document_title: The Lady in the Van

question_text: who played alan bennett's mother in the lady in the van

question_tokens: who played alan bennett 's mother in the lady in the van

text: The Lady in the Van

text: Plot[edit]

text: This section needs an improved plot summary. (December 2016)

text: The Lady in the Van tells the true story of Alan Bennett's strained friendship with Miss Mary Shepherd, an eccentric homeless woman whom Bennett befriended in the 1970s before allowing her temporarily to park her Bedford van in the driveway of his Camden home. She stayed there for 15 years. As the story develops Bennett learns that Miss Shepherd is really Margaret Fairchild, a former gifted pupil of the pianist Alfred Cortot. She had played Chopin in a promenade concert, tried to become a nun, was committed to an institution by her brother, escaped, had an accident when her van was hit by a motorcyclist for which she believed herself to blame, and thereafter lived in fear of arrest.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Maggie Smith as Miss Mary Shepherd / Margaret Fairchild
Alex Jennings as Alan Bennett
Clare Hammond as young Margaret Fairchild
Roger Allam as Rufus
Deborah Findlay as Pauline
Jim Broadbent as Underwood
Claire Foy as Lois
Cecilia Noble as Miss Briscoe
Gwen Taylor as Mum
Frances de la Tour as Ursula Vaughan Williams
Nicholas Burns as Giles Perry
Pandora Colin as Mrs Perry

text: The principal cast of Bennett's The History Boys appear in cameo roles, with the exception of de la Tour, who has a more prominent role in this film; and Richard Griffiths, who died in 2013. This includes: Samuel Barnett (as Donald),[9] Samuel Anderson (as a Jehovah's Witness),[5] Stephen Campbell Moore (as a doctor),[10] Dominic Cooper (as a theatre actor),[5] James Corden (as a street trader),[11] Sacha Dhawan (as Doctor Malik),[12] Andrew Knott (as an ambulance driver),[13] Clive Merrison (as a man attending confession),[10] Jamie Parker (as an estate agent),[11] and Russell Tovey (as a man with an earring).[5]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The Lady in the Van was greenlit on 3 June 2014, with TriStar Productions and BBC Films working together to make the film adaptation of Alan Bennett's West End hit. TriStar won the film rights to handle worldwide distribution, while the BBC was the first to show the film on television in the UK. The involvement of Maggie Smith and Nicholas Hytner was announced simultaneously with the film,[14] but they were attached to the project as early as 9 May (coincidentally Bennett's 80th birthday).[15][16] Both of them had collaborated with Bennett in the past; Hytner on The Madness of King George in 1994, and the film adaptation of The History Boys (in 2006), while Smith had portrayed Miss Shepherd in the original theatre production in 1999,[17] and again in a 2009 radio adaptation by BBC Radio 4.[6]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began at 23 Gloucester Crescent (51.538681, -0.145635)[18][19] in north London in October 2014.[20] The film was shot in and around Bennett's old house in Camden Town, where the real Miss Shepherd spent 15 years on his driveway. According to Hytner, they never considered [filming] anywhere else, and it was entertaining to see the look on all the residents’ faces; many of whom were there when the van drove down the crescent. Filming was a difficult experience for Smith because she spent most of her time confined to one van or another. According to Smith, the van wasn't the most comfortable of places, and the film was much more concentrated than the play; the stage version was more physically demanding, but Smith admitted it was a long time ago and she could handle it back then. She joked that not a lot of method [acting] was required when one were dressed as [she] was, and in a van.[21]

text: The production crew filmed for two days in November 2014 in Broadstairs in Thanet, Kent, notably Viking Bay, featuring Morelli's Gelato and the Palace Cinema. Producer Kevin Loader described Viking Bay as "the perfect location" and said the area had benefited by £40,000, as the 50-strong crew stayed locally and took advantage of the various restaurants and bars.[22] Buckmaster House in Broadstairs, the only filming location outside London, was featured as Bennett's mother's nursing home in Weston-super-Mare.[23] The scenes which take place in church were filmed at the Church of St.Silas the Martyr in Kentish Town .

text: Music[edit]

text: The film's score consists of classical music by Chopin and others; some additional music was composed by George Fenton.[24][25] It was released as a soundtrack album through Sony Classical Records, a subsidiary of Sony Music Entertainment, on 6 November 2015 in the United Kingdom. This was followed by an 11 December release in the United States.[26]

text: Release[edit]

text: The worldwide premiere was held on 12 September 2015, at the Toronto International Film Festival.[27] This was followed by the UK premiere on 13 October at the 59th BFI London Film Festival;[28] which, in turn, was succeeded by the US premiere on 15 November, at the 38th Denver International Film Festival.[29] It was released in UK theatres on 13 November 2015,[30] while there was a limited theatrical release on 15 January 2016 in the US.[31]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The first trailer was released on 26 February 2015,[32] followed by a teaser poster on 5 March.[33] A new and extended trailer was released on 4 September.[34]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of 20 March 2016[update], The Lady in the Van has grossed $41.3 million worldwide; $31.3 million in the United Kingdom and $10.0 million in North America.[4]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The Lady in the Van received positive reviews, with particular praise being aimed at Smith's acting. Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a rating of 91%, based on 132 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2/10. The site's consensus states, "Led by a marvelous performance from Maggie Smith, Lady in the Van wrings poignant, often hilarious insight from its fact-based source material."[35] On Metacritic the film holds a score of 70 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[36]

text:
"Maggie Smith delivers a compelling performance in The Lady in the Van, as Alan Bennett’s play comes to the big screen 15 years after it premiered at the National Theatre."

— Kate Muir, of The Times, following the worldwide premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival.[37]

tag: div

text: Guy Lodge, of Variety magazine, attended the worldwide premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival. After the screening, he described Smith's portrayal of Mary Shepherd as "one of the most tailor-made leading roles of her late career". Even though, he says, the film is "low on narrative drive" and "marred by a misjudged final act", "Hytner's amiable [love] fest" is "enlivened by Smith’s signature irascibility; silver-dollar auds should turn up, if not in droves, at least in healthy vanloads.".[9] Frank Scheck, of The Hollywood Reporter, also attended the premiere, and like Lodge, he felt Smith's character was the "driving force" behind the film. Not to his surprise, Smith "fully exploits the humor in her character's bizarreness". For example, when her character "receives guidance from the Virgin Mary; her utter obliviousness to her lack of personal hygiene; her hatred of music that sends her fleeing whenever she hears a note; and her ragtag wardrobe that's been assembled from various dumpsters". In spite of the humour, Scheck praised Smith for "subtly convey[ing] the emotional pain and desperation of [an] addled old woman, especially in the scenes [where she is] taken away by social services and gently treated to a thorough washing, feeding and medical examination".[38]

text:
"She brilliantly re-creates her stage role [from] Alan Bennett’s autobiographical play about Miss Shepherd."

Lou Lumenick, of the New York Post, speaking of Maggie Smith.[27]

text: Ian Nathan, of Empire magazine, awarded the film four out of five stars. Like many, he applauded Smith's "liberating" role, describing her as "shrill and hilarious, but not a joke". He also commended the directing, saying: "Unshowy to a fault, Hytner delivers a fine, moving comedy of English manners between a writer and his eccentric tenant, which slowly deepens into an exploration of human bonds".[39] In a similar fashion, Peter Bradshaw, of The Guardian, awarded four out of five stars and called it an "enjoyable film from Nicholas Hytner". While he felt Smith’s performance - "honed from previous stage and radio" adaptations - was "terrifically good", he praised Jennings for giving a "sharp and sympathetic performance as Bennett".[40]

text:
"It’s all good fun, it’s just a shame about the attempts to impose drama on what is essentially a comic character study."

— Kaleem Aftab, of The Independent, speaking of The Lady in the Van.[41]

text: Donald Clarke, of The Irish Times, awarded the film three out of five stars. He said Smith's role is "indecently appropriate", while de la Tour's is "fabulous", and Allam's is "equally as good" as the latter. The "problem" with the film is "that, like Miss Shepherd’s van, the story rarely" moves on. It remains "gracelessly the same throughout", with "narrative details" being "plucked like unattached footnotes". When the characters do "open up", during a "bafflingly appalling final scene", you "rather wish the doors had remained shut".[42] Also awarding three out of five stars, Stella Papamichael, of the Radio Times, had similar feelings. She said: Smith and Jennings' characters "veer close to a moment of pathos towards the end [of the film], but [it's not] too profound. The social awkwardness [leaves] a more lingering impression" on the audience.[43]

text: Jesse Hassenger, of The A.V. Club, gave a "rotten" review, stating that "by design", The Lady in the Van is "flawed" because the film is "supposed to be revealing Bennett, not Shepherd"; a fact that many "will be reminded of before the film’s end". Smith's character is very "commanding" on screen, while Jennings "honorably tend[s] to his character’s quiet, semi-closeted homosexuality". No "matter how many meaningful considerations of mortality" are thrown his way; through the screenplay, Jennings "doesn't have a chance" against Smith.[44] On the contrary, Slant Magazine's Elise Nakhnikian said the film is all about the "fastidious, somewhat timid, and reclusive playwright Alan Bennett", and stated the film's "annoying glibness is neatly summarized" by the line: "In life, going downhill is an uphill job".[45]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

2015
73rd Golden Globe Awards
Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy
Maggie Smith
Nominated
[46]

2015
69th British Academy Film Awards
Best Actress in a Leading Role
Maggie Smith
Nominated
[47]

2015
43rd Evening Standard British Film Awards
Best Actress
Maggie Smith
Won
[48]


document_title: Rebar

question_text: what type of steel is used in rebar

question_tokens: what type of steel is used in rebar

root

text: Rebar

text: History[edit]

text: Originally, concrete structures were unreinforced. Rebar has been used in construction since at least the 15th century; for example, 2,500 meters of rebar was used in the Château de Vincennes.[3]

tag: p

text: More recently, during the 18th century, rebar was used to form the carcass of the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk in Russia, built on the orders of the industrialist Akinfiy Demidov. The cast iron[citation needed] used for the rebar was of high quality, and there is no corrosion on them to this day. The carcass of the tower was connected to its cast iron tented roof, crowned with one of the first known lightning rods.[4] More recently these techniques have been refined by embedding steel bars in the concrete, and by the introduction of deformed bars to improve bonding, thus producing modern reinforced concrete.

text: Use in concrete and masonry[edit]

text: Concrete is a material that is very strong in compression, but relatively weak in tension. To compensate for this imbalance in concrete's behavior, rebar is cast into it to carry the tensile loads. Most steel reinforcement is divided into primary and secondary reinforcement, but there are other minor uses:

text:
Primary reinforcement refers to the steel which is employed to guarantee the resistance needed by the structure as a whole to support the design loads.
Secondary reinforcement, also known as distribution or thermal reinforcement, is employed for durability and aesthetic reasons, by providing enough localized resistance to limit cracking and resist stresses caused by effects such as temperature changes and shrinkage.
Rebar is also employed to confer resistance to concentrated loads by providing enough localized resistance and stiffness for a load to spread through a wider area.
Rebar may also be used to hold other steel bars in the correct position to accommodate their loads.
External steel tie bars can constrain and reinforce masonry structures, as illustrated by the Nevyansk Tower or ancient structures in Rome and the Vatican.

tag: ul

text: Masonry structures and the mortar holding them together have similar properties to concrete and also have a limited ability to carry tensile loads. Some standard masonry units like blocks and bricks are made with voids to accommodate rebar, which is then secured in place with grout. This combination is known as reinforced masonry.

text: Physical characteristics[edit]

text: Steel has a thermal expansion coefficient nearly equal to that of modern concrete. If this were not so, it would cause problems through additional longitudinal and perpendicular stresses at temperatures different from the temperature of the setting.[5] Although rebar has ribs that bind it mechanically to the concrete, it can still be pulled out of the concrete under high stresses, an occurrence that often accompanies a larger-scale collapse of the structure. To prevent such a failure, rebar is either deeply embedded into adjacent structural members (40–60 times the diameter), or bent and hooked at the ends to lock it around the concrete and other rebar. This first approach increases the friction locking the bar into place, while the second makes use of the high compressive strength of concrete.

text: Common rebar is made of unfinished tempered steel, making it susceptible to rusting. Normally the concrete cover is able to provide a pH value higher than 12 avoiding the corrosion reaction. Too little concrete cover can compromise this guard through carbonation from the surface, and salt penetration. Too much concrete cover can cause bigger crack widths which also compromises the local guard. As rust takes up greater volume than the steel from which it was formed, it causes severe internal pressure on the surrounding concrete, leading to cracking, spalling, and, ultimately, structural failure. This phenomenon is known as oxide jacking. This is a particular problem where the concrete is exposed to salt water, as in bridges where salt is applied to roadways in winter, or in marine applications. Uncoated, corrosion-resistant low carbon/chromium (microcomposite), epoxy-coated, galvanized, or stainless steel rebars may be employed in these situations at greater initial expense, but significantly lower expense over the service life of the project.[6][7] Extra care is taken during the transport, fabrication, handling, installation, and concrete placement process when working with epoxy-coated rebar, because damage will reduce the long-term corrosion resistance of these bars.[8] Even damaged bars have shown better performance than uncoated reinforcing bars, though issues from debonding of the epoxy coating from the bars and corrosion under the epoxy film have been reported.[9] These bars are used in over 70,000 bridge decks in the USA.[10]

text: Fibre-reinforced plastic rebar is also used in high-corrosion environments. It is available in many forms, such as spirals for reinforcing columns, common rods, and meshes. Most commercially available rebar is made from unidirectional glass fibre reinforced thermoset resins.

text: Reinforcing steel can also be displaced by impacts such as earthquakes, resulting in structural failure. The prime example of this is the collapse of the Cypress Street Viaduct in Oakland, California as a result of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, causing 42 fatalities. The shaking of the earthquake caused rebars to burst from the concrete and buckle. Updated building designs, including more circumferential rebar, can address this type of failure.

text: Sizes and grades[edit]

text: US sizes[edit]

text: Imperial bar sizes give the diameter in units of ⅛ inch, so that #8 =  8⁄8 inch = 1 inch diameter. The cross-sectional area, as given by πr², works out to (bar size/9.027)², which is approximated as (bar size/9)² square inches. For example, the area of #8 bar is (8/9)² = 0.79 square inches.

text: Larger bar sizes are based on the cross-sectional area of square bars that were formerly used. The diameter of the equivalent round shapes is rounded to the nearest ⅛ inch to provide the bar size. For example, #9 bar has a cross section of 1.00 square inches, and therefore a diameter of 1.128 inches. #10, #11, #14, and #18 sizes correspond to 1 1⁄8 inch, 1 1⁄4, 1 1⁄2, and 2 inch square bars, respectively.[11] #14 rebar is particularly affected by this approximation; by diameter it would be #13.5.

text: The tower and sign industries commonly use slightly larger "jumbo" bars #14J and #18J as anchor rods for large structures.[12] The bars are fabricated from slightly oversized blanks such that threads can be cut at the ends to accept standard 1.75" (#14J) and 2.25" (#18J) anchor nuts.

text:
U.S. rebar size chart

Imperial
bar size

Metric size
Linear Mass Density
Nominal diameter
Nominal area

 lb⁄ft
(kg/m)
(in)
(mm)
(in²)
(mm²)

#2
No.6
0.167
0.249
0.250 =  1⁄4
6.35
0.05
32

#3
No.10
0.376
0.561
0.375 =  3⁄8
9.525
0.11
71

#4
No.13
0.668
0.996
0.500 =  1⁄2
12.7
0.20
129

#5
No.16
1.043
1.556
0.625 =  5⁄8
15.875
0.31
200

#6
No.19
1.502
2.24
0.750 =  3⁄4
19.05
0.44
284

#7
No.22
2.044
3.049
0.875 =  7⁄8
22.225
0.60
387

#8
No.25
2.670
3.982
1.000
25.4
0.79
509

#9
No.29
3.400
5.071
1.128
28.65
1.00
645

#10
No.32
4.303
6.418
1.270
32.26
1.27
819

#11
No.36
5.313
7.924
1.410
35.81
1.56
1006

#14
No.43
7.650
11.41
1.693
43
2.25
1452

#18
No.57
13.60
20.284
2.257
57.3
4.00
2581

#18J

14.60
21.775
2.337
59.4
4.29
2678

tag: table

text: Canadian sizes[edit]

text: Metric bar designations represent the nominal bar diameter in millimeters, rounded to the nearest 5 mm.

text:
Metric
bar size

Linear Mass Density
(kg/m)

Nominal diameter
(mm)

Cross-sectional
Area (mm²)

10M
0.785
11.3
100

15M
1.570
16.0
200

20M
2.355
19.5
300

25M
3.925
25.2
500

30M
5.495
29.9
700

35M
7.850
35.7
1000

45M
11.775
43.7
1500

55M
19.625
56.4
2500

text: European sizes[edit]

text: Metric bar designations represent the nominal bar diameter in millimetres. Preferred bar sizes in Europe are specified to comply with Table 6 of the standard EN 10080,[13] although various national standards still remain in force (e.g. BS 4449 in the United Kingdom). In Switzerland some sizes are different from European standard.

text:
Metric
bar size

Linear mass
density (kg/m)

Nominal
diameter (mm)

Cross-sectional
area (mm²)

6,0
0.222
6
28.3

8,0
0.395
8
50.3

10,0
0.617
10
78.5

12,0
0.888
12
113

14,0
1.21
14
154

16,0
1.58
16
201

20,0
2.47
20
314

25,0
3.85
25
491

28,0
4.83
28
616

32,0
6.31
32
804

40,0
9.86
40
1257

50,0
15.4
50
1963

text: Australian sizes[edit]

text: Reinforcement for use in concrete construction is subject to the requirements of Australian Standards AS3600-2009 (Concrete Structures) and AS/NZS4671-2001 (Steel Reinforcing for Concrete). There are other standards that apply to testing, welding and galvanising.

text: The designation of reinforcement is defined in AS/NZS4671-2001 using the following formats:

text: Bars[edit]

text:
Shape code
Yield strength (MPa)
Ductility class
Nominal diameter (mm)

D - deformed bar - Grade 300
300 MPa
N - normal
10

D - deformed bar - Grade 500
500 MPa
N - normal
10

R - round bar
250 MPa
L - low
12

16

20

24

28

32

36

40

text: Bars are typically abbreviated to simply 'N' (hot-rolled deformed bar), 'R' (hot-rolled round bar), 'RW' (cold-drawn ribbed wire) or 'W' (cold-drawn round wire), as the yield strength and ductility class can be implied from the shape. For example, all commercially available wire has a yield strength of 500 MPa and low ductility, while round bars are 250 MPa and normal ductility.

text: India[edit]

text: Rebars are available in the following grades as per IS:1786-2008 FE 415/FE 415D/FE 415S/FE 500/FE 500D/FE 500S/FE 550, FE550D, FE 600. Rebars are quenched with water at a high level pressure so that the outer surface is hardened while the inner core remains soft. Rebars are ribbed so that the concrete can have a better grip. Coastal regions use galvanized rebars to prolong their life.

text: Weight chart of Indians Rebars with tolerances and sizes.[14]

text: Mesh[edit]

text:
Shape code
Ductility class
Nominal diameter (mm)
Nominal spacing (long direction)
Nominal spacing (short direction)
(only required in rectangular mesh)

S - square
L - low ductility
7 mm
1 – 100 mm
1 – 100 mm

R - rectangular

8 mm
2 – 200 mm
2 – 200 mm

10 mm
8 – 80 mm
8 – 80 mm

12 mm

text: Grades[edit]

text: Rebar is available in grades and specifications that vary in yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, chemical composition, and percentage of elongation.

text: In US use, the grade designation is equal to the minimum yield strength of the bar in ksi (1000 psi) for example grade 60 rebar has a minimum yield strength of 60 ksi. Rebar is typically manufactured in grades 40, 60, and 75.

text: In countries that use the metric system, the grade designation is typically the yield strength in megapascals MPa, for example grade 400 (similar to US grade 60).

text: Common US specifications, published by ACI and ASTM, are:

text:
American Concrete Institute: "ACI 318-14 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary", ISBN 978-0-87031-930-3 (2014)
ASTM A82: Specification for Plain Steel Wire for Concrete Reinforcement
ASTM A184/A184M: Specification for Fabricated Deformed Steel Bar Mats for Concrete Reinforcement
ASTM A185: Specification for Welded Plain Steel Wire Fabric for Concrete Reinforcement
ASTM A496: Specification for Deformed Steel Wire for Concrete Reinforcement
ASTM A497: Specification for Welded Deformed Steel Wire Fabric for Concrete Reinforcement
ASTM A615/A615M: Deformed and plain carbon-steel bars for concrete reinforcement
ASTM A616/A616M: Specification for Rail-Steel Deformed and Plain Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
ASTM A617/A617M: Specification for Axle-Steel Deformed and Plain Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
ASTM A706/A706M: Low-alloy steel deformed and plain bars for concrete reinforcement
ASTM A767/A767M: Specification for Zinc-Coated(Galvanized) Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
ASTM A775/A775M: Specification for Epoxy-Coated Reinforcing Steel Bars
ASTM A934/A934M: Specification for Epoxy-Coated Prefabricated Steel Reinforcing Bars
ASTM A955: Deformed and plain stainless-steel bars for concrete reinforcement
ASTM A996: Rail-steel and axle-steel deformed bars for concrete reinforcement
ASTM A1035: Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain, Low-carbon, Chromium, Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement

text: ASTM marking designations are:

text:
'S' billet A615
'I' rail A616 "ASTM A616 / A616M - 96a Standard Specification for Rail Steel Deformed and Plain Bars for Concrete Reinforcement (Withdrawn 1999, superseded by A996)". Astm.org. Retrieved 2012-08-24. )
'IR' Rail Meeting Supplementary Requirements S1 A616 "ASTM A616 / A616M - 96a Standard Specification for Rail Steel Deformed and Plain Bars for Concrete Reinforcement (Withdrawn 1999, superseded by A996)". Astm.org. Retrieved 2012-08-24. )
'A' Axle A617 "ASTM A617 / A617M - 96a Standard Specification for Axle Steel Deformed and Plain Bars for Concrete Reinforcement (Withdrawn 1999, superseded by A996)". Astm.org. Retrieved 2012-08-24. )
'W' Low-alloy — A706

text: Historically in Europe, rebar is composed of mild steel material with a yield strength of approximately 250 MPa (36 ksi). Modern rebar is composed of high-yield steel, with a yield strength more typically 500 MPa (72.5 ksi). Rebar can be supplied with various grades of ductility. The more ductile steel is capable of absorbing considerably more energy when deformed - a behavior that resists earthquake forces and is used in design. These high yield strength ductile steels are usually produced using the TEMPCORE process,[15] a method of thermomechanical processing. The manufacture of reinforcing steel by re-rolling finished products (e.g. sheets or rails) is not allowed.[16] In contrast to structural steel, rebar steel grades are not harmonized yet across Europe, each country having their own national standards. However some standardization of specification and testing methods exist under EN 10080 and EN ISO 15630:

text:
BS EN 10080: Steel for the reinforcement of concrete. Weldable reinforcing steel. General. (2005)
BS 4449: Steel for the reinforcement of concrete. Weldable reinforcing steel. Bar, coil and decoiled product. Specification. (2005/2009)
BS 4482: Steel wire for the reinforcement of concrete products. Specification (2005)
BS 4483: Steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete. Specification (2005)
BS 6744: Stainless steel bars for the reinforcement of and use in concrete. Requirements and test methods. (2001/2009)
DIN 488-1: Reinforcing steels - Part 1: Grades, properties, marking (2009)
DIN 488-2: Reinforcing steels - Part 2: Reinforcing steel bars (2009)
DIN 488-3: Reinforcing steels - Part 3: Reinforcing steel in coils, steel wire (2009)
DIN 488-4: Reinforcing steels - Part 4: Welded fabric (2009)
DIN 488-5: Reinforcing steels - Part 5: Lattice girders (2009)
DIN 488-6: Reinforcing steel - Part 6: Assessment of conformity (2010)
BS EN ISO 15630-1: Steel for the reinforcement and prestressing of concrete. Test methods. Reinforcing bars, wire rod and wire. (2010)
BS EN ISO 15630-2: Steel for the reinforcement and prestressing of concrete. Test methods. Welded fabric. (2010)

text: Placing rebar[edit]

text: Rebar cages are fabricated either on or off the project site commonly with the help of hydraulic benders and shears. However, for small or custom work a tool known as a Hickey, or hand rebar bender, is sufficient. The rebars are placed by steel fixers "rodbusters" or concrete reinforcing iron workers, with bar supports and concrete or plastic rebar spacers separating the rebar from the concrete formwork to establish concrete cover and ensure that proper embedment is achieved. The rebars in the cages are connected by spot welding, tying steel wire, sometimes using an electric rebar tier, or with mechanical connections. For tying epoxy coated or galvanised rebars, epoxy coated or galvanized wire is normally used, respectively.

text: Stirrups[edit]

text: Stirrups form the outer part of a rebar cage. Stirrups are usually rectangular, and are placed at regular intervals along a column or beam to prevent shear failure.[17]

text: Welding[edit]

text: The American Welding Society (AWS) D 1.4 sets out the practices for welding rebar in the U.S. Without special consideration the only rebar that is ready to weld is W grade (Low-alloy — A706). Rebar that is not produced to the ASTM A706 specification is generally not suitable for welding without calculating the "carbon-equivalent". Material with a carbon-equivalent of less than 0.55 can be welded.

text: ASTM A 616 & ASTM A 617 (now replaced by the combined standard A996) reinforcing bars are re-rolled rail steel and re-rolled rail axle steel with uncontrolled chemistry, phosphorus and carbon content. These materials are not common.

text: Rebar cages are normally tied together with wire, although spot welding of cages has been the norm in Europe for many years, and is becoming more common in the United States. High strength steels for prestressed concrete may absolutely not be welded.[citation needed]

text: Mechanical connections[edit]

text: Also known as "mechanical couplers" or "mechanical splices", mechanical connections are used to connect reinforcing bars together. Mechanical couplers are an effective means to reduce rebar congestion in highly reinforced areas for cast-in-place concrete construction. These couplers are also used in precast concrete construction at the joints between members.

text: The structural performance criteria for mechanical connections varies between countries, codes, and industries. As a minimum requirement, codes typically specify that the rebar to splice connection meets or exceeds 125% of the specified yield strength of the rebar. More stringent criteria also requires the development of the specified ultimate strength of the rebar. As an example, ACI 318 specifies either Type 1 (125% Fy) or Type 2 (125% Fy and 100% Fu) performance criteria.[18]

text: For concrete structures designed with ductility in mind, it is recommended that the mechanical connections are also capable of failing in a ductile manner, typically known in the reinforcing steel industry as achieving "bar-break". As an example, Caltrans specifies a required mode of failure (i.e., "necking of the bar").[19]

text: Safety[edit]

text: To prevent injury, the protruding ends of steel rebar are often bent over or covered with special steel-reinforced plastic "plate" caps. "Mushroom" caps may provide protection from scratches and other minor injuries, but provide little to no protection from impalement.[20]

text: Designations[edit]

text: Reinforcement is usually tabulated in a "reinforcement schedule" on construction drawings. This eliminates ambiguity in the notations used around the world. The following list provides examples of the notations used in the architectural, engineering, and construction industry.

text:
New Zealand

Designation
Explanation

HD-16-300, T&B, EW
High strength (500 MPa) 16 mm diameter rebars spaced at 300 mm centers (center-to-center distance) on both the top and bottom face and in each way as well (i.e., longitudinal and transverse).

3-D12
Three mild strength (300 MPa) 12 mm diameter rebars

R8 Stirrups @ 225 MAX
D grade (300 MPa) smooth bar stirrups, spaced at 225 mm centres. By default in New Zealand practice all stirrups are normally interpreted as being full, closed, loops. This is a detailing requirement for concrete ductility in seismic zones; If a single strand of stirrup with a hook at each end was required, this would typically be both specified and illustrated.

text:
United States

Designation
Explanation

#4 @ 12 OC, T&B, EW
Number 4 rebars spaced 12 inches on center (center-to-center distance) on both the top and bottom faces and in each way as well, i.e. longitudinal and transverse.

(3) #4
Three number 4 rebars (usually used when the rebar perpendicular to the detail)

#3 ties @ 9 OC, (2) per set
Number 3 rebars used as stirrups, spaced at 9 inches on center. Each set consists of two ties, which is usually illustrated.

#7 @ 12" EW, EF
Number 7 rebar spaced 12 inches apart, placed in each direction (each way) and on each face.

text: Reuse and recycling[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In China and many other countries, after the demolition of a concrete structure, workers are called in to remove the rebar. They scour the site, extracting the metal using bolt cutters, welding equipment, sledgehammers, and other tools. The metal is partially straightened, bundled and sold.

text: Rebar, like almost all metal products, can be recycled as scrap. It is usually combined with other steel products, melted down, and re-formed.


document_title: Salt River Fields at Talking Stick

question_text: where do the arizona diamondbacks have spring training

text: Salt River Fields at Talking Stick

text:
Salt River Fields at Talking Stick

The main entry to the stadium behind home plate.

Full name
Salt River Fields at Talking Stick

Location
7555 N. Pima Road
Scottsdale, AZ 85258
PH# 480-270-5000

Coordinates
33°32′46″N 111°53′7″W / 33.54611°N 111.88528°W / 33.54611; -111.88528Coordinates: 33°32′46″N 111°53′7″W / 33.54611°N 111.88528°W / 33.54611; -111.88528

Owner
Salt River Pima–Maricopa Indian Community

Capacity
11,000

Record attendance
12,996
(March 16, 2014)

Field size
Left Field – 345 feet (105 m)
Left-Center – 390 feet (119 m)
Center Field – 410 feet (125 m)
Right-Center – 390 feet (119 m)
Right Field – 345 feet (105 m)[1]

Acreage
140 acres

Surface
Bermuda Grass

Construction

Broke ground
November 17, 2009

Opened
Grand Opening February 11, 2011
First game February 26, 2011

Construction cost
$100 million
($106 million in 2016 dollars[2])

Architect
HKS, Inc.

General contractor
Mortenson Construction

Tenants

Colorado Rockies (MLB) (spring training) (2011–present)
Arizona Diamondbacks (MLB) (spring training) (2011–present)

Website

www.saltriverfields.com

text: Salt River Fields at Talking Stick is a stadium complex located in the Salt River Pima–Maricopa Indian Community near Scottsdale, Arizona, at the former site of the Indian Bend Country Club. It serves as the Major League Baseball spring-training facility for the Arizona Diamondbacks and the Colorado Rockies, replacing Tucson Electric Park for the Diamondbacks and Hi Corbett Field for the Rockies. The complex represents the first MLB park to be built on Native American Indian land.[3]

text: History[edit]

text: In 2009 after the Chicago White Sox moved their spring-training facilities from Tucson to Phoenix, the Diamondbacks and Rockies expressed their desire to leave Tucson. The teams began negotiations with multiple valley cities and Indian communities, with the Salt River Pima–Maricopa Indian Community coming out on top with a 20-year commitment from the teams to the facility. Construction began on November 17, 2009, with a ground-breaking ceremony by Diamondbacks President and CEO Derrick Hall,[4] as an aggressive, fast-tracked schedule—to get the stadium done by the 2011 spring-training season—began.[5]

text: The field turf is made up of a specially engineered Tifway 419 Bermuda Grass grown in Eloy, Arizona.[6] There are 7,000 fixed seats in the grandstand and 4,000 lawn seats for a total estimated seating capacity of 11,000, but March 24, 2013 drew a crowd given as 12,864. Luxury suites, three party pavilions, and a kids zone are further amenities. Each team has an 85,000-square-foot (7,900 m2) clubhouse (with offices, fitness, and locker rooms), six full-size practice fields (one with the same dimensions as the respective team's home stadium), two infield-only practice diamonds, and batting cages.[7] The Diamondbacks occupy the facilities along the left field and the Rockies are in the right-field area. Several points of access to the stadium bring visitors in through the middle of the practice fields and batting facilities. The complex also has two lit soccer fields and a 3-acre man-made lake which is home to 17,000 fish.[8]

text: The stadium was completed on time, with the first game being played between the Diamondbacks and Rockies on February 26, 2011. The ceremonial first pitch was delivered by Salt River Pima–Maricopa Indian Tribal President Diane Enos and Vice President Martin Harvier. The national anthem was performed by the Salt River Elementary School choir. The Rockies won the first game, 8-7, after 10 innings of play.[9] It has opened to rave reviews from the athletes, fans, and critics.[10] Major League Baseball Commissioner Bud Selig said "Everyone told me it was remarkable. It's even better than that."[9]

text: According to the Arizona Republic, the Cactus League generates more than $300 million a year in economic impact to the greater Phoenix metropolitan-area economy. The new Salt River Fields at Talking Stick complex is the latest of eight new stadiums built in the Valley of the Sun over the past 20 years. The Arizona Republic newspaper reports that more than $500 million has been spent on “building eight new stadiums and renovating two others for the 15 teams in the Valley."[9]

text: Attendance set a new record at 2011 Cactus League games with 1.59 million attending games at the various stadiums in the Phoenix metro area. Much of the attendance surge is attributed to the new Salt Rivers Fields at Talking Stick venue that accounted for 22% of the Cactus League attendance.[11] In the inaugural spring-training season at the park, the Arizona Diamondbacks enjoyed a record-breaking 189,737 spectators at 17 spring-training games, with an average of 11,161 spectators per game, up more than 90% from 2010.[12]