document_title: Birth control movement in the United States

question_text: who was involved in the moral reform movement

text: Contraception in the nineteenth century[edit]

text: Birth control practices[edit]

text: The practice of birth control was common throughout the U.S. prior to 1914, when the movement to legalize contraception began. Longstanding techniques included the rhythm method, withdrawal, diaphragms, contraceptive sponges, condoms, prolonged breastfeeding, and spermicides.[2] Use of contraceptives increased throughout the nineteenth century, contributing to a 50 percent drop in the fertility rate in the United States between 1800 and 1900, particularly in urban regions.[3] The only known survey conducted during the nineteenth century of American women's contraceptive habits was performed by Clelia Mosher from 1892 to 1912.[4] The survey was based on a small sample of upper-class women, and shows that most of the women used contraception (primarily douching, but also withdrawal, rhythm, condoms and pessaries) and that they viewed sex as a pleasurable act that could be undertaken without the goal of procreation.[5]

text: Although contraceptives were relatively common in middle-class and upper-class society, the topic was rarely discussed in public.[6] The first book published in the United States which ventured to discuss contraception was Moral Physiology; or, A Brief and Plain Treatise on the Population Question, published by Robert Dale Owen in 1831.[7] The book suggested that family planning was a laudable effort, and that sexual gratification – without the goal of reproduction – was not immoral.[8] Owen recommended withdrawal, but he also discussed sponges and condoms.[9] That book was followed by Fruits of Philosophy: The Private Companion of Young Married People, written in 1832 by Charles Knowlton, which recommended douching.[10] Knowlton was prosecuted in Massachusetts on obscenity charges, and served three months in prison.[11]

text: Birth control practices were generally adopted earlier in Europe than in the United States. Knowlton's book was reprinted in 1877 in England by Charles Bradlaugh and Annie Besant, with the goal of challenging Britain's obscenity laws.[12] They were arrested (and later acquitted) but the publicity of their trial contributed to the formation, in 1877, of the Malthusian League – the world's first birth control advocacy group – which sought to limit population growth to avoid Thomas Malthus's dire predictions of exponential population growth leading to worldwide poverty and famine.[13] By 1930, similar societies had been established in nearly all European countries, and birth control began to find acceptance in most Western European countries, except Catholic Ireland, Spain, and France.[14] As the birth control societies spread across Europe, so did birth control clinics. The first birth control clinic in the world was established in the Netherlands in 1882, run by the Netherlands' first female physician, Aletta Jacobs.[15] The first birth control clinic in England was established in 1921 by Marie Stopes, in London.[16]

text: Anti-Contraception Laws Enacted[edit]

text: Contraception was legal in the United States throughout most of the 19th century, but in the 1870s a social purity movement grew in strength, aimed at outlawing vice in general, and prostitution and obscenity in particular.[17] Composed primarily of Protestant moral reformers and middle-class women, the Victorian-era campaign also attacked contraception, which was viewed as an immoral practice that promoted prostitution and venereal disease.[18] Anthony Comstock, a postal inspector and leader in the purity movement, successfully lobbied for the passage of the 1873 Comstock Act, a federal law prohibiting mailing of "any article or thing designed or intended for the prevention of conception or procuring of abortion" as well as any form of contraceptive information.[19] Many states also passed similar state laws (collectively known as the Comstock laws), sometimes extending the federal law by outlawing the use of contraceptives, as well as their distribution. Comstock was proud of the fact that he was personally responsible for thousands of arrests and the destruction of hundreds of tons of books and pamphlets.[20]

text: Comstock and his allies also took aim at the libertarians and utopians who comprised the free love movement – an initiative to promote sexual freedom, equality for women, and abolition of marriage.[21] The free love proponents were the only group to actively oppose the Comstock laws in the 19th century, setting the stage for the birth control movement.[22]

text: The efforts of the free love movement were not successful and, at the beginning of the 20th century, federal and state governments began to enforce the Comstock laws more rigorously.[22] In response, contraception went underground, but it was not extinguished. The number of publications on the topic dwindled, and advertisements, if they were found at all, used euphemisms such as "marital aids" or "hygienic devices". Drug stores continued to sell condoms as "rubber goods" and cervical caps as "womb supporters".[23]

text: Beginning (1914–1916)[edit]

text: Free speech movement[edit]

text: At the turn of the century, an energetic movement arose, centered in Greenwich Village, that sought to overturn bans on free speech.[24] Supported by radicals, feminists, anarchists, and atheists such as Ezra Heywood, Moses Harman, D. M. Bennett, and Emma Goldman, these activists regularly battled anti-obscenity laws and, later, the government's effort to suppress speech critical of involvement in World War I.[25] Prior to 1914, the free speech movement focused on politics, and rarely addressed contraception.[26]

text: Goldman's circle of radicals, socialists, and bohemians was joined in 1912 by a nurse, Margaret Sanger, whose mother had been through 18 pregnancies in 22 years, and died at age 50 of tuberculosis and cervical cancer.[27] In 1913, Sanger worked in New York's Lower East Side, often with poor women who were suffering due to frequent childbirth and self-induced abortions.[28] After one particularly tragic medical case, Sanger wrote: "I threw my nursing bag in the corner and announced ... that I would never take another case until I had made it possible for working women in America to have the knowledge to control birth."[29] Sanger visited public libraries, searching for information on contraception, but nothing was available.[30] She became outraged that working-class women could not obtain contraception, yet upper-class women who had access to private physicians could.[31]

text: Under the influence of Goldman and the Free Speech League, Sanger became determined to challenge the Comstock laws that outlawed the dissemination of contraceptive information.[32] With that goal in mind, in 1914 she launched The Woman Rebel, an eight-page monthly newsletter which promoted contraception using the slogan "No Gods, No Masters",[33] and proclaimed that each woman should be "the absolute mistress of her own body."[34] Sanger coined the term birth control, which first appeared in the pages of Rebel, as a more candid alternative to euphemisms such as family limitation.[35]

text: Sanger's goal of challenging the law was fulfilled when she was indicted in August 1914, but the prosecutors focused their attention on articles Sanger had written on assassination and marriage, rather than contraception.[36] Afraid that she might be sent to prison without an opportunity to argue for birth control in court, she fled to England to escape arrest.[37]

text: While Sanger was in Europe, her husband continued her work, which led to his arrest after he distributed a copy of a birth control pamphlet to an undercover postal worker.[38] The arrest and his 30-day jail sentence prompted several mainstream publications, including Harper's Weekly and the New-York Tribune, to publish articles about the birth control controversy.[39] Emma Goldman and Ben Reitman toured the country, speaking in support of the Sangers, and distributing copies of Sanger's pamphlet Family Limitation.[40] Sanger's exile and her husband's arrest propelled the birth control movement into the forefront of American news.[41]

text: Early birth control organizations[edit]

text: In the spring of 1915 supporters of the Sangers – led by Mary Dennett – formed the National Birth Control League (NBCL), which was the first American birth control organization.[42] Throughout 1915, smaller regional organizations were formed in San Francisco, Portland, Oregon, Seattle, and Los Angeles.[43]

text: Sanger returned to the United States in October 1915. She planned to open a birth control clinic modeled on the world's first such clinic, which she had visited in Amsterdam. She first had to fight the charges outstanding against her.[44] Noted attorney Clarence Darrow offered to defend Sanger free of charge but, bowing to public pressure, the government dropped the charges early in 1916.[45] No longer under the threat of jail, Sanger embarked on a successful cross-country speaking tour, which catapulted her into the leadership of the U.S. birth control movement.[46] Other leading figures, such as William J. Robinson and Mary Dennett, chose to work in the background, or turned their attention to other causes.[46] Later in 1916, Sanger traveled to Boston to lend her support to the Massachusetts Birth Control League and to jailed birth control activist Van Kleeck Allison.[47]

text: First birth control clinic[edit]

text: During Sanger's 1916 speaking tour, she promoted birth control clinics based on the Dutch model she had observed during her 1914 trip to Europe. Although she inspired many local communities to create birth control leagues, no clinics were established.[48] Sanger therefore resolved to create a birth control clinic in New York that would provide free contraceptive services to women.[49] New York state law prohibited the distribution of contraceptives or even contraceptive information, but Sanger hoped to exploit a provision in the law which permitted doctors to prescribe contraceptives for the prevention of disease.[50] On October 16, 1916, she, partnering with Fania Mindell and Ethel Byrne, opened the Brownsville clinic in Brooklyn. The clinic was an immediate success, with over 100 women visiting on the first day.[51] A few days after opening, an undercover policewoman purchased a cervical cap at the clinic, and Sanger was arrested. Refusing to walk, Sanger and a co-worker were dragged out of the clinic by police officers.[52] The clinic was shut down, and it was not until 1923 that another birth control clinic was opened in the United States.[53]

text: Sanger's trial began in January 1917. She was supported by a large number of wealthy and influential women who came together to form the Committee of One Hundred, which was devoted to raising funds for Sanger and the NBCL.[54] The committee also started publishing the monthly journal Birth Control Review, and established a network of connections to powerful politicians, activists, and press figures.[55] Despite the strong support, Sanger was convicted; the judge offered a lenient sentence if she promised not to break the law again, but Sanger replied "I cannot respect the law as it exists today."[56] She served a sentence of 30 days in jail.[56]

text: In protest to her arrest as well, Byrne was sentenced to 30 days in jail at Blackwell’s Island Prison and responded to her situation with a hunger strike protest. With no signs of ending her demonstration anytime soon, Byrne was force fed by prison guards. Weakened and ill, Byrne refused to end her hunger strike at the cost of securing early release from prison. However, Sanger accepted the plea bargain on her sister’s behalf, agreeing that Byrne would be released early from prison if she ended her birth control activism. Horrified, Byrne’s relationship quickly eroded with her sister and, both forcefully and willingly, she left the birth control movement. Due to the drama of Byrne’s demonstration, the birth control movement became a headline news story in which the organization’s purpose was distributed across the country.[57]

text: Other activists were also pushing for progress. Emma Goldman was arrested in 1916 for circulating birth control information,[58] and Abraham Jacobi unsuccessfully tried to persuade the New York medical community to push for a change in law to permit physicians to dispense contraceptive information.[59]

text: Mainstream acceptance (1917–1923)[edit]

text: The publicity from Sanger's trial and Byrne's hunger strike generated immense enthusiasm for the cause, and by the end of 1917 there were over 30 birth control organizations in the United States.[61] Sanger was always astute about public relations, and she seized on the publicity of the trial to advance her causes.[62] After her trial, she emerged as the movement's most visible leader.[63] Other leaders, such as William J. Robinson, Mary Dennett, and Blanche Ames Ames, could not match Sanger's charisma, charm and fervor.[64]

text: The movement was evolving from radical, working-class roots into a campaign backed by society women and liberal professionals.[65] Sanger and her fellow advocates began to tone down their radical rhetoric and instead emphasized the socioeconomic benefits of birth control, a policy which led to increasing acceptance by mainstream Americans.[66] Media coverage increased, and several silent motion pictures produced in the 1910s featured birth control as a theme (including Birth Control, produced by Sanger and starring herself).[67]

text: Opposition to birth control remained strong: state legislatures refused to legalize contraception or the distribution of contraceptive information;[68] religious leaders spoke out, attacking women who would choose "ease and fashion" over motherhood;[69] and eugenicists were worried that birth control would exacerbate the birth rate differential between "old stock" white Americans and "coloreds" or immigrants.[70]

text: Sanger formed the New York Woman's Publishing Company (NYWPC) in 1918 and, under its auspices, became the publisher for the Birth Control Review.[71] British suffragette activist Kitty Marion, standing on New York street corners, sold the Review at 20 cents per copy, enduring death threats, heckling, spitting, physical abuse, and police harassment. Over the course of the following ten years, Marion was arrested nine times for her birth control advocacy.[72]

text: Legal victory[edit]

text: Sanger appealed her 1917 conviction and won a mixed victory in 1918 in a unanimous decision by the New York Court of Appeals written by Judge Frederick E. Crane. The court's opinion upheld her conviction, but indicated that the courts would be willing to permit contraception if prescribed by doctors.[73] This decision was only applicable within New York, where it opened the door for birth control clinics, under physician supervision, to be established.[74] Sanger herself did not immediately take advantage of the opportunity, wrongly expecting that the medical profession would lead the way; instead she focused on writing and lecturing.[75]

text: World War I and condoms[edit]

text: The birth control movement received an unexpected boost during World War I, as a result of a crisis the U.S. military experienced when many of its soldiers were diagnosed with syphilis or gonorrhea. The military undertook an extensive education campaign, focusing on abstinence, but also offering some contraceptive guidance.[76] The military, under pressure from purity advocates, did not distribute condoms, or even endorse their use, making the U.S. the only military force in World War I that did not supply condoms to its troops. When U.S. soldiers were in Europe, they found rubber condoms readily available, and when they returned to America, they continued to use condoms as their preferred method of birth control.[77]

text: The military's anti-venereal disease campaign marked a major turning point for the movement: it was the first time a government institution had engaged in a sustained, public discussion of sexual matters.[78] The government's public discourse changed sex from a secret topic into a legitimate topic of scientific research, and it transformed contraception from an issue of morals to an issue of public health.[79]

text: In 1917, advocate Emma Goldman was arrested for protesting World War 1 and American military conscription. Goldman’s commitment to free speech on topics such as socialism, anarchism, birth control, labor/union rights, and free love eventually cost her American citizenship and the right to live in the United States. Due to her commitment to socialist welfare and anti-capitalism, Goldman was associated with communism which led to her expulsion from the country during the First Red Scare.[80] While World War 1 led to a breakthrough on American acceptance of birth control relating to public health, anti-communist WW1 propaganda sacrificed one of the birth control movement's most dedicated members.

text: Legislative efforts[edit]

text: While an important birth control activist and leader, Mary Dennett advocated for a wide variety of organizations. Starting as a field secretary for the Massachusetts Women’s Suffrage Association, she worked her way up to win an elected seat as a corresponding secretary for the National American Women’s Suffrage Association. Dennett headed the literary department, undertaking assignments such as distributing pamphlets and leaflets. Following disillusionment with the NAWSA’s organizational structure, Dennett, as described above, helped found the National Birth Control League. The NBCL took a strong stance against militant protest strategies and instead focused attention on legislation changes at both the state and federal level.[81] During World War I, Mary Dennett focused her efforts on the peace movement, but she returned to the birth control movement in 1918.[82] She continued to lead the NBCL, and collaborated with Sanger's NYWPC. In 1919, Dennett published a widely distributed educational pamphlet, The Sex Side of Life, which treated sex as a natural and enjoyable act.[83] However, in the same year, frustrated with the NBCL's chronic lack of funding, Dennett broke away and formed the Voluntary Parenthood League (VPL).[84] Both Dennett and Sanger proposed legislative changes that would legalize birth control, but they took different approaches: Sanger endorsed contraception but only under a physician's supervision; Dennett pushed for unrestricted access to contraception.[85] Sanger, a proponent of diaphragms, was concerned that unrestricted access would result in ill-fitting diaphragms and would lead to medical quackery.[86] Dennett was concerned that requiring women to get prescriptions from physicians would prevent poor women from receiving contraception, and she was concerned about a shortage of physicians trained in birth control.[85] Both legislative initiatives failed, partly because some legislators felt that fear of pregnancy was the only thing that kept women chaste.[87] In the early 1920s, Sanger's leadership position in the movement solidified because she gave frequent public lectures, and because she took steps to exclude Dennett from meetings and events.[88]

text: American Birth Control League[edit]

text:
"We hold that children should be (1) Conceived in love; (2) Born of the mother's conscious desire; (3) And only begotten under conditions which render possible the heritage of health. Therefore we hold that every woman must possess the power and freedom to prevent conception except when these conditions can be satisfied."

American Birth Control League founding statement[89]

tag: div

text: Although Sanger was busy publishing the Birth Control Review during the years 1919–1920, she was not formally affiliated with either of the major birth control organizations (NBCL or VPL) during that time. In 1921 she became convinced that she needed to associate with a formal body to earn the support of professional societies and the scientific community. Rather than join an existing organization, she considered creating a new one.[90] As a first step, she organized the First American Birth Control Conference, held in November 1921 in New York City. On the final night of the conference, as Sanger prepared to give a speech in the crowded Town Hall theater, police raided the meeting and arrested her for disorderly conduct. From the stage she shouted: "we have a right to hold [this meeting] under the Constitution ... let them club us if they want to."[91] She was soon released.[91] The following day it was revealed that Patrick Joseph Hayes, the Archbishop of New York, had pressured the police to shut down the meeting.[92] The Town Hall raid was a turning point for the movement: opposition from the government and medical community faded, and the Catholic Church emerged as its most vocal opponent.[93] After the conference, Sanger and her supporters established the American Birth Control League (ABCL).[94]

text: Second birth control clinic[edit]

text: Four years after the New York Court of Appeals opened the doors for physicians to prescribe contraceptives, Sanger opened a second birth control clinic, which she staffed with physicians to make it legal under that court ruling (the first clinic had employed nurses).[95] This second clinic, the Clinical Research Bureau (CRB), opened on January 2, 1923.[96] To avoid police harassment the clinic's existence was not publicized, its primary mission was stated to be conducting scientific research, and it only provided services to married women.[97] The existence of the clinic was finally announced to the public in December 1923, but this time there were no arrests or controversy. This convinced activists that, after ten years of struggle, birth control had finally become widely accepted in the United States.[98] The CRB was the first legal birth control clinic in the United States, and quickly grew into the world's leading contraceptive research center.[98]

text: Progress and setbacks (1920s–1940s)[edit]

text: Widespread acceptance[edit]

text: Following the successful opening of the CRB in 1923, public discussion of contraception became more commonplace, and the term "birth control" became firmly established in the nation's vernacular.[99] Of the hundreds of references to birth control in magazines and newspapers of the 1920s, more than two-thirds were favorable.[100] The availability of contraception signaled the end of the stricter morality of the Victorian era, and ushered in the emergence of a more sexually permissive society.[100] Other factors that contributed to the new sexual norms included increased mobility brought by the automobile, anonymous urban lifestyles, and post-war euphoria.[100] Sociologists who surveyed women in Muncie, Indiana in 1925 found that all the upper class women approved of birth control, and more than 80 percent of the working class women approved.[101] The birth rate in America declined 20 percent between 1920 and 1930, primarily due to increased use of birth control.[102]

text: Opposition[edit]

text: Although clinics became more common in the late 1920s, the movement still faced significant challenges: Large sectors of the medical community were still resistant to birth control; birth control advocates were blacklisted by the radio industry; and state and federal laws – though generally not enforced – still outlawed contraception.[103]

text: The most significant opponent to birth control was the Catholic Church, which mobilized opposition in many venues during the 1920s.[104] Catholics persuaded the Syracuse city council to ban Sanger from giving a speech in 1924; the National Catholic Welfare Conference lobbied against birth control; the Knights of Columbus boycotted hotels that hosted birth control events; the Catholic police commissioner of Albany prevented Sanger from speaking there; the Catholic mayor of Boston, James Curley, blocked Sanger from speaking in public; and several newsreel companies, succumbing to pressure from Catholics, refused to cover stories related to birth control.[105] The ABCL turned some of the boycotted speaking events to their advantage by inviting the press, and the resultant news coverage often generated public sympathy for their cause.[106] However, Catholic lobbying was particularly effective in the legislative arena, where their arguments – that contraception was unnatural, harmful, and indecent – impeded several initiatives, including an attempt in 1924 by Mary Dennett to overturn federal anti-contraception laws.[107]

text: Dozens of birth control clinics opened across the United States during the 1920s, but not without incident.[108] In 1929, New York police raided a clinic in New York and arrested two doctors and three nurses for distributing contraceptive information that was unrelated to the prevention of disease.[109] The ABCL achieved a major victory in the trial, when the judge ruled that use of contraceptives to space births farther apart was a legitimate medical treatment that benefited the health of the mother.[110] The trial, in which many prominent physicians served as witnesses for the defense, brought a large segment of the medical community onto the side of birth control advocates.[111]

text: Eugenics and race[edit]

text: Before the advent of the birth control movement, eugenics had become very popular in Europe and the U.S., and the subject was widely discussed in articles, movies, and lectures.[112] Eugenicists had mixed feelings about birth control: they worried that it would exacerbate the birth rate differential between "superior" and "inferior" races, but they also recognized its value as a tool to "racial betterment".[113] Leaders of the birth control movement never considered eugenics to be their primary goal, focusing instead on free speech and women's rights, but around 1920 they started to make common cause with eugenicists, hoping to broaden the support base of the birth control movement.[114] Eugenics buttressed the birth control movement's aims by correlating excessive births with increased poverty, crime and disease.[115] Sanger published two books in the early 1920s that endorsed eugenics: Woman and the New Race and The Pivot of Civilization.[116] Sanger and other advocates endorsed negative eugenics (discouraging procreation of "inferior" persons), but did not advocate euthanasia or positive eugenics (encouraging procreation of "superior" persons).[117] Written in an essay titled “The Eugenic Value of Birth Control Propaganda”, Sanger argued that not until parents take control of their own reproduction would it be “possible…to improve the quality of the generations of the future, but [also] to maintain civilization at its present level…Only by intelligent mastery of the procreative powers can the great mass of humanity be awakened…."[118] In accordance, Sanger wished to use birth control as means of suppressing undesirable populations. She believed the only way for civilization to become enlightened was for the regeneration of the white race and for the elimination of other ‘lesser’ races. Sanger hoped to use birth control to suppress the populations of African-Americans, poverty-stricken Americans, and those perceived to have either cognitive, emotional, or physical disabilities.[118] However, many eugenicists refused to support the birth control movement because of Sanger's insistence that a woman's primary duty was to herself, not to the state.[119]

text: Like many white Americans in the U.S. in the 1930s, some leaders of the birth control movement believed that lighter-skinned races were superior to darker-skinned races.[120] They assumed that African Americans were intellectually backward, would be relatively incompetent in managing their own health, and would require special supervision from whites.[121] The dominance of whites in the movement's leadership and medical staff resulted in accusations of racism from blacks and suspicions that "race suicide" would be a consequence of large scale adoption of birth control.[122] These suspicions were misinterpreted by some of the white birth control advocates as lack of interest in contraception.[123]

text: In spite of these suspicions, many African-American leaders supported efforts to supply birth control to the African-American community. In 1929, James H. Hubert, a black social worker and leader of New York's Urban League, asked Sanger to open a clinic in Harlem.[125] Sanger secured funding from the Julius Rosenwald Fund and opened the clinic, staffed with African-American doctors, in 1930.[126] The clinic was guided by a 15-member advisory board consisting of African-American doctors, nurses, clergy, journalists, and social workers.[127] It was publicized in the African-American press and African-American churches, and received the approval of W. E. B. Du Bois, co-founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).[127] In the early 1940s, the Birth Control Federation of America (BCFA) initiated a program called the Negro Project, managed by its Division of Negro Service (DNS).[128] As with the Harlem clinic, the primary aim of the DNS and its programs was to improve maternal and infant health.[129] Based on her work at the Harlem clinic, Sanger suggested to the DNS that African Americans were more likely to take advice from a doctor of their own race, but other leaders prevailed and insisted that whites be employed in the outreach efforts.[130] The discriminatory actions and statements by the movement's leaders during the 1920s and 1930s have led to continuing allegations that the movement was racist.[131]

text: Unsurprisingly, the birth control movement’s association with racism, classism, etc., expounds the continual theme of feminist movements fighting only for certain women who fall under specific categories. Examples of this discrimination are common: between the 1820s and the 1840s, middle class voluntary associations looked down upon working women by hurting their societal image, claiming working class women were ‘maternally neglectful’ regarding their dual responsibilities of domestic work and waged labor. Between the 1860s and the 1910s, women’s suffrage associations appealed to southern white women by arguing white women’s right to vote would ensure the racial superiority of whites over blacks. These organizations, in turn, discriminated against black women fighting to earn the right to vote for all. In the 1930s, the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching created an organization designed to fight against the lynching of black men. Yet, the association barred the participation of African-Americans and aimed its purpose, not for the end of racial superiority, but for the freeing of southern white women from forced domesticity.[132] These examples demonstrate how dominant women’s rights movements excluded certain people based on class and skin color. The birth control movement’s racist influence is no different than the years of discrimination prominent organizations have long demonstrated.

text: Expanding availability[edit]

text: Two important legal decisions in the 1930s helped increase the accessibility of contraceptives. In 1930, two condom manufacturers sued each other in the Youngs Rubber case, and the judge ruled that contraceptive manufacturing was a legitimate business enterprise. He went further, and declared that the federal law prohibiting the mailing of condoms was not legally sound.[133] Sanger precipitated a second legal breakthrough when she ordered a diaphragm from Japan in 1932, hoping to provoke a decisive battle in the courts.[134] The diaphragm was confiscated by the U.S. government, and Sanger's subsequent legal challenge led to the 1936 One Package legal ruling by Judge Augustus Hand. His decision overturned an important provision of the anti-contraception laws that prohibited physicians from obtaining contraceptives.[135] This court victory motivated the American Medical Association in 1937 to finally adopt contraception as a normal medical service and a core component of medical school curricula.[136] However, the medical community was slow to accept this new responsibility, and women continued to rely on unsafe and ineffective contraceptive advice from ill-informed sources until the 1960s.[137]

text: By 1938, over 400 contraceptive manufacturers were in business, over 600 brands of female contraceptives were available, and industry revenues exceeded $250 million per year.[138] Condoms were sold in vending machines in some public restrooms, and men spent twice as much on condoms as on shaving.[139] Although condoms had become commonplace in the 1930s, feminists in the movement felt that birth control should be the woman's prerogative, and they continued to push for development of a contraceptive that was under the woman's control, a campaign which ultimately led to the birth control pill decades later.[140] To increase the availability of high-quality contraceptives, birth control advocates established the Holland–Rantos company to manufacture contraceptives – primarily diaphragms, which were Sanger's recommended method.[141] By the 1930s, the diaphragm with spermicidal jelly had become the most commonly prescribed form of contraception;[142] in 1938, female contraceptives accounted for 85 percent of annual contraceptive sales.[143]

text: Planned Parenthood[edit]

text: The 1936 One Package court battle brought together two birth control organizations – the ABCL and the Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau (formerly the CRB) – who had joined forces to craft the successful defense effort.[144] Leaders of both groups viewed this as an auspicious time to merge the two organizations, so, in 1937, the Birth Control Council of America, under the leadership of Sanger, was formed to effect a consolidation.[145] The effort eventually led to the merger of the two organizations in 1939 as the Birth Control Federation of America (BCFA).[146] Although Sanger continued in the role of president, she no longer wielded the same power as she had in the early years of the movement, and, in 1942, more conservative forces within the organization changed the name to Planned Parenthood Federation of America, a name Sanger objected to because she considered it too euphemistic.[147] After World War II, the leadership of Planned Parenthood de-emphasized radical feminism and shifted focus to more moderate themes such as family planning and population policy.[148]

text: The movement to legalize birth control came to a gradual conclusion around the time Planned Parenthood was formed.[149] In 1942, there were over 400 birth control organizations in America, contraception was fully embraced by the medical profession, and the anti-contraception Comstock laws (which still remained on the books) were rarely enforced.[150]

text: Legalization and aftermath[edit]

text: After World War II advocacy for reproductive rights transitioned into a new era which focused on abortion, public funding, and insurance coverage.[151]

text: Birth control advocacy also took on a global aspect as organizations around the world began to collaborate. In 1946, Sanger helped found the International Committee on Planned Parenthood, which evolved into the International Planned Parenthood Federation and soon became the world's largest non-governmental international family planning organization.[152] In 1952, John D. Rockefeller III founded the influential Population Council.[153] Fear of global overpopulation became a major issue in the 1960s, generating concerns about pollution, food shortages, and quality of life, leading to well-funded birth control campaigns around the world.[154] The 1994 International Conference on Population and Development and the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women addressed birth control and influenced human rights declarations which asserted women's rights to control their own bodies.[155]

text: In the early 1950s in the United States, philanthropist Katharine McCormick provided funding for biologist Gregory Pincus to develop the birth control pill, which was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1960.[156] The pill became very popular and had a major impact on society and culture. It contributed to a sharp increase in college attendance and graduation rates for women.[157] New forms of intrauterine devices were introduced in the 1960s, increasing popularity of long acting reversible contraceptives.[158]

text: In 1965, the Supreme Court ruled in Griswold v. Connecticut that it was unconstitutional for the government to prohibit married couples from using birth control.

text: In 1967 activist Bill Baird was arrested for distributing a contraceptive foam and a condom to a student during a lecture on birth control and abortion at Boston University. Baird's appeal of his conviction resulted in the United States Supreme Court case Eisenstadt v. Baird (1972), which extended the Griswold holding to unmarried couples, and thereby legalized birth control for all Americans.

text: In 1970, Congress finally removed references to contraception from federal anti-obscenity laws;[159] and in 1973, the Roe v. Wade decision legalized abortion during the first trimester of pregnancy.[160]

text: Also in 1970, Title X of the Public Health Service Act was enacted as part of the war on poverty, to make family planning and preventive health services available to low-income and the uninsured.[161] Without publicly funded family planning services, according to the Guttmacher Institute, the number of unintended pregnancies and abortions in the United States would be nearly two-thirds higher; the number of unintended pregnancies among poor women would nearly double.[162] According to the United States Department of Health and Human Services, publicly funded family planning saves nearly $4 in Medicaid expenses for every $1 spent on services.[163]

text: In 1982, European drug manufacturers developed mifepristone, which was initially utilized as a contraceptive, but is now generally prescribed with a prostoglandin to induce abortion in pregnancies up to the fourth month of gestation.[164] To avoid consumer boycotts organized by anti-abortion organizations, the manufacturer donated the U.S. manufacturing rights to Danco Laboratories, a company formed by pro-choice advocates, with the sole purpose of distributing mifepristone in the U.S, and thus immune to the effects of boycotts.[165]

text: In 1997, the FDA approved a prescription emergency contraception pill (known as the morning-after pill), which became available over the counter in 2006.[166] In 2010, ulipristal acetate, a more effective emergency contraceptive was approved for use up to five days after unprotected sexual intercourse.[167] Fifty to sixty percent of abortion patients became pregnant in circumstances in which emergency contraceptives could have been used.[168] These emergency contraceptives, including Plan B and EllaOne, proved to be another battleground in the war over reproductive rights.[169] Opponents of emergency contraception consider it a form of abortion, because it may interfere with the ability of a fertilized embryo to implant in the uterus; while proponents contend that it is not abortion, because the absence of implantation means that pregnancy never commenced.[170]

text: In 2000, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ruled that companies that provided insurance for prescription drugs to their employees but excluded birth control were violating the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[171]

text: President Obama signed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) on 23 March 2010. As of 1 August 2011, female contraception was added to a list of preventive services covered by the ACA that would be provided without patient co-payment. The federal mandate applied to all new health insurance plans in all states from 1 August 2012.[172][173] Grandfathered plans did not have to comply unless they changed substantially.[174] To be grandfathered, a group plan must have existed or an individual plan must have been sold before President Obama signed the law; otherwise they were required to comply with the new law.[175] The Guttmacher Institute noted that even before the federal mandate was implemented, twenty-eight states had their own mandates that required health insurance to cover the prescription contraceptives, but the federal mandate innovated by forbidding insurance companies from charging part of the cost to the patient.[176]

text: In 2017, the Trump administration issued a ruling letting insurers and employers refuse to provide birth control if doing so went against their "religious beliefs" or "moral convictions".[177] However, later that same year federal judge Wendy Beetlestone issued an injunction temporarily stopping the enforcement of the Trump administration ruling.[178]


document_title: Burette

question_text: to how many decimal places should the volume of a liquid in a burette be recorded

root

text: Burette

text: Overview[edit]

text: A burette is a volumetric measuring glassware which is used in analytical chemistry for accurate dispensing of variable, and for measuring the volume of a liquid, especially of one of the reagents in a titration.[3] In a titration of an acid and base solution, the burette can be filled with acid. By turning the tap in a perpendicular direction, the tap can be opened, which then allows the acid in the tube to be able to be added in a stream or drop by drop into a flask. The experiment is taken out by gradually filling a liquid samples. Titrant or titrated solution is a good example. Burette support the process by its long narrow tubed with a stopcock at the taper end. The addition will halt when there the correspondence point is set up.[4]

tag: p

text: Burettes can perform titrations precisely for delivering a volumetric measurement of a fluid.[5] The burette tube carries graduated marks from which the dispensed volume of the liquid can be determined.[6] Compared to pipette, greater precision can be attained by using a burette.[7]

text: The burette is used to measure a volume of a substance in a specific amount, but different from measuring cylinder as its graduations measure from top to bottom. Therefore, the difference between the starting and the final volume is equal to the amount dispensed.[8] The precision and control of the burette over other means of adding solution is beneficial for using in titration in order to add titrant to the titrated solution.[9]

text: Volumetric Burette[edit]

text: Volumetric burette can be glass or plastic stright tube with a graduation scale. At the tip of burette, there are a stopcock and valve to control the flow of the chemical solution. The barrel of the stopcock can be made of glass or the plastic PTFE. Stopcocks with glass barrels need to be lubricated with vaseline or a specialized grease. Burettes are manufactured for specific tolerances, designated as class A or B and this also is etched on the glass.

text: Burette reading[edit]

text: The amount of solution added in or drained out needed to be read correctly by observing at eye level straight to the bottom of "Meniscus" for most solutions. Before reading the data, the bubbles must all been removed from the Burette otherwise the data will be inaccurately measured.[10] Also, reading the data at the eye level means looking straight at the bottom of the meniscus. The initial and final volumes collected will be calculated for the difference in volume which equal to the total volume of solution drained out of the Burette. The difference in volume can be calculated by taking the difference of final volume and initial volume[11] Using the Burette with a colorless solution is sometimes difficult to observe the bottom of the meniscus so Black Strip Technique[12] can help to accurately observe and measure the number on the scale. Moreover, the number should be reported in two decimal places, which can be done more easily by using the Black strip Technique. The black strip can be written with pen on the normal white paper or it can be printed it out. However, it is necessary to use white color paper as the background, in order to make the scale readable.[12]

text: Specification[edit]

text: Specification or product specification is used as an identification of volumetric burette[13] for example nominal volume, volume unit, error limit, accuracy class of the burette and manufacture's related details. Specification is directly association with the usage of each laboratory equipment including burette. Therefore, it is necessary to be able to understand each of specification in details in order to perform the accurate experiment. Nominal volume, error and units are the basic knowledge in order to distinguish the amount of solution delivered from the burette in unit of ml or cm3. Another specification for burette is called calibration marked as TD or Ex stand for "Calibration to Deliver". It indicates that this burette is better used to delivery purpose which the amount will be correspond to the volume as specified[14] The accuracy classes of equipment also shown in the specification of burette as well and it includes class A and class B. Class A is more preferred than Class B when volumetric accuracy is important for the accuracy of the experiment with accuracy up to 0.1 percent compared to 0.2 percent in Class B burette.[15]

text: Digital Burette[edit]

text: Digital burettes are based on a syringe design. The barrel and plunger may be made of glass. With liquids that corrode glass, including solutions of alkali, the barrel and plunger may be made of polyethylene or another resistant plastic material. The barrel is held in a fixed position and the plunger is moved incrementally either by turning a ratcheted wheel by hand, or by means of a step motor. The volume is shown on a digital display. A high-precision syringe may be used to deliver very precise aliquots. Motorized Digital Burettes may be controlled by a computer; for example, a titration may be recorded digitally and then subject to numerical processing to find the titer at an end-point.

text: History[edit]

text: The first burette was invented in 1845 by the French chemist Étienne Ossian Henry (1798–1873).[16][17] In 1855, the German chemist Karl Friedrich Mohr (1806–1879) presented an improved version of Henry's burette, having graduations inscribed on the tube of the burette.[18]

text: The word "burette" was coined in 1824 by the French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778–1850).[19]

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Meniscus

Burette with Ring stand

plastic stopcock used in glass volumetric burette

tag: ul


document_title: Sam Champion

question_text: what happened to sam the weatherman on good morning america

text: Sam Champion

text: Early life and education[edit]

text: Champion was born in Paducah, Kentucky, to Sylvia and James H. Champion in 1961.[1] He has one sibling, sister Teresa.[1] His father, who died October 25, 2010, was a lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Marine Corps who served in Vietnam.[2] He graduated from Fairfax High School in Fairfax, Virginia in 1979. He has a B.A. in broadcast news from Eastern Kentucky University, and interned at WKYT-TV in Lexington, Kentucky.[3]

text: Career[edit]

text: Champion worked at WPSD-TV in Paducah, Kentucky, and WJKS (later WCWJ) in Jacksonville, Florida. He became a weather forecaster for WABC-TV's Eyewitness News in New York City in 1988. He went on Good Morning America at a salary in 2004 of $1.5 million per year.[4] On April 7, 2008 he debuted as host of Sea Rescue, an educational and informational program in Litton's Weekend Adventure that focuses on the rescue, rehabilitation, and in many instances release of animals back into wildlife.[5]

text: In August 2006, Good Morning America announced Champion would join that show and ABC News, effective September 5, 2006.[3] Champion announced his departure from ABC on December 2, 2013, to become an on-air presence at and managing editor of The Weather Channel. His last day on Good Morning America was December 4, 2013[6] He was immediately replaced by Ginger Zee.

text: He had occasionally appeared on Live! with Kelly and Michael, the daily talk show produced by WABC-TV, and CNN's Larry King Live. He often begins his 30-second weathercasts by saying, "Let's get to the boards." His catchphrase when breaking for weather reports from local ABC stations is, "That's the weather around the nation. Here's what you can expect this morning."

text: Immediately following his departure from GMA, it was announced that Champion would join The Weather Channel to host his own morning show, titled America's Morning Headquarters. It debuted on March 17, 2014. In September 2015, it was revealed that Champion would leave AMHQ to serve as a contributor to its primetime programs.[7]

text: In December 2016, Champion and The Weather Channel decided not to renew their contract. As a result, Champion left the company. The final episode of 23.5° aired on December 27, 2016.

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Champion is active in many charitable organizations in the New York City area. He was the Grand Marshal of the Multiple Sclerosis Society Fall Bike Tour, the chairman of the 25th annual March of Dimes NYC WalkAmerica, and master of ceremonies of "Stopping AIDS Together," a part of Sunday by the Bay. He hosted the New York City Project's 2002 "Courage Awards," along with movie critic Frank DeCaro.[8][9]

text: Champion had a basal cell carcinoma removed from his skin in May 2010 while on air, after previous bouts with the disease; he cited that he was raising awareness about skin cancer during Cancer Awareness Month.[10]

text: Champion and his partner of several years, Rubem Robierb, were married on December 21, 2012.[11]


document_title: Are You the One?

question_text: who were the perfect matches are you the one season 6

question_tokens: who were the perfect matches are you the one season 6

text: Are You the One?

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Originally aired
Number of
cast members
All Perfect
Matches Found?
Total Money Won

Season premiere
Season finale

1
January 21, 2014 (2014-01-21)
March 25, 2014 (2014-03-25)
20
Y
$1,000,000

2
October 6, 2014 (2014-10-06)
December 8, 2014 (2014-12-08)
21
Y
$1,000,000

3
September 24, 2015 (2015-09-24)
November 18, 2015 (2015-11-18)
20
Y
$750,000

4
June 13, 2016 (2016-06-13)
August 15, 2016 (2016-08-15)
20
Y
$750,000

5
January 11, 2017 (2017-01-11)
March 15, 2017 (2017-03-15)
22
N
$0

6
September 20, 2017 (2017-09-20)
December 6, 2017 (2017-12-06)
22
Y
$1,000,000

7
2018 (2018)
2018 (2018)

tag: table

text: Season 1 – Kauai, Hawaii[edit]

text: Filmed in Hawaii

text: Season one premiered on January 21, 2014.[4]

text:
Guys

Cast Member[5]
Age
Hometown

Adam Kuhn
23
Sterling, Virginia

Andrean "Dre" McCoy
23
Atlanta, Georgia

Chris "Scali" Scali
24
Brooklyn, New York

Chris Tolleson
23
Virginia Beach

Dillan Ostrom
23
Finley, North Dakota

Ethan Diamond
23
Denver, Colorado

Joey Dillon
23
Atlanta, Georgia

John "JJ" Jacobs
25
Washington, DC

Ryan Malaty
24
Greeley, Colorado

Wesley "Wes" Buckles
25
Phoenix, Arizona

Girls

Cast Member
Age
Hometown

Amber Lee
22
Austin, Texas

Ashleigh Feaster
23
Akron, Ohio

Brittany Baldassari
24
Boston, Massachusetts

Coleysia Chestnut
23
Selma, Alabama

Jacinda "Jacy" Rodriguez
24
Carolina, Puerto Rico

Jessica Perez
23
Miami, Florida

Kayla Lusby
22
Greenfield, Tennessee

Paige Brendel
22
Phoenix, Arizona

Shanley McIntee
24
Indianapolis, Indiana

Simone Kelly
23
Atlanta, Georgia

text: Progress[edit]

text:
Guys
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6/7
8
9
10

Adam
Brittany
Shanley
Brittany
Amber
Shanley
Ashleigh
Shanley
Shanley
Shanley

Chris S.
Ashleigh
Simone
Paige
Paige
Simone
Brittany
Jacy
Ashleigh
Jacy

Chris T.
Jessica
Paige
Simone
Ashleigh
Paige
Paige
Paige
Paige
Paige

Dillan
Coleysia
Jessica
Coleysia
Coleysia
Coleysia
Coleysia
Coleysia
Coleysia
Coleysia

Dre
Jacy
Ashleigh
Ashleigh
Simone
Brittany
Shanley
Simone
Simone
Simone

Ethan
Shanley
Amber
Amber
Kayla
Amber
Amber
Amber
Amber
Amber

John
Simone
Jacy
Jessica
Shanley
Jacy
Jacy
Brittany
Jacy
Ashleigh

Joey
Paige
Brittany
Shanley
Jacy
Jessica
Simone
Jessica
Brittany
Brittany

Ryan
Amber
Kayla
Kayla
Brittany
Ashleigh
Jessica
Ashleigh
Jessica
Jessica

Wes
Kayla
Coleysia
Jacy
Jessica
Kayla
Kayla
Kayla
Kayla
Kayla

Correct Matches
2
4
2
2
5
5
7
8
10

text:
Girls
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6/7
8
9
10

Amber
Ryan
Ethan
Ethan
Adam
Ethan
Ethan
Ethan
Ethan
Ethan

Ashleigh
Chris S.
Dre
Dre
Chris T.
Ryan
Adam
Ryan
Chris S.
John

Brittany
Adam
Joey
Adam
Ryan
Dre
Chris S.
John
Joey
Joey

Coleysia
Dillan
Wes
Dillan
Dillan
Dillan
Dillan
Dillan
Dillan
Dillan

Jacy
Dre
John
Wes
Joey
John
John
Chris S.
John
Chris S.

Jessica
Chris T.
Dillan
John
Wes
Joey
Ryan
Joey
Ryan
Ryan

Kayla
Wes
Ryan
Ryan
Ethan
Wes
Wes
Wes
Wes
Wes

Paige
Joey
Chris T.
Chris S.
Chris S.
Chris T.
Chris T.
Chris T.
Chris T.
Chris T.

Shanley
Ethan
Adam
Joey
John
Adam
Dre
Adam
Adam
Adam

Simone
John
Chris S.
Chris T.
Dre
Chris S.
Joey
Dre
Dre
Dre

Correct Matches
2
4
2
2
5
5
7
8
10

text: Name  Confirmed Perfect Match  Name  Unconfirmed Perfect Match

text: In Week 5, Ryan Awarded the house 2 Truth Booths, which gave the house their first perfect match in Dillan and Coleysia.

text: Chris T. and Paige were a confirmed match in episode 6, but due to his relationship with Shanley, the episode ended with a "to be continued..." instead of a Match-up Ceremony.

text: Truth Booths[edit]

text:
Couple
Episode
Result

Chris T. & Shanley
1
Not A Match

Ethan & Jessica
2
Not A Match

John & Simone
3
Not A Match

Dillon & Jessica
4
Not A Match

Dre & Ashleigh
5
Not A Match

Dillon & Coleysia
5
Perfect Match

Chris T. & Paige
6/7
Perfect Match

Ryan & Kayla
8
Not A Match

Wes & Kayla
9
Perfect Match

John & Jacy
10
Not A Match

text: MTV.com Clue[edit]

text:
Clue
Perfect Match

1
Ethan & Amber

2
Brittany & Joey

text: After Filming[edit]

text:
Guy
Girl
Current Status

Adam
Shanley
Friends

Adam
Brittany
Not together

Dre
Simone
Not together

Dre
Ashleigh
Friends

Chris S.
Jacy
Not together

Chris T.
Paige
Friends

Chris T.
Shanley
Not together

Dillan
Coleysia
Friends

Dillan
Shanley
Friends

Ethan
Amber
Married with 1
child and expecting another

Joey
Brittany
Not together

John
Ashleigh
Not together

Ryan
Jessica
Friends

Ryan
Kayla
Not together

Wesley
Kayla
Not together

text: Adam Kuhn & Shanley McIntee returned for the Are You The One?: Second Chances and finished in 3rd place.

text: Baby Special and Reunion[edit]

text: Baby Special and Reunion aired on September 29, 2014. During this reunion, the gender of Ethan and Amber's baby was revealed to be a girl. Both parents-to-be got emotional when they found out they were having a girl. There were also conflicts between Scali and Jacy, Shanley and Chris T, and Ryan and Adam. The end of the episode resulted in most conflicts being resolved. Jacy stated that she would be moving to New York (where Scali is currently based) and they would take their relationship from there. Brittany told the camera that she would be taking Ryan home to meet her parents. [8]

text: The Challenge[edit]

text:
Cast member
Challenge Season
Challenges won
Total Money Earned

Adam Kuhn

Battle of the Exes II

None

$0

Brittany Baldassari

Battle of the Exes II

None

$0

John "JJ" Jacobs

Battle of the Exes II

None

$0

Simone Kelly

Battle of the Exes II, Rivals III, XXX: Dirty 30

None

$0

Challenge in bold indicates that the contestant was a finalist on The Challenge.

text: Season 2 – San Juan, Puerto Rico[edit]

text: Filmed in San Juan, Puerto Rico.

text: Season two premiered on October 6, 2014.[9]It was set in Puerto Rico.[10]This time, one guy has two matches which means that there will be eleven girls, but only ten boys. Christina is revealed as the first girl of the threeway couple. It is a race between Christina and another girl to find her perfect match and be confirmed as such in the Truth-Booth. The first couple of the threeway-couple to do so will end up in the honeymoon-suite. The other girl will have to leave empty-handed.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Guys

Cast
Age
Hometown

Alex Phillips
23
Los Angeles, California

Anthony Bartolotte
22
Chicago, Illinois

Brandon Tindel
25
Las Vegas, Nevada

Curtis Hadzicki
24
Cardiff, California

Dario Medrano
21
Salem, Massachusetts

Garland Brown
22
St. Louis, Missouri

John Moustis
22
Chicago, Illinois

Layton Jones
25
Greenville, Mississippi

Nathan "Nate" Siebenmark
22
Berrien Springs, Michigan

Tyler "Pratt" Pratt
23
Orlando, Florida

Girls

Cast Member
Age
Hometown

Alexandria Kim
23
Carlsbad, California

Ashley Hall
21
San Marcos, Texas

Briana LaCuesta
21
San Diego, California

Christina LeBlanc
24
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Ellie Puckett
23
Hamlet, North Carolina

Jasmine Pendleton
22
San Diego, California

Jenni Knapmiller
22
Burnsville, Minnesota

Jessica Andreatta
22
Westchester, New York

Paris Eike
23
Denver, Colorado

Shelby Yardley
21
Derby, Kansas

Tyler Abron
21
Boston, Massachusetts

text: Progress[edit]

text:
Guys
Week

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Alex
Ellie
Christina
Jasmine
Tyler
Christina
Jessica
Jasmine
Jasmine
Jasmine
Jasmine

Anthony
Jessica
Alexandria
Jenni
Jenni
Ashley
Ellie
Briana
Jessica
Alexandria
Alexandria

Brandon
Christina
Tyler
Shelby
Ellie
Jasmine
Ashley
Tyler
Tyler
Briana
Briana

Curtis
Briana
Briana
Briana
Briana
Shelby
Shelby
Shelby
Shelby
Shelby
Shelby

Dario
Ashley
Shelby
Ashley
Shelby
Alexandria
Briana
Ashley
Ashley
Tyler
Ashley

Garland
Alexandria
Jasmine
Alexandria
Jasmine
Tyler
Tyler
Jessica
Alexandria
Jessica
Jessica

John
Jasmine
Ashley
Christina
Christina
Jenni
Alexandria
Jenni
Jenni
Jenni
Jenni

Layton
Jenni
Jessica
Ellie
Jessica
Briana
Jenni
Ellie
Ellie
Ashley
Christina & Tyler

Nathan
Shelby
Jenni
Jessica
Alexandria
Jessica
Jasmine
Christina
Briana
Ellie
Ellie

Pratt
Paris
Paris
Paris
Paris
Paris
Paris
Paris
Paris
Paris
Paris

Correct Matches
2
2
3
1
3
2
6
5
8
10

text:
Girls
Week

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Alexandria
Garland
Anthony
Garland
Nathan
Dario
John
N/A
Garland
Anthony
Anthony

Ashley
Dario
John
Dario
N/A
Anthony
Brandon
Dario
Dario
Layton
Dario

Briana
Curtis
Curtis
Curtis
Curtis
Layton
Dario
Anthony
Nathan
Brandon
Brandon

Christina
Brandon
Alex
John
John
Alex
N/A
Nathan
N/A
N/A
Layton

Ellie
Alex
N/A
Layton
Brandon
N/A
Anthony
Layton
Layton
Nathan
Nathan

Jasmine
John
Garland
Alex
Garland
Brandon
Nathan
Alex
Alex
Alex
Alex

Jenni
Layton
Nathan
Anthony
Anthony
John
Layton
John
John
John
John

Jessica
Anthony
Layton
Nathan
Layton
Nathan
Alex
Garland
Anthony
Garland
Garland

Paris
Pratt
Pratt
Pratt
Pratt
Pratt
Pratt
Pratt
Pratt
Pratt
Pratt

Shelby
Nathan
Dario
Brandon
Dario
Curtis
Curtis
Curtis
Curtis
Curtis
Curtis

Tyler
N/A
Brandon
N/A
Alex
Garland
Garland
Brandon
Brandon
Dario
Layton

Correct Matches
2
2
3
1
3
2
6
5
8
10

text: Name  Confirmed Perfect Match  Name  Unconfirmed Perfect Match  N/A  This girl was not chosen in the match-up ceremony

text: Once the truth booth confirms a perfect match, that couple will go to the honeymoon suite and will automatically be paired up for the remainder of the match ceremonies.

text: Truth Booths[edit]

text:
Couple
Episode
Result
Eleventh Girl

Brandon & Jessica
1
Not A Match
N/A

Brandon & Christina
2
Not A Match
N/A

Brandon & Alexandria
3
Not A Match
N/A

Pratt & Paris
4
Perfect Match
Not A Match

Curtis & Shelby
5
Perfect Match
Not A Match

John & Jasmine
6
Not A Match
N/A

John & Jenni
7
Perfect Match
Not A Match

Nathan & Christina
8
Not A Match
N/A

Alex & Jasmine
9
Perfect Match
Not A Match

Dario & Ashley
10
Perfect Match
Not A Match

text: After Filming[edit]

text:
Guy
Girl
Current Status

Alex
Jasmine
Not Together

Anthony
Ellie
Friends

Anthony
Jenni
Friends

Brandon
Briana
Friends

Brandon
Christina
Not Together

Curtis
Briana
Not Together

Curtis
Shelby
Not Together

Curtis
Jenni
Together

Dario
Ashley
Friends

Dario
Shelby
Not Together

Garland
Tyler
Not Together

John
Christina
Friends

John
Jenni
Not Together

Layton
Jessica
Not Together

Layton
Tyler
Not Together

Nathan
Briana
Roommates

Nathan
Ellie
Friends

Pratt
Paris
Not Together

text: Nathan "Nate" Siebenmark & Ellie Puckett returned for the Are You The One?: Second Chances and finished in 9th place.

text: The Challenge[edit]

text:
Cast member
Challenge Season
Challenges won
Total Money Earned

Anthony Bartolotte

Invasion of the Champions

None

$0

Brandon Tindel

Rivals III

None

$0

Briana LaCuesta

Rivals III, XXX: Dirty 30

None

$0

Christina LeBlanc

Battle of the Bloodlines, Rivals III

None

$0

Dario Medrano

Battle of the Bloodlines, Rivals III, Invasion of the Champions, XXX: Dirty 30

None

$0

Nathan "Nate" Siebenmark

Rivals III

None

$0

text: Challenge in bold indicates that the contestant was a finalist on The Challenge.

text: Season 3 – Kona, Hawaii[edit]

text: Filmed in Kona, Hawaii.

text: Season three premiered on September 21, 2015.[11]

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Guys

Cast Member
Age
Hometown

Alec Gonzalez
22
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Austin Sheets
22
Addison, Texas

Chuck Mowery
26
Maui, Hawaii

Connor Smith
25
Tinley Park, Illinois

Devin Walker-Molaghan
26
Northampton, Massachusetts

Hunter Barfield
22
Perry, Florida

Mike Crescenzo
24
Stony Brook, New York

Nelson Thomas
26
San Marcos, Texas

Tyler Johnson
25
Indianapolis, Indiana

Zak Longo
26
Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Girls

Cast Member
Age
Hometown

Amanda Garcia
22
Westminster, Colorado

Britni Thornton
24
Augusta, Georgia

Chelsey Perkins
23
Orlando, Florida

Hannah Rathbun
22
Syracuse, New York

Kayla Brackett
22
Sandy Hook, Connecticut

Kiki Cooper
24
Ashburn, Virginia

Cheyenne Floyd
22
Los Angeles, California

Melanie Velez
23
Franklin Square, New York

Rashida Beach
23
Columbia, South Carolina

Stacey Gurnevich
24
Staten Island, New York

text: Progress[edit]

text:
Guys
Week

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Alec
Stacey
Chelsey
Stacey
Amanda
Stacey
Stacey
Rashida
Stacey
Stacey
Amanda

Austin
Kiki
Kiki
Amanda
Stacey
Hannah
Cheyenne
Kayla
Kiki
Cheyenne
Britni

Chuck
Hannah
Hannah
Kiki
Kiki
Kiki
Amanda
Melanie
Amanda
Rashida
Melanie

Connor
Chelsey
Kayla
Chelsey
Chelsey
Chelsey
Chelsey
Chelsey
Chelsey
Chelsey
Chelsey

Devin
Melanie
Melanie
Rashida
Hannah
Cheyenne
Rashida
Britni
Rashida
Britni
Rashida

Hunter
Britni
Stacey
Britni
Rashida
Melanie
Britni
Amanda
Britni
Kayla
Hannah

Mike
Amanda
Amanda
Kayla
Kayla
Britni
Melanie
Stacey
Melanie
Kiki
Kiki

Nelson
Cheyenne
Cheyenne
Melanie
Britni
Rashida
Kiki
Kiki
Kayla
Amanda
Stacey

Tyler
Rashida
Rashida
Cheyenne
Melanie
Amanda
Hannah
Cheyenne
Cheyenne
Melanie
Cheyenne

Zak
Kayla
Britni
Hannah
Cheyenne
Kayla
Kayla
Hannah
Hannah
Hannah
Kayla

Correct Matches
2
0
3
2
2
3
3
3
2
10

text:
Girls
Week

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Amanda
Mike
Mike
Austin
Alec
Tyler
Chuck
Hunter
Chuck
Nelson
Alec

Britni
Hunter
Zak
Hunter
Nelson
Mike
Hunter
Devin
Hunter
Devin
Austin

Chelsey
Connor
Alec
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor

Cheyenne
Nelson
Nelson
Tyler
Zak
Devin
Austin
Tyler
Tyler
Austin
Tyler

Hannah
Chuck
Chuck
Zak
Devin
Austin
Tyler
Zak
Zak
Zak
Hunter

Kayla
Zak
Connor
Mike
Mike
Zak
Zak
Austin
Nelson
Hunter
Zak

Kiki
Austin
Austin
Chuck
Chuck
Chuck
Nelson
Nelson
Austin
Mike
Mike

Melanie
Devin
Devin
Nelson
Tyler
Hunter
Mike
Chuck
Mike
Tyler
Chuck

Rashida
Tyler
Tyler
Devin
Hunter
Nelson
Devin
Alec
Devin
Chuck
Devin

Stacey
Alec
Hunter
Alec
Austin
Alec
Alec
Mike
Alec
Alec
Nelson

Correct Matches
2
0
3
2
2
3
3
3
2
10

text: Due to the blackout in Episode 2, the whole cast lost $250,000, lowering the total money at the end to $750,000, instead of $1,000,000.

text: In Episode 9, Mike was removed from the competition due to an altercation that turned violent with Amanda. Kiki was left without a match that week and was automatically paired with Mike. In the end it turned out that Mike and Kiki were perfect matches.

text: Truth Booths[edit]

text:
Couple
Episode
Result

Hunter & Kiki
1
Not A Match

Devin & Kiki
2
Not A Match

Zak & Kiki
3
Not A Match

Chuck & Britni
4
Not A Match

Connor & Chelsey
5
Perfect Match

Chuck & Kiki
6
Not A Match

Alec & Melanie
7
Not A Match

Nelson & Kiki
8
Not A Match

Hunter & Britni
9
Not A Match

Zak & Kayla
10
Perfect Match

text: After Filming[edit]

text:
Guy
Girl
Current Status

Alec
Amanda
Not Together

Alec
Stacey
Not Together

Austin
Britni
Not Together

Chuck
Britni
Not Together

Chuck
Melanie
Not Together

Connor
Chelsey
Friends

Connor
Kayla
Friends

Devin
Kiki
Friends

Devin
Rashida
Friends

Hunter
Hannah
Not Together

Hunter
Stacey
Friends

Mike
Amanda
Friends

Mike
Kayla
Friends

Mike
Kiki
Not Together

Nelson
Cheyenne
Friends

Nelson
Stacey
Not Together

Tyler
Cheyenne
Friends

Tyler
Rashida
Not Together

Zak
Hannah
Together

Zak
Kayla
Not Together

text: Mike Crescenzo was later a cast member of the 32nd season of Real World, Real World Seattle: Bad Blood.

text: Devin Walker-Molaghan & Rashida Beach returned for the Are You The One?: Second Chances and finished in 1st place earning themselves $170,000.

text: The Challenge[edit]

text:
Cast member
Challenge Season
Challenges won
Total Money Earned

Amanda Garcia

Rivals III, Invasion of the Champions, XXX: Dirty 30

None

$0

Britni Thornton

XXX: Dirty 30, Vendettas

None

$0

Cheyenne Floyd

Rivals III

None

$12,500

Devin Walker-Molaghan

Rivals III, XXX: Dirty 30, Vendettas

None

$12,500

Hunter Barfield

Invasion of the Champions, XXX: Dirty 30

None

$0

Nelson Thomas

Rivals III, Invasion of the Champions, XXX: Dirty 30, Vendettas

None

$36,250

text: Season 4 – Maui, Hawaii[edit]

text: Filmed in Maui, Hawaii. Season four premiered on June 13, 2016.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Guys

Cast Member
Age
Hometown

Asaf Goren
25
Tel Aviv, Israel

Cam Bruckman
22
Fort Collins, Colorado

Cameron Kolbo
25
Hattiesburg, Mississippi

Giovanni Rivera
23
Bridgeport, Connecticut

John Humphrey
23
Norfolk, Nebraska

Morgan St. Pierre
24
Manhattan, New York

Prosper Muna
24
Albany, New York

Sam Handler
22
Barrington, Illinois

Stephen McHugh
24
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Tyler Norman
26
San Diego, California

Girls

Cast Member
Age
Hometown

Alyssa Ortiz
22
Elgin, Illinois

Camille Satterwhite
23
Wheatley Heights, New York

Emma Sweigard
22
Parker, Colorado

Francesca Duncan
22
Manhattan, New York

Julia Rose
22
New Orleans, Louisiana

Kaylen Zahara
22
Compton, California

Mikala Thomas
22
Ocean City, New Jersey

Nicole Brown
22
Denver, Colorado

Tori Deal
23
Astoria, New York

Victoria Wyatt
22
Chino Hills, California

text: Progress[edit]

text:
Guys
Week

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9/10

Asaf
Francesca
Camille
Camille
Camille
Camille
Camille
Francesca
Camille
Tori
Kaylen

Cam
Victoria
Julia
Nicole
Emma
Emma
Victoria
Nicole
Tori
Nicole
Julia

Cameron
Mikala
Mikala
Mikala
Mikala
Mikala
Mikala
Mikala
Mikala
Mikala
Mikala

Giovanni
Kaylen
Kaylen
Kaylen
Kaylen
Francesca
Francesca
Emma
Nicole
Francesca
Francesca

John
Emma
Nicole
Victoria
Victoria
Tori
Emma
Kaylen
Kaylen
Victoria
Victoria

Morgan
Julia
Alyssa
Francesca
Tori
Julia
Tori
Tori
Victoria
Julia
Tori

Prosper
Camille
Emma
Emma
Nicole
Victoria
Kaylen
Victoria
Francesca
Emma
Emma

Sam
Alyssa
Francesca
Alyssa
Alyssa
Alyssa
Alyssa
Alyssa
Alyssa
Alyssa
Alyssa

Stephen
Nicole
Tori
Tori
Julia
Nicole
Julia
Julia
Julia
Kaylen
Nicole

Tyler
Tori
Victoria
Julia
Francesca
Kaylen
Nicole
Camille
Emma
Camille
Camille

Correct Matches
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
2
6
10

text:
Girls
Week

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9/10

Alyssa
Sam
Morgan
Sam
Sam
Sam
Sam
Sam
Sam
Sam
Sam

Camille
Prosper
Asaf
Asaf
Asaf
Asaf
Asaf
Tyler
Asaf
Tyler
Tyler

Emma
John
Prosper
Prosper
Cam
Cam
John
Giovanni
Tyler
Prosper
Prosper

Francesca
Asaf
Sam
Morgan
Tyler
Giovanni
Giovanni
Asaf
Prosper
Giovanni
Giovanni

Julia
Morgan
Cam
Tyler
Stephen
Morgan
Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
Morgan
Cam

Kaylen
Giovanni
Giovanni
Giovanni
Giovanni
Tyler
Prosper
John
John
Stephen
Asaf

Mikala
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron

Nicole
Stephen
John
Cam
Prosper
Stephen
Tyler
Cam
Giovanni
Cam
Stephen

Tori
Tyler
Stephen
Stephen
Morgan
John
Morgan
Morgan
Cam
Asaf
Morgan

Victoria
Cam
Tyler
John
John
Prosper
Cam
Prosper
Morgan
John
John

Correct Matches
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
2
6
10

text: Due to the blackout in Episode 8, the whole cast lost $250,000, lowering the total money at the end to $750,000, instead of $1,000,000.

text: Truth Booths[edit]

text:
Couple
Episode
Result

Prosper & Tori
1
Not A Match

John & Julia
2
Not A Match

Cameron & Mikala
3
Perfect Match

Asaf & Tori
4
Not A Match

Giovanni & Kaylen
5
Not A Match

Sam & Alyssa
6
Perfect Match

Cam & Victoria
7
Not A Match

Giovanni & Julia
8
Not A Match

Prosper & Emma
9/10
Perfect Match

Cam & Julia
9/10
Perfect Match

text: After Filming[edit]

text:
Guy
Girl
Current Status

Asaf
Francesca
Friends

Asaf
Kaylen
Friends

Cam
Julia
Not Together

Cam
Victoria
Not Together

Cameron
Mikala
Not Together

Giovanni
Francesca
Friends

Giovanni
Kaylen
Not Together

John
Victoria
Not Together

Morgan
Tori
Friends

Prosper
Emma
Not Together

Sam
Alyssa
Not Together

Stephen
Julia
Together/Engaged

Stephen
Nicole
Not Together

Tyler
Camille
Friends

text: Asaf Goren & Kaylen Zahara, Cameron Kolbo & Mikala Thomas, Giovanni Rivera & Francesca Duncan and Morgan St. Pierre & Tori Deal returned for the Are You The One?: Second Chances. Rivera and Duncan finished in 8th place after Duncan stole all of the money from Rivera. Goren and Zahara finished in 6th place. Kolbo & Thomas finished in 4th place. St. Pierre and Deal finished in 2nd place earning themselves $25,000.

text: The Challenge[edit]

text:
Cast member
Challenge Season
Challenges won
Total Money Earned

Tori Deal

XXX: Dirty 30

None

$15,000

text: Note: Tori competed on the Champs vs. Stars special.

text: Season 5 – Cabarete, Dominican Republic[edit]

text: Filmed in Cabarete, Dominican Republic.

text: Season five premiered on January 11 2017.[12]

text: This season featured 2 big changes. When a couple gets sent into the truth booth to see if they are a perfect match, the rest of the house can either vote to see if they are a perfect match, or earn $150,000, and not see the result of the couple. This only will pertain to certain weeks. Also, if the house blacks out at a match-up ceremony, their money will decrease by 50% each time instead of $250,000.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Guys

Cast Member
Age
Hometown

Andre Siemers
22
Burnsville, Minnesota

Derrick Henry
23
Charleston, South Carolina

Edward "Eddie" Williams
21
Bridgeton, New Jersey

Hayden Weaver
23
Anderson, Indiana

Jaylan Adlam
23
Atlanta, Georgia

Joey Amoia
23
Buffalo, New York

Michael Halpern
24
Tamarac, Florida

Mike Cerasani
25
Staten Island, New York

Osvaldo Romero
22
Chicago, Illinois

Ozzy Morales
24
San José, Costa Rica

Tyler O’Brien
22
Boca Raton, Florida

Girls

Cast Member
Age
Hometown

Alicia Wright
23
Howell, New Jersey

Carolina Duarte
21
Sammamish, Washington

Casandra Martinez
22
Seabrook, Texas

Gianna Hammer
21
Doylestown, Ohio

Hannah Fugazzi
22
Brentwood, California

Kam Williams
21
Pennsauken, New Jersey

Kari Kowalski
22
New York, New York

Kathryn Palmer
22
Tallahassee, Florida

Shannon Duffy
22
Valencia, California

Taylor Selfridge
22
Yacolt, Washington

Tyranny Todd
22
Augusta, Georgia

text: Progress[edit]

text:
Guys
Week

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Andre
Alicia
Hannah
Kari
Casandra
Taylor
Taylor
Casandra
Gianna
Kathryn
Kathryn

Derrick
Kathryn
Alicia
Hannah
Gianna
Tyranny
Tyranny
Kari
Shannon
Casandra
Shannon (Casandra)

Edward
Kam
Shannon
Kam
Alicia
Kam
Kam
Kam
Kam
Kam
Kam

Hayden
Shannon
Taylor
Carolina
Carolina
Carolina
Carolina
Carolina
Carolina
Carolina
Carolina

Jaylan
Casandra
Kam
Casandra
Tyranny
Casandra
Hannah
Tyranny
Tyranny
Tyranny
Tyranny

Joey
Carolina
Carolina
Kathryn
Kathryn
Kathryn
Kathryn
Kathryn
Casandra
Hannah
Hannah (Shannon)

Michael
Hannah
Gianna
Taylor
Kari
Kari
Kari
Hannah
Kathryn
Kari
Kari

Mike
Kari
Casandra
Alicia
Kam
Alicia
Alicia
Gianna
Kari
Alicia
Alicia

Osvaldo
Tyranny
Kari
Tyranny
Taylor
Gianna
Gianna
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor

Ozzy
Gianna
Kathryn
Gianna
Hannah
Hannah
Casandra
Alicia
Alicia
Gianna
Gianna

Tyler
Taylor
Tyranny
Shannon
Shannon
Shannon
Shannon
Shannon
Hannah
Shannon
Casandra (Hannah)

Correct Matches
2
0
4
4
4
4
4
5
9
8

text:
Girls
Week

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Alicia
Andre
Derrick
Mike
Edward
Mike
Mike
Ozzy
Ozzy
Mike
Mike

Carolina
Joey
Joey
Hayden
Hayden
Hayden
Hayden
Hayden
Hayden
Hayden
Hayden

Casandra
Jaylan
Mike
Jaylan
Andre
Jaylan
Ozzy
Andre
Joey
Derrick
Tyler (Derrick)

Gianna
Ozzy
Michael
Ozzy
Derrick
Osvaldo
Osvaldo
Mike
Andre
Ozzy
Ozzy

Hannah
Michael
Andre
Derrick
Ozzy
Ozzy
Jaylan
Michael
Tyler
Joey
Joey (Tyler)

Kam
Edward
Jaylan
Edward
Mike
Edward
Edward
Edward
Edward
Edward
Edward

Kari
Mike
Osvaldo
Andre
Michael
Michael
Michael
Derrick
Mike
Michael
Michael

Kathryn
Derrick
Ozzy
Joey
Joey
Joey
Joey
Joey
Michael
Andre
Andre

Shannon
Hayden
Edward
Tyler
Tyler
Tyler
Tyler
Tyler
Derrick
Tyler
Derrick (Joey)

Taylor
Tyler
Hayden
Michael
Osvaldo
Andre
Andre
Osvaldo
Osvaldo
Osvaldo
Osvaldo

Tyranny
Osvaldo
Tyler
Osvaldo
Jaylan
Derrick
Derrick
Jaylan
Jaylan
Jaylan
Jaylan

Correct Matches’’
2
0
4
4
4
4
4
5
9
8

text: Name  Confirmed Perfect Match  Name  Unconfirmed Perfect Match  Name  Confirmed Not A Match for the whole season. Correct Matching is in parentheses.

text: Due to the blackout in Episode 2, the whole cast lost $500,000, lowering the total money at the end to $500,000 instead of $1,000,000.

text: In Episode 9, the cast decided to take the trade offer instead of finding out if Derrick and Tyranny were a perfect match, which increased the total money at stake to $650,000

text: In Episode 10, the cast decided to take the trade offer instead of finding out if Joey and Casandra were a perfect match, which increased the total money at stake to $800,000

text: In Episode 10, the cast did not find all their perfect matches, winning no money at the end.

text: After the reunion, final Perfect Matches were revealed as the following:

text:
Guy
Girl

Andre
Kathryn

Derrick
Casandra

Edward
Kam

Hayden
Carolina

Jaylan
Tyranny

Joey
Shannon

Michael
Kari

Mike
Alicia

Osvaldo
Taylor

Ozzy
Gianna

Tyler
Hannah

text: Truth Booths[edit]

text:
Couple
Episode
Result

Hayden & Gianna
1
Not A Match

Andre & Alicia
2
Not A Match

Ozzy & Carolina
3
Not A Match

Osvaldo & Tyranny
4
Not A Match

Edward & Kam
5
Perfect Match

Ozzy & Hannah
6
Not A Match

Andre & Taylor
7
Not A Match

Hayden & Carolina
8
Perfect Match

Derrick & Tyranny
9
Truth Booth Trade

Joey & Casandra
10
Truth Booth Trade

text: Note: In Episode 9, the cast decided to take the $150,000 trade instead of finding out if Derrick and Tyranny were a match. The result of their match is unavailable.

text: Note: In Episode 10, the cast decided to take the $150,000 trade instead of finding out if Joey and Casandra were a match. The result of their match is unavailable.

text: Note: Look at the revealed perfect matches this will give you the results of the Derrick/Tyranny and Joey/Casandra Truth Booths.

text: After Filming[edit]

text:
Guy
Girl
Current Status

Andre
Kathryn
Not together

Andre
Taylor
Not together

Derrick
Casandra
Friends

Edward
Alicia
Not together

Edward
Kam
Not together

Hayden
Carolina
Not Together

Hayden
Gianna
Pregnant with first child

Jaylan
Tyranny
Friends

Joey
Shannon
Friends

Michael
Kari
Friends

Mike
Casandra
Not Together

Mike
Alicia
Not Together

Osvaldo
Taylor
Friends

Osvaldo
Tyranny
Friends

Ozzy
Gianna
Friends

Ozzy
Hannah
Not Together

Ozzy
Carolina
Friends

Tyler
Hannah
Friends

Tyler
Shannon
Not Together

text: Derrick Henry & Casandra Martinez, Hayden Weaver & Carolina Duarte and Mike Cerasani & Alicia Wright returned for the Are You The One?: Second Chances. Henry and Martinez finished in 10th place. Weaver and Duarte finished in 7th place after Weaver stole all of the money from Duarte. Cerasani and Wright finished in 5th Place.

text: The Challenge[edit]

text:
Cast member
Challenge Season [13]
Challenges won
Total Money Earned

Alicia Wright

Vendettas

None

$0

Derrick Henry

XXX: Dirty 30

None

$0

Edward Williams

Vendettas

None

$0

Kam Williams

Vendettas

None

$0

text: Season 6 – New Orleans, Louisiana[edit]

text: Filmed in New Orleans, Louisiana. The new host is Terrence J.

text: Season six premiered on September 20th, 2017.[14]

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Guys

Cast Member
Age
Hometown

Anthony Martin
22
Inglewood, California

Clinton Moxam
22
Palm Bay, Florida

David Shad
24
San Diego, California

Dimitri Valentin
26
Playa del Rey, California

Ethan Cohen
27
Sonoma, California

Joe Torgerson
23
Portland, Oregon

Kareem Fathalla
23
Avenel, New Jersey

Keith Klebacher
24
Manchester, New Jersey

Malcolm Drummer
25
West Palm Beach, Florida

Michael Johnson
21
Knoxville, Tennessee

Tyler Colon
21
Los Angeles, California

Girls

Cast Member
Age
Hometown

Alexis Eddy
21
Mannington, West Virginia

Alivia Hunter
21
Charleston, South Carolina

Audrey Diaz
23
Middletown, New York

Diandra Delgado
21
Teaneck, New Jersey

Geles Rodriguez
23
Los Fresnos, Texas

Jada Allen
21
Union City, New Jersey

Keyana Land
23
Boyertown, Pennsylvania

Nicole Spiller
21
Medway, Massachusetts

Nurys Mateo
22
Portland, Maine

Uche Nwosu
23
Grand Rapids, Michigan

Zoe Pugh
22
Scranton, Pennsylvania

text: Progress[edit]

text:
Guys
Week

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Anthony
Geles
Diandra
Jada
Keyana
Nicole
Keyana
Keyana
Alivia
Uche
Alexis

Clinton
Uche
Uche
Uche
Uche
Jada
Geles
Geles
Geles
Geles
Geles

Dimitri
Diandra
Nicole
Nurys
Alexis
Uche
Diandra
Diandra
Diandra
Audrey
Nurys

Ethan
Jada
Jada
Alexis
Nicole
Geles
Jada
Zoe
Alexis
Nurys
Zoe

Joe
Zoe
Audrey
Zoe
Zoe
Zoe
Alexis
Uche
Jada
Zoe
Uche

Kareem
Alivia
Alivia
Alivia
Diandra
Alivia
Nurys
Nurys
Nurys
Diandra
Diandra

Keith
Alexis
Alexis
Diandra
Nurys
Alexis
Zoe
Jada
Audrey
Jada
Jada

Malcolm
Nurys
Nurys
Geles
Alivia
Diandra
Alivia
Alexis
Uche
Alexis
Alivia

Michael
Keyana
Keyana
Audrey
Geles
Nurys
Uche
Audrey
Keyana
Keyana
Keyana

Shad
Audrey
Geles
Keyana
Audrey
Audrey
Audrey
Alivia
Zoe
Alivia
Audrey

Tyler
Nicole
Zoe
Nicole
Jada
Keyana
Nicole
Nicole
Nicole
Nicole
Nicole

Correct Matches
3
1
2
3
1
4
5
3
5
11

text:
Girls
Week

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Alexis
Keith
Keith
Ethan
Dimitri
Keith
Joe
Malcolm
Ethan
Malcolm
Anthony

Alivia
Kareem
Kareem
Kareem
Malcolm
Kareem
Malcolm
Shad
Anthony
Shad
Malcolm

Audrey
Shad
Joe
Michael
Shad
Shad
Shad
Michael
Keith
Dimitri
Shad

Diandra
Dimitri
Anthony
Keith
Kareem
Malcolm
Dimitri
Dimitri
Dimitri
Kareem
Kareem

Geles
Anthony
Shad
Malcolm
Michael
Ethan
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton

Jada
Ethan
Ethan
Anthony
Tyler
Clinton
Ethan
Keith
Joe
Keith
Keith

Keyana
Michael
Michael
Shad
Anthony
Tyler
Anthony
Anthony
Michael
Michael
Michael

Nicole
Tyler
Dimitri
Tyler
Ethan
Anthony
Tyler
Tyler
Tyler
Tyler
Tyler

Nurys
Malcolm
Malcolm
Dimitri
Keith
Michael
Kareem
Kareem
Kareem
Ethan
Dimitri

Uche
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Dimitri
Michael
Joe
Malcolm
Anthony
Joe

Zoe
Joe
Tyler
Joe
Joe
Joe
Keith
Ethan
Shad
Joe
Ethan

Correct Matches
3
1
2
3
1
4
5
3
5
11

text: Name  = Confirmed perfect match  Name  = Unconfirmed perfect match

text: Truth Booths[edit]

text:
Couple
Week
Result

Ethan & Keyana
1
No Match

Anthony & Geles
2
No Match

Malcolm & Nurys
3
No Match

Dimitri & Nicole
4
No Match

Cliton & Uche
5
No Match

Keith & Alexis
6
No Match

Keith & Alivia
7
No Match

Michael & Audrey
8
No Match

Tyler & Nicole
9
Perfect Match

Dimitri & Jada
10
No Match

text: After Filming[edit]

text:
Guy
Girl
Current Status

Anthony
Alexis
Friends

Anthony
Geles
Not Together

Clinton
Geles
Not Together

Clinton
Uche
Together

Dimitri
Nicole
Not Together

Dimitri
Nurys
Friends

Ethan
Zoe
Friends

Joe
Uche
Not Together

Kareem
Alivia
Together

Kareem
Diandra
Friends

Keith
Alexis
Not Together

Keith
Jada
Friends

Malcolm
Alivia
Friends

Malcolm
Diandra
Not Together

Malcolm
Nurys
Not Together

Michael
Audrey
Not Together

Michael
Keyana
Friends

Shad
Audrey
Friends

Tyler
Nicole
Friends

text: At the reunion, it was confirmed that Keith was dating Carolina from season 5 and Anthony was dating Shannon from season 5. Nurys is casually dating Nelson from season 3. [15]

text: Season 7[edit]

text: Casting Began for season 7 on the 22nd January 2018.

text: Spinoffs[edit]

text: Second Chances[edit]

text: Filmed in Melbourne, Australia. Hosted by Karamo Brown. Premiered March 22, 2017.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Male Contestant
Female Contestant
Original Season
Finish

Devin Walker-Molaghan
Rashida Beach
AYTO? 3
Winners

Morgan St. Pierre
Tori Deal
AYTO? 4
Runners-Up

Adam Kuhn
Shanley McIntee
AYTO? 1
3rd Place

Cameron Kolbo
Mikala Thomas
AYTO? 4
4th Place

Mike Cerasani
Alicia Wright
AYTO? 5
5th Place

Asaf Goren
Kaylen Zahara
AYTO? 4
6th Place

Hayden Weaver
Carolina Duarte
AYTO? 5
7th Place

Giovanni "Gio" Rivera
Francesca Duncan
AYTO? 4
8th Place

Nathan "Nate" Siebenmark
Ellie Puckett
AYTO? 2
9th Place

Derrick Henry
Casandra Martinez
AYTO? 5
10th Place

text: Elimination progress[edit]

text:
Teams
Episodes

1
2
3
4[a]
5
6
7
8
9
10

Devin & Rashida
1st
6th
4th
N/A
1st
2nd
1st
2nd
1st
1st

Morgan & Tori
6th
3rd
1st
1st
2nd
4th
3rd
4th
2nd
2nd

Adam & Shanley
3rd
4th
2nd
N/A
4th
3rd
4th
1st
3rd
3rd

Cameron & Mikala
7th
5th
3rd
3rd
3rd
1st
2nd
3rd
4th

Mike & Alicia
9th
1st
6th
2nd
5th
5th
5th

Asaf & Kaylen
2nd
8th
8th
7th
6th

Hayden & Carolina
8th
2nd
5th
N/A

Giovanni & Francesca
5th
7th
7th

Nate & Ellie
4th
9th

Derrick & Casandra
10th

text: Bank Accounts[edit]

text:
Males
Episodes

1
2
3
4[a]
5
6
7
8
9
10

Devin
$40,000
$40,000
$40,000
$40,000
$60,000
$70,000
$90,000
$100,000
$120,000
$170,000

Morgan
$20,000
$25,000
$45,000
$65,000
$75,000
$75,000
$80,000
$40,000
$50,000
$25,000

Adam
$25,000
$25,000
$35,000
$35,000
$35,000
$40,000
$40,000
$60,000
$60,000
$0

Cameron
$20,000
$20,000
$25,000
$30,000
$35,000
$55,000
$65,000
$65,000
$0

Mike
$20,000
$40,000
$40,000
$50,000
$50,000
$25,000
$0

Asaf
$30,000
$30,000
$15,000
$7,500
$0

Hayden
$20,000
$30,000
$30,000
$30,000

Giovanni
$20,000
$20,000
$0

Nate
$20,000
$0

Derrick
$0

text:
Females
Episodes

1
2
3
4[a]
5
6
7
8
9
10

Rashida
$40,000
$40,000
$40,000
$40,000
$60,000
$70,000
$90,000
$100,000
$120,000
$170,000

Tori
$20,000
$25,000
$45,000
$65,000
$75,000
$75,000
$80,000
$40,000
$50,000
$25,000

Shanley
$25,000
$25,000
$35,000
$35,000
$35,000
$40,000
$40,000
$60,000
$60,000
$0

Mikala
$20,000
$20,000
$25,000
$30,000
$35,000
$55,000
$65,000
$65,000
$0

Alicia
$20,000
$40,000
$40,000
$50,000
$50,000
$25,000
$0

Kaylen
$30,000
$30,000
$15,000
$7,500
$0

Carolina
$20,000
$30,000
$30,000
$0

Francesca
$20,000
$20,000
$20,000

Ellie
$20,000
$0

Casandra
$0

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Jump up to: a b c In Episode 4, only the top 3 teams and the last place team were revealed. Therefore, the 3 teams whose placement wasn't revealed didn't have a change in money.

tag: ol

text: Episodes[edit]

text: International versions[edit]

text:
Country
Local title
Host(s)
Channel
Broadcast
Jackpot

 Brazil
Are You the One? Brasil
Felipe Titto (1-3)
Caio Castro (4)
MTV
February 1, 2015
R$500,000

 Denmark
Det perfekte match
Oliver Bjerrehuus
Kanal 4
February 5, 2015

 Mexico
Are You the One? El Match Perfecto
Roberto Carlo (1)
Vadhir Derbez (2)
MTV
September 20, 2016
US$200,000

 France
10 couples parfaits
Elsa Fayer
NT1
July 3, 2017
€200,000

 Sweden
Are You the One? Sverige
Martin Björk
TV3
February 26, 2018
1,000,000 kr


document_title: List of Walmart brands

question_text: where does walmart get its great value products

text: List of Walmart brands

text: Apparel brands[edit]

text:
Athletic Works is a brand for athletic clothing, such as gym shorts and running shoes, and has been partially replaced by the Starter and recently acquired Russell Athletic.
Baby George is a clothing brand for children, organically manufactured for Walmart.
Child of Mine is a children's clothing brand, manufactured exclusively for Walmart by Carter's.
Faded Glory is a brand for basic men's, women's, and children's clothing and footwear. It is Walmart's primary clothing brand.
George is a brand of more formal clothing for men, women, and children. It also consists of dress shoes, wallets, belts, and neckties. It was created by the British retailer Asda in 1990, and since Walmart acquired Asda in 1999, it has maintained and expanded it to other markets, notably the United States, Canada, and Japan. The George brand was named after George Davies, who was its original chief designer. Davies is no longer associated with the brand, although Asda and Walmart have aimed to remain true to the low price business model that he established.
No Boundaries, usually abbreviated as NOBO, is a line of general apparel marketed for young children to adults, but chiefly targeted at teenagers and young adults.
Simply Basic was previously a brand used for health and beauty items, but is now used primarily for women's sleepwear.
Starter Clothing (SC) Line partnered with Wal-Mart in 2007, and now Starter is exclusively sold there. The products are active and athletic clothing and men's underclothes.
White Stag is a brand for women's clothing, footwear, and basic jewelry. Founded in 1931 as a skiwear manufacturer in Portland, Oregon, the company was purchased by the Warnaco Group in 1966, which after the company exited bankruptcy, later sold the brand to Walmart in 2003.
Main article: White Stag (clothing)

725 Originals was trademarked in 1996, though it is now discontinued. The name references the year of Walmart’s incorporation, 725 AD.

text: Major brands[edit]

text: Sam's Choice[edit]

text: Not to be confused with Sam's Club.

text: Sam's Choice, originally introduced as Sam's American Choice in 1991, is a retail brand in food and selected hard goods. Named for Sam Walton, founder of Walmart, Sam's Choice forms the premium tier of Walmart's two-tiered core corporate grocery branding strategy that also includes the larger Great Value brand of discount-priced staple items.[1]

text: Compared to Great Value products and to other national brands, Sam's Choice is positioned as a premium retail brand and is offered at a price competitive with standard national brands. It typically offers either competitive items in a given product category, or items in categories where the market leader is an "icon" (for example, Coca-Cola in the soft drink category).

text: Most Sam's Choice beverage products (excluding Grapette and Orangette)[citation needed] are manufactured for Walmart by Cott Beverages.[2] Other products in the line, including cookies, snack items, frozen meals, and similar grocery items are made by a variety of agricultural and food manufacturers.

text: Competitive pricing of the Sam's Choice brand and store-branded and generic goods is possible because of the lower expense required to market a retail chain's house brand, compared to advertising and promotional expenses typically incurred by the national brands.

text: Most Sam's Choice-branded products have been replaced by either the relaunched Great Value brand, or the new Marketside brand.[citation needed] The brand was reintroduced in 2013 with a new logo and a focus on premium food products with organic ingredients.

text: Great Value[edit]

text: Great Value was launched in 1993 (but products were made as early as 1992) and forms the second tier, or national brand equivalent ("NBE"), of Walmart's grocery branding strategy.[1]

text: Products offered through the Great Value brand are often claimed to be as good as national brand offerings, but are typically sold at a lower price because of lower marketing and advertising expense. As a house or store brand, the Great Value line does not consist of goods produced by Walmart, but is a labeling system for items manufactured and packaged by a number of agricultural and food corporations, such as ConAgra, Sara Lee which, in addition to releasing products under its own brands and exclusively for Walmart, also manufactures and brands foods for a variety of other chain stores. Often, this labeling system, to the dismay of consumers, does not list location of manufacture of the product. Wal-Mart contends that all Great Value products are produced in the United States. Otherwise, the country of origin would be listed.

text: As Walmart's most extensively developed retail brand, covering hundreds of household consumable items, the Great Value line includes sliced bread, frozen vegetables, frozen dinners, canned foods, light bulbs, trash bags, buttermilk biscuits, cinnamon rolls, pies and many other traditional grocery store products. The wide range of items marketed under the Great Value banner makes it Walmart's top-selling retail brand.

text: The Great Value brand can also be seen in Canada, Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico, Argentina, Chile and Brazil and some Trust Mart stores in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China, through a partnership with Walmart. Bharti EasyDay retail grocery stores sell Great Value brand products in India as well. Great Value brand products as well as Walmart merchandise are also present in Seiyu grocery stores (owned by Walmart) in Tokyo, Japan as of October 2014, despite at least one report of a transition away from the brand.[3]

text: By mid-summer 2009, Walmart had redesigned the Great Value labels to be predominantly white. The new redesign also includes over 80 new items, including thin-crust pizza, fat-free caramel swirl ice cream, strawberry yogurt, organic cage-free eggs, double-stuffed sandwich cookies, and teriyaki beef jerky. Walmart changed the formulas for 750 items, including: breakfast cereal, cookies, yogurt, laundry detergent, and paper towels. The new brand was tested by over 2,700 people.[4] Other retailers are following suit with their private label packaging as well.[citation needed]

text: Great Value had a redesign in 2013 for most of its food items, replacing the predominantly white designs with more colorful packaging.

text: Equate[edit]

text: Equate is a brand used for consumable pharmacy and health and beauty items, such as shaving cream, skin lotion, over-the-counter medications, and pregnancy tests. Before its takeover by Walmart, the formerly independent Equate brand sold consumer products at both Target and Walmart at lower prices than those of name brands. Equate is an example of the strength of Walmart's private label store brand. In a 2006 study, The Hartman Group marketing research firm issued a report which found that "Five of the top 10 "likely to purchase" private label brands are managed by Wal-Mart including: Great Value, Equate, Sam's Choice, Wal-Mart and Member's Mark (Sam's Club), per the study." The report further noted that "...we are struck by the magnitude of mind-share Wal-Mart appears to hold in shoppers' minds when it comes to awareness of private label brands and retailers."[5]

text: In mid-2010, the brand underwent a logo redesign, as well as packaging changes similar to the Great Value brand.

text: Mainstays[edit]

text: Mainstays is a brand marketed by Walmart for its lower-priced lines of bedding, ready-to-assemble furniture, and home decor.

text: Ol' Roy[edit]

text: Ol' Roy is Walmart's store brand of dog food, created in 1983 and named after Sam Walton's bird dog. It has become the number-one selling brand of dog food in the United States, surpassing Nestlé's Purina.[6]

text: In 1998, samples of Ol' Roy (together with various other brands) were subject to qualitative analyses for pentobarbital residue by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine due to suspicion that the anesthetizing drug may have found its way into pet foods through euthanized animals, including cats and dogs. DNA test for all the samples failed to detect cat and dog DNA but multiple Ol' Roy samples tested positive for the drug, presumably from rendered cattle. The CVM has said that due to the low level of exposure, the risk of adverse effects was low.[7][8]

text: Special Kitty[edit]

text: Special Kitty is Walmart's store brand of cat food and other cat care products, such as litter and treats.

text: Parent's Choice[edit]

text: Parent's Choice is Walmart's store brand for baby products, including diapers, formula, and accessories. Like other Walmart store brands, its design and packaging was relaunched in 2010. Parent's Choice is manufactured by Wyeth (a pharmaceutical company). Wyeth was bought out by another pharmaceutical company in 2009, Pfizer.

text: Price First[edit]

text: Price First is a bottom-tier, low priced generic brand that Walmart introduced in late 2013. It includes very basic grocery items, trash bags, and paper goods. It was launched as an experimental brand targeted towards the most budget-conscious shoppers. It is the lowest priced brand at Walmart and availability varies by stores. Some of the grocery items include milk (which is often brand-name milk with a Price First label, as is Great Value milk), bread, granulated sugar, canned fruit/vegetables, boxed brownie mix, toaster pastries, elbow pasta, egg noodles, spaghetti, and skillet meals. Non grocery items include paper towels, toilet tissue, trash bags, and food storage bags.

text: Play Day[edit]

text: Play Day is a wide-ranging brand of budget-priced children's toys. Play Day launched in between mid-2014 and early-2015, as a replacement brand for Kid Connection. [clarification needed].

text: Additional brands[edit]

text: Homelines[edit]

text:
Better Homes and Gardens is a product line with designs inspired from the popular magazine of the same name.
Hometrends products include small furniture, tableware and various home decor accessories, such as rugs and faux plants.
Your zone is a home product line that tailors toward teenagers and college students
Mainstays
Mainstays Kids

text: Others[edit]

text:
Backyard Grill is a brand of grills, charcoal, and grilling accessories.
The Office is a brand used for office supplies and stationery.
Best Occasions is a brand used for party decorations and accessories, such as candles and hats.
Clear American is used for carbonated and flavored water. Was previously known as Sam's Choice Clear American.
ColorPlace is the brand used for paint and painting tools. ColorPlace paint is made by PPG.
Douglas is the brand used for budget priced tires. Models include Xtra-Trac and Touring. Some models are made in a Goodyear plant.
EverStart is the brand for automotive and lawn mower batteries. The brand is also used for battery related accessories, such as jumper cables. EverStart batteries are manufactured by Johnson Controls, Inc., (who also manufactures batteries for other store brands) primarily at plants in Saint Joseph, Missouri, and Fort Wayne, Indiana.
Fire Side Gourmet is used for pre-cooked burgers and steaks, and was previously under the Sam's Choice label.
Gold's Gym is used for athletic and exercise equipment such as weights. Named after and licensed from the chain of fitness centers.
Home Bake Value is a brand that sells only bread.
Holiday Time is used for Christmas items such as Christmas trees, decorations, and wrapping paper.
Kid Connection is used primarily for children's toys, but was also used for children's clothing and shoes.
Marketside is a brand of fresh foods usually found in Walmart's deli, produce, and bakery departments, such as salads, soups, breads, and sandwiches.
Oak Leaf is a brand of low cost wines produced and bottled for Walmart selling at approximately $3 a bottle.[9]
ONN is a brand used for entry-level electronics (mice, speakers, cables, etc.).
Blackweb is a brand used for computer and mobile phone accessories (keyboards, speakers, headphones, portable batteries etc.).
Ozark Trail is a brand used for outdoor equipment and footwear. (The Walmart Home Office is located in the Ozark mountain region in northwest Arkansas.)
Protege is a brand consisting of luggage and travel accessories.
ReliOn is a brand of diabetes care products, including blood glucose and blood pressure monitors.
SuperTech is Walmart's brand of motor oil. The brand is also used on other consumable automotive products, such as oil filters, windshield wiper fluid, and transmission fluid.
Walmart Family Mobile is Walmart's exclusive cell phone (postpaid) service provided through the T-Mobile cellular network.[10]
World Table is the brand used for upscale salsa, pizza, chips, cookies, etc. which are manufactured exclusively for Walmart and fancier than the Great Value entry.
Price First/Prix Budget is a brand of entry-level everyday products, similar to Great Value, but generally at the lowest price point.
Our Finest/Notre Excellence is a brand for upscale chips, cookies, frozen dinners, etc. which are sold exclusively in Canada. This brand is comparable to World Table and is manufactured in Canada exclusively for Walmart Canada.
AutoDrive is a brand of car care products, automotive detailing products, and interior accessories.

text: Former brands[edit]

text:
"Canopy" was a home product line that features coordinated solutions for rooms and other domestic goods. The brand was replaced by the Better Homes and Gardens line in late 2012.
Durabrand was a brand used for home electronics such as televisions and DVD players. The brand was also used on various small kitchen appliances.
ilo was another brand of home electronics, consisting of more upscale items such as televisions, small electronics and digital music players.
"Metro 7" was an upscale brand of women's apparel, that was originally released in the fall of 2006, and eventually phased out.
"Puritan" was a brand for men's basic clothing, including shirts, pants, undergarments, socks, ties, and some accessories. In late 2010, the brand was phased out completely and replaced by Faded Glory (with undergarments and socks and casual clothing) and George (with ties, shirts, and pants and formal clothing).
"Promark" was a brand for tools in the '80s and early '90s. It was replaced by Popular Mechanics branding.