document_title: Earthworm

question_text: what are the hearts of a worm called

question_tokens: what are the hearts of a worm called

text: Earthworm

text: Anatomy

text: Form and function

text: Depending on the species, an adult earthworm can be from 10 mm (0.39 in) long and 1 mm (0.039 in) wide to 3 m (9.8 ft) long and over 25 mm (0.98 in) wide, but the typical Lumbricus terrestris grows to about 360 mm (14 in) long.[4] Probably the longest worm on confirmed records is Amynthas mekongianus that extends up to 3 m (10 ft) [5] in the mud along the banks of the 4,350 km (2,703 mi) Mekong River in Southeast Asia.

text: From front to back, the basic shape of the earthworm is a cylindrical tube, divided into a series of segments (called metamerisms) that compartmentalize the body. Furrows are generally[6] externally visible on the body demarking the segments; dorsal pores and nephridiopores exude a fluid that moistens and protects the worm's surface, allowing it to breathe. Except for the mouth and anal segments, each segment carries bristle-like hairs called lateral setae[7] used to anchor parts of the body during movement;[8] species may have four pairs of setae on each segment or more than eight sometimes forming a complete circle of setae per segment.[7] Special ventral setae are used to anchor mating earthworms by their penetration into the bodies of their mates.[citation needed]

text: Generally, within a species, the number of segments found is consistent across specimens, and individuals are born with the number of segments they will have throughout their lives. The first body segment (segment number 1) features both the earthworm's mouth and, overhanging the mouth, a fleshy lobe called the prostomium, which seals the entrance when the worm is at rest, but is also used to feel and chemically sense the worm's surroundings. Some species of earthworm can even use the prehensile prostomium to grab and drag items such as grasses and leaves into their burrow.

text: An adult earthworm develops a belt-like glandular swelling, called the clitellum, which covers several segments toward the front part of the animal. This is part of the reproductive system and produces egg capsules. The posterior is most commonly cylindrical like the rest of the body, but depending on the species, may also be quadrangular, octagonal, trapezoidal, or flattened. The last segment is called the periproct; the earthworm's anus, a short vertical slit, is found on this segment.[7]

text: The exterior of an individual segment is a thin cuticle over skin, commonly pigmented red to brown, which has specialized cells that secrete mucus over the cuticle to keep the body moist and ease movement through soil. Under the skin is a layer of nerve tissue, and two layers of muscles—a thin outer layer of circular muscle, and a much thicker inner layer of longitudinal muscle.[9] Interior to the muscle layer is a fluid-filled chamber called a coelom[10] that by its pressurization provides structure to the worm's boneless body. The segments are separated from each other by septa (the plural of "septum")[11] which are perforated transverse walls, allowing the coelomic fluid to pass between segments.[12] A pair of structures called nephrostomes are located at the back of each septum; a nephric tubule leads from each nephrostome through the septum and into the following segment. This tubule then leads to the main body fluid filtering organ, the nephridium or metanephridium, which removes metabolic waste from the coelomic fluid and expels it through pores called nephridiopores on the worm's sides; usually two nephridia (sometimes more) are found in most segments.[13] At the center of a worm is the digestive tract, which runs straight through from mouth to anus without coiling, and is flanked above and below by blood vessels (the dorsal blood vessel and the ventral blood vessel as well as a subneural blood vessel) and the ventral nerve cord, and is surrounded in each segment by a pair of pallial blood vessels that connect the dorsal to the subneural blood vessels.

text: Many earthworms can eject coelomic fluid through pores in the back in response to stress; Australian Didymogaster sylvaticus (known as the "blue squirter earthworm") can squirt fluid as high as 30 cm (12 in).[12]

text: Nervous system

text: The earthworm's nervous system has three parts: the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system and the sympathetic nervous system.[14][15]

text: Central nervous system

text: The CNS consists of a bilobed brain (cerebral ganglia, or supra-pharyngeal ganglion), sub-pharyngeal ganglia, circum-pharyngeal connectives and a ventral nerve cord.

text: Earthworms' brains consist of a pair of pear-shaped cerebral ganglia. These are located in the dorsal side of the alimentary canal in the third segment, in a groove between the buccal cavity and pharynx.

text: A pair of circum-pharyngeal connectives from the brain encircle the pharynx and then connect with a pair of sub-pharyngeal ganglia located below the pharynx in the fourth segment. This arrangement means the brain, sub-pharyngeal ganglia and the circum-pharyngeal connectives form a nerve ring around the pharynx.

text: The ventral nerve cord (formed by nerve cells and nerve fibres) begins at the sub-pharyngeal ganglia and extends below the alimentary canal to the most posterior body segment. The ventral nerve cord has a swelling, or ganglion, in each segment, i.e. a segmental ganglion, which occurs from the fifth to the last segment of the body. There are also three giant axons, one medial giant axon (MGA) and two lateral giant axons (LGAs) on the mid-dorsal side of the ventral nerve cord. The MGA is 0.07 mm in diameter and transmits in an anterior-posterior direction at a rate of 32.2 m/s. The LGAs are slightly wider at 0.05 mm in diameter and transmit in a posterior-anterior direction at 12.6 m/s. The two LGAs are connected at regular intervals along the body and are therefore considered one giant axon.[16][17]

text: Peripheral nervous system

text:
Eight to ten nerves arise from the cerebral ganglia to supply the prostomium, buccal chamber and pharynx.
Three pairs of nerves arise from the subpharyangeal ganglia to supply the 2nd, 3rd and 4th segment.
Three pairs of nerves extend from each segmental ganglia to supply various structures of the segment.

text: Sympathetic nervous system

text: The sympathetic nervous system consists of nerve plexuses in the epidermis and alimentary canal. (A plexus is a web of nerve cells connected together in a two dimensional grid.) The nerves that run along the body wall pass between the outer circular and inner longitudinal muscle layers of the wall. They give off branches that form the intermuscular plexus and the subepidermal plexus. These nerves connect with the circumpharyngeal connective.

text: Movement

text: On the surface, crawling speed varies both within and among individuals. Earthworms crawl faster primarily by taking longer "strides" and a greater frequency of strides. Larger Lumbricus terrestris worms crawl at a greater absolute speed than smaller worms. They achieve this by taking slightly longer strides but with slightly lower stride frequencies.[18]

text: Touching an earthworm, which causes a "pressure" response as well as (often) a response to the dehydrating quality of the salt on human skin (toxic to earthworms), stimulates the subepidermal nerve plexus which connects to the intermuscular plexus and causes the longitudinal muscles to contact, thereby the writhing movements when we pick up an earthworm. This behaviour is a reflex and does not require the CNS; it occurs even if the nerve cord is removed. Each segment of the earthworm has its own nerve plexus. The plexus of one segment is not connected directly to that of adjacent segments. The nerve cord is required to connect the nervous systems of the segments.[19]

text: The giant axons carry the fastest signals along the nerve cord. These are emergency signals that initiate reflex escape behaviours. The larger dorsal giant axon conducts signals the fastest, from the rear to the front of the animal. If the rear of the worm is touched, a signal is rapidly sent forwards causing the longitudinal muscles in each segment to contract. This causes the worm shorten very quickly as an attempt to escape from a predator or other potential threat. The two medial giant axons connect with each other and send signals from the front to the rear. Stimulation of these causes the earthworm to very quickly retreat (perhaps contracting into its burrow to escape a bird).

text: The presence of a nervous system is essential for an animal to be able to experience nociception or pain. However, other physiological capacities are also required such as opioid sensitivity and central modulation of responses by analgesics.[20] Enkephalin and α-endorphin-like substances have been found in earthworms. Injections of naloxone (an opioid antagonist) inhibit the escape responses of earthworms. This indicates that opioid substances play a role in sensory modulation, similar to that found in many vertebrates.[21]

text: Senses

text: Photosensitivity

text: Earthworms do not have eyes (although some worms do), however, they do have specialised photosensitive cells called "light cells of Hess". These photoreceptor cells have a central intracellular cavity (phaosome) filled with microvilli. As well as the microvilli, there are several sensory cilia in the phaosome which are structurally independent of the microvilli.[22] The photoreceptors are distributed in most parts of the epidermis but are more concentrated on the back and sides of the worm. A relatively small number occur on the ventral surface of the 1st segment. They are most numerous in the prostomium and reduce in density in the first three segments; they are very few in number past the third segment.[19]

text: Digestive system

text: The gut of the earthworm is a straight tube which extends from the worm's mouth to its anus. It is differentiated into a buccal cavity (generally running through the first one or two segments of the earthworm), pharynx (running generally about four segments in length), esophagus, crop, gizzard (usually) and intestine.[23]

text: Food enters in the mouth. The pharynx acts as a suction pump; its muscular walls draw in food. In the pharynx, the pharyngeal glands secrete mucus. Food moves into the esophagus, where calcium (from the blood and ingested from previous meals) is pumped in to maintain proper blood calcium levels in the blood and food pH. From there the food passes into the crop and gizzard. In the gizzard, strong muscular contractions grind the food with the help of mineral particles ingested along with the food. Once through the gizzard, food continues through the intestine for digestion. The intestine secretes Pepsin to digest proteins, Amylase to digest polysaccharides, Cellulase to digest cellulose, and lipase to digest fats.[2] Earthworms use, in addition to the digestive proteins, a class of surface active compounds called drilodefensins, which help digest plant material.[24] Instead of being coiled like a mammalian intestine, an earthworm's intestine increases surface area to increase nutrient absorption by having many folds running along its length. The intestine has its own pair of muscle layers like the body, but in reverse order—an inner circular layer within an outer longitudinal layer.[25]

text: Circulatory system

text: The earthworm has a dual circulatory system in which both the coelomic fluid and a closed circulatory system carry the food, waste, and respiratory gases. The closed circulatory system has five main blood vessels: the dorsal (top) vessel, which runs above the digestive tract; the ventral (bottom) vessel, which runs below the digestive tract; the subneural vessel, which runs below the ventral nerve cord; and two lateroneural vessels on either side of the nerve cord.[26] The dorsal vessel moves the blood forward, while the other four longitudinal vessels carry the blood rearward. In segments seven through eleven, a pair of aortic arches rings the coelom and acts as hearts, pumping the blood to the ventral vessel that acts as the aorta. The blood consists of ameboid cells and hemoglobin dissolved in the plasma. The second circulatory system derives from the cells of the digestive system that line the coelom. As the digestive cells become full, they release non-living cells of fat into the fluid-filled coelom, where they float freely but can pass through the walls separating each segment, moving food to other parts and assist in wound healing.[27]

text: Excretory system

text: The excretory system contains a pair of nephridia in every segment, except for the first three and the last ones.[28] The three types of nephridia are: integumentary, septal, and pharyngeal. The integumentary nephridia lie attached to the inner side of the body wall in all segments except the first two. The septal nephridia are attached to both sides of the septa behind the 15th segment. The pharyngeal nephridia are attached to fourth, fifth and sixth segments.[28] The waste in the coelom fluid from a forward segment is drawn in by the beating of cilia of the nephrostome. From there it is carried through the septum (wall) via a tube which forms a series of loops entwined by blood capillaries that also transfer waste into the tubule of the nephrostome. The excretory wastes are then finally discharged through a pore on the worm's side.[29]

text: Respiration

text: Earthworms have no special respiratory organs. Gases are exchanged through the moist skin and capillaries, where the oxygen is picked up by the hemoglobin dissolved in the blood plasma and carbon dioxide is released. Water, as well as salts, can also be moved through the skin by active transport.

text: Reproduction

text: Mating occurs on the surface, most often at night. Earthworms are hermaphrodites; that is, they have both male and female sexual organs. The sexual organs are located in segments 9 to 15. Earthworms have one or two pairs of testes contained within sacs. The two or four pairs of seminal vesicles produce, store and release the sperm via the male pores. Ovaries and oviducts in segment 13 release eggs via female pores on segment 14, while sperm is expelled from segment 15. One or more pairs of spermathecae are present in segments 9 and 10 (depending on the species) which are internal sacs that receive and store sperm from the other worm during copulation. As a result, segment 15 of one worm exudes sperm into segments 9 and 10 with its storage vesicles of its mate. Some species use external spermatophores for sperm transfer.

text: In Hormogaster samnitica and Hormogaster elisae transcriptome DNA libraries were sequenced and two sex pheromones, Attractin and Temptin, were detected in all tissue samples of both species.[30] Sex pheromones are probably important in earthworms because they live in an environment where chemical signaling may play a crucial role in attracting a partner and in facilitating outcrossing. Outcrossing would provide the benefit of masking the expression of deleterious recessive mutations in progeny.[31] (Also see complemenation.)

text: Copulation and reproduction are separate processes in earthworms. The mating pair overlap front ends ventrally and each exchanges sperm with the other. The clitellum becomes very reddish to pinkish in color. Some time after copulation, long after the worms have separated, the clitellum (behind the spermathecae) secretes material which forms a ring around the worm. The worm then backs out of the ring, and as it does so, it injects its own eggs and the other worm's sperm into it. As the worm slips out of the ring, the ends of the cocoon seal to form a vaguely lemon-shaped incubator (cocoon) in which the embryonic worms develop. They emerge as small, but fully formed earthworms, but lack their sex structures, which develop in about 60 to 90 days. They attain full size in about one year. Scientists predict that the average lifespan under field conditions is four to eight years, while most garden varieties live only one to two years. Several common earthworm species are mostly parthenogenetic.

text: Among lumbricid earthworms, parthenogenesis arose from sexual relatives many times.[32] Parthenogenesis in some Aporrectodea trapezoides lineages arose 6.4 to 1.1 million years ago from sexual ancestors.[33]

text: Regeneration

text: Earthworms have the ability to regenerate lost segments, but this ability varies between species and depends on the extent of the damage. Stephenson (1930) devoted a chapter of his monograph to this topic, while G.E. Gates spent 20 years studying regeneration in a variety of species, but “because little interest was shown”, Gates (1972) only published a few of his findings that, nevertheless, show it is theoretically possible to grow two whole worms from a bisected specimen in certain species. Gates’s reports included:

text:
Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826) with head regeneration, in an anterior direction, possible at each intersegmental level back to and including 23/24, while tails were regenerated at any levels behind 20/21, i.e., two worms may grow from one.[34]
Lumbricus terrestris Linnaeus, 1758 replacing anterior segments from as far back as 13/14 and 16/17 but tail regeneration was never found.
Perionyx excavatus Perrier, 1872 readily regenerated lost parts of the body, in an anterior direction from as far back as 17/18, and in a posterior direction as far forward as 20/21.
Lampito mauritii Kinberg, 1867 with regeneration in anterior direction at all levels back to 25/26 and tail regeneration from 30/31; head regeneration was sometimes believed to be caused by internal amputation resulting from Sarcophaga sp. larval infestation.
Criodrilus lacuum Hoffmeister, 1845 also has prodigious regenerative capacity with ‘head’ regeneration from as far back as 40/41.[35]

text: An unidentified Tasmanian earthworm shown growing a replacement head has been reported.[36]

text: Locomotion and importance to soil

text: Earthworms travel underground by the means of waves of muscular contractions which alternately shorten and lengthen the body (peristalsis). The shortened part is anchored to the surrounding soil by tiny claw-like bristles (setae) set along its segmented length. In all the body segments except the first, last and clitellum, there is a ring of S-shaped setae embedded in the epidermal pit of each segment (perichaetine). The whole burrowing process is aided by the secretion of lubricating mucus. Worms can make gurgling noises underground when disturbed as a result of their movement through their lubricated tunnels. Earthworms move through soil by expanding crevices with force; when forces are measured according to body weight, hatchlings can push 500 times their own body weight whereas large adults can push only 10 times their own body weight.[37]

text: Earthworms work as biological "pistons" forcing air through the tunnels as they move. Thus earthworm activity aerates and mixes the soil, and is conducive to mineralization of nutrients and their uptake by vegetation. Certain species of earthworm come to the surface and graze on the higher concentrations of organic matter present there, mixing it with the mineral soil. Because a high level of organic matter mixing is associated with soil fertility, an abundance of earthworms is generally considered beneficial by farmers and gardeners.[38][39] In fact, as long ago as 1881 Charles Darwin wrote: "It may be doubted whether there are many other animals which have played so important a part in the history of the world, as have these lowly organized creatures."[40]

text: Benefits

text: The major benefits of earthworm activities to soil fertility can be summarized as:

text: Biological: In many soils, earthworms play a major role in the conversion of large pieces of organic matter into rich humus, thus improving soil fertility. This is achieved by the worm's actions of pulling below the surface deposited organic matter such as leaf fall or manure, either for food or to plug its burrow. Once in the burrow, the worm will shred the leaf and partially digest it and mingle it with the earth. Worm casts (see bottom right) can contain 40 percent more humus than the top 9" (23 cm) of soil in which the worm is living.[3]

text:
Chemical: In addition to dead organic matter, the earthworm also ingests any other soil particles that are small enough—including sand grains up to 1/20 of an inch (1.25 mm)—into its gizzard, wherein those minute fragments of grit grind everything into a fine paste which is then digested in the intestine. When the worm excretes this in the form of casts, deposited on the surface or deeper in the soil, minerals and plant nutrients are changed to an accessible form for plants to use. Investigations in the United States show that fresh earthworm casts are five times richer in available nitrogen, seven times richer in available phosphates, and 11 times richer in available potassium than the surrounding upper 6 inches (150 mm) of soil. In conditions where humus is plentiful, the weight of casts produced may be greater than 4.5 kg (10 lb) per worm per year.[3]
Physical: The earthworm's burrowing creates a multitude of channels through the soil and is of great value in maintaining the soil structure, enabling processes of aeration and drainage. Permaculture co-founder Bill Mollison points out that by sliding in their tunnels, earthworms "act as an innumerable army of pistons pumping air in and out of the soils on a 24-hour cycle (more rapidly at night)".[41] Thus, the earthworm not only creates passages for air and water to traverse the soil, but also modifies the vital organic component that makes a soil healthy (see Bioturbation). Earthworms promote the formation of nutrient-rich casts (globules of soil, stable in soil [mucus]) that have high soil aggregation and soil fertility and quality.[3]

text: Earthworms accelerate nutrient cycling in the soil-plant system through fragmentation & mixing of plant debris – physical grinding & chemical digestion.[3] The earthworm's existence cannot be taken for granted. Dr. W. E. Shewell-Cooper observed "tremendous numerical differences between adjacent gardens", and worm populations are affected by a host of environmental factors, many of which can be influenced by good management practices on the part of the gardener or farmer.[42]

text: Darwin estimated that arable land contains up to 53,000 worms per acre (13/m2), but more recent research from Rothamsted Experimental Station has produced figures suggesting that even poor soil may support 250,000/acre (62/m2), whilst rich fertile farmland may have up to 1,750,000/acre (432/m2), meaning that the weight of earthworms beneath a farmer's soil could be greater than that of the livestock upon its surface.

text: The ability to break down organic materials and excrete concentrated nutrients makes the earthworm a functional contributor in restoration projects. In response to ecosystem disturbances, some opencast mining sites have utilized earthworms to prepare soil for the return of native flora. Sites using this method have observed advances in the return of ecosystem services that previously took much longer to re-establish.[43] Research from the Station d'écologie Tropicale de Lamto asserts that the earthworms positively influence the rate of macroaggregate formation, an important feature for soil structure.[44] The stability of aggregates in response to water was also found to be improved when constructed by earthworms.[44]

text: As an invasive species

text: From a total of around 7,000 species, only about 150 species are widely distributed around the world. These are the peregrine or cosmopolitan earthworms.[45]

text: Special habitats

text: While, as the name earthworm suggests, the main habitat of earthworms is in soil, the situation is more complicated than that. The brandling worm Eisenia fetida lives in decaying plant matter and manure. Arctiostrotus vancouverensis from Vancouver Island and the Olympic Peninsula is generally found in decaying conifer logs. Aporrectodea limicola, Sparganophilus spp., and several others are found in mud in streams. Some species are arboreal, some aquatic and some euryhaline (salt-water tolerant) and littoral (living on the sea-shore, e.g. Pontodrilus litoralis). Even in the soil species, special habitats, such as soils derived from serpentine, have an earthworm fauna of their own.

text: Ecology

text: Earthworms are classified into three main ecophysiological categories: (1) leaf litter- or compost-dwelling worms that are nonburrowing, live at soil-litter interface and eat decomposing OM (called Epigeic) e.g. Eisenia fetida; (2) topsoil- or subsoil-dwelling worms that feed (on soil), burrow and cast within soil, creating horizontal burrows in upper 10–30 cm of soil (called Endogeics); and (3) worms that construct permanent deep vertical burrows which they use to visit the surface to obtain plant material for food, such as leaves (called Anecic (meaning "reaching up")), e.g. Lumbricus terrestris.[46]

text: Earthworm populations depend on both physical and chemical properties of the soil, such as temperature, moisture, pH, salts, aeration, and texture, as well as available food, and the ability of the species to reproduce and disperse. One of the most important environmental factors is pH, but earthworms vary in their preferences. Most favor neutral to slightly acidic soils. Lumbricus terrestris is still present in a pH of 5.4 and Dendrobaena octaedra at a pH of 4.3 and some Megascolecidae are present in extremely acidic humic soils. Soil pH may also influence the numbers of worms that go into diapause. The more acidic the soil, the sooner worms go into diapause and the longer they remain in diapause at a pH of 6.4.

text: Earthworms form the base of many food chains. They are preyed upon by many species of birds (e.g. starlings, thrushes, gulls, crows, European robins and American robins), snakes, mammals (e.g. bears, foxes, hedgehogs, pigs, moles) and invertebrates (e.g. ground beetles and other beetles, snails, slugs). Earthworms have many internal parasites, including protozoa, platyhelminthes, and nematodes; they can be found in the worms' blood, seminal vesicles, coelom, or intestine, or in their cocoons.

text: Nitrogenous fertilizers tend to create acidic conditions, which are fatal to the worms, and dead specimens are often found on the surface following the application of substances such as DDT, lime sulphur, and lead arsenate. In Australia, changes in farming practices such as the application of superphosphates on pastures and a switch from pastoral farming to arable farming had a devastating effect on populations of the giant Gippsland earthworm, leading to their classification as a protected species.

text: The addition of organic matter, preferably as a surface mulch, on a regular basis will provide earthworms with their food and nutrient requirements, and will create the optimum conditions of temperature and moisture that will stimulate their activity.

text: Economic impact

text: Various species of worms are used in vermiculture, the practice of feeding organic waste to earthworms to decompose food waste. These are usually Eisenia fetida (or its close relative Eisenia andrei) or the Brandling worm, commonly known as the tiger worm or red wiggler. They are distinct from soil-dwelling earthworms. In the tropics, the African nightcrawler Eudrilus eugeniae and the Indian blue Perionyx excavatus are used.

text: Earthworms are sold all over the world; the market is sizable. According to Doug Collicut, "In 1980, 370 million worms were exported from Canada, with a Canadian export value of $13 million and an American retail value of $54 million."

text: Earthworms are also sold as food for human consumption. Noke is a culinary term used by the Māori of New Zealand, and refers to earthworms which are considered delicacies for their chiefs.

text: Taxonomy and distribution

text: Within the world of taxonomy, the stable 'Classical System' of Michaelsen (1900) and Stephenson (1930) was gradually eroded by the controversy over how to classify earthworms, such that Fender and McKey-Fender (1990) went so far as to say, "The family-level classification of the megascolecid earthworms is in chaos."[47] Over the years, many scientists developed their own classification systems for earthworms, which led to confusion, and these systems have been and still continue to be revised and updated. The classification system used here, developed by Blakemore (2000), is a modern reversion to the Classical System that is historically proven and widely accepted.[48]

text: Categorization of a megadrile earthworm into one of its taxonomic families under suborders Lumbricina and Moniligastrida is based on such features as the makeup of the clitellum, the location and disposition of the sex features (pores, prostatic glands, etc.), number of gizzards, and body shape.[48] Currently, over 6,000 species of terrestrial earthworms are named, as provided in a species name database,[49] but the number of synonyms is unknown.

text: The families, with their known distributions or origins:[48]

text:
Acanthodrilidae – (Gondwanan or Pangaean?)
Ailoscolecidae – Pyrenees and southeast USA
Almidae – tropical equatorial (South America, Africa, Indo-Asia)
Benhamiinae – Ethiopian, Neotropical (a possible subfamily of Octochaetidae)
Criodrilidae – southwestern Palaearctic: Europe, Middle East, Russia and Siberia to Pacific coast; Japan (Biwadrilus); mainly aquatic
Diplocardiinae/-idae – Gondwanan or Laurasian? (a subfamily of Acanthodrilidae)
Enchytraeidae – cosmopolitan but uncommon in tropics (usually classed with Microdriles)
Eudrilidae – Tropical Africa south of the Sahara
Exxidae – Neotropical: Central America and Caribbean
Glossoscolecidae – Neotropical: Central and South America, Caribbean
Haplotaxidae – cosmopolitan distribution (usually classed with Microdriles)
Hormogastridae – Mediterranean
Kynotidae – Malagasian: Madagascar
Lumbricidae – Holarctic: North America, Europe, Middle East, Central Asia to Japan
Lutodrilidae – Louisiana southeast USA
Megascolecidae – (Pangaean?)
Microchaetidae – Terrestrial in Africa especially South African grasslands
Moniligastridae – Oriental and Indian subregion
Ocnerodrilidae – Neotropics, Africa; India
Octochaetidae – Australasian, Indian, Oriental, Ethiopian, Neotropical
Octochaetinae – Australasian, Indian, Oriental (subfamily if Benhamiinae is accepted)
Sparganophilidae – Nearctic, Neotropical: North and Central America
Tumakidae – Colombia, South America


question_text: who did virginia lose to in basketball 2018

root

text: Previous season[edit]

text: The Cavaliers finished the 2016–17 season 23–11, and 11–7 in ACC play to tie Duke for fifth place. They defeated Pittsburgh in the second round of the ACC Tournament to advance to the quarterfinals where they lost to Notre Dame. The Wahoos received an at-large bid to the NCAA Tournament as the No. 5 seed in the East region. There they defeated No. 12 UNC Wilmington in the First Round before losing in the Second Round to No. 4 Florida.

tag: p

text: Offseason[edit]

text: Departures[edit]

text:
Name
Number
Pos.
Height
Weight
Year
Hometown
Reason for departure

Marial Shayok
4
G
6'5"
196
Junior
Ottawa, ON
Transferred to Iowa State

Jeff Jones
24
F
6'6"
213
Senior
Charlottesville, VA
Walk-on; graduated

Jarred Reuter
31
F
6'7"
243
Sophomore
Marion, MA
Transferred to George Mason

London Perrantes
32
G
6'2"
197
Senior
Los Angeles, CA
Graduated

Darius Thompson
51
G
6'4"
196
RS Junior
Murfreesboro, TN
Graduate transferred to Western Kentucky

tag: table

text: Incoming transfers[edit]

text:
Name
Number
Pos.
Height
Weight
Year
Hometown
Previous School

Nigel Johnson
23
G
6'1"
190
RS Senior
Ashburn, VA
Transferred from Rutgers. Will be eligible to play immediately since Johnson graduated from Rutgers.

text: 2017 recruiting class[edit]

text:
US college sports recruiting information for high school athletes

Name

Hometown

High school / college

Height

Weight

Commit date

Marco Anthony#44 SG

San Antonio, TX

Holmes High School

6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)

200 lb (91 kg)

Jul 18, 2016

Recruiting star ratings: Scout:   Rivals:   247Sports:    ESPN:   ESPN grade: 79

Francesco BadocchiSF

Milan, Italy

Bishop Miege (KS)

6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)

185 lb (84 kg)

Apr 30, 2017

Recruiting star ratings: Scout:   Rivals:   247Sports:    ESPN: N/A   ESPN grade: NR

Overall recruiting rankings:

Note: In many cases, Scout, Rivals, 247Sports, and ESPN may conflict in their listings of height and weight.
In these cases, the average was taken.  ESPN grades are on a 100-point scale.
Sources:

"Virginia 2017 Basketball Commitments". Rivals.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
"2017 Virginia Commits". Scout.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
"2016 Player Commits". ESPN.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
"Scout.com Team Recruiting Rankings". Scout.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
"2017 Team Ranking". Rivals.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
"Virginia 2017 Basketball Commitments". 247sports.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017.

text: 2018 recruiting class[edit]

text:
[show]US college sports recruiting information for 2018 recruits

Name

Hometown

High school / college

Height

Weight

Commit date

Kody StattmannSG

Cairns, Queensland, Austalia

St. Augustine's College

6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)

N/A

Aug 28, 2017

Recruiting star ratings: Scout:   Rivals:   247Sports:    ESPN: N/A   ESPN grade: NR

Kihei ClarkPG

Woodland Hills, CA

Taft High School

5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)

N/A

Oct 2, 2017

Recruiting star ratings: Scout:   Rivals: N/A   247Sports:    ESPN: N/A   ESPN grade: NR

Overall recruiting rankings:

Note: In many cases, Scout, Rivals, 247Sports, and ESPN may conflict in their listings of height and weight.
In these cases, the average was taken.  ESPN grades are on a 100-point scale.
Sources:

"Virginia 2018 Basketball Commitments". Rivals.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
"2018 Virginia Commits". Scout.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
"2016 Player Commits". ESPN.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
"Scout.com Team Recruiting Rankings". Scout.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
"2018 Team Ranking". Rivals.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
"Virginia 2018 Basketball Commitments". 247sports.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017.

text: Roster[edit]

text:
2017–18 Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball team

Players
Coaches

Pos.
#
Name
Height
Weight
Year
Previous school
Hometown

1.5 !G

0

Hall, DevonDevon Hall (C)

77 !6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)
211 lb (96 kg)

4.5 !RS Sr
Cape Henry Collegiate School

Virginia Beach, Virginia

3.5 !F

1

Badocchi, FrancescoFrancesco Badocchi

79 !6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)
185 lb (84 kg)

1.0 !Fr
Bishop Miege HS

Milan, Italy

1.5 !G

2

Bartley, JusticeJustice Bartley

77 !6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)
212 lb (96 kg)

3.0 !Jr
Montrose Christian School

Lilburn, Georgia

1.5 !G

5

Guy, KyleKyle Guy

74 !6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)
175 lb (79 kg)

2.0 !So
Lawrence Central HS

Indianapolis, Indiana

1.5 !G

10

Gross Jr., TrevonTrevon Gross Jr.

75 !6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)
202 lb (92 kg)

3.0 !Jr
St. Benedict's Prep School

Jackson, New Jersey

1.5 !G

11

Jerome, TyTy Jerome

77 !6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)
200 lb (91 kg)

2.0 !So
Iona Preparatory School

New Rochelle, New York

3.5 !F

12

Hunter, DeAndreDeAndre Hunter

79 !6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)
222 lb (101 kg)

1.5 !RS Fr
Friends' Central School

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

3.5 !F

21

Wilkins, IsaiahIsaiah Wilkins (C)

79 !6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)
227 lb (103 kg)

4.0 !Sr
Greater Atlanta Christian

Atlanta, Georgia

1.5 !G

23

Johnson, NigelNigel Johnson

73 !6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)
182 lb (83 kg)

4.5 !RS Sr
Riverdale Baptist SchoolRutgers

Ashburn, Virginia

1.5 !G

24

Anthony, MarcoMarco Anthony

76 !6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)
228 lb (103 kg)

1.0 !Fr
Holmes HS

San Antonio, Texas

3.5 !F

25

Diakite, MamadiMamadi Diakite

81 !6 ft 9 in (2.06 m)
228 lb (103 kg)

2.5 !RS So
Blue Ridge School

Conakry, Guinea

3.5 !F

30

Huff, JayJay Huff

85 !7 ft 1 in (2.16 m)
230 lb (104 kg)

1.5 !RS Fr
Voyager Academy

Durham, North Carolina

5.0 !C

33

Salt, JackJack Salt (C)

82 !6 ft 10 in (2.08 m)
250 lb (113 kg)

3.5 !RS Jr
Westlake Boys HS

Auckland, New Zealand

3.5 !F

45

Katstra, AustinAustin Katstra (W)

78 !6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)
214 lb (97 kg)

1.0 !Fr
Albemarle HS

Charlottesville, Virginia

Head coach
Tony Bennett (Green Bay)
Assistant coach(es)
Ron Sanchez (SUNY-Oneonta)
Jason Williford (Virginia)
Brad Soderberg (UW–Stevens Point)
Strength and conditioning coach(es)
Mike Curtis (Virginia)
Athletic trainer(s)
Ethan Saliba (Kansas)

Legend
(C) Team captain
(S) Suspended
(I) Ineligible
(W) Walk-on
 Injured
 Current redshirt

Roster

text: Depth chart[edit]

text:
Pos.

Starting 5

Bench 1

Bench 2

F/C

Jack Salt

Mamadi Diakite

F

Isaiah Wilkins

Jay Huff

G/F

Devon Hall

DeAndre Hunter

Austin Katstra

G

Kyle Guy

Marco Anthony

Justice Bartley

PG

Ty Jerome

Nigel Johnson

Trevon Gross, Jr.

text: Schedule and results[edit]

text:
Datetime, TV

Rank#

Opponent#

Result

Record

High points

High rebounds

High assists

Site (attendance)  city, state

Non-Conference Regular Season

Nov 10, 2017*7:00 pm, ACCN Extra

UNC Greensboro

W 60–48

1–0

 16 – Guy
 8 – Wilkins
 3 – Guy

John Paul Jones Arena (13,855)Charlottesville, VA

Nov 13, 2017*7:00 pm, ACCN Extra

Austin Peay NIT Season Tip-Off Campus-Site Game

W 93–49

2–0

 19 – Hall
 8 – Wilkins
 4 – Anthony

John Paul Jones Arena (12,995)Charlottesville, VA

Nov 17, 2017*4:00 pm, CBSSN

at VCU

W 76–67

3–0

 29 – Guy
 8 – Wilkins
 7 – Jerome

Siegel Center (7,637)Richmond, VA

Nov 19, 2017*1:00 pm, RSN

Monmouth NIT Season Tip-Off Campus-Site Game

W 73–53

4–0

 23 – Hunter
 8 – Hunter
 3 – Tied

John Paul Jones Arena (13,472)Charlottesville, VA

Nov 23, 2017*4:00 pm, ESPNU

vs. Vanderbilt NIT Season Tip-Off Semifinals

W 68–42

5–0

 18 – Guy
 5 – Diakite
 4 – 3 Tied

Barclays Center Brooklyn, NY

Nov 24, 2017*7:30 pm, ESPNU

vs. Rhode Island NIT Season Tip-Off Championship

W 70–55

6–0

 19 – Wilkins
 8 – Salt
 3 – Tied

Barclays Center Brooklyn, NY

Nov 27, 2017*9:00 pm, ESPN2

  No. 18

Wisconsin ACC–Big Ten Challenge

W 49–37

7–0

 17 – Guy
 10 – Wilkins
 2 – Tied

John Paul Jones Arena (13,911)Charlottesville, VA

Dec 2, 2017*12:00 pm, ACCN Extra

  No. 18

Lehigh

W 75–54

8–0

 21 – Guy
 6 – Wilkins
 8 – Johnson

John Paul Jones Arena (13,594)Charlottesville, VA

Dec 5, 2017*7:00 pm, ESPNU

  No. 15

at No. 18 West Virginia

L 61–68

8–1

 19 – Hall
 5 – Wilkins
 6 – Hall

WVU Coliseum (12,816)Morgantown, WV

Dec 16, 2017*2:00 pm, ACCN Extra

  No. 16

Davidson

W 80–60

9–1

 22 – Johnson
 8 – Wilkins
 5 – Hall

John Paul Jones Arena (13,910)Charlottesville, VA

Dec 19, 2017*7:00 pm, ACCN Extra

  No. 13

Savannah State

W 78–47

10–1

 17 – Jerome
 7 – Wilkins
 5 – Johnson

John Paul Jones Arena (13,597)Charlottesville, VA

Dec 22, 2017*7:00 pm, ACCN Extra

  No. 13

Hampton

W 82–48

11–1

 15 – Guy
 9 – Wilkins
 4 – Johnson

John Paul Jones Arena (13,328)Charlottesville, VA

ACC Regular Season

Dec 30, 20172:00 pm, RSN

  No. 9

Boston College

W 59–58

12–1(1–0)

 31 – Jerome
 14 – Wilkins
 3 – Hall

John Paul Jones Arena (14,538)Charlottesville, VA

Jan 3, 20189:00 pm, ACCN

  No. 8

at Virginia Tech Commonwealth Clash

W 78–52

13–1(2–0)

 14 – Hunter
 7 – Tied
 5 – Jerome

Cassell Coliseum (5,945)Blacksburg, VA

Jan 6, 20181:00 pm, ESPN

  No. 8

No. 12 North Carolina

W 61–49

14–1(3–0)

 16 – Hall
 7 – Hunter
 7 – Hall

John Paul Jones Arena (14,401)Charlottesville, VA

Jan 9, 20188:00 pm, ACCN

  No. 3

Syracuse

W 68–61

15–1(4–0)

 22 – Guy
 9 – Wilkins
 8 – Hall

John Paul Jones Arena (13,625)Charlottesville, VA

Jan 14, 20186:00 pm, ESPNU

  No. 3

NC State

W 68–51

16–1(5–0)

 25 – Hall
 6 – Wilkins
 6 – Jerome

John Paul Jones Arena (14,317)Charlottesville, VA

Jan 18, 20188:00 pm, ACCN

  No. 2

at Georgia Tech

W 64–48

17–1(6–0)

 17 – Hunter
 7 – Hunter
 5 – Jerome

McCamish Pavilion (8,600)Atlanta, GA

Jan 21, 20186:00 pm, ESPNU

  No. 2

at Wake Forest

W 59–49

18–1(7–0)

 17 – Guy
 7 – Hall
 4 – Guy

LJVM Coliseum (10,014)Winston-Salem, NC

Jan 23, 20187:00 pm, RSN

  No. 2

No. 18 Clemson

W 61–36

19–1(8–0)

 14 – Hall
 5 – Tied
 3 – Jerome

John Paul Jones Arena (14,149)Charlottesville, VA

Jan 27, 20182:00 pm, CBS

  No. 2

at No. 4 Duke

W 65–63

20–1(9–0)

 17 – Guy
 8 – Hall
 7 – Jerome

Cameron Indoor Stadium (9,314)Durham, NC

Jan 31, 20187:00 pm, ESPN2

  No. 2

Louisville

W 74–64

21–1(10–0)

 22 – Guy
 10 – Wilkins
 9 – Jerome

John Paul Jones Arena (14,310)Charlottesville, VA

Feb 3, 20184:00 pm, ACCN

  No. 2

at Syracuse

W 59–44

22–1(11–0)

 15 – Hunter
 6 – Wilkins
 6 – Jerome

Carrier Dome (27,083)Syracuse, NY

Feb 7, 20187:00 pm, RSN

  No. 2

at Florida State

W 59–55

23–1(12–0)

 17 – Hall
 6 – Diakite
 3 – Hall

Donald L. Tucker Civic Center (10,657)Tallahassee, FL

Feb 10, 20186:15 pm, ESPN

  No. 2

Virginia Tech Commonwealth Clash/College Gameday

L 60–61 OT

23–2(12–1)

 16 – Hall
 8 – Jerome
 4 – Jerome

John Paul Jones Arena (14,593)Charlottesville, VA

Feb 13, 20189:00 pm, ESPN

  No. 1

at Miami (FL)

W 59–50

24–2(13–1)

 22 – Hunter
 7 – Salt
 7 – Jerome

Watsco Center (7,333)Coral Gables, FL

Feb 21, 20187:00 pm, ESPN2

  No. 1

Georgia Tech

W 65–54

25–2(14–1)

 18 – Jerome
 6 – Salt
 5 – Jerome

John Paul Jones Arena (13,873)Charlottesville, VA

Feb 24, 20184:00 pm, ESPNU

  No. 1

at Pittsburgh

W 66–37

26–2(15–1)

 14 – Hunter
 10 – Hunter
 4 – Hall

Peterson Events Center (6,534)Pittsburgh, PA

Mar 1, 20188:00 pm, ACCN

  No. 1

at Louisville

W 67–66

27–2(16–1)

 21 – Jerome
 9 – Hall
 4 – Hall

KFC Yum! Center (19,413)Louisville, KY

Mar 3, 20184:00 pm, ACCN

  No. 1

Notre Dame

W 62–57

28–2(17–1)

 17 – Hall
 6 – Tied
 6 – Hall

John Paul Jones Arena (14,205)Charlottesville, VA

ACC Tournament

Mar 8, 201812:00 pm, ESPN/ACCN

(1)  No. 1

vs. (9) Louisville Quarterfinals

W 75–58

29–2

 19 – Guy
 7 – Guy
 5 – Hall

Barclays Center (17,732)Brooklyn, NY

Mar 9, 20187:00 pm, ESPN/ACCN

(1)  No. 1

vs. (4) No. 19 Clemson Semifinals

W 64–58

30–2

 15 – Guy
 8 – Salt
 10 – Jerome

Barclays Center (18,157)Brooklyn, NY

Mar 10, 20188:30 pm, ESPN/ACCN

(1)  No. 1

vs. (6) No. 12 North Carolina Championship game

W 71–63

31–2

 16 – Guy
 6 – Jerome
 6 – Jerome

Barclays Center (18,157)Brooklyn, NY

NCAA Tournament

Mar 16, 2018*9:20 pm, TNT

(1 S)  No. 1

vs. (16 S) UMBC First Round

L 54–74

31–3

 15 – Tied
 5 – Wilkins
 2 – Jerome

Spectrum Center (17,943)Charlotte, NC

*Non-conference game.  #Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses. S=South region.All times are in Eastern Time.

text: Rankings[edit]

text:
Ranking movementsLegend: ██ Increase in ranking. ██ Decrease in ranking. NR = Not ranked. RV = Received votes. ( ) = First place votes.

Week

Poll

Pre

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

Final

AP

RV

RV

RV

18

15

16

13

9

8

3

2 (1)

2 (1)

2 (1)

2 (17)

2 (16)

1 (42)

1 (48)

1 (65)

1 (65)

Not released

Coaches

RV

RV^

25

15

12

16

14

9

8

3

2

2

2 (8)

2 (8)

3 (5)

2 (3)

1 (17)

1 (32)

1 (32)

5

text: *AP does not release post-NCAA tournament rankings.Coaches did not release a Week 2 poll at the same time the AP did.


document_title: List of Major League Baseball All-Star Game venues

question_text: when did toronto host the mlb all-star game

text: Venue selection[edit]

text: The venue for each All-Star Game is chosen by an MLB selection committee. This choice may be made to commemorate a particular historical occasion, the opening of a new ballpark, or a significant milestone. The criteria for choosing the venue are subjective; for the most part, cities with new parks and cities who have not hosted the game in a long time –  or ever –  tend to be favored. The venues among the major league franchises; from 1964 to 2015, five teams have hosted 3 times, 13 teams twice, ten teams once, and two teams not at all. The "home team" is the league in which the host franchise plays its games. Traditionally, the game's venue alternated between the two leagues from year to year with a few exceptions; this tradition was discontinued after the 2015 game.

text: As of 2017, one Major League Baseball franchise have never hosted an All-Star Game: the Tampa Bay Rays. The Miami Marlins, who hosted in 2017 following the 2012 opening of Marlins Park. (Although Miami was initially scheduled to host in 2000, MLB eventually moved the game to Atlanta.) Although the Washington Nationals franchise haven't yet hosted the game in their current home ballpark, they did host one when they were the Montreal Expos; and All-Star games have been played in D.C., hosted by two incarnations of the Washington Senators (now known as the Minnesota Twins and as the Texas Rangers).

text: Of the remaining 27 franchises, the New York Mets had gone the longest period without hosting since their sole hosting duty in 1964, but this streak came to an end at 49 years in 2013. (The Dodgers are now the team with the longest active hosting drought, since 1980.) During that span, 18 of the remaining 25 teams have hosted an All-Star Game at least twice since 1964: Atlanta Braves (1972 and 2000), Chicago White Sox (1983 and 2003), Cincinnati Reds (1970, 1988, and 2015), Cleveland Indians (1981, 1997, 2019), Detroit Tigers (1971 and 2005), Houston Astros (1968, 1986, and 2004), Kansas City Royals (1973 and 2012), Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim (1967, 1989, and 2010), Milwaukee Brewers (1975 and 2002), Minnesota Twins (1965, 1985, and 2014), New York Yankees (1977 and 2008), Philadelphia Phillies (1976 and 1996), Pittsburgh Pirates (1974, 1994, and 2006), San Diego Padres (1978, 1992, and 2016), San Francisco Giants (1984 and 2007), Seattle Mariners (1979 and 2001), St. Louis Cardinals (1966 and 2009), and Washington Senators/Texas Rangers (1969 and 1995).

text: New stadiums that have not hosted the All-Star Game in cities that have hosted it previously are: Citizens Bank Park in Philadelphia, Nationals Park in Washington, D.C., the new Yankee Stadium in New York City, and SunTrust Park in Atlanta.

text: Future All-Star Games will be played at Nationals Park in 2018, and Progressive Field in 2019.

text: Following the game at the first Yankee Stadium in 2008 in its final season, the Bronx's old stadium joined Cleveland's old Cleveland Stadium (also known as Municipal Stadium prior to its own demolition) as the only venues that have hosted four Major League Baseball All-Star games. New York City has hosted it more than any other city, having done so nine times in five different stadiums; after 2017, Tampa Bay will remain the only major league city since the first All-Star Game in 1933 to never have hosted.

text: List of hosts[edit]

text:
Date
City
Stadium
Host team
Attendance

July 6, 1933
Chicago
Comiskey Park
Chicago White Sox
47,595

July 10, 1934
New York City
Polo Grounds
New York Giants
48,368

July 8, 1935
Cleveland
Municipal Stadium
Cleveland Indians
69,812

July 7, 1936
Boston
Braves Field
Boston Bees
25,556

July 7, 1937
Washington, D.C.
Griffith Stadium
Washington Senators
31,391

July 6, 1938
Cincinnati
Crosley Field
Cincinnati Reds
27,067

July 11, 1939
New York City
Yankee Stadium
New York Yankees
62,892

July 9, 1940
St. Louis
Sportsman's Park
St. Louis Cardinals
32,373

July 8, 1941
Detroit
Briggs Stadium
Detroit Tigers
54,674

July 6, 1942
New York City
Polo Grounds
New York Giants
34,178

July 13, 1943
Philadelphia
Shibe Park
Philadelphia Athletics
31,938

July 11, 1944
Pittsburgh
Forbes Field
Pittsburgh Pirates
29,589

1945
Not held because of World War II

July 9, 1946
Boston
Fenway Park
Boston Red Sox
34,906

July 8, 1947
Chicago
Wrigley Field
Chicago Cubs
41,123

July 13, 1948
St. Louis
Sportsman's Park
St. Louis Browns
34,009

July 12, 1949
New York City
Ebbets Field
Brooklyn Dodgers
32,577

July 11, 1950
Chicago
Comiskey Park
Chicago White Sox
46,127

July 10, 1951
Detroit
Briggs Stadium
Detroit Tigers
52,075

July 8, 1952
Philadelphia
Shibe Park
Philadelphia Phillies
32,785

July 14, 1953
Cincinnati
Crosley Field
Cincinnati Redlegs
30,846

July 13, 1954
Cleveland
Municipal Stadium
Cleveland Indians
69,751

July 12, 1955
Milwaukee
County Stadium
Milwaukee Braves
45,643

July 10, 1956
Washington, D.C.
Griffith Stadium
Washington Senators
28,843

July 9, 1957
St. Louis
Busch Stadium
St. Louis Cardinals
30,693

July 8, 1958
Baltimore
Memorial Stadium
Baltimore Orioles
48,829

July 7, 1959
Pittsburgh
Forbes Field
Pittsburgh Pirates
35,277

August 3, 1959
Los Angeles
Memorial Coliseum
Los Angeles Dodgers
55,105

July 11, 1960
Kansas City
Municipal Stadium
Kansas City Athletics
30,619

July 13, 1960
New York City
Yankee Stadium
New York Yankees
38,362

July 11, 1961
San Francisco
Candlestick Park
San Francisco Giants
44,115

July 31, 1961
Boston
Fenway Park
Boston Red Sox
31,851

July 10, 1962
Washington, D.C.
D.C. Stadium
Washington Senators
45,480

July 30, 1962
Chicago
Wrigley Field
Chicago Cubs
38,359

July 9, 1963
Cleveland
Municipal Stadium
Cleveland Indians
44,160

July 7, 1964
New York City
Shea Stadium
New York Mets
50,850

July 13, 1965
Bloomington
Metropolitan Stadium
Minnesota Twins
46,706

July 12, 1966
St. Louis
Busch Memorial Stadium
St. Louis Cardinals
49,936

July 11, 1967
Anaheim
Anaheim Stadium
California Angels
46,309

July 9, 1968
Houston
Astrodome
Houston Astros
48,321

July 23, 1969
Washington, D.C.
RFK Stadium
Washington Senators
45,259

July 14, 1970
Cincinnati
Riverfront Stadium
Cincinnati Reds
51,838

July 13, 1971
Detroit
Tiger Stadium
Detroit Tigers
53,559

July 25, 1972
Atlanta
Atlanta Stadium
Atlanta Braves
53,107

July 24, 1973
Kansas City
Royals Stadium
Kansas City Royals
40,849

July 23, 1974
Pittsburgh
Three Rivers Stadium
Pittsburgh Pirates
50,706

July 15, 1975
Milwaukee
County Stadium
Milwaukee Brewers
51,480

July 13, 1976
Philadelphia
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia Phillies
63,974

July 19, 1977
New York City
Yankee Stadium
New York Yankees
56,683

July 11, 1978
San Diego
San Diego Stadium
San Diego Padres
51,549

July 17, 1979
Seattle
Kingdome
Seattle Mariners
58,905

July 8, 1980
Los Angeles
Dodger Stadium
Los Angeles Dodgers
56,088

August 9, 1981
Cleveland
Municipal Stadium
Cleveland Indians
72,086

July 13, 1982
Montreal
Olympic Stadium
Montreal Expos
59,057

July 6, 1983
Chicago
Comiskey Park
Chicago White Sox
43,801

July 10, 1984
San Francisco
Candlestick Park
San Francisco Giants
57,756

July 16, 1985
Minneapolis
Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome
Minnesota Twins
54,960

July 15, 1986
Houston
Astrodome
Houston Astros
45,774

July 14, 1987
Oakland
Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum
Oakland Athletics
49,671

July 12, 1988
Cincinnati
Riverfront Stadium
Cincinnati Reds
55,837

July 11, 1989
Anaheim
Anaheim Stadium
California Angels
64,036

July 10, 1990
Chicago
Wrigley Field
Chicago Cubs
39,071

July 9, 1991
Toronto
SkyDome
Toronto Blue Jays
52,383

July 14, 1992
San Diego
Jack Murphy Stadium
San Diego Padres
59,372

July 13, 1993
Baltimore
Oriole Park at Camden Yards
Baltimore Orioles
48,147

July 12, 1994
Pittsburgh
Three Rivers Stadium
Pittsburgh Pirates
59,568

July 11, 1995
Arlington
The Ballpark in Arlington
Texas Rangers
50,920

July 9, 1996
Philadelphia
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia Phillies
62,670

July 8, 1997
Cleveland
Jacobs Field
Cleveland Indians
44,916

July 7, 1998
Denver
Coors Field
Colorado Rockies
51,267

July 13, 1999
Boston
Fenway Park
Boston Red Sox
34,187

July 11, 2000
Atlanta
Turner Field
Atlanta Braves
51,323

July 10, 2001
Seattle
Safeco Field
Seattle Mariners
47,364

July 9, 2002
Milwaukee
Miller Park
Milwaukee Brewers
41,871

July 15, 2003
Chicago
U.S. Cellular Field
Chicago White Sox
47,609

July 13, 2004
Houston
Minute Maid Park
Houston Astros
41,886

July 12, 2005
Detroit
Comerica Park
Detroit Tigers
41,617

July 11, 2006
Pittsburgh
PNC Park
Pittsburgh Pirates
38,904

July 10, 2007
San Francisco
AT&T Park
San Francisco Giants
43,965

July 15, 2008
New York City
Yankee Stadium
New York Yankees
55,632

July 14, 2009
St. Louis
Busch Stadium
St. Louis Cardinals
46,760

July 13, 2010
Anaheim
Angel Stadium of Anaheim
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
45,408

July 12, 2011
Phoenix
Chase Field
Arizona Diamondbacks
49,033

July 10, 2012
Kansas City
Kauffman Stadium
Kansas City Royals
40,933

July 16, 2013
New York City
Citi Field
New York Mets
45,186

July 15, 2014
Minneapolis
Target Field
Minnesota Twins
41,048

July 14, 2015
Cincinnati
Great American Ball Park
Cincinnati Reds
43,656

July 12, 2016
San Diego
Petco Park
San Diego Padres
42,386

July 11, 2017
Miami
Marlins Park
Miami Marlins
37,188

July 17, 2018
Washington, D.C.
Nationals Park
Washington Nationals

July 9, 2019
Cleveland
Progressive Field
Cleveland Indians

July 14, 2020
TBA
TBA
TBD

text: Various statistics[edit]

text: Times hosted by city[edit]

text:
City
Times Hosted
Years

New York City
9
1934, 1939, 1942, 1949, 1960, 1964, 1977, 2008, 2013

Chicago
7
1933, 1947, 1950, 1962, 1983, 1990, 2003

Cleveland
5
1935, 1954, 1963, 1981, 1997, 2019

Pittsburgh
5
1944, 1959, 1974, 1994, 2006

St. Louis
5
1940, 1948, 1957, 1966, 2009

Cincinnati
5
1938, 1953, 1970, 1988, 2015

Washington, D.C.
4
1937, 1956, 1962, 1969, 2018

Boston
4
1936, 1946, 1961, 1999

Detroit
4
1941, 1951, 1971, 2005

Philadelphia
4
1943, 1952, 1976, 1996

Kansas City
3
1960, 1973, 2012

Milwaukee
3
1955, 1975, 2002

San Diego
3
1978, 1992, 2016

San Francisco
3
1961, 1984, 2007

Houston
3
1968, 1986, 2004

Anaheim
3
1967, 1989, 2010

Minneapolis
3
1965, 1985, 2014

Baltimore
2
1958, 1993

Los Angeles
2
1959, 1980

Atlanta
2
1972, 2000

Seattle
2
1979, 2001

Montreal
1
1982

Oakland
1
1987

Toronto
1
1991

Arlington
1
1995

Denver
1
1998

Phoenix
1
2011

Miami
1
2017

St. Petersburg
0
--

text: Times hosted by club[edit]

text:
Club
Times Hosted
Years

Cleveland Indians
5
1935, 1954, 1963, 1981, 1997, 2019

New York/San Francisco Giants
5
1934, 1942, 1961, 1984, 2007

Washington Senators/Minnesota Twins
5
1937, 1956, 1965, 1985, 2014

Cincinnati Reds/Redlegs
5
1938, 1953, 1970, 1988, 2015

Pittsburgh Pirates
5
1944, 1959, 1974, 1994, 2006

Chicago White Sox
4
1933, 1950, 1983, 2003

Boston Bees/Milwaukee/Atlanta Braves
4
1936, 1955, 1972, 2000

New York Yankees
4
1939, 1960, 1977, 2008

St. Louis Cardinals
4
1940, 1957, 1966, 2009

Detroit Tigers
4
1941, 1951, 1971, 2005

Philadelphia/Kansas City/Oakland Athletics
3
1943, 1960, 1987

Boston Red Sox
3
1946, 1961, 1999

Chicago Cubs
3
1947, 1962, 1990

St. Louis Browns/Baltimore Orioles
3
1948, 1958, 1993

Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers
3
1949, 1959, 1980

Philadelphia Phillies
3
1952, 1976, 1996

Washington Senators/Texas Rangers
3
1962, 1969, 1995

California/Los Angeles Angels
3
1967, 1989, 2010

Houston Astros
3
1968, 1986, 2004

San Diego Padres
3
1978, 1992, 2016

New York Mets
2
1964, 2013

Kansas City Royals
2
1973, 2012

Milwaukee Brewers
2
1975, 2002

Seattle Mariners
2
1979, 2001

Montreal Expos/Washington Nationals
1
1982, 2018

Toronto Blue Jays
1
1991

Colorado Rockies
1
1998

Arizona Diamondbacks
1
2011

Miami Marlins
1
2017

Tampa Bay Rays
0
–

text:
The Tampa Bay Rays have yet to host the All-Star Game.[2]
The Washington Nationals have yet to host the All-Star Game in Washington, D.C., though the Nationals have been selected to host the game in 2018.[3] They previously hosted the All-Star Game when they were in Montreal.

tag: ul

text: Ballparks that have hosted more than one All-Star Game[edit]

text: Active baseball parks[edit]

text:
Wrigley Field 1947, 1962, 1990
Fenway Park 1946, 1961, 1999
Angel Stadium 1967, 1989, 2010
Kauffman Stadium 1973, 2012

text: Discontinued baseball parks[edit]

text:
Yankee Stadium 1939, 1960, 1977, 2008
Cleveland Stadium 1935, 1954, 1963, 1981
Sportsman's Park 1940, 1948, 1957
Tiger Stadium 1941, 1951, 1971
Comiskey Park 1933, 1950, 1983
Polo Grounds 1934, 1942
Shibe Park 1943, 1952
Crosley Field 1938, 1953
Griffith Stadium 1937, 1956
Forbes Field 1944, 1959
Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium 1962, 1969
Milwaukee County Stadium 1955, 1975
Candlestick Park 1961, 1984
Houston Astrodome 1968, 1986
Riverfront Stadium 1970, 1988
Jack Murphy Stadium 1978, 1992
Three Rivers Stadium 1974, 1994
Veterans Stadium 1976, 1996

text: The only discontinued ballparks that hosted one All-Star Game are: Memorial Stadium (Baltimore) in 1959, Shea Stadium in 1964, Metropolitan Stadium in 1965, Busch Memorial Stadium in 1966, Fulton County Stadium in 1972, the Kingdome in 1979, Olympic Stadium (Montreal) in 1982, Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in 1985, and Turner Field in 2000.

text: Ballparks that have never hosted an All-Star Game[edit]

text: Active baseball parks (oldest parks listed first)[edit]

text:
Tropicana Field, opened in 1990; the Rays have played there since 1998.
Citizens Bank Park, opened in 2004; the Phillies last hosted the ASG in 1996 in Veterans Stadium.
Nationals Park, opened in 2008; the franchise last hosted an ASG in 1982 in Montreal. Scheduled to host the 2018 Major League Baseball All-Star Game.
Yankee Stadium (New), opened in 2009; the Yankees last hosted the ASG in 2008 at the previous park.
SunTrust Park, opened in 2017; the Braves last hosted the ASG in 2000 in Turner Field.

text: Discontinued baseball parks (oldest parks listed first)[edit]

text:
Baker Bowl, the Phillies played there from 1895 to 1938 (the All-Star game began in 1933)
League Park, the Indians split games between League Park and Cleveland Stadium off and on until the end of the 1946 season
Seals Stadium, the Giants played there from 1958 to 1959 *
Wrigley Field of Los Angeles, the Angels played there in 1961 *
Colt Stadium, the Colt .45s (now the Astros) played there from 1962 to 1964 *
Sick's Stadium, the Pilots played there in 1969 *
Jarry Park, the Expos played there from 1969 to 1976 *
Arlington Stadium, the Rangers played there from 1972 to 1993
Exhibition Stadium, the Blue Jays played there from 1977 to 1989
Mile High Stadium, the Rockies played there from 1993 to 1994 *
Sun Life Stadium, the Marlins played there from 1993 to 2011

text: A * indicates that the stadium was a temporary facility, used in the short term by a team awaiting the construction of a larger, permanent home park.

text: The last time each franchise has hosted an All-Star Game[edit]

text:
Los Angeles Dodgers, 1980
Washington Nationals, 1982 (As Montreal Expos)
Oakland Athletics, 1987
Chicago Cubs, 1990
Toronto Blue Jays, 1991
Baltimore Orioles, 1993
Texas Rangers, 1995
Philadelphia Phillies, 1996
Cleveland Indians, 1997
Tampa Bay Rays, never (Franchise started in 1998)
Colorado Rockies, 1998
Boston Red Sox, 1999
Atlanta Braves, 2000
Seattle Mariners, 2001
Milwaukee Brewers, 2002
Chicago White Sox, 2003
Houston Astros, 2004
Detroit Tigers, 2005
Pittsburgh Pirates, 2006
San Francisco Giants, 2007
New York Yankees, 2008
St. Louis Cardinals, 2009
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, 2010
Arizona Diamondbacks, 2011
Kansas City Royals, 2012
New York Mets, 2013
Minnesota Twins, 2014
Cincinnati Reds, 2015
San Diego Padres, 2016
Miami Marlins, 2017

text: Hosting All-Star Game and post-season games in same season[edit]

text: The following teams have hosted the All-Star Game in the summer then proceeded to host post-season games in the fall:

text:
1939: New York Yankees – won World Series
1946: Boston Red Sox – lost World Series
1949: Brooklyn Dodgers – lost World Series
1954: Cleveland Indians – lost World Series
1959: (Game 2): Los Angeles Dodgers – won World Series
1960: (Game 2): New York Yankees – lost World Series
1965: Minnesota Twins – lost World Series

text: League Championship Series play began 1969

text:
1970: Cincinnati Reds – lost World Series – also first season for Riverfront Stadium
1974: Pittsburgh Pirates – lost NLCS
1976: Philadelphia Phillies – lost NLCS
1977: New York Yankees – won World Series
1983: Chicago White Sox – lost ALCS
1986: Houston Astros – lost NLCS
1991: Toronto Blue Jays – lost ALCS

text: Division Series play began 1995

text:
1997: Cleveland Indians – lost World Series
1999: Boston Red Sox – lost ALCS
2000: Atlanta Braves – lost NLDS
2001: Seattle Mariners – lost ALCS
2004: Houston Astros – lost NLCS
2009: St. Louis Cardinals – lost NLDS
2011: Arizona Diamondbacks – lost NLDS


document_title: List of You Rang, M'Lord? characters

question_text: who played teddy in you rang my lord

question_tokens: who played teddy in you rang my lord

text: List of You Rang, M'Lord? characters

text: The Meldrum Family[edit]

text:
Colonel George, Lord Meldrum MC (Donald Hewlett) - The master of the house, Lord Meldrum is a respected member of the gentry. In the early 1890s he had married the only daughter of Lord and Lady Southwick and they had raised two children prior to his wife's death. He first started his fortune when he married his wife. In 1915 he had been conscripted as a Colonel into the British Army and had served in the Infantry on the Western Front. He has old-fashioned Victorian values, with a respectable title and position in society. However, his reputation is threatened by his affair with Lady Agatha, the wife of Sir Ralph Shawcross, and it is usually left to Alf to help him cover this up. He claims to deeply love Agatha, and is left heartbroken after she breaks off their affair. Despite his considerable wealth, he pays his workers poorly, and it is often hinted that he once employed slave labour in Africa.
Captain The Honourable Edward "Teddy" Meldrum (Michael Knowles) - Teddy is Lord Meldrum's younger brother. Little is known about his past life apart from he tried to seduce the 16-year-old dormitory maid at Eton, when he was 19. During the First World War, he had been conscripted as a Captain into the British Army and had served in the Infantry on the Western Front. On September 16, 1918, Teddy fought in the Battle of Amiens, where, whilst leading his men forward was wounded by getting shot in the head by a piece of shrapnel fired from a heavy gun (referred to by everybody as a "bonk on the head"). Teddy was knocked unconscious and fell into a shell hole. Later he was discovered by and carried back to a nearby Hospital by Alf and James. By 1927 the Honourable Teddy is still unmarried and living in his brother's house. Due to the head wounds that he sustained in the war, he has a lust for servant girls, has had relationships with 5 previous maids (Maggie, Amy, Bella, Violet and Ethel) and has fathered children to them all (6 in all, the last one had twins!): he cannot resist their "shiny, scrubbed faces" and "scent of carbolic soap". After Ivy starts working in the house, he is also smitten by her, though she frequently resists. He is being forced by his brother to marry Madge Cartwright, the heiress to a soap dynasty, although is more interested in her maid, Rose. When Poppy elopes to Gretna Green to marry Dickie Metcalfe, Teddy takes the idea and elopes with Rose with the same intention, but this fails. Teddy eventually does marry Rose and raises a family with her. Following the loss of the family fortune, Teddy becomes a successful car salesman. He often says 'bally cheek!' and 'oh hang!'.
Cecily "Cissy" Meldrum (Catherine Rabett) - Cissy is Lord Meldrum's elder daughter. Although attractive, she dresses in a masculine style, takes part in men's sports and activities, such as flying (she is a qualified pilot), and her feminine "chum" Penelope is a frequent house guest. Thus, although never explicitly stated, there are many suggestions that Cissy is a lesbian, the many clues to which are not entirely obvious to her father. Cissy is a pleasant character, who shows genuine concern for the family and servants alike, often giving away feminine items such as dresses and make-up to Ivy (whom she shows an attraction to in early episodes, frequently winking at her). Cissy is also the member of the family who has genuine concern for the servants, making her very popular. She often socialises with her younger sister Poppy, but the two regularly bicker because of their differing attitudes. She proclaims herself a socialist and stands as a candidate for the United Workers Party, winning a seat on the council through Alf's machinations. Cissy eventually takes charge of the ailing Union Jack Rubber Company and forms a workers' co-operative (like they do in Russia) in an attempt to save the business.
Poppy Meldrum (Susie Brann) - Poppy is Lord Meldrum's younger daughter (and by far the less grown-up of the two), born during Queen Victoria's funeral (2 February 1901, meaning she is 26), is a spoiled and unpleasant character who attends 'wild' parties with her friend, Jerry (John D. Collins). She is quite a snob about her position in society, often ready to remind those lower of her position, although at other times she confesses to feeling trapped by her class. Throughout the series, she is attracted to the footman, James Twelvetrees, whom she delights in leading on, despite being aware of the problems it could cause for him. She has an on-off relationship with Jerry, who she abandons when she meets Dickie Metcalfe, who is in fact a confidence trickster and is after her money. When George refuses to allow her to marry Metcalfe, she elopes with him to Scotland, but they are intercepted by the family and the servants after Lady Agatha reveals who Metcalfe really is. She eventually agrees to marry Jerry only after the family lose their fortune and she realises she will have to down-grade her lifestyle if she doesn't.
Lady Lavender Southwick (Mavis Pugh) – Lady Lavender is Lord Meldrum's mother-in-law and she resides with her parrot, Captain, in the second bedroom of the house. She is very wealthy and has interests in many businesses including a large number of shares in the Union Jack Rubber Company. Lavender was born into an aristocratic family in the early 1850s, we are given to understand that she led a somewhat promiscuous youth, having many affairs, including with Boris the Crown Prince (later King) of Dalmatia (Davy Kaye). She then became involved with a young army officer called Captain Cedric Dolby (Maurice Denham), the two later became engaged, but separated shortly before he was sent off to fight in the Zulu war. After the death of her husband, Lord Southwick, Lady Lavender moved in with her daughter and son-in-law, becoming increasingly reclusive and senile, and enjoyed throwing plates of food at Ivy. Lavender had a habit of calling the staff different names. Ivy would be called "Ethel", Alf would be called "Capes" and Henry would be called "Steven". Lavender was very genourous to the servants, giving them a suitcase with £10,000 in it, the family jewels, business company shares, and her bed! Lavender mistook 3 people for Captain Dolby: Sir Ralph, James's father, and a pub landlord. Lavender was one of the funniest characters in the show, because of her senility. In the end it was Lavender who saved the Union Jack Rubber Company from collapse by selling her jewels and signing it over to Cissy.

text: Servants[edit]

text:
Alf Stokes (Paul Shane) Butler - Alf Stokes is the scheming Butler of the series. Alf is Ivy's father and is still married to Ivy's mother, despite their separation. Alf was a Private in the British Army on the Western Front, along with James Twelvetrees. After coming across the Honourable Teddy unconscious in a shell hole, Alf, believing him to be dead, attempted to mug him, much to James' disgust. After realising Teddy was alive, Alf decided to carry the wounded Teddy back to the field hospital as a way of saving his own life. This act secures Alf the job as Butler nine years later at Lord Meldrum's house, after being forced to return to service after a failed career in showbiz. Alf and Ivy clearly and deeply love each other. Throughout the series, Alf devises a number of schemes to scam Lord Meldrum out of his money and possessions, although these usually fail. This dishonest aspect of his character was often an asset to Lord Meldrum; on a number of occasions Alf was required to create diversions for Sir Ralph. Alf also has a relationship with Mrs Lipton through the series, although it is revealed he did this just to borrow money from her. After the Meldrums' decline, Alf returned to showbiz, together (though just temporarily) with his daughter, Ivy.
James Twelvetrees (Jeffrey Holland) Footman - Stern, upright, and often described by Alf Stokes as "pompous and po-faced", James Twelvetrees is the complete opposite of Alf. His act of helping Alf carry the wounded Honourable Teddy to hospital during the war secured him a job in the Meldrum household, although he would never admit this to the other servants, and by 1927 he has been with them for nine years. He has a tendency to snobbishness, frequently siding with the gentry instead of his own class and can be harsh towards anyone that he considers socially inferior to him, particularly Mabel and Henry; in spite of this, his devout Christian upbringing has left him with a keen sense of right and wrong, leading him to loan Mabel £1 to pay her rent when he realises that she is in danger of being evicted, and his embarrassment at having a burglar for a father leads him to claim that his father is - instead - a preacher. James' infatuation with Poppy Meldrum, and her manipulative habit of leading him on before reprimanding him for over-familiarity, left him contemplating resignation at times. He is shown to be desired both by aristocratic ladies (including Lady Agatha Shawcross) and housemaid Ivy; although he does not reciprocate Ivy's feelings, he does demonstrate a protective, guiding attitude towards her. After the Meldrums' financial losses, James (and most of the other staff) lose their jobs, but he uses his savings of around £227 17s. 9d. (according to Alf's stealthy browse through James' Post Office savings book) to rent a boarding house on the coast, and hires Ivy as his partner to run it.
Ivy Teasdale (Su Pollard) Maid - Ivy is the well-meaning but rather naive maid, the daughter of Alf. Her father secured her the job as maid after he was appointed as Butler, by forging her references. Ivy was born in Rotherham, 1902 (meaning she is 25). Her familial relationship with Alf is largely a secret, but she is forced to tell Henry when he spots the two alone in her bedroom, and later tells James when she needs his help to get Alf out of trouble. Despite her honesty, she is often persuaded to take part in her father's schemes. In the series, she has to avoid the advances of the Honourable Teddy, whilst also trying to attract the attention of James, who does not reciprocate her affection. She provokes various feelings in the Meldrum household; Poppy's jealousy of her friendship with James leads her to loan Ivy a dress for a party, only to spoil it by "accidentally" spilling wine over it, whereas Cissy treats Ivy more equally (and, judging by a conversation with her "chum" Penelope, initially seems to find her physically attractive), and because she is often fooled by the "eccentric old lady" persona, Ivy frequently finds herself used as target practice whenever Lady Lavender gets a sudden urge to throw unwanted plates of food across the room. After losing her job due to the Meldrums' financial problems, she joins a seaside variety act with her father, but later she decides to start a new life as James' partner in his boarding house.
Blanche Lipton (later Blanche Wilson) (Brenda Cowling) Cook - Blanche Lipton joined the Meldrum household as a young housemaid in her teens and gradually rose through the ranks to become cook; although unmarried, she is given the usual cook's title of "Mrs." and her culinary skills are legendary. Mrs Lipton is rarely seen out of the kitchen. By 1927, she had worked for the Meldrum family for forty years. Although a kindly woman who shows sympathy for her betters and equals, Mrs. Lipton is particularly scathing towards those she considers inferior, such as Henry and Mabel. At the start of the series, she develops a relationship with Alf Stokes, willingly lending him money because she believes that he needs it to fund a divorce (although Ivy's allusion to the fact that Alf and her mother don't have a photograph from their wedding day implies that he may not be married at all) and baking huge quantities of cakes for an "orphanage" (in reality, Alf had spotted an opportunity to sell baked goods to a short-staffed tea room). Alf further deceives Blanche by enlisting an actress friend, Myrtle, to pose as an unwilling-to-divorce Mrs. Stokes; when an angry and frustrated Blanche unleashes her fury by throwing an entire dinner service at Alf, he manipulates her into thinking that he convinced Lord Meldrum not to sack her by paying for the damage, effectively clearing his debt to her. (In reality, Lord Meldrum had not been concerned about the incident and was persuaded to overlook it thanks to a kind word from the Honourable Teddy.) Mrs. Lipton later shifts her affections to PC Wilson, and when he reaches retirement age, they marry and move to his countryside cottage.
Henry Livingstone (Perry Benson) Bootboy - Henry was born in 1909 (meaning he is 18) and was abandoned as a child in a basket on the steps of the Livingstone Road Orphanage, in which institution he remained until the age of 17, when he was taken into the Meldrum house as bootboy. Although the second lowest ranking servant in the house, Henry is often the most insightful, clever and talented character; he can play the piano and bugle and listens to the radio, but his habit of voicing his observations on whatever situation is unfolding is often seen as inappropriate, earning him a clip around the ear from whoever is closest. Henry is in love with Ivy and wants a relationship with her. Following the Meldrum's financial troubles, he becomes the joint Butler/Footman/Bootboy after Alf and James are sacked. It is presumed he keeps in touch with Ivy and might perhaps start a relationship with her.
Mabel Wheeler (Barbara New) Charlady - Mabel is the lowest ranking servant in the Meldrum household. She does not live at the Meldrum house and resides with her disabled, unemployed "old man who's flat on his back and can't do a hand's turn", in a poor part of London. She is regarded by some of the others as an outsider, James and Mrs Lipton in particular. Because of her low rank and social status, she is not allowed to have meals with the other servants, and is usually given some scraps to take home, which gave rise to her catchphrases "That'll be nice(!)" and "I can't remember the last time I had a...". Mabel was also usually not considered to be a house servant who could attend activities, such as church, prayers, and Mrs Lipton's wedding. Once Mabel stated that she believed she was looked down upon by the other servants because she was a "casual worker" and not a member of the live-in staff. Once Lord Meldrum decided to take the servants on a staff picnic and Mabel wondered if she could join in. James and Mrs Lipton stated Mabel was taking liberties and insinuated she was rubbish. Ivy was incensed by this and openly berated Mrs Lipton for the poor treatment of Mabel, which led to her being able to go. On another occasion, Mabel was invited by Alf to come to a servants' ball, just so she could go. When Mrs Lipton went on strike, Alf took the opportunity to treat Mabel by serving her thick slices of roast ham. When Lord Meldrum invites his workers for dinner and orders fish and chips to put them at ease, Mrs. Lipton's disdain for the aroma of the leftovers makes her only too glad to let Mabel take them home. Following the Meldrum's financial troubles Mabel effectively becomes a maid-of-all-work, with a talent for making lumpy custard.

text: Other Characters - Regular[edit]

text: Police Constable Wilson (Bill Pertwee) - PC Wilson was the local Bobby, although rarely appeared to be doing his duty. Instead he dined nightly with the servants, as was apparently the custom because the police would then overlook any indiscretion made by the family. He was generally ineffective as a policeman, although had become something of a wine connoisseur, due to his nightly selection from Lord Meldrum's cellar. He later married Mrs Lipton and the couple retired on his police pension.

text: Other Characters - Recurring[edit]

text:
Sir Ralph Shawcross (John Horsley) - Sir Ralph is another wealthy member of London society, he has two residences; a London house and a country residence. He is married to Lady Agatha (her third husband) and is initially suspicious of Lord Meldrum's relationship with his wife, but eventually comes to regard him as a friend after he is led to believe that Meldrum is impotent and therefore not a threat. When the truth is revealed, he tries to kill Meldrum by cutting the brake pipes on his car and hunting him in the woods with a shotgun. He then turns to the black-arts to curse the House of Meldrum, which he believes has succeeded after the Meldrums lose their fortune.
Lady Agatha Shawcross (Angela Scoular) - Lady Agatha is the wife of Sir Ralph and is also Lord Meldrum's mistress. Lady Agatha is 20 years younger than Sir Ralph, and 17 years younger than George. She conducts her affair with Lord Meldrum even when her husband is present in the house by secretly giving him sleeping pills. She had previously been assistant matron at Eton but had been sacked following an incident with a number of students. She had two previous husbands before she married Sir Ralph, but also had plenty of lovers, who she entertains at her mews apartment. She had an affair with Dickie Metcalf, Poppy's fiancé, and also shows affection towards Lord Meldrum's footman, James Twelvetrees. She once hinted that she would like to have an affair with Teddy, stating that she finds him attractive and hypothetically suggests dressing up as a servant girl to fulfil his sexual preference. She breaks off her affair with Lord Meldrum after he loses his money when his business declines.
Madge Cartwright (Yvonne Marsh) - The sole heiress to the Cartwright Soap business empire, she resides in a luxury flat in Mayfair and is a regular visitor to the house. On one occasion, Teddy comments that Madge was a society debutante in 1903, suggesting that she is in her early-to-mid forties. She is a longtime admirer of Teddy, and the two become engaged. She does not realise that Teddy secretly despises her, and only proposed to her because George threatened to deport him if he didn't. She chases Teddy north when he tries to elope with Rose at the same time Poppy elopes with Dickie Metcalf. She initially forgives Teddy for this act, but later breaks off their engagement after Teddy is honest about what he thinks of her, and tells her of his intention to marry Rose.
Charles, the Lord Bishop (Frank Williams) - Charles is the Lord Bishop, and a close friend of the family. He is a frequent visitor at the Meldrum house, often accompanied by his young chaplain, Robin (Robbie Barnett). He usually visits when he wants money, whether it be for his home for distressed gentlewomen, or items for his charity auction. He also takes the Sunday services at the local church, which the family and the servants attend. He remains a good friend even after the financial losses of Lord Meldrum.
Jerry (John D. Collins) - Jerry is the longtime boyfriend of Poppy Meldrum, generally silly and given to heavy drinking. The morning after parties and nights out, he is often found unconscious by the servants in various places in the house, such as behind the harmonium or under the dining room table. He is bossed around by Poppy, and is unaware of her attraction to the footman, James Twelvetrees. He also seems to be unaffected by her brief relationship with Dickie Metcalf and the fact that she tried to run away and marry him. He eventually marries Poppy after the Meldrums lose their fortune.
Rose (Amanda Bellamy) - Rose was Madge Cartwright's housemaid, who was pursued by Teddy. Unlike all the other maids Teddy chased, Rose reciprocated the attraction, and eloped with him to Gretna Green to get married. This attempt failed, however, as they were caught up by Madge Cartwright and the Meldrum family. Following this incident, Madge sacked Rose, and Alf secured her a job in another household. However, this did not stop her from seeing Teddy. Finally, Teddy broke off his engagement to Madge and married her, thus making her a rich aristocrat. By 1928, Rose was expecting their first child.
Selfridge (Hugh Lloyd) - Selfridge was Sir Ralph Shawcross's butler. He was an alcoholic who regularly stole wine from Sir Ralph's cellar. He was sacked from his position after he was caught, and Sir Ralph offered his job to James Twelvetrees. However Selfridge was reinstated after Miss Poppy (who didn't want James to leave) blackmailed Lady Agatha into forcing Sir Ralph to withdraw the offer. Selfridge was later sacked again, but not before revealing to Sir Ralph that Lady Agatha was having an affair with Lord Meldrum.

text: Other Characters - The Union Jack Rubber Company[edit]

text:
Mr Foster (Michael Lees) - Mr Foster is the factory Manager. He is disliked by most of the workforce, who do not like the way he sucks up to Lord Meldrum. He attended a dinner party which Lord Meldrum threw for his workers, and worked with Cissy to save the factory when it started to decline.
Mr Barnes (Ivor Roberts) - Mr Barnes is the foreman. He has worked in rubber for 35 years, and is consequently an expert. He also attended the workers' dinner party. When the factory was threatened with closure, he conspired with Alf Stokes and Jock MacGregor to burn down their main rivals' factory, the Acme Rubber and Latex Company, although this was never actually carried out.
Jock MacGregor (Stuart McGugan) - The Scottish shop-steward (and the Union leader), often portrayed as a class warrior, or at least a left-wing agitator. He works in the factory testing department and is scathing of the Meldrums, as he sees that it is his hard work and labour that have given them their fortune. He attended the workers' dinner party, and was attracted to Miss Poppy. He was highly supportive of Alf's plan to burn down the Acme Rubber and Latex Company to put their main rival out of business.

text: Other Characters - Semi Recurring[edit]

text:
Mr Pearson (Felix Bowness) - A delivery driver for Teetgen's (the grocery suppliers), who brought the Meldrum household their weekly groceries and collected their payment. His delivery van was once commandeered by PC Wilson to chase Dickie Metcalf, who was eloping with Miss Poppy in a stolen car.
Miss Potter (Judith Fellows) - The owner of the Sunshine Pantry tearooms, who bought Mrs Lipton's cakes from Alf, believing they were from a high-class confectionery firm. She was forced to do this after her partner left her and she was struggling to keep the business going by herself.
Hortence Anstruther (Angela Easterling) - A colleague of Cissy Meldrum's from the United Workers Party. She ran the soup kitchen and was a strict vegetarian.
Penelope Barrington-Blake (Sorel Johnson) - A friend of Cissy Meldrum's - strongly implied to be her girlfriend, although unlike Cissy, she dresses in a very feminine style. She is once caught in bed with Cissy by Ivy after they return home in the early hours. She frequently goes out on the town with Cissy, Poppy and Jerry and subsequently stays the night. It is revealed that her father made his fortune from paint.
Dickie Metcalf (Robin Lermitte) - A confidence trickster and thief who had an affair with Lady Agatha and was subsequently blackmailing her. He then became involved with Poppy Meldrum and eloped with her to Gretna Green in a stolen car. The couple were being pursued by the Meldrum family, their servants and PC Wilson, who caught up with them at Watford Gap and prevented the marriage. Dickie was last seen flying off in Cissy's plane, which he had just stolen.

text: Non Speaking and Unseen characters[edit]

text:
Captain- Captain was Lady Lavender's pet parrot. He had apparently fought in the Indian Mutiny, Siege of Bucknow, Anglo-Zulu War, and WW1. Whenever Ivy knocked on Lavender's door, Captain would say "Come in", then Lavender would say "oh shut up come in", then Captain would copy her. Once after Lavender had given Union Jack Rubber Company shares to Ivy, Alf, and Henry, she gave them all to Captain, who in turn ate them all up except the seal. Captain would also say "pieces of eight". Captain was once met a female parrot, bought by Lavender from Harrods, and they were married by Constable Wilson. However, it turned out that the other parrot was male, as well. Lavender then lifted up the cage blanket (unseen to the audience) and said "well they seem to be managing all right," implying that Captain was homosexual. It was later revealed that Lavender thought the other parrot was boring (because he never said anything) so she sent him back to Harrods. Lavender once considered leaving Captain all her money. In one of the later episodes, Captain became ill and died. Lavender gave him a military funeral in the pet cemetery, which required George, Teddy, Alf and James to wear their military uniforms, and ordered PC Wilson to do the sermon (as he did at the wedding). Lavender also put valuable jewellery in the coffin, that was later dug up by Wilson. Lavender made a sculpture, tombstone, and poem for Captain, and mentioned him in the next four episodes.
Lady Meldrum (née Southwick)- Lady Meldrum was the wife of George, the mother of Cissy and Poppy, and the daughter of Lady Lavender. Not much is known about her, although she assisted James in arranging the house flowers. It is unknown if George was having his affair with Lady Agatha while she was still alive. She was never seen on-screen. Early in the series, Cissy alludes to the fact that her mother has been dead for three years, suggesting that Lady Meldrum died in about 1924.
Lord Southwick- Lord Southwick was the husband of Lady Lavender. He was married to her in 1879. It is unknown if he knew of her affairs. Not much is known about him, as he is never seen on-screen. According to her, he drowned in the Bosphorus. His death made Lavender move in with her daughter's family, the Meldrums.