document_title: List of Major League Baseball perfect games

question_text: who pitched the last perfect game in baseball

root

text: Major League Baseball perfect games[edit]

text: 19th century[edit]

text:
Pitcher
Date
Game

Lee Richmond (Wor)
   LHP, 23
   5 K
June 12, 1880

Cleveland Blues, 0 at Worcester Worcesters, 1
Venue: Worcester Agricultural Fairgrounds
Attendance: n.a.
Time: 1:26
Caught by: Charlie Bennett
Umpired by: Foghorn Bradley
Box score

John Montgomery Ward (Prov)
   RHP, 20
   5 K
June 17, 1880

Providence Grays, 5 vs. Buffalo Bisons, 0
Venue: Messer Street Grounds
Attendance: n.a.
Time: n.a.
Caught by: Emil Gross
Umpired by: Charles F. Daniels
Box score

tag: table

text: Lee Richmond[edit]

text: Richmond was pitching in his first full season in the big leagues after appearing in one game in 1879. He was apparently considered a good hitter, as he batted second in the lineup. His perfect game featured an unusual 9–3 putout, with Worcester right fielder Lon Knight throwing out Cleveland's Bill Phillips at first.[6] The play came on one of three balls Cleveland hit out of the infield.[7] Three outs were recorded on "foul bounds": balls caught after bouncing once in foul territory (the foul bound rule was eliminated three years later). In the seventh inning, the game was delayed for seven minutes due to rain; Richmond dried the ball off with sawdust when he returned to the mound.[8] A monument marks the site of the Worcester Agricultural Fairgrounds where the game took place, now part of the campus of Becker College.[9] The feat was recognized as unusual: a newspaper report described it as "the most wonderful game on record".[10][11]

tag: p

text: John Montgomery Ward[edit]

text: Monte Ward threw his perfect game at the Grays' park in Providence, but Buffalo, by virtue of a coin toss, which was the custom under the rules at that time, was officially the "home" team, batting in the bottom of each inning. At the age of 20 years, 105 days, Ward is the youngest pitcher ever to throw a perfect game. He batted sixth in the lineup. Beginning in 1881, the year after his perfect game, Ward spent more time as a position player than a pitcher; in 1885, following an arm injury, he became a full-time infielder.[12] The five days between Ward's game and Richmond's is the shortest amount of time between major-league perfect games.

text: Modern era[edit]

text:
Pitcher
Date
Game

Cy Young (BOS)
   RHP, 37
   8 K
May 5, 1904

Philadelphia Athletics, 0 at Boston Americans, 3
Venue: Huntington Avenue Grounds, day game
Attendance: 10,267
Time: 1:25
Caught by: Lou Criger
Umpired by: Frank Dwyer
Box score

Addie Joss (CLE)
   RHP, 28
   74 pitches, 3 K
October 2, 1908

Chicago White Sox, 0 at Cleveland Naps, 1
Venue: League Park, day game
Attendance: 10,598
Time: 1:32
Caught by: Nig Clarke
Umpired by: Tommy Connolly
Box score

Charlie Robertson (CHW)
   RHP, 26
   90 pitches, 6 K
April 30, 1922

Chicago White Sox, 2 at Detroit Tigers, 0
Venue: Navin Field, day game
Attendance: 25,000
Time: 1:55
Caught by: Ray Schalk
Umpires:

HP: Dick Nallin
2B: Billy Evans

Box score

Don Larsen (NYY)
   RHP, 27
   97 pitches, 7 K
October 8, 1956

Brooklyn Dodgers, 0 at New York Yankees, 2
Venue: Yankee Stadium, day game (Game 5 of the World Series)
Attendance: 64,519
Time: 2:06
Caught by: Yogi Berra
Umpires:

HP: Babe Pinelli
1B: Hank Soar
2B: Dusty Boggess
3B: Larry Napp
LF: Tom Gorman
RF: Ed Runge

Box score and play-by-play

Jim Bunning (PHI)
   RHP, 32
   90 pitches, 10 K
June 21, 1964

Philadelphia Phillies, 6 at New York Mets, 0
Venue: Shea Stadium, day game (first game of doubleheader)
Attendance: 32,026
Time: 2:19
Caught by: Gus Triandos
Umpires:

HP: Ed Sudol
1B: Paul Pryor
2B: Frank Secory
3B: Ken Burkhart

Box score and play-by-play

Sandy Koufax (LAD)
   LHP, 29
   113 pitches, 14 K
September 9, 1965

Chicago Cubs, 0 at Los Angeles Dodgers, 1
Venue: Dodger Stadium, night game
Attendance: 29,139
Time: 1:43
Caught by: Jeff Torborg
Umpires:

HP: Ed Vargo
1B: Chris Pelekoudas
2B: Bill Jackowski
3B: Paul Pryor

Box score and play-by-play

Catfish Hunter (OAK)
   RHP, 22
   107 pitches, 11 K
May 8, 1968

Minnesota Twins, 0 at Oakland Athletics, 4
Venue: Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum, night game
Attendance: 6,298
Time: 2:28
Caught by: Jim Pagliaroni
Umpires:

HP: Jerry Neudecker
1B: Larry Napp
2B: Al Salerno
3B: Bill Haller

Box score and play-by-play

Len Barker (CLE)
   RHP, 25
   103 pitches, 11 K
May 15, 1981

Toronto Blue Jays, 0 at Cleveland Indians, 3
Venue: Cleveland Stadium, night game
Attendance: 7,290
Time: 2:09
Caught by: Ron Hassey (1)
Umpires:

HP: Rich Garcia
1B: Greg Kosc
2B: Don Denkinger
3B: Jim McKean

Box score and play-by-play

Mike Witt (CAL)
   RHP, 24
   94 pitches, 10 K
September 30, 1984

California Angels, 1 at Texas Rangers, 0
Venue: Arlington Stadium, day game
Attendance: 8,375
Time: 1:49
Caught by: Bob Boone
Umpires:

HP: Greg Kosc
1B: Ted Hendry
2B: Drew Coble
3B: Jim Evans

Box score and play-by-play

Tom Browning (CIN)
   LHP, 28
   100 pitches, 7 K
September 16, 1988

Los Angeles Dodgers, 0 at Cincinnati Reds, 1
Venue: Riverfront Stadium, night game
Attendance: 16,591
Time: 1:51
Caught by: Jeff Reed
Umpires:

HP: Jim Quick
1B: Mark Hirschbeck
2B: John Kibler
3B: Eric Gregg

Box score and play-by-play

Dennis Martínez (MON)
   RHP, 36
   95 pitches, 5 K
July 28, 1991

Montreal Expos, 2 at Los Angeles Dodgers, 0
Venue: Dodger Stadium, day game
Attendance: 45,560
Time: 2:14
Caught by: Ron Hassey (2)
Umpires:

HP: Larry Poncino
1B: Bruce Froemming
2B: Dana DeMuth
3B: Greg Bonin

Box score and play-by-play

Kenny Rogers (TEX)
   LHP, 29
   98 pitches, 8 K
July 28, 1994

California Angels, 0 at Texas Rangers, 4
Venue: The Ballpark in Arlington, night game
Attendance: 46,581
Time: 2:08
Caught by: Iván Rodríguez
Umpires:

HP: Ed Bean
1B: Don Denkinger
2B: John Shulock
3B: Tim Tschida

Box score and play-by-play

David Wells (NYY)
   LHP, 34
   120 pitches, 11 K
May 17, 1998

Minnesota Twins, 0 at New York Yankees, 4
Venue: Yankee Stadium, day game
Attendance: 49,820
Time: 2:40
Caught by: Jorge Posada
Umpires:

HP: Tim McClelland
1B: John Hirschbeck
2B: Rich Garcia
3B: Mike Reilly

Box score and play-by-play

David Cone (NYY)
   RHP, 36
   88 pitches, 10 K
July 18, 1999

Montreal Expos, 0 at New York Yankees, 6
Venue: Yankee Stadium, day game
Attendance: 41,930
Time: 2:16 (with a 33-minute rain delay)
Caught by: Joe Girardi
Umpires:

HP: Ted Barrett (1)
1B: Larry McCoy
2B: Jim Evans
3B: Chuck Meriwether

Box score and play-by-play

Randy Johnson (ARI)
   LHP, 40
   117 pitches, 13 K
May 18, 2004

Arizona Diamondbacks, 2 at Atlanta Braves, 0
Venue: Turner Field, night game
Attendance: 23,381
Time: 2:13
Caught by: Robby Hammock
Umpires:

HP: Greg Gibson
1B: Bruce Dreckman
2B: Gerry Davis
3B: Larry Poncino

Box score and play-by-play

Mark Buehrle (CHW)
   LHP, 30
   116 pitches, 6 K
July 23, 2009

Tampa Bay Rays, 0 at Chicago White Sox, 5
Venue: U.S. Cellular Field, day game
Attendance: 28,036
Time: 2:03
Caught by: Ramón Castro
Umpires:

HP: Eric Cooper
1B: Mike Reilly
2B: Chuck Meriwether
3B: Laz Díaz

Box score and play-by-play

Dallas Braden (OAK)
   LHP, 26
   109 pitches, 6 K
May 9, 2010

Tampa Bay Rays, 0 at Oakland Athletics, 4
Venue: Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum, day game
Attendance: 12,288
Time: 2:07
Caught by: Landon Powell
Umpires:

HP: Jim Wolf
1B: Derryl Cousins
2B: Jim Joyce
3B: Todd Tichenor

Box score and play-by-play

Roy Halladay (PHI)
   RHP, 34
   115 pitches, 11 K
May 29, 2010

Philadelphia Phillies, 1 at Florida Marlins, 0
Venue: Sun Life Stadium, night game
Attendance: 25,086
Time: 2:13
Caught by: Carlos Ruiz
Umpires:

HP: Mike DiMuro
1B: Tim Welke
2B: Jim Reynolds
3B: Bill Welke

Box score and play-by-play

Philip Humber (CHW)
   RHP, 29
   96 pitches, 9 K
April 21, 2012

Chicago White Sox, 4 at Seattle Mariners, 0
Venue: Safeco Field, day game
Attendance: 22,472
Time: 2:17
Caught by: A. J. Pierzynski
Umpires:

HP: Brian Runge
1B: Marvin Hudson
2B: Tim McClelland
3B: Ted Barrett

Box score and play-by-play

Matt Cain (SF)
   RHP, 27
   125 pitches, 14 K
June 13, 2012

Houston Astros, 0 at San Francisco Giants, 10
Venue: AT&T Park, night game
Attendance: 42,298
Time: 2:36
Caught by: Buster Posey
Umpires:

HP: Ted Barrett (2)
1B: Mike Muchlinski
2B: Angel Campos
3B: Brian Runge

Box score and play-by-play

Félix Hernández (SEA)
   RHP, 26
   113 pitches, 12 K
August 15, 2012

Tampa Bay Rays, 0 at Seattle Mariners, 1
Venue: Safeco Field, day game
Attendance: 21,889
Time: 2:22
Caught by: John Jaso
Umpires:

HP: Rob Drake
1B: Joe West
2B: Sam Holbrook
3B: Andy Fletcher

Box score and play-by-play

text: Cy Young[edit]

text: Young's perfect game was part of a hitless streak of 24 or 25⅓ straight innings—depending on whether partial innings at either end of the streak are included. In either calculation, the streak remains a record. It was also part of a streak of 45 straight innings in which Young did not give up a run, which was then a record.[13]

text: Addie Joss[edit]

text: Joss's was the most pressure-packed of any regular-season perfect game. With just four games left on their schedule, the Cleveland Naps were involved in a three-way pennant race with the Tigers and the White Sox, that day's opponents. Joss's counterpart, the great Ed Walsh, struck out 15 and gave up just four scattered singles. The lone, unearned run scored as a result of a botched pickoff play and a wild pitch.[15] The Naps ended the day tied with the Tigers for first, with the White Sox two games back; the Tigers would ultimately win the league by a half game over the Naps. Joss would throw a second no-hitter against the White Sox in 1910, making him and Tim Lincecum of the San Francisco Giants the only major league pitchers ever to throw two no-hitters against the same team.

text: Charlie Robertson[edit]

text: Robertson's perfect game was only his fifth appearance, and fourth start, in the big leagues. He finished his career with a 49–80 record, the fewest wins of any perfect-game pitcher until Dallas Braden; Robertson's winning percentage of .380 remains the lowest of anyone who ever threw a perfect game. The Tigers, led by player-manager Ty Cobb, accused Robertson of illegally doctoring the ball with oil or grease.[16] In terms of the opposing team's ability to get on base, this is statistically the most unlikely of perfectos: the 1922 Tigers had an on-base percentage (OBP) of .373.[17]

text: Don Larsen[edit]

text: Larsen did not know he would pitch in Game 5 of the 1956 World Series until a few hours before gametime.[18] This was his second start of the Series; he'd lasted less than two innings in Game 2. In his perfect game, Larsen employed the style he had adopted in mid-season, working without a windup. Just one Dodgers batter—Pee Wee Reese, in the first inning—worked a three-ball count.[19] The Dodgers had the highest season winning percentage of any team ever to lose a perfect game: .604. The image of catcher Yogi Berra leaping into Larsen's arms after the final strike is one of the most famous in baseball history.[20] The 34 years between Robertson's feat and Larsen's is the longest gap between perfect games.

text: Jim Bunning[edit]

text: Bunning's perfect game, pitched on Father's Day, was the first in the National League since Ward's 84 years before. Defying the baseball superstition that holds one should not talk about a no-hitter in progress, Bunning spoke to his teammates about the perfect game as it developed to loosen them up and relieve the pressure.[21]

text: Sandy Koufax[edit]

text: Koufax's perfect game was the first one pitched at night. It was nearly a double no-hitter, as Cubs pitcher Bob Hendley gave up only one hit, a bloop double to left-fielder Lou Johnson in the seventh inning that did not figure in the scoring. The Dodgers scored their only run in the fifth inning: Lou Johnson reached first on a walk, advanced to second on a sacrifice bunt, stole third, and scored when Cubs catcher Chris Krug overthrew third base on the play. The game also set records for the fewest hits by both teams, one, and the fewest base runners by both teams, two (both Johnson). Koufax's 14 strikeouts are tied with Matt Cain for the most ever thrown by a perfect game pitcher.

text: Catfish Hunter[edit]

text: Hunter, a talented batter, was also the hitting star of his perfect game. He went 3 for 4 with a double and 3 RBIs, including a bunt single that drove home the first and thus winning run in the seventh inning—easily the best offensive performance ever by a perfect game pitcher. At 22 years and 30 days old, Hunter was the youngest pitcher to throw a perfect game in the modern era. This was the first no-hitter of the Athletics' Oakland tenure, which was only 25 games old.[22]

text: Len Barker[edit]

text: Barker's perfect game was the first one in which designated hitters were used. He didn't reach a three-ball count in the entire game.[23] Toronto shortstop Alfredo Griffin, who played for the losing team in this game, went on to play for the losers in the perfect games of Browning and Martínez. Also on the losing end of this game was Danny Ainge, who would play 14 seasons in the National Basketball Association. All 11 of Barker's strikeouts were swinging.[24]

text: Mike Witt[edit]

text: Witt's perfect game came on the last day of the 1984 season. Reggie Jackson, who drove in the only run of the game on a seventh-inning fielder's choice ground ball, was also on the winning team in Catfish Hunter's perfect game. On April 11, 1990, Witt, pitching out of the bullpen, combined with starting pitcher Mark Langston to throw a no-hitter for the California Angels.

text: Tom Browning[edit]

text: Browning's perfect game, for the Cincinnati Reds against the Los Angeles Dodgers in September 1988, came against the team that eventually won that year's World Series, the only time that has happened. A two-hour, twenty-seven-minute rain delay[25] caused the game to start at approximately 10 PM. Right fielder Paul O'Neill, who played for the winning side in this game, also played for the winning side in the perfect games of Wells and Cone. The following July 4, Browning came within an inning of becoming the first pitcher to throw two perfect games, retiring the first 24 batters in a game against the Phillies before surrendering a leadoff double in the ninth.[26]

text: Dennis Martínez[edit]

text: Martínez, born in Granada, Nicaragua, was the first major league pitcher born outside of the United States to throw a perfect game. He achieved the feat for the Montreal Expos against the Los Angeles Dodgers in July 1991. Opposing pitcher Mike Morgan was perfect through five full innings, the latest the opposing starter in a perfect game has remained perfect. Two days earlier, Expos pitcher Mark Gardner no-hit the Dodgers through nine innings but lost the no-hitter in the tenth, meaning the Expos narrowly missed throwing a no-hitter and a perfect game in the same series. Martínez's catcher, Ron Hassey, had also caught Len Barker's perfect game. This was the third perfect game pitched against the Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers, joining those of Larsen and Browning; the only other teams to lose more than one perfect game are the Twins (Hunter and Wells) and the Rays (Buehrle, Hernandez and Braden).

text: Kenny Rogers[edit]

text: Rogers benefited from center fielder Rusty Greer's fantastic diving catch of a line drive hit by Rex Hudler, leading off the ninth inning.[27] Rogers' performance against the Angels came 10 seasons after Witt's perfect game against the Rangers. The Angels and Rangers are the only major league teams to record perfect games against each other. The home plate umpire was a minor league fill-in, Ed Bean, who was working his 29th Major League game and seventh behind the plate. Bean, who was substituting for 17-year veteran Ken Kaiser, worked only seven more MLB games following Rogers' performance.

text: David Wells[edit]

text: Wells attended the same high school as Don Larsen: Point Loma High School, San Diego, California. They also both enjoyed the night life. Casey Stengel once said of Larsen, "The only thing he fears is sleep." Wells has claimed to have been "half-drunk" and suffering from a "raging, skull-rattling hangover" during his perfect game.[28] Wells' perfect game comprised the core of a streak of 38 consecutive retired batters (May 12–23, 1998), an American League record he held until 2007.

text: David Cone[edit]

text: Cone's perfect game occurred on Yogi Berra Day. Don Larsen threw out the ceremonial first pitch to Berra, who had been his catcher during the 1956 World Series perfect game. As the game wore on, television cameras showed Larsen, the only perfect game pitcher to attend another perfect game. No Expo worked even a three-ball count.[29] Cone's perfect game, which took only 88 pitches, was interrupted by a 33-minute rain delay and is the only one to date in regular-season interleague play. Following teammate Wells's perfect game the previous season, this also represents the only time two successive perfect games have been thrown by the same team.

text: Randy Johnson[edit]

text: Johnson threw his perfect game at the age of 40 years, 256 days, becoming by more than three and a half years the oldest pitcher to achieve the feat. The former holder of the mark, Cy Young, threw his at the age of 37 years, 37 days. Johnson is also the tallest perfect game pitcher at 6' 10", surpassing Mike Witt by three inches. Of the teams to have a perfect game thrown against them, the 2004 Braves have the second-highest OBP (.343) and are tied for the second-highest winning percentage (.593).[30] In contrast, the Diamondbacks had by far the worst season winning percentage (.315) of any team to benefit from a perfect game.[31]

text: Mark Buehrle[edit]

text: Buehrle was assisted by a dramatic ninth-inning wall-climbing catch by center fielder DeWayne Wise to rob Gabe Kapler of a home run; Wise had just entered the game as a defensive replacement before Kapler's at-bat. This was the first major league perfect game in which the pitcher and catcher were battery-mates for the first time; Ramón Castro had been acquired by the White Sox less than two months before.[32] This was also the first perfect game to feature a grand slam, by Josh Fields in the bottom of the second inning. Umpire Eric Cooper, who called the game, had been behind the plate for Buehrle's previous no-hitter.[33] On July 28, Buehrle followed up with another 5 2/3 perfect innings to set the major league record for consecutive batters retired at 45 (this includes the final batter he faced in his appearance before the perfect game).[34] That record was broken by Yusmeiro Petit of the San Francisco Giants in 2014[35]

text: Dallas Braden[edit]

text: Braden's perfect game, pitched on Mother's Day, was the first complete game of his career. His grandmother attended the game and celebrated on the field with him. It was the first time a perfect game had been pitched against the team with the best record in the majors at the time; coming into the contest, the Rays were 22–8.[36] The 2010 Rays are tied for the second-highest winning percentage (.593) of any team to be on the receiving end of a perfect game.[37] MLB's previous perfect game had also been thrown against the Rays, making them the second team to have successive perfect games against them (the first was the Dodgers in 1988 and 1991).[38] This game came 290 days after Buehrle's, the shortest period between modern-day perfect games—a record which would last just three weeks until Halladay's.

text: Roy Halladay[edit]

text: Halladay pitched the second perfect game of the 2010 season 20 days after Braden's, the shortest period between perfect games in the modern era.[39] Mark Buehrle's perfect game had been 10 months earlier, marking the first time that three perfect games occurred within a one-year span. Seven batters reached three-ball counts against Halladay.[40] Halladay nearly pitched a second perfect game in the 2010 NL Division Series against the Reds but gave up a walk to Jay Bruce. The hurler had to settle for a no-hitter and became the only perfect game pitcher to throw another no-hitter in the same season, and the fifth with two no-hitters. Halladay is the second pitcher to throw a perfect game and win the Cy Young Award in the same season; Sandy Koufax did so in 1965.[41]

text: Philip Humber[edit]

text: On April 21, 2012, Philip Humber of the Chicago White Sox pitched the third perfect game in White Sox history. The final out of Humber's perfect game came after a full-count check-swing third strike to Brendan Ryan on a ball that catcher A. J. Pierzynski dropped. As Ryan disputed umpire Brian Runge's decision that he had swung, Pierzynski threw the ball to first base for the final out.[42] As with Braden, Humber's perfect game was the first complete game of his career.[43] Humber's lifetime major league record of 16-23 gives him the fewest career wins of any pitcher who has thrown an MLB perfect game. The White Sox became the second franchise with three perfect games, joining the Yankees.

text: Matt Cain[edit]

text: On June 13, 2012, Matt Cain of the San Francisco Giants pitched the first perfect game in Giants franchise history, the second of three in 2012, and the 22nd in MLB history. Third baseman Joaquín Árias threw out Jason Castro for the final out on a chopped grounder he fielded deep behind the bag. Cain tallied 14 strikeouts, tying Sandy Koufax for the most strikeouts in a perfect game. Cain's 125 pitches are the most ever thrown in a perfect game. Cain was aided by a running catch at the wall by Melky Cabrera in the 6th and a diving catch by Gregor Blanco in the 7th. The winning Giants scored 10 runs, making this the highest-scoring perfect game. Home plate umpire Ted Barrett had also called Cone's perfect game, making him the only person to call two; having umpired at third base for Humber's game, Barrett also became just the second man, after Alfredo Griffin, to have been on the field for three perfect games—within two months, there would be four more.

text: Félix Hernández[edit]

text: On August 15, 2012, Félix Hernández of the Seattle Mariners threw the 23rd perfect game in MLB history (and the first in August) against the Tampa Bay Rays. This was the first perfect game in Mariners history, and the franchise's fourth no-hitter.[44] Hernandez's performance was highlighted by 12 strikeouts and a career-high 26 swinging-strikes. In an on-field interview immediately following the last out, Hernandez said he had started thinking about the possibility of a perfect game in the second inning. It was the third time in the past four seasons that Tampa Bay was on the losing side of a perfect game. Four Rays—Evan Longoria, Carlos Peña, B.J. Upton, and Ben Zobrist—joined Alfredo Griffin in having played in three perfect games for the losing team; all four also participated in Buehrle's and Braden's.

text: General notes[edit]

text: Three perfect-game pitchers had RBIs in their games: Hunter (3), Bunning (2), and Young (1). Hunter had three hits; Richmond, Ward, Bunning, Martínez, and Cain each had one. Cain is the only pitcher to score a run during a perfect game (Gregor Blanco followed him in the order and hit a home run). Barker, Witt, Rogers, Wells, Cone, Buehrle, Braden, Humber, and Hernández did not bat in their perfect games, as the American League adopted the designated hitter rule in 1973. The latest the winning run has been scored in a perfect game is the seventh inning—this occurred in the games of Hunter (bottom), Witt (top), and Martínez (top).

text: Seven perfect-game pitchers have also thrown at least one additional no-hitter: Young, Joss, Bunning, Koufax, Johnson, Buehrle, and Halladay. Witt participated in a combined no-hitter. Koufax has the most total no-hitters of any perfect-game pitcher, with four. Richmond and Robertson were rookies, though each had made a single appearance in a previous season. Although by the latter part of the twentieth century, major league games were being played predominantly at night, six of the last ten perfect games, and four of the last six, have taken place in the daytime. Since 1973, nine perfect games have been thrown with the DH rule in effect (including one interleague game held at an American League park) and only five without it.

text: Perfect games by team[edit]

text: Of the thirty franchises that currently make up Major League Baseball, seven have never as of the end of the 2017 season been involved in a perfect game, win or lose, including three of the “Original 16” franchises (the Cardinals, Pirates, and Orioles) and four of the fourteen teams that joined MLB in the expansion era (the Royals, Brewers, Padres, and Rockies). The table below shows the number of perfect games won and lost by the remaining twenty-three franchises.

text:
Franchise
Perfect games won
Perfect games won against

Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
1
1

Houston Astros
1
1

Oakland Athletics
2
1

Toronto Blue Jays
0
1

Atlanta Braves
0
1

Chicago Cubs
0
1

Arizona Diamondbacks
1
0

Los Angeles Dodgers
1
3

San Francisco Giants
1
0

Cleveland Indians
2
0

Seattle Mariners
1
1

Miami Marlins
0
1

New York Mets
0
1

Washington Nationals
1
1

Philadelphia Phillies
2
0

Texas Rangers
1
1

Tampa Bay Rays
0
3

Cincinnati Reds
1
0

Boston Red Sox
1
0

Detroit Tigers
0
1

Minnesota Twins
0
2

Chicago White Sox
3
1

New York Yankees
3
0

text: Unofficial perfect games[edit]

text: There have been three instances in which a major league pitcher retired every player he faced over nine innings without allowing a baserunner, but, by the current definition, is not credited with a perfect game, either because there was already a baserunner when he took the mound, or because the game went into extra innings and an opposing player eventually reached base:

text:
On June 23, 1917, Babe Ruth, then a pitcher with the Boston Red Sox, walked the Washington Senators' first batter, Ray Morgan, on four straight pitches. Ruth, who had already been shouting at umpire Brick Owens about the quality of his calls, became even angrier and, in short order, was ejected. Enraged, Ruth charged Owens, swung at him, and had to be led off the field by a policeman. Ernie Shore came in to replace Ruth, while catcher Sam Agnew took over behind the plate for Pinch Thomas. Morgan was caught stealing by Agnew on the first pitch by Shore, who proceeded to retire the next 26 batters. All 27 outs were made while Shore was on the mound. Once recognized as a perfect game by Major League Baseball, this still counts as a combined no-hitter.[45][46]
On May 26, 1959, Harvey Haddix of the Pittsburgh Pirates pitched what is often referred to as the greatest game in baseball history.[47] Haddix carried a perfect game through 12 innings against the Milwaukee Braves, only to have it ruined when an error by third baseman Don Hoak allowed Félix Mantilla, the leadoff batter in the bottom of the 13th inning, to reach base. A sacrifice by Eddie Mathews and an intentional walk to Hank Aaron followed; the next batter, Joe Adcock, hit a home run that became a double when he passed Aaron on the bases. Haddix and the Pirates had lost the game 1–0; despite their 12 hits in the game, they could not bring a run home. The 12 perfect innings–36 consecutive batters retired in a single game—remains a record.[48]
On June 3, 1995, Pedro Martínez of the Montreal Expos had a perfect game through nine innings against the San Diego Padres. The Expos scored a run in the top of the tenth inning, but in the bottom, Martínez gave up a leadoff double to Bip Roberts, and was relieved by Mel Rojas, who retired the next three batters. Martínez was therefore the winning pitcher in a 1–0 Expos victory.[49]

tag: ul

text: Four other games in which one team failed to reach base are not official perfect games because they were called off before nine innings were played:[50]

text:
On August 11, 1907, Ed Karger of the St. Louis Cardinals pitched seven perfect innings against the Boston Braves; second game of doubleheader called by prior agreement.[50][51]
On October 5, 1907, Rube Vickers of the Philadelphia Athletics pitched five perfect innings against the Senators; second game of doubleheader called on account of darkness. Vickers achieved his feat on the last day of the season. He also pitched the final 12 innings of the 15-inning first game.[51] His back-to-back victories were his only wins of the year.[52]
On August 6, 1967, Dean Chance of the Minnesota Twins pitched five perfect innings against the Red Sox; game called on account of rain.[51]
On April 21, 1984, David Palmer of the Expos pitched five perfect innings against the Cardinals; second game of doubleheader called on account of rain.[53]

text: On March 14, 2000, in a spring training game—by definition unofficial—the Red Sox used six pitchers to retire all 27 Toronto Blue Jays batters in a 5–0 victory. The starting pitcher for the Red Sox was Pedro Martínez (see above).[54]

text: Perfect games spoiled by the 27th batter[edit]

text: On thirteen occasions in Major League Baseball history, a perfect game has been spoiled when the batter representing what would have been the third and final out in the ninth inning reached base. Unless otherwise noted, the pitcher in question finished and won the game without allowing any more baserunners:[55]

text:
On July 4, 1908, Hooks Wiltse of the New York Giants hit Philadelphia Phillies pitcher George McQuillan on a 2–2 count in a scoreless game—the only time a 0–0 perfect game has been broken up by the 27th batter. Umpire Cy Rigler later admitted that he should have called the previous pitch strike 3. Wiltse pitched on, winning 1–0; his ten-inning no-hitter set a record for longest complete game no-hitter that has been tied twice but never broken.[56]
On August 5, 1932, Tommy Bridges of the Detroit Tigers gave up a pinch-hit single to the Washington Senators' Dave Harris.[57]
On June 27, 1958, Billy Pierce of the Chicago White Sox gave up a double, which landed just inches in fair territory, on his first pitch to Senators pinch hitter Ed Fitz Gerald.[58]
On September 2, 1972, Milt Pappas of the Chicago Cubs walked San Diego Padres pinch hitter Larry Stahl on a borderline 3–2 pitch. Pappas finished with a no-hitter. The umpire, Bruce Froemming, was in his second year; he went on to a 37-year career in which he umpired a record 11 no-hitters. Pappas believed he had struck out Stahl, and years later continued to bear ill will toward Froemming.[59]
On April 15, 1983, Milt Wilcox of the Tigers surrendered a pinch-hit single to the White Sox' Jerry Hairston, Sr.[60]
On May 2, 1988, Ron Robinson of the Cincinnati Reds gave up a two-strike single to the Montreal Expos' Wallace Johnson. Robinson then allowed a two-run homer to Tim Raines and was removed from the game. The final score was 3–2, with Robinson the winner.[61] (Robinson's teammate Tom Browning threw his perfect game later that season.)
On August 4, 1989, Dave Stieb of the Toronto Blue Jays gave up a double to the New York Yankees' Roberto Kelly, followed by an RBI single by Steve Sax. Stieb finished with a 2–1 victory.[62] This was the third time Stieb had a no-hitter broken up with two outs in the ninth inning.[63]
On April 20, 1990, Brian Holman of the Seattle Mariners gave up a home run to Ken Phelps of the Oakland Athletics.[64][65]
On September 2, 2001, Mike Mussina of the Yankees gave up a two-strike single to Boston Red Sox pinch hitter Carl Everett. The opposing pitcher in the game was David Cone, who had thrown the most recent perfect game two years earlier as a Yankee.[66]
On June 2, 2010, Armando Galarraga of the Tigers was charged with a single when first-base umpire Jim Joyce incorrectly ruled Jason Donald of the Cleveland Indians safe on an infield grounder. After the game, Joyce acknowledged his mistake: "I just cost that kid a perfect game. I thought he beat the throw. I was convinced he beat the throw, until I saw the replay."[67] Tyler Kepner of the New York Times wrote that no call had been "so important and so horribly botched" since the 1985 World Series.[68] Galarraga retired the next batter as Donald advanced to third base via defensive indifference.[69] Having taken place just four days after Halladay's feat, the game would have set a new mark for proximity had it been perfect; it would also have been the third perfect game in a 25-day span. Donald was awarded first base on Galarraga's 83rd pitch, which would have made it the second most efficient perfect game on record.

text:
On April 2, 2013, Yu Darvish of the Texas Rangers gave up a first pitch single to Marwin González of the Astros on a ground ball between Darvish's legs and through the middle infield. Darvish was removed from the game without facing another batter, having thrown 111 pitches. With 14 strikeouts through the first 26 batters, Darvish had a chance to tie (or exceed, had he struck out González) a record for a perfect game. The Rangers would go on to win the game 7-0.
On September 6, 2013, Yusmeiro Petit of the San Francisco Giants retired the first 26 Arizona Diamondbacks batters before giving up a single to pinch hitter Eric Chávez on a 3-2 pitch. Giants right fielder Hunter Pence dove for the ball but came up just a couple of inches short. Petit retired the next batter to finish the one-hit shutout.
On June 20, 2015, Max Scherzer of the Washington Nationals retired the first 26 Pittsburgh Pirates batters before hitting pinch-hitter José Tábata with a pitch on a 2-2 count. It has been argued that Tábata intentionally leaned into the pitch—by rule, if "the batter makes no attempt to avoid being touched by the ball", let alone attempts to be hit by it, he is not entitled to first base. If the umpires had so ruled, the at-bat would have continued with a full count. Scherzer retired the following batter to complete the no-hitter, joining Wiltse and Pappas as only the third pitcher ever to do so after being denied a perfect game with two outs in the ninth.[70]

text: Other notable near-perfect games[edit]

text: Nine or more consecutive innings of perfection[edit]

text: There have been fifteen occasions in Major League Baseball history when a pitcher—or, in one case, multiple pitchers—recorded at least 27 consecutive outs after one or more runners reached base. In four instances, the game went into extra innings and the pitcher(s) recorded more than 27 consecutive outs:

text:
On May 11, 1919, Walter Johnson, pitching for the Senators against the Yankees, retired 28 batters in a row: After surrendering a one-out single in the first to Roger Peckinpaugh and then retiring the next two batters to end the inning, he was perfect in the second through the ninth. He recorded two outs in the tenth, before giving up a walk to Home Run Baker. The first Sunday game to be played legally in New York, it was ended after the 12th inning, still scoreless, because Yankee owner Jacob Ruppert mistakenly believed the new law barred play after 6 PM.[71]
On September 24, 1919, Waite Hoyt, pitching for the Red Sox against the Yankees in the second game of a doubleheader, gave up a run in the second inning. The Red Sox tied the game in the ninth on a solo home run by Babe Ruth, his then record-breaking 28th of the season. The game report in the New York Times states, "Hoyt gave a remarkable performance of his pitching skill, and from the fourth inning to the thirteenth he did not allow a hit and not a Yankee runner reached first base. In these nine hitless innings the youngster was at the top of his form". The Yankees eventually won 2–1 when, in the 13th, Wally Pipp tripled and was brought home by a sacrifice fly. (The New York Times report states that Pipp tripled with "two out"—evidently a typographical or counting error, as the subsequent sacrifice fly, which is described in detail, would not then have been possible.)[72] Play-by-play records are not currently available for the game, but it appears that Hoyt recorded no less than 28 consecutive outs—the last out in the third inning and 27 in the perfect nine innings encompassing the fourth through the 12th.[73]
On September 18, 1971, Rick Wise, pitching for the Phillies against the Cubs, gave up a home run to the leadoff batter in the second inning, Frank Fernández. He did not allow another baserunner until Ron Santo singled with two outs in the top of the 12th. Wise retired the next batter and the Phillies scored in the bottom of the inning, making him the winner, 4–3. Wise had been perfect for 10 2/3, retiring 32 consecutive batters—the record for most consecutive outs in a game by a winning pitcher. At the plate, Wise helped his cause by going 3 for 6, with a double and the game-winning RBI in the bottom of the 12th. The starting pitcher for the Cubs was Milt Pappas, who would have his near-perfect game one year later.[74]
On July 6, 2005, A. J. Burnett, then pitching for the Florida Marlins, surrendered a two-out single in the third inning that gave the Milwaukee Brewers a 4–1 lead. It was the fourth hit he had given up, on top of five walks. He then retired the next ten batters before leaving the game with the Marlins trailing 4–2. In his six innings, he struck out 14. Jim Mecir pitched a perfect seventh and Guillermo Mota pitched a perfect eighth and ninth as the Marlins rallied to send the game into extra innings. Todd Jones was perfect in the 10th and 11th and Valerio de los Santos picked up the win with a perfect 12th, for a total of 28 straight batters retired starting with the final batter of the third inning.[75]

text: In the eleven other instances, the leadoff batter (or batters) reached base in the first inning, followed by 27 consecutive batters (or batters and baserunners) being retired through the end of a nine-inning game.[76] In two cases, the leadoff baserunner was retired, meaning the pitcher faced the minimum:

text:
On June 30, 1908, Red Sox pitcher Cy Young walked the New York Highlanders' leadoff batter, Harry Niles, who was caught stealing. No one else reached base against Young, who also had three hits and four RBIs in Boston's 8–0 win. It was the third no-hitter of Young's career and about as close as possible to being his second perfect game.[77] He is the only pitcher in major league history to retire 27 consecutive men in a game on two separate occasions.
On June 23, 1917, Ernie Shore of the Red Sox was on the mound when the leadoff batter, walked to first base by previously ejected pitcher Babe Ruth, was picked off. Shore retired the next 26 batters in succession (see "Unofficial perfect games" above).

text: The remaining instances in which a pitcher recorded 27 consecutive outs in a game, noting how the opponent's leadoff batter (or batters) reached base:

text:
May 24, 1884, Al Atkinson/Philadelphia Athletics (Pittsburgh Alleghenys' Ed Swartwood hit by pitch, stole second, reached third on a groundout, and scored on a passed ball)[78]
May 16, 1953, Curt Simmons/Philadelphia Phillies (single by Milwaukee Braves' Bill Bruton)[79]
May 13, 1954, Robin Roberts/Phillies (home run by Reds' Bobby Adams)[80]
July 1, 1966, Woodie Fryman/Pittsburgh Pirates (single by New York Mets' Ron Hunt)[81]
May 19, 1981, Jim Bibby/Pirates (single by Atlanta Braves' Terry Harper)[82]
June 11, 1982, Jerry Reuss/Los Angeles Dodgers (double by Reds' Eddie Milner, who reached third on a sacrifice bunt and scored on a fielder's choice)[83]
April 22, 1993, Chris Bosio/Seattle Mariners (walks by Red Sox Ernest Riles and Carlos Quintana, the latter of whom was retired on a double play)[84]
July 7, 2006, John Lackey/Los Angeles Angels (double by Oakland Athletics' Mark Kotsay)[85]
May 10, 2013, Shelby Miller/St. Louis Cardinals (single by Colorado Rockies' Eric Young, Jr.)[86]

text: No-hit, no-walk, no–hit batsman games[edit]

text: In Major League Baseball play since 1893, with the essential modern rules in place, there have been ten instances when a pitcher allowed not a single baserunner through his pitching efforts over a complete game of at least nine innings, but was not awarded a perfect game because of one or more fielding errors:

text:
On June 13, 1905, Christy Mathewson of the New York Giants pitched masterfully, but two Cubs nonetheless reached base on errors by shortstop Bill Dahlen and second baseman Billy Gilbert. In a classic pitching duel, the Cubs' Mordecai "Three Finger" Brown also carried a no-hitter into the ninth, losing it and the game, 1–0.[87]
On September 5, 1908, the Brooklyn Dodgers' Nap Rucker blanked the Boston Doves with a flawless pitching performance, despite errors that allowed three Doves to reach base. In more than a century since, no otherwise perfect game has been spoiled by multiple errors.[88]
On July 1, 1920, an error by Senators second baseman Bucky Harris was the lone defect in a game dominated by Walter Johnson's no-hit, no-walk, no–hit batsman effort. Harry Hooper, the Red Sox who reached base, was batting leadoff in the seventh.[89]
On September 3, 1947, with one out in the second, Philadelphia Athletics first baseman Ferris Fain, after fielding a routine grounder, threw wildly to pitcher Bill McCahan, covering first base. Stan Spence of the Senators made it all the way to second, the only blemish on McCahan's otherwise perfect game.[90]
On July 19, 1974, flawless through 3 2/3 innings, Cleveland Indians pitcher Dick Bosman, handling a grounder off the bat of Oakland Athletic Sal Bando, threw over the first baseman's head. Not one other Athletic would reach base, making this the only occasion in major league history when the sole demerit on an otherwise perfect defensive line was the pitcher's own fielding error.[91]
On June 27, 1980, Jerry Reuss of the Los Angeles Dodgers pitched a virtually immaculate game, but without hope of perfection—a first-inning throwing error by shortstop Bill Russell allowed the San Francisco Giants' Jack Clark to reach base. Russell atoned for his gaffe with a sharp fielding play in the eighth inning.[92]
On August 15, 1990, Philadelphia Phillies pitcher Terry Mulholland lost his perfect-game bid in the seventh inning when the Giants' Rick Parker, batting leadoff, reached base on a throwing error by third baseman Charlie Hayes. Parker was retired when the next batter, Dave Anderson, grounded into a double play. Mulholland pitched flawlessly and faced the minimum 27 batters, but still did not qualify for a perfect game. Hayes redeemed himself for the fielding error by making a spectacular catch on a line drive in the ninth inning, protecting Mulholland's no-hitter.[93]
On July 10, 2009, the Giants' Jonathan Sánchez pitched perfectly against the San Diego Padres through one out in the eighth inning. Third baseman Juan Uribe, who switched positions from second base to start the seventh inning, committed an error on a ground ball, his first chance at third, that allowed Chase Headley to reach first—the latest an error has resulted in the sole baserunner in an otherwise perfect game. Headley advanced to second on a wild pitch. It was the first complete game of Sánchez's career.[94]
On June 18, 2014, reigning NL Cy Young winner Clayton Kershaw of the Dodgers threw a game against the Colorado Rockies that was perfect save for shortstop Hanley Ramírez's throwing error with no outs in the seventh inning. Kershaw's 15 strikeouts were at that point the most in a no-hit, no-walk game and his game score of 102 was the highest-ever in any no-hitter.[95]
On October 3, 2015, Max Scherzer of the Washington Nationals surpassed both of Kershaw's marks, setting the record for a no-hit, no-walk game by striking out 17 and achieving a game score of 104 against the New York Mets. Scherzer's masterpiece, his second no-hitter of the year, was denied perfection by third baseman Yunel Escobar's sixth-inning throwing error.[96][97]

text: No otherwise perfect game in major league history has ever been spoiled solely by a dropped third strike, interference, or outfield error. On August 23, 2017, the Dodgers' Rich Hill had been pitching perfectly when third baseman Logan Forsythe booted a grounder by the Pirates' first batter in the bottom of the ninth inning, Jordy Mercer. It was the first time in major league history a perfect-game bid was ruined by an error in the ninth. Hill retired the next three batters, but as the Dodgers had not supported his effort with a single run (as they failed to in the top of the first extra frame, as well), Hill took his no-hit, no-walk, no–hit batsman game into the bottom of the 10th inning. The leadoff batter, Josh Harrison, became the first player ever to spoil a no-hitter with a walk-off homer in extra innings.[98][99]


document_title: Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba

question_text: the interior of the mosque at cordova in spain is notable for containing hundreds of

text: Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba

text: Origins[edit]

text: It is commonly believed that the site of the Mosque-Cathedral was originally a Christian church dedicated to Saint Vincent the Third, which was divided and shared by Muslims and Christians after the Islamic conquest of the Visigothic kingdom.[19][14][15] This sharing arrangement of the site lasted until 784, when the Christian half was purchased by the Emir 'Abd al-Rahman I, who then proceeded to demolish the original structure and build the grand mosque of Córdoba on its ground.[14][20] This narrative, which goes back to the tenth-century historian al-Razi, echoed similar narratives of the Islamic conquest of Syria, in particular the story of building the Great Mosque of Damascus.[19][13] For medieval Muslim historians, these parallels served to highlight a dynastic Umayyad conquest of Spain and appropriation of the Visigothic Córdoba.[19][13] The historicity of this narrative has been challenged,[12] as it is neither archeologically attested nor corroborated by accounts of the events following Abd al-Rahman I's initial arrival in al-Andalus.[13] Another tenth-century source mentions a church that stood at the site of the mosque without giving further details.[13] However, it is almost certain that the building which housed the original mosque was destroyed to build the first version of the Great Mosque.[12] An archaeological exhibit in the Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba displays fragments of a Visigothic building, emphasizing an originally Christian nature of the complex.[21][22] According to Susana Calvo Capilla, a specialist on the history of the Mosque–Cathedral, although remains of multiple church-like buildings have been located on the territory of the Mosque-Cathedral complex, no clear archaeological evidence has been found of where either the church of St. Vincent or the first mosque were located on the site, and the latter may have been a newly constructed building. The evidence suggests that it may have been the grounds of the episcopal complex rather than a particular church which were initially divided between Muslims and Christians.[22][23]

text: According to a traditional account, when the exiled Umayyad prince Abd al-Rahman I escaped to Iberia and defeated the governor of Al-Andalus, Yusuf al-Fihri, he found the Cordovese divided into various sects, including the Gnostics, Priscillianists, Donatists, and Luciferians. His ambition was to erect a temple which would rival in magnificence those of Baghdad, Jerusalem, and Damascus, and approach in sanctity the fame of Mecca. Above a Christian church dedicated do Saint Vincent, Abd al-Rahman decided to raise his great mosque. He offered to buy the church and the plot. The negotiations for the sale were placed in the hands of the Sultan's favourite secretary, Umeya ibn Yezid. Under the terms of the transfer, the Cordovese were permitted to reconstruct the church formerly dedicated to Ss Faustus, Januarius, and Marcellus, three Christian martyrs whom they deeply revered.[24]

text: Abd al-Rahman allowed the Christians to rebuild their ruined churches and purchased the Christian half of the church of St Vincent, as agreed upon in the sale terms.[25][26] The Emirate was rich. Apart from the treasure wrested from the Goths during the recent wars, he also extracted a tithe upon the produce of the land and on manufactures. All able Muslims in Andalusia were asked to provide to pay the Zakat. A mandatory tax known as Jizya was also laid upon only one able Christian and Jew per household in Andalusia as a precondition for services & protection provided by the government of Andalusia, unless they participated in the protection services themselves. The Jizya was lesser than the Zakat[citation needed], and both were one of the main sources of income for the Muslim rulers in lands occupied by Islamic tribes but populated still by Christians, to provide all needed services for all people living in the land, especially the poor.[27] Beyond this, the Moorish kings were greatly enriched by the acquisition of the valuable mines of Iberia, the quarries of marble, and other sources of wealth. From these revenues Abd al-Rahman and his successors, Hisham, Abd-al Rahman II, the greatest of the dynasty and the third of the line, and lastly the extravagant Almanzor, lavished large sums upon the designing, construction, and costly adornment of the Mosque.[24] Abd al-Rahman I and his descendants reworked the building over the next two centuries to fashion it as a mosque, starting in 784. Additionally, Abd al-Rahman I used the mosque (originally called Aljama Mosque) as an adjunct to his palace and named it in honour of his wife. Traditionally, the mihrab (or apse) of a mosque faces in the direction of Mecca; by facing the mihrab, worshipers pray towards Mecca. Mecca is east-southeast of the mosque, but the mihrab of this mosque unusually points south.[28]

text: The work of building the resplendent Mezquita employed thousands of artisans and labourers, and such a vast undertaking led to the development of all the resources of the district. Hard stone and beautifully veined marble were quarried from the Sierra Morena and the surrounding regions of the city. Metals of various kinds were dug up from the soil, and factories sprang up in Córdoba amid the stir and bustle of an awakened industrial energy. A famous Syrian architect made the plans for the Mosque. Leaving his own house on the edge of Córdoba, the Emir came to reside in the city, so that he might personally superintend the operations and offer proposals for the improvement of the designs. Abd al-Rahman moved about among the workers, directing them for several hours of every day.[24]

text: The mosque underwent numerous subsequent changes: Abd al-Rahman II ordered a new minaret, while in 961 Al-Hakam II enlarged the building and enriched the Mihrab. The last of such reforms was carried out by Almanzor in 987. It was connected to the Caliph's palace by a raised walkway, mosques within the palaces being the tradition for previous Islamic rulers – as well as Christian Kings who built their palaces adjacent to churches. The Mezquita reached its current dimensions in 987 with the completion of the outer naves and courtyard.

text: Design[edit]

text: In planning the mosque, the architects incorporated a number of Roman columns with choice capitals. Some of the columns were already in the Gothic structure; others were sent from various regions of Iberia as presents from the governors of provinces. Ivory, jasper, porphyry, gold, silver, copper, and brass were used in the decorations. Marvellous mosaics and azulejos were designed. Panels of scented woods were fastened with nails of pure gold, and the red marble columns were said to be the work of God. The primitive part of the building, erected under the direction of Abd al-Rahman I., was that which borders the Court of Oranges. Later, the immense temple embodied all the styles of Morisco architecture into one composition.[24]

text: The Great Mosque of Córdoba held a place of importance amongst the Islamic community of al-Andalus for three centuries. In Córdoba, the capital, the Mosque was seen as the heart and central focus of the city.[29] Muhammad Iqbal described its hypostyle hall as having "countless pillars like rows of palm trees in the oases of Syria".[30] To the people of al-Andalus "the beauty of the mosque was so dazzling that it defied any description."[31]

text: The main hall of the mosque was used for a variety of purposes. It served as a central Prayer hall for personal devotion, the five daily Muslim prayers and the special Friday prayers. It also would have served as a hall for teaching and for Sharia Law cases during the rule of Abd al-Rahman & his successors.[32]

text: The Great Mosque of Córdoba exhibited features, and an architectural appearance, similar to the Great Mosque of Damascus,[33] therefore it is evident that it was used as a model by Abd al-Rahman for the creation of the Great Mosque in Córdoba.

text: Features[edit]

text: The building is most notable for its arcaded hypostyle hall, with 856 columns of jasper, onyx, marble, and granite. These were made from pieces of the Roman temple which had occupied the site previously, as well as other destroyed Roman buildings, such as the Mérida amphitheatre. The double arches were a new introduction to architecture, permitting higher ceilings than would otherwise be possible with relatively low columns. The double arches consist of a lower horseshoe arch and an upper semi-circular arch. The famous alternating red and white voussoirs of the arches were inspired by those in the Dome of the Rock.[31] and also resemble those of the Aachen Cathedral, which were built almost at the same time. Horseshoe arches were known in the Iberian Peninsula since late Antiquity, as can be seen on the 3rd-century "Estela de los Flavios", now in the arqueological museum of León. A centrally located honey-combed dome has blue tiles decorated with stars.

text: The edifice also has a richly gilded prayer niche or mihrab. The mihrab is a masterpiece of architectural art, with geometric and flowing designs of plants. Other prominent features were: an open court (sahn) surrounded by arcades, screens of wood, minarets, colourful mosaics, and windows of coloured glass.[31] The walls of the mosque had Quranic inscriptions written on them. As many adherents of Islam reject sculptural or pictorial representations of people or of God within religious contexts, all decoration of the cathedral is accomplished through tile work, calligraphy and architectural forms.

text: Marbles of spotless white were chosen for the columns. Arrazi, an Arab writer, speaks of the valuable wine-coloured marble, obtained from the mountains of the district, which was much used in embellishing the naves of the mosque. Hisham's temple covered an area of 460 by 280 feet (140 m × 85 m). It was flanked by stout, fortified walls, with watch towers and a tall minaret. The number of the outer gates was nine, and of the inner doors eleven. These doors led to the same number of naves within the mosque. The court had spacious gates on the north, west, and east sides, and fountains for the purification of the pious. The naves were eleven in number, stretching from north to south, and these were crossed by twenty-one smaller naves running from east to west.[24]

text: Layout[edit]

text: The building's floor plan is seen to be parallel to some of the earliest mosques built from the very beginning of Islam.[29] It had a rectangular prayer hall with aisles arranged perpendicular to the qibla, the direction towards which Muslims pray.[34] The prayer hall was large, flat, with timber ceilings held up by arches of horseshoe-like appearance.[29]

text: One hundred and fifty years after its creation, a staircase to the roof was added, along with a southward extension of the mosque itself. A bridge was built linking the prayer hall with the Caliph's palace.[33] The mosque was later expanded even further south, as was the courtyard which surrounded it. The mosque was built in four stages, with each Caliph and his elite contributing to it.[35]

text: Until the 11th century, the courtyard was unpaved earth with citrus and palm trees irrigated – at first by rainwater cisterns, and later by aqueduct. Excavation indicates the trees were planted in a pattern, with surface irrigation channels. The stone channels visible today are not original.[36]

text: Abd al-Rahman III added a new tower. The minaret contained two staircases, which were built for the separate ascent and descent of the tower. On the summit there were three apples, two of gold and one of silver, with lilies of six petals. The minaret is four-faced, with fourteen windows, having arches upon jasper columns, and the structure is adorned with tracery.[24]

text: Chapels[edit]

text: West wall, from north to south:

text:
Capilla de San Ambrosio
Capilla de San Agustín
Capilla de Nuestra Señora de las Nieves y San Vicente Mártir
Capilla de los Santos Simón y Judas de la Mezquita-Catedral de Córdoba
Capilla de la Concepción de Salizanes o del Santísimo Sacramento
Capilla de San Antonio Abad
Capilla de la Trinidad
Capilla de San Acacio
Capilla de San Pedro y San Lorenzo
Museo de San Vicente

text: South wall, from west to east:

text:
Capilla de San Bartolomé
Mihrab y Maqsura
Capilla de Santa Teresa
Capilla de Santa Inés
Capilla del Sagrario

text: East wall, from north to south:

text:
Capilla de San Antonio de Padua
Capilla de San Marcos, Santa Ana y San Juan Bautista
Capilla de San Mateo y Limpia Concepción de Nuestra Señora
Capilla de San Juan Bautista
Capilla de Santa Marina, de San Matías y del Baptisterio
Capilla de San Nicolás de Bari
Capilla de la Expectación
Capilla del Espíritu Santo
Capilla de la Concepción Antigua
Capilla de San José
Capilla de la Natividad de Nuestra Señora
Capilla de Santa María Magdalena

text: North wall, from west to east:

text:
Capilla de San Eulogio
Capilla de San Esteban
Capilla de Nuestra Señora del Mayor Dolor
Capilla de la Virgen de la Antigua
Capilla de San Andrés
Capilla de la Epifanía
Capilla de Nuestra Señora del Rosario
Capilla de las Benditas Ánimas del Purgatorio
Capilla de los Santos Varones
Capilla de Santa Francisca Romana y Santa Úrsula

text:
Capilla de Villaviciosa

Capilla Sagrario

Capilla Mayor

Capilla Real

Capilla Teresa

Capilla San Clemente

Capilla San Bartolomé

Capilla de la Concepción

text: Doors[edit]

text: West façade, along Calle Torrijos, north to south:

text:
Postigo de la leche
Puerta de los Deanes
Puerta de San Esteban
Puerta de San Miguel
Puerta del Espíritu Santo
Postigo del Palacio
Puerta de San Ildefonso
Puerta del Sabat

text:
Postigo de la Leche.

Puerta de los Deanes.

Puerta de San Esteban.

Puerta de San Miguel.

Puerta del Espíritu Santo.

Postigo del Palacio.

Puerta de San Ildefonso

Puerta del Sabat

text: East façade, along Calle del Magistrado González Francés, north to south:

text:
Puerta de la Grada Redonda
Fuente de Santa Catalina
Puerta de Santa Catalina
Puerta de San Juan
Puerta del Baptisterio
Puerta de San Nicolás
Puerta de la Concepción Antigua
Puerta de San José
Puerta del Sagrario
Puerta de Jerusalén

text:
Puerta de la Grada Redonda

Puerta de Santa Catalina

Puerta de San Juan

Puerta del Baptisterio

Puerta de San Nicolás

Puerta de la Concepción Antigua

Puerta de San José

Puerta del Sagrario

Puerta de Jerusalén

text: North façade, along calle Cardenal Herrero, west to east:

text:
Puerta del Perdón
Puerta del Caño Gordo

text:
Puerta del Perdón

Puerta del Caño Gordo

text: The Reconquista[edit]

text: In 1236, Córdoba was conquered by King Ferdinand III of Castile, and the centre of the mosque was converted into a Catholic cathedral. Alfonso X oversaw the construction of the Villaviciosa Chapel and the Royal Chapel within the mosque. The kings who followed added further Christian features, such as King Henry II rebuilding the chapel in the 14th century. The minaret of the mosque was also converted to the bell tower of the cathedral. It was adorned with Santiago de Compostela's captured cathedral bells.[38]

text: The most significant alteration was the building of a Renaissance cathedral nave in the middle of the expansive structure. The insertion was constructed by permission of Charles V, king of Castile and Aragon. However, when Charles V visited the completed cathedral he was displeased by the result and famously commented, "they have taken something unique in all the world and destroyed it to build something you can find in any city."[citation needed]

text: Artisans and architects continued to add to the existing structure until the late 18th century.

text: 2000s Muslim campaign[edit]

text: Muslims across Spain have lobbied the Roman Catholic Church to allow them to pray in the complex, with the Islamic Council of Spain lodging a formal request with the Vatican.[16][17] However, Spanish church authorities and the Vatican have opposed this move.[18] These battles over the cathedral reflect the contested view of what constitutes Spanish history and Spanish identity.[39]

text: 2010 incident[edit]

text: In April 2010, two Muslim tourists were arrested at the Cathedral, after an incident in which two security guards were seriously injured. The incident occurred when the building was filled with tourists visiting the cathedral during Holy Week.[40][41]

text: According to cathedral authorities, when half a dozen Austrian Muslims, who were part of a group of 118 people on an organised tour for young European Muslims, knelt to pray at the same time, security guards stepped in and "invited them to continue with their tour or leave the building".[40][41] A fight took place between two of the tourists and the security guards. The security guards suffered serious injuries and had to be hospitalised and two Muslim men were detained.[40][41][42]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: The philosopher and poet Muhammad Iqbal, who is the national poet of Pakistan, visited the Great Cathedral of Córdoba in 1931–32. He asked the authorities to offer adhan at the cathedral. The deep emotional responses that the mosque evoked in him found expression in his poem called "The Mosque of Cordoba". Iqbal saw it as a cultural landmark of Islam and described it as:[43]

text:
Sacred for lovers of art, you are the glory of faith,
You have made Andalusia pure as a holy land![30]

text: Louis L'Amour's The Walking Drum features a detailed description of the Court of Oranges in the 12th century.

text: Burials[edit]

text: 'Abd al-Rahman I, reportedly under the site of the Mezquita


document_title: England at the UEFA European Championship

question_text: when did england not qualify for the euro

text: Overview[edit]

text:
UEFA European Championship record

Qualification record

Year
Round
Position
Pld
W
D *
L
GF
GA
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA

 1960
Did not enter
 –
 –
 –
 –
 –
 –

 1964
Did not qualify
2
0
1
1
3
6

 1968
Third place
3rd of 4
2
1
0
1
2
1
8
6
1
1
18
6

 1972
Did not qualify[14]
8
5
2
1
16
6

 1976
6
3
2
1
11
3

 1980
Group Stage
6th of 8
3
1
1
1
3
3
8
7
1
0
22
5

 1984
Did not qualify
8
5
2
1
23
3

 1988
Group Stage
7th of 8
3
0
0
3
2
7
6
5
1
0
19
1

 1992
Group Stage
7th of 8
3
0
2
1
1
2
6
3
3
0
7
3

 1996
Semi-Finals
3rd of 16
5
2
3
0
8
3
Qualified as hosts

  2000
Group Stage
11th of 16
3
1
0
2
5
6
10
4
4
2
16
5

 2004
Quarter-finals
5th of 16
4
2
1
1
10
6
8
6
2
0
14
5

  2008
Did not qualify
12
7
2
3
24
7

  2012
Quarter-finals
5th of 16
4
2
2
0
5
3
8
5
3
0
17
5

 2016
Round of 16
12th of 24
4
1
2
1
4
4
10
10
0
0
31
3

 2020
To Be Determined

Total
Third place (x2)
9/15
31
10
11
10
40
35
96
62
24
10
208
58

text: Italy 1968[edit]

text:
[show]

v
t
e

England squad – UEFA Euro 1968 third place

1 Banks
2 Newton
3 Wilson
4 Mullery
5 Labone
6 Moore (c)
7 Ball
8 Hunt
9 B. Charlton
10 Hurst
11 Peters
12 Stepney
13 West
14 Knowles
15 J. Charlton
16 Wright
17 Stiles
18 Summerbee
19 Hunter
20 Bell
21 Greaves
22 Thompson
Coach: Ramsey

text: Italy 1980[edit]

text:
[show]

v
t
e

England squad – UEFA Euro 1980

1 Clemence
2 Neal
3 Sansom
4 Thompson
5 Watson
6 Wilkins
7 Keegan (c)
8 Coppell
9 Johnson
10 Brooking
11 Woodcock
12 Anderson
13 Shilton
14 Cherry
15 Hughes
16 Mills
17 McDermott
18 Kennedy
19 Hoddle
20 Mariner
21 Birtles
22 Corrigan
Coach: Greenwood

text: West Germany 1988[edit]

text:
[show]

v
t
e

England squad – UEFA Euro 1988

1 Shilton
2 Stevens
3 Sansom
4 Webb
5 Watson
6 Adams
7 B. Robson (c)
8 Steven
9 Beardsley
10 Lineker
11 Barnes
12 Waddle
13 Woods
14 Anderson
15 McMahon
16 Reid
17 Hoddle
18 Hateley
19 Wright
20 Dorigo
Coach: R. Robson

text: Sweden 1992[edit]

text:
[show]

v
t
e

England squad – UEFA Euro 1992

1 Woods
2 Curle
3 Pearce
4 Keown
5 Walker
6 Wright
7 Platt
8 Steven
9 Clough
10 Lineker (c)
11 Sinton
12 Palmer
13 Martyn
14 Dorigo
15 Webb
16 Merson
17 Smith
18 Daley
19 Batty
20 Shearer
Coach: Taylor

text: England 1996[edit]

text:
[show]

v
t
e

England squad – UEFA Euro 1996 Semi-finalists

1 Seaman
2 G. Neville
3 Pearce
4 Ince
5 Adams (c)
6 Southgate
7 Platt
8 Gascoigne
9 Shearer
10 Sheringham
11 Anderton
12 Howey
13 Flowers
14 Barmby
15 Redknapp
16 Campbell
17 McManaman
18 Ferdinand
19 P. Neville
20 Stone
21 Fowler
22 Walker
Coach: Venables

text: Belgium/Netherlands 2000[edit]

text:
[show]

v
t
e

England squad – UEFA Euro 2000

1 Seaman
2 G. Neville
3 P. Neville
4 Campbell
5 Adams
6 Keown
7 Beckham
8 Scholes
9 Shearer (c)
10 Owen
11 McManaman
12 Southgate
13 Martyn
14 Ince
15 Barry
16 Gerrard
17 Wise
18 Barmby
19 Heskey
20 Phillips
21 Fowler
22 Wright
Coach: Keegan

text: Portugal 2004[edit]

text:
[show]

v
t
e

England squad – UEFA Euro 2004

1 James
2 G. Neville
3 A. Cole
4 Gerrard
5 Terry
6 Campbell
7 Beckham (c)
8 Scholes
9 Rooney
10 Owen
11 Lampard
12 Bridge
13 Robinson
14 P. Neville
15 King
16 Carragher
17 Butt
18 Hargreaves
19 J. Cole
20 Dyer
21 Heskey
22 Walker
23 Vassell
Coach: Eriksson

text: Poland/Ukraine 2012[edit]

text:
[show]

v
t
e

England squad – UEFA Euro 2012

1 Hart
2 Johnson
3 Cole
4 Gerrard (c)
5 Kelly
6 Terry
7 Walcott
8 Henderson
9 Carroll
10 Rooney
11 Young
12 Baines
13 Green
14 Jones
15 Lescott
16 Milner
17 Parker
18 Jagielka
19 Downing
20 Oxlade-Chamberlain
21 Defoe
22 Welbeck
23 Butland
Coach: Hodgson

text: Euro 2016[edit]

text:
[show]

v
t
e

England squad – UEFA Euro 2016

1 Hart
2 Walker
3 Rose
4 Milner
5 Cahill
6 Smalling
7 Sterling
8 Lallana
9 Kane
10 Rooney (c)
11 Vardy
12 Clyne
13 Forster
14 Henderson
15 Sturridge
16 Stones
17 Dier
18 Wilshere
19 Barkley
20 Alli
21 Bertrand
22 Rashford
23 Heaton
Coach: Hodgson

text: Group stage[edit]

text:
Pos
Team
[

v
t
e

]

Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification

1
 Wales
3
2
0
1
6
3
+3
6
Advance to knockout phase

2
 England
3
1
2
0
3
2
+1
5

3
 Slovakia
3
1
1
1
3
3
0
4

4
 Russia
3
0
1
2
2
6
−4
1

text:
England
1–1
 Russia

Dier  73'
Report
V. Berezutski  90+2'

text:
England
2–1
 Wales

Vardy  56'
Sturridge  90+2'

Report
Bale  42'

text:
Slovakia
0–0
 England

Report

text: Knockout phase[edit]

text:
England
1–2
 Iceland

Rooney  4' (pen.)
Report

R. Sigurðsson  6'
Sigþórsson  18'


document_title: Sports betting

question_text: sports betting is only legal in four states of the u.s. they are

text: Sports betting

text: Types of bets[edit]

text: United States of America[edit]

text:
Moneyline bets do not have a spread or handicap, and require the chosen team to win the game outright. The favoured team pays lower odds than does the underdog, thus, it acts mainly as an enticement to take the underdog for a better payout. Sometimes a bettor may couple this type of bet on the favored team to increase the payout of a parlay.
Spread betting are wagers that are made against the spread. The spread, or line, is a number assigned by the bookmakers which handicaps one team and favors another when two teams play each other and one is perceived as being more likely to win. The favorite "takes" points from the final score and the underdog "gives" points. This number can also be in increments of half-a-point (.5) even though very few sports have .5 point scoring (i.e., The Ryder Cup)

text: For example, before game 5 of the 2012 NBA Finals, the Miami Heat were expected to beat the Oklahoma City Thunder. The line read: Miami -3, Oklahoma City +3. To determine who wins against the spread, the line is either added or subtracted from a team's final score.

text: In the above example, if the bettor chose Miami, he would subtract 3 points from Miami's final score and compare that to Oklahoma City's final score. If taking Oklahoma City, he will add 3 points to Oklahoma City's final score.

text: For him to win his bet, Miami would have to win the game by 4 points or more.

text: And if a bettor took Oklahoma City, they would have to win outright or lose by less than 3 points.

text: If the final adjusted score is a tie, the bet is considered a push. This is the most common type of bet in American sports betting.

text:
Total (Over/Under) bets are wagers made based on the total score between both teams. Example, if an MLB game has a total of 10.5, an over bettor will want the combined total to be greater, and the opposite for a bettor taking the under. If the combined total is the same as the proposed total, the bet is a push.
Proposition bets are wagers made on a very specific outcome of a match not related to the final score, usually of a statistical nature. Examples include predicting the number of goals a star player scores in an Association Football match, betting whether a player will run for a certain number of yards in an American football game, or wagering that a baseball player on one team will accumulate more hits than another player on the opposing team.
Parlays. A parlay involves multiple bets that rewards successful bettors with a greater payout only if all bets in the parlay win. A parlay is at least two bets, but can be as many as the bookmaker will allow.

text: The possible payout of the parlay is determined by the combined likelihood of all bets placed. A parlay of riskier bets (more underdogs) will pay greater than a parlay of more likely bets (more favorites).

text: Teasers. A teaser is a parlay that gives the bettor an advantage at a lower, but still positive, payout if successful.

text: The bettor selects the sport(s), number of games, and number of points given.

text: If the bettor takes two NBA games at +6.5 it will adjust the individual bets at that rate. So a bet on a 3-point underdog at +3 will become a bet at +9.5 points, and for favorites, it will change a 3-point favorite at -3 to +3.5 points.

text: Although the rules to win his bet are the same as a parlay, he is paid less than a regular parlay due to the increased odds of winning.

text:
If bets. An if bet consists of at least two straight bets joined together by an if clause which determines the wager process. If the player’s first selection complies with the condition (clause), then the second selection will have action; if the second selection complies with the condition, then the third selection will have action and so on.
Run line, puck line, or goal line bets. These are wagers offered as alternatives to moneyline wagers in baseball, hockey, or soccer, respectively. These bets feature a fixed point spread that adjusts payouts based on the handicap between both teams. The greater the underdog, the more a winning bet on the underdog will pay.
Future wagers. While all sports wagers are by definition on future events, bets listed as "futures" generally have a long-term horizon measured in weeks or months; for example, a bet that a certain NFL team will win the Super Bowl for the upcoming season. Such a bet must be made before the season starts in September, and winning bets will not pay off until the conclusion of the Super Bowl in January or February (although many of the losing bets will be clear well before then and can be closed out by the book). Odds for such a bet generally are expressed in a ratio of units paid to unit wagered. The team wagered upon might be 50-1 to win the Super Bowl, which means that the bet will pay 50 times the amount wagered if the team does so. In general, most sportsbooks will prefer this type of wager due to the low win-probability, and also the longer period of time in which the house holds the player's money while the bet is pending.

text: A sports book may choose to buy in-play futures wagers at a price below the actual payout before a championship is decided if the potential payout is very high (and thus, damaging to the sports book due to the money that may be lost). The most recent example of this was when Leicester City pursued and went on to win the 2015/16 Premier League.

text:
Head-to-Head. In these bets, bettor predicts competitors results against each other and not on the overall result of the event. One example are Formula One races, where you bet on two or three drivers and their placement among the others. Sometimes you can also bet a “tie”, in which one or both drivers either have the same time, drop out, or get disqualified.
Totalizators. In totalizators (sometimes called flexible-rate bets) the odds are changing in real-time according to the share of total exchange each of the possible outcomes have received taking into account the return rate of the bookmaker offering the bet. For example: If the bookmakers return percentage is 90%, 90% of the amount placed on the winning result will be given back to bettors and 10% goes to the bookmaker. Naturally the more money bet on a certain result, the smaller the odds on that outcome become. This is similar to parimutuel wagering in horse racing and dog racing.
Half bets. A half (halftime) bet applies only to the score of the first or second half. This bet can be placed on the spread (line) or over/under. This can also be applied to a specific quarter in American football or basketball, a fewer number of innings in baseball, or a specific period in hockey.
In-play betting. In-play betting is a feature offered by some online sports books that enables bettors to place new bets while a sporting event is in progress, such as if a defense will force a field goal in the current drive or a baseball team will score a run in the current inning.

text: Bookmaking[edit]

text: The bookmaker functions as a market maker for sports wagers, most of which have a binary outcome: a team either wins or loses. The bookmaker accepts both wagers, and maintains a spread (the vigorish) which will ensure a profit regardless of the outcome of the wager. The Federal Wire Act of 1961 was an attempt by the US government to prevent illegal bookmaking.[1] However, this Act does not apply to other types of online gambling.[2] The Supreme Court has not ruled on the meaning of the Federal Wire Act as it pertains to online gambling.

text: Bookmakers usually hold an 11-10 advantage over their customers—for small wagers it is closer to a 6-5 advantage—so the bookmaker will most likely survive over the long term. Successful bookmakers must be able to withstand a large short term loss. (Boyd, 1981)

text: Many of the leading gambling bookmakers from the 1930s to the 1960s got their start during the prohibition era of the 1920s. They were often descendants of the influx of immigrants coming into the USA at this time. Although the common stereotype is that these bookies were of Italian descent, many leading bookies were of eastern European ancestry.[3]

text: Odds[edit]

text: Odds for different outcomes in single bet are presented either in European format (decimal odds), UK format (fractional odds), or American format (moneyline odds). European format (decimal odds) are used in continental Europe, Canada, and Australia. They are the ratio of the full payout to the stake, in a decimal format. Decimal odds of 2.00 are an even bet. UK format (fractional odds) are used by British bookmakers. They are the ratio of the amount won to the stake - the solidus "/" is pronounced "to" for example 7/1 "seven to one". Fractional odds of 1/1 are an even bet. US format odds are the amount won on a 100 stake when positive and the stake needed to win 100 when negative. US odds of 100 are an even bet.

text:
Decimal
Fractional
US
Hong Kong
Indo
Malay
Implied probability

1.50
1/2
-200
0.50
-2.00
0.50
1 in 1.5 = 67%

2.00
Evs (1/1)
+100
1.00
1.00
1.00
1 in 2 = 50%

2.50
6/4
+150
1.50
1.50
-0.67
1 in 2.5 = 40%

3.00
2/1
+200
2.00
2.00
-0.50
1 in 3 = 33%

text:
Conversion formulas

x
To
Do this

Decimal
Fractional
x-1, then convert to fraction

Decimal
US
100*(x-1) if x>2; -100/(x-1) if x<2

Fractional
Decimal
divide fraction, then x+1

Fractional
US
divide fraction, then 100*x if x>=1; -100/x if x<1

US
Decimal
(x/100)+1 if x>0; (-100/x)+1 if x<0

US
Fractional
x/100, if x>0; -100/x, if x<0

Decimal
Hong Kong
x-1

Hong Kong
Indo
x if x>=1; (1/x)*-1 if x<1

Hong Kong
Malay
x if x<=1; (1/x)*-1 if x>1

text: In Asian betting markets, other frequently used formats for expressing odds include Hong Kong, Malaysian, and Indonesian-style odds formats. Odds are also quite often expressed in terms of implied probability, which corresponds to the probability with which the event in question would need to occur for the bet to be a break-even proposition (on the average).

text: Many online tools also exist for automated conversion between these odds formats.

text: In setting odds, the bookmaker is subject to a number of limitations:[4]

text:
The probability implied by the odds should be greater than the true probability for each possible outcome to guarantee positive expected profit.
If the wagers on each outcome are made in ratio to the implied odds, then the bookmaker is guaranteed a profit (balanced book).

text: Legality[edit]

text: In many countries, bookmaking (the profession of accepting sports wagers) is regulated but not criminalized.

text: In areas where sports betting is illegal, bettors usually make their sports wagers with illicit bookmakers (known colloquially as "bookies") and on the Internet, where thousands of online bookmakers accept wagers on sporting events around the world.

text: The National Football League is fully against any sort of legalization of sports betting, strongly protesting it as to not bring corruption into the game. On the other hand, the CEO of the International Cricket Council believe sports betting, in particular in India, should be legalized to curb illegal bookies where match fixing has occurred from nontransparent bookmakers. Many of the illegal proceeds also allegedly go to fund terror, drugs and other illegal activities.[citation needed]

text: United States[edit]

text: In the United States of America, it is illegal to operate a betting scheme, except in Nevada, Oregon, Delaware, and Montana.[5] The NCAA has threatened to ban all playoff games in Delaware if the state allows betting on college sports.[6] New Jersey, which is also interested, has been similarly threatened.[7]

text: The PublicMind's 2010 national survey found that 67% of Americans did not support the legalization of Internet betting websites in the United States whereas 21% said they would support legalization.[8]

text: In a national poll released in December 2011, Fairleigh Dickinson University's PublicMind asked voters whether they “support or oppose changing the federal law to allow sports betting” in their respective states. Just as many voters approved (42%) as opposed (42%) allowing sports betting. However, voters who already live in households where family members (including themselves) engage in sports betting had a strongly favored legalization of sports betting (71%-23%), while voters in households where sports betting is not an activity, opposed legalization (46%-36%). Peter J. Woolley, professor of political science and director of the poll commented on the findings, “Gambling has become, for good or ill, a national industry, and you can bet that politicians and casinos all over the country are closely following New Jersey’s plans.”[9]

text: In a different study released by FDU’s PublicMind in October 2011, results showed that New Jersey voters thought legalizing sports betting in New Jersey was a good idea. Half of New Jersey voters (52%) said that they approved the idea of legalizing sports betting at Atlantic City casinos and racetracks, 31% opposed it. In addition, there was a significant gender split: a majority of men approved of the idea by a wide margin (65-21), while only 39% of women approved and 41% opposed.[10] The October results were stable, reflecting an earlier poll in April 2011 where New Jersey voters approved the legalization of sports betting in the state by a margin of 53%-30%. However, nearly two-thirds (66%) of voters were not aware of the upcoming statewide referendum on the issue. Age proved to be a divide: voters between the ages 18 and 34 were more likely to approve of sports betting than were older voters. Dr. Woolley commented: "But... younger voters... are far less likely to vote than other voters... As always, a lot depends on who actually shows up to vote."[11]

text: In February 2011, FDU's PublicMind released a poll which showed that half (55%) of voters agreed "that people bet on sports games anyway, so government should allow it and tax it." On the other hand, approximately (37%) of New Jersey voters concurred that betting on sports is "a bad idea because it promotes too much gambling and can corrupt sports." Again, by a significant margin (70%-26%), voters who already engage in sports betting in office pools tend to be more supportive of legal sports betting than other voters.[12]

text: Donald Hoover, FDU professor in International School of Hospitality and Tourism Management and former casino executive commented on the results, "Betting on sports is not an uncommon practice for many New Jerseyans, but for the most part, the state doesn't supervise it, doesn't tax it and doesn't take any revenue from it."[13] In 2010 a national poll showed that voters opposed sports betting in all states by a margin of 53-39. Woolley commented on the results, "If some states allow sports betting and profit by it, other states will want to follow."[14] Yet by December 2011, after New Jersey passed its sports betting referendum, the national measure shifted to 42-42.[9] In January 2012, New Jersey Governor Chris Christie signed legislation allowing sports betting in the state after it was approved in a nonbinding voter referendum in 2011. He announced on May 24, 2012 that he planned to go ahead and set up a system of wagering at the state's racetracks and casinos that fall, before the National Football League season ended.[15]

text: In 2012, despite federal law preventions, the state legislature of New Jersey and Governor Chris Christie signed a law that would allow sports betting to take place in New Jersey race tracks and Atlantic City casinos.[16] In August 2012, Fairleigh Dickinson University's PublicMind conducted a study on the issue. Voters were asked whether New Jersey should allow sports betting even if federal law prevents it from doing so, or wait to allow sports betting until federal law permits it. Results showed that nearly half (45%) of voters wanted to allow sports betting, while (38%) decided to wait and allow sports betting once Congress allows it. Krista Jenkins, director of the poll, commented, "Although support is not overwhelming, these numbers suggest the public is cautiously behind the goal of moving forward with legalized sports betting."[17]

text: In November 2014, a poll found that there had been a major shift in attitudes towards sports betting in the United States, showing that 55% of Americans now favored legal sports betting, while 66% of respondents agreed that this should be regulated by state laws, as opposed to federal legislation.[18] The poll also suggested that 33% of respondents disagreed with the notion of legalization.

text: In June 2017, the United States Supreme Court announced that it would hear New Jersey's case in the fall of 2017, contradicting the position of the US Acting Solicitor General, Jeffrey Wall, who asked that the case not be heard in May 2017.[19] In September 2017, a poll conducted by the Washington Post and the University of Massachusetts Lowell shows 55% majority of adults in the U.S. approve of legalizing betting on pro sporting events.[20]

text: Positions of American professional sports leagues[edit]

text: The positions of the four major American sports leagues (representing American football, baseball, basketball and ice hockey) have become more complex since their decision to embrace daily fantasy sports (DFS) in 2014, which are described by those within the industry as "almost identical to a casino" in nature. With the contention by critics that such activities blur the lines between gambling and fantasy sports, the endorsement of all four major sports leagues and many individual franchises provided a marked contrast to their positions on betting.[21]

text: While the National Basketball Association (NBA) was once active in preventing sports betting law relaxation, current NBA Commissioner Adam Silver became the first major sports leader to break from previous administrative opposition to gambling. In 2014 he stated in a New York Times op-ed, "I believe that sports betting should be brought out of the underground and into the sunlight where it can be appropriately monitored and regulated."[22] In 2017, with support for legalization growing, he confirmed his belief that "legalized sports betting is inevitable".[23]

text: Major League Baseball (MLB) Commissioner Rob Manfred has also advocated the league changing its stance on sports betting, with both Manfred and Silver noting that the scale of illegal sports betting makes opposition to betting meaningless. He also stated a willingness to "try to shape" any future legislation at federal level. This was noted as a marked contrast to former Commissioner of the MLB Bud Selig, with Manfred going beyond tacit approval and stating, "There is this buzz out there in terms of people feeling that there may be an opportunity here for additional legalized sports betting."[24]

text: The National Football League (NFL) remains the only sports league to maintain public opposition to sports betting, however critics have noted that with the move of the Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas in 2019, the NFL has positioned itself for legalization, while simultaneously contradicting its long-held position that sports betting in NFL markets would lead to potential match-fixing.[25] Commissioner Roger Goodell agreed with Manfred in a July 2017 seminar that betting on in-game events, as opposed to the outcome of games, was a more palatable form of sports betting.[26]

text: The National Hockey League (NHL) has not stated a public position for or against sports betting, with Commissioner Gary Bettman noting that they are smaller than the NBA and NFL and less vulnerable to negative issues as a result.

text: The American Gaming Association stated in June 2017, that a coalition will advocate for the repeal of the United States' sports betting ban.[27]

text: In February 2018, a lobbying document surfaced advocating a new position held by the NBA and MLB - that sports leagues should be financially compensated for betting activity.[28]

text: Famous betting scandals[edit]

text: In 1919, the Chicago White Sox faced the Cincinnati Reds in the World Series. This series would go down as one of the biggest sports scandals of all time. As the story goes, professional gambler Joseph Sullivan paid eight members of the White Sox (The players involved were Oscar Felsch, Arnold Gandil, Shoeless Joe Jackson, Fred McMullin, Charles Risberg, George Weaver, and Claude Williams) around 10,000 dollars each to fix the World Series. All eight players were banned from playing professional baseball for the rest of their lives.[29] Pete Rose, the all-time MLB leader in hits, was similarly banned from baseball in 1989 for betting on games while he was a MLB manager.

text: The rule against gambling in baseball is known as "Rule 21," which is publicly posted on dugout walls and states: "Any player, umpire, or club or league official or employee, who shall bet any sum whatsoever on any baseball game in connection with which the bettor has a duty to perform shall be declared permanently ineligible." People permanently banned from Major League Baseball are also forever banned from entry into the Baseball Hall of Fame, although most such people have been reinstated a few years later by a later Commissioner of Baseball. For instance, Mickey Mantle and Willie Mays were both banned from baseball in 1983 after taking jobs as casino greeters (which would have expelled them from the Hall of Fame had it been allowed to stand); they were reinstated two years later. Only Rose has yet to be reinstated.

text: A 1906 betting scandal between the Massillon Tigers and Canton Bulldogs, two of the top teams in professional American football in the early 1900s, led to the demise of "big-money" professional football for several years. Modern research has suggested that the claims of betting were unsubstantiated.

text: On December 7, 1980 the San Francisco 49ers overcame a halftime deficit of 28 points in what became the greatest regular season comeback victory in NFL regular season history. By the beginning of the third quarter, notorious Vegas bookmaker Frank Rosenthal received forfeiture notices from 246 San Francisco bettors totaling more than $25,000 in premature winnings. Rosenthal was able to retain these winnings despite the final outcome of the game due to gambling regulations previously established by the NAGRA.

text: The Cronje Affair was an India-South Africa Cricket match fixing scandal that went public in 2000.[30] It began in 1996 when the-then captain of the South African national cricket team, Hansie Cronje, was convinced by Mukesh "John" Gupta, an Indian bookmaker, to throw a match during a Test in Kanpur, India. The scheme was discovered when Delhi police recorded illegal dealings between Indian bookmaker Sanjay Chawla and Cronje. According to the Telegraph in 2010, Cronje was paid off a total of £65,000 from Gupta.[31]

text: Corruption in tennis has been long considered as issue.[32] In 2011, the former world No. 55 Austrian tennis player, Daniel Koellerer, became the first tennis player to be banned for life for attempting to fix matches. The violations were outstanding between October 2009 and July 2010 after The Tennis Integrity Units had launched an investigation on behalf of the International Tennis Federation and the ATP and WTA tours. In 2004 and 2006, Koellerer was banned for six months due to his bad behavior. In addition, on August 2010, he facilitated betting by placing odds for matches and had links for placing bets.[33]


document_title: General conference (Latter Day Saints)

question_text: when was the first lds general conference held

text: General conference (Latter Day Saints)

text: Frequency and locations[edit]

text: The first general conference of the newly formed Church of Christ was held on June 9, 1830, in Fayette, New York, presided over by Joseph Smith.[2] It included a gathering of 27 members of the two-month-old church.

text: Originally, conferences of the church were held approximately every three months, as suggested by a revelation which outlined the initial organization of the church.[1] Beginning in 1832, the conferences were held less frequently, usually to conduct special church business or to respond to special church needs. At these early conferences, Smith would occasionally receive revelations, which were later canonized as part of the Doctrine and Covenants. During this time, rather than convening a general conference, often the church would hold local conferences that were held in various locations. Once the majority of the church gathered in Nauvoo, Illinois, it settled into a more regular pattern of holding general conferences twice per year, in April and October.

text: The following are the dates and locations of the general conferences from the establishment of the church until Smith's death in 1844:

text:
Date
Location
Notes

June 9, 1830[2]
Fayette, New York
First general conference of the Church of Christ.

September 26–28, 1830[3]
Fayette, New York
Two revelations were received by Smith.[4]

January 2, 1831[5]
Fayette, New York
A revelation was received by Smith.[6]

June 3–6, 1831[7]
Kirtland, Ohio
The office of high priest was created.

October 11, 25–26, 1831[8]
Hiram and Orange, Ohio
The meeting on October 11 was held at Hiram, while the meetings on October 25–26 were held at Orange. Asked for further details on how the Book of Mormon was produced, Smith stated that "it was not intended to tell the world all the particulars of the coming forth of the Book of Mormon [and] that it was not expedient for him to relate these things".[8] A revelation was received by Smith.[9]

January 25, 1832[10]
Amherst, Ohio
Smith was sustained as the President of the High Priesthood for the first time.

April 6, 1833[11]
Independence, Missouri
Smith notes that "[t]his was the first attempt made by the Church to celebrate the anniversary of her birthday, and those who professed not our faith talked about it as a strange thing".[11]

May 3, 1834[12]
Kirtland, Ohio
A resolution was unanimously adopted "that this Church shall be known hereafter by the name of the Church of the Latter Day Saints".[13]

May 2, 1835[14]
Kirtland, Ohio
First general conference after the organization of the Quorum of the Twelve and the Seventy.

December 22, 1836[15]
Kirtland, Ohio

September 3, 1837[16]
Kirtland, Ohio

April 7, 1838[17]
Far West, Missouri

October 5–6, 1838[18]
Far West, Missouri
First conference after the name of the church had been changed to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. John Taylor sustained as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve.

October 6–8, 1839[19]
Commerce, Illinois

April 6–8, 1840[20]
Nauvoo, Illinois

October 3–5, 1840[21]
Nauvoo, Illinois

April 7–8, 1841[22]
Nauvoo, Illinois

October 2–5, 1841[23]
Nauvoo, Illinois

April 6–7, 1842[24]
Nauvoo, Illinois

August 29, 1842[25]
Nauvoo, Illinois
Special conference to address claims about the church being spread by John C. Bennett.

April 6–9, 1843[26]
Nauvoo, Illinois

October 6–9, 1843[27]
Nauvoo, Illinois
Smith expressed his dissatisfaction with Sidney Rigdon, his counselor in the First Presidency. After hearing defences from Rigdon and others, the church voted to sustain Rigdon as a counselor in the First Presidency. In response, Smith stated, "I have thrown him off my shoulders, and you have again put him on me. You may carry him, but I will not."[27]

April 6–9, 1844[28]
Nauvoo, Illinois
As part of the conference, Smith preached the King Follett discourse. Final general conference before Smith's death.

text: After Smith's death[edit]

text: Following Smith's death and the resulting succession crisis, general conferences have been practiced in different forms by the various denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement.

text: General Conferences of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints[edit]

text: In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), general conferences are a semiannual meeting where general authorities and other church leaders preach sermons and give guidance to church members. Changes to church leadership are also proposed and sustained through the principle of common consent. General conferences are held on the weekends containing the first Sunday in April and the first Sunday in October.

text: The conferences have been held in Salt Lake City, Utah, since 1848; they were held in the Salt Lake Tabernacle on Temple Square from 1867 to 2000 and in the Conference Center after that.

text: Various speakers will generally include all members of the First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, along with other selected church leaders. Almost every general authority of the church is present, though outside the First Presidency and Twelve only few speak. Non-general authority speakers may include male and female officers of auxiliary organizations.

text: During one session the conducting officer presents all the church's general authorities and general officers for a formal sustaining vote of the membership, and it is usually at this time that any changes among the general church leadership are announced.

text: Frequently, significant announcements are made at general conference, which may include building sites for new temples or the institution of new policies or programs.

text: The Mormon Tabernacle Choir along with the organist at the Conference Center generally provide the majority of the music at LDS Church general conferences.

text: World Conference in Community of Christ[edit]

text: World Conference is the name given to the triennial meeting of delegates of Community of Christ. They were originally called General Conferences and were held semiannually, or as need arose.

text: The World Conference is the highest legislative body in the Community of Christ and is empowered to act for the entire church. Delegates to the conference are elected by Mission Center conferences. Motions are often debated vigorously and the results are sometimes controversial. World Conferences are traditionally held at Community of Christ World Headquarters, with the legislative and main worship services held in the Auditorium.