document_title: Transformers (film series)

question_text: when did the last transformers movie come out

text: Transformers (film series)

text: Films[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Transformers – The first film in the series, released on July 3, 2007. It grossed $709 million worldwide. It was directed by Michael Bay from a screenplay by Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci and a story by Kurtzman, Orci and John Rogers, and starred Shia LaBeouf and Megan Fox.
Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen – The second film in the series, released on June 24, 2009. It grossed $836.3 million worldwide. It was directed by Michael Bay from a screenplay written by Ehren Kruger, Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman, and starred Shia LaBeouf and Megan Fox.
Transformers: Dark of the Moon – The third film in the series, released on June 29, 2011, in 3D and IMAX 3D. It grossed $1.124 billion worldwide. It was directed by Michael Bay from a screenplay written by Ehren Kruger and starred Shia LaBeouf and Rosie Huntington-Whiteley.
Transformers: Age of Extinction – The fourth film in the series, released on June 27, 2014, in 2D and 3D. It grossed $1.104 billion worldwide. It was directed by Michael Bay from a screenplay written by Ehren Kruger, and starred Mark Wahlberg and Stanley Tucci.
Transformers: The Last Knight – The fifth film in the series, released on June 21, 2017, in 2D and 3D. It grossed $605.4 million worldwide.[4] It was directed by Michael Bay from a screenplay written by Art Marcum, Matt Holloway and Ken Nolan, and starred Mark Wahlberg and Anthony Hopkins. This also marks Bay's final entry as director, as the studio will search for a new director to take over future sequels.

text: Spin-offs[edit]

text: Bumblebee – The sixth film in the series, a spin-off and a prequel to the 2007 film, set for release on December 21, 2018. It is being directed by Travis Knight from a screenplay written by Christina Hodson, featuring the story of Bumblebee, set in 1986, and will star Hailee Steinfeld, John Cena, and Jorge Lendeborg Jr.. Filming began in August 2017.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]

text: Films in development[edit]

text: On February 12, 2016 announcement, Tom Warner, the Transformers franchise leader for Hasbro, also stated that a sequel to Transformers: The Last Knight, is to be released on June 28, 2019. It has been called "Transformers 6", but is untitled now and the studio is in search for a new director for the sixth film.[7][15][16] In May 2015, it was reported that a film centered around the origins of the Autobots and Decepticons, tentatively titled Transformers One, is in development with Ant-Man and the Wasp screenwriters Andrew Barrer and Gabriel Ferrari. This followed a writers' room collaboration rendered by Paramount Pictures to determine the future of the Transformers franchise.[17] On March 28, 2013, during the release of G.I. Joe: Retaliation, producer di Bonaventura announced that he is open to doing a G.I. Joe/Transformers crossover.[18] On July 26, 2013, G.I. Joe: Retaliation director Jon M. Chu stated that he is also interested in directing a Transformers/G.I. Joe crossover film.[19] Despite di Bonaventura stating that a crossover was not likely to happen in June 2014,[20] he later said that a crossover was still a possibility.[21] On October 23, 2015, Jon M. Chu confirmed his intentions to make a crossover film between Transformers, G.I. Joe, and Jem.[22] On October 29, 2015, Chu hinted about Transformers possibly doing crossovers with other Hasbro products.[23] On January 18, 2017, D.J. Caruso, who is set to direct the third G.I. Joe movie, stated that the script for the crossover movie is being written.[24]

text: In April 2017, Michael Bay stated that, as a result of the writers' room, there are fourteen stories completed for potential future Transformers films.[25]

text: Expanded universe[edit]

text: In addition to the films, the film series has a promotional expanded series that is set both before and after the events of the films. This includes comic books, video games, and novels. While the novels are partially based on the films themselves, and the video games aren't in the same continuity as the films, the comic books and graphic novels are in the same continuity and fill in several parts of the stories from the films.

text: Production and development[edit]

text: Transformers[edit]

text: For the first film, producer Don Murphy was planning a G.I. Joe film adaptation, but when the U.S. launched the invasion of Iraq in March 2003, Hasbro suggested adapting the Transformers franchise instead.[26] Tom DeSanto joined Murphy because he was a fan of the series.[27] They met with comic book writer Simon Furman, and cited the Generation 1 cartoon and comics as their main influence.[26] They made the Creation Matrix their plot device, though Murphy had it renamed because of the film series The Matrix.[28] DeSanto chose to write the treatment from a human point of view to engage the audience,[29] while Murphy wanted it to have a realistic tone, reminiscent of a disaster film.[28] The treatment featured the Autobots Optimus Prime, Ironhide, Jazz, Prowl, Arcee, Ratchet, Wheeljack, and Bumblebee, and the Decepticons Megatron, Starscream, Soundwave, Ravage, Laserbeak, Rumble, Skywarp and Shockwave.[30]

text: Steven Spielberg, a fan of the comics and toys,[27] signed on as executive producer in 2004. John Rogers wrote the first draft, which pitted four Autobots against four Decepticons,[31] and featured the Ark spaceship.[32] Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman, fans of the cartoon,[33] were hired to rewrite the script in February 2005.[34] Spielberg suggested that "a boy and his car" should be the focus.[35] This appealed to Orci and Kurtzman because it conveyed themes of adulthood and responsibility, "the things that a car represents in the United States".[36] The characters of Sam and Mikaela were the sole point of view given in Orci and Kurtzman's first draft.[37] The Transformers had no dialogue, as the producers feared talking robots would look ridiculous. The writers felt that even if it would look silly, not having the robots speak would betray the fanbase.[33] The first draft also had a battle scene in the Grand Canyon.[38] Spielberg read each of Orci and Kurtzman's drafts and gave notes for improvement.[35] The writers remained involved throughout production, adding additional dialogue for the robots during the sound mixing (although none of this was kept in the final film, which ran fifteen minutes shorter than the initial edit).[39] Furman's The Ultimate Guide, published by Dorling Kindersley, remained as a resource to the writers throughout production.[39] Prime Directive was used as a fake working title. This was also the name of Dreamwave Productions' first Transformers comic book.[40]

text: Michael Bay was asked to direct by Spielberg on July 30, 2005,[41] but he dismissed the film as a "stupid toy movie".[42] Nonetheless, he wanted to work with Spielberg, and gained a new respect for the mythology upon visiting Hasbro.[41] Bay considered the first draft "too kiddie", so he increased the military's role in the story.[41][43] The writers sought inspiration from G.I. Joe for the soldier characters, being careful not to mix the brands.[44] Because Orci and Kurtzman were concerned the film could feel like a military recruitment commercial, they chose to make the military believe nations like Iran were behind the Decepticon attack as well as making the Decepticons primarily military vehicles.[45] Bay based Lennox's struggle to get to the Pentagon phone line while struggling with an unhelpful operator from a real account he was given by a soldier when working on another film.[41]

text: Orci and Kurtzman experimented with numerous robots from the franchise, ultimately selecting the characters most popular among the filmmakers to form the final cast.[27] Bay acknowledged that most of the Decepticons were selected before their names or roles were developed, as Hasbro had to start designing the toys.[citation needed][46] Some of their names were changed because Bay was upset that they had been leaked.[47] Optimus, Megatron, Bumblebee and Starscream were the only characters present in each version of the script.[33] Arcee was a female Transformer introduced by Orci and Kurtzman, but she was cut because they found it difficult to explain robotic gender; Bay also disliked her motorcycle form, which he found too small.[44] An early idea to have the Decepticons simultaneously strike multiple places around the world was also dropped, being used later in the film's sequels.[37]

text: Revenge of the Fallen[edit]

text: In September 2007, Paramount announced a late June 2009 release date for the sequel to Transformers.[48] A major hurdle that was overcome during the film's production was the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike, as well as possible strikes by the Directors Guild of America and the Screen Actors Guild. Bay began creating animatics of action sequences featuring characters rejected for the 2007 film; this would allow animators to complete sequences if the Directors Guild of America went on strike in July 2008, which ultimately did not happen.[49][50] The director considered making a small project in between Transformers and its sequel, but knew "you have your baby and you don't want someone else to take it".[51] The film was given a $200 million budget, which was $50 million more than the 2007 film,[52] and some of the action scenes rejected for the original were written into the sequel, such as the way Optimus is reintroduced in this film.[53] Lorenzo di Bonaventura said the studio proposed filming two sequels simultaneously, but he and Bay concurred that was not the right direction for the series.[54]

text: Writers Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman originally passed on the sequel because of a busy schedule. The studio began courting other writers in May 2007, but as they were unimpressed with their pitches, they convinced Orci and Kurtzman to return.[49] The studio also signed on Ehren Kruger, as he impressed Bay and Hasbro president Brian Goldner with his knowledge of the Transformers mythology,[55] and because he was friends with Orci and Kurtzman.[56] The writing trio were paid $8 million.[49] Screenwriting was interrupted by the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike, but to avoid production delays the writers spent two weeks writing a treatment, which they handed in the night before the strike began,[56] and Bay expanded the outline into a sixty-page scriptment,[57] fleshing out the action, adding more jokes,[56] as well as selecting the majority of new characters.[58] The three writers spent four months finishing the screenplay while "locked" in two hotel rooms by Bay: Kruger wrote in his own room and the trio would check on each other's work twice a day.[59]

text: Orci described the film's theme as "being away from home", with the Autobots contemplating living on Earth as they cannot restore Cybertron, while Sam goes to college.[60] He wanted the focus between the robots and humans "much more evenly balanced",[61] "the stakes [to] be higher", and the science fiction elements more prominent.[62] Lorenzo di Bonaventura said that in total, there are around forty robots in the film,[52] while ILM's Scott Farrar has said there are actually sixty.[63] Orci added that he wanted to "modulate" the humor more,[64] and felt he managed the more "outrageous" jokes by balancing them with a more serious plot approach to the Transformers' mythology.[65] Bay concurred that he wanted to please fans by making the tone darker,[66] and that "moms will think its safe enough to bring the kids back out to the movies" despite his trademark sense of humor.[67]

text: Before Transformers was released, producer DeSanto had "a very cool idea" to introduce the Dinobots,[68] while Bay was interested in an aircraft carrier, which was dropped from the 2007 film.[69] Orci claimed they did not incorporate these characters into Revenge of the Fallen because they could not think of a way to justify the Dinobots' choice of form,[60] and were unable to fit in the aircraft carrier.[70] Orci also admitted he was also dismissive of the Dinobots because he does not like dinosaurs. "I recognize I am weird in that department", he said,[71] but he became fonder of them during filming because of their popularity with fans.[72] He added "I couldn't see why a Transformer would feel the need to disguise himself in front of a bunch of lizards. Movie-wise, I mean. Once the general audience is fully on board with the whole thing, maybe Dinobots in the future."[73] However, Michael Bay said he hated the Dinobots and they had never been in consideration for being featured in the movies.[74]

text: Dark of the Moon[edit]

text: For the third film, as a preemptive measure before the release of Revenge of the Fallen, Michael Lucchi and Paramount announced on March 16, 2009, that a third film would be released in IMAX 3D on July 1, 2011, which earned a surprised response from director Bay:

text: I said I was taking off a year from Transformers. Paramount made a mistake in dating Transformers 3—they asked me on the phone—I said yes to July 1—but for 2012—whoops! Not 2011! That would mean I would have to start prep in September. No way. My brain needs a break from fighting robots.[75]

text: Screenwriters Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman, who had worked on the two previous Transformers films, declined to return for the third film, with Kurtzman declaring that "the franchise is so wonderful that it deserves to be fresh, all the time. We just felt like we’d given it a lot and didn’t have an insight for where to go with it next".[76] Revenge of the Fallen's co-writer Ehren Kruger became the sole screenwriter for Dark of the Moon. Kruger had frequent meetings with Industrial Light & Magic's (ILM) visual effects producers, who suggested plot points such as the scenes in Chernobyl.[77]

text: On October 1, 2009, Bay revealed that Dark of the Moon had already gone into pre-production, and its planned release was back to its originally intended date of July 1, 2011, rather than 2012.[78] Due to the revived interest in 3-D technology brought in by the success of Avatar,[79] talks between Paramount, ILM, and Bay had considered the possibility of the next Transformers film being filmed in 3-D, and testing was performed to bring the technology into Bay's work.[80] Bay originally was not much interested in the format as he felt it did not fit his "aggressive style" of filmmaking, but he was convinced after talks with Avatar director James Cameron,[81] who even offered the technical crew from that film. Cameron reportedly told Bay about 3-D, "You gotta look at it as a toy, it's another fun tool to help get emotion and character and create an experience."[82] Bay was reluctant to film with 3-D cameras since in test he found them to be too cumbersome for his filming style, but he did not want to implement the technology in post production either since he was not pleased with the results.[83] In addition to using the 3-D Fusion camera rigs developed by Cameron's team,[82][84] Bay and the team spent nine months developing a more portable 3-D camera that could be brought into location.[81]

text: In a hidden extra for the Blu-ray release of Revenge of the Fallen, Bay expressed his intention to make Transformers 3 not necessarily larger than Revenge of the Fallen, but instead deeper into the mythology, to give it more character development, and to make it darker and more emotional.[85] Unicron is briefly shown in a secret Transformers 3 preview feature in the Revenge of the Fallen Blu-ray disc. Ultimately, the producers decided to forgo a plot involving the planet-eating Transformer, and no further comments were ever made on the subject.[85] Having been called Transformers 3 up to that point, the film's final title was revealed to be Dark of the Moon in October 2010.[86] After Revenge of the Fallen was almost universally panned by critics, Bay acknowledged the general flaws of the script, having blamed the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike prior to the film for many problems. Bay promised to not have the "dorky comedy" from the last film.[87] On March 19, 2010, the script was said to be finished.[88]

text: Age of Extinction[edit]

text: In February 2012, producer di Bonaventura stated that a fourth film was in the works, aiming for a 2014 release, with Michael Bay to direct and produce.[89] On the same day, Paramount Pictures and Michael Bay announced a June 27, 2014 release date for a fourth film.[90] Ehren Kruger would pen the script and Steve Jablonsky would score the film, as each had for the previous film.[91][92] The film is set five years after the events in Transformers: Dark of the Moon.[93] Shia LaBeouf did not return in any future installments. Mark Wahlberg was instead cast in the lead role.[94][95][96] In November 2012, casting began to search for two more leads. Isabelle Cornish, Nicola Peltz, Gabriella Wilde and Margaret Qualley were all considered to play the daughter of Mark Wahlberg's character, while Luke Grimes, Landon Liboiron, Brenton Thwaites, Jack Reynor and Hunter Parrish were all considered to play the race-car-driving boyfriend.[97] Bay announced on his website that Reynor would be the boyfriend and that the fourth film would start the next installment in the overall series; the film was to be a darker sequel to Dark of the Moon and have a different feeling.[98] Peter Cullen, who voiced Optimus Prime in the films, was to reprise his role.[99] Tyrese Gibson was in talks to reprise his role.[100] Glenn Morshower stated that he was contracted for two films and he was to reprise his role,[101] but it was later confirmed that Morshower would not be returning.[102] With a budget of $165 million, filming was expected to take place in London between April and November 2013 – once Pain & Gain, another film that Bay was directing, had finished editing.[103][104]

text: On January 8, 2013, it was announced that Reynor was joining Wahlberg in the lead.[105] On March 20, 2013, the film's plot read: "As humanity picks up the pieces, following the conclusion of Transformers: Dark of the Moon, Autobots and Decepticons have all but vanished from the face of the planet. However, a group of powerful, ingenious businessman and scientists attempt to learn from past Transformer incursions and push the boundaries of technology beyond what they can control – all while an ancient, powerful Transformer menace sets Earth in his crosshairs. The epic adventure and battle between good and evil, freedom and enslavement ensues." But this plot summary was later found to be inaccurate.[106][clarification needed]

text: On March 26, 2013, Nicola Peltz was cast as the female lead.[107] Bay confirmed that the movie was to be in 3D.[108] Bay revealed to Collider that actor Stanley Tucci had joined the cast, and that the film would be the first feature film to be shot using smaller digital IMAX 3D cameras.[109] On May 1, 2013, actor Kelsey Grammer was cast as the lead human villain named "Harold Attinger".[110] On May 6, 2013, actress Sophia Myles was cast in a major supporting role.[111] That same month, Chinese actress Li Bingbing and comedian T. J. Miller joined the cast.[112][113]

text: Actor T. J. Miller would be playing the best friend of Wahlberg's character who is a mechanic.[114] Also revealed were two Autobots who would have the following alternate modes — a black-and-blue 2013 Bugatti Veyron Grand Sport Vitesse  named "Drift", and a green 2014 C7 Corvette Stingray concept named Crosshairs. A truck from Western Star Trucks would be Optimus Prime's new alternate mode for the movie.[115] Bumblebee's new alternate mode was revealed to be a modified vintage 1967 Chevrolet Camaro, which later transforms into a 2014 Chevrolet Camaro concept.[116] A green military vehicle (later confirmed to be Hound) and a white emergency response vehicle were also revealed.[117]

text: Filming began in June 2013, in Detroit,[118] Chicago, Austin, Los Angeles, and Hong Kong.

text: The Last Knight[edit]

text: This is a continuation on the film series as the sequel to Transformers: Age of Extinction. It starts with Optimus Prime lost in space. In his search for his one true maker, Cade Yeager on Earth has gone into exile with the remaining Autobots on Earth, due to always being pursued by the Decepticons. Prime crash lands on Cybertron and comes back to himself again. Prime is in despair and lost after seeing his home in total ruins. After that the movie focus on a homeless child named Izabella. She saves her new "buddies" from being caught from the Transformers Reaction Force. Yeager picks up Izabella and is being accompanied by Bumblebee the known Autobot scout. Optimus on Cybertron is facing his creator Quintessa, as he was captured and tortured by her. After that incident with Prime, he was turned into Nemesis Prime to fetch the wand from the twelve knights. The Transformers Reaction Force sees no other conclusion on this chaos, except from collaborating with none other than Megatron, the leader of the Decepticons.[citation needed]

text: Future and shared universe[edit]

text: On March 28, 2013, during the release of G.I. Joe: Retaliation, producer di Bonaventura announced that he is open to doing a G.I. Joe/Transformers crossover.[18] On July 26, 2013, G.I. Joe: Retaliation director Jon M. Chu stated that he is also interested in directing a Transformers/G.I. Joe crossover film.[19] Despite di Bonaventura having stated on June 23, 2014, that a crossover was not likely to happen,[20] he later stated that a crossover was still a possibility.[21]

text: In March 2015, Akiva Goldsman was tasked to create a "Transformers Cinematic Universe", as to oversee the development of a multi-part sequel, along with prequels and spin-off films in a "writer’s room" style brain trust.[119] In May 2015, Deadline reported that Robert Kirkman, Zak Penn, Art Marcum and Matt Holloway, Jeff Pinkner, Andrew Barrer, Gabrial Ferrari, Christina Hodson, Lindsey Beer, Ken Nolan, Geneva Robertson-Dworet, and Steven DeKnight are to write spin-offs, potentially titled Beast Wars and Transformers One, and sequels for the franchise.[120][121][122][123][124] At least 12 films are to be pitched for the "Transformers Cinematic Universe".[125] On September 17, 2015, Deadline reported that Barrer and Ferrari are to write an animated film that will explore the origins in Cybertron, with a working title Transformers One.[126]

text: Crew[edit]

text:
Crew/Detail
Transformers
(2007)
Transformers:
Revenge of the Fallen
(2009)
Transformers:
Dark of the Moon
(2011)
Transformers:
Age of Extinction
(2014)
Transformers:
The Last Knight
(2017)
Bumblebee
(2018)

Director
Michael Bay
Travis Knight

Producer(s)
Lorenzo di Bonaventura
Don Murphy
Tom DeSanto
Ian Bryce
Michael Bay
Stephen Davis
Tom DeSanto
Lorenzo di Bonaventura

Writer(s)
Roberto Orci
Alex Kurtzman
Ehren Kruger
Alex Kurtzman
Roberto Orci
Ehren Kruger
Ken Nolan & Art Marcum and Matt Holloway
Christina Hodson

Editor(s)
Paul Rubell
Glen Scantlebury
Tom Muldoon
Tom Muldoon
Paul Rubell
Roger Barton
Joel Negron
Roger Barton
William Goldenberg
Joel Negron
Roger Barton
William Goldenberg
Paul Rubell
Mark Sanger
John Refoua
Debra Neil-Fisher
Roger Barton
Adam Gerstel
Calvin Wimmer
TBA

Cinematography
Mitchell Amundsen
Ben Seresin
Amir Mokri
Jonathan Sela
TBA

Composer
Steve Jablonsky
TBA

Production companies
Di Bonaventura Pictures
Hasbro Studios
Angry Films
Di Bonaventura Pictures
Hasbro Studios
Allspark Pictures
Platinum Dunes

Distributor
DreamWorks Pictures
Paramount Pictures
Paramount Pictures

Running time
143 minutes
150 minutes
154 minutes
165 minutes
150 minutes
TBA

Release date
July 3, 2007
June 24, 2009
June 29, 2011
June 27, 2014
June 21, 2017
December 21, 2018

MPAA rating
PG-13
TBA

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office performance[edit]

text:
Film
Release date
Box office revenue
Box office ranking
Budget

North America
Other
territories
Worldwide
All time
North America
All time
Worldwide

Transformers[127]
July 3, 2007
$319.2 million
$390.5 million
$709.7 million
#36
#114(A)
#69
$150 million

Revenge of the Fallen[128]
June 24, 2009
$402.1 million
$434.2 million
$836.3 million
#18
#81(A)
#44
$200 million

Dark of the Moon[129]
June 29, 2011
$352.4 million
$771.4 million
$1.1 billion
#27
#129(A)
#10
$195 million

Age of Extinction[130]
June 27, 2014
$245.4 million
$858.6 million
$1.1 billion
#91
#14
$210 million

The Last Knight[131]
June 21, 2017
$130.2 million
$473.8 million
$604 million
#428
#129
$217 million

Total[132]
$7003144900000000000♠1,449 million
$7003292800000000000♠2,928 million
$7003437800000000000♠4,378 million

$972 million

List indicator(s)

(A) indicates the adjusted totals based on current ticket prices (calculated by Box Office Mojo).

text: Critical and public reception[edit]

text:
Film
Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic
CinemaScore

Transformers
57% (221 reviews)[133]
61 (35 critics)[134]
A[135]

Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen
19% (244 reviews)[136]
35 (32 critics)[137]
B+[135]

Transformers: Dark of the Moon
35% (247 reviews)[138]
42 (37 critics)[139]
A[135]

Transformers: Age of Extinction
18% (188 reviews)[140]
32 (38 critics)[141]
A-[135]

Transformers: The Last Knight
15% (189 reviews)[142]
28 (46 critics)[143]
B+[135]

Average
29%
40
A-

text: Academy Awards[edit]

text:
Award
Film

Transformers
(2007)
Transformers:
Revenge of the Fallen
(2009)
Transformers:
Dark of the Moon
(2011)
Transformers:
Age of Extinction
(2014)
Transformers:
The Last Knight
(2017)

Sound Editing
Nominated

Nominated

Sound Mixing
Nominated
Nominated
Nominated

Visual Effects
Nominated

Nominated

text: Cast and characters[edit]


document_title: To Catch a Thief

question_text: where does to catch a thief take place

question_tokens: where does to catch a thief take place

root

text: To Catch a Thief

text: Plot[edit]

text: The modus operandi of a string of jewel robberies in the French Riviera causes the police to believe that the infamous jewel thief or "cat burglar" John Robie (Cary Grant), nicknamed "The Cat", has left his retirement of growing grapes and flowers. He gives the police the slip at his hilltop villa.

tag: p

text: Robie visits a restaurant. The staff are his old gang from French Resistance days, paroled based on patriotic war work as long as they keep clean. Bertani, Foussard, and the others blame Robie because they are currently all under suspicion while the new Cat is active. Still, when the police arrive at Bertani's restaurant, Foussard's teenage daughter Danielle (Brigitte Auber), who has a crush on Robie, spirits him to safety.

text: Robie can prove his innocence if he can catch the new Cat in the act. He enlists the aid of an insurance man, H. H. Hughson (John Williams), who reluctantly obtains a list of the most expensive jewelry owners currently on the Riviera. Widow Jessie Stevens (Jessie Royce Landis) and her daughter Frances (Grace Kelly) top the list. Robie strikes up a friendship with them. Jessie's delighted but Frances offers a pretense of modesty. When Robie and Frances run into Danielle at the beach, Robie keeps up the mask of being a wealthy American tourist, despite Danielle's jealous barbs about his interest in Frances.

text: Frances sees through Robie's cover. She seduces him, dangling before him her jewels. She teases him with steamy tales of rooftop escapades and offers herself as an accomplice who might share his crimes. Fireworks fill the night sky.

text: The next morning, Jessie discovers her jewels are gone. Robie is accused by Frances of being using her as a distraction so he could steal her mother's jewelry. The police are called, but Robie has disappeared.

text: To catch the new Cat, Robie stakes out an estate at night. He struggles with an attacker, who loses his footing and tumbles over a cliff. It is Foussard, who dies in the fall. The police chief publicly announces that Foussard was the jewel thief, but, as Robie points out privately in the presence of the abashed Hughson, this would have been impossible because Foussard had a wooden leg, and could not climb on rooftops.

text: Foussard's funeral is marred by Danielle's loud accusation that Robie is responsible for her father's death. Outside the graveyard, Frances apologizes to Robie and confesses her love. Robie needs to continue his search for the Cat. He asks Frances to arrange his attendance at a masquerade ball, where he believes the Cat will strike again.

text: At the ball, Frances is resplendent in a gold gown, Robie unrecognizable behind the mask of a Moor. The police hover nearby. Upstairs, the cat burglar silently cleans out several jewel boxes. When Jessie asks the Moor to go get her "heart pills," Robie's voice tips off his identity to the authorities. Upon his return, the police wait out Frances and the Moor as they dance together all night. When they go to her room, the mask is removed: it was Hughson, a switch to conceal Robie's exit.

text: On the rooftop, Robie lurks. His patience is finally rewarded when he is joined by another figure in black. But just as his pursuit begins, the police throw a spotlight on him and demand he halt. He flees as they shoot at him, whereupon he manages to corner his foe with jewels in hand. Unmasked, his nemesis turns out to be Foussard's daughter, Danielle. She loses her footing on the roof, but Robie grabs her hand before she can fall. He forces her to confess loudly to the police of the father-daughter involvement, and that Bertani was the ringleader of this gang.

text: Robie speeds back to his villa. Frances follows to convince him that she has a place in his life. He agrees, but looks less than thrilled when she says, "Mother will love it up here."

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Cary Grant as John Robie ("The Cat")
Grace Kelly as Frances Stevens
Jessie Royce Landis as Jessie Stevens
John Williams as H. H. Hughson
Charles Vanel as Monsieur Bertani
Brigitte Auber as Danielle Foussard
Jean Martinelli as Foussard, Danielle's father
Georgette Anys as Germaine, housekeeper
René Blancard as Commissaire Lepic (uncredited)

tag: ul

text: Alfred Hitchcock makes his signature cameo approximately ten minutes in as a bus passenger sitting next to Cary Grant.

text: Despite Brigitte Auber's character being referred to as a "girl" or "teenager", compared to Grace Kelly's supposedly more mature character, Auber was actually 26 years old at the time of filming and more than a year and a half older than Kelly.

text: Production[edit]

text: This was Hitchcock's first of five films in the widescreen process VistaVision,[3] and final film with Grace Kelly. The film also led to another successful collaboration with Cary Grant, the 1959 classic North by Northwest (also about a man with a mistaken identity who goes on a breakneck adventure to prove his innocence).

text: The costumes were by Edith Head, including Kelly's memorable gold lamé gown for the film's costume ball.

text: Distribution[edit]

text: To Catch a Thief is the only Hitchcock film released by Paramount that is still owned and controlled by the company. The others were sold to Hitchcock in the early 1960s and are currently distributed by Universal Studios.

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: Robert Burks won the Academy Award for Best Cinematography, while Hal Pereira, Joseph McMillan Johnson, Samuel M. Comer and Arthur Krams were nominated for Best Art Direction, and Edith Head was nominated for Best Costume Design.[4]

text: In 2002, American Film Institute included the film in AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions (#46).[5]


document_title: On My Block (TV series)

question_text: what is the name of the gang in on my block

text: On My Block (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: In a rough inner-city Los Angeles neighborhood, four teens find their lifelong friendship tested as they begin high school.[2]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Sierra Capri as Monse Finnie,[2][4][6] a headstrong Afro-Latina tomboy, who serves as the de facto leader of her friend group.[7] Raised by her single father, she is star-crossed lovers with one of her best friends, Cesar.
Diego Tinoco as Cesar Diaz,[2][6] an intelligent teen forced into gang life once his brother is released from prison, putting a strain on a blossoming relationship with Monse.
Jason Genao as Ruben "Ruby" Martinez,[2][4][6] a smart-aleck math whiz of Mexican descent often serving as the group's conscience.[7]
Brett Gray as Jamal Turner,[2][4][6] the nerd of the group,[8] who is African-American. In Season 1, he is drawn into finding a hidden treasure scheme surrounding RollerWorld.
Jessica Marie Garcia as Jasmine,[2][4] a classmate of the group.
Ronni Hawk as Olivia, a friend of Ruby's family who moves in with them after her parents are deported.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Julio Macias as Oscar "Spooky" Diaz, Cesar's brother and leader of Santos gang.
Peggy Blow as Abuela, Ruby's grandmother.
Paula Garces as Geny Martinez, Ruby's mother.
Jahking Guillory as Latrelle, former classmate of the group and a member of a gang rival to the Santos.
Emilio Rivera as Chivo, a gardener caught up in Jamal's hidden treasure scheme.
Angela Gibbs as Rosé Westbrook, a former Soul Train dancer caught up in Jamal's hidden treasure scheme.
Eme Ikwuakor as Dwayne Turner, Jamal's father.
Reggie Austin as Monty Finnie, Monse's father.
Lisa Marcos as Julia Whitman, a woman with a connection to Monse.
Eric Neil Gutierrez as Mr. Martinez, Ruby's father.
Raushanah Simmons as Mrs. Turner, Jamal's mother.
Danny Ramirez as Mario Martinez, Ruby's brother.
Kylie Samaniego as Ruby’s little sister.
Julian Lerma as Ruby’s little brother.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal release date1"Chapter One"Lauren IungerichJeremy Haft & Eddie Gonzalez & Lauren IungerichMarch 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)
2"Chapter Two"Lauren IungerichLauren IungerichMarch 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)
3"Chapter Three"Steven TsuchidaRobert SudduthMarch 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)
4"Chapter Four"Steven TsuchidaEddie Gonzalez & Jeremy HaftMarch 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)
5"Chapter Five"Ryan ShirakiJamie UyeshiroMarch 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)
6"Chapter Six"Ryan ShirakiAdam Starks & Francesca GailesMarch 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)
7"Chapter Seven"Steven TsuchidaLauren IungerichMarch 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)
8"Chapter Eight"Steven TsuchidaEddie Gonzalez & Jeremy Haft & Lauren IungerichMarch 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)
9"Chapter Nine"Lauren IungerichEddie Gonzalez & Jeremy HaftMarch 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)
10"Chapter Ten"Lauren IungerichLauren IungerichMarch 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)

tag: table

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the first season an approval rating of 100% based on 5 reviews, and a weighted average rating of 9.3/10.[citation needed] Trey Mangum of Shadow and Act wrote, "On My Block is different than anything we’ve seen on television in relation to the experience of growing up. The stars are young people of color, dealing with real issues that happen in communities that they have to wrangle with during this pivotal time in their lives. For a lovely story about friendship and timely societal issues, along with superb youth acting, here is your next binge." [9] Alexis Gunderson of Paste said, "When the final credits hit, it’s clear that not one second of the season’s 10 short episodes was wasted: Every line was measured out, every background track meticulously calibrated, every initially jarring tonal shift set up precisely for a singular cumulative effect that lands in the season’s final moments like a punch to the chest you realize too late you should have seen coming from a mile away."[10] Matt Seitz of New York Magazine wrote, "One of the many remarkable things about this series is how it folds crime and the awareness of potential violence into everyday life, which is something white sitcoms never do unless it’s a Very Special Episode."[11]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Nominee

Result

Ref.

2018

Teen Choice Awards

Choice Breakout TV Show

On My Block

Won

[12]


document_title: Malcolm in the Middle

question_text: where does the family in malcolm in the middle live

text: Malcolm in the Middle

text: Premise[edit]

text: Set in the fictional town of Star City, California, The series Malcolm in the Middle is about a boy named Malcolm Wilkerson and his dysfunctional family.[5][6] The show stars Frankie Muniz as Malcolm, the third of four and later five boys, his brothers, and their parents, Lois (Jane Kaczmarek) and Hal (Bryan Cranston). Their first child, Francis (Christopher Masterson), was sent away to military school, leaving his three younger brothers at home, Reese (Justin Berfield), Malcolm, and Dewey (Erik Per Sullivan) with Malcolm being the middle child still living at home. In season four, the character Jamie (James and Lukas Rodriguez) was added to the show as the fifth son of Hal & Lois. The show's early seasons centered on Malcolm dealing with the rigors of being an adolescent and enduring the eccentricities of his life. Later seasons gradually explored the other members of the family and their friends in more depth, including others such as Craig Feldspar, Lois' coworker at the Lucky Aide drugstore, Malcolm's friend Stevie Kenarban, and Stevie's dad Abe.

text: The series was so much different from many others in that Malcolm broke the fourth wall by talking directly to the viewer,[7][8] all scenes were shot using a single-camera setup,[9] and the show employed neither a laugh track nor a live studio audience.[9][10] Emulating the style of hour-long dramas, this half-hour show was shot on film instead of on video.[11] Another distinctive aspect of the show is that the cold open of every episode is unrelated to the main story. Exceptions were episodes which were the conclusions of "two-parters"; each part two episode opened with a recap of its part one episode.

text: Characters[edit]

text: The Family[edit]

text:
Malcolm (Frankie Muniz): the title character of the series. Malcolm is a genius with an IQ of 165 and a photographic memory.[12][13] He is placed in a class for gifted students (or "Krelboynes" as they are known at the school).[14] His intelligence, as well as feelings of not fitting in, and a large ego fueled by a cruel streak of snarkiness cause numerous problems for him over the course of the series. As the title suggests, Malcolm is initially the middle child of the three living at home; chronologically, he is Hal and Lois' third son. His best friend is Stevie Kenarban. In the series finale, he graduates from high school and starts attending a prestigious college by both scholarship and working various jobs, specifically as a janitor at Harvard University.
Lois (Jane Kaczmarek): The family's hot-headed and stubborn mother. An intelligent and decisive woman, most of her bullishness comes from her constant battles throughout the series to keep her badly behaved, highly destructive boys in check, while maintaining a menial job at a Lucky Aide drugstore. Despite her constant aggressiveness, she is motherly [15] and will defend her family fiercely, especially towards neighbors and others who view them as poor trash; in one episode, she finds that Malcolm and Reese discovered their neighbor having an affair with her Hispanic gardener while they planned to frame her son for theft, but doesn't punish them for their actions as this counted as revenge against the woman, who hated Lois. Lois is disliked by both Hal's wealthy family and her own parents. She has a younger sister named Susan, who blames Lois for stealing Hal from her. Neighbors despise Lois and her boys and celebrate the weekends when they're gone. In the series finale, she discovered that she and Hal are expecting a 6th child.
Hal (Bryan Cranston): Hal is Lois' husband and father to Francis, Reese, Malcolm, Dewey, and Jamie. Hal is a well-meaning, loving, but inept and somewhat immature father, and is completely dependent on Lois, whom he loves absolutely. He comes from a wealthy family that does not accept Lois as his wife and wishes that he married Susan instead. Because his family is disrespectful towards Lois, he rarely mentions them and avoids his family. Hal loves his boys and will sometimes sneak them out for fun father-son activities behind Lois' back. Hal is an indecisive character who frequently picks up new hobbies for short periods of time, such as speed walking, or painting, and is irresponsible with the money he earns from his low-paying desk job. His indecisiveness was explored in "Living Will" from a childhood which he had a hard time making decisions for himself and because of this, he always deferred to Lois to make them for him. In the series finale, he discovered that he and Lois are expecting a 6th child. Hal is also a sex addict, this was revealed in the episode "Forbidden Girlfriend" when Lois is taking medication and is unable to have sex for an entire week, it is mentioned again in the episode "Poker 2" when Hal tells his friends he has sex 14 times per week. Hals best friend is Abe Kenarban.
Francis (Christopher Masterson): Hal and Lois' first son. At the beginning of the series, he is attending military school in Alabama,[16] run by the strict Commandant Spangler (Daniel von Bargen).[17] It is shown that his parents enjoyed a promising middle-class, comfortable lifestyle before he was born and that he was such a difficult, destructive child that that dream soon ended. He has himself legally emancipated at the start of Season 3, leaves the school, and travels to Alaska.[18] He finds work at a logging camp and later meets and marries Piama (Emy Coligado), a girl of Inuit heritage.[19] When the camp closes, they move to the western United States and take jobs at a Wild West-themed hotel/ranch, run by kindly but eccentric German, Otto Mannkusser (Kenneth Mars), and his wife, Gretchen (Meagen Fay).[20] Francis and his mother have a mutual love-hate war of wills and his main motivation in life is to thwart or irk her (though, ironically, he marries a woman with the same personality as Lois.) Although a juvenile delinquent, he is street-smart. Francis becomes a less frequently seen character after season 5, becoming an occasional recurring character and making only a small handful of appearances in Season 6 and the final Season 7.[17] Whereas he was featured regularly in previous seasons as a side-story to the main family, Francis' steady job disappeared in season 6 due to legal issues, and he returned to being a delinquent, leading a questionable and poor lifestyle with his wife, Piama, until it is revealed in the final episode of season 7, "Graduation", that Francis already has a steady desk job sorting out computers. He admits he likes his job to Hal, but also enjoys frustrating Lois by telling her that he's unemployed. Also in the series finale, Francis and Piama are expecting their first child.
Reese (Justin Berfield): Hal and Lois' second son.[17] He is the older brother of Malcolm, Dewey, and Jamie, and younger brother of Francis. Reese is the most impulsive and physical of the boys.[21] He lacks common sense, he is frequently outwitted and outspoken by other family members, and is gleefully violent.[21] Despite being unwilling to think, Reese is as much a genius as his brothers, although in less traditional or obvious ways. Reese is better than Malcolm at devising plans, and is masterful at the rare things which can pin his drifting focus, such as driving, or when he's revealed to be a Culinary prodigy, excelling at cooking and baking.[22] In the series finale, he finally graduates from high school after intentionally failing many times before, he obtained full employment as a high school custodian, and shares an apartment with Craig.
Dewey (Erik Per Sullivan): Hal and Lois' fourth son. He is the youngest child until the birth of Jamie, and often falls victim to his brothers' pranks.[23] Dewey is very intelligent and musically gifted. He plays the piano.[24] He has a very high tolerance for pain due to years of physical and mental abuse from his brothers. Despite his intelligence, he is placed in a remedial class for slower students (or "Buseys") due to a misunderstanding.[25] Dewey remains in the class and serves as their self-appointed teacher. By the seventh and final season of the show, the Busey class is no longer mentioned. He is the only sibling that eventually breaks the cycle of abusing the younger sibling, which ends up with him acting like a normal, lovable brother towards Jamie. In the series finale, he along with Jamie are seen hiding under the table.
Jamie (James and Lukas Rodriguez): Hal and Lois' fifth son, born at the end of Season 4.[26] Despite his infancy, he is shown to already have some of his brothers' habits, such as stealing and disrespecting Lois. He is shown to being the only child who is capable of defeating Lois.[27] Like Malcolm and Dewey, Jamie is revealed to be very intelligent and takes advantage of his less intelligent older brother, Reese. In the series finale, he along with Dewey were seen hiding under the table.

text: Other characters[edit]

text:
Craig Lamar Traylor as Stevie Kenarban, Malcolm's best friend since childhood who's in the Krelboyne class and is in a wheelchair. Stevie has difficulty breathing and is revealed in season 5 to have only one lung. He is socially awkward and has trouble making friends.
David Anthony Higgins as Craig Feldspar, Lois's overweight coworker at the Lucky Aide Drugstore, who has a secret crush on Lois. He is very geeky and self-absorbed and in the rare event he is given actual powers. he can also be as bossy as Lois, but much less competent as her. Craig also has a non-existent relationship with his estranged father, who is utterly obsessed with running his gym.
Emy Coligado as Piama Tananahaakna, Francis' wife. She is an Inupiat Alaska Native. She is a good wife to Francis and helps him resolve troublesome situations. Piama has the same type of fiery, unyielding personality as Francis' mother, Lois, who initially dislikes Piama until a disastrous family reunion made her realize how unfair she was to Piama.
Eric Nenninger as Eric Hanson, Francis' somewhat naïve friend from military school who precedes Francis to Alaska. It is his call which brings Francis to Alaska. However, Eric is left to hitchhike back home possibly as revenge for suggesting that he and Francis find work in Alaska.
Catherine Lloyd Burns as Caroline Miller, Malcolm's "overly earnest" teacher. She ardently adores Malcolm due to his intelligence. Francis uses her adoration to pay a medical bill to stitch up Malcolm in one episode.[28] She is the teacher of the Krelboynes in Seasons 1 and 2, at which time she is seen heavily pregnant. After she gives birth, Caroline leaves teaching. She was also the only non-family member to be credited as part of the main cast in the intro.
Kenneth Mars as Otto Mannkusser, Francis' boss who owns the ranch he works at after he leaves Alaska. He is of German descent and he is a naïve and kind-hearted person. Francis tries to protect Otto from being scammed by con-artists and helped him reconcile with his estranged son, Rutger. He is married to Gretchen.
Evan Matthew Cohen, Kyle Sullivan, Kristin Quick, Will Jennings, and Victor Z. Isaac all play Krelboynes from Malcolm's class.
Gary Anthony Williams as Abe Kenarban, Stevie's overprotective father and Hal's best friend.
Daniel von Bargen as Commandant Edwin Spangler, the head of Marlin Academy. He is missing his right eye, his left hand, and his ring finger on his right hand, and he actually never served war time. He despises Francis because he fought against him. In the end, he loses his other hand and later is fired from Marlin Academy. After arriving in Alaska, Francis gets Spangler a job at a retirement home, which gives him free rein to bully the elderly.
Cloris Leachman as Grandma Ida, Lois' mother and Malcolm's grandmother. She despises Francis and Lois, except on one occasion when she was kind to Lois. Ida has one common interest with Francis: they both despise Lois for being a control freak. She is generally disliked by the family, bar Reese whom she clearly favors. She lost her leg saving Dewey from being hit by a truck, one of her few recorded good deeds. She once tried to sue Lois, her own daughter, for slipping on a leaf in the walkway of Lois' house and becoming temporarily injured. She was foiled by Francis and the boys who gave their support their parents and the lawyer willingly abandons her. Ida favors Susan over Lois as she is more graceful and talented.
Meagen Fay as Gretchen Mannkusser, Otto's wife who helps out at the ranch.
Karim Prince as Cadet Stanley, Marlin Academy student, Francis' best friend and informal bodyguard during the show's first season.
Kasan Butcher, Drew Powell, and Arjay Smith all play Francis' friends at Marlin Academy.
Sandy Ward, John Ennis, Richard Gross, and Christopher Michael Moore all play Francis' friends at the Alaskan logging camp.
Dan Martin, Jonathan Craig Williams, Edward James Gage, and Alex Morris all play Hal's poker friends.
Chris Eigeman as Lionel Herkabe, the second teacher of the Krelboyne class and a former Krelboyne himself. Despite sharing many of the same personality traits, he and Malcolm hate each other, but on one occasion Herkabe was nice to Malcolm. He is also bossy, stubborn and sadistic. Herkabe loses his GPA award in light of his actions for flunking Gym.
Brenda Wehle as Lavernia, Francis' first boss, a malevolent woman.
Merrin Dungey played two different, unrelated characters.[29] In the pilot episode Dungey plays Malcolm's teacher before he transfers to the Krelboyne class. Later in the first season, she appears as Kitty Kenarban, Stevie's mother who left him and Abe, but then returned. It is shown that Kitty is very overprotective of Stevie.
Todd Giebenhain as Richie, Francis' friend
Cameron Monaghan, Danny McCarthy, and Amy Bruckner as Dewey's special-ed class friends
Tania Raymonde as Cynthia, a Krelboyne girl who had a crush on Malcolm but left for Europe and later returned. Her dad is played by Fred Sanders.
Hayden Panettiere as Jessica, a girl hired to babysit Reese, Malcolm, and Dewey who later ends up living on their couch temporarily after her dad is arrested. Jessica is shown to be a very manipulative girl, once showing Malcolm how to emotionally manipulate Lois. She had been known to play tricks on Reese and Malcolm. Despite this, Jessica has a crush on Malcolm and has shown that she can be a loyal friend.
Landry Allbright as Julie Houlerman, a girl whom Malcolm had a crush on
Julie Hagerty as Polly, Jamie's babysitter, who is extravagantly open about her personal problems and medical conditions. In one episode its revealed she has a sadistic, and somewhat threatening, ex-boyfriend named Danny, who only appears once in the show. They end up reconciling and getting back together.
Steve Vinovich as Mr. Hodges, the school principal (season 7)

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
16
January 9, 2000 (2000-01-09)
May 21, 2000 (2000-05-21)

2
25
November 5, 2000 (2000-11-05)
May 20, 2001 (2001-05-20)

3
22
November 11, 2001 (2001-11-11)
May 12, 2002 (2002-05-12)

4
22
November 3, 2002 (2002-11-03)
May 18, 2003 (2003-05-18)

5
22
November 2, 2003 (2003-11-02)
May 23, 2004 (2004-05-23)

6
22
November 7, 2004 (2004-11-07)
May 15, 2005 (2005-05-15)

7
22
September 25, 2005 (2005-09-25)
May 14, 2006 (2006-05-14)

text: Production[edit]

text: Opening titles[edit]

text: The opening titles feature short clips from cult films or television shows, edited together with clips from the early seasons of the show, set to the song "Boss of Me" by They Might Be Giants. The original opening includes, in order of appearance:

text:
Three men fighting a giant Archelon: From One Million Years B.C. (1966)[30]
Grinning animated man in rain: Shiogami from the anime Nazca[30]
The monster rising out of the ocean is the Kraken: From Clash of the Titans (1981)[30]
Woman being held above a nest of hungry pterodactyls: From One Million Years B.C. (1966)[30]
Anime boy skateboarding: From the anime Nazca[30]
Mud-monster grabbing a woman as she kisses a man: From Creature from the Haunted Sea (1961)[31]
Man ski-jumping while ignited in flames: Thrill Seekers[32]
Wrestling match: Bret Hart locking Chris Benoit in the Sharpshooter during the WCW World Heavyweight Championship Match at WCW Mayhem 1999 PPV in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Robot head being assembled: From the BBC series Out of the Unknown episode "Liar!" (1969)[33]
Man attacking giant brain with an axe: From The Brain from Planet Arous (1957)[30]
Boxer knocking out referee: Cuban Pedro Cardenas fighting Canadian Willie de Wit but accidentally KOing referee Bert Lowes instead, during the 1982 North American Championships in Las Vegas.[30]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Much of the filming for Malcolm in the Middle was done on location[34] in various parts of the Thirty Mile Zone around Los Angeles. A privately owned home, located at 12334 Cantura Street in Toluca Lake, California, was rented for upwards of $3,000 a day to film as Malcolm's house.[35] Rebuilt in 2011, the property is no longer recognizable due to its modern two-floor design.[36] However, the house directly to the left of it is nearly identical to what it looked like during filming, still making it a frequent stop for fans of the show. School scenes were filmed at Walter Reed Middle School,[37][38] in North Hollywood, and the Lucky Aide was represented by a Drug Emporium at 6020 Lankershim Boulevard in North Hollywood. In "Stock Car Races," when Hal and the boys are entering a race track, the billboard behind the entrance displays the place as Irwindale Speedway, a real race track in Southern California. The last episode in the first season ("Waterpark") was filmed at a water park called Wild Rivers located in Irvine, California. It is never revealed which state the show is set in (except for Francis' whereabouts in early seasons, such as his military school in Alabama and his job in Alaska).

text: Studio filming for Malcolm in the Middle took place on Stage 21 at CBS Studio Center in Studio City.[39]

text: Chris Masterson would take a diminished role starting with Season 6 of the show in favor of getting behind the camera, directing and writing some episodes in Seasons 6 and 7.

text: Music[edit]

text: The show's theme song, "Boss of Me", was written and recorded by the alternative rock group They Might Be Giants.[40] The song won the "Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media" award at the 2002 Grammy Awards.[41] The band also performed nearly all of the incidental music for the show in its first two seasons.[42]

text: Mood setting music is sprinkled throughout the series, in lieu of audience laughter, in a way that resembles feature film more than other TV sitcoms. Some examples of this highly varied music include ABBA, Basement Jaxx, Sum 41, Kenny Rogers, Lemon Jelly, Lords of Acid, The Getaway People, En Vogue, Electric Light Orchestra, Fatboy Slim, Phil Collins, Tears for Fears, Quiet Riot, Queen, and Citizen King whose song "Better Days" is played at the end of both the pilot episode and the series finale. The Southern California pop-punk band Lit have many of their songs featured in several episodes. Lit songs that were never released as singles were also used.

text: A soundtrack, Music from Malcolm in the Middle, was released on November 21, 2000.[43]

text: Broadcast and syndication[edit]

text: The show entered barter syndication one month before the sixth season premiered on Fox and was later aired on FX in the fall of 2007 until the fall of 2010.[44]

text: The show was launched on Nick at Nite on July 5, 2009 at 8:00 pm with an all night marathon.[45] However, Nick at Nite aired the show with a PG rating and the episodes were either banned or heavily edited due to content that was too strong for the PG rating. When Nick at Nite pulled Malcolm it began airing on TeenNick[46] from November 26, 2010 and continued until December 2010. The show returned to TeenNick's line-up on July 18, 2011.

text: On September 26, 2011, Malcolm in the Middle began airing on IFC.[47] As of March 2013, the show has returned to TeenNick, airing weeknights at 10:00 pm (EST) and again at 10:30 pm (EST). Later during 2013 the show aired from 3:00 am (EST) till 5:00 am (EST), but has since switched to just a one-hour block from 4:00 am (EST) to 5:00 am (EST) after the 90's Are All That block was pushed back an hour. The series has not been shown on TeenNick since May 2014.

text: In the UK, the show was originally aired on Sky1 from September 3, 2000, later also airing on Sky2 and Sky3 before finally leaving all Sky channels in December 2010. It was also shown on BBC2 from April 6, 2001 until March 7, 2009. From January 3, 2011, it was shown on Fiver (now 5*) at 6:00 pm and again at about 7:30 pm. By 2014 it was only being shown weekly on Saturday at 3:15 pm in the order originally broadcast, the last repeat of the show in the UK (also the last ever episode produced) was shown for last time on 5* at 3:15 pm on Saturday January 18, 2014.

text: In November 2015, the show started airing from its first episode sequentially on Comedy Central at 11am in the UK.

text: On November 2, 2015 Family Channel in Canada started airing Malcolm in the Middle.

text: In March, 2016 Fox Comedy in Portugal started airing Malcolm in the Middle.

text: Home media releases[edit]

text: Only the first season of Malcolm in the Middle has been released on DVD in the U.S. Season 2 was set to be released in the fall of 2003, but was cancelled due to high costs of music clearances.[48]

text:
DVD name
Region 1
Region 2
Region 4
French release date
Ep #
# of discs
Extras and notes

The Complete First Season
October 29, 2002
September 24, 2012[49]
September 4, 2013[50]
March 4, 2014[51]
16
3
Extended pilot episode, A Stroke of Genius featurette, commentary on select episodes, gag reel, deleted scenes, alternate show openings, bloopers, Dewey's Day Job featurette.

The Complete Second Season
N/A
November 19, 2012[52]
September 4, 2013[53]
Spring 2014
25
4
Still Gallery

The Complete Third Season
February 4, 2013[54]
September 4, 2013[55]

22
3
A Still Gallery is listed but is absent from the actual DVDs

The Complete Fourth Season
March 4, 2013[56]
September 4, 2013[57]

22
3
A Still Gallery is listed but is absent from the actual DVDs

The Complete Fifth Season
April 29, 2013[58]
September 4, 2013[59]

22
3

The Complete Sixth Season
May 27, 2013[60]
September 4, 2013[61]

22
3

The Complete Seventh and Final Season
October 7, 2013[62]
September 4, 2013[63]

22
3

The Complete Collection Box Set
October 17, 2013[64]
September 4, 2013[65]

151
22
Extended pilot episode, A Stroke of Genius featurette, commentary on select episodes, gag reel, deleted scenes, alternate show openings, bloopers, Dewey's Day Job featurette, Season 2 Still Gallery.

text: In February 2012, it was announced that Fabulous Films would be releasing the first season of the show in the UK in April, as well as releasing each subsequent season the following month, ending with a complete series set near Christmas 2012.[66] However, in late March 2012, several retailers had removed the release date from their websites; this was later revealed to be because of "technical issues with the Masters" and that the release date had been pushed back to June.[67] Other seasons will now follow on either a monthly or bi-monthly basis.[68]

text: All the UK DVD releases are intact as originally aired with no cuts, with the original music, with the exception of one Season 3 episode "Company Picnic" which was originally aired as a one-hour special, before being re-edited and split into two parts for syndication. The DVD presents the syndicated version.

text: All seven seasons as well as the complete series set were released in Australia in September 2013. The complete series set altered the separate seven season sets to fit into four volumes. A collector's edition boxset which has the seasons split up instead of volumes was released subsequently in 2014. It features everything from the four-volume set and includes a bonus T-shirt. This set is exclusive to Australia.[65]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Season one holds a Metacritic score of 88 out of 100, based on 25 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".[69]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The show started off with ratings of 23 million for the debut episode[70] and 26 million for the second episode.[71]

text: Fox shuffled the show's air time repeatedly to make room for other shows. On January 13, 2006, Fox announced that the show would be moving to 7:00 pm on Sundays effective January 29, 2006.[72] The 151st and final episode aired at 8:30 pm ET/PT (the show's original timeslot) on May 14, 2006.[73] The finale was watched by 7.4 million.[74]

text:
Season
Season premiere
Season finale
TV season
Timeslot
Ranking
Viewers
(in millions)

1st
January 9, 2000
May 21, 2000
1999–2000
Sundays at 8:30
#18[75]
15.2[75]

2nd
November 5, 2000
May 20, 2001
2000–01
#22[76]
14.5[76]

3rd
November 11, 2001
May 12, 2002
2001–02
Sundays at 9:00
#25[77]
13.0[77]

4th
November 3, 2002
May 18, 2003
2002–03
#43[78]
10.7[78]

5th
November 2, 2003
May 23, 2004
2003–04
#71[79]
8.4[79]

6th
November 7, 2004
May 15, 2005
2004–05
Sundays at 7:30
#99[80]
5.6[80]

7th
September 30, 2005
May 14, 2006
2005–06
Fridays at 8:30 (Episodes 1-11)
Sundays at 7:00 (Episodes 12-22)
#127[81]
3.8[81]

text: In Australia, in 2001 Malcolm in the Middle premiered on Channel Nine, Monday nights at 8:00 pm. It rated strongly, with the help from its lead-in Friends, which at the time rated 2,279,000, 2,031,000 and 2,410,000 as the night's most watched show, and year's 2nd most watched TV program. Malcolm in the Middle's ratings included 1,952,000, 1,925,000, 1,712,000, 1,644,000, and sometimes rating over the 2 million mark: 2,002,000, 2,008,000.

text: In France, the show first aired daily at 8 pm in December 2001, on M6, but did not find its public and was quickly off schedule. Then, when the show made its comeback in the summer of 2003 at noon, it had a big success. The last seasons had over 1.5 million viewers and a share sometimes over 30%. Due to the show's popularity, the network is currently still broadcasting reruns.

text: In the UK, in April 2001, six months after it premiered on Sky 1, the show premiered on terrestrial television on BBC2 at 6:45 pm on Fridays, where the first episode gained 3.3 million. With the success of the first season, season 2 was moved to prime-time the following year at 8:35 pm. It was later shown weekdays on 5*, beginning on January 3, 2011. In November 2015, Comedy Central UK picked up the series.

text: In Mexico, the national channel Canal 5 began airing the show in 2001. It screens five-episode blocks of the series on weekdays from 7:00 pm to 9:20 pm. It is considered one of the favorite shows until today, still airing non-stop for 16 years.

text: In Canada, the series aired on Global TV. YTV in Canada started airing the series from fall 2006 to 2009. It also aired on Much, & MTV2 and is currently airing on Family.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Jane Kaczmarek and Cloris Leachman gained the highest honors in the cast for being nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award every year they appeared on Malcolm in the Middle.[82][83] Leachman succeeded in winning 2002 and 2006.[83] The show won a total of 7 Emmys during its six-year run[84] and a Peabody Award.[85]

text: Adaptation[edit]

text: Russian channel STS made a shot-for-shot adaptation called Супер Макс (English: Super Max) that comprises 1 season so far.[86]

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Current international prints of the show have the Fox Television Studios logo replaced by the 20th Century Fox Television logo.

tag: ol


document_title: Written in Bone

question_text: who is the publisher of written in bone

question_tokens: who is the publisher of written in bone

text: Written in Bone

text:
Written in Bone

Cover art to Delacort Press first edition

Author
Simon Beckett

Country
Outer Hebrides

Language
English

Genre
Crime fiction, Mystery

Published
New York : Delacorte Press, 2007

Media type
Book

Pages
328

ISBN
9780385340052

OCLC
123767270

Preceded by
The Chemistry of Death

Followed by
Whispers of the Dead

text: Written in Bone is a novel written by the British crime fiction writer Simon Beckett, first published in 2007. It is the second novel to feature Dr. David Hunter[1][2]

text: Set in the Outer Hebrides, this crime novel features forensic anthropologist Dr. David Hunter. In this volume, he is called in to examine a badly burned body found in a deserted house on a small island while contending with both personal and professional obstacles. It received positive reviews as being better than Beckett's first novel, with satisfying plot twists and well-implemented scientific details.[3]


document_title: Nitrogenous base

question_text: what are the different types of nitrogenous bases in dna

text: Nitrogenous base

text: A nitrogenous base, or nitrogen-containing base, is an organic molecule with a nitrogen atom that has the chemical properties of a base. The main biological function of a nitrogenous base is to bond nucleic acids together. A nitrogenous base owes its basic properties to the lone pair of electrons of a nitrogen atom.

text: Nitrogenous bases are typically classified as the derivatives of two parent compounds, pyrimidine and purine.[1] They are non-polar and due to their aromaticity, planar. Both pyrimidines and purines resemble pyridine and are thus weak bases and relatively unreactive towards electrophilic aromatic substitution.[2]

text: Role in nucleic acids[edit]

text: In the biological sciences, nitrogenous bases are increasingly termed nucleobases because of their role in nucleic acids - their flat shape is particularly important when considering their roles as the building blocks of DNA and RNA. A set of five nitrogenous bases is used in the construction of nucleotides, which in turn build up the nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. These nitrogenous bases are adenine (A), uracil (U), guanine (G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C). The nitrogenous bases form hydrogen bonds between opposing DNA strands to form the rungs of the "twisted ladder" or double helix of DNA or a biological catalyst that is found in the nucleotides. Adenine is always paired with thymine, and guanine is always paired with cytosine. These are known as base pairs. Uracil is only present in RNA, replacing thymine. Pyrimidines include thymine, cytosine, and uracil. They have a single ring structure. Purines include adenine and guanine. They have a double ring structure. [3]


document_title: The Hunchback of Notre-Dame

question_text: when did hunchback of notre dame take place

text: The Hunchback of Notre-Dame

text: The Title[edit]

text: The novel's original French title, Notre-Dame de Paris, is a metaphor: it refers to Notre Dame Cathedral, on which the story is centered, and Esmeralda, the novel's main character who is "our lady of Paris" and the center of the human drama within the story. Frederic Shoberl's 1833 English translation was published as The Hunchback of Notre Dame (which became the generally used title in English), which refers to Quasimodo, Notre Dame's bellringer.

text: The Background[edit]

text: Victor Hugo began writing Notre-Dame de Paris in 1829, largely to make his contemporaries more aware of the value of the Gothic architecture, which was neglected and often destroyed to be replaced by new buildings or defaced by replacement of parts of buildings in a newer style. For instance, the medieval stained glass panels of Notre-Dame de Paris had been replaced by white glass to let more light into the church.[1] This explains the large descriptive sections of the book, which far exceed the requirements of the story. A few years earlier, Hugo had already published a paper entitled Guerre aux Démolisseurs (War to the Demolishers) specifically aimed at saving Paris' medieval architecture.[2] The agreement with his original publisher, Gosselin, was that the book would be finished that same year, but Hugo was constantly delayed due to the demands of other projects. In the summer of 1830, Gosselin demanded that Hugo complete the book by February 1831. Beginning in September 1830, Hugo worked nonstop on the project thereafter. The book was finished six months later.

text: Plot[edit]

text: The story is set in Paris in 1482 during the reign of Louis XI. The gypsy Esmeralda (born as Agnes) captures the hearts of many men, including those of Captain Phoebus and Pierre Gringoire, but especially Quasimodo and his guardian Archdeacon Claude Frollo. Frollo is torn between his obsessive lust for Esmeralda and the rules of Notre Dame Cathedral. He orders Quasimodo to kidnap her, but Quasimodo is captured by Phoebus and his guards, who save Esmeralda. Gringoire, who attempted to help Esmeralda but was knocked out by Quasimodo, is about to be hanged by beggars when Esmeralda saves him by agreeing to marry him for four years.

text: The following day, Quasimodo is sentenced to be flogged and turned on the pillory for one hour, followed by another hour's public exposure. He calls for water. Esmeralda, seeing his thirst, approaches the public stocks and offers him a drink of water. It saves him, and she captures his heart.

text: Later, Esmeralda is arrested and charged with the attempted murder of Phoebus, whom Frollo actually attempted to kill in jealousy after seeing him trying to seduce Esmeralda. She is sentenced to death by hanging. As she is being led to the gallows, Quasimodo swings down by the bell rope of Notre-Dame and carries her off to the cathedral under the law of sanctuary, temporarily protecting her from arrest.

text: Frollo later informs Gringoire that the Court of Parlement has voted to remove Esmeralda's right to the sanctuary so she can no longer seek shelter in the Cathedral and will be taken away to be killed. Clopin, the leader of the Gypsies, hears the news from Gringoire and rallies the citizens of Paris to charge the cathedral and rescue Esmeralda.

text: When Quasimodo sees the Gypsies, he assumes they are there to hurt Esmeralda, so he drives them off. Likewise, he thinks the King's men want to rescue her, and tries to help them find her. She is rescued by Frollo and Gringoire. But after yet another failed attempt to win her love, Frollo betrays Esmeralda by handing her to the troops and watches while she is being hanged. When Frollo laughs during Esmeralda's hanging, Quasimodo pushes him from the height of Notre Dame to his death. Quasimodo goes to the cemetery, hugs Esmeralda's body, and dies of starvation with her. Years later they are discovered and, while trying to separate them, Quasimodo's bones turn to dust.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Major[edit]

text:
Esmeralda (born Agnes) is a beautiful 16-year-old Gypsy street dancer who is naturally compassionate and kind. She is the novel's protagonist. A popular focus of the citizens' attentions, she experiences their changeable attitudes, being first adored as an entertainer, then hated as a witch, before being lauded again by Quasimodo. She is loved by both Quasimodo and Claude Frollo, but, unfortunately she falls hopelessly in love with Captain Phoebus, a handsome soldier whom she believes will rightly protect her but who simply wants to seduce her. She is one of the few characters to show Quasimodo a moment of human kindness, as when she gives him water after the hunchback's flogging. She is eventually revealed to not actually be a gypsy, but to have been kidnapped by them and replaced by the deformed Quasimodo.
Claude Frollo, the novel's main antagonist, is the Archdeacon of Notre Dame. His dour attitude and his alchemical experiments have alienated him from the Parisians, who believe him a sorcerer. His parents having died of plague when he was a young man, he is without family save for Quasimodo, for whom he cares, and his dissolute younger brother Jehan, whom he unsuccessfully attempts to reform towards a better life. Frollo's numerous sins include lechery, failed alchemy and other listed vices. His mad attraction to Esmeralda sets off a chain of events, including her attempted abduction, leading to Quasimodo's sentence to be lashed in the square, and Frollo almost murdering Phoebus in a jealous rage, leading to Esmeralda's execution.
Quasimodo, is a deformed 20-year-old hunchback, and the bell ringer of Notre Dame. He is half blind and deaf, this because of all the years ringing the bells of the church. Abandoned by his mother as a baby, he was adopted by Claude Frollo. Quasimodo's life within the confines of the cathedral and his only two outlets —ringing the bells and his love and devotion for Frollo—are described. He rarely ventures outside the Cathedral because the citizens of Paris despise and shun him for his appearance. The notable occasions when he does leave include taking part in the Festival of Fools (which is celebrated on January 6)—during which he is elected the Pope of Fools due to his perfect hideousness—and his subsequent attempt to kidnap Esmeralda, his rescue of Esmeralda from the gallows, his attempt to bring Phoebus to Esmeralda, and his final abandonment of the cathedral at the end of the novel. It is revealed in the story that the baby Quasimodo was left by the Gypsies in place of Esmeralda, whom they abducted.
Pierre Gringoire is a struggling poet. He mistakenly finds his way into the "Court of Miracles", the domain of the Truands. In order to preserve the secrecy, Gringoire must either be killed by hanging, or marry a Gypsy. Although Esmeralda does not love him, and in fact believes him to be a coward rather than a true man, she takes pity on his plight and marries him. But, because she is already in love with Phoebus, much to his disappointment, she will not let him touch her.
Phoebus de Chateaupers is the Captain of the King's Archers, and a minor antagonist in the novel. After he saves Esmeralda from abduction, she becomes infatuated with him, and he is intrigued by her. Already betrothed to the beautiful but spiteful Fleur-de-Lys, he wants to lie with Esmeralda nonetheless but is prevented when Frollo stabs him. Phoebus survives, but Esmeralda is taken to be the attempted assassin by all, including Phoebus himself, who no longer wants her. He is condemned to a miserable married life with Fleur-de-Lys.
Clopin Trouillefou is the King of Truands. He sentences Gringoire to be hanged, and presides over his "wedding" to Esmeralda. He rallies the Court of Miracles to rescue Esmeralda from Notre Dame after the idea is suggested by Gringoire. He is eventually killed during the attack by the King's soldiers.

text: Minor[edit]

text:
Jehan Frollo "du Moulin" (alternately named Joannes Frollo "de Molendino") is Claude Frollo's 16-year-old dissolute younger brother. He is a troublemaker and a student at the university. He is dependent on his brother for money, which he then proceeds to squander on alcohol. After his brother stops giving him money, he becomes rogue. He briefly enters the cathedral by ascending one of the towers with a borrowed ladder, but Quasimodo sees him and throws him down to his death.
Fleur-de-Lys de Gondelaurier is a beautiful and wealthy noblewoman engaged to Phoebus. Phoebus's attentions to Esmeralda make her insecure and jealous, and she and her friends respond by treating Esmeralda with contempt and spite. Fleur-de-Lys later neglects to inform Phoebus that Esmeralda has not been executed, which serves to deprive the pair of any further contact—though as Phoebus no longer loves Esmeralda by this time, this does not matter. The novel ends with their wedding.
Madame Aloïse de Gondelaurier is Fleur-de-Lys' mother.
Sister Gudule, also known as Sachette and formerly named Paquette Guybertaut "la Chantefleurie", is an anchoress, who lives in seclusion in an exposed cell in central Paris. She is tormented by the loss of her daughter Agnes, whom she believes to have been cannibalised by Gypsies as a baby, and devotes her life to mourning her. Her long-lost daughter turns out to be Esmeralda, a fact she discovers only moments before Esmeralda is hanged.  Gudule is accidentally killed by one of the King's soldiers while attempting to prevent them from taking her daughter.
Djali is Esmeralda's pet goat, its pretty dope. In addition to dancing with Esmeralda, Djali can do tricks for money, such as tell time, spell Phoebus' name, and do impressions of public figures. Later during Esmeralda's trial when Esmeralda is falsely accused of the stabbing of Phoebus, Djali is falsely accused of being the devil in disguise. In the end of the novel, Djali is saved by Gringoire (who has become fond of the goat during his marriage to Esmeralda) after Esmeralda is captured and hanged.
Louis XI is the King of France. He appears as an old and sick man, but his personality is very sly and Machiavellian, as well as self-centred. He appears briefly when he is brought the news of the rioting at Notre Dame. He orders his guard to kill the rioters, and also the "witch" Esmeralda, because of being misinformed about the reason of rioting.
Tristan l'Hermite is a friend of King Louis XI. He leads the band that goes to capture Esmeralda.
Henriet Cousin is the city executioner, who hangs Esmeralda.
Florian Barbedienne is the judge who sentences Quasimodo to be tortured. He is also deaf.
Jacques Charmolue is Claude Frollo's friend in charge of torturing prisoners. He gets Esmeralda to falsely confess to killing Phoebus. He then has her imprisoned.
Jacques Coppenole is a man who appears in the beginning of the novel as one of the Flemish guests at the Feast of Fools. He convinces the Parisians to select the Pope of Fools.
Pierrat Torterue is the torturer at the Châtelet. He tortures Esmeralda after her interrogation to the point in where he hurts her so badly she falsely confesses, sealing her own fate. He was also the official who administered the savage flogging administered to Quasimodo by Barbedienne.
The unnamed presiding magistrate is the one who sentences Esmeralda to be hanged in the gallows.
Robin Poussepain is Jehan Frollo's companion who appears with him during the Feast of Fools and Quasimodo's flogging in the public square.
Olivier le Mauvais (literally "Olivier the Evil") is King Louis XI's close advisor.
La Falourdel is the innkeeper of the hotel where Phoebus and Esmeralda meet.
Marc Cenaine is a magician Jacques Charmolue and Claude Frollo torture for practicing witchcraft while they try to pry alchemy secrets from him.
Bérangère de Champchevrier is Fleur-de-Lys' friend.
Jacques Coictier is King Louis XI's physician.
Robert d'Estouteville is the chamberlain to King Louis XI. He is in a bad temper the day Quasimodo is pilloried, and he does not realize Quasimodo and the judge on duty are both deaf.
Colombe is Fleur-de-Lys' friend.

text: Major themes[edit]

text: This section  possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The novel's original French title, Notre-Dame de Paris, indicates that the cathedral itself is the most significant aspect of the novel, both the main setting and the focus of the story's themes.[3] The building had fallen into disrepair at the time of writing, which was something Hugo felt strongly about. The book portrays the Romantic era as one of the extremes in architecture, passion, and religion.[citation needed] The theme of determinism (fate and destiny, as set up in the preface of the novel through the introduction of the word "ANANKE") is explored, as well as revolution and social strife.[4]

text: Architecture[edit]

text: Architecture is a major concern of Hugo's in Notre-Dame de Paris, not just as embodied in the cathedral itself, but as representing throughout Paris and the rest of Europe an artistic genre which, Hugo argued, was about to disappear with the arrival of the printing press. Claude Frollo's portentous phrase, ‘Ceci tuera cela’ ("This will kill that", as he looks from a printed book to the cathedral building), sums up this thesis, which is expounded on in Book V, chapter 2. Hugo writes that ‘quiconque naissait poète se faisait architecte’ ("whoever was born a poet became an architect"), arguing that while the written word was heavily censored and difficult to reproduce, architecture was extremely prominent and enjoyed considerable freedom.

text: Il existe à cette époque, pour la pensée écrite en pierre, un privilège tout-à-fait comparable à notre liberté actuelle de la presse. C'est la liberté de l'architecture.There exists in this era, for thoughts written in stone, a privilege absolutely comparable to our current freedom of the press. It is the freedom of architecture.

text: With the recent introduction of the printing press, it became possible to reproduce one's ideas much more easily on paper, and Hugo considered this period to represent the last flowering of architecture as a great artistic form. As with many of his books, Hugo was interested in a time which seemed to him to be on the cusp between two types of society.[5]

text: The major theme of the third book is that over time the cathedral has been repaired, but the repairs and additions have made the cathedral worse: "And who put the cold, white panes in the place of those windows" and "...who substituted for the ancient Gothic altar, splendidly encumbered with shrines and reliquaries, that heavy marble sarcophagus, with angels' heads and clouds" are a few examples of this. This chapter also discusses how, after repairs to the cathedral after the French Revolution, there was not a significant style in what was added. It seems as if the new architecture is actually now uglier and worse than it was before the repairing.

text: Literary significance and reception[edit]

text: Hugo introduced with this work the concept of the novel as Epic Theatre. A giant epic about the history of a whole people, incarnated in the figure of the great cathedral as witness and silent protagonist of that history. The whole idea of time and life as an ongoing, organic panorama centered on dozens of characters caught in the middle of that history. It is the first novel to have beggars as protagonists.

text: Notre Dame de Paris was the first work of fiction to encompass the whole of life, from the King of France to Paris sewer rats, in a manner later co-opted by Honoré de Balzac, Gustave Flaubert and many others, including Charles Dickens. The enormous popularity of the book in France spurred the nascent historical preservation movement in that country and strongly encouraged Gothic revival architecture. Ultimately it led to major renovations at Notre-Dame in the 19th century led by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc. Much of the cathedral's present appearance is a result of this renovation.

text: Allusions and references[edit]

text: Allusions to actual history, geography and current science[edit]

text: In The Hunchback of Notre-Dame, Victor Hugo makes frequent reference to the architecture of the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris. He also mentions the invention of the printing press, when the bookmaker near the beginning of the work speaks of "the German pest."

text: In 2010, British archivist Adrian Glew discovered references to a real-life hunchback who was a foreman of a government sculpting studio in Paris in the 1820s who worked on post-Revolution restorations to the Cathedral.[6]

text: Allusions in other works[edit]

text: The name Quasimodo has become synonymous with "a courageous heart beneath a grotesque exterior."[7]

text: Drama adaptations[edit]

text: To date, all of the film and TV adaptations have strayed somewhat from the original plot, some going as far as to give it a happy ending, as in the classic 1939 film (although Quasimodo loses her to Gringoire in this version). The 1956 French film is one of the few versions to end almost exactly like the novel, although it changes other sections of the story. Unlike most adaptations, the 1996 Disney version has an ending that is inspired by an opera created by Hugo himself.

text: Comics[edit]

text: Artists like Noel Gloesner [8], Andrew Dickson [9], Robin Recht [10], Tim Conrad [11], Gilbert Bloch [12], George Evans [13] Dick Briefer [14] have all created comic strip and book adaptations of The Hunchback of Notre Dame. Paulo Borges [15],  Gustavo Machado [16] and Dan Spiegle [17] have drawn comic strip versions based on the 1996 Disney movie adaptation.

text: Films[edit]

text:
Esmeralda, a 1905 French short silent film.
In 1911, a silent film.
The Darling of Paris, a 1917 silent film.
Esmeralda, a 1922 British silent film.
In 1923, a silent film starring Lon Chaney as Quasimodo. Directed by Wallace Worsley, and produced by Carl Laemmle and Irving Thalberg.
In 1939, a sound film starring Charles Laughton as Quasimodo and Maureen O'Hara as Esmeralda. Directed by William Dieterle and produced by Pandro S. Berman.
In 1956, a French film starring Anthony Quinn as Quasimodo and Gina Lollobrigida as Esmeralda. Directed by Jean Delannoy and produced by Raymond Hakim and Robert Hakim.
In 1986, an Australian-American fantasy animated film.
In 1996, an animated film by Walt Disney Pictures. Directed by Kirk Wise and Gary Trousdale and produced by Don Hahn.
The Secret of the Hunchback, an animated film.
A Golden Films animated film.
A Jetlag Productions animated film.
Quasimodo d'El Paris, a 1999 parody film.

text: Television[edit]

text:
In 1966, a miniseries.
In 1977, a miniseries.
In 1982, a British-American film.
The Magical Adventures of Quasimodo, a 1996 animated series.
The Hunchback, a 1997 television film.

text: Theatre[edit]

text:
In 1977, an adaptation by Ken Hill was commissioned and staged by the National Theatre in London.
In 2010, an adaptation by Pip Utton was staged at The Pleasance as part of the Edinburgh Fringe Festival.
In 2010, an original adaptation by Myriad Theatre & Film was staged in London and then toured South England.
In 2012, an adaptation by Belt Up Theatre was staged in Selby Abbey.
In 2013, an adaptation by James Villafuerte was staged in Tanghalang Pasigueño Villa Teatro.

text: Music[edit]

text:
In 1977, a lush orchestral disco 28 minute epic re-telling the tale of Quasimodo and Esmeralda, by Alec R. Costandinos and the Syncophonic Orchestra.
In 1996, a recording of music written by Styx singer Dennis DeYoung for his musical adaptation of the novel.
In 1996, the soundtrack to the Disney film, released by Walt Disney Records.
In 2016, a soundtrack to the musical adaptation that is based on the novel and songs from the Disney film version.

text: Musical theatre[edit]

text:
La Esmeralda, opera by Louise Bertin (1836), libretto by Victor Hugo.
Esmeralda, opera by Alexander Dargomyzhsky (1847) based on the Victor Hugo novel.
In 1864, an opera by William Henry Fry with libretto by his brother Joseph Reese Fry based on the Victor Hugo novel. First performance: Academy of Music, Philadelphia, 4 May 1864, conducted by Theodore Thomas.
Esmeralda, opera by Arthur Goring Thomas (1883), also based on the same Victor Hugo novel.
Notre Dame, romantic Opera in two acts by Franz Schmidt, text after Victor Hugo by Schmidt and Leopold Wilk; composed: 1902–4, 1st perf.: Vienna 1914.
In 1993, an Off Broadway musical with music by Byron Janis, lyrics by Hal Hackady and book by Anthony Scully.[18]
In 1993, a dramatic sung-through musical with book and lyrics by Gary Sullivan and music by John Trent Wallace.[19] After a production at the Mermaid Theatre in London it was published by Samuel French Ltd in 1997 and has received several UK productions as well as productions in New Zealand and Australia. In 2010 it was re-written as a conventional musical, with the new title Notre Dame.[20]
El Jorobado de París (1993), an Argentinian sung-through musical with book and lyrics by Pepe Cibrián Campoy and music by Ángel Mahler. Revised versions opened in 1995, 2006 and 2013.
An operatic melodrama by Zigmars Liepiņš based on the novel.
In 1998, another musical based on the novel opened in Paris and became an instant success. It is considered the most successful adaptation of any novel except for The Phantom of the Opera and Les Misérables. It was also adapted for the stage by Nicholas DeBaubien.[21]
From 1999 to 2002, the Disney film was adapted into a darker, more Gothic musical production called Der Glöckner von Notre Dame (translated in English as The Bellringer of Notre Dame) in Berlin. A cast recording was also recorded in German.[22] The musical received an American remake in 2014.
A rock musical version was released in Seattle, Washington in 1998 titled "Hunchback" with music and script by C. Rainey Lewis.[23]
A musical version, scored by Dennis DeYoung, opened in Chicago at the Bailiwick Repertory in the summer of 2008.[24]
A re-adaptation of the piece entitled Our Lady of Paris, with music and lyrics by David Levinson and book by Stacey Weingarten, was produced in a reading format in Manhattan. It re-sets the action to 1954 at the beginning of the French Algerian conflict. After the first reading, the piece underwent revisions; a second reading was produced in January 2011 under the musical's new title, Les Enfants de Paris.
A musical based on the novel and songs from the Disney film.

text: Ballet[edit]

text:
La Esmeralda (1844) - choreography by Jules Perrot, music by Cesare Pugni. First performed at Her Majesty's Theatre in London. The ballet has a long performance history in Russia via the revivals of the choreographer Marius Petipa in St. Petersburg throughout the late 19th century.
Gudule’s Daughter, or Esmiralda (1902) – choreography by Alexander Alexeyevich Gorsky, music by Antoine Simon
In 1965, a choreography by Roland Petit, first performed by the Paris Opera Ballet.
IN 1998, a choreography and direction by Michael Pink and original music score by Philip Feeney; currently in the repertoire of Milwaukee Ballet, Boston Ballet, Royal New Zealand Ballet, Atlanta Ballet and Colorado Ballet.
Ringaren i Notre Dame (The Bellringer of Notre Dame; 2009) – choreography by Pär Isberg and original music score by Stefan Nilsson, first performed on Friday, April 3, by the Royal Swedish Ballet.

text: Radio[edit]

text: The book was twice adapted and broadcast by BBC Radio 4 as its Classic Serial:

text:
in 5 parts from 6 January to 3 February 1989, with Jack Klaff as Quasimodo
in 2 parts on 30 November and 7 December 2008, with deaf actor David Bower playing Quasimodo.

text: Video games[edit]

text: Hunchback, a 1983 arcade video game developed by Century Electronics, starring Quasimodo and Esmeralda.

text: Translation history[edit]

text: The Hunchback of Notre-Dame has been translated into English many times. Translations are often reprinted in various imprints. Some translations have been revised over time.

text:
1833. Translated by Frederic Shoberl as The Hunchback of Notre Dame. Later revisions.
1833. Translated by William Hazlitt as Notre Dame: A Tale of the Ancien Régime. Later revisions.
1862. Translated by Henry L. Williams as The Hunchback of Notre Dame.
1882. Translated by A. Langdon Alger as Notre-Dame de Paris.
1888. Translated by Isabel F. Hapgood as Notre-Dame de Paris.
1892. Translated by J. Caroll Beckwith as The Hunchback of Notre Dame.
1895. Translated by M.W. Artois et al., part of the 28-vol The Novels of Victor Hugo, re-printed in the 20th century under other titles.
1956. Translated by Lowell Bair, as The Hunchback of Notre Dame for Bantam Books and included in Bantam Classics
1892. Translated by Alan Smithee.
1964. Translated by Walter J. Cobb. In multiple editions, see for example Signet Classics ISBN 0-451-52788-7
1978. Translated by John Sturrock. In multiple editions, see for example Penguin Classics ISBN 0-14-044353-3
1993. Translated by Alban J. Krailsheimer as Notre-Dame de Paris. See Oxford World's Classics ISBN 978-0-19-955580-2
2002. Revised translation by Catherine Liu of an anonymous 19th century translation. See Modern Library Classics ISBN 0-679-64257-9
2013. Translated by Anonymous (CreateSpace Edition)
2014. Translated by P. Matvei