document_title: Five-star rank

question_text: when was the last time we had a 5 star general

text: Five-star rank

text: Australian five-star ranks[edit]

text:
Admiral of the fleet[nb 1]
Field marshal[nb 1]
Marshal of the Royal Australian Air Force[nb 1]

text: Only one Australian born officer (Sir Thomas Blamey) has held a substantive Australian five-star rank (field marshal).[nb 2] HM King George VI and HRH Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh have held all three Australian five-star ranks in an honorary capacity, and have been the only holders of the Australian ranks of admiral of the fleet and marshal of the RAAF.

text:
Australian Army Field Marshal
shoulder board

RAN Admiral of the Fleet
shoulder board

Marshal of the RAAF
sleeve/shoulder insignia

text: Brazilian five-star ranks[edit]

text: Five-star ranks in Brazil are only used in wartime.

text:
Marshal (Brazil) (Marechal)
Grand Admiral (Almirante)
Marshal of the Air (Marechal-do-Ar)

text:
Almirante

Marechal

Marechal-do-Ar

text: Croatian five-star ranks[edit]

text:
Stožerni general (lit. "staff general", usually translated as general of the army) awarded to six men, none of whom are in active duty.
Admiral flote (admiral of the fleet). The rank was called stožerni admiral (lit. "staff admiral") until 1999; only Sveto Letica was awarded this rank – in March 1996, three months before his retirement.

text:
Croatian Armed Forces
(stožerni general) insignia

Croatian Navy
(admiral flote) insignia

text: Indian five-star ranks[edit]

text:
Admiral of the fleet, never been held
Field marshal, held by K. M. Cariappa and Sam Manekshaw
Marshal of the Air Force, held by Arjan Singh

text:
Field marshal epaulette

Marshal of the Indian Air Force shoulder insignia

Marshal of the Indian Air Force sleeve insignia

text: Around 1998, the Indian Air Force introduced gorget patches (or collar tabs) for its air officers. For marshals of the Indian Air Force, the patches display five stars.[2]

text: Indonesian five-star ranks[edit]

text: The Indonesian five star ranks are:

text:
Jenderal besar (grand general) - only held by three people: Jenderal Besar Soedirman, Jenderal Besar Abdul Haris Nasution, Jenderal Besar Soeharto (2nd President of Indonesia)
Laksamana besar (grand admiral) - never awarded
Marsekal besar (grand marshal) - never awarded

text:
Jenderal besar rank insignia

Laksamana besar rank insignia

Marsekal besar rank insignia

text: Italian five-star ranks[edit]

text:
General of the Italian Army - shoulder board

Admiral of the Italian Navy - sleeve

General of the Italian Air Force - sleeve

text: Pakistani five-star ranks[edit]

text: Field marshal (Pakistan Army five-star rank), Ayub Khan

text: The following ranks have never been awarded:

text:
Admiral of the fleet
Marshal of the Pakistan Air Force

text: Polish five-star ranks[edit]

text: Marshal of Poland (Marszałek Polski) is a Polish Army five-star rank. There are today no living marshals of Poland, since this rank is bestowed only on military commanders who have achieved victory in war.

text:
Marshal of Poland cap insignia

Marshal of Poland shoulder-strap insignia

text: Spanish five-star ranks[edit]

text:
Captain general (Army)
Captain general of the Navy
Air captain general (Air Force)

text: These ranks have been reserved for the reigning monarch.

text:
Capitán general ("Captain general")
shoulder board

Capitán general de la Armada ("Captain general of the Navy")
shoulder board and sleeve

Capitán general del Aire ("Air captain general")
shoulder board and sleeve

text: Thai five-star ranks[edit]

text:
Chom Phon (Thai: จอมพล), Royal Thai Army
Chom Phon Ruea (Thai: จอมพลเรือ), Royal Thai Navy
Chom Phon Akat (Thai: จอมพลอากาศ), Royal Thai Air Force

text:
Chom Phon (Field Marshal)

Chom Phon Ruea (Admiral of the Fleet)

Chom Phon Akat (Marshal of the Royal Thai Air Force)

text: The monarch of Thailand is appointed to the three ranks automatically upon accession as he is the constitutional Head of the Royal Thai Armed Forces. Since 1973 the three ranks have been reserved for members of the royal family.

text: UK five-star ranks[edit]

text: The worn insignia of British five-star commanders do not contain stars; the vehicle star plate, mounted on the front of a staff car, does display five stars.[3]

text:
Admiral of the fleet (awarded to 121 men to date)
Field marshal (awarded to 140 men to date)
Marshal of the Royal Air Force (awarded to 27 men to date)
Captain General Royal Marines (awarded to Prince Henry of Wales )

text:
Royal Navy admiral of the fleet
shoulder board

Royal Navy admiral of the fleet
sleeve lace

Field marshal and captain general Royal Marines epaulette

Marshal of the RAF
shoulder board

Marshal of the RAF
sleeve insignia

text: Promotion to the ranks of admiral of the fleet and marshal of the Royal Air Force is now generally held in abeyance in peacetime with exceptions for special circumstances. Promotion to the rank of field marshal was generally stopped in 1995 as a cost-cutting measure but is still made in some cases.[4][5] The most recent appointments to five-star ranks are the promotions in 2012 of The Prince of Wales to honorary five-star rank in all three services, and of former Chief of the Defence Staff Lord Guthrie of Craigiebank to the honorary rank of field marshal.[5][6] In 2014 the former Chief of the Defence Staff Lord Stirrup was promoted to the honorary rank of marshal of the RAF.[7]

text: During World War II and (later) serving NATO, a small number of British five-star commanders have held the additional title Supreme Allied Commander, given operational control over all air, land, and sea units led by the four-star commanders of multi-national forces.

text: U.S. five-star ranks[edit]

text:
Fleet admiral (held by four officers)
General of the Army (held by five officers)
General of the Air Force (held by one officer)

text: Before the five-star ranks were established in 1944, two officers had previously been promoted from their four-star ranks to the superior and unique ranks of Admiral of the Navy and General of the Armies: Admiral George Dewey (appointment 1903 retroactive to 1899, died 1917) and General John J. Pershing (appointed 1919, died 1948). In 1944 the Navy and Army specified that these officers were considered senior to any officers promoted to the five-star ranks within their services (but it was not clear if they were senior by rank or by seniority due to an earlier date of rank).

text: Five-star ranks were created in the US military during World War II because of the awkward situation created when some American senior commanders were placed in positions commanding allied officers of higher rank.[8] US officers holding five-star rank never retire; they draw full active duty pay for life.[9] The five-star ranks were retired in 1981 on the death of General of the Army Omar Bradley.[8]

text: Nine Americans have been promoted to five-star rank, one of them, Henry H. Arnold, in two services (US Army then later in the US Air Force). As part of the bicentennial celebration, George Washington was, 177 years after his death, permanently made senior to all other US generals/admirals, with the title General of the Armies, effective on 4 July 1976. The appointment stated he was to have "rank and precedence over all other grades of the Army, past or present".[nb 3]

text: During World War II and (later) serving NATO, a small number of American five-star commanders have also held the additional title of Supreme Allied Commander, given operational control over all air, land, and sea units led by the four-star commanders of multi-national forces.

text:
Fleet admiral collar device, sleeve stripes and shoulder board

General of the Army shoulder strap

General of the Air Force shoulder epaulet


document_title: AutoCAD

question_text: which is the latest version of autocad software

root

text: AutoCAD

text: History[edit]

text: AutoCAD was derived from a program that began in 1977, and then released in 1979[4]  called Interact CAD,[5][6][7] also referred to in early Autodesk documents as MicroCAD, which was written prior to Autodesk's (then Marinchip Software Partners) formation by Autodesk cofounder Michael Riddle.[8][9]

tag: p

text: The first version by Autodesk was demonstrated at the 1982 Comdex and released that December.[10] As Autodesk's flagship product, by March 1986 AutoCAD had become the most ubiquitous CAD program worldwide.[11] The 2019 release marked the 33rd major release of AutoCAD for Windows. The 2014 release marked the fourth consecutive year of AutoCAD for Mac.

text: Version history[edit]

text: The native file format of AutoCAD is .dwg.  This and, to a lesser extent, its interchange file format DXF, have become de facto, if proprietary, standards for CAD data interoperability, particularly for 2D drawing exchange.[citation needed] AutoCAD has included support for .dwf, a format developed and promoted by Autodesk, for publishing CAD data.

text: Autodesk's logo and, respectively, AutoCAD icons have changed for several versions through the years.

text:
Official name

Version

DWG
tag

Release

OS
support

Date of release

Comments

AutoCAD Version 1.0

1.0

1

1982, December

DWG R1.0 file format

AutoCAD Version 1.2

1.2

2

1983, April

DWG R1.2 file format

AutoCAD Version 1.3

1.3

3

1983, August

DWG R1.3 file format

AutoCAD Version 1.4

1.4

4

1983, October

DWG R1.4 file format

AutoCAD Version 2.0

2.0

5

1984, October

DWG R2.05 file format

AutoCAD Version 2.1

2.1

6

1985, May

DWG R2.1 file format

AutoCAD Version 2.5

2.5

7

1986, June

DWG R2.5 file format

AutoCAD Version 2.6

2.6

8

1987, April

DWG R2.6 file format. Last version to run without a math co-processor.

AutoCAD Release 9

9.0

9

1987, September

DWG R9 file format

AutoCAD Release 10

10.0

10

1988, October

DWG R10 file format

AutoCAD Release 11

11.0

11

1990, October

DWG R11 file format

AutoCAD Release 12

12.0

12

1992, June

DWG R11/R12 file format. Last release for Apple Macintosh till 2010.

AutoCAD Release 13

13.0

13

1994, November

DWG R13 file format. Last release for Unix, MS-DOS and Windows 3.11.

AutoCAD Release 14

14.0

14

1997, February

DWG R14 file format

AutoCAD 2000

15.0

AC1015

15

1999, March

DWG 2000 file format. Multi-Document Interface.

AutoCAD 2000i

15.1

16

2000, July

AutoCAD 2002

15.2

17

2001, June

AutoCAD 2004

16.0

AC1018

18

2003, March

DWG 2004 file format

AutoCAD 2005

16.1

19

2004, March

AutoCAD 2006

16.2

20

2005, March

Dynamic Block

AutoCAD 2007

17.0

AC1021

21

2006, March

DWG 2007 file format

AutoCAD 2008

17.1

22

2007, March

Annotative objects introduced. AutoCAD 2008 and higher (including AutoCAD LT) can directly import and underlay DGN V8  files.

AutoCAD 2009

17.2

23

2008, March

Revisions to the user interface including the option of a tabbed ribbon

AutoCAD 2010

18.0

AC1024

24

Windows XP
Windows Vista
Windows 7[12][13][14]

2009, March 24

DWG 2010 file format introduced. Parametrics introduced. Mesh 3D solid modeling introduced. PDF underlays. Both 32-bit and 64-bit versions of AutoCAD 2010 and AutoCAD LT 2010 are compatible with and supported under Microsoft Windows 7.

AutoCAD 2011

18.1

25

2010, March 25

Surface modeling, surface analysis and object transparency introduced. October 15, 2010[15] AutoCAD 2011 for Mac was released. Are compatible with and supported under Microsoft Windows 7

AutoCAD 2012

18.2

26

2011, March 22

Associative array, model documentation, DGN editing. Support for complex line types in DGN files is improved in AutoCAD 2012.

AutoCAD 2013

19.0

AC1027

27

Windows XP Vista
Windows 7
Windows 8[16][17]

2012, March 27

DWG 2013 file format (AC1027)

AutoCAD 2014

19.1

28

2013, March 26

File tabs, design feed, reality capture, Autodesk live maps

AutoCAD 2015

20.0

29

Windows 7
Windows 8
Windows 8.1[18]

2014, March 27

Line smoothing (anti-aliasing), Windows 8.1 support added, dropped Windows XP support (incl. compatibility mode)

AutoCAD 2016

20.1

30

Windows 7 SP1
Windows 8.1
Windows 10[19][20]

2015, March 23

More comprehensive canvas, richer design context, and intelligent new tools such as smart dimensioning, coordination model, and enhanced PDFs

AutoCAD 2017

21.0

31

2016, March 21

PDF import, associative center marks, and centerlines, DirectX 11 graphics

AutoCAD 2018

22.0

AC1032

32

2017, March 21

DWG 2018 file format and Mac

AutoCAD 2019

23.0

33

2018, March 22

Shared Views, DWG Compare, Save To AutoCAD Web & Mobile

tag: table

text: Features[edit]

text: Compatibility with other software[edit]

text: ESRI ArcMap 10 permits export as AutoCAD drawing files. Civil 3D permits export as AutoCAD objects and as LandXML. Third-party file converters exist for specific formats such as Bentley MX GENIO Extension, PISTE Extension (France), ISYBAU (Germany), OKSTRA and Microdrainage (UK);[21] also, conversion of .pdf files is feasible, however, the accuracy of the results may be unpredictable or distorted. For example, jagged edges may appear. Several vendors provide online conversions for free such as Cometdocs.autoCAD commonly use in all purposes.

text: Language[edit]

text: Auto CAD and AutoCAD LT are available for English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Korean, Chinese Simplified, Chinese Traditional, Brazilian Portuguese, Russian, Czech, Polish and Hungarian, Albanian (also through additional language packs).[22] The extent of localization varies from full translation of the product to documentation only. The AutoCAD command set is localized as a part of the software localization.

text: Extensions[edit]

text: AutoCAD supports a number of APIs for customization and automation. These include AutoLISP, Visual LISP, VBA, .NET and ObjectARX. ObjectARX is a C++ class library, which was also the base for:

text:
products extending AutoCAD functionality to specific fields
creating products such as AutoCAD Architecture, AutoCAD Electrical, AutoCAD Civil 3D
third-party AutoCAD-based application

tag: ul

text:
There are a large number of AutoCAD plugins (add-on applications) available on the application store Autodesk Exchange Apps
.[23]
AutoCAD's DXF, drawing exchange format, allows importing and exporting drawing information.

text: Vertical integration[edit]

text: Autodesk has also developed a few vertical programs:

text:
AutoCAD Advance Steel
AutoCAD Architecture
AutoCAD Civil
AutoCAD Electrical
AutoCAD ecscad
AutoCAD Map 3D
AutoCAD Mech
AutoCAD MEP
AutoCAD Structural Detailing
AutoCAD Utility Design
AutoCAD P&ID
AutoCAD Plant 3D

text: for discipline-specific enhancements.

text: For example, AutoCAD Architecture (formerly Architectural Desktop) permits architectural designers to draw 3D objects, such as walls, doors, and windows, with more intelligent data associated with them rather than simple objects, such as lines and circles. The data can be programmed to represent specific architectural products sold in the construction industry, or extracted into a data file for pricing, materials estimation, and other values related to the objects represented.

text: Additional tools generate standard 2D drawings, such as elevations and sections, from a 3D architectural model. Similarly, Civil Design, Civil Design 3D, and Civil Design Professional support data-specific objects facilitating easy standard civil engineering calculations and representations.

text: Civil 3D was originally developed as an AutoCAD add-on by a company in New Hampshire called Softdesk (originally DCA).  Softdesk was acquired by Autodesk, and Civil 3D was further evolved.

text: Variants[edit]

text: AutoCAD Architecture[edit]

text: AutoCAD Architecture (abbreviated as ACA) is a version of AutoCAD with tools and functions specially suited to architectural work.

text: AutoCAD LT[edit]

text: AutoCAD LT is the lower cost version of AutoCAD, with reduced capabilities, first released in November 1993. Autodesk developed AutoCAD LT to have an entry-level CAD package to compete in the lower price level. Priced at $495, it became the first AutoCAD product priced below $1000. It was sold directly by Autodesk and in computer stores unlike the full version of AutoCAD, which must be purchased from official Autodesk dealers. AutoCAD LT 2015 introduced Desktop Subscription from $360 per year; as of 2018, three subscription plans were available, from $50 a month to a 3-year, $1170 license.

text: While there are hundreds of small differences between the full AutoCAD package and AutoCAD LT, there are a few recognized major differences[24] in the software's features:

text:
3D Capabilities: AutoCAD LT lacks the ability to create, visualize and render 3D models as well as 3D printing.
Network Licensing: AutoCAD LT cannot be used on multiple machines over a network.
Customization: AutoCAD LT does not support customization with LISP, ARX, .NET and VBA.
Management and automation capabilities with Sheet Set Manager and Action Recorder.
CAD standards management tools.

text: AutoCAD 360[edit]

text: Formerly marketed as AutoCAD WS, AutoCAD 360 is an account-based mobile and web application enabling registered users to view, edit, and share AutoCAD files via mobile device and web[25] using a limited AutoCAD feature set — and using cloud-stored drawing files.  The program, which is an evolution and combination of previous products, uses a freemium business model with a free plan and two paid levels — marketed as Pro ($4.99 monthly or $49.99 yearly) and Pro Plus ($99.99 yearly) — including various amounts of storage, tools, and online access to drawings. 360 includes new features such as a "Smart Pen" mode and linking to third-party cloud-based storage such as Dropbox. Having evolved from Flash-based software, AutoCAD 360 uses HTML5 browser technology available in newer browsers including Firefox and Google Chrome.

text: AutoCAD WS began with a version for the iPhone and subsequently expanded to include versions for the iPod Touch, iPad, Android phones, and Android tablets.[26] Autodesk released the iOS version in September 2010,[27] following with the Android version on April 20, 2011.[28] The program is available via download at no cost from the App Store (iOS), Google Play (Android) and Amazon Appstore (Android).

text: In its initial iOS version, AutoCAD WS supported drawing of lines, circles, and other shapes; creation of text and comment boxes; and management of color, layer, and measurements — in both landscape and portrait modes. Version 1.3, released August 17, 2011, added support for unit typing, layer visibility, area measurement and file management.[25] The Android variant includes the iOS feature set along with such unique features as the ability to insert text or captions by voice command as well as manually.[28] Both Android and iOS versions allow the user to save files on-line — or off-line in the absence of an Internet connection.[28]

text: In 2011, Autodesk announced plans to migrate the majority of its software to "the cloud", starting with the AutoCAD WS mobile application.[29]

text: According to a 2013 interview with Ilai Rotbaein, an AutoCAD WS Product Manager for Autodesk, the name AutoCAD WS had no definitive meaning, and was interpreted variously as Autodesk Web Service, White Sheet or Work Space.[30]

text: Student versions[edit]

text: AutoCAD is licensed, for free, to students, educators, and educational institutions, with a 36-month renewable license available. The student version of AutoCAD is functionally identical to the full commercial version, with one exception: DWG files created or edited by a student version have an internal bit-flag set (the "educational flag"). When such a DWG file is printed by any version of AutoCAD (commercial or student) older than AutoCAD 2014 SP1, the output includes a plot stamp/banner on all four sides. Objects created in the Student Version cannot be used for commercial use. Student Version objects "infect" a commercial version DWG file if they are imported in versions older than AutoCAD 2015.[31]

text: Ports[edit]

text: Windows[edit]

text: AutoCAD is a software package created for Windows and usually, any new AutoCAD version supports the current Windows version and some older ones. AutoCAD 2016 and 2017 supports Windows 7 up to Windows 10.[32]

text: Mac[edit]

text: Autodesk stopped supporting Apple's Macintosh computers in 1994. Over the next several years, no compatible versions for the Mac were released. In 2010 Autodesk announced that it would once again support Apple's Mac OS X software in the future.[33] Most of the features found in the 2012 Windows version can be found in the 2012 Mac version. The main difference is the user interface and layout of the program. The interface is designed so that users who are already familiar with Apple's macOS software will find it similar to other Mac applications.[27] Autodesk has also built in various features in order to take full advantage of Apple's Trackpad capabilities as well as the full-screen mode in Apple's OS X Lion.[26][27] AutoCAD 2012 for Mac supports both the editing and saving of files in DWG formatting that will allow the file to be compatible with other platforms besides the OS X.[26] AutoCAD 2014 for Mac supports Apple OS X v10.9.0 or later (Mavericks), OS X v10.8.0 or later (Mountain Lion) with 64-bit Intel processor.

text: AutoCAD LT 2013 is now available through the Mac App Store for $899.99. The full-featured version of AutoCAD 2013 for Mac, however, is not available through the Mac App Store due to the price limit of $999 set by Apple. AutoCAD 2014 for Mac is available for purchase from Autodesk's Web site for $4,195 and AutoCAD LT 2014 for Mac for $1,200, or from an Autodesk Authorized Reseller.[33] The latest version available for Mac is AutoCAD 2018 as of March 2018.


document_title: History of Quebec City

question_text: who was the french explorer who established quebec

text: History of Quebec City

text: French rule[edit]

text: Quebec City was founded by the French explorer and navigator Samuel de Champlain in 1608, commencing a string of French colonies along the St. Lawrence River, creating a region named "le Canada". Prior to the arrival of the French, the location that would become Quebec City was the home of a small Iroquois village called "Stadacona".[1] Jacques Cartier, a French explorer, was the first European to ascend the St. Lawrence Gulf, claiming "le Canada" for France (and the coming addition of a newly founded "l'Acadi" – known today as the Province of Nova Scotia) to create a dominion known as "New France". Jacques Cartier and his crew spent a harsh winter near Stadacona during his second voyage in 1535.[1] The word "Kebec" is an Algonquin word meaning "where the river narrows."[2] By the time Champlain came to this site, the Iroquois population had disappeared and been replaced by Innu and Algonquins. Champlain and his crew built a wooden fort which they called "l'habitation" within only a few days of their arrival.[3] This early fort and trading post exists today as a historic site in Old Quebec. Quebec City's maritime position and the presence of cliffs overlooking the St. Lawrence River made it an important location for economic exchanges between the Amerindians and the French[4] In 1620, Champlain built Fort Saint-Louis on the top of Cape Diamond, near the present location of the Chateau Frontenac in the Upper Town.[4] Quebec City's 400th anniversary was celebrated in 2008 and it is the oldest city in North America that has a French-speaking community.[5]

text: Demographics and population[edit]

text: After the settlement of Port Royal in Acadia (1605), the next colonization effort by the French occurred in 1608. Samuel de Champlain built "l'Habitation" to house 28 people.[6] However, the first winter proved formidable, and 20 of 28 men died.[6] By 1615, the first four missionaries arrived in Quebec. Among the first successful French settlers were Marie Rollet and her husband, Louis Hebert, credited as "les premier agriculteurs du Canada"[6] by 1617. The first French child born in Quebec was Helene Desportes, in 1620, to Pierre Desportes and Francoise Langlois, whose father was a member of the Hundred Associates.[7]

text: The population of Quebec City arrived at 100 in 1627, less than a dozen of whom were women.[8] However, with the invasion of Quebec by David Kirke and his brothers in 1628, Champlain returned to France with approximately 60 out of 80 settlers.[9] When the French returned to Quebec in 1632, they constructed a city based on the framework of a traditional French "ville"[10] in which "the 17th century city was a reflection of its society."[11]

text: Quebec remained an outpost until well into the 1650s.[11] As in other locations throughout New France, the population could be split into the colonial elites, including clergy and government officials, the craftsmen and artisans, and the engagés (indentured servants).[12] Quebec was designed so that the inhabitants of better quality lived in the upper city, closer to the centers of power such as the government and Jesuit college, whereas the lower town was primarily populated by merchants, sailors and artisans.[12] The city contained only about thirty homes in 1650, and one hundred by 1663, for a population of over 500.[13]

text: Jean Bourdon, the first engineer and surveyor of New France, helped plan the city, almost from his arrival in 1634.[14] However, despite attempts to utilize urban planning, the city quickly outgrew its planned area. Population continually increased, with the city boasting 1300 inhabitants by 1681.[15] The city quickly experienced overcrowding, especially in the lower town, which contained two-thirds of the population of the city by 1700.[15] The numbers became more evenly distributed by 1744, with the lower town housing only a third of the population, and the upper town containing almost half the inhabitants.[15]

text: By the 18th century, Quebec also saw a rise in the number of rental dwellings, to help accommodate a mobile population of seamen, sailors, and merchants, aptly described by historian Yvon Desloges as "a town of tenants."[16] Thus, Quebec followed a pattern common throughout New France, of immigrants arriving for several years, before returning home to France. As a whole, approximately 27,000 immigrants came to New France during the French regime, only 31.6% of whom remained.[17] Despite this, by the time of British occupation in 1759, New France had evolved to a colony of over 60,000 with Quebec as the principal city.[17]

text: Military and warfare[edit]

text: In 1620, the construction of a wooden fort called Fort Saint-Louis started under the orders of Samuel de Champlain; it was completed in 1626.[18] In 1629, the Kirke brothers under English order took control of Quebec City, holding the town until 1632 when the French resumed possession.[18] In 1662, to save the colony from frequent Iroquois attacks during the Beaver Wars, Louis XIV dispatched one hundred regulars to the colony. Three years later, in 1665, Lieuitenant-General de Tracy arrived at Quebec City with four companies of regular troops. Before long, troop strength had risen to 1,300.[19] In 1690, Admiral Phipps' Anglo-American invasion force failed to capture Quebec City during King William's War. Under heavy French artillery fire, the English fleet was considerably damaged and an open battle never took place. After having used most of their ammunition, the British became discouraged and retreated.[20] In 1691, Governor Louis de Buade de Frontenac constructed the Royal Battery.

text: In 1711, during Queen Anne's War, Admiral Walker's fleet also failed in its attempt to besiege Quebec City, in this case due to a navigational accident. Walker's initial report stated that 884 soldiers perished. This number was later revised to 740.[21]

text: During the Seven Years' War, in 1759, the British, under the command of General James Wolfe, besieged Quebec City for three months. The city was defended by French general the Marquis de Montcalm. The very short battle of the Plains of Abraham lasted approximately 15 minutes and culminated in a British victory and the surrender of Quebec.[22]

text: Seat of government[edit]

text: Quebec City served as the hub of religious and government authority throughout the French period. From 1608 until 1663, Quebec City was the main administrative center of the Company of New France (see Company of One Hundred Associates). During this period, Quebec City was the home of the company's official representative, the Governor, along with his lieutenant and other administrative officials, and small number of soldiers.[23]

text: Following the Royal Takeover of 1663 by King Louis XIV and his minister Jean Baptiste Colbert, Quebec City became the seat of a reformed colonial government which included the Governor General of New France, responsible for military and diplomatic matters, and an intendant responsible for administrative functions involving law and finance.[24] Both the governor and the intendant were directly answerable to the Minister of the Navy (Ministres Francais de la Marine et des Colonies) and were appointed by the king of France.[4] The first Governor to arrive in Quebec City directly appointed by the King was Augustin de Saffray de Mésy in 1663.[25]

text: Moreover, Quebec City became the seat of Sovereign Council which served legislative and legal functions in the colony through its role in the ratification of royal edicts and as final court of appeal.[26] The Council contained the twin heads of the colonial government: the governor and the intendant (also the chair), along with the bishop of Quebec. Moreover, the council contained a number of colonial elites, usually merchants from Quebec City.[27] Noteworthy is the fact that, under the French regime, Quebec did not have a municipal government; the centralizing Bourbon monarchy was determined to prevent the emergence of autonomous centers of power in the colony, even local city councils.

text: Furthermore, Quebec City was also the focal point of religious authority in New France and had been since the arrival of the first Recollets missionaries in the city in 1615.[28] Working closely with the State, the Church ensured that the colony remained a well regulated Catholic colony.[29] Quebec City became seat of the bishop in the colony upon the creation of the diocese of Quebec in 1674, with François de Laval as the first bishop.[28]

text: Moreover, Quebec City was home to the Seminaire de Quebec, founded by Laval in 1663 when he was Vicar apostolic before becoming bishop. Laval's experience in the role of Vicar Apostolic highlights the complex nature of relationship between Church and State in New France; while allied with the authority of Rome and the Jesuits on account of his position as Vicar Apostolic, Laval also required the approval from a royal government suspicious of Papal power.[30] Although the State and Church based in Quebec City worked closely together, the dominance of the Crown was retained through the responsibility of the Crown of nominating of the bishop and of supplying a large portion of Church funds.[31]

text: Economics[edit]

text: As Quebec was settled for its location on the St. Lawrence River with a deep-water harbor, shipping and import/exports dominated the economy. As a port city, Quebec ran a flourishing trade with the French West Indies and with ports in France. However, trade was restricted to French vessels only trading in officially French ports. In trade with France, Quebec received wine, textiles and cloth, metal products such as guns and knives, salt, and other small consumer and luxury goods not manufactured in the colony. From the French West Indies, Quebec received sugar, molasses, and coffee. In order to offset its debts, Quebec City exported furs to France, as well as lumber and fish to the West Indies. From 1612 to 1638, 15-20,000 beaver pelts were shipped to France, valued at 75,000 livres.[32] The peace experienced in the early 1720s caused a spike in shipping, with 20 to 80 ships arriving annually at the port of Quebec, with an average of 40 a year.[33] However, Quebec was constantly faced with a trade imbalance, debt, and a certain amount of financial insecurity. As with other colonial societies, there was little hard money throughout the colony. To merchants in Quebec, such a situation proved a particular challenge, as they lacked hard specie, or currency, with which to trade. At one point, the colony began the use of playing cards as money in order to reimburse soldiers and other government employees for services rendered when shipments of hard currency failed to arrive. Contentions that the residents of Quebec were poor merchants have, in recent years, been refuted, as historians describe a sharp business acumen, severely circumscribed by a lack of finances and excessive distance from external markets.

text: Religion[edit]

text: The Catholic faith played a significant role in the settling and development of Quebec City. With the first missionaries arriving in 1615, Quebec was, almost from its founding, a Catholic city. Although those of other faiths were permitted to practice their faith in private, the city embraced Catholicism as an integral part of daily life.[34] The Recollets were the first religious order to arrive in 1615, followed by the Jesuits in 1625, who would found a college in Quebec City by 1635.[35] Female religious orders arrived by 1639, with the Ursulines providing education, and the Augustinians servicing the Hôtel-Dieu de Québec. The granting of seigneuries to religious orders helped solidify their place as a facet of society.[36] Indeed, much of the upper town of Quebec came to be held by religious orders.[36] The arrival of Francois de Laval as the vicar apostolic to Quebec in 1658 cemented the place of religion in Quebec City.[35] The city would become a formal parish in 1664, and a diocese by 1674.[37] The Catholic faith not only played a large role in the government and legislation, but also in the social lives of residents. As Quebec City was the seat of religion throughout New France, inhabitants followed the strict schedule of fasting, holy days, and celebrating sacraments, in addition to the censorship of books, dancing, and theatre.[37] After the English invasion of Quebec, the residents were permitted to continue practicing Catholicism under the Act of Quebec in 1774.[38]

text: British rule[edit]

text: The British and French had co-existed in North America, but the threat of French expansion into the Ohio Valley caused the British to attempt to eradicate New France from the map completely. In the Battle of the Plains of Abraham (1759), the city was permanently lost by the French. In 1763, France formally ceded its claims to le Canada, and Quebec City's French-speaking Catholic population came under the rule of Protestant Britain.

text: The Quebec Act, passed in 1774, allowed 'les Canadiens' (today, also referred to as the Québécois) to have religious and linguistic freedoms, to openly practice their Catholicism and use their French. The Canadiens were therefore not unhappy enough with British rule to choose to participate in the American Revolution. Without Canadian cooperation against the British, the 13 colonies instead attempted to invade Canada. The city was therefore once again under siege when the Battle of Quebec occurred in 1775. The initial attack was a failure due to American inexperience with the extreme cold temperatures of the city in December. Benedict Arnold refused to accept the defeat in the Battle of Quebec and a siege against the city continued until May 6, 1776, when the American army finally retreated.

text: The Constitutional Act of 1791 divided Canada into an "Upper", English-speaking colony, and a "Lower", French-speaking colony. Quebec City was made the capital of Lower Canada and enjoyed more self-rule following the passage of this act. The city's industry began to grow, and by the early 19th century it was the third largest port city in North America. Lumber was the largest export of the city at this time. The business boom continued for most of the century and Quebec City began welcoming thousands of immigrants.

text: 20th century[edit]

text: In 1917, the construction of the Quebec Bridge, connecting the north and south banks of the St. Lawrence River, was finished. To this day, it is the longest cantilever bridge in the world, though two collapses of the centre of the bridge during construction cost over 80 workers their lives.

text: During World War II, two Allied Forces conferences were held in the city. The first, held in 1943, assembled Franklin Delano Roosevelt, president of the United States of America; Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom; William Lyon Mackenzie King, Prime Minister of Canada and T. V. Soong, Chinese Minister of Foreign Affairs. The second conference was held in 1944 and Churchill and Roosevelt participated. The conferences were held at the Citadel and nearby Château Frontenac.

text: Modern Quebec City[edit]

text: In 1984, Opération Nez rouge was founded in Quebec City. It has been imitated in many European countries.

text: In April 2001, Quebec City played host to the Summit of the Americas where the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) was discussed. This conference was expected to be filled with confrontations between the police and anti-globalization groups, which meant that the location of walled Quebec City was vital for security reasons.

text: On January 1, 2002, surrounding towns were incorporated into the existing city. The "New Quebec city" includes 11 former municipalities: Sainte-Foy, Beauport, Charlesbourg, Sillery, Loretteville, Val-Bélair, Cap-Rouge, Saint-Émile, Vanier, and Lac-Saint-Charles, in addition to the original Quebec City.

text: In 2005, Capitale-Nationale played host to a major world sporting event, the World Police and Fire Games, which was a success for the city, with as many as 11,000 athletes and 14,000 persons accompanying them, making 25,000 persons in total. The city also experienced higher than average temperatures with an average of 30 degrees Celsius.


document_title: List of royalty by net worth

question_text: who is the richest ruler in the world

question_tokens: who is the richest ruler in the world

text: List of royalty by net worth

text: This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (June 2017)

text: This is Forbes' list of richest royals, as estimated by their personal net worth, excluding properties held by the state, government or Crown, in U.S. dollars in 2011.[1][2]

text: Since the publication of the estimates from 2011, Abdullah of Saudi Arabia and Bhumibol of Thailand have died and Beatrix of the Netherlands and Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani have abdicated.

text:
Rank
Name
Title
Residence
Net worth
Source of wealth

1
Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum
Chairman of Dubai Supreme Fiscal Committee[3]
Dubai Sheikh

 United Arab Emirates
$31.7 billion (April 2011)[a]
Chairman of the Emirates Group, Dubai World, Noor Bank, DACC, and Noor Takaful insurance company.

2
Bhumibol Adulyadej
King of Thailand (died 2016)
 Thailand
7010300000000000000♠$30.0 billion (April 2011)[1][2]
Investments derived from the Bureau of the Crown Property.

3
Hassanal Bolkiah
Sultan of Brunei
 Brunei
7010200000000000000♠$20.0 billion (April 2011)[1][2]
Profits from oil and gas industry.

4
Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud
King of Saudi Arabia (died 2015)
 Saudi Arabia
7010180000000000000♠$18.0 billion (April 2011)[1][2]
Profits from oil industry.

5
Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan
President of the United Arab Emirates
Emir of Abu Dhabi
 United Arab Emirates
7010150000000000000♠$15.0 billion (April 2011)[1][2]
Investments from the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority.

6
Mohammed VI
King of Morocco
 Morocco
7009570000000000000♠$5.7 billion (2015)[7]
Investments in SNI and Siger Holdings.

7
Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum
Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates
Emir Sheikh of Dubai
 United Arab Emirates
7009450000000000000♠$4.5 billion (April 2011)[1][2]
Majority share of Dubai Holding and investments from the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority.

8
Hans Adam II
Prince of Liechtenstein
 Liechtenstein
7009350000000000000♠$3.5 billion (April 2011)[1]
Holdings in the Prince of Liechtenstein Foundation.

9
Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani
Emir of Qatar (as of 2011, abdicated 2013)
 Qatar
7009240000000000000♠$2.4 billion (April 2011)[1]
From various enterprises.

10
Albert II
Prince of Monaco
 Monaco
7009100000000000000♠$1.0 billion (April 2011)[1][2]
Various enterprises, including Société des bains de mer de Monaco and casinos.

11
Karim al-Hussayni
Aga Khan IV
 France
7008800000000000000♠$800 million (July 2010)[1]
From various enterprises, including Aga Khan Development Network.

13
Qaboos bin Said al Said
Sultan of Oman
 Oman
7008700000000000000♠$700 million (July 2010)[1]
From various enterprises.

13
Elizabeth II
Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms (etc..)
 United Kingdom
7008450000000000000♠$450 million (April 2011)[1][2]
From property, jewellery and other assets. See Finances of the British Royal Family.

14
Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah
Emir of Kuwait
 Kuwait
7008350000000000000♠$350 million (July 2010)[1]
From various enterprises.

15
Beatrix
Queen of the Netherlands (as of 2011, abdicated 2013)
 Netherlands
7008200000000000000♠$200 million (April 2011)[1][2]
Holdings in Royal Dutch Shell.

16
Mswati III
King of Swaziland
 Swaziland
7008100000000000000♠$100 million (July 2010)[1]
From various enterprises.


document_title: Lying in state

question_text: who has lied in honor in the rotunda

question_tokens: who has lied in honor in the rotunda

text: Lying in state

text: Canada[edit]

text: In Canada, official lying in state is a part of a state funeral, an honor generally reserved for former Governors General and former Prime Ministers. It is held in the Centre Block of Parliament Hill, in the national capital, Ottawa, Ontario. Ex-governors general lie in state in the Senate Chamber while former prime ministers lie in the Hall of Honour. During the period of lying in state, the coffins are flanked at each corner by a Guard of honour, made up of four members drawn from the Canadian Forces and Royal Canadian Mounted Police, as well as members of the Governor General's Foot Guards for former governors general, and guards from the parliamentary security forces for former prime ministers. Guards stand at each corner with heads bowed and weapons inverted (resting on Arms reversed) with their backs turned towards the casket.

text: Provinces may also mount state funerals and have a lying in state for a distinguished former resident. For instance, Maurice Richard, nationally known hockey player, was given a state funeral by the province of Quebec when he died in 2000; his coffin lay in state at the Molson Centre.[2] This process was repeated for fellow Canadiens legend Jean Béliveau in December 2014.

text: Municipalities may offer civic funerals to prominent deceased current or former politicians.

text: North Korea[edit]

text: In North Korea, the body of the late leader Kim Jong-il was displayed in a glass coffin surrounded with red flowers at the Kumsusan Memorial Palace in Pyongyang prior to his funeral, which began and ended at the palace. An honor guard armed with AK-47s was present. Jong-il's father Kim Il-sung, the founding president, is on display elsewhere in the palace.[3]

text: Russia[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In Russia, during the time of the Soviet Union (1917–1991), the state funerals of the most senior political and military leaders, such as Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin, Leonid Brezhnev, Yuri Andropov, and Konstantin Chernenko all followed the same basic outline. They took place in Moscow, beginning with a public lying in state of the deceased in the House of the Unions, and ending with an interment at Red Square.

text: For the lying in state at the House of the Unions, the coffin would be placed on display in the Column Hall, which would be decorated by flowers, numerous red flags and other communist symbols. The mourners, which usually would be brought in by the thousands, shuffled up a marble staircase beneath chandeliers draped in black gauze. On the stage at the left side of the Column Hall, a full orchestra in black tailcoats played classical music. The deceased's embalmed body, dressed in a black suit, white shirt and a tie, was displayed in an open coffin on a catafalque banked with carnations, red roses and tulips, facing the queue of mourners. A small guard of honour would be in attendance in the background. At the right side of the hall, seats were placed for guests of honour, with the front row reserved for the dead leader's family.

text: On the day of the funeral, a military funeral parade would take place during which the coffin would be conveyed from the House of the Unions to Red Square where burial would take place. Lenin and Stalin were placed inside the Lenin Mausoleum, while Brezhnev, Andropov, and Chernenko were interred in individual graves in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis.

text: Singapore[edit]

text: At state funerals in Singapore, the national flag is put on the coffin. The vigil guard may be deployed during the public lying in state of the deceased person at Parliament House. The deployment of the vigil guard is the highest form of respect accorded by the nation to the deceased. Similar to British traditions, the vigil guard is composed of groups of five commissioned officers from the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) and Singapore Police Force (SPF) who stand guard around the clock in shifts of 30 minutes. One of the five officers stands facing outward at each of the four corners of the casket, while the fifth and most senior one stands in front and faces inward. Their heads are bowed and their ceremonial swords are inverted.[4]

text: Vigil guards were stationed at the public lying in state of Goh Keng Swee in May 2010,[5] Lee Kuan Yew in March 2015 [6] as well as S R Nathan in August 2016. [7]

text: South Africa[edit]

text: Nelson Mandela was the first democratically elected president to lie in state in South Africa.[citation needed] The event took place at the Union Buildings, the same site where he was inaugurated as the President of South Africa on May 10, 1994. The body of Mandela was lying in State for three days, starting on Wednesday, December 11, 2013 and ending Friday, December 13. The body was viewed by thousands of South Africans before it was airlifted to Qunu in the Eastern Cape where Mandela was buried on December 15, 2013.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In state and ceremonial funerals in the United Kingdom, the lying-in-state takes place in Westminster Hall. The coffin is placed on a catafalque and is guarded, around the clock, by detachments, each of four men, from the following units:

text:
Sovereign's Bodyguard

Her Majesty's Bodyguard of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms
The Queen's Bodyguard of the Yeomen of the Guard
The Royal Company of Archers, The Queen's Bodyguard for Scotland

Household Cavalry

The Life Guards
The Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons)

Foot Guards

Grenadier Guards
Coldstream Guards
Scots Guards
Irish Guards
Welsh Guards

text: Each unit mans the guard for a total of six hours, with each detachment standing post for twenty minutes. The four men stand at each corner with heads bowed and weapons inverted; their backs are turned towards the coffin.

text: On two occasions, the guard has been mounted by four male members of the Royal Family. At the lying in state of King George V in 1936, the guard was mounted by his four sons King Edward VIII, the Duke of York (George VI), the Duke of Gloucester and the Duke of Kent. For Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother's lying-in-state in 2002, the guard was mounted by her four grandsons, the Prince of Wales, the Duke of York, the Earl of Wessex, and Viscount Linley.[8]

text: United States[edit]

text: Lying in state is the rare honor granted by the United States to a deceased official whereby his or her remains are placed in the rotunda of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., for public viewing. The casket is guarded by members of the armed forces. By regulation and custom, only Presidents, military commanders, and members of Congress are granted the honor of lying in state. Except for Presidents and former Presidents, the honor is not automatic. Not all those entitled to the honor have it accepted by their survivors. The first leader to receive this honor was Henry Clay, former Speaker of the House of Representatives, when he died in 1852. Since then, the honor has been extended to 29 people, including eleven Presidents.

text: The process of lying in state at the Capitol is as follows. The coffin or casket is usually placed on a catafalque, usually the Lincoln catafalque, so named as it was constructed for lying in state upon the death of Abraham Lincoln, after his assassination in 1865. The casket is guarded at each of its corners by a serviceperson from each of the branches of the armed forces. In contrast to the practice in the United Kingdom and other countries of the Commonwealth, guards at the Capitol face the casket, hold their rifles with their right hand, and keep the rifle butt resting on the floor. After the viewing and ceremony at the Capitol, the remains are taken to the burial location.

text: Lain in state[edit]

text:
1852 – Henry Clay, long-serving Senator and Representative, Secretary of State, Speaker of the House, and three-time presidential candidate
1865 – President Abraham Lincoln, assassinated in office
1868 – Thaddeus Stevens, Representative from Pennsylvania
1874 – Charles Sumner, Senator from Massachusetts
1875 – Vice President Henry Wilson, served under Grant, died in office
1881 – President James Garfield, assassinated in office
1886 – John A. Logan, Senator from Illinois
1901 – President William McKinley, assassinated while in office
1909 – Pierre L'Enfant – although he died in 1825, his remains were disinterred; he was honored by lying in state before reinterment at Arlington National Cemetery
1917 – Admiral George Dewey, Admiral of the Navy
1921 – The Unknown Soldier for World War I
1923 – President Warren Harding, died in office
1930 – President William Howard Taft, President 1909–13, also Chief Justice 1921–30
1948 – John J. Pershing, General of the Armies of the United States during World War I and after
1953 – Robert A. Taft, U.S. Senator and Majority Leader
1958 – The Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War
1963 – President John F. Kennedy, assassinated in office
1964 – General Douglas MacArthur, General of the Army
1964 – President Herbert Hoover, serving 1929–33
1969 – President Dwight Eisenhower, President 1953–1961, Supreme Allied Commander during World War II
1969 – Everett Dirksen, Illinois Senator, Senate Minority Leader 1959–1969
1972 – J. Edgar Hoover, FBI Director 1929–1972
1973 – President Lyndon B. Johnson, President 1963–1969
1978 – Hubert Humphrey, Vice President 1965–1969, Minnesota Senator
1984 – The Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War (later identified as 1st. Lt. Michael J. Blassie)
1989 – Claude Pepper, long-serving Senator and Representative
2004 – President Ronald Reagan, President 1981–1989
2006–07 – President Gerald Ford, President 1974–1977
2012 – Daniel Inouye, President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate, Senator from Hawaii, and recipient of the Medal of Honor[9][10]

text: Lain in honor[edit]

text:
1998 – United States Capitol Police Officer Jacob Chestnut and Detective John Gibson, killed on duty
2005 – Rosa Parks, civil rights activist [11][12]
2018 – Billy Graham, Christian evangelist[13]

text: The United States Congress has created a similar—though not identical—privilege for distinguished Americans who do not qualify for a lying in state designation. In the process of "lying in honor," the honor guard in the Rotunda is provided by the Capitol Police or another suitable source. [14][15]

text: In 1998, Chestnut and Gibson were killed while defending the Capitol against Russell Eugene Weston Jr. Congress approved their remains to lie in honor in the Rotunda. Chestnut was the first African American to lie in honor. In 2005, upon the death of civil rights activist Rosa Parks, Congress authorized her remains to lie in honor at the Rotunda; Parks was the second African American and the first woman to lie in honor in the Capitol Rotunda.[11] Graham was the first religious leader to be honored in this way.[16]

text: Lain in repose[edit]

text: Supreme Court Justices "lie in repose" in the Great Hall of the United States Supreme Court Building.

text:
1974 – Chief Justice Earl Warren
1993 – Justice Thurgood Marshall
1995 – Chief Justice Warren E. Burger
1997 – Justice William J. Brennan, Jr.
1999 – Justice Harry A. Blackmun
2005 – Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist, the first so-honored to have died in office.
2016 – Justice Antonin Scalia

text: States and cities[edit]

text: Some U.S. states and cities extend similar honors. For example, in the state of Hawaii, three people have been laid in state at the Hawaii State Capitol, among which include famous Hawaiian singer Israel Kamakawiwoʻole upon his death in 1997, and the aforementioned Daniel Inouye, President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate and Senator from Hawaii.

text: In the City of San Francisco, California, Mayor Ed Lee laid in state at the Rotunda of San Francisco City Hall after his death in office in 2017.

text: Vatican City[edit]

text: A deceased pope customarily lies in state in the chapel of the Apostolic Palace and then in St. Peter's Basilica, between the holding of a Mass of Visitation and a Mass of Requiem.[citation needed] The funeral of Pope John Paul II was an example of this custom.

text: Coptic Patriarchate[edit]

text: The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria has a tradition of mummifying the deceased pope and placing his body on his throne to enable church followers to have a farewell look at him for a short period of time. This tradition is one of the ways that ancient Egyptian rituals have survived in the Egyptian church. [17]

text: Other notable funerals[edit]

text:
Death and funeral of Josip Broz Tito
Death and funeral of Corazon Aquino
Death and state funeral of Omar Bongo
Death and state funeral of Pierre Trudeau
Death and state funeral of Lech Kaczyński and Maria Kaczyńska


document_title: NBA playoffs

question_text: how do nba teams get into the playoffs

question_tokens: how do nba teams get into the playoffs

text: NBA playoffs

text: Format[edit]

text: In September 2015, the NBA announced changes to the formula used to determine the format of the 2016 NBA Playoffs. The top eight teams in each conference (East and West), ranked in order by win-loss records, qualify for the playoffs. The tie-break criteria for playoff seeding and home-court advantage have also changed; head-to-head results between the tied teams is the first tie-breaker, and whether a team won its division championship is the second tie-breaker.[1]

text: These seedings are used to create a bracket that determines the match-ups throughout the series. Once the playoffs start, the bracket is fixed; teams are never "reseeded", unlike in the National Football League (NFL) and Major League Soccer (MLS) where the strongest remaining teams face the weakest teams in subsequent rounds. The first round of the NBA playoffs, or conference quarterfinals, consists of four match-ups in each conference based on the seedings (1–8, 2–7, 3–6, and 4–5). The four winners advance to the second round, or conference semifinals, with a match-up between the 1–8 and 4–5 winners and a match-up between the 2–7 and 3–6 winners. The two winners advance to the third round, or conference finals. The winner from each conference will advance to the final round, or the NBA Finals.

text: All rounds are best-of-seven series. Series are played in a 2–2–1–1–1 format, meaning the team with home-court advantage hosts games 1, 2, 5, and 7, while their opponent hosts games 3, 4, and 6, with games 5–7 being played if needed. This format has been used since 2014, after NBA team owners unanimously voted to change from a 2–3–2 format on October 23, 2013.[2]

text: The most common criticism of the current structure is related to parity of conferences. On numerous occasions, Eastern Conference teams with losing records qualified for the playoffs, while Western Conference teams with winning records ended up missing them, including the 2011, 2013 and the 2015 NBA Playoffs.

text: History[edit]

text: The National Basketball Association was established in 1949 by merger of the Basketball Association of America (BAA) and National Basketball League but it recognizes the three BAA seasons as part of its own history. In all of its three years the BAA champion was finally determined in a best-of-seven series but its first two tournaments, the 1947 and 1948 BAA Playoffs, were otherwise quite different from the third, which 21st-century NBA playoffs nearly match. In 1947 and 1948, the Eastern and Western Division champions were matched in a best-of-seven series following the regular season, whose winner advanced to the championship round. Meanwhile, four runners-up played best-of-three series to determine the other finalist: the two second-place teams were matched in one short series and the two third-place teams in another; the winners of those two series played another one. In 1947 the Philadelphia Warriors won the runners-up bracket and beat the Western champion Chicago Stags four games to one, which the NBA recognizes as its first championship; in 1948 Baltimore won the runners-up and beat Eastern champion Philadelphia in the final. Both tournaments generated one finalist from the Eastern and one from the Western Division, but only by chance.[3]

text: In 1949 the third and last BAA tournament matched Eastern teams exclusively and Western teams exclusively, necessarily generating Eastern and Western playoff champions to meet in the final. At the same time, the number of playoff teams was increased from three to four from each Division; two rounds of best-of-three series were played, followed by a best-of-seven championship. The main idea was retained by the NBA. Even the 1950 tournament, following a transitional season with three divisions rather than two, initially determined one playoff champion from each division. The Central champion Minneapolis Lakers became the first league champion under the NBA name by defeating Anderson from the West in a best-of-three, with Syracuse from the East idle, and then knocking off the Syracuse Nationals in six games.[4]

text: The 1951 through 1953 playoffs changed the division finals into a best-of-five playoff. With only nine league members in 1953–54, the NBA cut its postseason tournament field from eight teams to six (from 1954 through 1966, the period of eight to nine league members). Round robins were played in 1954, uniquely in NBA history—a three-team round robin among the three playoff teams in each division. From 1955 to 1966, the first-place team in each division was idle while its two runners-up faced played a best-of-three. Division finals were expanded to best-of-seven in 1958 and division semifinals to best-of-five in 1961.

text: With ten league members again for the 1966–67 season, eight teams were again admitted to the tournament, providing a simple three-round knockout (8-team bracket). A year later, the division semifinals were changed to best-of-seven playoff. Then, in 1975 and 1977, respectively, a fifth and sixth team were added to each Division, necessitating an additional first round of best-of-three series.

text: Finally in 1984, the tournament expanded to its present 16-team, four-round knockout, and the now-complete set of first-round series were expanded to a best-of-five. In 2003 the first round was changed to also be best-of-seven. (Thus all playoff teams from 2003 to present, same as the two Division champions in 1947 and 1948, continue to play at the close of the regular season without idle team ("bye") and may be certain of four playoff games including two at home.)

text: Beginning with the 2004 season, with the addition of the thirtieth NBA franchise, the Charlotte Bobcats, the NBA realigned its divisions. The result was that each conference would have three divisions of five teams each, and the winner of each division was guaranteed a top-three playoff seed. This would change slightly after the 2005–06 season; while division winners still receive automatic playoff berths, they are guaranteed a top-four seed, as described above.

text: 2006 NBA playoffs controversy[edit]

text: The previous playoff format, in place for the 2004–05 and 2005–06 NBA playoffs, after the NBA was re-aligned into six divisions, created controversy during the 2005–06 season and playoffs, and would be changed prior to the 2006–07 NBA season.[5]

text: Prior to 2005, NBA division champions were seeded higher than the other teams in their conference, regardless of their record. Prior to 2004, when the NBA was aligned into two conferences with two divisions each, the division champions were guaranteed the top two seeds. This meant that top two teams in a conference (by record) would be seeded either first and second (if they were in opposite divisions) or first and third (if they were in the same division). Because of the NBA playoffs' preset matchups in the second round, this meant that the top two teams in a conference could never meet until the conference finals, assuming they both made it to that round.

text: After the NBA realigned its two conferences into three divisions each, the seeding rules remained largely unchanged. The top three seeds would now be reserved for division champions. However, this meant that if the top two teams (by record) in a conference were in the same division, they would be seeded first and fourth. Assuming no first-round upsets, this raised the prospect that the top two teams in the conference would face each other in the conference semifinals, instead of the conference finals.

text: In the second year of this format, the 2005–06 NBA season, the two teams with the best records in the Western Conference, the San Antonio Spurs and Dallas Mavericks of the Southwest Division, did just that. The Mavericks had the second-best record in the Western Conference and the third-best record in the entire league, behind the Detroit Pistons and San Antonio. However, they were seeded fourth because they finished second in the Southwest behind the Spurs. This turn of events led to the playoff format being criticized by many. Besides the prospect of a team losing earlier in the playoffs than its regular-season record or seeding would suggest, critics claimed that it also created an unfair advantage for teams in the 2-7/3-6 half of the Western Conference playoff bracket, who could advance to the conference finals without playing either of the two best teams in the conference in an earlier round.

text: The Phoenix Suns, winners of the Pacific Division and possessors of the third best record, were seeded second, while the Denver Nuggets, winners of the Northwest Division and tied for only the seventh-best record in the conference, were seeded third.

text: The Memphis Grizzlies and Los Angeles Clippers met in the second-to-last game of the regular season, after the top four seeds had been clinched. The two teams were already determined to be the fifth and sixth seeds, and had only to determine which rank higher. The fifth seed would likely need to defeat the best two teams in the conference without home-court advantage to advance to the conference finals, as it would face fourth-seeded Dallas in the first round and likely face first-seeded San Antonio if it managed to defeat Dallas. The sixth seed would play third-seeded Denver in the first round, but would have home-court advantage (since the Grizzlies had the fourth-best record in the conference and the Clippers had the fifth-best), and would not have to face either San Antonio or Dallas until the conference finals at the earliest.

text: This led to speculation about whether the Grizzlies or the Clippers would have much commitment to winning their match-up in the second-to-last game of the season, since it was clearly most advantageous to lose the game in order to obtain the 6th seed. The Clippers eventually lost to Memphis without much evidence to support the speculation that the Clippers had lost intentionally.[6] In the first round of the playoffs, the Clippers defeated the Nuggets in five games, while Memphis was swept by Dallas. Ultimately, Dallas and San Antonio did meet in the second round, with Dallas winning in seven games and advancing all the way to the NBA finals.

text: Timeline[edit]

text: 1947: The playoffs were instituted with a three-stage tournament, similar to the Stanley Cup playoffs of the 1930s; the two first-place teams qualified directly to one semifinal where they played each other in a best-of-7 series. Teams finishing second & third qualified for the best-of-3 quarterfinals, where the two second-placed teams were paired in one quarterfinal, as were the two third-placed teams, and the two quarterfinal winners played each other in a best-of-three semifinal. The two semifinal winners played each other in the Basketball Association of America (BAA) best-of-7 final series.

text:
Quarterfinals
Best-of-3

Semifinals
Best-of-3 (one series)
Best-of-7 (one series)

BAA finals
Best-of-7

E3

W3

E3

E2

W2

E2

E2

W1

W1

E1

text: There were no byes, or idle time, for the division champions – as there would be for higher-seeded playoff teams 1955–66 and 1975–83. All six 1947 participants played their first tournament games on Wednesday, April 2; in 1948 the two Eastern runners-up (E2, E3 in the figure) were idle for a few days only because there was a three-way Western tie to break. Both winners of the runners-up bracket, Philadelphia in 1947 and Baltimore in 1948, reached the final series having played fewer tournament games than their final opponents, Chicago in 1947 and Philadelphia in 1948, had played in the best-of-7 pairings of division champions. And both winners of the runners-up bracket won the final series. The "postseason" actually comprised 11 games played in a span of 21 days for the 1947 Chicago Stags and 13 games in 30 days for 1948 Philadelphia Warriors, the finalists who emerged from the pairing of division champions.[3]

text: 1949: The playoffs were reorganized to match Eastern Division teams exclusively, and Western Division teams exclusively – in two halves of the bracket, so to speak. Thus the BAA tournament generated a playoff champion in each Division. (So did the NBA in each of three 1950 divisions, and so it has done in each half of the league since then.) The top four teams from each of the two divisions qualified. The quarterfinals and semifinals were renamed division semifinals and division finals, respectively, and both rounds were best-of-3. Thus any playoff team might be eliminated in two games, one home game. The best-of-7 final was unchanged.

text:
Division semifinals
Best-of-3

Division finals
Best-of-3

BAA finals
Best-of-7

E1

E4

E1

Eastern Division

E2

E2

E3

E1

W2

W1

W4

W1

Western Division

W2

W2

W3

text:
1950: The BAA was renamed as the National Basketball Association (NBA). With a three-division setup, 12 teams now qualified for the playoffs, with the top four teams from each division meeting in the best-of-3 division semifinals. The winners met in the best-of-3 division finals. With three teams remaining, the surviving team with the best regular season record qualified directly for the finals while the other two teams met in a best-of-3 NBA semifinals.
1951: With the NBA reverting to a two-division setup; the division semifinals reverted to its original 1949 format with only eight teams qualifying. The division finals was extended to a best-of-5 format.

text:
Division semifinals
Best-of-3

Division finals
Best-of-5

NBA finals
Best-of-7

E1

E4

E4

Eastern Division

E2

E2

E3

E2

W3

W1

W4

W1

Western Division

W3

W2

W3

text:
1954: With only nine league members (soon to be eight), the number of playoff teams was cut down to six. The division semifinals was changed to a double round-robin format within the division, with the top three teams from each division qualifying (each team played four games). Following the round-robin games, the top two teams qualified for the best-of-three division finals, followed by the best-of-seven finals.
1955: The number of playoff teams remained at six, but the initial round-robin was dropped after one year in favor of giving the first-place team in each division a bye to the best-of-five division finals. Teams which placed second and third played a best-of-three division semifinal. In 1955 the byes provided five and six extra days idle for the first-place teams.[7]
1958: The division finals was extended to a best-of-seven format.
1961: The division semifinals were extended to a best-of-five format.

text:
Division semifinals
Best-of-3 (1955–1960),
Best-of-5 (1961–1966)

Division finals
Best-of-5 (1955–1957),
Best-of-7 (1958–1966)

NBA finals
Best-of-7

E1

Eastern Division

E3

E2

E3

E3

W1

W1

Western Division

W2

W2

W3

text: The 1961 to 1966 tournaments alone combined initial byes for seeded teams with best-of-five initial series for unseeded teams. The 1961 byes provided five and seven extra days idle for the first-place teams. By 1966 the schedule provided more rest for the first-round participants with byes of 11 and eight extra days idle.[8]

text:
1967: The number of playoff teams was expanded to eight once more. The division semifinals now included the fourth-best team in each conference. The first-placed teams no longer received a bye. They were matched against the fourth-placed teams in the best-of-5 division semifinals.
1968: The division semifinals was extended to a best-of-seven format.

text:
Division semifinals
Best-of-5 (1967),
Best-of-7 (1968–1970)

Division finals
Best-of-7 (1968–1970)

NBA finals
Best-of-7

E1

E4

Eastern Division

E2

E3

W1

W4

Western Division

W2

W3

text: 1970: With an increased number of teams, the divisions were upgraded into conferences, which were then split into two divisions. Eight teams still qualified, four from each conference. The two division winners were guaranteed at least a #2 seed, and the two best non-division winners from each conference qualified as third and fourth seeds. Hence, the division semifinals and division finals came to be known as conference semifinals and conference finals, respectively.

text:
Conference semifinals
Best-of-7

Conference finals
Best-of-7

NBA finals
Best-of-7

E1*

E4

Eastern Conference

E2*

E3

W1*

W4

Western Conference

W2*

W3

text: 1975: The number of playoff teams was expanded from eight to ten. A first round was introduced which matched the fourth and fifth seeds in each conference in a best-of-3 first round series, while the top three seeds received a bye. This is similar to the system used in the NFL from 1978 to 1989.

text:
First Round
Best-of-3

Conference semifinals
Best-of-7

Conference finals
Best-of-7

NBA finals
Best-of-7

E1*

E4

E4

E5

Eastern Conference

E2*

E3

W1*

W4

W4

W5

Western Conference

W2*

W3

text: 1977: The number of playoff teams was expanded from 10 to 12. The first round now included the sixth best team in each conference, which was matched against the third seed. Only the division winners received byes to the next round. This is similar to the format currently used by the NFL.

text:
First Round
Best-of-3

Conference semifinals
Best-of-7

Conference finals
Best-of-7

NBA finals
Best-of-7

E1*

E4

E5

Eastern Conference

E3

E6

E2*

W1*

W4

W5

Western Conference

W3

W6

W2*

text: The 1983 tournament is the latest to incorporate first-round byes for seeded teams. The first-round best-of-three series tapped off on Tuesday and Wednesday, April 19 and 20; the second-round best-of-sevens on Sunday to the following Wednesday, April 27. Counting from Tuesday the byes provided five to eight extra days idle.[9]

text: 1984: The playoffs were expanded from 12 teams to 16 teams. All teams now participated in the first round, which was extended to a best-of-five series.

text:
Conference quarterfinals
Best-of-5

Conference semifinals
Best-of-7

Conference finals
Best-of-7

NBA finals
Best-of-7

E1*

E8

E4

E5

Eastern Conference

E3

E6

E2*

E7

W1*

W8

W4

W5

Western Conference

W3

W6

W2*

W7

text: 2003: The first round was extended to a best-of-seven series. This change arguably benefitted the higher seeds as it reduced the likelihood of an upset by a lower seed. It also meant that a team that swept their series 4–0 might have to wait up to two weeks to play their next series against a team that had won 4–3.

text:
Conference quarterfinals
Best-of-7

Conference semifinals
Best-of-7

Conference finals
Best-of-7

NBA finals
Best-of-7

E1*

E8

E4

E5

Eastern Conference

E3

E6

E2*

E7

W1*

W8

W4

W5

Western Conference

W3

W6

W2*

W7

text: 2005: Each conference was realigned into three divisions with each division winner qualifying for a top-three seed regardless of record. The next best five teams from each conference also qualify for the playoffs.

text:
Conference quarterfinals
Best-of-7

Conference semifinals
Best-of-7

Conference finals
Best-of-7

NBA finals
Best-of-7

E1*

E8

E4

E5

Eastern Conference

E3*

E6

E2*

E7

W1*

W8

W4

W5

Western Conference

W3*

W6

W2*

W7

text:
2007: To address the criticisms of having each division champion guaranteed a top-three seed, regardless of record, the rules were changed such that the division winners are now only guaranteed a top-four seed. The team with the second-best record in the conference is now guaranteed the second seed, even if it finishes second in its own division. This ensures that the two best teams in the conference cannot meet until the conference finals at the earliest. The previous system raised the prospect of the two best teams in the conference being seeded 1 and 4 if they play in the same division, thus forcing them to play each other in the second round (given no upsets).

Note: In the example below, the East's #2 seed is not a division champion.

text:
Conference quarterfinals
Best-of-7

Conference semifinals
Best-of-7

Conference finals
Best-of-7

NBA finals
Best-of-7

E1*

E8

E5

E4*

Eastern Conference

E3*

E6

E2

E7

W1*

W8

W5

W4

Western Conference

W3*

W6

W2*

W7

text: 2016: While the playoff bracketing did not change, qualification criteria were changed. The teams with the eight best records in each conference receive playoff berths, with no automatic berths nor guaranteed top-four seed placement for division champions.

text: Team roster[edit]

text: Playoff teams must identify their postseason roster before the playoffs begin. They are allowed up to 15 players and can designate two as inactive for each game.[10] Players are eligible to be on a team's playoff roster provided they were on the team for at least one regular season game, and were not on another NBA team's roster after March 1.[11] Previously, playoff rosters were limited to 12 players who were named before the playoffs began.[10]

text: Records and statistics[edit]

text:
Only five 8th seeded teams have managed to win a series versus the number 1 seeded team: The Denver Nuggets eliminated the Seattle SuperSonics 3–2 in 1994. The New York Knicks eliminated the Miami Heat 3–2 in 1999. The Golden State Warriors defeated the Dallas Mavericks 4–2 in the 2007 Western Conference First Round (becoming the first 8 seed to beat a 1 seed in the best of 7 format). In 2011, the Memphis Grizzlies beat the San Antonio Spurs, 4–2 and in 2012, the Philadelphia 76ers beat the Chicago Bulls 4–2.
The 1999 Knicks are the only 8th seeded team ever to reach the NBA finals. No 8th seeded team has won the NBA finals yet.
The 1956–57 St. Louis Hawks, 1958–59 Minneapolis Lakers and the 1980–81 Houston Rockets are the only teams with losing records (34-38, 33–39 and 40–42, respectively) to make it to the NBA finals. In 1981 the Houston Rockets' opponent in the Western Conference Finals, the Kansas City Kings, also had a losing record (40–42).
The 1994–95 Houston Rockets, a sixth seed with a record of 47–35, were the lowest seeded team to win the NBA finals. In the NBA finals, the Rockets swept the Orlando Magic (57–25) in four games. In doing so, the Rockets defeated four teams that had won 50 or more games during the regular season (Utah Jazz at 60–22, Phoenix Suns at 59–23, San Antonio Spurs at 62–20 and Orlando at 57–25), which had never been done before. They are also the only team to have won an NBA title without having home-court advantage at all.
The Golden State Warriors own the longest NBA playoff winning streak for a single postseason with 15 straight wins in the 2017 playoffs.
Of all the teams with multiple NBA finals appearances, the Chicago Bulls are the only team to have never lost in the finals, winning 6.
The Boston Celtics possess the most overall NBA finals series wins with an overall record of 17–4. The Los Angeles/Minneapolis Lakers have played in the most NBA finals series (31) with an overall record of 16–15.
The longest playoff appearance streak currently belongs to the San Antonio Spurs with 20 consecutive appearances in the playoffs, beginning in the 1997–98 NBA season.The longest ever streak of playoffs appearances in a row belongs to the Syracuse Nationals/Philadelphia 76ers, who made the playoffs 22 straight years from the 1949–50 season to the 1970–71 season, while the longest playoff appearance streak in one city belonged to the Portland Trail Blazers, who made it for 21 straight years, from the 1982–83 to the 2002–03 seasons.
In 1999, under the best of 5-7-7-7 system, the team with the best postseason record to win the NBA Championship was San Antonio Spurs with a record of 14-2, having only lost one game each in round 1 and the Finals. It was surpassed by Los Angeles Lakers in 2001, having only lost in Game 1 of the Finals against Philadelphia 76ers.
In 2017, under the best of 7-7-7-7 system, the Golden State Warriors attained the best record of 16-1, losing only once to the Cleveland Cavaliers in the Finals.
In 2017, under the best of 7-7-7-7 system, the Golden State Warriors and the Cleveland Cavaliers came into the NBA Finals with a combined record of 24-1, with the Cavaliers losing only once to the Boston Celtics in the Eastern Conference Finals.

text: Playoff appearances[edit]

text: Current as of 2017 NBA Playoffs

text: Appearances by active teams[edit]

text:
Team
Appearances[12]

Los Angeles Lakers
60 [A]

Boston Celtics
54

Philadelphia 76ers
47 [B]

Atlanta Hawks
46 [C]

Detroit Pistons
41 [D]

New York Knicks
41

San Antonio Spurs
37 [E]

Chicago Bulls
35

Golden State Warriors
33 [F]

Portland Trail Blazers
33

Houston Rockets
31 [G]

Milwaukee Bucks
29

Oklahoma City Thunder
29 [H]

Phoenix Suns
29

Sacramento Kings
29 [I]

Washington Wizards
28 [J]

Utah Jazz
26 [K]

Denver Nuggets
24 [E]

Indiana Pacers
24 [E]

Cleveland Cavaliers
21

Dallas Mavericks
21

Brooklyn Nets
19 [E][L]

Miami Heat
19

Orlando Magic
14

Los Angeles Clippers
13 [M]

Charlotte Hornets
10 [N]

Memphis Grizzlies
10 [O]

Toronto Raptors
9

Minnesota Timberwolves
8

New Orleans Pelicans
6 [N]

text:
Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Minneapolis Lakers (1947–1960).
Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Syracuse Nationals (1946–1963).
Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Tri-Cities Blackhawks (1946–1951), the Milwaukee Hawks (1951–1955), and the St. Louis Hawks (1955–1968).
Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Fort Wayne Pistons (1949–1957).
^ Jump up to: a b c d Does not include appearances in the American Basketball Association (ABA) playoffs. Per the conditions of the ABA–NBA merger, the NBA does not officially recognize the ABA history, playoffs and records.
Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Philadelphia Warriors (1946–1962) and the San Francisco Warriors (1962–1971).
Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the San Diego Rockets (1967–1971).
Jump up ^ As part of the 2008 relocation settlement with the City of Seattle, the Thunder officially shares its history with that of the Seattle SuperSonics (1967–2008).[13]
Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Rochester Royals (1948–1957), the Cincinnati Royals (1957–1972), the Kansas City-Omaha Kings (1972–1975), and the Kansas City Kings (1975–1985).
Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Chicago Packers (1961–1962), the Chicago Zephyrs (1962–1963), the Baltimore Bullets (1963–1973), the Capital Bullets (1973–1974), and the Washington Bullets (1974–1997).
Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the New Orleans Jazz (1974–1979).
Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the New Jersey Nets (1977–2012).
Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Buffalo Braves (1970–1978) and the San Diego Clippers (1978–1984).
^ Jump up to: a b The New Orleans Pelicans were originally named the Charlotte Hornets, and moved to New Orleans in 2002. A new team, the Charlotte Bobcats, was then established in 2004. When the Charlotte team reclaimed the Hornets name in a 2014 agreement, the Charlotte team also reclaimed the history of the original Hornets; as such, the New Orleans Pelicans were established in 2002, and the Bobcats/Hornets rejoined the NBA in 2004.[14]
Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Vancouver Grizzlies (1995–2001).

tag: ol