document_title: College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS

question_text: who has won most national championships college football

question_tokens: who has won most national championships college football

text: History[edit]

text: The concept of a national championship in college football dates to the early years of the sport in the late 19th century,[8] and the earliest contemporaneous polls can be traced to Caspar Whitney, Charles Patterson, and The Sun in 1901.[9] Therefore, the concept of polls and national champions predated mathematical ranking systems, but it was Frank Dickinson's math system that was one of the first to be widely popularized. His system named 10–0 Stanford the national champion of 1926, prior to their tie with Alabama in the Rose Bowl. A curious Knute Rockne, then coach of Notre Dame, had Dickinson backdate two seasons, which produced Notre Dame as the 1924 national champion and Dartmouth in 1925.[10]

text: A number of other mathematical systems were born in the 1920s and 1930s and were the only organized methods selecting national champions until the Associated Press began polling sportswriters in 1936 to obtain rankings. Alan J. Gould, the creator of the AP Poll, named Minnesota, Princeton, and SMU co-champions in 1935, and polled writers the following year, which resulted in a national championship for Minnesota.[10] The AP's main competition, United Press, created the first poll of coaches in 1950. For that year and the next three, the AP and UP agreed on the national champion. The first "split" championship occurred in 1954, when the writers selected Ohio State and the coaches chose UCLA.[10] The two polls also disagreed in 1957, 1965, 1970, 1973, 1974, 1978, 1990, 1991, 1997, and 2003. The Coaches' Poll would stay with United Press (UP) when they merged with International News Service (INS) to form United Press International (UPI) but was acquired by USA Today and CNN in 1991. The poll was in the hands of USA Today and ESPN from 1997 to 2005 before moving to sole ownership by USA Today. Beginning in 2014, Amway became a joint sponsor with USA Today.[11]

text: Though some of the math systems selected champions after the bowl games, both of the major polls released their rankings after the end of the regular season until the AP polled writers after the bowls in 1965, resulting in what was perceived at the time as a better championship selection (Alabama) than UPI's (Michigan State).[10] After 1965, the AP again voted before the bowls for two years, before permanently returning to a post-bowl vote in 1968. The coaches did not conduct a vote after the bowls until 1974, in the wake of awarding their 1973 championship to Alabama, who lost to the AP champion, undefeated Notre Dame, in the Sugar Bowl.[10] The AP and Coaches' polls remain the major rankings to this day.

text: The Bowl Championship Series, famous for its use of math, was the successor of the Bowl Alliance (1995–1997), which was itself the successor of the Bowl Coalition (1992–1994).[12] Besides the many adjustments it underwent during its tenure, including a large overhaul following the 2004 season that included the replacement of the AP Poll with the Harris poll, the BCS remained a mixture of math and human polls since its inception in 1998, with the goal of matching the best two teams in the nation in a national championship bowl game which rotated yearly between the Sugar, Fiesta, Rose, and Orange Bowls from 1998 to 2005, and later a standalone game titled the BCS National Championship Game (2006 to 2013).[10] The winner of the BCS Championship Game was awarded the national championship of the Coaches' Poll thus winning the AFCA National Championship Trophy. The BCS winner also received the MacArthur Bowl from the National Football Foundation.[13] Neither the AP Poll, nor other current selectors, had contractual obligations to select the BCS champion as their national champion.[14] The BCS resulted in a number of controversies, most notably after the 2003 season, when the BCS championship game did not include eventual AP champion USC, the only time the two championships have diverged since the advent of the BCS. After many seasons of controversy, the BCS was replaced with the College Football Playoff, a Plus-One system aimed at reducing the controversy involved in which teams get to play in a championship game through use of a tournament.

text: National championships in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision records[edit]

text: The NCAA maintains an official records book of historical statistics and records for football. In the records book, with consultation from various college football historians, it has created and maintains a list of "major selectors" of national championships throughout the history of college football along with their championship picks for each season.[6]:107–116

text: Major selectors[edit]

text: A variety of selectors have named national champions throughout the years. They generally can be divided into four categories: those determined by mathematical formula, human polls, historical research, and recently, playoffs. The selectors below are listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records as having been deemed to be "major selectors" for which the criteria is that the poll or selector be "national in scope either through distribution in newspaper, television, radio and/or computer online".[6]:107–109 The former selectors, deemed instrumental in the sport of college football, and selectors that were included for the calculation of the BCS standing, are listed together.[6]:107–116,119

text: Math[edit]

text: The mathematical system is the oldest systematic selector of college football national champions. Many of the math selectors were created during the "championship rush" of the 1920s and 1930s, beginning with Frank Dickinson's system, or during the dawn of the computer age in the 1990s. Selectors are listed below with years selected retroactively in italics.

text:
Selector
Name
Seasons

A&H
Anderson & Hester
1997–present

AS
Alderson System
1994–1998

B(QPRS)
Berryman (QPRS)
1920–1989, 1990–2011

BR
Billingsley Reporta
1869–1870, 1872–1969, 1970–present

BS
Boand System
1919–1929, 1930–1960

CCR
Congrove Computer Rankings
1993–present

CM
Colley Matrix
2001–present

CW
Caspar Whitney
1905–1907

DeS
DeVold System
1939–1944, 1945–2006

DiS
Dickinson System
1924–1925, 1926–1940

DuS
Dunkel System
1929–present

ERS
Eck Ratings System
1987–2005

HS
Houlgate System
1885, 1887–1905, 1907–1926, 1927–1949

L
Litkenhous
1934–1972, 1974, 1978, 1981–1984

MCFR
Massey College Football Ratings
1995–present

MGR
Matthews Grid Ratings
1966–1972, 1974–2006

NYT
New York Times
1979–2004

PS
Poling System
1924–1934, 1935–1955, 1957–1984

R(FACT)
Rothman (FACT)
1968–2006

SR
Sagarin Ratings
1919–1977, 1978–present

W
Wolfe
2001–2015

WS
Williamson System
1931, 1932–1963

text: aThe Billingsley Report also provides an alternate selection that uses margin-of-victory in its calculation. The NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book notes both selections in years where they disagree.[6]:107–116

text: Poll[edit]

text: The poll has been the dominant national champion selector since the inception of the AP Poll in 1936. It is notable that the NFF merged its poll with UPI from 1991 to 1992, with USA Today from 1993 to 1996, and with the FWAA from 2014 forward. Selectors are listed below with years selected retroactively in italics.

text: For many years, the national champion of various polls were selected prior to the bowl games. The national champion was selected before bowl games as follows: AP (1936–1964 and 1966–1967), Coaches' Poll (1950–1973), FWAA (1954), and NFF (1959–1970). In all other latter-day polls, champions were selected after bowl games.[6]:107–119

text: During the BCS era, the winner of the BCS Championship Game was automatically awarded the national championship of the Coaches' Poll and the National Football Foundation.

text:
Selector
Name
Seasons

AP
Associated Press
1936–present

Coaches'
  BRC
  UP
  UPI
  USAT/CNN
  USAT/ESPN
  USAT
  USAT/AMWAY
American Football Coaches Association
  AFCA Blue Ribbon Commission
  United Press
  United Press International
  USA Today/CNN
  USA Today/ESPN
  USA Today
  USA Today/Amway
1922–present
  1922–1949a
  1950–1957
  1958–1990b
  1991–1996b c
  1997–2004
  2005–2013b
  2014–present

CFRA
College Football Researchers Association
1919–1935, 1936–1981, 1982–1992, 2010–present

FN
Football News
1958–2002

FWAA
Football Writers Association of America
1954–2013c

FWAA/NFF
FWAA-NFF Grantland Rice Super 16
2014–presentc

HAF
Helms Athletic Foundation
1883–1935, 1936–1940, 1941–1982

INS
International News Service
1952–1957

NCF
National Championship Foundation
1869–1870, 1872–1935, 1936–1979, 1980–2000

NFF
National Football Foundation
1959–1990, 1997–2013c d e

SN
Sporting News
1975–2006

UPI
United Press International
1993–1995f

UPI/NFF
United Press International/National Football Foundation
1991–1992e

USAT
USA Today
1982g

USAT/CNN
USA Today/CNN
1983–1990g

USAT/NFF
USA Today/National Football Foundation
1993–1996d

text: aAt the request of several schools, the AFCA established a "Blue Ribbon Commission" in 2016 to begin retroactively selecting Coaches' Trophy winners from 1922 through 1949.[15]

text: bServed as the Coaches' Poll during the designated years, but also conducted their own poll at different times.

text: cThe Football Writers Association of America merged its poll with that of the National Football Foundation members beginning in 2014; as a result, the Grantland Trophy was retired and the FWAA/NFF national champion now receives the MacArthur Bowl.[6]:116

text: dUSA Today took over, from the UPI, the poll of the National Football Foundation's members in 1993, and its winner was designated by the NFF as its national champion and received the MacArthur Bowl. The poll was conducted by USA Today through the 1996 season, although national championship selections in the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records do not distinguish the NFF from the USAT/NFF poll in 1995 and 1996. Not to be confused with the USA Today/CNN Coaches' Poll, which USA Today conducted separately.

text: eUPI conducted the Coaches' Poll through the 1990 season, which was subsequently taken over by CNN/USA Today. UPI then conducted a poll of National Football Foundation members in 1991 and 1992, the winner of which was designated by the NFF as its national champion and received the MacArthur Bowl.

text: fUPI conducted its own poll from 1993 to 1995, after the National Football Foundation Poll was taken over by USA Today.

text: gUSA Today conducted its own poll of college football sportswriters in 1982, then joined with CNN to do their own joint poll until they took over the Coaches' Poll starting with the 1991 season.

text: Research[edit]

text: College football historian Parke H. Davis is the only selector considered by the NCAA to have primarily used research in his selections.[6]:107–109 Davis did all of his work in 1933, naming retroactive national champions for most of the years from 1869 to 1932 while naming Michigan and Princeton (his alma mater) co-champions at the end of the 1933 season.

text:
Selector
Name
Seasons

PD
Parke H. Davis
1869–1870, 1872–1909, 1911–1916, 1919–1932, 1933

text: Hybrid[edit]

text: The Bowl Championship Series used a mathematical system that combined polls (Coaches' and AP/Harris) and multiple computer rankings (including some individual selectors listed above) to determine a season ending matchup between its top two ranked teams in the BCS Championship Game. The champion of that game was contractually awarded the Coaches' Poll and National Football Foundation championships.

text:
Selector
Name
Seasons

BCS
Bowl Championship Series
1998–2013

text: Playoff[edit]

text: Unlike all selectors prior to 2014, the College Football Playoff does not use math, polls or research to select the participants. Rather, a 13-member committee selects and seeds the teams.[16] The playoff system marked the first time the top-level NCAA football championship was determined by a bracket competition.

text:
Selector
Name
Seasons

CFP
College Football Playoff
2014–present

text: Yearly national championship selections from major selectors[edit]

text: Below is a list of the national champions of college football from 1869 to present (with the exception of 1871, in which no games were played) deemed to be chosen by "major selectors" as listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records.[6]:107–109 Many teams did not have coaches as late as 1899. "Consensus" selectors in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records correspond to the period from 1950 to present which began with the introduction of the two poll system upon the appearance of the Coaches Poll in 1950. Selectors used to determine teams listed as "Consensus National Champions" in the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records include the AP Poll, Coaches' Poll, Football Writers Association of America, and the National Football Foundation/College Football Hall of Fame.[6]:119

text: The first contemporaneous poll to include teams across the country and selection of a national champions can be traced to Caspar Whitney in 1901.[9] The last retroactive selection was made by Clyde Berryman in 1989 (Notre Dame). The tie was removed from college football in 1995 and the last consensus champion with a tie in its record was Georgia Tech in 1990. The 1947 Michigan Wolverines are often credited with a national championship on the basis of a "free poll" conducted by an AP sportswriter after the 1948 Rose Bowl, though that poll was unofficial and it is not recognized in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records.[6]:107–109

text: Note that the Harris Interactive Poll (2005–2013) was contracted by the BCS to help formulate its standings, and although its final ranking which occurs prior to the bowl games is listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records, it does not conduct a final poll or award or name a national champion on its own.[17]

text: As designated by the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records, the table below shows:

text:
Teams listed in italics indicate retroactively-applied championships.
Teams listed in bold reflect the NCAA's designation as "Consensus National Champions" by virtue of their selection from 1950 onward by one or more selectors from Associated Press, United Press/UPI, Football Writers Association of America, NFF/College Football Hall of Fame, and USA Today.

text: A letter next to any season, team, record, coach or selector indicates a footnote that appears at the bottom of the table.

text:
Season
Champion(s)
Record
Coach
Selector(s)

1869
Princeton
1–1

BR, NCF, PD

Rutgers
1–1

PD

1870
Princeton
1–0

BR, NCF, PD

1871
None
No games played

1872
Princeton
1–0

BR, NCF, PD

Yale
1–0

PD

1873
Princeton
2–0

BR, NCF, PD

1874
Harvard
1–1

PD

Princeton
2–0

BR, PD

Yale
3–0

NCF, PD

1875
Columbia
3–1–1

PD

Harvard
4–0

NCF, PD

Princeton
2–0

BR, PD

1876
Yale
3–0

BR, NCF, PD

1877
Princeton
2–0–1

BR, PD

Yale
3–0–1

NCF, PD

1878
Princeton
6–0

BR, NCF, PD

1879
Princeton
4–0–1

BR, NCF, PD

Yale
3–0–2

PD

1880
Princeton
4–0–1

NCF, PD

Yale
4–0–1

BR, NCF, PD

1881
Princeton
7–0–2

BR, PD

Yale
5–0–1

NCF, PD

1882
Yale
8–0

BR, NCF, PD

1883
Yale
9–0

BR, HAF, NCF, PD

1884
Princeton
9–0–1

BR, PD

Yale
8–0–1

HAF, NCF, PD

1885
Princeton
9–0

BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD

1886
Princeton
7–0–1

BR, PD

Yale
9–0–1

HAF, NCF, PD

1887
Yale
9–0

BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD

1888
Yale
13–0
Walter Camp
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD

1889
Princeton
10–0

BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD

1890
Harvard
11–0
George C. Adams, George A. Stewart
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD

1891
Yale
13–0
Walter Camp
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD

1892
Yale
13–0
Walter Camp
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD

1893
Princeton
11–0

BR, HAF, HS, NCF

Yale
10–1
William Rhodes
PD

1894
Penn
12–0
George Washington Woodruff
PD

Princeton
8–2

HS

Yale
16–0
William Rhodes
BR, HAF, NCF, PD

1895
Penn
14–0
George Washington Woodruff
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD

Yale
13–0–2
John A. Hartwell
PD

1896
Lafayette
11–0–1
Parke H. Davis
NCF, PD

Princeton
10–0–1
Franklin Morse
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD

1897
Penn
15–0
George Washington Woodruff
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD

Yale
9–0–2
Frank Butterworth
PD

1898
Harvard
11–0
William Forbes
BR, HAF, HS, NCF

Princeton
11–0–1

PD

1899
Harvard
10–0–1
Benjamin Dibblee
HAF, HS, NCF

Princeton
12–1

BR, PD

1900
Yale
12–0
Malcolm McBride
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD

1901
Harvard
12–0
Bill Reid
BR

Michigan
11–0
Fielding H. Yost
HAF, HS, NCF

Yale
11–1–1
George S. Stillman
PDa

1902
Michigan
11–0
Fielding H. Yost
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD

Yale
11–0–1
Joseph R. Swan
PD

1903
Michigan
11–0–1
Fielding H. Yost
NCF

Princeton
11–0
Art Hillebrand
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD

1904
Michigan
10–0
Fielding H. Yost
NCF

Minnesota
13–0
Henry Williams
BR

Penn
12–0
Carl S. Williams
HAF, HS, NCF, PD

1905
Chicago
10–0
Amos Alonzo Stagg
BR, HAF, HS, NCF

Yale
10–0
Jack Owsley
CW, PD

1906
Princeton
9–0–1
William Roper
HAF, NCF

Yale
9–0–1
Foster Rockwell
BR, CW, PD

1907
Yale
9–0–1
William F. Knox
BR, CW, HAF, HS, NCF, PD

1908
Harvard
9–0–1
Percy Haughton
BR

LSU
10–0
Edgar Wingard
NCF

Penn
11–0–1
Sol Metzger
HAF, HS, NCF, PD

1909
Yale
10–0
Howard Jones
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD

1910
Harvard
8–0–1
Percy Haughton
BR, HAF, HS, NCF

Pittsburgh
9–0
Joseph Thompson
NCF

1911
Minnesota
6–0–1
Henry L. Williams
BR

Penn State
8–0–1
Bill Hollenback
NCF

Princeton
8–0–2
William Roper
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD

1912
Harvard
9–0
Percy Haughton
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD

Penn State
8–0
Bill Hollenback
NCF

1913
Auburn
8–0
Mike Donahue
BR

Chicago
7–0
Amos Alonzo Stagg
BR, PD

Harvard
9–0
Percy Haughton
HAF, HS, NCF, PD

1914
Army
9–0
Charles Daly
HAF, HS, NCF, PD

Illinois
7–0
Robert Zuppke
BR, PD

Texas
8–0
Dave Allerdice
BR

1915
Cornell
9–0
Albert Sharpe
HAF, HS, NCF, PD

Minnesota
6-0-1
Henry L. Williams
BR

Oklahoma
10–0
Bennie Owen
BR

Pittsburgh
8–0
Glenn "Pop" Warner
PD

1916
Army
9–0
Charles Daly
PD

Georgia Tech
8–0-1
John Heisman
BR

Pittsburgh
8–0
Glenn "Pop" Warner
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD

1917
Georgia Tech
9–0
John Heisman
BR, HAF, HS, NCF

1918
Michigan
5–0
Fielding H. Yost
BR, NCF

Pittsburgh
4–1
Glenn "Pop" Warner
HAF, HS, NCF

1919
Centre
9–0
Charley Moran
SR

Harvard
9–0–1
Bob Fisher
CFRA, HAF, HS, NCF, PD

Illinois
6–1
Robert Zuppke
BR, BS, CFRA, PD, SR

Notre Dame
9–0
Knute Rockne
NCF, PD

Texas A&M
10–0
Dana X. Bible
BR, NCF

1920
California
9–0
Andy Smith
CFRA, HAF, HS, NCF, SR

Harvard
8–0–1
Bob Fisher
BS

Notre Dame
9–0
Knute Rockne
BR, PD

Princeton
6–0–1
William Roper
BS, PD

Georgia
8–0–1
Herman Stegeman
B(QPRS)

1921
California
9–0–1
Andy Smith
BR, BS, CFRA, SR

Cornell
8–0
Gil Dobie
HAF, HS, NCF, PD

Iowa
7–0
Howard Jones
BR, PD

Lafayette
9–0
Jock Sutherland
BS, PD

Washington & Jefferson
10–0–1
Greasy Neale
BS

Vanderbilt
7–0–1
Dan McGugin
B(QPRS)

1922
California
9–0
Andy Smith
BR, HS, NCF, SR

Cornell
8–0
Gil Dobie
HAF, PD

Iowa
7-0
Howard Jones
BR

Princeton
8–0
William Roper
BS, CFRA, NCF, PD, SR

Vanderbilt
8–0–1
Dan McGugin
B(QPRS)

1923
California
9–0–1
Andy Smith
HS

Cornell
8–0
Gil Dobie
SR

Illinois
8–0
Robert Zuppke
BS, CFRA, HAF, NCF, PD, SR , B(QPRS)

Michigan
8–0
Fielding H. Yost
BR, NCF

Yale
8–0
Tad Jones
B(QPRS)

1924
Notre Dame
10–0
Knute Rockne
BR, BS, CFRA, DiS, HAF, HS, NCF, PS, SR, B(QPRS)

Penn
9–1–1
Lou Young
PD

1925
Alabama
10–0
Wallace Wade
BR, BS, CFRA, HAF, HS, NCF, PS, SR, B(QPRS)

Dartmouth
8–0
Jesse Hawley
DiS, PD

Michigan
7–1
Fielding H. Yost
SR

1926
Alabama
9–0–1
Wallace Wade
BR, CFRA, HAF, NCF, PS, B(QPRS)

Lafayette
9–0
Herb McCracken
PD

Michigan
7–1
Fielding H. Yost
SR

Navy
9–0–1
Bill Ingram
BS, HS

Stanford
10–0–1
Glenn "Pop" Warner
DiS, HAF, NCF, SR

1927
Georgia
9–1
George Cecil Woodruff
BS, PS, B(QPRS)

Illinois
7–0–1
Robert Zuppke
BR, DiS, HAF, NCF, PD

Notre Dame
7–1–1
Knute Rockne
HS

Texas A&M
8–0–1
Dana X. Bible
SR

Yale
7–1
Thomas Jones
CFRA

1928
Detroit
9–0
Gus Dorais
PD

Georgia Tech
10–0
William Alexander
BR, BS, CFRA, HAF, HS, NCF, PD, PS, SR, B(QPRS)

USC
9–0–1
Howard Jones
DiS, SR

1929
Notre Dame
9–0
Knute Rockne
BR, BS, CFRA, DiS, DuS, HAF, NCF, PS, SR

Pittsburgh
9–1
Jock Sutherland
PD

USC
10–2
Howard Jones
HS, SR, B(QPRS)

1930
Alabama
10–0
Wallace Wade
CFRA, PD, SR, B(QPRS)

Notre Dame
10–0
Knute Rockne
BR, BS, DiS, DuS, HAF, HS, NCF, PD, PS

1931
Pittsburgh
8–1
Jock Sutherland
PD

Purdue
9–1
Noble Kizer
PD

USC
10–1
Howard Jones
BR, BS, CFRA, DiS, DuS, HAF, HS, NCF, PS, SR, WS, B(QPRS)

1932
Colgate
9–0
Andrew Kerr
PD

Michigan
8–0
Harry Kipke
DiS, PD, SR

USC
10–0
Howard Jones
BR, BS, CFRA, DuS, HAF, HS, NCF, PD, PS, SR, WS, B(QPRS)

1933
Michigan
7–0–1
Harry Kipke
BR, BS, CFRA, DiS, HAF, HS, NCF, PD, PS, SR, B(QPRS)

Ohio State
7–1
Sam Willaman
DuS

Princeton
9–0
Fritz Crisler
PD

USC
10–1–1
Howard Jones
WS

1934
Alabama
10–0
Frank Thomas
DuS, HS, PS, WS, B(QPRS)

Minnesota
8–0
Bernie Bierman
BR, BS, CFRA, DiS, HAF, L, NCF, SR

1935
LSU
9–2
Bernie Moore
WS

Minnesota
8–0
Bernie Bierman
BR, BS, CFRA, HAF, L, NCF, PS

Princeton
9–0
Fritz Crisler
DuS

SMU
12–1
Matty Bell
DiS, HS, SR, B(QPRS)

TCU
12–1
Dutch Meyer
WS

1936
LSU
9–1–1
Bernie Moore
SR, WS

Minnesota
7–1
Bernie Bierman
AP, BR, DiS, DuS, HAF, L, NCF, PS

Pittsburgh
8–1–1
Jock Sutherland
BS, CFRA, HS

Duke
9–1
Wallace Wade
B(QPRS)

1937
California
10–0–1
Stub Allison
DuS, HAF

Pittsburgh
9–0–1
Jock Sutherland
AP, BR, BS, CFRA, DiS, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS, B(QPRS)

1938
Notre Dame
8–1
Elmer Layden
DiS

TCU
11–0
Dutch Meyer
AP, HAF, NCF, WS

Tennessee
11–0
Robert Neyland
BR, BS, CFRA, DuS, HS, L, PS, SR, B(QPRS)

1939
Cornell
8–0
Carl Snavely
L, SR

Texas A&M
11–0
Homer Norton
AP, BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, NCF, PS, SR, WS, B(QPRS)

USC
8–0–2
Howard Jones
DiS

1940
Minnesota
8–0
Bernie Bierman
AP, B(QPRS), BS, CFRA, DeS, DiS, HS, L, NCF, SR

Stanford
10–0
Clark Shaughnessy
BR, HAF, PS

Tennessee
10–1
Robert Neyland
DuS, WS

1941
Alabama
9–2
Frank Thomas
HS

Minnesota
8–0
Bernie Bierman
AP, BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, L, NCF, PS, SR

Texas
8–1–1
Dana X. Bible
B(QPRS), WS

1942
Georgia
11–1
Wally Butts
B(QPRS), BR, DeS, HS, L, PS, SR, WS

Ohio State
9–1
Paul Brown
AP, BS, DuS, CFRA, NCF

Wisconsin
8–1–1
Harry Stuhldreher
HAF

1943
Notre Dame
9–1
Frank Leahy
AP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS

1944
Army
9–0
Earl Blaik
AP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS

Ohio State
9–0
Carroll Widdoes
NCF, SR

1945
Alabama
10–0
Frank Thomas
NCF

Army
9–0
Earl Blaik
AP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS

Oklahoma A&M
9–0
Jim Lookabaugh
BRC

1946
Army
9–0–1
Earl Blaik
BR, BS, CFRA, HAF, HS, PS

Georgia
11–0
Wally Butts
WS

Notre Dame
8–0–1
Frank Leahy
AP, B(QPRS), BS, DeS, DuS, HAF, L, NCF, PS, SR

1947
Michigan
10–0
Fritz Crisler
B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR

Notre Dame
9–0
Frank Leahy
AP, HAF, WS

1948
Michigan
9–0
Bennie Oosterbaan
AP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS

1949
Notre Dame
10–0
Frank Leahy
AP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS

Oklahoma
11–0
Bud Wilkinson
CFRA

1950
Kentucky
11–1
Paul "Bear" Bryant
SR

Oklahoma
10–1
Bud Wilkinson
AP, B(QPRS), HAF, L, UP, WS

Princeton
9–0
Charley Caldwell
BS, PS

Tennessee
11–1
Robert Neyland
BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, NCF, SR

1951
Georgia Tech
11–0–1
Bobby Dodd
B(QPRS), BS

Illinois
9–0–1
Ray Eliot
BS

Maryland
10–0
Jim Tatum
CFRA, DeS, DuS, NCF, SR

Michigan State
9–0
Biggie Munn
BR, HAF, PS

Tennessee
10–1
Robert Neyland
AP, L, UP, WS

1952
Georgia Tech
12–0
Bobby Dodd
B(QPRS), BR, INS, PS, SR

Michigan State
9–0
Biggie Munn
AP, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, L, NCF, SR, UP, WS

1953
Maryland
10–1
Jim Tatum
AP, INS, UP

Notre Dame
9–0–1
Frank Leahy
BR, BS, DeS, DuS, HAF, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS

Oklahoma
9–1–1
Bud Wilkinson
B(QPRS), CFRA

1954
Ohio State
10–0
Woody Hayes
AP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, HAF, INS, NCF, PS, SR, WS

UCLA
9–0
Henry Sanders
CFRA, DuS, FWAA, HAF, L, NCF, UP

1955
Michigan State
9–1
Duffy Daugherty
BS

Oklahoma
11–0
Bud Wilkinson
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FWAA, HAF, INS, L, NCF, PS, SR, UP, WS

1956
Georgia Tech
10–1
Bobby Dodd
B(QPRS), SR

Iowa
9–1
Forest Evashevski
CFRA

Oklahoma
10–0
Bud Wilkinson
AP, BR, BS, DeS, DuS, FWAA, HAF, INS, L, NCF, SR, UP, WS

Tennessee
10–1
Bowden Wyatt
SR

1957
Auburn
10–0
Ralph Jordan
AP, BR, CFRA, HAF, NCF, PS, SR, WS

Michigan State
8–1
Duffy Daugherty
DuS

Ohio State
9–1
Woody Hayes
BS, DeS, FWAA, INS, L, UP

Oklahoma
10–1
Bud Wilkinson
B(QPRS)

1958
Iowa
8–1–1
Forest Evashevski
FWAA

LSU
11–0
Paul Dietzel
AP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, HAF, L, NCF, PS, SR, UPI, WS

1959
Ole Miss
10–1
Johnny Vaught
B(QPRS), DuS, SR

Syracuse
11–0
Ben Schwartzwalder
AP, BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, NCF, NFF, PS, SR, UPI, WS

1960
Iowa
8–1
Forest Evashevski
B(QPRS), BS, L, SR

Minnesota
8–2
Murray Warmath
AP, FN, NFF, UPI

Ole Miss
10–0–1
Johnny Vaught
BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FWAA, NCF, WS

Missouri
11–0*
Dan Devine
PS

Washington
10–1
Jim Owens
HAF

1961
Alabama
11–0
Paul "Bear" Bryant
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, HAF, L, NCF, NFF, SR, UPI, WS

Ohio State
8–0–1
Woody Hayes
FWAA, PS

1962
LSU
9–1–1
Charles McClendon
B(QPRS)

Ole Miss
10–0
Johnny Vaught
BR, L, SR

USC
11–0
John McKay
AP, B(QPRS), CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, PS, UPI, WS

1963
Texas
11–0
Darrell Royal
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, NCF, NFF, PS, SR, UPI, WS

1964
Alabama
10–1
Paul "Bear" Bryant
AP, B(QPRS), L, UPI

Arkansas
11–0
Frank Broyles
BR, CFRA, FWAA, HAF, NCF, PS, SR

Michigan
9–1
Bump Elliott
DuS

Notre Dame
9–1
Ara Parseghian
DeS, FN, NFF

1965
Alabama
9–1–1
Paul "Bear" Bryant
AP, CFRA, FWAA, NCF

Michigan State
10–1
Duffy Daugherty
B(QPRS), BR, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, NFF, PS, SR, UPI

1966
Alabama
11–0
Paul "Bear" Bryant
B(QPRS), SR

Michigan State
9–0–1
Duffy Daugherty
CFRA, HAF, NFF, PS

Notre Dame
9–0–1
Ara Parseghian
AP, BR, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, MGR, NCF, NFF, PS, SR, UPI

1967
Notre Dame
8–2
Ara Parseghian
DuS

Oklahoma
10–1
Chuck Fairbanks
PS

USC
10–1
John McKay
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, FN, FWAA, HAF, MGR, NCF, NFF, SR, UPI

Tennessee
9–2
Doug Dickey
L

1968
Georgia
8–1–2
Vince Dooley
L

Ohio State
10–0
Woody Hayes
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SR, UPI

Texas
9–1–1
Darrell Royal
DeS, MGR, SR

1969
Ohio State
8–1
Woody Hayes
MGR

Penn State
11–0
Joe Paterno
R(FACT), SR

Texas
11–0
Darrell Royal
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SR, UPI

1970
Arizona State
11–0
Frank Kush
PS

Nebraska
11–0–1
Bob Devaney
AP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, R(FACT), SR

Notre Dame
10–1
Ara Parseghian
MGR, R(FACT), SR

Ohio State
9–1
Woody Hayes
NFF

Texas
10–1
Darrell Royal
B(QPRS), L, NFF, R(FACT), UPI

1971
Nebraska
13–0
Bob Devaney
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, MGR, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SR, UPI

1972
USC
12–0
John McKay
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, MGR, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SR, UPI

1973
Alabama
11–1
Paul "Bear" Bryant
B(QPRS), UPI

Michigan
10–0–1
Bo Schembechler
NCF, PS

Notre Dame
11–0
Ara Parseghian
AP, BR, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF

Ohio State
10–0–1
Woody Hayes
NCF, PS, R(FACT), SR

Oklahoma
10–0–1
Barry Switzer
CFRA, DeS, DuS, SR

1974
Ohio State
10–2
Woody Hayes
MGR

Oklahoma
11–0
Barry Switzer
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, HAF, L, NCF, PS, R(FACT), SR

USC
10–1–1
John McKay
FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, UPI

1975
Alabama
11–1
Paul "Bear" Bryant
MGR

Arizona State
12–0
Frank Kush
NCF, SN

Ohio State
11–1
Woody Hayes
B(QPRS), HAF, MGR, PS, R(FACT)

Oklahoma
11–1
Barry Switzer
AP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, R(FACT), SR, UPI

1976
Pittsburgh
12–0
Johnny Majors
AP, BR, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI

USC
11–1
John Robinson
B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, MGR

1977
Alabama
11–1
Paul "Bear" Bryant
CFRA

Arkansas
11–1
Lou Holtz
R(FACT)

Notre Dame
11–1
Dan Devine
AP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, MGR, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI

Texas
11–1
Fred Akers
B(QPRS), R(FACT), SR

1978
Alabama
11–1
Paul "Bear" Bryant
AP, CFRA, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, R(FACT)

Oklahoma
11–1
Barry Switzer
DeS, DuS, HAF, L, MGR, PS, R(FACT), SR

USC
12–1
John Robinson
B(QPRS), BR, FN, HAF, NCF, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI

1979
Alabama
12–0
Paul "Bear" Bryant
AP, B(QPRS), BR, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI

USC
11–0–1
John Robinson
CFRA

1980
Florida State
10–2
Bobby Bowden
R(FACT)

Georgia
12–0
Vince Dooley
AP, B(QPRS), BR, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI

Nebraska
10–2
Tom Osborne
R(FACT)

Oklahoma
10–2
Barry Switzer
DuS, MGR

Pittsburgh
11–1
Jackie Sherrill
CFRA, DeS, NYT, R(FACT), SR

1981
Clemson
12–0
Danny Ford
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI

Nebraska
9–3
Tom Osborne
NCF

Penn State
10–2
Joe Paterno
DuS

Pittsburgh
11–1
Jackie Sherrill
NCF

SMU
10–1
Ron Meyer
NCF

Texas
10–1–1
Fred Akers
NCF

1982
Nebraska
12–1
Tom Osborne
B(QPRS)

Penn State
11–1
Joe Paterno
AP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT

SMU
11–0–1
Bobby Collins
HAF

1983
Auburn
11–1
Pat Dye
BR, CFRA, NYT, R(FACT), SR

Miami (FL)
11–1
Howard Schnellenberger
AP, DuS, FN, FWAA, NCF, NFF, SN, UPI, USAT/CNN

Nebraska
12–1
Tom Osborne
B(QPRS), DeS, L, MGR, PS, R(FACT), SR

1984
BYU
13–0
LaVell Edwards
AP, BR, CFRA, FWAA, NCF, NFF, PS, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN

Florida
9–1–1
Galen Hall
DeS, DuS, MGR, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR

Nebraska
10–2
Tom Osborne
L

Washington
11–1
Don James
B(QPRS), FN, NCF

1985
Florida
9–1–1
Galen Hall
SR

Michigan
10–1–1
Bo Schembechler
MGR

Oklahoma
11–1
Barry Switzer
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, UPI, USAT/CNN

1986
Miami (FL)
11–1
Jimmy Johnson
R(FACT)

Oklahoma
11–1
Barry Switzer
B(QPRS), CFRA, DeS, DuS, NYT, SR

Penn State
12–0
Joe Paterno
AP, BR, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN

1987
Florida State
11–1
Bobby Bowden
B(QPRS)

Miami (FL)
12–0
Jimmy Johnson
AP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN

1988
Miami (FL)
11–1
Jimmy Johnson
B(QPRS)

Notre Dame
12–0
Lou Holtz
AP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN

1989
Miami (FL)
11–1
Dennis Erickson
AP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, UPI, USAT/CNN

Notre Dame
12–1
Lou Holtz
B(QPRS), ERS, R(FACT), SR

1990
Colorado
11–1–1
Bill McCartney
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, R(FACT), SN, USAT/CNN

Georgia Tech
11–0–1
Bobby Ross
DuS, NCF, R(FACT), SR, UPI

Miami (FL)
10–2
Dennis Erickson
ERS, NYT, R(FACT), SR

Washington
10–2
Don James
R(FACT)

1991
Miami (FL)
12–0
Dennis Erickson
AP, BR, CFRA, ERS, NCF, NYT, SN, SR

Washington
12–0
Don James
B(QPRS), DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, R(FACT), SR, UPI/NFF, USAT/CNN

1992
Alabama
13–0
Gene Stallings
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI/NFF, USAT/CNN

Florida State
11–1
Bobby Bowden
SR

1993
Auburn
11–0
Terry Bowden
NCF

Florida State
12–1
Bobby Bowden
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, NCF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN, USAT/NFF

Nebraska
11–1
Tom Osborne
NCF

Notre Dame
11–1
Lou Holtz
MGR, NCF

1994
Florida State
10–1–1
Bobby Bowden
DuS

Nebraska
13–0
Tom Osborne
AP, AS, B(QPRS), BR, FN, FWAA, NCF, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN, USAT/NFF

Penn State
12–0
Joe Paterno
CCR, DeS, ERS, MGR, NCF, NYT, R(FACT), SR

1995
Nebraska
12–0
Tom Osborne
AP, AS, B(QPRS), BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN

1996
Florida
12–1
Steve Spurrier
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/CNN

Florida State
11–1
Bobby Bowden
AS

1997
Michigan
12–0
Lloyd Carr
AP, BR, FN, FWAA, NCF, NFF, SN

Nebraska
13–0
Tom Osborne
A&H, AS, B(QPRS), BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, MGR, NCF, NYT, R(FACT), SR, USAT/ESPN

1998
Tennessee
13–0
Phillip Fulmer
A&H, AP, AS, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, USAT/ESPN

Ohio State
11–1
John Cooper
SRb

1999
Florida State
12–0
Bobby Bowden
A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/ESPN

2000
Miami (FL)
11–1
Butch Davis
NYT

Oklahoma
13–0
Bob Stoops
A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NCF, NFF, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/ESPN

2001
Miami (FL)
12–0
Larry Coker
A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/ESPN, W

2002
Ohio State
14–0
Jim Tressel
A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DeS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/ESPN, W

USC
11–2
Pete Carroll
DuS, MGR, SR

2003
LSU
13–1
Nick Saban
A&H, BCS, BR, CM, DeS, DuS, MCFR, NFF, R(FACT), SR, USAT/ESPN, W

Oklahoma
12–2
Bob Stoops
B(QPRS)

USC
12–1
Pete Carroll
AP, CCR, ERS, FWAA, MGR, NYT, SN

2004
USCc
11–0d
Pete Carroll
A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BR, CCR, CM, DeS, DuS, ERS, MCFR, MGR, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, W
Vacated:c BCS, FWAA, USAT/ESPN

2005
Texas
13–0
Mack Brown
A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DeS, DuS, ERS, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NFF, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT, W

2006
Florida
13–1
Urban Meyer
A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NFF, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT, W

Ohio State
12–1
Jim Tressel
DeS, R(FACT)

2007
LSU
12–2
Les Miles
AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W

Missouri
12–2
Gary Pinkel
A&H

USC
11–2
Pete Carroll
DuSe

2008
Florida
13–1
Urban Meyer
AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DuS, FWAA, NFF, SR, USAT

Utah
13–0
Kyle Whittingham
A&H, MCFR, W

2009
Alabama
14–0
Nick Saban
A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CFRA, CM, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W

2010
Auburn
14–0
Gene Chizik
A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CFRA, CM, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W

TCU
13–0
Gary Patterson
CCR

2011
Alabama
12–1
Nick Saban
AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CFRA, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W

LSU
13–1
Les Miles
A&H, CCR

Oklahoma State
12–1
Mike Gundy
CM

2012
Alabama
13–1
Nick Saban
A&H, AP, BCS, BR, CCR, CFRA, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W

Notre Dame
12–1
Brian Kelly
CM

2013
Florida State
14–0
Jimbo Fisher
A&H, AP, BCS, BR, CCR, CFRA, CM, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W

2014
Ohio State
14–1
Urban Meyer
A&H, AP, BR, CCR, CFP, CFRA, CM, DuS, FWAA/NFF, MCFR, SR, USAT/AMWAY, W

2015
Alabama
14–1
Nick Saban
A&H, AP, BR, CCR, CFP, CFRA, CM, DuS, FWAA/NFF, MCFR, SR, USAT/AMWAY, W

2016
Clemson
14–1
Dabo Swinney
A&H, AP, BR, CFP, CFRA, FWAA/NFF, MCFR, SR, USAT/AMWAY

Alabama
14–1
Nick Saban
CCR, CM, DuS

text:
aParke Davis' selection for 1901, as published in the 1935 Spalding's Foot Ball Guide (which he himself edited until his death), was Harvard.[18]:233
bThe NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book lists Sagarin as having selected Tennessee,[6]:114 while Sagarin's official website gives Ohio State as its 1998 selection.[19]
cThe FWAA stripped USC of its 2004 Grantland Rice Trophy and vacated the selection of its national champion for 2004. The BCS also vacated USC's participation in the 2005 Orange Bowl and USC's 2004 BCS National Championship, and the AFCA Coaches' Poll Trophy was returned.[20][21]
dRecord does not count wins against UCLA, or against Oklahoma in the BCS Championship game on January 4, 2005, as they were vacated by the NCAA.[22]
eThe NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book lists Dunkel as having selected LSU,[6]:114 while Dunkel's official website gives USC as its 2007 selection.[23]

text: Total championship selections from major selectors by school[edit]

text: The national title count listed below is a culmination of all championship awarded since 1869, regardless of consensus or non-consensus status, as listed in the table above according to the selectors deemed to be major as listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records (minus the Harris Interactive poll, 2005–2013, that is listed but does not conduct a final poll or award a championship).[6]:107–119

text: The totals can be said to be disputed. Individual schools may claim national championships not accounted for by the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records or may not claim national championship selections that do appear in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records (see National championship claims by school below). For an alternative independent view of national championship totals for each team, please see the Poll era (1936–present) selections in the tables below.

text:
School
Championships

Princeton
28

Yale
27

Notre Dame
22

Alabama
20

Oklahoma
17

USC
17

Michigan
16

Ohio State
16

Harvard
12

Nebraska
11

Pittsburgh
11

Miami (FL)
9

Minnesota
9

Texas
9

Florida State
8

LSU
8

Georgia Tech
7

Penn State
7

Tennessee
7

Georgia
6

Michigan State
6

Penn
6

Iowa
5

Army
5

Auburn
5

California
5

Cornell
5

Florida
5

Illinois
5

Washington
4

Lafayette
3

Ole Miss
3

SMU
3

TCU
3

Texas A&M
3

Arizona State
2

Arkansas
2

Chicago
2

Clemson
2

Maryland
2

Missouri
2

Oklahoma State
2

Stanford
2

BYU
1

Centre
1

Colgate
1

Colorado
1

Columbia
1

Dartmouth
1

Detroit
1

Kentucky
1

Navy
1

Purdue
1

Rutgers
1

Syracuse
1

UCLA
1

Utah
1

Washington & Jefferson
1

Wisconsin
1

text: National championship claims by school[edit]

text: The following is a table of known schools' claims on national championships at the highest level of play in college football. Several of these schools no longer compete at the highest level, which is currently NCAA Division I FBS, but nonetheless maintain claims to titles from when they did compete at the highest level.

text: Because there is no one governing or official body that regulates, recognizes, or awards national championships in college football, and because many independent selectors of championships exist, many of the claims by the schools listed below are shared, contradict each other, or are controversial.[5][6]:107–119 In addition, because there is no one body overseeing national championships, no standardized requirements exist in order for a school to make a claim on a national championship, as any particular institution is free to make any declaration it deems to be fit. However, all known national championship claims are for seasons in which a National Championship, or share of a championship, was believed to be awarded to that particular school by at least one independent third-party selector.[24] The majority of these claims, but not all, are based on championships awarded from selectors listed as "major" in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records.[6]:107–109 Not all championships awarded by third party selectors, nor those listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records, are necessarily claimed by each school.[note 1] Therefore, these claims represent how each individual school sees their own history on the subject of national championships.

text: This table below includes only national championship claims originating from each particular school and therefore represents the point-of-view of each individual institution. Each total number of championships, and the years for which they are claimed, are documented by the particular school on its official website, in its football media guide, or in other official publications or literature (see Source). If a championship is not mentioned by a school for any particular season, regardless of whether it was awarded by a selector or listed in a third-party publication such as the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records, it is not considered to be claimed by that institution.[note 2]

text:
School
Claimed
national
championships
Seasons
Source

Princeton
28
1869, 1870, 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1889, 1893, 1894, 1896, 1898, 1899, 1903, 1906, 1911, 1920, 1922, 1933, 1935, 1950
[25]

Yale
27
1872, 1874, 1876, 1877, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1886, 1887, 1888, 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1897, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1909, 1927
[26][27]

Alabama
16
1925, 1926, 1930, 1934, 1941, 1961, 1964, 1965, 1973, 1978, 1979, 1992, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2015
[28]

Michigan
11
1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1918, 1923, 1932, 1933, 1947, 1948, 1997
[29]

Notre Dame
11
1924, 1929, 1930, 1943, 1946, 1947, 1949, 1966, 1973, 1977, 1988
[30]

USC
11a
1928, 1931, 1932, 1939, 1962, 1967, 1972, 1974, 1978, 2003, 2004
[31]

Pittsburgh
9
1915, 1916, 1918, 1929, 1931, 1934, 1936, 1937, 1976
[32]

Ohio State
8
1942, 1954, 1957, 1961, 1968, 1970, 2002, 2014
[33][34]

Harvard
7
1890, 1898, 1899, 1910, 1912, 1913, 1919
[35]

Minnesota
7
1904, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1940, 1941, 1960
[36]

Oklahoma
7
1950, 1955, 1956, 1974, 1975, 1985, 2000
[37]

Penn
7
1894, 1895, 1897, 1904, 1907, 1908, 1924
[38]

Michigan State
6
1951, 1952, 1955, 1957, 1965, 1966
[39]

Tennessee
6
1938, 1940, 1950, 1951, 1967, 1998
[40][41]

California
5
1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1937
[42]

Cornell
5
1915, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1939
[43]

Georgia
5b
1927, 1942, 1946, 1968, 1980
[44]

Illinois
5
1914, 1919, 1923, 1927, 1951
[45]

Miami (FL)
5
1983, 1987, 1989, 1991, 2001
[46]

Nebraska
5
1970, 1971, 1994, 1995, 1997
[47]

Georgia Tech
4
1917, 1928, 1952, 1990
[48]

Iowa
4c
1921, 1956, 1958, 1960
[49]

Texas
4
1963, 1969, 1970, 2005
[50]

Washington
4
1960, 1984, 1990, 1991
[51]

Army
3
1944, 1945, 1946
[52]

Florida
3
1996, 2006, 2008
[53]

Florida State
3
1993, 1999, 2013
[54]

Lafayette
3
1896, 1921, 1926
[55]

LSU
3
1958, 2003, 2007
[56]

Ole Miss
3
1959, 1960, 1962
[57]

SMU
3
1935, 1981, 1982
[58]

Texas A&M
3
1919, 1927, 1939
[59]

Auburn
2d
1957, 2010
[60]

Chicago
2
1905, 1913
[61]

Clemson
2
1981, 2016
[62][63]

Penn State
2
1982, 1986
[64]

TCU
2
1935, 1938
[65]

Stanford
2
1926, 1940
[66][67]

Arkansas
1
1964
[68]

Boston College
1
1940
[69]

BYU
1
1984
[70]

Colorado
1
1990
[71]

Dartmouth
1
1925
[72]

Kentucky
1
1950
[73]

Maryland
1
1953
[74]

Navy
1
1926
[75]

Oklahoma State
1
1945
[76][77]

Rutgers
1
1869
[78]

Syracuse
1
1959
[79]

UCLA
1
1954
[80]

text:
aUSC's January 4, 2005 win over Oklahoma in the BCS Championship Game was vacated as mandated by the NCAA, its 2004 BCS National Championship vacated by the BCS, and its AFCA Coaches' Trophy returned. NCAA sanctions mandate that "any reference to the vacated results, including championships, shall be removed." USC still retains the 2004 Associated Press National Championship and has not abandoned its claim to a 2004 National Championship.[81][82]
bIn an online list of the university's national championships, Georgia lists only two for football (1942 and 1980).[83] However, in Georgia's football media guide, although these years (1927, 1946, 1968) are highlighted as consensus championships, each of the five championships are described separately[44]:190 and those seasons are highlighted as national championships in the year-by-year results.[44]:159–161
cIowa lists the awarding of the 1958 Grantland Rice National Championship in various publications, but describes championship selections from 3 other years as well in its annual media guide.
dAuburn's 1913, 1983, and 1993 (Auburn was disqualified from post-season play in 1993 and did not play in a bowl game) championships are not recognized by the school.

text: Poll era (1936–present)[edit]

text: The polling system first gained widespread consistency with the introduction of the AP poll in 1936, followed by the Coaches' Poll in 1950. National championships are often popularly considered to be "consensus" when both of these polls are in agreement with their national championship selections, although other selectors exist and do make alternative selections. A more modern incarnation, the Bowl Championship Series (BCS), was a consortium of college football conferences that uses a combination of various computer rankings and human polls to mathematically determine a post-season matchup between the two top teams as determined by its formula. The USA Today Coaches' Poll was contractually obligated to name the BCS champion as its national champion.

text: AP Poll[edit]

text: The AP college football poll has a long history. The news media began running their own polls of sports writers to determine who was, by popular opinion, the best football team in the country at the end of the season. One of the earliest such polls was the AP College Football Poll, first run in 1934 (compiled and organized by Charles Woodroof, former SEC Assistant Director of Media Relations, but not recognized in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records) and then continuously from 1936. Due to the long-standing historical ties between individual college football conferences and high-paying bowl games like the Rose Bowl and Orange Bowl, the NCAA has never held a tournament or championship game to determine the champion of what is now the highest division, NCAA Division I, Football Bowl Subdivision (the Division I, Football Championship Subdivision and lower divisions do hold championship tournaments). As a result, the public and the media began to take the leading vote-getter in the final AP Poll as the national champion for that season.

text: While the AP Poll currently lists the Top 25 teams in the nation, from 1936 to 1961 the wire service only ranked 20 teams. And from 1962 to 1967 only 10 teams were recognized. From 1968 to 1988, the AP again resumed its Top 20 before expanding to 25 teams in 1989.

text: Until the 1968 college football season, the final AP Poll of the season was released following the end of the regular season, with the exception of the 1965 season. In 1964, Alabama was named the national champion in the final AP Poll following the completion of the regular season, but lost in the Orange Bowl to Texas, leaving Arkansas as the only undefeated, untied team after the Razorbacks defeated Nebraska in the Cotton Bowl Classic. In 1965, the AP's decision to wait to crown its champion paid off, as top-ranked Michigan State lost to UCLA in the Rose Bowl, number two Arkansas lost to LSU in the Cotton Bowl Classic, and fourth-ranked Alabama defeated third-ranked Nebraska in the Orange Bowl, vaulting the Crimson Tide to the top of the AP's final poll. Michigan State was named national champion in the final United Press International poll of coaches, which did not conduct a post-bowl poll. At the end of the 1947 season, the AP released an unofficial post-bowl poll which differed from the regular season final poll. The AP national championship had been awarded before bowl games were played.

text: Beginning in the 1968 season, a post bowl game poll was released and the AP championship reflected the bowl game results. The UPI did not follow suit with the coaches' poll until the 1974 season.[84]

text: Coaches' Poll[edit]

text: The Coaches' poll began selecting the top 20 teams on a weekly basis during the 1950–1951 college football season. It is conducted among selected members of the American Football Coaches Association. In 1990 the poll expanded to a top 25, and it has retained this format since. The Coaches' Poll took their final poll prior to the bowl games from 1950–1973, and since 1974, has taken their final poll after bowl games. The Coaches' Poll does not include teams on either NCAA or conference-sanction probation, which also differentiates it from the AP poll.[85] The poll has been released through various media outlets and with differing sponsors over its history, and thus has taken a succession of different names, including United Press (UP) from 1950 thru 1957, the United Press International (UPI) from 1958 thru 1990, USA Today/CNN from 1991 thru 1996, USA Today/ESPN from 1997 to 2004, and USA Today from 2005 to present.

text: During the era of the BCS, the Coaches' Poll was under contractual obligation to award its national championship selection to the winner of the BCS Championship Game or its predecessors—who was presented with the AFCA National Championship Trophy during a post-game presentation. The College Football Playoff is not tied to the Coaches' Poll in this manner.[86]

text: Poll era national championships by school (1936–present)[edit]

text: The following table contains the National Championships that have been recognized by the final AP or Coaches' Poll. Originally both the AP and Coaches' poll champions were crowned after the regular season, but since 1968 and 1974, respectively, both polls crown their champions after the bowl games are completed. The BCS champion was automatically awarded the Coaches' Poll championship. Of the current 120+ Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS, formerly Division I-A) schools, only 30 have won at least a share of a national title by the AP or Coaches' poll. Of these 30 teams, only 19 teams have won multiple titles. Of the 19 teams, only 7 have won five or more national titles: Alabama, Notre Dame, Oklahoma, USC, Miami (FL), Nebraska, and Ohio State. The years listed in the table below indicate a national championship selection by the AP or Coaches' Poll. The selections are noted with (AP) or (Coaches) when a national champion selection differed between the two polls for that particular season, which has occurred in twelve different seasons (including 2004, for which the coaches selection was rescinded) since the polls first came to coexist in 1950.

text:
School
Championships
Seasons

Alabama
11
1961, 1964, 1965 (AP), 1973 (Coaches), 1978 (AP), 1979, 1992, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2015

Notre Dame
8
1943, 1946, 1947, 1949, 1966, 1973 (AP), 1977, 1988

Oklahoma
7
1950, 1955, 1956, 1974 (AP), 1975, 1985, 2000

USC
7
1962, 1967, 1972, 1974 (Coaches), 1978 (Coaches), 2003 (AP), 2004 (AP)*

Ohio State
6
1942, 1954 (AP), 1957 (Coaches), 1968, 2002, 2014

Miami (FL)
5
1983, 1987, 1989, 1991 (AP), 2001

Nebraska
5
1970 (AP), 1971, 1994, 1995, 1997 (Coaches)

Minnesota
4
1936, 1940, 1941, 1960

Texas
4
1963, 1969, 1970 (Coaches), 2005

Florida
3
1996, 2006, 2008

Florida State
3
1993, 1999, 2013

LSU
3
1958, 2003 (Coaches), 2007

Army
2
1944, 1945 (AP)

Auburn
2
1957 (AP), 2010

Clemson
2
1981, 2016

Michigan
2
1948, 1997 (AP)

Michigan State
2
1952, 1965 (Coaches)

Penn State
2
1982, 1986

Pittsburgh
2
1937, 1976

Tennessee
2
1951, 1998

BYU
1
1984

Colorado
1
1990 (AP)

Georgia
1
1980

Georgia Tech
1
1990 (Coaches)

Maryland
1
1953

Oklahoma State
1
1945 (Coaches)**

Syracuse
1
1959

TCU
1
1938

Texas A&M
1
1939

UCLA
1
1954 (Coaches)

Washington
1
1991 (Coaches)

text:
*USC's 2004–2005 BCS National Championship was vacated by the BCS and the AFCA Coaches' Trophy returned.[87]
**Retroactively awarded in 2016 by AFCA Blue Ribbon Panel[15]

text: BCS championships[edit]

text: The Bowl Championship Series (BCS) was a selection system designed to give the top two teams in NCAA Division I-A (now known as the FBS) an opportunity to compete in a "national championship game". This championship was intended as a surrogate for a playoff system since the NCAA does not formally determine a champion in this category. It began during the 1998 season, but a number of controversial selections spurred changes to the format over the years. Prior to the 2006 season, eight teams competed in four BCS Bowls (the Orange, Sugar, Rose, and Fiesta). The BCS replaced the Bowl Alliance (in place from 1995–1997), which itself followed the Bowl Coalition (in place from 1992–1994). One of the main differences was that the Rose Bowl participated in the BCS; previously, the Big Ten and Pac-12 champions automatically played in the Rose Bowl regardless of their poll rankings. However, after the change, those teams played in the BCS National Championship Game if they finished #1 or #2 in the BCS standings.

text: The BCS formula varied over the years, with the final version relying on a combination of the Coaches' and Harris polls and an average of various computer rankings to determine relative team rankings, and to narrow the field to two teams to play in the BCS National Championship Game held after the other college bowl games. The winner of this game was crowned Coaches' Poll national champion winning the AFCA National Championship Trophy and was also awarded the MacArthur Bowl by the National Football Foundation.[13]

text: BCS National Championships by school (1998–2013)[edit]

text:
School
Championships
Seasons

Alabama
3
2009, 2011, 2012

Florida
2
2006, 2008

Florida State
2
1999, 2013

LSU
2
2003, 2007

Auburn
1
2010

Miami (FL)
1
2001

Ohio State
1
2002

Oklahoma
1
2000

Tennessee
1
1998

Texas
1
2005

USC
0*
2004*

text: *USC's victory in the 2005 Orange Bowl and subsequent 2004–05 BCS National Championship was vacated by the BCS.[81][88]

text: College Football Playoff championships[edit]

text: The College Football Playoff (CFP) was designed as a replacement for the BCS. While the NCAA still does not officially sanction the event, organizers sought to bring a playoff system similar to all other levels of NCAA football to the Football Bowl Subdivision.

text: The College Football Playoff relies on a 13-member selection committee to choose the top four teams to play in a two-round single-elimination playoff bracket. The winner of the final game is awarded the College Football Playoff National Championship Trophy.

text: CFP National Championships by school (2014–present)[edit]

text:
School
Championships
Seasons

Clemson
1
2016

Alabama
1
2015

Ohio State
1
2014


document_title: Trans-Australian Railway

question_text: name the terminal stations of australian transcontinental railway

root

text: Trans-Australian Railway

text: History[edit]

text: In 1901, the six Australian colonies federated to form the Commonwealth of Australia. At that time, Perth, the capital of Western Australia, was isolated from the remaining Australian States by thousands of miles of desert terrain and the only practicable method of transport was by sea, a time-consuming, inconvenient and often uncomfortable voyage across the Great Australian Bight, a stretch of water known for rough seas. One of the inducements held out to Western Australians to join the new federation was the promise of a federally funded railway line linking Western Australia with the rest of the continent.

tag: p

text: In 1907 legislation was passed, allowing for the route to be surveyed. The survey was completed in 1909 and proposed a route from Port Augusta (the existing railhead at the head of Spencer Gulf in South Australia's wheatfields) via Tarcoola to the gold mining centre of Kalgoorlie in Western Australia, a distance of 1063 miles (1711 km). The line was to be to the standard gauge of 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm), even though the state railway systems at both ends were narrow gauge at the time. Its cost was estimated at £4,045,000.

text: Legislation authorising the construction was passed in December 1911 by the Andrew Fisher Government and work commenced in September 1912 in Port Augusta.

text: Work proceeded eastwards from Kalgoorlie and westwards from Port Augusta through the years of the First World War. By 1915, the two ends of the line were just over 600 miles (966 km) apart with materials being delivered daily.[9] Construction progressed steadily as the line was extended through dry and desolate regions until the two halves of the line met at Ooldea on 17 October 1917.[10][11]

text: Commonwealth Railways was established in 1917 to administer the line.

text: The entire intercity route was not converted to standard gauge until 1970.

text: In 2008, its engineering heritage was recognized by the installation of markers provided by the Engineers Australia's Engineering Heritage Recognition Program to the platform at the Port Augusta Station in South Australia and the ticket office at Kalgoorlie Station in Western Australia.[12]

text: On 17 October 2017, centenary celebrations were held at Ooldea.[13]

text: Named services[edit]

text: On inauguration, the passenger service was known as the Great Western Express.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8] Towards the end of its life as a mixed gauge service, between Kalgoorlie and Port Augusta it was usually known as the Trans-Australian. From February 1970 the service became the Indian Pacific.

text: From the start of construction until 1996 the Tea & Sugar Train carried vital supplies to the isolated work sites and towns along the route.

text: Terrain[edit]

text: The final distance was 1051.73 miles (1692.60 km), slightly less than the original survey. At no point along the route does the line cross a permanent fresh watercourse.

text: Bores and reservoirs were established at intervals, but the water was often brackish and unsuitable for steam locomotive use, let alone human consumption, so water supplies had to be carried on the train. In the days of steam locomotion, about half the total load was water for the engine.

text: According to Adelaide-born astronaut Andy Thomas, the line is identifiable from space, because of its unnatural straightness. "It's a very fine line, it's like someone has drawn a very fine pencil line across the desert," he has said.[14]

text: Names of stopping places[edit]

text: Most of the stopping locations in the 129° E to 134° E part of the railway in South Australia (except for Deakin, which is 3 km (1.9 mi) inside Western Australia's state border) were named after the first seven Australian Prime Ministers.

text:
Location
Name of Prime Minister
Prime Minister number
Distance from Port Augusta in km (mi)[15]

Deakin, Western Australia
Alfred Deakin
Second
964 (599)

Hughes, South Australia
Billy Hughes
Seventh
912.5 (567)

Cook, South Australia
Joseph Cook
Sixth
825.59 (513)

Fisher, South Australia
Andrew Fisher
Fifth
770.88 (479)

Reid, Western Australia
George Reid
Fourth
1,017.11 (632) This station is west of Deakin.

Watson, South Australia
Chris Watson
Third
716.16 (445)

Barton, South Australia
Edmund Barton
First
605.11 (376)

tag: table

text: Other federal ministers from the 1900–1917 era occur outside of this sequence amongst stopping places on the rail route.

text: Operations[edit]

text: Because of the inevitable problems of finding suitable water for steam locomotives in a desert, the original engineer, Henry Deane envisaged diesel locomotives for the line. He got as far as making enquiries with potential manufacturers. Unfortunately, a scandal involving the supply of sleepers led to Deane's resignation before the diesel locomotive proposal had advanced beyond the point of no return.[16]

text: Initially trains were hauled by G class locomotives and from 1938 by C class locomotives.[17] It was not until 1951 that regular diesel hauled passenger services worked on the Trans Australia Railway, hauled by the new GM class locomotives.[18]

text: The Trans-Australian Railway originally had crossing loops (passing sidings) 400 m (1,300 ft) long every 100 km (62 mi) or so. As traffic increased the number of crossing loops increased. To handle longer trains, crossing loops were lengthened so that in 2008 they are all at least 1,800 m (5,900 ft) long and spaced about 30 km (19 mi) to 60 km (37 mi) apart.

text: Most crossing loops are unattended and train crew operate the points as required. Crossing loops have self restoring points, so that points are reset to the straight route when a train departs from a crossing loop. The loops are fitted with radio controls so that train crew can set the points as they approach. Locomotives are fitted with an in-cab activated points system (ICAPS), enabling the remote operation of the self-restoring point machines at crossing loops by the crew from the locomotive cab, allowing train crews to set the required route without having to stop the train.[19]

text: The safeworking is Train Orders, via a verbal communications-based train order working system.[19]


document_title: Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator

question_text: where does charlie and the great glass elevator take place

text: Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator

text: Plot[edit]

text: This section's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The story picks up immediately where the previous book left off, with Charlie and his whole family aboard the flying Great Glass Elevator, en route to the Chocolate Factory which Mr. Wonka intends to give to Charlie. The height to which the Elevator ascends frightens Charlie's family sending the Elevator in the wrong direction. As a result, the Elevator goes into orbit, where Wonka docks them at a Space Hotel

text: In the White House, President Lancelot R. Gilligrass, Vice President Elvira Tibbs, the president's best friend, chiefs, and the U.S. Cabinet see the Elevator dock with the Space Hotel, and fear it contains hostile agents of a foreign or extraterrestrial government, while the space shuttle containing the hotel staff and three astronauts approaches the Space Hotel. On the Hotel, Wonka and the others hear the President address them across a radio link as Martians, and Wonka therefore teases Gilligrass with nonsense words and grotesque poetry. In the midst of this, the hotel's own elevators open, revealing five gigantic amoeba-like monsters, which change shape: each forming a letter of the word 'SCRAM'. Recognising the danger, Mr. Wonka orders everybody off the Space Hotel. These shape-changers, Mr. Wonka tells the others, are predatory extraterrestrials called Vermicious Knids, waiting in the Space Hotel to consume its staff and guests. Mr. Wonka also explains that the Knids have tried to invade Earth and consume its inhabitants like they have done with many other planets but are always incinerated because of the atmosphere protecting the planet.

text: Upon the Elevator's departure, the staff and astronauts go aboard, and the Knids consume twenty-four of the staff, while the others escape. The Knids dive-bomb the shuttle, destroying the rockets, cameras, and radio antenna, apparently stranding the occupants in space. Seeing all this from the "Knidproof" Great Glass Elevator, Charlie suggests that he and his companions tow the shuttle back to Earth. Wonka pilots the Elevator into range, whereupon Grandpa Joe connects the two vessels by means of a steel cord. The Knids change into living segments of a towing line, with which to capture the two spacecraft, while a single Knid wraps his body around the Elevator to provide an anchor for this operation; whereupon Willy Wonka returns the Elevator to Earth, and the Knids are incinerated in the atmosphere. At the right moment, Mr. Wonka releases the shuttle, which floats safely home. The Elevator then crashes back down through the roof of the chocolate factory, but thanks to Mr. Wonka's expert piloting, the hurtling Elevator perfectly engages inside another of the same shafts that it had exited from in the first book, and rolls smoothly downward to a normal stop inside the factory.

text: Despite Charlie's urging, and Mr. Wonka's intention for Charlie's family to help him with the factory's operations, Grandma Georgina, Grandpa George, and Grandma Josephine still refuse to leave their bed. Wonka gives them a rejuvenation formula, called 'Wonka-Vite'. The three bedridden recipients take much more than they need, and they each lose eighty years. Grandpa George reverts to one year old, Grandma Josephine three months, and Grandma Georgina - who was only seventy-eight years old - vanishes altogether, having become "minus two". Charlie and Mr. Wonka journey in the Great Glass Elevator to 'Minusland' (a limbo containing those subject to Grandma Georgina's transformation, discovered by Mr. Wonka when his initial experiments to create Wonka-Vite were too powerful). There Mr. Wonka restores her with 'Vita-Wonk', a sprayable compound that makes people older. Upon her return, Grandma Georgina has become 358 years old, and her memory entails a long history beginning with the voyage in the ship Mayflower and ending in the present moment. Using a more cautious dose of Wonka-Vite, her companions restore her correct age of seventy-eight; and with this done, Charlie and Mr. Wonka return Grandma Josephine and Grandpa George to their original age.

text: Immediately afterwards, the Oompa-Loompas tell Mr. Wonka a helicopter has landed near the factory and give him a letter from President Gilligrass, in which he says he now realises Wonka was responsible for the rescue. The President congratulates the occupants of the Great Glass Elevator and invites them as the guests of honour to the White House for dinner. Charlie and Grandpa Joe end up goading the other three grandparents out of bed, pointing out that their bed can't make it up to Marine One, forcing them to leap out of bed, not wanting to miss the opportunity. As the helicopter prepares to take the family to a department store so Charlie's grandparents may obtain clothes to replace their pyjamas, Charlie and Grandpa Joe remark between themselves that their adventures have only "just begun".

text: Unfinished sequel[edit]

text: A follow-up to the book was planned, called Charlie in the White House. Charlie's family and Willy Wonka are invited by President Gilligrass to have dinner at the White House, as thanks for rescuing the Space Shuttle from its attack by the Vermicious Knids. Dahl only wrote the first chapter, which is on display at the Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre in Great Missenden.[3]

text: Editions[edit]

text:
ISBN 0-394-82472-5 (hardcover, 1972)
ISBN 0-394-92472-X (library servings, 1972)
ISBN 0-04-823106-1 (board book, 1973)
ISBN 0-14-030755-9 (paperback, 1975)
ISBN 0-14-032043-1 (paperback, 1986, illustrated by Michael Foreman)
ISBN 0-14-032870-X (paperback, 1988)
ISBN 0-670-85249-X (hardcover, 1995)
ISBN 0-14-037155-9 (paperback, 1995)
ISBN 0-14-038533-9 (paperback, 1997)
ISBN 0-375-91525-7 (library binding, 2001)
ISBN 0-14-131143-6 (paperback, 2001)
ISBN 0-375-81525-2 (hardcover, 2001)
ISBN 0-14-240412-8 (paperback, 2005)
ISBN 0-141-80780-6 (audio CD read by Eric Idle)

tag: ul


document_title: Mantle (geology)

question_text: which part of the earth is composed of the crust and upper mantle

text: Mantle (geology)

text: Earth's mantle

text: The interior of Earth, similar to the other terrestrial planets, is divided into layers of different composition. The mantle is a layer between the crust and the outer core. Earth's mantle is a silicate rocky shell with an average thickness of 2,886 kilometres (1,793 mi).[13] The mantle makes up about 84% of Earth's volume.[14] It is predominantly solid but in geological time it behaves as a very viscous fluid. The mantle encloses the hot core rich in iron and nickel, which makes up about 15% of Earth's volume.[14] Past episodes of melting and volcanism at the shallower levels of the mantle have produced a thin crust of crystallized melt products near the surface.[15] Information about the structure and composition of the mantle has been obtained from geophysical investigation and from direct geoscientific analyses of Earth mantle-derived xenoliths and mantle that has been exposed by mid-oceanic ridge spreading.

text: Two main zones are distinguished in the upper mantle: the inner asthenosphere composed of plastic flowing rock of varying thickness, on average about 200 km (120 mi) thick,[16] and the lowermost part of the lithosphere composed of rigid rock about 50 to 120 km (31 to 75 mi) thick.[17] A thin crust, the upper part of the lithosphere, surrounds the mantle and is about 5 to 75 km (3.1 to 46.6 mi) thick.[18] Recent analysis of hydrous ringwoodite from the mantle suggests that there is between one[19] and three[20] times as much water in the transition zone between the lower and upper mantle than in all the world's oceans combined.[21]

text: In some places under the ocean the mantle is actually exposed on the surface of Earth.[22] There are also a few places on land where mantle rock has been pushed to the surface by tectonic activity, most notably the Tablelands region of Gros Morne National Park in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador and Zabargad Island (St. John's Island) in the Red Sea. (Also Macquarie Island, Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago, Troodos Ophiolite, Lizard Complex, Semail Ophiolite, and other ophiolites)

text: Structure

text: The mantle is divided into sections which are based upon results from seismology. These layers (and their thicknesses/depths) are the following: the upper mantle (starting at the Moho, or base of the crust around 7 to 35 km (4.3 to 21.7 mi) downward to 410 km (250 mi)),[23] the transition zone (410–660 km or 250–410 mi), the lower mantle (660–2,891 km or 410–1,796 mi), and anomalous core–mantle boundary with a variable thickness (on average ~200 km (120 mi) thick).[15][24][25][26]

text: The top of the mantle is defined by a sudden increase in seismic velocity, which was first noted by Andrija Mohorovičić in 1909; this boundary is now referred to as the Mohorovičić discontinuity or "Moho".[24][27] The uppermost mantle plus overlying crust are relatively rigid and form the lithosphere, an irregular layer with a maximum thickness of perhaps 200 km (120 mi). Below the lithosphere the upper mantle becomes notably more plastic. In some regions below the lithosphere, the seismic shear velocity is reduced; this so-called low-velocity zone (LVZ) extends down to a depth of several hundred km. Inge Lehmann discovered a seismic discontinuity at about 220 km (140 mi) depth;[28] although this discontinuity has been found in other studies, it is not known whether the discontinuity is ubiquitous. The transition zone is an area of great complexity; it physically separates the upper and lower mantle.[26] Very little is known about the lower mantle apart from that it appears to be relatively seismically homogeneous. The D" layer at the core–mantle boundary separates the mantle from the core.[15][24] In 2015, research using gravitational data from GRACE satellites and the long wavelength nonhydrostatic geoid indicated viscosity[29] increases by a factor of ten to 150 about 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) below earth's surface; separate research also indicates sinking tectonic plates stall at this depth, leading Robert van der Hilst to speculate "In term's of structure and dynamics, 1,000 kilometers could be more important" (than the currently accepted 660 km depth upper—lower division).[30] The lower mantle also contains some discontinueous zones, called "thermochemical piles" which have been interpreted as either thermally differentiated, upwellings bringing warmer material towards the surface, or as chemically differentiated material.[31] A principal source of the heat that drives plate tectonics is the radioactive decay of uranium, thorium, and potassium in Earth’s crust and mantle.[32]

text: Characteristics

text: The mantle differs substantially from the crust in its mechanical properties as the direct consequence of the difference in composition (expressed as different mineralogy). The distinction between crust and mantle is based on chemistry, rock types, rheology and seismic characteristics. The crust is a solidification product of mantle derived melts, expressed as various degrees of partial melting products during geologic time. Partial melting of mantle material is believed to cause incompatible elements to separate from the mantle, with less dense material floating upward through pore spaces, cracks, or fissures, that would subsequently cool and solidify at the surface. Typical mantle rocks have a higher magnesium to iron ratio and a smaller proportion of silicon and aluminium than the crust. This behavior is also predicted by experiments that partly melt rocks thought to be representative of Earth's mantle.

text: Mantle rocks shallower than about 410 km (250 mi) depth consist mostly of olivine, pyroxenes, spinel-structure minerals, and garnet;[26] typical rock types are thought to be peridotite,[26] dunite (olivine-rich peridotite), and eclogite. Between about 400 km (250 mi) and 650 km (400 mi) depth, olivine is not stable and is replaced by high pressure polymorphs with approximately the same composition: one polymorph is wadsleyite (also called beta-spinel type), and the other is ringwoodite (a mineral with the gamma-spinel structure). Below about 650 km (400 mi), all of the minerals of the upper mantle begin to become unstable. The most abundant minerals present, the silicate perovskites, have structures (but not compositions) like that of the mineral perovskite followed by the magnesium/iron oxide ferropericlase.[33] The changes in mineralogy at about 400 and 650 km (250 and 400 mi) yield distinctive signatures in seismic records of the Earth's interior, and like the moho, are readily detected using seismic waves. These changes in mineralogy may influence mantle convection, as they result in density changes and they may absorb or release latent heat as well as depress or elevate the depth of the polymorphic phase transitions for regions of different temperatures. The changes in mineralogy with depth have been investigated by laboratory experiments that duplicate high mantle pressures, such as those using the diamond anvil.[34]

text:
Composition of Earth's mantle in weight percent[35] [36]

Element
Amount

Compound
Amount

O
44.8

Mg
22.8
SiO2
46

Si
21.5
MgO
37.8

Fe
5.8
FeO
7.5

Ca
2.3
Al2O3
4.2

Al
2.2
CaO
3.2

Na
0.3
Na2O
0.4

K
0.03
K2O
0.04

Sum
99.7
Sum
99.1

text: The inner core is solid, the outer core is liquid, and the mantle solid/plastic. This is because of the relative melting points of the different layers (nickel–iron core, silicate crust and mantle) and the increase in temperature and pressure as depth increases. At the surface both nickel–iron alloys and silicates are sufficiently cool to be solid. In the upper mantle, the silicates are generally solid (localised regions with small amounts of melt exist); however, as the upper mantle is both hot and under relatively little pressure, the rock in the upper mantle has a relatively low viscosity. In contrast, the lower mantle is under tremendous pressure and therefore has a higher viscosity than the upper mantle. The metallic nickel–iron outer core is liquid because of the high temperature, despite the high pressure. As the pressure increases, the nickel–iron inner core becomes solid because the melting point of iron increases dramatically at these high pressures.[37]

text: Temperature

text: In the mantle, temperatures range between 500 to 900 °C (932 to 1,652 °F) at the upper boundary with the crust; to over 4,000 °C (7,230 °F) at the boundary with the core.[37] Although the higher temperatures far exceed the melting points of the mantle rocks at the surface (about 1200 °C for representative peridotite), the mantle is almost exclusively solid.[37] The enormous lithostatic pressure exerted on the mantle prevents melting, because the temperature at which melting begins (the solidus) increases with pressure.

text: Movement

text: Because of the temperature difference between the Earth's surface and outer core and the ability of the crystalline rocks at high pressure and temperature to undergo slow, creeping, viscous-like deformation over millions of years, there is a convective material circulation in the mantle.[24] Hot material upwells, while cooler (and heavier) material sinks downward. Downward motion of material occurs at convergent plate boundaries called subduction zones. Locations on the surface that lie over plumes are predicted to have high elevation (because of the buoyancy of the hotter, less-dense plume beneath) and to exhibit hot spot volcanism. The volcanism often attributed to deep mantle plumes is alternatively explained by passive extension of the crust, permitting magma to leak to the surface (the "Plate" hypothesis).[38]

text: The convection of the Earth's mantle is a chaotic process (in the sense of fluid dynamics), which is thought to be an integral part of the motion of plates. Plate motion should not be confused with continental drift which applies purely to the movement of the crustal components of the continents. The movements of the lithosphere and the underlying mantle are coupled since descending lithosphere is an essential component of convection in the mantle. The observed continental drift is a complicated relationship between the forces causing oceanic lithosphere to sink and the movements within Earth's mantle.

text: Although there is a tendency to larger viscosity at greater depth, this relation is far from linear and shows layers with dramatically decreased viscosity, in particular in the upper mantle and at the boundary with the core.[39] The mantle within about 200 km (120 mi) above the core–mantle boundary appears to have distinctly different seismic properties than the mantle at slightly shallower depths; this unusual mantle region just above the core is called D″ ("D double-prime"), a nomenclature introduced over 50 years ago by the geophysicist Keith Bullen.[40] D″ may consist of material from subducted slabs that descended and came to rest at the core–mantle boundary and/or from a new mineral polymorph discovered in perovskite called post-perovskite.

text: Earthquakes at shallow depths are a result of stick-slip faulting; however, below about 50 km (31 mi) the hot, high pressure conditions ought to inhibit further seismicity. The mantle is considered to be viscous and incapable of brittle faulting. However, in subduction zones, earthquakes are observed down to 670 km (420 mi). A number of mechanisms have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, including dehydration, thermal runaway, and phase change. The geothermal gradient can be lowered where cool material from the surface sinks downward, increasing the strength of the surrounding mantle, and allowing earthquakes to occur down to a depth of 400 km (250 mi) and 670 km (420 mi).

text: The pressure at the bottom of the mantle is ~136 GPa (1.4 million atm).[26] Pressure increases as depth increases, since the material beneath has to support the weight of all the material above it. The entire mantle, however, is thought to deform like a fluid on long timescales, with permanent plastic deformation accommodated by the movement of point, line, and/or planar defects through the solid crystals comprising the mantle. Estimates for the viscosity of the upper mantle range between 1019 and 1024 Pa·s, depending on depth,[39] temperature, composition, state of stress, and numerous other factors. Thus, the upper mantle can only flow very slowly. However, when large forces are applied to the uppermost mantle it can become weaker, and this effect is thought to be important in allowing the formation of tectonic plate boundaries.

text: Exploration

text: Exploration of the mantle is generally conducted at the seabed rather than on land because of the relative thinness of the oceanic crust as compared to the significantly thicker continental crust.

text: The first attempt at mantle exploration, known as Project Mohole, was abandoned in 1966 after repeated failures and cost over-runs. The deepest penetration was approximately 180 m (590 ft). In 2005 an oceanic borehole reached 1,416 metres (4,646 ft) below the sea floor from the ocean drilling vessel JOIDES Resolution.

text: On 5 March 2007, a team of scientists on board the RRS James Cook embarked on a voyage to an area of the Atlantic seafloor where the mantle lies exposed without any crust covering, midway between the Cape Verde Islands and the Caribbean Sea. The exposed site lies approximately three kilometres beneath the ocean surface and covers thousands of square kilometres.[41][42] A relatively difficult attempt to retrieve samples from the Earth's mantle was scheduled for later in 2007.[43] The Chikyu Hakken mission attempted to use the Japanese vessel Chikyū to drill up to 7,000 m (23,000 ft) below the seabed. This is nearly three times as deep as preceding oceanic drillings.

text: A novel method of exploring the uppermost few hundred kilometres of the Earth was recently proposed, consisting of a small, dense, heat-generating probe which melts its way down through the crust and mantle while its position and progress are tracked by acoustic signals generated in the rocks.[44] The probe consists of an outer sphere of tungsten about one metre in diameter with a cobalt-60 interior acting as a radioactive heat source. It was calculated that such a probe will reach the oceanic Moho in less than 6 months and attain minimum depths of well over 100 km (62 mi) in a few decades beneath both oceanic and continental lithosphere.[45]

text: Exploration can also be aided through computer simulations of the evolution of the mantle. In 2009, a supercomputer application provided new insight into the distribution of mineral deposits, especially isotopes of iron, from when the mantle developed 4.5 billion years ago.[46]


document_title: List of Major League Baseball progressive single-season home run leaders

question_text: who has the homerun record in a season

question_tokens: who has the homerun record in a season

text: Single-season records[edit]

text:
Batter
Team
Age
Year
HR
Reign
Record breaker

George Hall
Philadelphia Athletics
27
1876
5
3 years
—

Charley Jones
Boston Red Caps
29
1879
9
4 years
6th on July 31 off George Bradley

Harry Stovey
Philadelphia Athletics
27
1883
14
1 year
10th on August 1 off Jack Neagle

Ned Williamson
Chicago White Stockings
27
1884
27
35 years
15th on July 9 off Ed Bagley

Babe Ruth
Boston Red Sox
24
1919
29
1 year
28th on September 24 off Bob Shawkey

Babe Ruth
New York Yankees
25
1920
54
1 year
30th on July 19 off Dickie Kerr

Babe Ruth
New York Yankees
26
1921
59
6 years
55th on September 15 off Bill Bayne

Babe Ruth
New York Yankees
32
1927
60
34 years
60th on September 30 off Tom Zachary

Roger Maris
New York Yankees
27
1961
61
37 years
61st on October 1 off Tracy Stallard

Mark McGwire
St. Louis Cardinals
35
1998
70
3 years
62nd on September 8 off Steve Trachsel

Barry Bonds
San Francisco Giants
36
2001
73
17 years
71st on October 5 off Chan Ho Park

text: Sammy Sosa hit his 66th home run on September 25, 1998, breaking McGwire's then standing record of 65 home runs. McGwire tied that record less than an hour later and then hit two home runs on each of the next two days to achieve his 70 home run record.[1]

text: Progression[edit]

text: Summarized from The Baseball Encyclopedia for older information, and from various news stories for newer information:

text: Home runs per game[edit]

text: Number of home runs in the season divided by number of games in schedule (not games played)

text:
Average
Name

0.451
Barry Bonds

0.430
Mark McGwire

0.390
Babe Ruth (1)

0.383
Babe Ruth (2)

0.377
Roger Maris

0.350
Babe Ruth (3)

0.240
Ned Williamson

0.200
Babe Ruth (4)

0.140
Harry Stovey

0.100
Charley Jones

0.070
George Hall


document_title: List of observances set by the Hebrew calendar

question_text: when does the month of elul begin 2018

question_tokens: when does the month of elul begin 2018

text: Holidays for the Jewish calendar year of 5779 (2018–2019)[edit]

text: Yom tov for the Three Pilgrimage Festivals (Pesach, Shavuot, and Sukkot)  is observed for 1 day in Israel and in Reform and most Reconstructionist communities around the world, and is observed for 2 days in Orthodox and most Conservative communities outside Israel, because of yom tov sheni shel galuyot.  In the table, these are referred to as 1-day and 2-day communities.

text:
Date on Hebrew calendar

Gregorian date

Hebrew Name

Notes

1-2 Tishrei

September 9-11, 2018

Rosh Hashanah

Public holiday in Israel

1-10 Tishrei

September 9-19, 2018

Ten Days of Repentance

3 Tishrei

September 12, 2018

Fast of Gedalia

Public holiday in Israel, changes to Tishrei 4 when Tishrei 3 is Shabbat

Movable

September 15, 2018

Shabbat Shuvah (Sabbath of Return, or Sabbath of Repentance)

Shabbat between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur

9 Tishrei

September 18, 2018

Erev Yom Kippur

Yom Kippur Eve

10 Tishrei

September 19, 2018

Yom Kippur

Public holiday in Israel. Unlike other fasting days, this does not move to avoid interfering with Shabbat.

14 Tishrei

September 23, 2018

Erev Sukkot

Sukkot Eve

15-21 Tishrei

September 24-30, 2018

Sukkot

One of the Three Pilgrimage Festivals, public holiday in Israel

16-21 Tishrei (1-day communities) / 17-21 Tishrei (2-day communities)

September 25-30, 2018 (1-day communities) /September 26-30, 2018 (2-day communities)

Chol HaMoed Sukkot

Public holiday in Israel. Seharane is celebrated by Kurdish Jews  during this time, but only in the State of Israel. Outside of Israel Seharane is celebrated after Passover.

Movable

September 29, 2018

Shabbat Chol Hamoed Sukkot

21 Tishrei

September 30, 2018 (communities in Israel)/October 1, 2018 (communities outside Israel)

Hoshanah Rabbah

22 Tishrei

October 1, 2018

Shemini Atzeret

Public holiday in Israel.  Includes Simchat Torah in 1-day communities.

23 Tishrei

October 2, 2018

Simchat Torah

2-day communities only

Movable

October 6, 2018

Shabbat Mevorchim

Shabbat preceding and beginning a week containing a Rosh Chodesh

30 Tishrei - 1 Cheshvan

October 9-10, 2018

Rosh Chodesh of Cheshvan

Movable

October 15, 2018

Bahab

First Monday of Cheshvan, (optional)

7 Cheshvan

October 16, 2018

V'tein Tal u-Matar ("Deliver Dew and Rain")

This is a prayer added to the Shemoneh Esrei prayers in Israel. If no rain has fallen by the 17th of Cheshvan, special prayers are added for rain [1]

7 Cheshvan

October 16, 2018

Yom HaAliyah

Observed in Israeli schools on 7 Cheshvan with 10 Nisan being the public holiday in Israel.

Movable

October 18, 2018

Bahab

First Thursday of Cheshvan after the first Monday, (optional)

12 Cheshvan

October 21, 2018

Rabin Day

Public holiday in Israel

Movable

October 22, 2018

Bahab

Monday following first Thursday of Cheshvan, (optional)

Movable

November 3, 2018

Shabbat Mevorchim

Shabbat preceding and beginning a week containing a Rosh Chodesh

29 Cheshvan

November 7, 2018

Sigd

Public holiday in Israel

1 Kislev

November 9, 2018

Rosh Chodesh of Kislev

In years when Cheshvan has 30 days, this also includes 30 Cheshvan.

1 Kislev

November 9, 2018

1 Kislev

Non Rosh Chodesh related observance, Chabad sect only

6 Kislev

November 14, 2018

Ben-Gurion Day

Public holiday in Israel

9 Kislev

November 17, 2018

9 Kislev

Chabad sect only

10 Kislev

November 18, 2018

10 Kislev

Chabad sect only

19 Kislev

November 27, 2018

19 Kislev

Chabad sect only

23 Kislev

December 1, 2018

Teacher's Day in Israel

24 Kislev— 2 Tevet

December 2-10, 2018

Hanukkah

Public holiday in Israel. Ends 3 Tevet if Kislev is short.

Movable

December 8, 2018

Shabbat Mevorchim

Shabbat preceding and beginning a week containing a Rosh Chodesh

30 Kislev - 1 Tevet

December 8-9, 2018

Rosh Chodesh of Tevet

5 Tevet

December 13, 2018

5 Tevet

Chabad sect only

10 Tevet

December 18, 2018

Tenth of Tevet

Public holiday in Israel

Movable

January 5, 2019

Shabbat Mevorchim

Shabbat preceding and beginning a week containing a Rosh Chodesh

29 Tevet

January 6, 2019

Yom Kippur Katan

Optional. If Yom Kippur Katan falls on a Friday or Saturday, it is moved to the preceding Thursday to avoid interfering with Shabbat.

1 Shevat

January 7, 2019

Rosh Chodesh of Shevat

10 Shevat

January 16, 2019

10 Shevat

Chabad sect only

Movable

January 19, 2019

Shabbat Shirah

Shabbat that falls on or before Tu BiShvat

15 Shevat

January 21, 2019

Tu BiShvat

Public holiday in Israel

22 Shevat

January 22, 2019

22 Shevat

Chabad sect only

Movable

February 2, 2019

Shabbat Shekalim

Shabbat on or before Rosh Chodesh Adar

29 Shevat

February 4, 2019

Yom Kippur Katan

Optional. If Yom Kippur Katan falls on a Friday or Saturday, it is moved to the preceding Thursday to avoid interfering with Shabbat.

30 Shevat - 1 Adar I

February 5-6, 2019

Rosh Chodesh of Adar

14 Adar I

February 19, 2019

Purim Katan

Minor Purim celebration on Adar I during leap years. Purim itself is celebrated in Adar II.

29 Adar I

March 6, 2019

Yom Kippur Katan

Optional. If Yom Kippur Katan falls on a Friday or Saturday, it is moved to the preceding Thursday to avoid interfering with Shabbat.

1 Adar II

March 8, 2019

Rosh Chodesh of Adar II

Adar II is added on leap years only

7 Adar II

March 14, 2019

Seventh of Adar

On Adar II on leap years, Adar I on non-leap years

Movable

March 16, 2019

Shabbat Zachor

Shabbat immediately preceding Purim. On leap years, this falls on the 1st of Adar II, or on the 1st of Adar II itself if it is Shabbat.  Adar I on non-leap years.

13 Adar II

March 20, 2019

Fast of Esther

Public holiday in Israel. Starts at dawn. Can be moved to avoid conflict with the Sabbath. On Adar II on leap years, Adar I on non-leap years.

14 Adar II

March 21, 2019

Purim

Public holiday in Israel On Adar II on leap years,  Adar I on non-leap years.

15 Adar II

March 22, 2019

Shushan Purim

On Adar II on leap years,  Adar I on non-leap years.

Movable

March 29, 2019

Shabbat Parah

Shabbat preceding Shabbat HaChodesh

29 Adar II

April 4, 2019

Yom Kippur Katan

Optional. If Yom Kippur Katan falls on a Friday or Saturday, it is moved to the preceding Thursday to avoid interfering with Shabbat.

Movable

April 5, 2019

Shabbat HaChodesh

Shabbat on or immediately preceding Rosh Chodesh of Nisan

1 Nisan

April 6, 2019

Rosh Chodesh of Nisan

Movable

April 13, 2019

Shabbat HaGadol

Shabbat immediately preceding Passover

10 Nisan

April 15, 2019

Yom HaAliyah

Public holiday in Israel

11 Nisan

April 16, 2019

11 Nisan

(Chabad sect only)

11 Nisan

April 16, 2019

Education and Sharing Day

United States

12 Nisan

April 17, 2019

Fast of the Firstborn

on 12 Nisan when the 14th falls on Sabbath

13 Nisan

April 18, 2019

Bedikas Chametz

15-21 Nisan (1-day communities) / 15-22 Nisan (2-day communities)

April 20-26, 2019 / April 20-27, 2019

Passover

Public holiday in Israel. One of the Three Pilgrimage Festivals.

16 Nisan - 5 Sivan

April 21-June 8, 2018

Counting the Omer

Movable

April 28 - May 5, 2019

Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust

United States, Sunday before Yom Hashoah to following Sunday

16-20 Nisan (1-day communities) / 17-20 Nisan (2-day communities)

April 21-25, 2019 / April 22-25, 2019

Chol HaMoed Pesach

Public holiday in Israel.

Movable

Does not occur this year

Shabbat Chol Hamoed Pesach

21 Nisan

April 26, 2019

Shvi'i shel Pesach

Public holiday in Israel.

22 Nisan (1-day communities) / 23 Nisan (2-day communities)

April 27, 2019 / April 28, 2019

Mimouna

Public holiday in Israel

23 Nisan

April 28, 2019

Seharane

Seharane is celebrated by Kurdish Jews outside of Israel on this date. In the state of Israel, it is celebrated on Chol HaMoed Sukkot. (see entry for that holiday)

23 Nisan (22 Nisan within Israel)

April 28, 2019 (April 27, 2019)

Shab Shal

Iranian Jews, end of Passover holiday.

27 Nisan

May 2, 2019

Yom HaShoah

Public holiday in Israel. Moved to 26 or 28 Nisan when the 27th falls on Friday or Sunday respectively, interfering with Shabbat.

Movable

May 4, 2019

Shabbat Mevorchim

Shabbat preceding and beginning a week containing a Rosh Chodesh

30 Nisan - 1 Iyar

May 5-6, 2019

Rosh Chodesh of Iyar

2 Iyar

May 7, 2019

2 Iyar

Chabad sect only.

First Monday of Iyar

Bahab (optional)

4 Iyar

May 8, 2019

Yom Hazikaron

Public holiday in Israel. Might be moved to avoid conflict with Independence Day (Israel) or Shabbat.

5 Iyar

May 9, 2019

Day to Praise

Same day as Independence Day (Israel), see next entry.

5 Iyar

May 9, 2019

Independence Day (Israel)

Public holiday in Israel. Might be moved to avoid conflict with Yom Hazikaron or Shabbat.

First Thursday of Iyar

May 9, 2019

Bahab (optional)

Monday following first Thursday of Iyar

May 13, 2019

Bahab (optional)

10 Iyar

May 15, 2019

Herzl Day

Public holiday in Israel.

14 Iyar

May 19, 2019

Pesach Sheni

18 Iyar

May 23, 2019

Lag Ba'omer

Public holiday in Israel.

Movable

June 1, 2019

Shabbat Mevorchim

28 Iyar

June 2, 2019

Fast of Samuel

Fast is optional and is generally only observed by Chevra kadisha

28 Iyar

June 2, 2019

Jerusalem Day

Public holiday in Israel.

29 Iyar

June 3, 2019

Yom Kippur Katan

Optional. If Yom Kippur Katan falls on a Friday or Saturday, it is moved to the preceding Thursday to avoid interfering with Shabbat.

1 Sivan

June 4, 2019

Rosh Chodesh of Sivan

6 Sivan (1-day communities) / 6-7 Sivan (2-day communities)

June 9, 2019 / June 9-10, 2019

Shavuot

One of the Three Pilgrimage Festivals. Public holiday in Israel.

20 Sivan

June 23, 2019

Fast of the Khmelnytsky massacres

Not widely observed

29 Sivan

July 2, 2019

Yom Kippur Katan

Optional. If Yom Kippur Katan falls on a Friday or Saturday, it is moved to the preceding Thursday to avoid interfering with Shabbat.

30 Sivan - 1 Tammuz

July 3 - July 4

Rosh Chodesh of Tammuz

3 Tammuz

July 6, 2019

3 Tammuz

Chabad sect only

12-13 Tammuz

July 15-16, 2019

12-13 Tammuz

Chabad sect only

17 Tammuz

July 21, 2018

Seventeenth of Tammuz

Can be moved to avoid interfering with Shabbat. Public holiday in Israel.

17 Tammuz - 9 Av

July 21-August 10, 2019

The Three Weeks

29 Tammuz

August 1, 2019

Jabotinsky Day

Public holiday in Israel.

29 Tammuz

August 1, 2019

Yom Kippur Katan

Optional. If Yom Kippur Katan falls on a Friday or Saturday, it is moved to the preceding Thursday to avoid interfering with Shabbat.

1 Av

August 2, 2019

Rosh Chodesh of Av

1 Av - 9 Av

August 2-10, 2019

The Nine Days

3 Av

August 4, 2019

Feast of the First Fruits of Wine

From the Dead Sea Scrolls not celebrated by any modern Jewish sect

Movable

August 10, 2019

Shabbat Chazon

Shabbat immediately prior to Tisha B'Av

9 Av

August 11, 2019

Tisha B'Av

Public holiday in Israel.

15 Av

August 16, 2019

Tu B'Av

Public holiday in Israel.

Movable

August 17, 2019

Shabat Nachamu

Shabbat immediately following Tisha B'av

30 Av

August 31, 2019

Yom Kippur Katan

Optional. If Yom Kippur Katan falls on a Friday or Saturday, it is moved to the preceding Thursday to avoid interfering with Shabbat.

30 Av - 1 Elul

August 31-September 1

Rosh Hashanah LaBehema and Rosh Chodesh of Elul

15 Elul

September 15, 2019

15 Elul

Chabad sect only

18 Elul

September 18, 2019

Chai Elul

Chabad sect only

Movable

September 29, 2019

Leil Selichot prayers begin under Ashkenazic tradition

These prayers begin on the Saturday night before Rosh Hashanah. If, however, the first day of Rosh Hashanah falls on Monday or Tuesday, the prayers are begun the Saturday night prior to ensure that Selichot are recited at least four times.

29 Elul

September 29, 2019

Erev Rosh Hashanah

text: Non-annual observances[edit]

text:
Purim Katan - Minor Purim celebration on Adar I during leap years. Purim itself is celebrated in Adar II. The next time this will happen is the Jewish year 5779, on February 19, 2019.[2]
Purim Mehulash - Rare calendar occurrence when Purim in Israel falls on Shabbat. The next time this will happen is 2021.[3]
Jewish calendar year 5782 - Shmita - September 7, 2021 - September 25, 2022 (Observed every seven years)[4]
Jewish calendar year 5783 - Hakhel - Observed every seven years, comes after Shimita year.
14 Nisan 5769 - Birkat Hachama -  April 8, 2037 (Observed every 28 years)