document_title: Cabinet of the United States

question_text: what is the salary of us cabinet members

text: Cabinet of the United States

text: History[edit]

text: There is no explicit reference to a "Cabinet" in the United States Constitution, the United States Code, or the Code of Federal Regulations. In the Constitution, the President is authorised (but not compelled) to "require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices." The Constitution does not provide for an explicit forum where the principal officers' opinions can be obtained less formally, without writing, such as a formal Cabinet.

text: George Washington, the first U.S. President, organized his principal officers into a Cabinet, and it has been part of the executive branch structure ever since. Washington's Cabinet consisted of six members: himself, the Vice President John Adams, Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of War Henry Knox and Attorney General Edmund Randolph.

text: Presidents have used Cabinet meetings of selected principal officers but to widely differing extents and for different purposes. Secretary of State William H. Seward and then Professor Woodrow Wilson advocated use of a parliamentary-style Cabinet government. But President Abraham Lincoln rebuffed Seward, and Woodrow Wilson would have none of it in his administration. In recent administrations, Cabinets have grown to include key White House staff in addition to department and various agency heads. President Ronald Reagan formed seven subcabinet councils to review many policy issues, and subsequent Presidents have followed that practice.[1]

text: Background[edit]

text: In the Constitution and federal law[edit]

text: The term "principal Officer in each of the executive Departments" is mentioned in the Opinion Clause (Article II, Section 2, Clause 1) and the term "Heads of Departments" is mentioned in Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the Constitution. The term "principal officers of the executive departments" is also mentioned in the Twenty-fifth Amendment, Section 4, the executive departments being listed in 5 U.S.C. § 101. Although there are occasional references to "Cabinet-level officers," which when viewed in their context do refer to these "principal officers" and "heads of departments," the terms "principal officers" and "heads of departments" are not necessarily synonymous with "Cabinet" members.

text: In 3 U.S.C. § 302 with regard to delegation of authority by the President, it is provided that "nothing herein shall be deemed to require express authorization in any case in which such an official would be presumed in law to have acted by authority or direction of the President." This pertains directly to the heads of the executive departments as each of their offices is created and specified by statutory law (hence the presumption) and thus gives them the authority to act for the President within their areas of responsibility without any specific delegation.

text: Under the 1967 Federal Anti-Nepotism statute, federal officials are prohibited from appointing their immediate family members to certain governmental positions, including those in the Cabinet.[2]

text: Under the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998, an incoming administration may appoint acting heads of department from employees of the relevant department. These may be existing high-level career employees, from political appointees of the outgoing administration, or sometimes lower-level appointees of the incoming administration.[3]

text: Confirmation process[edit]

text: The heads of the executive departments and all other federal agency heads are nominated by the President and then presented to the Senate for confirmation or rejection by a simple majority (although before the use of the "nuclear option" during the 113th US Congress, they could have been blocked by filibuster, requiring cloture to be invoked by  3⁄5 supermajority to further consideration). If approved, they receive their commission scroll, are sworn in and then begin their duties.

text: An elected Vice President does not require Senate confirmation, nor does the White House Chief of Staff, which is an appointed staff position of the Executive Office of the President.

text:
Office
Senate Confirmation Review Committee

Secretary of State
Foreign Relations Committee

Secretary of the Treasury
Finance Committee

Secretary of Defense
Armed Services Committee

Attorney General
Judiciary Committee

Secretary of the Interior
Energy and Natural Resources Committee

Secretary of Agriculture
Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Committee

Secretary of Commerce
Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee

Secretary of Labor
Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee

Secretary of Health and Human Services
Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee (consult) & Finance Committee (official)

Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Committee

Secretary of Transportation
Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee

Secretary of Energy
Energy and Natural Resources Committee

Secretary of Education
Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee

Secretary of Veterans Affairs
Veterans Affairs Committee

Secretary of Homeland Security
Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee

Trade Representative
Finance Committee

Director of National Intelligence
Select Committee on Intelligence

Ambassador to the United Nations
Foreign Relations Committee

Office of Management and Budget
Budget Committee & Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee

Director of the Central Intelligence Agency
Select Committee on Intelligence

Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency
Environment and Public Works Committee

Administrator of the Small Business Administration
Small Business and Entrepreneurship Committee

text: Salary[edit]

text: The heads of the executive departments and most other senior federal officers at cabinet or sub-cabinet level receive their salary under a fixed five level pay plan known as the Executive Schedule, which is codified in Title 5 of the United States Code. 21 positions, including the heads of the executive departments and others, receiving Level I pay are listed in 5 U.S.C. § 5312, and those 46 positions on Level II pay (including the number two positions of the executive departments) are listed in 5 U.S.C. § 5313. As of January 2016, the Level I annual pay was set at $205,700.[4]

text: The annual salary of the Vice President is $235,300.[4] The salary level was set by the Government Salary Reform Act of 1989, which also provides an automatic cost of living adjustment for federal employees. The Vice President does not automatically receive a pension based on that office, but instead receives the same pension as other members of Congress based on his ex officio position as President of the Senate.[5]

text: Current Cabinet and Cabinet-rank officials[edit]

text: The individuals listed below were nominated by President Donald Trump to form his Cabinet and were confirmed by the United States Senate on the date noted, or are serving as acting department heads by his request pending the confirmation of his nominees. For a full list of people nominated for Cabinet positions, see Formation of Donald Trump's Cabinet.

text: Vice President and the heads of the executive departments[edit]

text: The Cabinet includes the Vice President and the heads of 15 executive departments, listed here according to their order of succession to the Presidency. These 15 positions are the core "cabinet member" seats, as distinct from other Cabinet-level seats for other various top level White House staffers and heads of other government agencies, none of whom are in the presidential line of succession and not all of whom are Officers of the United States.[6] Note that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate follow the Vice President and precede the Secretary of State in the order of succession, but both are in the legislative branch and are not part of the Cabinet.

text:
Cabinet

Office
(statutory basis)
Incumbent
Term began

Vice President
(Constitution, Art. II, Sec. I)

Mike Pence

January 20, 2017

Secretary of State
(22 U.S.C. § 2651a)

Rex Tillerson

February 1, 2017

Secretary of the Treasury
(31 U.S.C. § 301)

Steve Mnuchin

February 13, 2017

Secretary of Defense
(10 U.S.C. § 113)

James Mattis

January 20, 2017

Attorney General
(28 U.S.C. § 503)

Jeff Sessions

February 9, 2017

Secretary of the Interior
(43 U.S.C. § 1451)

Ryan Zinke

March 1, 2017

Secretary of Agriculture
(7 U.S.C. § 2202)

Sonny Perdue

April 25, 2017

Secretary of Commerce
(15 U.S.C. § 1501)

Wilbur Ross

February 28, 2017

Secretary of Labor
(29 U.S.C. § 551)

Alex Acosta

April 28, 2017

Secretary of Health and Human Services
(Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1953, 67 Stat. 631 and 42 U.S.C. § 3501)

Tom Price

February 10, 2017

Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
(42 U.S.C. § 3532)

Ben Carson

March 2, 2017

Secretary of Transportation
(49 U.S.C. § 102)

Elaine Chao

January 31, 2017

Secretary of Energy
(42 U.S.C. § 7131)

Rick Perry

March 2, 2017

Secretary of Education
(20 U.S.C. § 3411)

Betsy DeVos

February 7, 2017

Secretary of Veterans Affairs
(38 U.S.C. § 303)

David Shulkin

February 14, 2017

Secretary of Homeland Security
(6 U.S.C. § 112)

Elaine Duke
(acting)
July 31, 2017

text: Cabinet-level officials[edit]

text: The following officials hold positions that are considered to be Cabinet-level positions. Cabinet-level officials attend Cabinet meetings, but are not official Cabinet Members:

text:
Cabinet-level Officials

Office
Incumbent
Term began

White House Chief of Staff
(Pub.L. 76–19, 53 Stat. 561, enacted April 3, 1939, Executive Order 8248, Executive Order 10452, Executive Order 12608)

John F. Kelly

July 31, 2017

Trade Representative
(19 U.S.C. § 2171)

Robert Lighthizer

May 15, 2017

Director of National Intelligence[7][8]
(50 U.S.C. § 3023)

Dan Coats

March 16, 2017

Ambassador to the United Nations
(22 U.S.C. § 287, Executive Order 9844, Executive Order 10108)

Nikki Haley

January 27, 2017

Director of the Office of Management and Budget
(31 U.S.C. § 502, Executive Order 11541, Executive Order 11609, Executive Order 11717)

Mick Mulvaney

February 16, 2017

Director of the Central Intelligence Agency[7]
(50 U.S.C. § 3036)

Mike Pompeo

January 23, 2017

Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency
(5 U.S.C. § 906, Executive Order 11735)

Scott Pruitt

February 17, 2017

Administrator of the Small Business Administration
(15 U.S.C. § 633)

Linda McMahon

February 14, 2017

text: Former executive and Cabinet-level departments[edit]

text:
Department of War (1789–1947), headed by the Secretary of War: renamed Department of the Army by the National Security Act of 1947.
Department of the Navy (1798–1949), headed by the Secretary of the Navy: became a military department within the Department of Defense.
Post Office Department (1829–1971), headed by the Postmaster General: reorganized as the United States Postal Service, a government corporation.
National Military Establishment (1947-1949), headed by the Secretary of Defense: created by the National Security Act of 1947 and recreated as the Department of Defense in 1949.
Department of the Army (1947–1949), headed by the Secretary of the Army: became a military department within the Department of Defense.
Department of the Air Force (1947–1949), headed by the Secretary of the Air Force: became a military department within the Department of Defense.

text: Renamed heads of the executive departments[edit]

text:
Secretary of Foreign Affairs: created in July 1781 and renamed Secretary of State in September 1789.[9]
Secretary of War: created in 1789 and was renamed as Secretary of the Army by the National Security Act of 1947. The 1949 Amendments to the National Security Act of 1947 made the Secretary of the Army a subordinate to the Secretary of Defense.
Secretary of Commerce and Labor: created in 1903 and renamed Secretary of Commerce in 1913 when its labor functions were transferred to the new Secretary of Labor.
Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare: created in 1953 and renamed Secretary of Health and Human Services in 1979 when its education functions were transferred to the new Secretary of Education.

text: Other positions no longer of Cabinet rank[edit]

text:
Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (1996–2001): created as an independent agency in 1979, raised to Cabinet rank in 1996,[10] and dropped from Cabinet rank in 2001.[11]
Director of Central Intelligence (1995–2001)[12][13][14]
Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (1993–2009)[15][16]
Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers (2009–2017)[17][18]

text: Proposed Cabinet departments[edit]

text:
"Department of Commerce" or "Department of Industry and Commerce", proposed by Secretary of the Treasury William Windom in a speech given at a Chamber of Commerce dinner in May 1881.[19]
"Department of Natural Resources", proposed by the Eisenhower administration,[20] President Richard Nixon,[21] the 1976 GOP national platform,[22] and by Bill Daley (as a consolidation of the Departments of the Interior and Energy, and the Environmental Protection Agency).[23]
"Department of Peace", proposed by Senator Matthew Neely in the 1930s, Congressman Dennis Kucinich, and other members of the U.S. Congress.[24][25]
"Department of Social Welfare", proposed by President Franklin Roosevelt in January 1937.[26]
"Department of Public Works", proposed by President Franklin Roosevelt in January 1937.[26]
"Department of Conservation" (renamed Department of Interior) proposed by President Franklin Roosevelt in January 1937.[26]
"Department of Urban Affairs and Housing", proposed by President John F. Kennedy.[27]
"Department of Business and Labor", proposed by President Lyndon Johnson.[28]
"Department of Community Development", proposed by President Richard Nixon; to be chiefly concerned with rural infrastructure development.[21][29]
"Department of Human Resources" proposed by President Richard Nixon; essentially a revised Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.[21]
"Department of Economic Affairs" proposed by President Richard Nixon; essentially a consolidation of the Departments of Commerce, Labor and Agriculture.[30]
"Department of Environmental Protection", proposed by Senator Arlen Specter and others.[31]
"Department of Intelligence", proposed by former Director of National Intelligence Mike McConnell.[32]
"Department of Global Development", proposed by the Center for Global Development.[33]
"Department of Arts", proposed by Quincy Jones.[34]
"Department of Business", proposed by President Barack Obama as a consolidation of the U.S. Department of Commerce’s core business and trade functions, the Small Business Administration, the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, the Export-Import Bank, the Overseas Private Investment Corporation, and the U.S. Trade and Development Agency.[35][36]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
James K. Polk and his Cabinet in 1846. The first Cabinet to be photographed.

President Buchanan and his Cabinet

Abraham Lincoln met with his Cabinet for the first reading of the Emancipation Proclamation draft (July 26, 1862).

President Theodore Roosevelt's Cabinet

President William H. Taft's second cabinet, 1912
(photographed by Harris & Ewing photo studio)

The Nixon Cabinet, 1969

President Gerald R. Ford meeting with his Cabinet (June 25, 1976)

President Jimmy Carter's Cabinet meeting (February 13, 1978)

President Reagan and his Cabinet (September 11, 1986)

President George H. W. Bush and his Cabinet in the Cabinet Room (September 5, 1989).

The Clinton Cabinet, in 1993.

The Bush Cabinet (February 2008).

The first Obama Cabinet (September 2009).

The Trump Cabinet (March 13, 2017)


document_title: Kai Tak Airport

question_text: where did hong kong airport used to be

question_tokens: where did hong kong airport used to be

root

text: Kai Tak Airport

text: Geographic environment[edit]

text: Kai Tak was located on the west side of Kowloon Bay in Kowloon, Hong Kong. The area is surrounded by rugged mountains. Less than 4 km (2.5 mi) to the north and northeast of the former runway 13 threshold is a range of hills reaching an elevation of 2,000 ft (610 m). To the east of the former 31 threshold, the hills are less than 3 km (1.9 mi) away. Immediately to the south of the airport is Victoria Harbour, and farther south is Hong Kong Island with hills up to 2,100 ft (640 m).

tag: p

text: When Kai Tak closed, there was only one runway in use, numbered 13/31 and oriented southeast/northwest (134/314 degrees true, 136/316 degrees magnetic). The runway was made by reclaiming land from the harbour and was extended several times after its initial construction. The runway was 3,390 m (11,120 ft) long when the airport closed.

text: At the northern end of the runway, buildings rose up to six storeys just across a major multi-lane arterial road. The other three sides of the runway were surrounded by Victoria Harbour. The low-altitude turning manoeuvre before the shortened final approach was so spectacular that passengers could spot television sets in the apartments: "...as the plane banked sharply to the right for landing ... the people watching television in the nearby apartments seemed an unsettling arms length away."[5]

text: History[edit]

text: 1920s to 1930s[edit]

text: The story of Kai Tak started in 1912 when two businessmen Ho Kai and Au Tak formed the Kai Tak Investment Company to reclaim land in Kowloon for development.[6] The land was acquired by the government for use as an airfield after the business plan failed.[7]

text: In 1924, Harry Abbott opened The Abbott School of Aviation on that piece of land.[8] Soon, it became a small grass strip runway airport for the RAF and several flying clubs which, over time, grew to include the Hong Kong Flying Club, the Far East Flying Training School, and the Aero Club of Hong Kong, which exist today as an amalgamation known as the Hong Kong Aviation Club. In 1928, a concrete slipway was built for seaplanes that used the adjoining Kowloon Bay.[1] The first control tower and hangar at Kai Tak were built in 1935. In 1936, the first domestic airline in Hong Kong was established.[citation needed]

text: World War II[edit]

text: Hong Kong fell into the hands of the Japanese in 1941 during World War II. In 1942, the Japanese army expanded Kai Tak, using many Allied prisoner-of-war (POW) labourers,[9] building two concrete runways, 13/31 and 07/25. Numerous POW diary entries exist recalling the gruelling work and long hours working on building Kai Tak.[10] During the process, the historic wall of the Kowloon Walled City and the 45-metre (148 ft) tall Sung Wong Toi, a memorial for the last Song dynasty emperor, were destroyed for materials.[11] A 2001 Environmental Study recommended that a new memorial be erected for the Sung Wong Toi rock and other remnants of the Kowloon area before Kai Tak.[12]

text: 1945 to 1970s[edit]

text: From September 1945 to August 1946, the airport was a Royal Navy shore base, "HMS Nabcatcher",[13] the name previously attached to a Mobile Naval Air Base for the Fleet Air Arm. On 1 April 1947, a Royal Naval Air Station, HMS Flycatcher, was commissioned there.[14]

text: A plan to modify Kai Tak into a modern airport was released in 1954.[1] By 1957, runway 13/31 had been extended to 1,664 metres (5,459 ft), while runway 7/25 remained 1,450 metres (4,760 ft) long.[15] Bristol Britannia 102s took over BOAC's London-Tokyo flights in summer 1957 and were probably the largest airliners at the time to use the old airport. In 1958, the new NW/SE 2,550-metre (8,350 ft) long runway extending into Kowloon Bay was completed by land reclamation. The passenger terminal was completed in 1962.[1] The runway was extended in the mid-1970s to 3,390 metres (11,130 ft). This extension was completed in June 1974, but the full length of the runway was not put into use until 31 December 1975, as construction of the new Airport Tunnel had kept the northwestern end of the runway closed.[16]

text: In 1955 Kai Tak Airport featured in the film The Night My Number Came Up.

text: An Instrument Guidance System (IGS) was installed in 1974 to aid landing on runway 13. Use of the airport under adverse conditions was greatly increased.

text: Overcrowding in the 1980s and 1990s[edit]

text: The growth of Hong Kong also put a strain on the airport's capacity. Its usage was close to, and for some time exceeded, the designed capacity. The airport was designed to handle 24 million passengers per year, but in 1996, Kai Tak handled 29.5 million passengers, plus 1.56 million tonnes of freight, making it the third busiest airport in the world in terms of international passenger traffic, and busiest in terms of international cargo throughput.[1] Moreover, clearance requirements for aircraft takeoffs and landings made it necessary to limit the height of buildings that could be built in Kowloon. While Kai Tak was initially located far away from residential areas, the expansion of both residential areas and the airport resulted in Kai Tak being close to residential areas. This caused serious noise pollution for nearby residents and put height restrictions, which were removed after Kai Tak closed.[17] A night curfew from midnight to about 6:30 in the early morning also hindered operations.[18]

text: As a result, in the late 1980s, the Hong Kong Government began searching for alternative locations for a new airport in Hong Kong to replace the aging airport. After deliberating on a number of locations, including the south side of Hong Kong Island, the government decided to build the airport on the island of Chek Lap Kok off Lantau Island. A huge number of resources were mobilised to build this new airport, part of the ten programmes in Hong Kong's Airport Core Programme.

text: The Regal Meridien Hongkong Airport Hotel, linked to the passenger terminal by a footbridge spanning Prince Edward Road, opened on 19 July 1982. This was Hong Kong's first airport hotel, and comprised 380 rooms including 47 suites.[19] As of 2018 the hotel still exists, but the footbridge has been demolished. It is one of the few remaining buildings related to Kai Tak Airport.

text: Closure and legacy of Kai Tak Airport[edit]

text: The new airport officially opened on 6 July 1998. All essential airport supplies and vehicles that were left in the old airport for operation (some of the non-essential ones had already been transported to the new airport) were transported to Chek Lap Kok in one early morning with a single massive move.

text: On 6 July 1998 at 01:28, after the last aircraft departed for Chek Lap Kok, Kai Tak was finally retired as an airport. The final flights were:

text:
The last arrival: Dragonair KA841 from Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport (Airbus A320) landed runway 13 at 23:38.
The last scheduled commercial flight: Cathay Pacific CX251 to Heathrow Airport (Boeing 747-400) took off from runway 13 at 00:02.
The last departure: Cathay Pacific CX3340 ferry flight to the new Hong Kong International Airport (Airbus A340-300) took off from runway 13 at 01:05.

tag: ul

text: A small ceremony celebrating the end of the airport was held inside the control tower after the last flight took off. Richard Siegel, then-director of civil aviation, gave a brief speech ending with the words "Goodbye Kai Tak, and thank you", before dimming the lights briefly and then turning them off.[20][21]

text: After the last plane, a Cathay Pacific A340-300, took off from Kai Tak International Airport to the new Hong Kong International Airport at 01:28 HKT, Kai Tak was closed, transferring its ICAO and IATA airport codes to the replacement airport at Chek Lap Kok.

text: Government reports later revealed that Chek Lap Kok airport was not completely ready to be opened to the public despite trial runs held. Water supply and sewers were not installed completely. Telephones were installed, but the lines were not connected. The baggage system did not undergo extensive troubleshooting and passenger baggage as well as cargo, much of which was perishable, were lost. The government decided to temporarily reactivate Kai Tak's cargo terminal to minimise the damage caused by a software bug in the new airport's cargo handling system.

text: The passenger terminal later housed government offices, automobile dealerships and showrooms, a go-kart racecourse, a bowling alley, a snooker hall, a golf range and other recreational facilities. Between December 2003 and January 2004, the passenger terminal was demolished. Many aviation enthusiasts were upset at the demise of Kai Tak because of the unique runway 13 approach. As private aviation was no longer allowed at Chek Lap Kok (having moved to Sek Kong Airfield), some enthusiasts had lobbied to keep about 1 km (0.62 mi) of the Kai Tak runway for general aviation, but the suggestion was rejected as the Government had planned to build a new cruise terminal at Kai Tak.[22]

text: The name Kai Tak is one of the names submitted by Hong Kong used in the lists of tropical cyclone names in the northwest Pacific Ocean and has been used four times as of 2017.

text: Former airlines and destinations[edit]

text: Passenger[edit]

text:
Airlines
Destinations

Aeroflot
Moscow–Sheremetyevo[23]

Air Canada
Vancouver[23]

Air China
Beijing, Dalian, Shenyang, Taiyuan, Tianjin[23]

Air France
Bangkok, Manila, Mumbai, Paris–Charles de Gaulle[23][24]

Air India
Bangkok, Osaka–Kansai, Tokyo–Narita[23][24]

Air Mauritius

Air New Zealand
Auckland[23]

Air Niugini
Manila, Port Moresby[24]

All Nippon Airways
Tokyo–Narita

Alitalia
Bangkok, Rome–Fiumicino, Tokyo–Narita[23][24]

Ansett Australia
Sydney[23]

Asiana Airlines
Seoul[23]

British Asia Airways
Taipei–Chiang Kai Shek[23]

British Airways
Abu Dhabi, Bahrain, Bangkok, Colombo, London–Heathrow, Manila, Mumbai, Tokyo–Narita[23][24]

British Caledonian

BOAC
Bangkok, Darwin, Delhi, Iwakuni, Karachi, Kolkata, Manila, Mumbai, Shanghai, Singapore, Tokyo[25][26]

CAAC Airlines
Beijing, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Kunming, Shanghai, Tianjin[24]

Canadian Airlines
Bangkok, Vancouver[23]

Canadian Pacific Air Lines

Cathay Pacific
Amsterdam, Anchorage, Auckland, Bahrain, Bangkok, Beijing, Brisbane, Cairns, Cebu, Denpasar, Frankfurt, Fukuoka, Ho Chi Minh City, Jakarta, Johannesburg–International, Kuala Lumpur, London–Heathrow, Los Angeles, Manila, Melbourne, Nagoya, Osaka–Kansai, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Penang, Perth, Port Moresby, Rome, Sapporo, Seoul, Shanghai, Singapore, Sydney, Taipei–Taoyuan, Tokyo–Narita, Vancouver, Zurich[23][24]

China Airlines
Bangkok, Jakarta, Kaohsiung, Kuala Lumpur, Singapore, Taipei[23][24]

China Eastern Airlines
Fuzhou, Hangzhou, Ningbo, Shanghai[23]

China Northern Airlines

China Northwest Airlines

China Southern Airlines
Beijing, Guangzhou, Kunming, Shantou, Xiamen, Zhengzhou[23]

China Southwest Airlines

Continental Micronesia
Guam, Saipan

Delta Air Lines
Los Angeles

Dragonair
Beijing, Changsha, Chengdu, Dalian, Dhaka, Guilin, Haikou, Hangzhou, Hiroshima, Kaohsiung, Kota Kinabalu, Kuching, Kunming, Nanjing, Ningbo, Phnom Penh, Phuket, Qingdao, Sendai, Shanghai, Tianjin, Ziamen, Xian[23]

El Al
Tel Aviv via Tashkent[23]

Emirates
Bangkok, Dubai, Manila

EVA Air
Taipei–Taoyuan[23]

Grand Air
Manila, Subic Bay

Garuda Indonesia
Jakarta[24]

Gulf Air
Abu Dhabi, Manama

Hong Kong Airways

Imperial Airways
Fort Bayard,[27] Penang

Imperial Japanese Airways
Guangzhou, Taipei[28]

Japan Airlines
Bangkok, Fukuoka, Kagoshima, Nagoya, Okinawa, Osaka–Kansai, Singapore, Tokyo–Narita[23][24]

Japan Asia Airways
Kaohsiung, Taipei

Kampuchea Airlines

KLM
Amsterdam[23]

Korean Air
Busan, Seoul, Taipei[24]

Lauda Air

Lufthansa
Bangkok, Frankfurt, Karachi, Tokyo–Narita[24]

Malaysia Airlines
Kota Kinbalu, Kuala Lumpur–International, Penang, Taipei[24]

Malaysia–Singapore Airlines

Mandarin Airlines

Martinair

Nauru Airlines

Nepal Airlines

Northwest Airlines
Minneapolis/St. Paul, Seattle/Tacoma, Tokyo–Narita[23][24]

Pan American World Airways
Bangkok, San Francisco, Shanghai, Singapore, Tokyo–Narita[24]

Philippine Airlines
Cebu, Manila[23][24]

Pakistan International Airlines
Karachi

Qantas
Bangkok, Brisbane, Manila, Melbourne, Sydney[24]

Qatar Airways
Doha

Royal Air Cambodge

Royal Brunei Airlines
Bandar Seri Begawan[24]

Scandinavian Airlines
Stockholm–Arlanda

Shanghai Airlines

Singapore Airlines
Bangkok, Honolulu, Singapore, Taipei[24]

South African Airways
Bangkok, Johannesburg–International[23][24]

Swissair
Bangkok, Karachi, Mumbai, Zürich

Transaero
Moscow-Domodedovo, Saint Petersburg

Thai Airways
Bangkok, Seoul, Taipei–Chiang Kai Shek[24]

United Airlines
Chicago–O'Hare, Delhi, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle/Tacoma, Singapore, Tokyo–Narita[23][24]

Varig
Rio de Janeiro–Galeão, São Paulo–Guarulhos, Johannesburg–International

Vietnam Airlines
Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City

Virgin Atlantic
London–Heathrow

XiamenAir
Fuzhou, Quanzhou, Wuyishan, Xiamen

tag: table

text: Operations[edit]

text: Terminals and facilities[edit]

text: The Kai Tak airport consisted of a linear passenger terminal building with a car park attached at the rear. There were eight boarding gates attached to the terminal building.[29]

text: A freight terminal was located on the south side of the east apron and diagonally from the passenger terminal building.

text: Due to the limited space, the fuel tank farm was located between the passenger terminal and HAECO maintenance facilities (hangar).

text: Airlines based at Kai Tak[edit]

text: Several airlines were based at Kai Tak:

text:
Cathay Pacific, which operated a mixed Airbus, Boeing and some Lockheed all-widebody fleet of one hundred aircraft, providing scheduled services to the rest of Asia, Australia, New Zealand, the Middle East, Europe, South Africa and North America
Dragonair
Air Hong Kong Limited
Hong Kong Airways
British Airways

text: Other tenants included:

text:
Hong Kong Aviation Club
Government Flying Service
DFS Kai Tak Market
Häagen Dazs
Tin Tin Airport Restaurant

text: Runway 13 approach[edit]

text: The landing approach using runway 13 at Kai Tak was world-famous. To land on runway 13, an aircraft first took a descent heading northeast. The aircraft would pass over the crowded Victoria Harbour, and then the very densely populated areas of Western Kowloon. This leg of the approach was guided by an Instrument Guidance System, a modified Instrument landing system after 1974.[clarification needed]

text: Upon reaching a small hill above Kowloon Tsai Park marked with a large "aviation orange" and white checkerboard (22°20′06″N 114°11′04″E / 22.33500°N 114.18444°E / 22.33500; 114.18444 (Checkerboard Hill)), used as a visual reference point on the final approach (in addition to the middle marker on the Instrument Guidance System), the pilot needed to make a 47° visual right turn to line up with the runway and complete the final leg. The aircraft would be just 2 nautical miles (3.7 km) from touchdown, at a height of less than 1,000 feet (300 m) when the turn was made. Typically the plane would enter the final right turn at a height of about 650 feet (200 m) and exit it at a height of 140 feet (43 m) to line up with the runway. This demanding manoeuvre became known in the aviation community as the "Hong Kong Turn" or the "Checkerboard Turn". For many airline passengers on planes approaching and landing on Runway 13 at Kai Tak Airport, it became referred to as the "Kai Tak Heart Attack".[30]

text: Landing the runway 13 approach was already difficult with normal crosswinds since even if the wind direction was constant, it was changing relative to the aircraft during the 47° visual right turn. The landing would become even more challenging when crosswinds from the northeast were strong and gusty during typhoons. The mountain range northeast of the airport also makes wind vary greatly in both speed and direction. Watching large aircraft banking at low altitudes and taking big crab angles during their final approaches was popular for plane spotters. Despite the difficulty, the runway 13 approach was used most of the time due to the prevailing wind direction in Hong Kong.

text: Due to the turn in final approach, ILS was not available for runway 13 and landings had to follow a visual approach. This made the approach unusable in low visibility conditions.

text: Runway 13 departure[edit]

text: Runway 13 was the preferred departure runway for heavy aircraft due to the clear departure path, opposite that of the runway 31 departure. Heavy aircraft on departure using runway 13 would commonly be observed using nearly the entire length of the runway, particularly during summer days due to the air temperature.

text: Runway 31 approach[edit]

text: Landings on runway 31 were just like those on other normal runways where ILS landing was possible. Since the taxiway next to the runway would have been occupied by aircraft taxiing for takeoff, landing traffic could only exit the runway (to the right), at the very end. The path towards the runway passed within 300 metres to the north of Heng Fa Chuen on Hong Kong Island.

text: Runway 31 departure[edit]

text: When lined up for takeoff on runway 31, a range of hills including 1,500 feet (460 m) Beacon Hill would be right in front of the aircraft. The aircraft had to make a sharp 65-degree left turn soon after takeoff to avoid the hills (i.e. the reverse of a Runway 13 landing). If a runway change occurred due to wind change from runway 13 departures to runway 31 departures, planes that were loaded to maximum payload for runway 13 departures had to return to the terminal to offload some goods to provide enough climbing clearance over buildings during a runway 31 departure.

text: Incidents and accidents[edit]

text: Many planes crashed at Kai Tak due to poor weather and hard approach

text:
On 25 January 1947, a Philippine Air Lines DC-3 aircraft crashed into Mount Parker, killing four crew members.[31][32]
On 21 December 1948, a Civil Air Transport Douglas DC-4 struck Basalt Island after a descent through clouds. 33 were killed.[33]
On 24 February 1949, a Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-3 crashed into a hillside near Braemar Reservoir after aborting an approach in poor visibility and attempting to go around. All 23 on board were killed.[34]
On 11 March 1951, a Pacific Overseas Airlines Douglas DC-4 crashed after takeoff into the hills between Mount Butler and Mount Parker on Hong Kong Island. The captain of the aircraft allegedly failed to execute the turn left operation after departure. 23 were killed.[35]
On 9 April 1951, a Siamese Airways Douglas DC-3 lost control on its turn while attempting a night-time visual approach. The captain allegedly allowed the aircraft to lose flying speed while attempting to turn quickly. 16 were killed.[36]
On 19 April 1961, a US military Douglas DC-3 (C-47 Skytrain) bound for Formosa crashed into Mount Parker after takeoff. Of the 16 on board, 15 were killed.[37][32]
On 24 August 1965, a United States Marine Corps C-130 Hercules crashed shortly after takeoff from runway 13, killing 59 of the 71 people on board. This was the deadliest accident at Kai Tak.[38]
On 30 June 1967, a Thai Airways International Sud Aviation SE-210 Caravelle III crashed into Victoria Harbour while trying to land during a torrential rainstorm. A typhoon was some 150 miles (240 km) NW of Hong Kong, but the colony was not closed down in preparation of the typhoon. The co-pilot, who was flying the aircraft, unable to even see the runway due to the density of the rain, allegedly made an abrupt heading change, causing the aircraft to enter into a high rate of descent and crash into harbour waters to the right of the runway. The starboard wing snapped off on impact, and the aircraft rolled onto its starboard side, halving the number of escape routes. 24 were killed, but only 23 bodies were recovered at the scene. The final body was recovered after it was seen floating in the harbour six weeks later.[39]
On 2 September 1977, a Transmeridian Air Cargo Canadair CL-44 lost control and crashed into the Tathong Channel on fire shortly after takeoff. The no. 4 engine was said to have failed, causing an internal fire in the engine and the aircraft fuel system that eventually resulted in a massive external fire. 4 were killed.[40][41]
On 9 March 1978,[42] a China Airlines Boeing 737-200 was hijacked. The hijacker (the flight engineer of the flight) demanded to be taken to China. The hijack lasted less than a day, and the hijacker was killed.[43]
On 18 October 1983, a Lufthansa Boeing 747 freighter abandoned takeoff after engine no. 2 malfunctioned, probably at speed exceeding V1 (the takeoff/abort decision point). The aircraft overran the runway onto soft ground and sustained severe damage. 3 were injured.[44]
On 31 August 1988, the right outboard flap of a CAAC Hawker Siddeley Trident operating Flight 301 hit approach lights of runway 31 while landing under rain and fog. The right main landing gear then struck a lip and collapsed, causing the aircraft to run off the runway and slip into the harbour. 7 were killed.[45]
On 4 November 1993, a China Airlines Boeing 747-400, operating Flight 605, overran the runway while landing during a typhoon. The wind was gusting to gale force at the time. Despite the plane's unstable approach, the captain did not go around. It touched down more than 2/3 down the runway and was unable to stop before the runway ran out.[46] Although the aircraft ended up submerged beyond the end of the runway, there were only 23 minor injuries amongst the 396 passengers and crew.
On 23 September 1994, a Heavylift Cargo Airlines Lockheed L-100-30 Hercules lost control shortly after takeoff from runway 13. The pitch control system of one of its propellers was said to have failed. 6 were killed.[47]

text: Redevelopment[edit]

text: 2002 blueprint[edit]

text: In October 1998, the Government drafted a plan for the Kai Tak Airport site, involving the reclamation of 219 hectares (540 acres) of land. After receiving many objections, the Government scaled down the reclamation to 166 hectares (410 acres) in June 1999. The Territorial Development Department commenced a new study on the development of the area in November 1999, entitled "Feasibility Studies on the Revised Southeast Kowloon Development Plan", and a new public consultation exercise was conducted in May 2000, resulting in the land reclamation being further scaled down to 133 hectares (330 acres). The new plans based on the feasibility studies were passed by the chief executive in July 2002.[48] There were plans[when?] for the site of Kai Tak to be used for housing development, which was once projected to house around 240,000–340,000 residents. Due to calls from the public to protect the harbour and participate more deeply in future town planning, the scale and plan of the project were yet to be decided. There were also plans for a railway station and maintenance centre in the proposed plan for the Sha Tin to Central Link.

text: There were also proposals to dredge the runway to form several islands for housing, to build a terminal capable of accommodating cruise ships the size of the Queen Mary 2, and more recently, to house the Hong Kong Sports Institute, as well as several stadiums, in the case that the institute was forced to move so that the equestrian events of the 2008 Summer Olympics could be held at its present site in Sha Tin.

text: On 9 January 2004 the Court of Final Appeal ruled that no reclamation plan for Victoria Harbour could be introduced unless it passed an "overriding public interest" test.[49] Subsequently, the Government abandoned these plans.

text: Kai Tak Planning Review[edit]

text: The Government set up a "Kai Tak Planning Review" in July 2004 for further public consultation.[50] A number of plans were presented.

text: June 2006 blueprint[edit]

text: A new plan for the redevelopment of Kai Tak was issued by the government in June 2006. Under these proposals, hotels would be scattered throughout the 328-hectare (810-acre) site, and flats aimed at housing 86,000 new residents were proposed.

text: Other features of the plan included two cruise terminals and a large stadium.

text: October 2006 blueprint[edit]

text: The Planning Department unveiled a major reworking of its plans for the old Kai Tak airport site on 17 October 2006, containing "a basket of small measures designed to answer a bevy of concerns raised by the public".[51] The revised blueprint will also extend several "green corridors" from the main central park into the surrounding neighbourhoods of Kowloon City, Kowloon Bay and Ma Tau Kok.

text: The following features are proposed in the revised plan:

text:
two cruise terminals, with a third terminal to be added if the need arises
a luxury hotel complex near the cruise terminals—the complex would sit about seven stories high, with hotel rooms atop commercial or tourist-related spaces
an eight-station monorail linking the tourist hub with Kwun Tong
a large stadium
a "central park" to provide green space
a 200-metre (660 ft) high public "viewing tower" near the tip of the runway
a new bridge, likely to involve further reclamation of Victoria Harbour

text: The following are major changes:

text:
hotel spaces are to be centralised near the end of the runway, and will face into the harbour towards Central
a third cruise terminal could be added at the foot of the hotel cluster if the need arises
a second row of luxury residential spaces is to be added facing Kwun Tong, built on an elevated terrace or platform to preserve a view of the harbour

text: The government has promised that:

text:
the total amount of housing and hotel space will remain the same as proposed in June 2006
plot ratios will be the same as before
the total commercial space on the site will also remain about the same

text: The new bridge proposed by the government, joining the planned hotel district at the end of the runway with Kwun Tong, could be a potential source of controversy. Under the Protection of the Harbour Ordinance, no harbour reclamation can take place unless the Government can demonstrate to the courts an "overriding public need".[52]

text: The new Kai Tak blueprint was presented to the Legislative Council on 24 October 2006 after review by the Town Planning Board.

text: 2011 onwards[edit]

text: In 2011, with most of the former Kai Tak area still abandoned, ideas were floated to develop the area for commercial property, citing shortages of office space and rising property costs.[53] In June 2013, the Kai Tak Cruise Terminal was opened on the tip of the former runway.[54][55] Two public housing estates opened on the northeast area of the site in 2013, providing over 13,000 new rental flats. As of 2018, the public estates have been joined by some private residential developments, now nearing completion.

text: Two new Mass Transit Railway (MTR) stations, Kai Tak and Sung Wong Toi, are scheduled to open in 2019 on the former airport lands.


document_title: Brenda's Got a Baby

question_text: who is the girl from brenda's got a baby video

question_tokens: who is the girl from brenda 's got a baby video

text: Brenda's Got a Baby

text: Lyrics[edit]

text: The opening consists of a duet singing the song's title twice. Much of the rest of the song is one long verse performed by Tupac.

text: The verse begins with Tupac telling a group that he has heard about Brenda's pregnancy. He also notes that she has had virtually no education, and calls this a "damn shame" because she has little hope of a future. Her family is very poor and her father is a drug addict. Brenda is impregnated by her unnamed boyfriend, who is also her cousin, but she is successfully able to hide her pregnancy. Tupac explains that her family wouldn't care if she gave birth, as long as they got their cut of the government assistance.

text: Although she believes that her cousin (her baby's father) will stay with her and help her raise their child, he is merely a molester, and abandons her before she gives birth on the bathroom floor. She throws the baby into a trash bin but later retrieves it when she hears it crying. Her mother scolds her severely, and Brenda becomes so ashamed of herself that she runs away from home.

text: Brenda is now forced to live alone, and unsuccessfully seeks employment. Her attempt to sell crack cocaine results in robbery, and eventually she views prostitution as her only way to earn money and survive. This life path leads to her getting murdered. The fates of her parents, her cousin, and the baby are left unexplained. The song's final minute consists of a chorus singing "Don't you know she's got a baby?" repeatedly. The beginning of the song can be heard in The Game's song "Street Riders" 2Pac has another song which he made late in his career which deals with this same subject called "Mama's Just a Little Girl". The song can be found on his fourth posthumous studio album Better Dayz.

text: Music video[edit]

text: The video of the song is in black-and-white. It was made to visualize what Shakur narrates. The first part shows Shakur and "Brenda" and then the actual story starts. Ethel "Edy" Proctor portrays Brenda.

text: The video begins with "based on a true story," although the characters themselves are fictitious, Shakur wrote the song after reading a story in the newspaper of a 12-year-old girl getting pregnant by her cousin and trying to dispose of the baby in a trash can.

text: Parts of the video were included in Tupac: Resurrection, a 2003 documentary on 2Pac's life, in a television show later in the music video of Ghetto Gospel, in the music video of Changes and appears as a bonus in its entirety on the film's DVD. Part of the video and song was played in 2Pac's biopic film, "All Eyez On Me," released June 16th 2017.

text: The video was directed by the Hughes Brothers.

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1991)
Peak
position

US Rap Singles (Billboard)[2]
3

US R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[2]
23