories. Historically, this included cities such as Rome, Athens, Carthage, and the Italian city-states during the Renaissance. Today only a handful of sovereign city-states exist, with some disagreement as to which are city-states. A great deal of consensus exists that the term properly applies currently to Singapore, Monaco, and Vatican City. City states are also sometimes called micro-states which however also includes other configurations of very small countries.

National Government

The government of a nation-state and is a characteristic of a unitary state. This is the same thing as a federal government which may have distinct powers at various levels authorized or delegated to it by its member states, though the adjective 'central' is sometimes used to describe it. The structure of central governments varies. Many countries have created autonomous regions by delegating powers from the central government to governments at a sub national level, such as a regional, state or local level. Based on a broad definition of a basic political system, there are two or more levels of government that exist within an established territory and govern through common institutions with overlapping or shared powers as prescribed by a constitution or other law.

Intergovernmental Organisations

Also known as international governmental organizations (IGOs): the type of organization most closely associated with the term 'international organization', these are organizations that are made up primarily of sovereign states (referred to as member states). Notable examples include the United Nations (UN), Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), Council of Europe (COE), International Labour Organization (ILO) and International Police Organization (INTERPOL). The UN has used the term "intergovernmental organization" instead of "international organization" for clarity.

World Government

The notion of a common political authority for all of humanity, yielding a global government and a single state that exercises authority over the entire Earth. Such a government could come into existence either through violent and compulsory world domination or through peaceful and voluntary supranational union.

text: Forms of government by other attributes[edit]

text: By significant constitutional attributes[edit]

text: Certain major characteristics are defining of certain types; others are historically associated with certain types of government.

text:
Rule according to higher law (unwritten ethical principles) vs. written constitutionalism
Separation of church and state or free church vs. state religion
Civilian control of the military vs. stratocracy
Totalitarianism or authoritarianism vs. libertarianism
Majority rule or parliamentary sovereignty vs. constitution or bill of rights with separation of powers and supermajority rules to prevent tyranny of the majority and protect minority rights
Androcracy (patriarchy) or gynarchy (matriarchy) vs. gender quotas, gender equality provision, or silence on the matter

text: By approach to regional autonomy[edit]

text: This list focuses on differing approaches that political systems take to the distribution of sovereignty, and the autonomy of regions within the state.

text:
Sovereignty located exclusively at the centre of political jurisdiction.
Empire
Unitary state
Sovereignty located at the centre and in peripheral areas.
Hegemony
Federation and federal republic
Confederation
Federal monarchy
Diverging degrees of sovereignty.
Alliance
Asymmetrical federalism
Federacy
Associated state
Corpus separatum
Colony
Crown colony
Chartered company
Dependent territory
Occupied territory
Occupied zone
Mandate
Exclusive mandate
Military Frontier
Neutral zone
Colonial dependency
Protectorate
Vassal state
Satellite state
Puppet state
Thalassocracy
Unrecognized state
States with limited recognition
Separatist movement
Government in exile
Micronation
Provisional government
Territorial disputes
Non-self-governing territories
League of Nations
League
Commonwealth
Decentralisation and devolution (powers redistributed from central to regional or local governments)

text: Theoretical and speculative attributes[edit]

text: These currently have no citable real-world examples outside of fiction.

text:
Term

Definition

Corporate republic
Theoretical form of government occasionally hypothesised in works of science fiction, though some historical nations such as medieval Florence might be said to have been governed as corporate republics. The colonial megacorporations such as the Dutch East India Company should possibly be considered corporate states, being semi-sovereign with the power to wage war and establish colonies.
While retaining some semblance of republican government, a corporate republic would be run primarily like a business, involving a board of directors and executives. Utilities, including hospitals, schools, the military, and the police force, would be privatised. The social welfare function carried out by the state is instead carried out by corporations in the form of benefits to employees. Although corporate republics do not exist officially in the modern world, they are often used in works of fiction or political commentary as a warning of the perceived dangers of unbridled capitalism. In such works, they usually arise when a single, vastly powerful corporation deposes a weak government, over time or in a coup d'état.
Some political scientists have also considered state socialist nations to be forms of corporate republics, with the state assuming full control of all economic and political life and establishing a monopoly on everything within national boundaries – effectively making the state itself amount to a giant corporation.

Cyberocracy
Theoretical form of government that rules by the effective use of information

Magocracy
Rule by a government with the highest and main authority being either a magician, sage, sorcerer, wizard, witch, or some other magic user. This is often similar to a theocratic structured regime and is largely portrayed in fiction and fantasy genre categories.

Uniocracy
Ruled by a singularity of all human minds connected via some form of technical or non-technical telepathy acting as a form of super computer to make decisions based on shared patterned experiences to deliver fair and accurate decisions to problems as they arrive. Also known as the "Hive Mind" principle, it differs from voting in that each person would make a decision while in the "hive" the synapses of all minds work together following a longer path of memories to make "one" decision.


document_title: Fort Gibson

question_text: why was fort gibson so important to both sides during the civil war

text: Fort Gibson

text: Building the fort[edit]

text: Colonel Matthew Arbuckle commanded the 7th Infantry Regiment (United States) from Fort Smith, Arkansas. He moved some of his troops to establish Cantonment Gibson on 21 April 1824 on the Grand River (Oklahoma) just above its confluence with the Arkansas River. This was part of a series of forts which the United States established to protect its western border and the extensive Louisiana Purchase. The US Army named the fort for Colonel (later General) George Gibson, Commissary General of Subsistence. The post surgeon began taking meteorological observations in 1824, and the fort provided the earliest known weather records in Oklahoma.[4] Colonel Arbuckle also established Fort Towson in southern Indian Territory. In the early years, troops constructed a stockade, barracks, other facilities, and roads. They also settled strife between the indigenous Osage Nation, which had been in the area since the seventeenth century, and the earliest bands of western Cherokee settlers.[4]

text: Indian removal[edit]

text: Congress passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830, which led to a new mission for Cantonment Gibson. The Army designated the cantonment as Fort Gibson in 1832, reflecting its change from a temporary outpost to a semi-permanent garrison. Soldiers at Fort Gibson increasingly dealt with Indians removed from the eastern states to Indian Territory. These newcomers complained about hostility from the Osage Nation and other Plains Indian tribes indigenous to the region. Montfort Stokes, former governor of North Carolina, convened a commission at Fort Gibson to address these problems, and troops at the fort supported its work. The American author Washington Irving accompanied troops exploring the southern Plains west of Fort Gibson in 1832. This excursion and another journey in 1833 both failed to find any significant nomadic Indian tribes, but Washington Irving wrote A Tour of the Prairies in 1835 from his experiences.

text: General Henry Leavenworth in 1834 led First Dragoon Expedition on a peace mission to the west, finally established contact with the nomadic Indian tribes. The artist George Catlin traveled with the dragoons and made numerous studies. General Leavenworth died during the march, and Colonel Henry Dodge replaced him in command. The expedition finally established contact and negotiated the first treaty with the Indian tribes. Debilitating fevers struck and killed many men on this expedition, posing more of a danger than the Native Americans. A West Point officer assigned to the fort said the men felt that expeditions to the Plains in the 1830s were "a veritable death sentence."[4] During these years, the soldiers at Fort Gibson built roads, provisioned incoming American Indians removed from the eastern states, and worked to maintain peace among antagonistic tribes and factions, including the indigenous Osage Nation and the Cherokee Nation, a people removed from the American South to the Indian Territory.[4]

text: During the Texas Revolution against the weak Mexican government, the Army sent most of the troops stationed at Fort Gibson to the Texas border region. Their absence weakened the military power and pacification capacity at Fort Gibson, but the reduced garrison maintained stability in the region.[4]

text: At the height of Indian removal in the 1830s, the garrison at Fort Gibson ranked as the largest in the nation. Notable American soldiers stationed at (or at least visiting) Fort Gibson include Stephen W. Kearny, Robert E. Lee, and Zachary Taylor. The Army stationed Jefferson Davis, later president of the Confederate States of America, and more than 100 other West Point cadets at the fort. The Army also assigned Nathan Boone, son of the famous explorer Daniel Boone, to the post. After leaving Tennessee, Sam Houston owned a trading post in the area; he later moved to Texas.

text: At a bitterly contentious meeting at Fort Gibson in 1836, the majority faction of the Muscogee (Creek) reluctantly accepted the existing tribal government under the leadership of Chilly McIntosh, son of William McIntosh, and his faction. Colonel Arbuckle tried to prevent intratribal strife within the Cherokee, but Chief John Ross and his followers refused to acknowledge the government that earlier "Old Settlers" had established in Indian Territory. After losing the Seminole Wars against the United States Army in Florida, many of the Seminole arrived in Indian Territory "bitter and dispirited." Officials at Fort Gibson prevented bloodshed and disunity among them.[4]

text: Pacification and first abandonment[edit]

text: When Colonel Arbuckle left Fort Gibson in 1841, he reported that despite the arrival of 40,000 eastern Native Americans of decidedly unfriendly disposition, "I have maintained peace on this frontier and at no period have the Whites on our border or the Red people of this frontier been in a more perfect state of quiet and Security than they enjoy now."[4] The removed Native American nations gradually lost their desire for American military protection.[4]

text: Among the traders who operated at Fort Gibson was John Allan Mathews, who was the husband of the half-Osage Sarah Williams, daughter of William S. Williams.[5]

text: In the 1850s, the Cherokee complained about the liquor and brothels at Fort Gibson. They tried to prevent the sale of alcohol to their people, who could not tolerate it physically.[citation needed] The Cherokee ultimately urged Congress to close Fort Gibson, and the War Department heeded their request. In June 1857, the Army abandoned Fort Gibson for the first time. The Cherokee nation received the deed to the property and improvements, and established the village of Kee-too-wah on the site.[4] It became a center of traditionalists and eventually an independently federally recognized tribe of Cherokee.

text: American Civil War[edit]

text: During the American Civil War, Union troops occasionally occupied the post. During the summer of 1862, Union soldiers repulsed a Confederate invasion of Indian Territory. They left the fort and withdrew to Kansas. In April 1863, Colonel William A. Phillips of the Indian Home Guard (Union Indian Brigade) reoccupied Fort Gibson and kept it in Union hands throughout the remainder of the war. The Army briefly renamed the post Fort Blunt in honor of Brigadier General James G. Blunt, commander of the Department of Kansas. The fort dominated the junction between the Arkansas River and Texas Road, but Confederates never attacked the fort, though an attack on the fort's nearby livestock grew to a heavy encounter in the battle of Fort Gibson. Its troops under General Blunt marched southward in July 1863 and won the Battle of Honey Springs, the most important in Indian Territory.[4]

text: In the summer of 1864, a steamboat came up the Arkansas River with a thousand barrels of flour and 15 tons of bacon to resupply Union troops at Fort Gibson. Cherokee Gen. Stand Waite, largely cut off from the rest of the Confederacy, didn’t want to sink the boat. He wanted to capture it, along with the food and other supplies on board. The ensuing battle is the only naval battle to have been fought in Oklahoma/Indian Territory History.[6]

text: After the American Civil War, the US Army retained Fort Gibson. American soldiers ultimately established enduring peace with the Indian tribes of the southern Plains only after 1870, but forts farther west increasingly took on the duties of securing that peace. For more than 50 years, Fort Gibson had kept peace in its area.[4] The Army transferred most troops elsewhere in 1871, leaving only a detachment responsible for provisions in a quartermaster depot.[4]

text: Cavalry mission[edit]

text: In 1872 the Tenth Cavalry reoccupied Fort Gibson. Soon after, workers were sent to the area to build the Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad from Baxter Springs, the first "cow town," in Kansas, to the Red River crossing at Colbert's Ferry, Indian Territory, along the Texas border. This would improve transportation of cattle and beef to the east as well as shipping of goods from that area to the West. The cavalry from Fort Gibson was used to police the camps of local workers. Soldiers tried to manage threats from outlaws, white encroachment on Indian lands, intra-tribal disputes, and other issues. The size of the garrison varied with the workload.

text: The Kansas and Arkansas Valley Railway built track through the area in 1888, and the town of Fort Gibson, Oklahoma began to develop. In the summer of 1890, the Army abandoned Fort Gibson for the last time. Troops occasionally camped at the site when unrest brought them to the town of Fort Gibson, which took the name of the fort. After the military permanently departed, the civilian town expanded into the former military grounds of the fort.

text: Historic site[edit]

text: The Works Project Administration of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration in the 1930s reconstructed some or all buildings at the fort, as part of historic preservation and construction work that the government sponsored during the Great Depression.[7] In 1960 the National Park Service designated Fort Gibson as a National Historic Landmark.[3][8]

text: The old fort was located in present Muskogee County, Oklahoma. It is located at Lee and Ash Streets in Fort Gibson, Oklahoma.[8] The Oklahoma Historical Society operates the site, which includes a reconstruction of the early log fort, original buildings from the 1840s through 1870s, and the Commissary Visitor Center, which has museum exhibits about the history of the fort. The site hosts special living history events and programs.

text: Fort Gibson National Cemetery lies a few miles away.