document_title: Rigor mortis

question_text: how long does it take for rigor mortis to set in in animals

text: Rigor mortis

text: Physiology[edit]

text: After death, respiration in an organism ceases, depleting the source of oxygen used in the making of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is required to cause separation of the actin-myosin cross-bridges during relaxation of muscle.[2] When oxygen is no longer present, the body may continue to produce ATP via anaerobic glycolysis. When the body's glycogen is depleted, the ATP concentration diminishes, and the body enters rigor mortis because it is unable to break those bridges.[3]

text: Additionally, calcium enters the cytosol after death. Calcium is released into the cytosol due to the deterioration of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Also, the breakdown of the sarcolemma causes additional calcium to enter the cytosol. The calcium activates the formation of actin-myosin cross-bridging. Once calcium is introduced into the cytosol, it binds to the troponin of thin filaments, which causes the troponin-tropomyosin complex to change shape and allow the myosin heads to bind to the active sites of actin proteins.[1] In rigor mortis myosin heads continue binding with the active sites of actin proteins via adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and the muscle is unable to relax until further enzyme activity degrades the complex.[2]

text: Normal relaxation would occur by replacing ADP with ATP, which would destabilize the myosin-actin bond and break the cross-bridge.[1] However, as ATP is absent, there must be a breakdown of muscle tissue by enzymes (endogenous or bacterial) during decomposition. As part of the process of decomposition, the myosin heads are degraded by the enzymes, allowing the muscle contraction to release and the body to relax.[4][5] Decomposition of the myofilaments occurs 48 to 60 hours after the peak of rigor mortis, which occurs approximately 13 hours after death.[1]

text: Physical changes[edit]

text: At the time of death, a condition called "primary flaccidity" occurs. Following this, the muscles stiffen in rigor mortis. All muscles in the body are affected. Starting between two and six hours following death, rigor mortis begins with the eyelids, neck, and jaw. The sequence may be due to different lactic acid levels among different muscles, which is directly related to the difference in glycogen levels and different types of muscle fibers.

text: Rigor mortis then spreads to the other muscles, including the internal organs, within the next four to six hours. The onset of rigor mortis is affected by the individual's age, sex, physical condition, and muscular build. Rigor mortis may not be perceivable in many infant and child corpses due to their smaller muscle mass.[6]

text: Applications in meat industry[edit]

text: Rigor mortis is very important in meat technology. The onset of rigor mortis and its resolution partially determine the tenderness of meat. If the post-slaughter meat is immediately chilled to 15 °C (59 °F), a phenomenon known as cold shortening occurs, whereby the muscle sarcomeres shrink to a third of their original length.

text: Cold shortening is caused by the release of stored calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle fibers, in response to the cold stimulus. The calcium ions trigger powerful muscle contraction aided by ATP molecules. To prevent cold shortening, a process known as electrical stimulation is carried out, especially in beef carcasses, immediately after slaughter and skinning. In this process, the carcass is stimulated with alternating current, causing it to contract and relax, which depletes the ATP reserve from the carcass and prevents cold shortening.[7]

text: Application in forensic pathology[edit]

text: The degree of rigor mortis may be used in forensic pathology, to determine the approximate time of death. A dead body holds its position as rigor mortis sets in. If the body is moved after death, but before rigor mortis begins, forensic techniques such as livor mortis can be applied.  If the position in which a body is found does not match the location where it is found (for example, if it is flat on its back with one arm sticking straight up), that could mean someone moved it.

text: Several factors also affect the progression of rigor mortis, and investigators take these into account when estimating the time of death. One such factor is the ambient temperature. When conditions are warm, the onset and pace of rigor mortis are sped up by providing a conducive environment for the metabolic processes that cause decay.  Low temperatures, however, slow them down. Therefore, for a person who dies outside in frozen conditions rigor mortis may last several days more than normal, so investigators may have to abandon it as a tool for determining time of death.[8][9]

text: In pop culture[edit]

text:
In Kendrick Lamar's 2011 album Section.80 there is a song titled Rigamortis in which Lamar references rigor mortis.
In RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars 2, Alyssa Edwards mistakes rigor mortis for Rigga Morris.


document_title: 2017 ICC Champions Trophy

question_text: teams qualified for semifinals in champions trophy 2017

question_tokens: teams qualified for semifinals in champions trophy 2017

root

text: 2017 ICC Champions Trophy

text: Qualification[edit]

text: As hosts, England qualified for the competition automatically; they were joined by the seven other highest-ranked teams in the ICC ODI Championship as at 30 September 2015.[6]

tag: p

text:
Qualification
Country

Host
 England

ODI Championship
 Australia

 India

 South Africa

 New Zealand

 Sri Lanka

 Bangladesh

 Pakistan

tag: table

text: Venues[edit]

text: On 1 June 2016, it was announced that the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy would be held across three venues: The Oval, Edgbaston and Sophia Gardens.[7] The ICC confirmed the umpires for all matches and venues on 18 May 2017.[8]

text:
London
Birmingham
Cardiff

The Oval
Edgbaston Cricket Ground
Sophia Gardens

Capacity: 26,000
Capacity: 23,500
Capacity: 15,643

text: Squads[edit]

text: The eight participating teams were required to announce a 15-member squad for the tournament on or before 25 April 2017.[9] Teams could make changes to their originally named squads up to 25 May 2017, after which date changes would only be accepted on medical grounds, subject to approval.[10]

text: India did not announce their squad by 25 April deadline due to what it described as "operational" reasons, although this was widely seen as a protest by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) in an ongoing disagreement with the ICC over finance and governance.[10] The BCCI were scheduled to announce the squad for India after the ICC board meeting on 27 April 2017.[11] However, on 4 May 2017, after no team had been named, the committee of administrators told the BCCI to select their squad immediately.[12] The BCCI undertook a special general meeting on 7 May 2017 to determine what course of action they would take.[13] The outcome of that meeting was that India would take part in the tournament,[14] and the squad was named on 8 May 2017.[15]

text: On 10 May 2017, the ICC confirmed all the squads for the tournament. Pakistan's Shoaib Malik played in his sixth consecutive Champions Trophy.[16]

text: Warm-up matches[edit]

text: Before the tournament started, England and South Africa played a bilateral three-match ODI series leaving the other six teams to play warm-ups against two other teams not in their group. These warm-up matches had rules that were slightly different from normal ODI matches, and were thus not recognised as ODIs. A team could use up to 15 players in a match, but only 11 could bat (or field at any one time) in each innings.

text: Group stage[edit]

text: The fixtures were announced on 1 June 2016.[17][18]

text:
[show]Tiebreakers

The teams are ranked according to points (2 for a win, 1 for a tied, abandoned or no result game, and 0 for loss). If two or more teams are equal on points on completion of the group matches, the following criteria are applied in the order given to determine the rankings:[19]

The team with the most wins in the Group matches will be placed in the higher position.
If there are teams with equal points and equal wins, the team with the higher net run rate in the Group matches will be placed in the higher position
If two or more teams are still equal, they will be ordered according to the head to head matches played between them (points then net run rate in those matches).
In the highly unlikely event that teams cannot be separated by the above, teams will be ordered according to their seeded group position.
If all matches within a Group are a no result, the top 2 teams by their seeded group positions will progress to the semi-finals.

text: Group A[edit]

text:
Team

v
t
e

Pld
W
L
NR
Pts
NRR

 England
3
3
0
0
6
+1.045

 Bangladesh
3
1
1
1
3
0.000

 Australia
3
0
1
2
2
–0.992

 New Zealand
3
0
2
1
1
–1.058

text: Advanced to knock-out stage

text:
1 June 2017
10:30
Scorecard

text:
Bangladesh
305/6 (50 overs)

v

 England
308/2 (47.2 overs)

Tamim Iqbal 128 (142)
Liam Plunkett 4/59 (10 overs)

Joe Root 133* (129)
Sabbir Rahman 1/13 (1 over)

text:
England won by 8 wickets
The Oval, London
Umpires: Sundaram Ravi (Ind) and Rod Tucker (Aus)
Player of the match: Joe Root (Eng)

text:
England won the toss and elected to field.
This was the first time a 300-plus total had been successfully chased down in the history of the Champions Trophy.[20]
Points: England 2, Bangladesh 0.

tag: ul

text:
2 June 2017
10:30
Scorecard

text:
New Zealand
291 (45 overs)

v

 Australia
53/3 (9 overs)

Kane Williamson 100 (97)
Josh Hazlewood 6/52 (9 overs)

Moisés Henriques 18 (14)
Adam Milne 2/9 (2 overs)

text:
No result
Edgbaston, Birmingham
Umpires: Richard Illingworth (Eng) and Richard Kettleborough (Eng)

text:
New Zealand won the toss and elected to bat.
Rain initially reduced the match to 46 overs per side, with further rain setting Australia a revised target of 235 runs from 33 overs. Another rain delay prevented any further play.
Josh Hazlewood (Aus) returned the second-best bowling figures in the history of the Champions Trophy with 6/52.[21]
Points: Australia 1, New Zealand 1.

text:
5 June 2017
13:30 (D/N)
Scorecard

text:
Bangladesh
182 (44.3 overs)

v

 Australia
83/1 (16 overs)

Tamim Iqbal 95 (114)
Mitchell Starc 4/29 (8.3 overs)

David Warner 40* (44)
Rubel Hossain 1/21 (4 overs)

text:
No result
The Oval, London
Umpires: Chris Gaffaney (NZ) and Nigel Llong (Eng)

text:
Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat.
Rain during Australia's innings prevented any further play.
This was Australia's 900th ODI match.[22]
David Warner (Aus) became the fastest Australian batsman, in terms of innings, to make 4,000 runs in ODIs (93).[23]
Points: Australia 1, Bangladesh 1.

text:
6 June 2017
10:30
Scorecard

text:
England
310 (49.3 overs)

v

 New Zealand
223 (44.3 overs)

Joe Root 64 (65)
Corey Anderson 3/55 (9 overs)

Kane Williamson 87 (98)
Liam Plunkett 4/55 (9.3 overs)

text:
England won by 87 runs
Sophia Gardens, Cardiff
Umpires: Bruce Oxenford (Aus) and Paul Reiffel (Aus)
Player of the match: Jake Ball (Eng)

text:
New Zealand won the toss and elected to field.
Points: England 2, New Zealand 0.
England qualified for the semi-finals as a result of this match.[24]

text:
9 June 2017
10:30
Scorecard

text:
New Zealand
265/8 (50 overs)

v

 Bangladesh
268/5 (47.2 overs)

Ross Taylor 63 (82)
Mosaddek Hossain 3/13 (3 overs)

Shakib Al Hasan 114 (115)
Tim Southee 3/45 (9 overs)

text:
Bangladesh won by 5 wickets
Sophia Gardens, Cardiff
Umpires: Ian Gould (Eng) and Nigel Llong (Eng)
Player of the match: Shakib Al Hasan (Ban)

text:
New Zealand won the toss and elected to bat.
Mahmudullah and Shakib Al Hasan made the highest partnership for any wicket for Bangladesh in an ODI (224).[25]
This was Bangladesh's first victory in the history of the Champions Trophy.[26]
Points: Bangladesh 2, New Zealand 0.
New Zealand were eliminated as a result of this match.[25]

text:
10 June 2017
10:30
Scorecard

text:
Australia
277/9 (50 overs)

v

 England
240/4 (40.2 overs)

Travis Head 71* (64)
Mark Wood 4/33 (10 overs)

Ben Stokes 102* (109)
Josh Hazlewood 2/50 (9 overs)

text:
England won by 40 runs (D/L method)
Edgbaston, Birmingham
Umpires: Kumar Dharmasena (SL) and Chris Gaffaney (NZ)
Player of the match: Ben Stokes (Eng)

text:
England won the toss and elected to field.
Rain during England's innings prevented any further play.
Points: England 2, Australia 0.
Australia were eliminated and Bangladesh qualified for the semi-finals for the first time as a result of this match.[27]

text: Group B[edit]

text:
Team

v
t
e

Pld
W
L
NR
Pts
NRR

 India
3
2
1
0
4
+1.370

 Pakistan
3
2
1
0
4
-0.680

 South Africa
3
1
2
0
2
+0.167

 Sri Lanka
3
1
2
0
2
-0.798

text: Advanced to knock-out stage

text:
3 June 2017
10:30
Scorecard

text:
South Africa
299/6 (50 overs)

v

 Sri Lanka
203 (41.3 overs)

Hashim Amla 103 (115)
Nuwan Pradeep 2/54 (10 overs)

Upul Tharanga 57 (69)
Imran Tahir 4/27 (8.3 overs)

text:
South Africa won by 96 runs
The Oval, London
Umpires: Aleem Dar (Pak) and Ian Gould (Eng)
Player of the match: Imran Tahir (SA)

text:
Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.
Hashim Amla (SA) became the fastest batsman, in terms of innings, to make 25 centuries in ODIs (151).[28]
Due to the slow over rate, Sri Lanka's captain Upul Tharanga was suspended for two matches.[29]
Points: South Africa 2, Sri Lanka 0.

text:
4 June 2017
10:30
Scorecard

text:
India
319/3 (48 overs)

v

 Pakistan
164 (33.4 overs)

Rohit Sharma 91 (119)
Shadab Khan 1/52 (10 overs)

Azhar Ali 50 (65)
Umesh Yadav 3/30 (7.4 overs)

text:
India won by 124 runs (D/L method)
Edgbaston, Birmingham
Umpires: Kumar Dharmasena (SL) and Marais Erasmus (SA)
Player of the match: Yuvraj Singh (Ind)

text:
Pakistan won the toss and elected to field.
Rain reduced the match to 48 overs per side, with further rain setting Pakistan a revised target of 289 runs from 41 overs.
Wahab Riaz (Pak) recorded the worst bowling figures in the history of the Champions Trophy with 0/87.[30]
Points: India 2, Pakistan 0.

text:
7 June 2017
13:30 (D/N)
Scorecard

text:
South Africa
219/8 (50 overs)

v

 Pakistan
119/3 (27 overs)

David Miller 75* (104)
Hasan Ali 3/24 (8 overs)

Fakhar Zaman 31 (23)
Morne Morkel 3/18 (7 overs)

text:
Pakistan won by 19 runs (D/L method)
Edgbaston, Birmingham
Umpires: Richard Illingworth (Eng) and Sundaram Ravi (Ind)
Player of the match: Hasan Ali (Pak)

text:
South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
Rain during Pakistan's innings prevented any further play.
Fakhar Zaman (Pak) made his ODI debut.
Points: Pakistan 2, South Africa 0.

text:
8 June 2017
10:30
Scorecard

text:
India
321/6 (50 overs)

v

 Sri Lanka
322/3 (48.4 overs)

Shikhar Dhawan 125 (128)
Lasith Malinga 2/70 (10 overs)

Kusal Mendis 89 (93)
Bhuvneshwar Kumar 1/54 (10 overs)

text:
Sri Lanka won by 7 wickets
The Oval, London
Umpires: Richard Kettleborough (Eng) and Rod Tucker (Aus)
Player of the match: Kusal Mendis (SL)

text:
Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.
This was the 150th ODI match between the two sides.[31]
This was Sri Lanka's joint-highest successful run-chase in ODIs and the highest successful run chase by any team in the history of the Champions Trophy.[32][33]
Points: Sri Lanka 2, India 0.

text:
11 June 2017
10:30
Scorecard

text:
South Africa
191 (44.3 overs)

v

 India
193/2 (38 overs)

Quinton de Kock 53 (72)
Bhuvneshwar Kumar 2/22 (7.3 overs)

Shikhar Dhawan 78 (83)
Imran Tahir 1/37 (6 overs)

text:
India won by 8 wickets
The Oval, London
Umpires: Aleem Dar (Pak) and Paul Reiffel (Aus)
Player of the match: Jasprit Bumrah (Ind)

text:
India won the toss and elected to field.
Points: India 2, South Africa 0.
India qualified for the semi-finals and South Africa were eliminated as a result of this match.[34]

text:
12 June 2017
10:30
Scorecard

text:
Sri Lanka
236 (49.2 overs)

v

 Pakistan
237/7 (44.5 overs)

Niroshan Dickwella 73 (86)
Junaid Khan 3/40 (10 overs)

Sarfraz Ahmed 61* (79)
Nuwan Pradeep 3/60 (10 overs)

text:
Pakistan won by 3 wickets
Sophia Gardens, Cardiff
Umpires: Marais Erasmus (SA) and Bruce Oxenford (Aus)
Player of the match: Sarfraz Ahmed (Pak)

text:
Pakistan won the toss and elected to field.
Fahim Ashraf (Pak) made his ODI debut.
Points: Pakistan 2, Sri Lanka 0.
Pakistan qualified for the semi-finals and Sri Lanka were eliminated as a result of this match.[35]

text: Knock-out stage[edit]

text:
Semi-finals

Final

A1
 England
211 (49.5 overs)

B2
 Pakistan
215/2 (37.1 overs)

B2
 Pakistan
338/4 (50 overs)

B1
 India
158 (30.3 overs)

A2
 Bangladesh
264/7 (50 overs)

B1
 India
265/1 (40.1 overs)

text: Semi-finals[edit]

text: England became the first team to qualify for the semi-finals by virtue of two wins in its first two Group A games, and with other teams of the group either losing a game or ending games without a result.[36] Bangladesh qualified for the semi-finals following their win against New Zealand, and Australia failing to beat England in the final match of Group A.[37] From Group B, India and Pakistan qualified for the semi-finals following victories in their final group matches against South Africa and Sri Lanka respectively.[38][39]

text: The ICC confirmed the umpires for the semi-final matches on 13 June 2017 and for the final on 16 June 2017.[40][41] Pakistan beat England by 8 wickets to qualify for the final for the first time while India beat Bangladesh by 9 wickets to make their second consecutive appearance and fourth overall in a final.[42]

text:
14 June 2017
10:30
Scorecard

text:
England
211 (49.5 overs)

v

 Pakistan
215/2 (37.1 overs)

Joe Root 46 (56)
Hasan Ali 3/35 (10 overs)

Azhar Ali 76 (100)
Jake Ball 1/37 (8 overs)

text:
Pakistan won by 8 wickets
Sophia Gardens, Cardiff
Umpires: Marais Erasmus (SA) and Rod Tucker (Aus)
Player of the match: Hasan Ali (Pak)

text:
Pakistan won the toss and elected to field.
Rumman Raees (Pak) made his ODI debut.
This was the first time that Pakistan had qualified for a Champions Trophy final and it was their first final in an ICC ODI competition since 1999.[43]

text:
15 June 2017
10:30
Scorecard

text:
Bangladesh
264/7 (50 overs)

v

 India
265/1 (40.1 overs)

Tamim Iqbal 70 (82)
Kedar Jadhav 2/22 (6 overs)

Rohit Sharma 123* (129)
Mashrafe Mortaza 1/29 (8 overs)

text:
India won by 9 wickets
Edgbaston, Birmingham
Umpires: Kumar Dharmasena (SL) and Richard Kettleborough (Eng)
Player of the match: Rohit Sharma (Ind)

text:
India won the toss and elected to field.
This was Bangladesh's first appearance in a semi-final of any ICC competition.[44]
Yuvraj Singh played in his 300th ODI.[45]
Virat Kohli (Ind) became the fastest batsman, in terms of innings, to reach 8,000 runs in ODIs (175).[46]

text: Final[edit]

text:
18 June 2017
10:30
Scorecard

text:
Pakistan
338/4 (50 overs)

v

 India
158 (30.3 overs)

Fakhar Zaman 114 (106)
Kedar Jadhav 1/27 (3 overs)

Hardik Pandya 76 (43)
Mohammad Amir 3/16 (6 overs)

text:
Pakistan won by 180 runs
The Oval, London
Umpires: Marais Erasmus (SA) and Richard Kettleborough (Eng)
Player of the match: Fakhar Zaman (Pak)

text:
India won the toss and elected to field.
Fakhar Zaman (Pak) scored his first century in an ODI.
Pakistan's total was their highest in any ICC tournament final.[3]
The margin of victory was the largest in any ICC ODI tournament in terms of runs.[3]

text: Statistics[edit]

text: Batting[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Mat
Inns
Runs
Ave
HS

Shikhar Dhawan
 India
5
5
338
067.60
1250

Rohit Sharma
 India
5
5
304
076.00
123*

Tamim Iqbal
 Bangladesh
4
4
293
073.25
1280

Joe Root
 England
4
4
258
086.00
133*

Virat Kohli
 India
5
5
258
129.00
096*

Source: ESPN Cricinfo[47]

text: Bowling[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Mat
Inns
Wkts
Ave
Econ
BBI

Hasan Ali
 Pakistan
5
5
13
14.69
4.29
3/19

Josh Hazlewood
 Australia
3
3
09
15.77
5.07
6/52

Junaid Khan
 Pakistan
4
4
08
19.37
4.58
3/40

Liam Plunkett
 England
4
4
08
24.50
5.85
4/55

Adil Rashid
 England
3
3
07
20.28
4.73
4/41

Source: ESPN Cricinfo[48]

text: Team of the Tournament[edit]

text: The team of the tournament was named by the ICC the day after the final. The team included seven members of the 22 players who featured in the final, as well as three Englishmen, a Bangladeshi and a New Zealander.[49]

text:
Shikhar Dhawan
 Fakhar Zaman
 Tamim Iqbal
 Virat Kohli
 Joe Root
 Ben Stokes
 Sarfraz Ahmed (c & wk)
 Adil Rashid
 Junaid Khan
 Bhuvneshwar Kumar
 Hasan Ali
 Kane Williamson (12th man)

tag: ol

text: Media and promotion[edit]

text: In a media release before the commencement of the tournament, the ICC stated that live broadcast would be made available in "more than 200 territories, across five continents".[50] The release added that the tournament's broadcast would reach China, South Korea, Thailand and Indonesia for the first time.[51]

text: The prize money for the competiton was increased by $500,000 from 2013 to a total of $4.5 million. The winning team received $2.2 million, with $1.1 million going to the runner-up. The other two semi-finalists earned $450,000 each. Teams finishing third and fourth in each group each received $90,000 and $60,000 respectively.[52]


document_title: Portuguese Malacca

question_text: to whom did the portuguese lose malacca in 1641

text: Portuguese Malacca

text: History[edit]

text: According to the 16th-century Portuguese historian Emanuel Godinho de Erédia, the site of the old city of Malacca was named after the Phyllanthus Emblica (Malacca Tree or Pokok Melaka), fruit-bearing trees along the banks of a river called Airlele (Ayer Leleh). The Airlele river was said to originate from Buquet China (present-day Bukit Cina). Eredia cited that the city was founded by Permicuri (i.e. Parameswara) the first King of Malacca in 1411.

text: The capture of Malacca[edit]

text: The news of Malacca's wealth attracted the attention of Manuel I, King of Portugal and he sent Admiral Diogo Lopes de Sequeira to find Malacca, to make a trade compact with its ruler as Portugal's representative east of India. The first European to reach Malacca and Southeast Asia, Sequeira arrived in Malacca in 1509. Although he was initially well received by Sultan Mahmud Shah, trouble however quickly ensued.[1] The general feeling of rivalry between Islam and Christianity was invoked by a group of Goa Muslims in the sultan's court after the Portuguese had captured Goa.[2] The international Muslim trading community convinced Mahmud that the Portuguese were a grave threat. Mahmud subsequently captured several of his men, killed others and attempted to attack the four Portuguese ships, although they escaped. As the Portuguese had found in India, conquest would be the only way they could establish themselves in Malacca.[1]

text: In April 1511, Afonso de Albuquerque set sail from Goa to Malacca with a force of some 1200 men and seventeen or eighteen ships.[1] The Viceroy made a number of demands—one of which was for permission to build a fortress as a Portuguese trading post near the city.[2] The Sultan refused all the demands. Conflict was unavoidable, and after 40 days of fighting, Malacca fell to the Portuguese on 24 August. A bitter dispute between Sultan Mahmud and his son Sultan Ahmad also weighed down the Malaccan side.[1]

text: Following the defeat of the Malacca Sultanate on 15 August 1511 in the capture of Malacca, Afonso de Albuquerque sought to erect a permanent form of fortification in anticipation of the counterattacks by Sultan Mahmud. A fortress was designed and constructed encompassing a hill, lining the edge of the sea shore, on the south east of the river mouth, on the former site of the Sultan's palace. Albuquerque remained in Malacca until November 1511 preparing its defences against any Malay counterattack.[1] Sultan Mahmud Shah was forced to flee Malacca.

text: A Portuguese port in a hostile region[edit]

text: As the first base of European Christian trading kingdom in Southeast Asia, it was surrounded by numerous emerging native Muslim states. Also, with hostile initial contact with the local Malay policy, Portuguese Malacca faced severe hostility. They endured years of battles started by Malay sultans who wanted to get rid of the Portuguese and reclaim their land. The Sultan made several attempts to retake the capital. He rallied the support from his ally the Sultanate of Demak in Java who, in 1511, agreed to send naval forces to assist. Led by Pati Unus, the Sultan of Demak, the combined Malay–Java efforts failed and were fruitless. The Portuguese retaliated and forced the sultan to flee to Pahang. Later, the sultan sailed to Bintan Island and established a new capital there. With a base established, the sultan rallied the disarrayed Malay forces and organized several attacks and blockades against the Portuguese's position. Frequent raids on Malacca caused the Portuguese severe hardship. In 1521 the second Demak campaign to assist the Malay Sultan to retake Malacca was launched, however once again failed with the cost of the Demak Sultan's life. He was later remembered as Pangeran Sabrang Lor or the Prince who crossed (the Java Sea) to North (Malay Peninsula). The raids helped convince the Portuguese that the exiled sultan's forces must be silenced. A number of attempts were made to suppress the Malay forces, but it wasn't until 1526 that the Portuguese finally razed Bintan to the ground. The sultan then retreated to Kampar in Riau, Sumatra where he died two years later. He left behind two sons named Muzaffar Shah and Alauddin Riayat Shah II.

text: Muzaffar Shah was invited by the people in the north of the peninsula to become their ruler, establishing the Sultanate of Perak. Meanwhile, Mahmud's other son, Alauddin succeeded his father and made a new capital in the south. His realm was the Johor Sultanate, the successor of Malacca.

text: Several attempts to remove Malacca from Portuguese rule were made by the Sultan of Johor. A request sent to Java in 1550 resulted in Queen Kalinyamat, the regent of Jepara, sending 4,000 soldiers aboard 40 ships to meet the Johor sultan's request to take Malacca. The Jepara troops later joined forces with the Malay alliance and managed to assemble around 200 warships for the upcoming assault. The combined forces attacked from the north and captured most of Malacca, but the Portuguese managed to retaliate and force back the invading forces. The Malay alliance troops were thrown back to the sea, while the Jepara troops remained on shore. Only after their leaders were slain did the Jepara troops withdraw. The battle continued on the beach and in the sea resulting in more than 2,000 Jepara soldiers being killed. A storm stranded two Jepara ships on the shore of Malacca, and they fell prey to the Portuguese. Fewer than half of the Jepara soldiers managed to leave Malacca.

text: In 1567, Prince Husain Ali I Riayat Syah from the Sultanate of Aceh launched a naval attack to oust the Portuguese from Malacca, but this once again ended in failure. In 1574 a combined attack from Aceh Sultanate and Javanese Jepara tried again to capture Malacca from the Portuguese, but ended in failure due to poor coordination.

text: Competition from other ports such as Johor saw Asian traders bypass Malacca and the city began to decline as a trading port.[3] Rather than achieving their ambition of dominating it, the Portuguese had fundamentally disrupted the organisation of the Asian trade network. Rather than a centralised port of exchange of Asian wealth exchange, or a Malay state to police the Strait of Malacca that made it safe for commercial traffic, trade was now scattered over a number of ports amongst bitter warfare in the Straits.[3]

text: Chinese military retaliation against Portugal[edit]

text: The Malay Malacca Sultanate was a tributary state and ally to Ming Dynasty China. When Portugal conquered Malacca in 1511, the Chinese responded with violent force against the Portuguese.

text: Following the attack, the Chinese refused to accept a Portuguese embassy.[4]

text: The Chinese Imperial Government imprisoned and executed multiple Portuguese diplomatic envoys after torturing them in Guangzhou. A Malaccan envoy had informed the Chinese of the Portuguese seizure of Malacca, which the Chinese responded to with hostility toward the Portuguese. The Malaccan envoy told the Chinese of the deception the Portuguese used, disguising plans for conquering territory as mere trading activities, and told his tale of deprivations at the hands of the Portuguese.[5] Malacca was under Chinese protection and the Portuguese invasion angered the Chinese.[6]

text: Due to the Malaccan Sultan lodging a complaint against the Portuguese invasion to the Chinese Emperor, the Portuguese were greeted with hostility from the Chinese when they arrived in China.[7] The Sultan's complaint caused "a great deal of trouble" to Portuguese in China.[8] The Chinese were very "unwelcoming" to the Portuguese.[9] The Malaccan Sultan, based in Bintan after fleeing Malacca, sent a message to the Chinese, which combined with Portuguese banditry and violent activity in China, led the Chinese authorities to execute 23 Portuguese and torture the rest of them in jails. After the Portuguese set up posts for trading in China and committed piratical activities and raids in China, the Chinese responded with the complete extermination of the Portuguese in Ningbo and Quanzhou[10] Pires, a Portuguese trade envoy, was among those who died in the Chinese dungeons.[11]

text: However, with gradual improvement of relations and aid given against the Wokou pirates along China's shores, by 1557 Ming China finally agreed to allow the Portuguese to settle at Macau in a new Portuguese trade colony.[12] The Malay Sultanate of Johor also improved relations with the Portuguese and fought alongside them against the Aceh Sultanate.

text: Chinese boycott and counterattacks[edit]

text: Chinese traders boycotted Malacca after it fell under Portuguese control, some Chinese in Java assisted in Muslim attempts to reconquer the city from Portugal using ships. The Java Chinese participation in retaking Malacca was recorded in "The Malay Annals of Semarang and Cerbon".[13] The Chinese traders did business with the Malays and Javanese instead of the Portuguese.[14]

text: Dutch conquest and the end of Portuguese Malacca[edit]

text: By the early 17th century, the Dutch East India Company (Dutch: Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, VOC) began contesting Portuguese power in the East. At that time, the Portuguese had transformed Malacca into an impregnable fortress, the Fortaleza de Malaca, controlling access to the sea lanes of the Straits of Malacca and the spice trade there. The Dutch started by launching small incursions and skirmishes against the Portuguese. The first serious attempt was the siege of Malacca in 1606 by the third VOC fleet from Holland with eleven ships, commanded by Admiral Cornelis Matelief de Jonge that led to the naval battle of Cape Rachado. Although the Dutch were routed, the Portuguese fleet of Martim Afonso de Castro, the Viceroy of Goa, suffered heavier casualties and the battle rallied the forces of the Sultanate of Johor into an alliance with the Dutch and later on with the Aceh Sultanate.

text: Around that same time period, the Sultanate of Aceh had grown into a regional power with a formidable naval force and regarded Portuguese Malacca as potential threat. In 1629, Iskandar Muda of the Aceh Sultanate sent several hundred ships to attack Malacca, but the mission was a devastating failure. According to Portuguese sources, all of his ships were destroyed and lost some 19,000 men in the process.

text: The Dutch with their local allies assaulted and finally wrested Malacca from the Portuguese in January 1641. This combined Dutch-Johor-Aceh efforts effectively destroyed the last bastion of Portuguese power, reducing their influence in the archipelago. The Dutch settled in the city as Dutch Malacca, however the Dutch had no intention to make Malacca their main base, and concentrated on building Batavia (today Jakarta) as their headquarters in the orient instead. The Portuguese ports in the spice-producing areas of Mollucas also fell to the Dutch in the following years. With these conquests, the last Portuguese colonies in Asia remained confined to Portuguese Timor, Goa, Daman and Diu in Portuguese India and Macau until the 20th century.

text: Fortaleza de Malaca[edit]

text: The early core of the fortress system was a quadrilateral tower called Fortaleza de Malaca. Measurement was given as 10 fathoms per side with a height of 40 fathoms. It was constructed at the foot of the fortress hill, next to the sea. To its east was constructed a circular wall of mortar and stone with a well in the middle of the enclosure.

text: Over the years, constructions began to fully fortify the fortress hill. The pentagonal system began at the farthest point of the cape near south east of the river mouth, towards the west of the Fortaleza. At this point two ramparts were built at right angles to each other lining the shores. The one running northward toward the river mouth was 130 fathoms in length to the bastion of São Pedro while the other one ran for 75 fathoms to the east, curving inshore, ending at the gate and bastion of Santiago.

text: From the bastion of São Pedro the rampart turned north east 150 fathoms past the Custom House Terrace gateway ending at the northernmost point of the fortress, the bastion of São Domingos. From the gateway of São Domingos, an earth rampart ran south-easterly for 100 fathoms ending at the bastion of the Madre de Deus. From here, beginning at the gate of Santo António, past the bastion of the Virgins, the rampart ended at the gateway of Santiago.

text: Overall the city enclosure was 655 fathoms and 10 palms (short) of a fathom.

text: Gateways[edit]

text: Four gateways were built for the city;

text:
Porta de Santiago
The gateway of the Custom House Terrace
Porta de São Domingos
Porta de Santo António

text: Of these four gateways only two were in common use and open to traffic: the Gate of Santo António linking to the suburb of Yler and the western gate at the Custom House Terrace, giving access to Tranqueira and its bazaar.

text: Destruction[edit]

text: After almost 300 years of existence, in 1806, the British, unwilling to maintain the fortress and wary of letting other European powers taking control of it, ordered its slow destruction. The fort was almost totally demolished but for the timely intervention of Sir Stamford Raffles visiting Malacca in 1810. The only remnants of the earliest Portuguese fortress in Southeast Asia is the Porta de Santiago, now known as the A Famosa.

text: Malacca Town during the Portuguese Era[edit]

text: Outside of the fortified town centre lie the three suburbs of Malacca. The suburb of Upe (Upih), generally known as Tranqueira (modern day Tengkera) from the rampart of the fortress. The other two suburb were Yler (Hilir) or Tanjonpacer (Tanjung Pasir) and the suburb of Sabba.

text: Tranqueira[edit]

text: Tranqueira was the most important suburb of Malacca. The suburb was rectangular in shape, with a northern walled boundary, the straits of Malacca to the south and the river of Malacca (Rio de Malaca) and the fortaleza's wall to the east. It was the main residential quarters of the city. However, in war, the residents of the quarters would be evacuated to the fortress. Tranqueira was divided into a further two parishes, São Tomé and São Estêvão. The parish of S.Tomé was called Campon Chelim (Malay: Kampung Keling). It was described that this area was populated by the Chelis of Choromandel. The other suburb of São Estêvão was also called Campon China (Kampung Cina).

text: Erédia described the houses as made of timber but roofed by tiles. A stone bridge with sentry crosses the river Malacca to provide access to the Malacca Fortress via the eastern Custome House Terrace. The centre of trade of the city was also located in Tranqueira near the beach on the mouth of the river called the Bazaar of the Jaos (Jowo/Jawa i.e. Javanese).

text: In the present day, this part of the city is called Tengkera.

text: Yler[edit]

text: The district of Yler (Hilir) roughly covered Buquet China (Bukit Cina) and the south-eastern coastal area. The Well of Buquet China was one of the most important water sources for the community. Notable landmarks included the Church of the Madre De Deus and the Convent of the Capuchins of São Francisco. Other notable landmarks included Buquetpiatto (Bukit Piatu). The boundaries of this unwalled suburb were said to extend as far as Buquetpipi and Tanjonpacer.

text: Tanjonpacer (Malay: Tanjung Pasir) was later renamed Ujong Pasir. A community descended from Portuguese settlers is still located here in present-day Malacca. However, this suburb of Yler is now known as Banda Hilir. Modern land reclamations (for the purpose of building the commercial district of Melaka Raya) have, however, denied Banda Hilir the access to the sea that it formerly had.

text: Sabba[edit]

text: The houses of this suburb were built along the edges of the river. Some of the original Muslim Malay inhabitants of Malacca lived in the swamps of Nypeiras tree, where they were known to make Nypa (Nipah) wine by distillation for trade. This suburb was considered the most rural, being a transition to the Malacca hinterland, where timber and charcoal traffic passed through into the city. Several Christian parishes also lay outside the city along the river; São Lázaro, Our Lady of Guadalupe, Our Lady of Hope. While Muslim Malays inhabited the farmlands deeper into the hinterland.

text: In later periods of Dutch, British and modern day Malacca, the name of Sabba was made obsolete. However, its area encompassed parts of what is now Banda Kaba, Bunga Raya and Kampung Jawa; and the modern city centre of Malacca

text: Portuguese immigration[edit]

text: The Portuguese also shipped over many Orfãs d'El-Rei to Portuguese colonies overseas in Africa and India, and also to Portuguese Malacca. Orfãs d'El-Rei literally translates to "Orphans of the King", and they were Portuguese girl orphans sent to overseas colonies to marry Portuguese settlers.

text: Portuguese administration of Malacca[edit]

text: Malacca was administered by a Governor (a Captain-Major), who was appointed for a term of three-years, as well as a Bishop and church dignitaries representing the Episcopal See, municipal officers, Royal Officials for finance and justice and a local native Bendahara to administer the native Muslims and foreigners under the Portuguese jurisdiction.

text:
Captains-Major of Malacca (1512–1641)

Captains-major
From
Until

Rui de Brito Patalim
1512
1514

Jorge de Albuquerque (1st time)
1514
1516

Jorge de Brito
1516
1517

Nuno Vaz Pereira
1517
1518

Afonso Lopes da Costa
1518
1519

Garcia de Sá (1st time)
1519
1521

Jorge de Albuquerque (2nd time)
1521
1525

Pero de Mascarenhas
1525
1526

Jorge Cabral
1526
1528

Pero de Faria
1528
1529


document_title: Oviparity

question_text: when is an animal said to be oviparous

question_tokens: when is an animal said to be oviparous

text: Oviparity

text: Oviparous animals are animals that lay eggs, with little or no other embryonic development within the mother. This is the reproductive method of most fish, amphibians, reptiles, all birds, and the monotremes.

text: In traditional usage, most insects, molluscs, and arachnids are also described as oviparous.

text: Modes of reproduction[edit]

text: The traditional modes of reproduction include oviparity, taken to be the ancestral condition, traditionally where either unfertilised oocytes and fertilised eggs are spawned, and viviparity traditionally including any mechanism where young are born live, or where the development of the young is supported by either parent in or on any part of their body.[1]

text: However, the biologist Thierry Lodé recently divided the traditional category of oviparous reproduction into two modes that he named ovuliparity and (true) oviparity respectively. He distinguished the two on the basis of the relationship between the zygote (fertilised egg) and the parents :[1][2]

text:
Ovuliparity, in which fertilisation is external, is taken to be the ancestral condition as a rule; the eggs that the female releases into the environment contain unfertilised oocytes, and the male fertilises them outside her body. In whichever form they are laid, the eggs of most ovuliparous species contain a substantial quantity of yolk to support the growth and activity of the embryo after fertilisation, and sometimes for some time after hatching as well.[1] Among the Vertebrata ovuliparity is common among fishes and most Amphibia. It occurs among Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Echinodermata, Mollusca, and several other phyla as well.[1]
(True) oviparity, in which fertilisation is internal. This is taken to be the derived condition, whether the male inserts the sperm into the female intromittently or whether she actively or passively picks it up—the female lays eggs containing zygotes with a substantial quantity of yolk to feed the embryo while it remains in the egg, and in many species to feed it for some time afterwards. The egg is not retained in the body for most of the period of development of the embryo within the egg, which is the main distinction between oviparity and ovoviviparity.[1] Oviparity occurs in all birds, most reptiles, some fishes, and most Arthropoda. Among mammals, the monotremes (four species of Echidna, and the Platypus) are oviparous.

text: In all but special cases of both ovuliparity and oviparity the overwhelming source of nourishment for the embryo is the yolk material deposited in the egg by the reproductive system of the mother (the vitellogenesis); offspring that depend on yolk in this manner are said to be lecithotrophic (opposed to matrotrophic), which literally means "feeding on yolk".

text: Distinguishing between the definitions of oviparity and ovuliparity necessarily reduces the number of species whose modes of reproduction are classified as oviparous, as they no longer include the ovuliparous species such as most fish, most frogs and many invertebrates. Such classifications are largely for convenience and as such can be important in practice, but speaking loosely in contexts in which the distinction is not relevant, it is common to lump both categories together as "oviparous".


document_title: List of Olympic medalists in ice hockey

question_text: who won the mens gold medal in hockey

question_tokens: who won the mens gold medal in hockey

text: List of Olympic medalists in ice hockey

text: Men[edit]

text: Individuals who have been inducted to the Hockey Hall of Fame (including announced members awaiting induction) are indicated as follows:

text:
Bold type: Inducted as players.
Italics: Inducted in a non-playing role.

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1920 Antwerp
details
 Canada (CAN) (1)
Robert Benson
Walter Byron
Frank Fredrickson
Chris Fridfinnson
Magnus Goodman
Haldor Halderson
Konrad Johannesson
Allan Woodman
 United States (USA) (1)
Raymond Bonney
Anthony Conroy
Herbert Drury
Edward Fitzgerald
George Geran
Frank Goheen
Joseph McCormick
Lawrence McCormick
Frank Synott
Leon Tuck
Cyril Weidenborner
 Czechoslovakia (TCH) (1)
Karel Hartmann
Vilém Loos
Jan Palouš
Jan Peka
Karel Pešek
Josef Šroubek
Otakar Vindyš
Karel Wälzer
[Note 1]

1924 Chamonix
details
 Canada (CAN) (2)
Jack Cameron
Ernie Collett
Bert McCaffrey
Harold McMunn
Duncan Munro
Beattie Ramsay
Cyril Slater
Reginald Smith
Harry Watson
 United States (USA) (2)
Clarence Abel
Herbert Drury
Alphonse Lacroix
John Langley
John Lyons
Justin McCarthy
Willard Rice
Irving Small
Frank Synott
 Great Britain (GBR) (1)
William Anderson
Lorne Carr-Harris
Colin Carruthers
Eric Carruthers
Guy Clarkson
Ross Cuthbert
Geoffrey Holmes
Hamilton Jukes
Edward Pitblado
Blaine Sexton

1928 St. Moritz
details
 Canada (CAN) (3)
Charles Delahay
Frank Fisher
Louis Hudson
Norbert Mueller
Herbert Plaxton
Hugh Plaxton
Roger Plaxton
John Porter
Frank Sullivan
Joseph Sullivan
Ross Taylor
Dave Trottier
 Sweden (SWE) (1)
Carl Abrahamsson
Emil Bergman
Birger Holmqvist
Gustaf Johansson
Henry Johansson
Nils Johansson
Ernst Karlberg
Erik Larsson
Bertil Linde
Sigfrid Öberg
Wilhelm Petersén
Kurt Sucksdorff
 Switzerland (SUI) (1)
Giannin Andreossi
Mezzi Andreossi
Robert Breiter
Louis Dufour
Charles Fasel
Albert Geromini
Fritz Kraatz
Arnold Martignoni
Heini Meng
Anton Morosani
Luzius Rüedi
Richard Torriani

1932 Lake Placid
details
 Canada (CAN) (4)
William Cockburn
Clifford Crowley
Albert Duncanson
George Garbutt
Roy Henkel
Victor Lindquist
Norman Malloy
Walter Monson
Kenneth Moore
Romeo Rivers
Harold Simpson
Hugh Sutherland
Stanley Wagner
Alston Wise
 United States (USA) (3)
Osborne Anderson
Johnny Bent
John Chase
John Cookman
Douglas Everett
Franklin Farrel
Joseph Fitzgerald
Edwin Frazier
John Garrison
Gerard Hallock
Robert Livingston
Francis Nelson
Winthrop Palmer
Gordon Smith
 Germany (GER) (1)
Rudi Ball
Alfred Heinrich
Erich Herker
Gustav Jaenecke
Werner Korff
Walter Leinweber
Erich Römer
Martin Schröttle
Marquardt Slevogt
Georg Strobl

1936 Garmisch-
Partenkirchen
details
 Great Britain (GBR) (1)
Alexander Archer
James Borland
Edgar Brenchley
James Chappell
John Coward
Gordon Dailley
John Davey
Carl Erhardt
James Foster
John Kilpatrick
Archibald Stinchcombe
Robert Wyman
 Canada (CAN) (1)
Maxwell Deacon
Hugh Farquharson
Kenneth Farmer
James Haggarty
Walter Kitchen
Raymond Milton
Francis Moore
Herman Murray
Arthur Nash
David Neville
Alexander Sinclair
Ralph St. Germain
Bill Thomson
 United States (USA) (1)
John Garrison
August Kammer
Philip LaBatte
John Lax
Thomas Moone
Elbridge Ross
Paul Rowe
Francis Shaughnessy
Gordon Smith
Francis Spain
Frank Stubbs

1948 St. Moritz
details
 Canada (CAN) (5)
Murray Dowey
Bernard Dunster
Jean Gravelle
Patrick Guzzo
Walter Halder
Thomas Hibberd
Henri-André Laperriere
John Lecompte
George Mara
Albert Roméo Renaud
Reginald Schroeter
Irving Taylor
 Czechoslovakia (TCH) (1)
Vladimír Bouzek
Augustin Bubník
Jaroslav Drobný
Přemysl Hajný
Zdeněk Jarkovský
Vladimír Kobranov
Stanislav Konopásek
Bohumil Modrý
Miloslav Pokorný
Václav Roziňák
Miroslav Sláma
Karel Stibor
Vilibald Šťovík
Ladislav Troják
Josef Trousílek
Oldřich Zábrodský
Vladimír Zábrodský
 Switzerland (SUI) (2)
Hans Bänninger
Alfred Bieler
Heinrich Boller
Ferdinand Cattini
Hans Cattini
Hans Dürst
Walter Paul Dürst
Emil Handschin
Heini Lohrer
Werner Lohrer
Reto Perl
Gebhard Poltera
Ulrich Poltera
Beat Rüedi
Otto Schubiger
Richard Torriani
Hans-Martin Trepp

1952 Oslo
details
 Canada (CAN) (6)
George Abel
John Davies
Billy Dawe
Robert Dickson
Donald Gauf
William Gibson
Ralph Hansch
Robert Meyers
David Miller
Eric Paterson
Thomas Pollock
Allan Purvis
Gordon Robertson
Louis Secco
Francis Sullivan
Bob Watt
 United States (USA) (4)
Ruben Bjorkman
Len Ceglarski
Joseph Czarnota
Richard Desmond
Andre Gambucci
Clifford Harrison
Gerald Kilmartin
John Mulhern
John Noah
Arnold Oss
Robert Rompre
James Sedin
Alfred Van Allen
Donald Whiston
Ken Yackel
 Sweden (SWE) (1)
Göte Almqvist
Åke Andersson
Hans Andersson-Tvilling
Stig Andersson-Tvilling
Lars Björn
Göte Blomqvist
Thord Flodqvist
Erik Johansson
Gösta Johansson
Rune Johansson
Sven "Tumba" Johansson
Åke Lassas
Holger Nurmela
Hans Öberg
Lars Pettersson
Lars Svensson
Sven Thunman

1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo
details
 Soviet Union (URS) (1)
Yevgeny Babich
Vsevolod Bobrov
Alexei Guryshev
Nikolay Khlystov
Valentin Kuzin
Yuri Krylov
Alfred Kuchevsky
Grigory Mkrtychan
Viktor Nikiforov
Yuri Pantyukhov
Nikolaï Puchkov
Viktor Shuvalov
Genrikh Sidorenkov
Nikolai Sologubov
Ivan Tregubov
Dmitry Ukolov
Aleksandr Uvarov
 United States (USA) (5)
Wendell Anderson
Wellington Burtnett
Eugene Campbell
Gordon Christian
Bill Cleary
Richard Dougherty
Willard Ikola
John Matchefts
John Mayasich
Daniel McKinnon
Richard Meredith
Weldon Olson
John Petroske
Kenneth Purpur
Don Rigazio
Richard Rodenheiser
Ed Sampson
 Canada (CAN) (1)
Denis Brodeur
Charles Brooker
William Colvin
Alfred Horne
Art Hurst
Byrle Klinck
Paul Knox
Ken Laufman
Howard Lee
James Logan
Floyd Martin
Jack McKenzie
Donald Rope
George Scholes
Gerry Theberge
Robert White
Keith Woodall

1960 Squaw Valley
details
 United States (USA) (1)
Bill Christian
Roger Christian
Bill Cleary
Bob Cleary
Eugene Grazia
Paul Johnson
Jack Kirrane
John Mayasich
Jack McCartan
Robert McVey
Richard Meredith
Weldon Olson
Edwyn Owen
Rodney Paavola
Lawrence Palmer
Richard Rodenheiser
Tommy Williams
 Canada (CAN) (2)
Bob Attersley
Maurice Benoit
James Connelly
Jack Douglas
Fred Etcher
Robert Forhan
Don Head
Harold Hurley
Ken Laufman
Floyd Martin
Robert McKnight
Cliff Pennington
Donald Rope
Bobby Rousseau
George Samolenko
Harry Sinden
Darryl Sly
 Soviet Union (URS) (1)
Veniamin Alexandrov
Aleksandr Almetov
Yury Baulin
Mikhail Bychkov
Vladimir Grebennikov
Yevgeny Groshev
Nikolay Karpov
Alfred Kuchevsky
Konstantin Loktev
Stanislav Petukhov
Viktor Pryazhnikov
Nikolai Puchkov
Genrikh Sidorenkov
Nikolai Sologubov
Yury Tsitsinov
Viktor Yakushev
Yevgeny Yorkin

1964 Innsbruck
details
 Soviet Union (URS) (2)
Veniamin Alexandrov
Aleksandr Almetov
Vitaly Davydov
Anatoli Firsov
Eduard Ivanov
Viktor Konovalenko
Victor Kuzkin
Konstantin Loktev
Boris Mayorov
Yevgeni Mayorov
Stanislav Petukhov
Alexander Ragulin
Vyacheslav Starshinov
Leonid Volkov
Victor Yakushev
Boris Zaitzev
Oleg Zaytsev
 Sweden (SWE) (2)
Anders Andersson
Gert Blomé
Lennart Häggroth
Lennart Johansson
Nils Johansson
Sven "Tumba" Johansson
Lars-Eric Lundvall
Eilert Määttä
Hans Mild
Nils Nilsson
Bert-Ola Nordlander
Carl-Göran Öberg
Uno Öhrlund
Ronald Pettersson
Ulf Sterner
Roland Stoltz
Kjell Svensson
 Czechoslovakia (TCH) (2)
Vlastimil Bubník
Josef Černý
Jiří Dolana
Vladimír Dzurilla
Jozef Golonka
František Gregor
Jiří Holík
Jaroslav Jiřík
Jan Klapáč
Vladimír Nadrchal
Rudolf Potsch
Stanislav Prýl
Ladislav Šmíd
Stanislav Sventek
František Tikal
Miroslav Vlach
Jaroslav Walter

1968 Grenoble
details
 Soviet Union (URS) (3)
Veniamin Alexandrov
Viktor Blinov
Vitaly Davydov
Anatoli Firsov
Anatoly Ionov
Viktor Konovalenko
Victor Kuzkin
Boris Mayorov
Yevgeni Mishakov
Yuri Moiseev
Victor Polupanov
Alexander Ragulin
Igor Romishevsky
Vyacheslav Starshinov
Vladimir Vikulov
Oleg Zaytsev
Yevgeni Zimin
Victor Zinger
 Czechoslovakia (TCH) (2)
Josef Černý
Vladimír Dzurilla
Jozef Golonka
Jan Havel
Petr Hejma
Jiří Holík
Josef Horešovský
Jan Hrbatý
Jaroslav Jiřík
Jan Klapáč
Jiří Kochta
Oldřich Machač
Karel Masopust
Vladimír Nadrchal
Václav Nedomanský
František Pospíšil
František Ševčík
Jan Suchý
 Canada (CAN) (2)
Roger Bourbonnais
Ken Broderick
Ray Cadieux
Paul Conlin
Gary Dineen
Brian Glennie
Ted Hargreaves
Fran Huck
Marshall Johnston
Barry MacKenzie
Bill MacMillan
Steve Monteith
Morris Mott
Terry O'Malley
Danny O'Shea
Gerry Pinder
Herb Pinder
Wayne Stephenson

1972 Sapporo
details
 Soviet Union (URS) (4)
Yury Blinov
Vitaly Davydov
Anatoli Firsov
Valeri Kharlamov
Victor Kuzkin
Vladimir Lutchenko
Aleksandr Maltsev
Boris Mikhailov
Yevgeni Mishakov
Alexander Pashkov
Vladimir Petrov
Alexander Ragulin
Igor Romishevsky
Vladimir Shadrin
Vladislav Tretiak
Gennadiy Tsygankov
Valeri Vasiliev
Vladimir Vikulov
Alexander Yakushev
Yevgeni Zimin
 United States (USA) (6)
Kevin Ahearn
Larry Bader
Henry Boucha
Charles Brown
Keith Christiansen
Mike Curran
Robbie Ftorek
Mark Howe
Stuart Irving
Jim McElmury
Dick McGlynn
Bruce McIntosh
Tom Mellor
Ronald Naslund
Wally Olds
Tim Regan
Frank Sanders
Craig Sarner
Peter Sears
Timothy Sheehy
 Czechoslovakia (TCH) (3)
Vladimír Bednář
Josef Černý
Vladimír Dzurilla
Richard Farda
Ivan Hlinka
Jiří Holeček
Jaroslav Holík
Jiří Holík
Josef Horešovský
Jiří Kochta
Oldřich Machač
Vladimír Martinec
Václav Nedomanský
Eduard Novák
František Pospíšil
Bohuslav Šťastný
Rudolf Tajcnár
Karel Vohralík

1976 Innsbruck
details
 Soviet Union (URS) (5)
Boris Aleksandrov
Sergei Babinov
Aleksandr Gusev
Sergei Kapustin
Valeri Kharlamov
Vladimir Lutchenko
Yuri Lyapkin
Aleksandr Maltsev
Boris Mikhailov
Vladimir Petrov
Vladimir Shadrin
Victor Shalimov
Aleksandr Sidelnikov
Vladislav Tretiak
Gennadiy Tsygankov
Valeri Vasiliev
Alexander Yakushev
Viktor Zhluktov
 Czechoslovakia (TCH) (3)
Josef Augusta
Jiří Bubla
Milan Chalupa
Jiří Crha
Miroslav Dvořák
Bohuslav Ebermann
Ivan Hlinka
Jiří Holeček
Jiří Holík
Milan Kajkl
Oldřich Machač
Vladimír Martinec
Eduard Novák
Jiří Novák
Milan Nový
Jaroslav Pouzar
František Pospíšil
Bohuslav Šťastný
 West Germany (FRG) (2)
Klaus Auhuber
Ignaz Berndaner
Wolfgang Boos
Lorenz Funk
Martin Hinterstocker
Udo Kiessling
Walter Köberle
Ernst Köpf
Anton Kehle
Erich Kühnhackl
Stefan Metz
Franz Reindl
Rainer Philipp
Alois Schloder
Rudolf Thanner
Josef Völk
Ferenc Vozar
Erich Weishaupt

1980 Lake Placid
details
 United States (USA) (2)
Bill Baker
Neal Broten
Dave Christian
Steve Christoff
Jim Craig
Mike Eruzione
John Harrington
Steve Janaszak
Mark Johnson
Rob McClanahan
Ken Morrow
Jack O'Callahan
Mike Ramsey
Mark Pavelich
Buzz Schneider
Dave Silk
Bob Suter
Eric Strobel
Mark Wells
Phil Verchota
 Soviet Union (URS) (1)
Helmuts Balderis
Zinetula Bilyaletdinov
Viacheslav Fetisov
Aleksandr Golikov
Vladimir Golikov
Alexei Kasatonov
Valeri Kharlamov
Vladimir Krutov
Yuri Lebedev
Sergei Makarov
Aleksandr Maltsev
Boris Mikhailov
Vladimir Myshkin
Vasili Pervukhin
Vladimir Petrov
Aleksandr Skvortsov
Sergei Starikov
Vladislav Tretiak
Valeri Vasiliev
Viktor Zhluktov
 Sweden (SWE) (2)
Mats Åhlberg
Sture Andersson
Bo Berglund
Håkan Eriksson
Jan Eriksson
Thomas Eriksson
Leif Holmgren
Tomas Jonsson
Pelle Lindbergh
Bengt Lundholm
William Löfqvist
Per Lundqvist
Lars Molin
Mats Näslund
Lennart Norberg
Tommy Samuelsson
Dan Söderström
Mats Waltin
Ulf Weinstock

1984 Sarajevo
details
 Soviet Union (URS) (6)
Zinetula Bilyaletdinov
Sergei Shepelev
Nikolai Drozdetsky
Viacheslav Fetisov
Aleksandr Geramisov
Alexei Kasatonov
Andrei Khomutov
Vladimir Kovin
Aleksandr Kozhevnikov
Vladimir Krutov
Igor Larionov
Sergei Makarov
Vladimir Myshkin
Vasili Pervukhin
Aleksandr Skvortsov
Sergei Starikov
Igor Stelnov
Vladislav Tretiak
Viktor Tyumenev
Mikhail Vasiliev
 Czechoslovakia (TCH) (4)
Jaroslav Benák
Vladimír Caldr
Milan Chalupa
František Černík
Miloslav Hořava
Jiří Hrdina
Arnold Kadlec
Jaroslav Korbela
Jiří Králík
Vladimír Kýhos
Jiří Lála
Igor Liba
Vincent Lukáč
Dušan Pašek
Pavel Richter
Jaromír Šindel
Radoslav Svoboda
Eduard Uvíra
 Sweden (SWE) (3)
Thomas Åhlén
Pelle Eklund
Thom Eklund
Bo Ericson
Håkan Eriksson
Peter Gradin
Mats Hessel
Michael Hjälm
Göran Lindblom
Tommy Mörth
Håkan Nordin
Rolf Ridderwall
Jens Öhling
Thomas Rundqvist
Tomas Sandström
Håkan Södergren
Mats Thelin
Michael Thelvén
Mats Waltin
Göte Wälitalo

1988 Calgary
details
 Soviet Union (URS) (7)
Ilya Byakin
Vyacheslav Bykov
Aleksandr Chernykh
Viacheslav Fetisov
Alexei Gusarov
Valeri Kamensky
Alexei Kasatonov
Andrei Khomutov
Aleksandr Kozhevnikov
Igor Kravchuk
Vladimir Krutov
Igor Larionov
Andrei Lomakin
Sergei Makarov
Alexander Mogilny
Sergei Mylnikov
Vitali Samoilov
Anatoli Semenov
Sergei Starikov
Igor Stelnov
Sergei Svetlov
Sergei Yashin
 Finland (FIN) (1)
Timo Blomqvist
Kari Eloranta
Raimo Helminen
Iiro Järvi
Esa Keskinen
Erkki Laine
Kari Laitinen
Erkki Lehtonen
Jyrki Lumme
Reijo Mikkolainen
Jarmo Myllys
Teppo Numminen
Janne Ojanen
Arto Ruotanen
Reijo Ruotsalainen
Simo Saarinen
Kai Suikkanen
Timo Susi
Jukka Tammi
Jari Torkki
Pekka Tuomisto
Jukka Virtanen
 Sweden (SWE) (4)
Mikael Andersson
Peter Andersson
Peter Åslin
Bo Berglund
Jonas Bergqvist
Anders Bergman
Thom Eklund
Anders Eldebrink
Peter Eriksson
Thomas Eriksson
Michael Hjälm
Lars Ivarsson
Mikael Johansson
Lars Karlsson
Mats Kihlström
Peter Lindmark
Lars Molin
Jens Öhling
Lars-Gunnar Pettersson
Thomas Rundqvist
Tommy Samuelsson
Ulf Sandström
Håkan Södergren

1992 Albertville
details
 Unified Team (EUN) (1)
Sergei Bautin
Igor Boldin
Nikolai Borschevsky
Vyacheslav Butsayev
Vyacheslav Bykov
Evgeny Davydov
Darius Kasparaitis
Nikolai Khabibulin
Yuri Khmylev
Andrei Khomutov
Andrei Kovalenko
Alexei Kovalev
Igor Kravchuk
Vladimir Malakhov
Dmitri Mironov
Sergei Petrenko
Vitali Prokhorov
Mikhail Shtalenkov
Andrei Trefilov
Dmitri Yushkevich
Alexei Zhamnov
Alexei Zhitnik
Sergei Zubov
 Canada (CAN) (3)
Dave Archibald
Todd Brost
Sean Burke
Kevin Dahl
Curt Giles
Dave Hannan
Gord Hynes
Fabian Joseph
Joé Juneau
Trevor Kidd
Patrick Lebeau
Chris Lindberg
Eric Lindros
Kent Manderville
Adrien Plavsic
Dan Ratushny
Sam St. Laurent
Brad Schlegel
Wally Schreiber
Randy Smith
Dave Tippett
Brian Tutt
Jason Woolley
 Czechoslovakia (TCH) (4)
Patrik Augusta
Petr Bříza
Jaromír Dragan
Leo Gudas
Miloslav Hořava
Petr Hrbek
Otakar Janecký
Tomáš Jelínek
Drahomír Kadlec
Kamil Kašťák
Robert Lang
Igor Liba
Ladislav Lubina
František Procházka
Petr Rosol
Bedřich Ščerban
Jiří Šlégr
Richard Šmehlík
Róbert Švehla
Oldřich Svoboda
Radek Ťoupal
Peter Veselovský

1994 Lillehammer
details
 Sweden (SWE) (1)
Håkan Algotsson
Charles Berglund
Jonas Bergqvist
Andreas Dackell
Christian Due-Boje
Niklas Eriksson
Peter Forsberg
Roger Hansson
Roger Johansson
Jörgen Jönsson
Kenny Jönsson
Tomas Jonsson
Patrik Juhlin
Patric Kjellberg
Håkan Loob
Mats Näslund
Stefan Örnskog
Leif Rohlin
Daniel Rydmark
Tommy Salo
Fredrik Stillman
Magnus Svensson
 Canada (CAN) (4)
Mark Astley
Adrian Aucoin
David Harlock
Corey Hirsch
Todd Hlushko
Greg Johnson
Fabian Joseph
Paul Kariya
Chris Kontos
Manny Legacé
Ken Lovsin
Derek Mayer
Petr Nedvěd
Dwayne Norris
Greg Parks
Allain Roy
Jean-Yves Roy
Brian Savage
Brad Schlegel
Wally Schreiber
Chris Therien
Todd Warriner
Brad Werenka
 Finland (FIN) (1)
Mika Alatalo
Erik Hämäläinen
Raimo Helminen
Timo Jutila
Sami Kapanen
Esa Keskinen
Marko Kiprusoff
Saku Koivu
Pasi Kuivalainen
Janne Laukkanen
Tero Lehterä
Jere Lehtinen
Mikko Mäkelä
Jarmo Myllys
Mika Nieminen
Janne Ojanen
Marko Palo
Ville Peltonen
Pasi Sormunen
Mika Strömberg
Jukka Tammi
Petri Varis
Hannu Virta

1998 Nagano
details
 Czech Republic (CZE) (1)
Josef Beránek
Jan Čaloun
Roman Čechmánek
Jiří Dopita
Roman Hamrlík
Dominik Hašek
Milan Hejduk
Jaromír Jágr
František Kučera
Robert Lang
David Moravec
Pavel Patera
Libor Procházka
Martin Procházka
Robert Reichel
Martin Ručínský
Vladimír Růžička
Jiří Šlégr
Richard Šmehlík
Jaroslav Špaček
Martin Straka
Petr Svoboda
 Russia (RUS) (1)
Pavel Bure
Valeri Bure
Sergei Fedorov
Sergei Gonchar
Alexei Gusarov
Valeri Kamensky
Darius Kasparaitis
Andrei Kovalenko
Igor Kravchuk
Sergei Krivokrasov
Boris Mironov
Dmitri Mironov
Aleksey Morozov
Sergei Nemchinov
Oleg Shevtsov
Mikhail Shtalenkov
German Titov
Andrei Trefilov
Alexei Yashin
Dmitri Yushkevich
Valeri Zelepukin
Alexei Zhamnov
Alexei Zhitnik
 Finland (FIN) (2)
Aki-Petteri Berg
Tuomas Grönman
Raimo Helminen
Sami Kapanen
Saku Koivu
Jari Kurri
Janne Laukkanen
Jere Lehtinen
Juha Lind
Jyrki Lumme
Jarmo Myllys
Mika Nieminen
Janne Niinimaa
Teppo Numminen
Ville Peltonen
Kimmo Rintanen
Teemu Selänne
Ari Sulander
Jukka Tammi
Esa Tikkanen
Kimmo Timonen
Antti Törmänen
Juha Ylönen

2002 Salt Lake City
details
 Canada (CAN) (7)
Ed Belfour
Rob Blake
Eric Brewer
Martin Brodeur
Theoren Fleury
Adam Foote
Simon Gagné
Jarome Iginla
Curtis Joseph
Ed Jovanovski
Paul Kariya
Mario Lemieux
Eric Lindros
Al MacInnis
Scott Niedermayer
Joe Nieuwendyk
Owen Nolan
Michael Peca
Chris Pronger
Joe Sakic
Brendan Shanahan
Ryan Smyth
Steve Yzerman
 United States (USA) (7)
Tony Amonte
Tom Barrasso
Chris Chelios
Adam Deadmarsh
Chris Drury
Mike Dunham
Bill Guerin
Phil Housley
Brett Hull
John LeClair
Brian Leetch
Aaron Miller
Mike Modano
Tom Poti
Brian Rafalski
Mike Richter
Jeremy Roenick
Brian Rolston
Gary Suter
Keith Tkachuk
Doug Weight
Mike York
Scott Young
 Russia (RUS) (1)
Maxim Afinogenov
Ilya Bryzgalov
Pavel Bure
Valeri Bure
Pavel Datsyuk
Sergei Fedorov
Sergei Gonchar
Darius Kasparaitis
Nikolai Khabibulin
Ilya Kovalchuk
Alexei Kovalev
Igor Kravchuk
Oleg Kvasha
Igor Larionov
Vladimir Malakhov
Daniil Markov
Boris Mironov
Andrei Nikolishin
Yegor Podomatsky
Sergei Samsonov
Oleg Tverdovsky
Alexei Yashin
Alexei Zhamnov

2006 Turin
details
 Sweden (SWE) (2)
Daniel Alfredsson
Per-Johan Axelsson
Christian Bäckman
Peter Forsberg
Mika Hannula
Niclas Hävelid
Tomas Holmström
Jörgen Jönsson
Kenny Jönsson
Niklas Kronwall
Nicklas Lidström
Stefan Liv
Henrik Lundqvist
Fredrik Modin
Mattias Öhlund
Samuel Påhlsson
Mikael Samuelsson
Daniel Sedin
Henrik Sedin
Mats Sundin
Ronnie Sundin
Mikael Tellqvist
Daniel Tjärnqvist
Henrik Zetterberg
 Finland (FIN) (2)
Niklas Bäckström
Aki-Petteri Berg
Niklas Hagman
Jukka Hentunen
Jussi Jokinen
Olli Jokinen
Niko Kapanen
Mikko Koivu
Saku Koivu
Lasse Kukkonen
Antti Laaksonen
Jere Lehtinen
Toni Lydman
Antti-Jussi Niemi
Ville Nieminen
Antero Niittymäki
Fredrik Norrena
Petteri Nummelin
Teppo Numminen
Ville Peltonen
Jarkko Ruutu
Sami Salo
Teemu Selänne
Kimmo Timonen
 Czech Republic (CZE) (1)
Jan Bulis
Petr Čajánek
Patrik Eliáš
Martin Erat
Dominik Hašek
Milan Hejduk
Aleš Hemský
Milan Hnilička
Jaromír Jágr
František Kaberle
Tomáš Kaberle
Aleš Kotalík
Filip Kuba
Pavel Kubina
Robert Lang
Marek Malík
Rostislav Olesz
Václav Prospal
Martin Ručinský
Dušan Salfický
Jaroslav Špaček
Martin Straka
Tomáš Vokoun
David Výborný
Marek Židlický

2010 Vancouver
details
 Canada (CAN) (8)
Patrice Bergeron
Dan Boyle
Martin Brodeur
Sidney Crosby
Drew Doughty
Marc-André Fleury
Ryan Getzlaf
Dany Heatley
Jarome Iginla
Duncan Keith
Roberto Luongo
Patrick Marleau
Brenden Morrow
Rick Nash
Scott Niedermayer
Corey Perry
Chris Pronger
Mike Richards
Brent Seabrook
Eric Staal
Joe Thornton
Jonathan Toews
Shea Weber
 United States (USA) (8)
David Backes
Dustin Brown
Ryan Callahan
Chris Drury
Tim Gleason
Erik Johnson
Jack Johnson
Patrick Kane
Ryan Kesler
Phil Kessel
Jamie Langenbrunner
Ryan Malone
Ryan Miller
Brooks Orpik
Zach Parise
Joe Pavelski
Jonathan Quick
Brian Rafalski
Bobby Ryan
Paul Stastny
Ryan Suter
Tim Thomas
Ryan Whitney
 Finland (FIN) (3)
Niklas Bäckström
Valtteri Filppula
Niklas Hagman
Jarkko Immonen
Olli Jokinen
Niko Kapanen
Miikka Kiprusoff
Mikko Koivu
Saku Koivu
Lasse Kukkonen
Jere Lehtinen
Sami Lepistö
Toni Lydman
Antti Miettinen
Antero Niittymäki
Janne Niskala
Ville Peltonen
Joni Pitkänen
Jarkko Ruutu
Tuomo Ruutu
Sami Salo
Teemu Selänne
Kimmo Timonen

2014 Sochi
details
 Canada (CAN) (9)
Jamie Benn
Patrice Bergeron
Jay Bouwmeester
Jeff Carter
Sidney Crosby
Drew Doughty
Ryan Getzlaf
Matt Duchene
Dan Hamhuis
Duncan Keith
Chris Kunitz
Roberto Luongo
Patrick Marleau
Rick Nash
Corey Perry
Alex Pietrangelo
Carey Price
Mike Smith
Martin St. Louis
Patrick Sharp
P. K. Subban
John Tavares
Jonathan Toews
Marc-Édouard Vlasic
Shea Weber
 Sweden (SWE) (3)
Daniel Alfredsson
Nicklas Bäckström
Patrik Berglund
Alexander Edler
Oliver Ekman-Larsson
Jhonas Enroth
Jimmie Ericsson
Jonathan Ericsson
Loui Eriksson
Jonas Gustavsson
Carl Hagelin
Niklas Hjalmarsson
Marcus Johansson
Erik Karlsson
Niklas Kronwall
Marcus Krüger
Gabriel Landeskog
Henrik Lundqvist
Gustav Nyquist
Johnny Oduya
Daniel Sedin
Jakob Silfverberg
Alexander Steen
Henrik Tallinder
Henrik Zetterberg
 Finland (FIN) (4)
Juhamatti Aaltonen
Aleksander Barkov
Mikael Granlund
Juuso Hietanen
Jarkko Immonen
Jussi Jokinen
Olli Jokinen
Leo Komarov
Sami Lepistö
Petri Kontiola
Lauri Korpikoski
Lasse Kukkonen
Jori Lehterä
Kari Lehtonen
Olli Määttä
Antti Niemi
Antti Pihlström
Tuukka Rask
Tuomo Ruutu
Sakari Salminen
Sami Salo
Teemu Selänne
Kimmo Timonen
Ossi Väänänen
Sami Vatanen

2018 Pyeongchang
details
 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR) (1)
Sergei Andronov
Alexander Barabanov
Pavel Datsyuk
Vladislav Gavrikov
Mikhail Grigorenko
Nikita Gusev
Ilya Kablukov
Sergei Kalinin
Kirill Kaprizov
Bogdan Kiselevich
Vasily Koshechkin
Ilya Kovalchuk
Alexei Marchenko
Sergei Mozyakin
Nikita Nesterov
Nikolai Prokhorkin
Igor Shestyorkin
Vadim Shipachyov
Sergei Shirokov
Ilya Sorokin
Ivan Telegin
Vyacheslav Voynov
Yegor Yakovlev
Artyom Zub
Andrei Zubarev
 Germany (GER) (1)
Sinan Akdag
Danny aus den Birken
Daryl Boyle
Yasin Ehliz
Christian Ehrhoff
Dennis Endras
Gerrit Fauser
Marcel Goc
Patrick Hager
Frank Hördler
Dominik Kahun
Marcus Kink
Björn Krupp
Brooks Macek
Frank Mauer
Jonas Müller
Moritz Müller
Marcel Noebels
Timo Pielmeier
Leonhard Pföderl
Matthias Plachta
Patrick Reimer
Felix Schütz
Yannic Seidenberg
David Wolf
 Canada (CAN) (3)
Rene Bourque
Gilbert Brulé
Andrew Ebbett
Stefan Elliott
Chay Genoway
Cody Goloubef
Marc-André Gragnani
Quinton Howden
Chris Kelly
Rob Klinkhammer
Brandon Kozun
Maxim Lapierre
Chris Lee
Maxim Noreau
Eric O'Dell
Justin Peters
Kevin Poulin
Mason Raymond
Mat Robinson
Derek Roy
Ben Scrivens
Karl Stollery
Christian Thomas
Linden Vey
Wojtek Wolski

text: Medals:

text:
[show]Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1
 Canada (CAN)
9
4
3

2
 Soviet Union (URS)
7
1
1

3
 United States (USA)
2
8
1

4
 Sweden (SWE)
2
3
4

5
 Czech Republic (CZE)
1
4
4

6
 Great Britain (GBR)
1
1
1

7
 Unified Team (EUN)
1

 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
1

9
 Finland (FIN)

2
4

10
 Germany (GER)

1
2

11
 Russia (RUS)

1
1

12
 Switzerland (SUI)

2

text: Women[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1998 Nagano
details
 United States (USA) (1)
Chris Bailey
Laurie Baker
Alana Blahoski
Lisa Brown-Miller
Karyn Bye
Colleen Coyne
Sara Decosta
Tricia Dunn-Luoma
Cammi Granato
Katie King
Shelley Looney
Sue Merz
Allison Mleczko
Tara Mounsey
Vicki Movsessian
Jenny Potter
Angela Ruggiero
Sarah Tueting
Gretchen Ulion
Sandra Whyte
 Canada (CAN) (1)
Jennifer Botterill
Thérèse Brisson
Cassie Campbell
Judy Diduck
Nancy Drolet
Lori Dupuis
Danielle Goyette
Geraldine Heaney
Jayna Hefford
Becky Kellar
Kathy McCormack
Karen Nystrom
Lesley Reddon
Manon Rhéaume
Laura Schuler
Fiona Smith
France St-Louis
Vicky Sunohara
Hayley Wickenheiser
Stacy Wilson
 Finland (FIN) (1)
Sari Fisk
Kirsi Hänninen
Satu Huotari
Marianne Ihalainen
Johanna Ikonen
Sari Krooks
Emma Laaksonen
Sanna Lankosaari
Katja Lehto
Marika Lehtimäki
Riikka Nieminen
Marja-Helena Pälvilä
Tuula Puputti
Karoliina Rantamäki
Tiia Reima
Katja Riipi
Päivi Salo
Maria Selin
Liisa-Maria Sneck
Petra Vaarakallio

2002 Salt Lake City
details
 Canada (CAN) (1)
Dana Antal
Kelly Bechard
Jennifer Botterill
Thérèse Brisson
Cassie Campbell
Isabelle Chartrand
Lori Dupuis
Danielle Goyette
Geraldine Heaney
Jayna Hefford
Becky Kellar
Caroline Ouellette
Cherie Piper
Cheryl Pounder
Tammy Lee Shewchuk
Sami Jo Small
Colleen Sostorics
Kim St-Pierre
Vicky Sunohara
Hayley Wickenheiser
 United States (USA) (1)
Chris Bailey
Laurie Baker
Karyn Bye
Julie Chu
Natalie Darwitz
Sara Decosta
Tricia Dunn-Luoma
Cammi Granato
Courtney Kennedy
Andrea Kilbourne
Katie King
Shelley Looney
Sue Merz
Allison Mleczko
Tara Mounsey
Jenny Potter
Angela Ruggiero
Sarah Tueting
Lyndsay Wall
Krissy Wendell
 Sweden (SWE) (1)
Annica Åhlén
Lotta Almblad
Anna Andersson
Gunilla Andersson
Emelie Berggren
Kristina Bergstrand
Ann-Louise Edstrand
Joa Elfsberg
Erika Holst
Nanna Jansson
Maria Larsson
Ylva Lindberg
Ulrica Lindström
Kim Martin
Josefin Pettersson
Maria Rooth
Danijela Rundqvist
Evelina Samuelsson
Therese Sjölander
Anna Vikman

2006 Turin
details
 Canada (CAN) (2)
Meghan Agosta
Gillian Apps
Jennifer Botterill
Cassie Campbell
Gillian Ferrari
Danielle Goyette
Jayna Hefford
Becky Kellar
Gina Kingsbury
Charline Labonté
Carla MacLeod
Caroline Ouellette
Cherie Piper
Cheryl Pounder
Colleen Sostorics
Kim St-Pierre
Vicky Sunohara
Sarah Vaillancourt
Katie Weatherston
Hayley Wickenheiser
 Sweden (SWE) (1)
Cecilia Andersson
Gunilla Andersson
Jenni Asserholt
Ann-Louise Edstrand
Joa Elfsberg
Emma Eliasson
Erika Holst
Nanna Jansson
Ylva Lindberg
Jenny Lindqvist
Kristina Lundberg
Kim Martin
Frida Nevalainen
Emilie O'Konor
Maria Rooth
Danijela Rundqvist
Therese Sjölander
Katarina Timglas
Anna Vikman
Pernilla Winberg
 United States (USA) (1)
Caitlin Cahow
Julie Chu
Natalie Darwitz
Pam Dreyer
Tricia Dunn-Luoma
Molly Engstrom
Chanda Gunn
Jamie Hagerman
Kim Insalaco
Kathleen Kauth
Courtney Kennedy
Katie King
Kristin King
Sarah Parsons
Jenny Potter
Helen Resor
Angela Ruggiero
Kelly Stephens
Lyndsay Wall
Krissy Wendell

2010 Vancouver
details
 Canada (CAN) (3)
Meghan Agosta
Gillian Apps
Tessa Bonhomme
Jennifer Botterill
Jayna Hefford
Haley Irwin
Rebecca Johnston
Becky Kellar
Gina Kingsbury
Charline Labonté
Carla MacLeod
Meaghan Mikkelson
Caroline Ouellette
Cherie Piper
Marie-Philip Poulin
Kim St-Pierre
Colleen Sostorics
Shannon Szabados
Sarah Vaillancourt
Catherine Ward
Hayley Wickenheiser
 United States (USA) (2)
Kacey Bellamy
Caitlin Cahow
Lisa Chesson
Julie Chu
Natalie Darwitz
Meghan Duggan
Molly Engstrom
Hilary Knight
Jocelyne Lamoureux
Monique Lamoureux
Erika Lawler
Gisele Marvin
Brianne McLaughlin
Jenny Schmidgall-Potter
Angela Ruggiero
Molly Schaus
Kelli Stack
Karen Thatcher
Jessie Vetter
Kerry Weiland
Jinelle Zaugg-Siergiej
 Finland (FIN) (2)
Anne Helin
Jenni Hiirikoski
Venla Hovi
Michelle Karvinen
Mira Kuisma
Emma Laaksonen
Rosa Lindstedt
Terhi Mertanen
Heidi Pelttari
Mariia Posa
Annina Rajahuhta
Karoliina Rantamäki
Noora Räty
Mari Saarinen
Saija Sirviö
Nina Tikkinen
Minnamari Tuominen
Saara Tuominen
Linda Välimäki
Anna Vanhatalo
Marjo Voutilainen

2014 Sochi
details
 Canada (CAN) (4)
Meghan Agosta-Marciano
Gillian Apps
Mélodie Daoust
Laura Fortino
Jayna Hefford
Haley Irwin
Brianne Jenner
Rebecca Johnston
Charline Labonté
Geneviève Lacasse
Jocelyne Larocque
Meaghan Mikkelson-Reid
Caroline Ouellette
Marie-Philip Poulin
Lauriane Rougeau
Natalie Spooner
Shannon Szabados
Jenn Wakefield
Catherine Ward
Tara Watchorn
Hayley Wickenheiser
 United States (USA) (3)
Kacey Bellamy
Megan Bozek
Alexandra Carpenter
Julie Chu
Kendall Coyne
Brianna Decker
Meghan Duggan
Lyndsey Fry
Amanda Kessel
Hilary Knight
Jocelyne Lamoureux
Monique Lamoureux-Kolls
Gisele Marvin
Brianne McLaughlin
Michelle Picard
Josephine Pucci
Molly Schaus
Anne Schleper
Kelli Stack
Lee Stecklein
Jessie Vetter
 Switzerland (SUI) (1)
Janine Alder
Livia Altmann
Sophie Anthamatten
Laura Benz
Sara Benz
Nicole Bullo
Romy Eggimann
Sarah Forster
Angela Frautschi
Jessica Lutz
Julia Marty
Stefanie Marty
Alina Müller
Katrin Nabholz
Evelina Raselli
Florence Schelling
Lara Stalder
Phoebe Stanz
Anja Stiefel
Nina Waidacher

2018 Pyeongchang
details
 United States (USA) (2)
Cayla Barnes
Kacey Bellamy
Hannah Brandt
Dani Cameranesi
Kendall Coyne
Brianna Decker
Meghan Duggan
Kali Flanagan
Nicole Hensley
Megan Keller
Amanda Kessel
Hilary Knight
Jocelyne Lamoureux
Monique Lamoureux
Gigi Marvin
Sidney Morin
Kelly Pannek
Amanda Pelkey
Emily Pfalzer
Alex Rigsby
Maddie Rooney
Haley Skarupa
Lee Stecklein
 Canada (CAN) (2)
Meghan Agosta
Bailey Bram
Emily Clark
Mélodie Daoust
Ann-Renée Desbiens
Renata Fast
Laura Fortino
Brianne Jenner
Rebecca Johnston
Geneviève Lacasse
Brigette Lacquette
Meaghan Mikkelson
Marie-Philip Poulin
Lauriane Rougeau
Jillian Saulnier
Natalie Spooner
Laura Stacey
Shannon Szabados
Blayre Turnbull
Jenn Wakefield
 Finland (FIN) (3)
Sanni Hakala
Jenni Hiirikoski
Venla Hovi
Mira Jalosuo
Michelle Karvinen
Rosa Lindstedt
Petra Nieminen
Tanja Niskanen
Emma Nuutinen
Isa Rahunen
Annina Rajahuhta
Meeri Räisänen
Noora Räty
Saila Saari
Ronja Savolainen
Eveliina Suonpää
Sara Säkkinen
Susanna Tapani
Noora Tulus
Minnamari Tuominen
Ella Viitasuo
Riikka Välilä
Linda Välimäki

text: Medals:

text:
[show]Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1
 Canada (CAN)
4
2

2
 United States (USA)
2
3
1

3
 Sweden (SWE)

1
1

4
 Finland (FIN)

3

5
 Switzerland (SUI)

1

text: Athlete medal leaders[edit]

text:
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Wickenheiser, HayleyHayley Wickenheiser
 Canada (CAN)
1998–2014
4
1
0
5

Hefford, JaynaJayna Hefford
 Canada (CAN)
1998–2014
4
1
0
5

Ouellette, CarolineCaroline Ouellette
 Canada (CAN)
2002–2014
4
0
0
4

Tretiak, VladislavVladislav Tretiak
 Soviet Union (URS)
1972–1984
3
1
0
4

Botterill, JenniferJennifer Botterill
 Canada (CAN)
1998–2010
3
1
0
4

Kellar, BeckyBecky Kellar
 Canada (CAN)
1998–2010
3
1
0
4

Agosta, MeghanMeghan Agosta
 Canada (CAN)
2006–2018
3
1
0
4

Kravchuk, IgorIgor Kravchuk
 Soviet Union (URS)
 Unified Team (EUN)
 Russia (RUS)
1988
1992
1998–2002
2
1
1
4

Ruggiero, AngelaAngela Ruggiero
 United States (USA)
1998–2010
1
2
1
4

Potter, JennyJenny Potter
 United States (USA)
1998–2010
1
2
1
4

Chu, JulieJulie Chu
 United States (USA)
2002–2014
0
3
1
4

Holík, JiříJiří Holík
 Czechoslovakia (TCH)
1964–1976
0
2
2
4

Selänne, TeemuTeemu Selänne
 Finland (FIN)
1992, 1998–2014
0
1
3
4

Timonen, KimmoKimmo Timonen
 Finland (FIN)
1998–2014
0
1
3
4

Koivu, SakuSaku Koivu
 Finland (FIN)
1994–2010
0
1
3
4

Lehtinen, JereJere Lehtinen
 Finland (FIN)
1994–2010
0
1
3
4

Peltonen, VilleVille Peltonen
 Finland (FIN)
1994–2010
0
1
3
4

Firsov, AnatoliAnatoli Firsov
 Soviet Union (URS)
1964–1972
3
0
0
3

Kuzkin, VictorVictor Kuzkin
 Soviet Union (URS)
1964–1972
3
0
0
3

Ragulin, AlexanderAlexander Ragulin
 Soviet Union (URS)
1964–1972
3
0
0
3

Davydov, VitalyVitaly Davydov
 Soviet Union (URS)
1964–1972
3
0
0
3

Khomutov, AndreiAndrei Khomutov
 Soviet Union (URS)
 Unified Team (EUN)
1984–1988
1992
3
0
0
3

Piper, CherieCherie Piper
 Canada (CAN)
2002–2010
3
0
0
3

St-Pierre, KimKim St-Pierre
 Canada (CAN)
2002–2010
3
0
0
3

Sostorics, ColleenColleen Sostorics
 Canada (CAN)
2002–2010
3
0
0
3

Apps, GillianGillian Apps
 Canada (CAN)
2006–2014
3
0
0
3

Labonté, CharlineCharline Labonté
 Canada (CAN)
2006–2014
3
0
0
3


document_title: List of National Basketball Association single-game scoring leaders

question_text: who scored the most points in one nba basketball game

text: Key[edit]

text:
^
Denotes player who is currently active in the NBA

*
Denotes player who has been inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

Occurred in playoff competition

Player's team lost the game

MP
Minutes played
FGM
Field goals made
FGA
Field goal attempts

3PM
3-point field goals made
3PA
3-point field goal attempts
DNP
Did not play

FTM
Free throws made
FTA
Free throw attempts

text: List[edit]

text:
Rank
Points
Player
Date
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Team
Opponent
Score
MP
FGM
FGA
3PM
3PA
FTM
FTA
Notes
Ref.

Scoring by quarter

1
100
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-03-02-0000March 2, 1962
23
18
28
31
Philadelphia Warriors
New York Knicks
169–147
48
36
63
—
—
28
32
[A]
[1][2] [3][4][5]

2
81
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
000000002006-01-22-0000January 22, 2006
14
12
27
28
Los Angeles Lakers
Toronto Raptors
122–104
41:56
28
46
7
13
18
20
[B]
[6][7][8]

3
78
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001961-12-08-0000December 8, 1961
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Los Angeles Lakers
147–151
63
31
62
—
—
16
31
[C]
[5]

4
73
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-01-13-0000January 13, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Chicago Packers
135–117
48
29
48
—
—
15
25
[D]
[5]

73
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-11-16-0000November 16, 1962
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
New York Knicks
127–111
48
29
43
—
—
15
19
[E]
[9]

73
Thompson, DavidDavid Thompson*
000000001978-04-09-0000April 9, 1978
32
21
9
11
Denver Nuggets
Detroit Pistons
137–139
43
28
38
—
—
17
20
[F]

7
72
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-11-03-0000November 3, 1962
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Los Angeles Lakers
115–127
—
29
48
—
—
14
18

[9]

8
71
Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor*
000000001960-11-15-0000November 15, 1960
—
—
—
—
Los Angeles Lakers
New York Knicks
123–108
45
28
48
—
—
15
18
[G]

71
Robinson, DavidDavid Robinson*
000000001994-04-24-0000April 24, 1994
18
6
19
28
San Antonio Spurs
Los Angeles Clippers
112–97
44
26
41
1
2
18
25
[H]
[10][11]

10
70
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001963-03-10-0000March 10, 1963
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Syracuse Nationals
148–163
48
27
38
—
—
16
22

[9]

70
Booker, DevinDevin Booker^
March 24, 2017
10
9
23
28
Phoenix Suns
Boston Celtics
120–130
45
21
40
4
11
24
26
[I]

12
69
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
000000001990-03-28-0000March 28, 1990
16
15
20
18
Chicago Bulls
Cleveland Cavaliers
117–113
50
23
37
2
6
21
23
[J]
[12][13][14]

13
68
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001967-12-16-0000December 16, 1967
14
15
15
24
Philadelphia 76ers
Chicago Bulls
143–123
—
30
40
—
—
8
22

68
Maravich, PetePete Maravich*
000000001977-02-25-0000February 25, 1977
17
14
17
20
New Orleans Jazz
New York Knicks
124–107
43
26
43
—
—
16
19

15
67
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001961-03-09-0000March 9, 1961
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
New York Knicks
135–126
—
27
37
—
—
13
17

67
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-02-17-0000February 17, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
St. Louis Hawks
121–128
48
26
44
—
—
15
20

[5]

67
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-02-25-0000February 25, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
New York Knicks
135–149
48
25
38
—
—
17
22

[5]

67
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001963-01-11-0000January 11, 1963
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Los Angeles Lakers
129–134
—
28
47
—
—
11
17

[9]

19
66
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001969-02-09-0000February 9, 1969
17
17
22
10
Los Angeles Lakers
Phoenix Suns
134–116
48
29
35
—
—
8
18
[K]

20
65
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-02-13-0000February 13, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Cincinnati Royals
132–152
48
24
40
—
—
17
30

[5]

65
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-02-27-0000February 27, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
St. Louis Hawks
147–137
48
25
43
—
—
15
20

[5]

65
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001966-02-07-0000February 7, 1966
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia 76ers
Los Angeles Lakers
132–125
—
28
43
—
—
9
20

65
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
000000002007-03-16-0000March 16, 2007
4
19
9
24
Los Angeles Lakers
Portland Trail Blazers
116–111
49:58
23
39
8
12
11
12
[L]
[15]

24
64
Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor*
000000001959-11-08-0000November 8, 1959
13
12
17
22
Minneapolis Lakers
Boston Celtics
136–115
—
25
47
—
—
14
19
[M]

64
Barry, RickRick Barry*
000000001974-03-26-0000March 26, 1974
—
—
23
22
Golden State Warriors
Portland Trail Blazers
143–120
43
30
45
—
—
4
5

64
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
000000001993-01-16-0000January 16, 1993
22
8
11
16
Chicago Bulls
Orlando Magic
124–128
47
27
49
1
5
9
11
[N]
[16]

27
63
Fulks, JoeJoe Fulks*
000000001949-02-10-0000February 10, 1949
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Indianapolis Jets
108–87
—
27
56
—
—
9
14
[O]

63
Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor*
000000001961-12-08-0000December 8, 1961
—
—
—
—
Los Angeles Lakers
Philadelphia Warriors
151–147
—
23
55
—
—
17
24
[P]
[17]

63
West, JerryJerry West*
000000001962-01-17-0000January 17, 1962
—
—
—
—
Los Angeles Lakers
New York Knicks
129–121
39
22
36
—
—
19
22

63
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-12-14-0000December 14, 1962
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Los Angeles Lakers
118–120
—
24
41
—
—
15
20

[9]

63
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001964-11-26-0000November 26, 1964
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Philadelphia 76ers
117–128
—
27
58
—
—
9
20

63
Gervin, GeorgeGeorge Gervin*
000000001978-04-09-0000April 9, 1978
20
33
10
DNP
San Antonio Spurs
New Orleans Jazz
132–153
33
23
49
—
—
17
20
[Q]

63
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
000000001986-04-20-0000April 20, 1986
17
6
13
18
Chicago Bulls
Boston Celtics
131–135
53
22
41
0
0
19
21
[R]

34
62
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-01-14-0000January 14, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Boston Celtics
136–145
48
27
45
—
—
8
10

[5]

62
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-01-17-0000January 17, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
St. Louis Hawks
136–130
53
24
48
—
—
14
20
[S]
[5]

62
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-01-21-0000January 21, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Syracuse Nationals
139–132
53
25
42
—
—
12
17
[T]
[5]

62
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001963-01-29-0000January 29, 1963
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
New York Knicks
123–103
—
27
44
—
—
8
17

[9]

62
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001964-11-15-0000November 15, 1964
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Cincinnati Royals
122–106
—
26
44
—
—
10
21

62
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001966-03-03-0000March 3, 1966
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia 76ers
San Francisco Warriors
135–125
—
26
39
—
—
10
19

62
McGrady, TracyTracy McGrady*
000000002004-03-10-0000March 10, 2004
7
21
24
10
Orlando Magic
Washington Wizards
108–99
45:50
20
37
5
14
17
26

[18]

62
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
000000002005-12-20-0000December 20, 2005
15
17
30
DNP
Los Angeles Lakers
Dallas Mavericks
112–90
32:53
18
31
4
10
22
25
[U]
[19][20]

62
Anthony, CarmeloCarmelo Anthony^
000000002014-01-24-0000January 24, 2014
20
17
19
6
New York Knicks
Charlotte Bobcats
125–96
38:39
23
35
6
11
10
10
[V]
[21]

43
61
Mikan, GeorgeGeorge Mikan*
000000001952-01-20-0000January 20, 1952
18
18
—
—
Minneapolis Lakers
Rochester Royals
91–81
—
22
45
—
—
17
21
[W]

61
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001961-12-09-0000December 9, 1961
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Chicago Packers
135–113
48
28
48
—
—
5
10

[5]

61
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-02-22-0000February 22, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
St. Louis Hawks
139–121
48
21
36
—
—
19
34

[5]

61
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-02-28-0000February 28, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Chicago Packers
128–119
48
24
46
—
—
13
17

[5]

61
Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor*
000000001962-04-14-0000April 14, 1962
18
15
13
15
Los Angeles Lakers
Boston Celtics
126–121
—
22
46
—
—
17
19
[X]

61
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-11-21-0000November 21, 1962
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Cincinnati Royals
139–143
—
27
52
—
—
7
15

[9]

61
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-12-11-0000December 11, 1962
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Syracuse Nationals
136–124
—
27
57
—
—
7
11

[9]

61
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-12-18-0000December 18, 1962
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
St. Louis Hawks
130–110
—
26
53
—
—
9
14

[9]

61
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
000000001987-03-04-0000March 4, 1987
14
10
7
26
Chicago Bulls
Detroit Pistons
125–120
43
22
39
0
0
17
18
[Y]
[22][23][24]

61
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
000000001987-04-16-0000April 16, 1987
15
17
16
13
Chicago Bulls
Atlanta Hawks
114–117
41
22
38
0
3
17
21
[Z]
[25][26][27][28][29]

61
Malone, KarlKarl Malone*
000000001990-01-27-0000January 27, 1990
17
13
20
11
Utah Jazz
Milwaukee Bucks
144–96
33
21
26
0
0
19
23

[30]

61
O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal*
000000002000-03-06-0000March 6, 2000
10
16
16
19
Los Angeles Lakers
Los Angeles Clippers
123–103
44:52
24
35
0
0
13
22
[AA]
[31]

61
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
000000002009-02-02-0000February 2, 2009
18
16
12
15
Los Angeles Lakers
New York Knicks
126–117
36:48
19
31
3
6
20
20

[32]

61
James, LeBronLeBron James^
000000002014-03-03-0000March 3, 2014
11
13
25
12
Miami Heat
Charlotte Bobcats
124–107
41:12
22
33
8
10
9
12
[AB]
[33][34]

57
60
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001961-12-01-0000December 1, 1961
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Los Angeles Lakers
138–117
48
22
47
—
—
16
26

[5]

60
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001961-12-29-0000December 29, 1961
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Los Angeles Lakers
123–118
48
24
43
—
—
12
19
[AC]
[5]

60
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001969-01-26-0000January 26, 1969
18
9
10
23
Los Angeles Lakers
Cincinnati Royals
126–113
—
22
36
—
—
16
24
[AD]

60
King, BernardBernard King*
000000001984-12-25-0000December 25, 1984
21
19
11
9
New York Knicks
New Jersey Nets
114–120
41
19
30
0
0
22
26

[35]

60
Bird, LarryLarry Bird*
000000001985-03-12-0000March 12, 1985
12
11
19
18
Boston Celtics
Atlanta Hawks
126–115
43
22
36
1
4
15
16
[AE]
[36]

60
Chambers, TomTom Chambers
000000001990-03-24-0000March 24, 1990
14
21
14
11
Phoenix Suns
Seattle SuperSonics
121–95
42
22
32
0
0
16
18

[37][38][39][40]

60
Iverson, AllenAllen Iverson*
000000002005-02-12-0000February 12, 2005
17
12
11
20
Philadelphia 76ers
Orlando Magic
112–99
42:01
17
36
2
5
24
27

[41][42]

60
Arenas, GilbertGilbert Arenas
000000002006-12-17-0000December 17, 2006
12
5
12
15
Washington Wizards
Los Angeles Lakers
147–141
49:00
17
32
5
12
21
27
[AF]
[43]

60
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
000000002007-03-22-0000March 22, 2007
13
11
19
17
Los Angeles Lakers
Memphis Grizzlies
121–119
45:11
20
37
3
7
17
18
[AG]
[44]

60
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
000000002016-04-13-0000April 13, 2016
15
7
15
23
Los Angeles Lakers
Utah Jazz
101–96
42
22
50
6
21
10
12
[AH]
[45][46]

60
Klay Thompson^
December 5, 2016
17
23
20
DNP
Golden State Warriors
Indiana Pacers
142–106
29
21
33
8
14
10
11
[AI]
[47]


document_title: The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance

question_text: where does the man who shot liberty valance take place

text: The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: Senator Ranse Stoddard and his wife Hallie arrive in Shinbone, a frontier town in an unnamed western state, to attend the funeral of Tom Doniphon. As they pay their respects, reporters ask Stoddard why a United States Senator would make the long journey from Washington to attend the funeral of a local rancher.

text: The story flashes back 25 years; Stoddard is a young, idealistic attorney. His stagecoach is robbed by Liberty Valance and his gang. When Stoddard tries to take Valance to task, Stoddard is brutally whipped and left for dead. Doniphon finds him and takes him into the town of Shinbone; Hallie and other townspeople tend to his injuries, and explain that Valance victimizes Shinbone residents with impunity. Marshal Link Appleyard lacks the courage and gunfighting skills to challenge him. Doniphon (who is courting Hallie) is the only man willing to stand up to him.

text: Stoddard opens a law practice in Shinbone, inviting retribution from Valance, who cannot abide challenges to his "authority." Force, Doniphon explains, is the only thing Valance understands; but Stoddard advocates justice under the law, not brute force. He earns the town's respect by refusing to knuckle under to Valance, and by founding a school to teach reading and writing to illiterate townspeople – including Hallie. Hallie discovers Stoddard is practicing with a gun, and fretfully tells Doniphon, which raises his suspicions about their relationship.

text: When Doniphon notices that Stoddard is trying to teach himself to use a revolver, he offers the inexperienced Stoddard a lesson in marksmanship. During target practice Doniphon effortlessly shoots three paint cans; the final one showers Stoddard with white paint, ruining his suit. Tom explains that this is the sort of trickery that he can expect from Valance. Infuriated, Stoddard punches him in the jaw and leaves.

text: Shinbone's residents meet to elect two delegates for a statehood convention at the territorial capital. Doniphon nominates Stoddard, because he "knows the law, and throws a mean punch." Stoddard explains that statehood will improve infrastructure, safety, and education. The cattle barons oppose statehood, and hire Valance to sabotage the effort, but Stoddard defies him again. The townspeople elect Stoddard and Dutton Peabody, publisher of the local newspaper; Valance challenges Stoddard to a gunfight. Doniphon advises Stoddard to leave town, but Stoddard believes in the rule of law, and is willing to risk his life for his principles.

text: That evening, Valance and his gang catch the drunken Peabody, beat him nearly to death and ransack his office. Stoddard goes into the street to face Valance. Valance toys with Stoddard, shooting his arm and laughing at him. The next bullet, he says, will be "right between the eyes"; but Stoddard fires first, and to everyone's shock, Valance falls dead. Doniphon watches Hallie care for Stoddard's wounds, then heads for the saloon. At his homestead, in a drunken rage, he sets fire to the addition that he has just finished in anticipation of asking Hallie to marry him. His African American ranch hand, Pompey, rescues him, but the house is destroyed.

text: At the statehood convention, Peabody nominates Stoddard as the territory's delegate to Washington, D.C., but his "unstatesmanlike" conduct is challenged by a rival candidate. Stoddard decides that he cannot be entrusted with public service after killing a man in a gunfight. Doniphon takes him aside and, in an inception flashback, confides that he, Doniphon, actually killed Valance from an alley across the street, firing at the same time as Stoddard. Reinspired, Stoddard returns to the convention, accepts the nomination, and is elected to the Washington delegation.

text: The original flashback ends; Stoddard fills in the intervening years. He married Hallie, and then, on the strength of his reputation as "the man who shot Liberty Valance", became the new state's first governor. He then served as U.S. Senator and United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom before returning to the Senate, and now there is talk of a vice presidential nomination. The reporter realizes that Stoddard's entire reputation is based on a myth; but after reflection, he throws his interview notes into the fire. "This is the West, sir," he explains. "When the legend becomes fact, print the legend."

text: On the train back to Washington, Stoddard informs Hallie, to her delight, that he wants to retire from politics and practice law in Shinbone. When he tells the train conductor that he will write to railroad officials, thanking them for their many courtesies, the conductor replies, "Nothing's too good for the man who shot Liberty Valance!"

text: Cast[edit]

text:
John Wayne as Tom Doniphon
James Stewart as Ransom "Ranse" Stoddard
Vera Miles as Hallie Stoddard
Lee Marvin as Liberty Valance
Edmond O'Brien as Dutton Peabody
Andy Devine as Marshal Link Appleyard
Ken Murray as Doc Willoughby

John Carradine as Maj. Cassius Starbuckle
Jeanette Nolan as Nora Ericson
John Qualen as Peter Ericson
Willis Bouchey as Jason Tully (conductor)
Carleton Young as Maxwell Scott
Woody Strode as Pompey
Denver Pyle as Amos Carruthers

Strother Martin as Floyd
Lee Van Cleef as Reese
Robert F. Simon as Handy Strong
O. Z. Whitehead as Herbert Carruthers
Paul Birch as Mayor Winder
Joseph Hoover as Charlie Hasbrouck (reporter for The Star)
Shug Fisher as Kaintuck

text: Production[edit]

text: In contrast to prior John Ford westerns, such as The Searchers and She Wore a Yellow Ribbon, Liberty Valance was shot in black and white on Paramount's sound stages. Multiple stories and speculations exist to explain this decision. Ford claimed to prefer the black and white medium over color: "In black and white, you've got to be very careful. You've got to know your job, lay your shadows in properly, get your perspective right, but in color, there it is," he said. "You might say I'm old fashioned, but black and white is real photography."[2] Ford also reportedly argued that the climactic shoot-out between Valance and Stoddard would not have worked in color.[3] Others have interpreted the absence of the magnificent outdoor vistas so prevalent in earlier Ford westerns as "a fundamental reimagining [by Ford] of his mythic West" – a grittier, less romantic, more realistic portrayal of frontier life.[4] A more pragmatic interpretation cites the fact that Wayne and Stewart – two of Hollywood's biggest stars, working together for the first time – were considerably older (54 and 53, respectively) than the characters they were playing. Filming in black and white helped ease the suspension of disbelief necessary to accept that disparity.[5] According to cinematographer William H. Clothier, however, "There was one reason and one reason only ... Paramount was cutting costs. Otherwise we would have been in Monument Valley or Brackettville and we would have had color stock. Ford had to accept those terms or not make the film."[6]

text: Another condition imposed by the studio, according to Van Cleef, was that Wayne be cast as Doniphon. Ford resented the studio's intrusion, and retaliated by taunting Wayne relentlessly throughout the filming. "He didn't want Duke [Wayne] to think he was doing him any favors," Van Cleef said.[7] Strode recounted that Ford "kept needling Duke about his failure to make it as a football player", comparing him to Strode (a former NFL running back), whom he pronounced "a real football player". (Wayne's football career at USC had been curtailed by injuries.) He also ridiculed Wayne for failing to enlist during World War II, during which Ford filmed a series of widely praised combat documentaries for the Office of Strategic Services, and was wounded at the Battle of Midway,[8] and Stewart served with distinction as a bomber pilot. "How rich did you get while Jimmy was risking his life?" he demanded. Wayne's avoidance of wartime service was a major source of guilt for him in his later years.[9]

text: Stewart related that midway through filming, Wayne asked him why he, Stewart, never seemed to be the target of Ford's venomous remarks. Other cast- and crew-members also noticed Stewart's apparent immunity from Ford's abuse. Then, toward the end of filming, Ford asked Stewart what he thought of Strode's costume for the film's beginning and end, when the actors were playing their parts 25 years older. Stewart replied, "It looks a bit Uncle Remussy to me." Ford responded, "What's wrong with Uncle Remus?" He called for the crew's attention and announced, "One of our players doesn't like Woody's costume. Now, I don't know if Mr. Stewart has a prejudice against Negroes, but I just wanted you all to know about it." Stewart said he "wanted to crawl into a mouse hole"; but Wayne told him, "Well, welcome to the club. I'm glad you made it."[7][10]

text: Ford's behavior "...really pissed Wayne off," Strode said, "but he would never take it out on Ford," the man largely responsible for his rise to stardom. "He ended up taking it out on me." While filming an exterior shot on a horse-drawn cart, Wayne almost lost control of the horses, and knocked Strode away when he attempted to help. When the horses did stop, Wayne tried to pick a fight with the younger and fitter Strode; Ford called out, "Don't hit him, Woody, we need him." Wayne later told Strode, "We gotta work together. We both gotta be professionals." Strode blamed Ford for nearly all the friction on the set. "What a miserable film to make," he added.[11]

text: Stewart received top billing over Wayne on promotional posters, but in the film itself Wayne's screen card appears first. The studio also specified that Wayne's name appear before Stewart's on theatre marquees, reportedly at Ford's request.[12] "Wayne actually played the lead," Ford said, to Peter Bogdanovich. "Jimmy Stewart had most of the sides [sequences with dialogue], but Wayne was the central character, the motivation for the whole thing."[13]

text: Music[edit]

text: The film's music score was composed by Cyril J. Mockridge; but in scenes involving Hallie's relationships with Doniphon and Stoddard, Ford reprised Alfred Newman's "Ann Rutledge Theme", from Young Mr. Lincoln. He told Bogdanovich that he used the theme in both films to evoke repressed desire and lost love.[14] The film scholar Kathryn Kalinak notes that Ann Rutledge's theme "encodes longing" and "fleshes out the failed love affair between Hallie and Tom Doniphon, the growing love between Hallie and Ranse Stoddard, and the traumatic loss experienced by Hallie over her choice of one over the other, none of which is clearly articulated by dialogue."[15]

text: The Burt Bacharach-Hal David song "(The Man Who Shot) Liberty Valance" became a Top 10 hit for Gene Pitney. Though based upon the movie's plotline, it was not used in the film. Pitney said in an interview that he was in the studio about to record the song when "... Bacharach informed us that the film just came out." Regardless, the song went to No. 4.[16] Jimmie Rodgers also recorded the song, in the Gene Pitney style. James Taylor covered it on his 1985 album That's Why I'm Here, as did The Royal Guardsmen on their 1967 album Snoopy vs. the Red Baron. It was also covered by the Australian rock band Regurgitator on its 1998 David/Bacharach tribute album To Hal and Bacharach. Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the top 100 Western songs of all time.[17]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Liberty Valance was released in April 1962, and achieved both financial and critical success. Produced for $3.2 million, it grossed $8 million,[1] making it the 16th highest-grossing film of 1962. Edith Head's costumes were nominated for an Academy Award for Best Costume Design (black-and-white), one of the few westerns ever nominated in that category.[18] The film is considered one of Ford's best[19] and, in one poll, ranked with The Searchers and The Shootist as one of Wayne's best westerns.[20]

text: Roger Ebert wrote that each of the ten Ford/Wayne westerns is "... complete and self-contained in a way that approaches perfection", and singled out Liberty Valance as "the most pensive and thoughtful" of the group.[21] Director Sergio Leone (Once Upon a Time in the West, The Good, the Bad and the Ugly) listed Ford as a major influence on his work, and Liberty Valance as his favorite Ford film. "It was the only film," he said, "where [Ford] learned about something called pessimism."[22]

text: In a retrospective analysis, The New York Times called Liberty Valance "...one of the great Western classics," because "it questions the role of myth in forging the legends of the West, while setting this theme in the elegiac atmosphere of the West itself, set off by the aging Stewart and Wayne."[23] The New Yorker's Richard Brody described it as "the greatest American political movie", because of its depictions of a free press, town meetings, statehood debates, and the "civilizing influence" of education in frontier America.[21]

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2003: AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains:

Tom Doniphon – Nominated Hero[24]

2005: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

Maxwell Scott: "This is the West, sir. When the legend becomes fact, print the legend." – Nominated[25]

2008: AFI's 10 Top 10:

Nominated Western Film[26]