document_title: Wild 'n Out

question_text: when does season 11 of wild n out start

question_tokens: when does season 11 of wild n out start

text: Wild 'n Out

text: Premise[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Similar in premise to shows such as Whose Line Is It Anyway?, the series puts two teams of comedians against each other in a series of Wild 'n Out games which are all basically "improvisational" comedy games. The Teams are the "Red Squad", which was the team name until season 5 where they became the "Platinum Squad" and were permanently captained by Cannon; and the "Black Squad", led by a celebrity guest until season 7 where the situation was reversed with Cannon becoming the Black Squad team captain and the celebrity guest leading the Platinum Squad. For season 8, the colors were revamped once again with the Gold Squad replacing the Black Squad. The Gold Squad is led by Cannon while the celebrity guest remains captain of the Platinum Squad. However starting in Season 9, Nick returned to leading his original Red Squad team color while the Black Squad team color returned also.

text: After three such games, the two teams square off against each other in the final round of the game called 'WildStyle', in which they must deliver a punchline directed at their opponent's team member(s) within a freestyle rap. The comedians "beef" with each other; however, some are impersonal jokes. Although similar to Whose Line, the "points don't matter", the teams score one point per round victory during the normal rounds, plus one point per favorably judged punchline during 'Wild Style', which makes it similar in format to the improv show ComedySportz.[6]

text: Each episode also includes a musical performance, occasionally by the guest captain for the Black/Platinum Squad (Nick Cannon performed with Migos in Season 6 in the episode featuring Chanel Iman). At times, the musical guest comes out just before 'Wild Style' as the judge for the beefs. Major changes were implemented for the second season including shifting the show location to Hollywood and the teams now compete for a "Wild 'n Out" Championship belt which if the Black Squad wins, the team captain gets to take home.

text: Production[edit]

text: For the first four seasons, the show filmed from Los Angeles/Hollywood and aired on MTV. The first run episodes were suspended as Mr. Renaissance Entertainment became Ncredible Entertainment in 2012. Upon being revived in 2012, the show was produced in New York City and aired on MTV2 during Seasons 5–7, it also returned to that location for Season 9. In 2016, the show returned to airing new episodes on MTV and also for the first time since Season 4, production is in Los Angeles.

text: The "Wild 'n Out Theme Song" for Seasons 1–4 was produced by Fatman Scoop. The theme music for Season 5 onward was created by Cannon himself, with a new remixed version made for Season 8.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Season 1–4[edit]

text:
Nick Cannon
DJ D-Wrek
Affion Crockett
Alanna Ubach
Biz Markie
Brandon T. Jackson
Cameron Goodman
Carlos "Spanky" Hayes
Christine Lakin
Clinton Sparks
Corey Holcomb
Darrel Heath
Deon Cole
DeRay Davis
Dominique
Earthquake
Gene Hong
Guy Torry
Jackie Long
John Brown
Joshua Funk
Katt Williams
Kevin Hart
Leonard Robinson
Loni Love
Luenell
Marques Ray
Mikey Day
Nic Nac
Nyima Funk
Randall Park
N. Shiver
Rasika Mathur
Rob Hoffman
Scruncho
$hamrock
Taran Killam

text: Seasons 5–7[edit]

text:
Nick Cannon
DJ D-Wrek
Aarona Lopez
Akaash Singh
Anthony "Chico" Bean
B-Daht
Blair Christian
Carlos "Spanky" Hayes
Chaunte Wayans
Conceited
Corey Holcomb
Darren Brand
DC Young Fly
DeRay Davis
DoBoy
Emmanuel Hudson
Esther Ku
Hitman Holla
Hunter Steibel
Jack Thriller
Jacob Williams
James Davis
Jon Gabrus
Jess Hilarious
Karlous Miller
King Bach
Kojo
Lauren Flans
Matt Rife
Mikey Day
Natasha Rothwell
Pete Davidson
Rasika Mathur
Rip Micheals
Rosa Acosta
Shak Standley
Shawty
TattooManPaige
Timothy DeLaGhetto
Will "Spank" Horton
LuiFromDaRock

text: Season 8-present[edit]

text:
Nick Cannon
DJ D-Wrek
Chico Bean
B-Daht
Becky "Pickles" Robinson
Sharha Daganta
B.Simone
Blair Christian
Alan Landaverde
Bobb'e J. Thompson
Charlie Clips
Corey Charron
Cristian Oliveras
Conceited (rapper)
Corey Holcomb
Julia Young
Cynthia LuCiette
Darren Brand
DC Young Fly
DeRay Davis
Dewayne Perkins
DoBoy
Elgin "Davisito" David
Emmanuel Hudson
Funny Mike
Hitman Holla
Jack Thriller
Jacob Williams
Jess Hilarious
Burpie
Jon Gabrus
Justina Valentine
Karlous Miller
Lil' JJ
Matt Rife
Michael Blackson
Nate Jackson
Rip Micheals
Ross Bryant
Royce
Renny
Timothy DeLaGhetto
Tonio Skits
Watts Homiequan
Vena E
Zoie[disambiguation needed]

text: Games[edit]

text:
World's Worst: a game where the world best goes wrong; introduced in Season 1 in an episode featuring SNL comedian, Kenan Thompson.
You Can't Say That: A game where the most inappropriate thing is said on live TV; this game was first introduced in Season 1 in an episode featuring Wu-Tang Clan member, Method Man.
Let Me Holla: Members from each team use a pick up line on a Wild'n Out girl. If it's funny, it gets a bell; if it's unfunny, it gets a buzzer. The team with the most points wins.
The Interrogation Game: an improv comedy game of interrogating an unknown suspect and the suspect must give out a clue of who they are. This was used in Season 1 by Christina Milian.
The Hating Game: a comedic version of the Dating Game with bad intentions heard about the bachelors. Used in Season 1 featuring guest team captain, Fonzworth Bentley.
Before and After: A game where one person from each team is giving a category as he/she must act out a person or thing before and after.
Tore Up from the Floor Up: A game where people from the audience are called to walk the runway as the teams clown about the outfits. the team with funny lines, earn bells. Buzzers for non-funny jokes.
Celebrity Death Battle: an improv game where two people rhyme as the celebrities shown in a picture.
Turn Up For What: A member from each team shout "Turn up......" The audience then ask "Turn up for what?" If the reply is funny, music is played; if it's unfunny, they get crickets. The team with the most points wins.
Got Props: Each team is given a prop and has to use it in a scenario. If it's funny, it gets a bell; if it's unfunny, it gets a buzzer. The team with the most points wins.
That's My Dog: A game where two people of the same team (one the owner of the dog and the other as the dog) must come to an understanding of clues DJ D-Wrek gives out. First introduced in Season 1 by principal cast member (later guest team captain), Kevin Hart.
Unhappily Ever After: A funny take on fairy tales with bad endings. Used in Season 1 by guest team captain, Kanye West.
Remix: Each team has to remix a nursery rhyme or a song of some sort. The audience decides the winner after.
Trap N Out: an alternative version of Remix first introduced in Wild N' Out Season 8 when Migos were team captains/performers.
R and Beef: Each team has to make a R&B song from audience suggestions or problems. The audience decides the winner after.
Rock N Beef: An alternative version of R & Beef used in an episode featuring Pete Wentz of Fall Out Boy.
Pie or Die: Each member is given a word and has to use it correctly in a freestyle rap. If they use it correctly, they gain a bell. If they don't use it correctly, screw up the rap by forgetting what to say next, they get a pie to the face. The team with the most bells wins.
Talking Spit: The team captains sit down and fill their mouth with water. Opposite members of each team try to make them laugh. The team that has the most spits loses.
Pillow Talk: An alternative version of Talkin' Spit using pillows in substitution of water bottles and a bucket. This concept was used in an episode featuring Victoria's Secret model Chanel Iman.
Family Reunion: Each member of each team have to introduce a member of the audience as their "family member" and if the introduction is funny they get a bell, if it's unfunny they get a buzzer. The team with the most points wins.
Eat Dat Ass Up: Each team is given a random dance to do. The team that does it the best wins.
Plead the Fifth: The team captain of both teams sit in a cage and are asked questions by the opposing members. The captains have to answer the questions truthfully. The only way to get out of answering the question is saying "I plead the fifth". The team who pleads the fifth the most loses.
Now You Wild Out: Each team is given a place to rap a description about what to do at the place and end with punchline "Now You Wild Out" and its keep going until one team can't think of a rhyme. The team with the most points wins.
Pick up and Kill it: One person from each team is rap battling about a specific topic. The team with most points wins.
Flow Job: One member of each team must freestyle rap about the occupation they are given to a Wild 'n Out girl. If she gets it, they earn a bell, and if she doesn't, they get a buzzer.
Twerk Work: Teams make up twerk songs based on occupation suggestions from twitter. The audience decides the winner after.
Breaking Up Is Hard to Do: Members from each team use their best breaking up technique on a wild'n out girl. If it's funny, it gets a bell; if it's unfunny, it gets a buzzer. The team with the most points wins.
So Fly: Members from each team compliment their captain. If it's funny, it gets a bell; if it's unfunny, it gets a buzzer. The team with the most points wins.
So Ballin': an alternative version of So Fly used in Season 4 by rap artist, Jim Jones.
Late Night Questions: A game were one person ask a question in bed causing the other to be uncomfortable.
Star Sightings: Members from each team go out and find people in the audience that look like stars. If it's funny, it gets a bell; if it's unfunny, it gets a buzzer. The team with the most points wins.
Who's On The Pole: Members from each team can say jokes about audience members who go up on stage and dance on the pole. If it's funny, it gets a bell; if it's not funny, you get nothing. The team with the most points wins.
Bail Me Out: Members from each team try to get their captain to say which celebrity they are trying to be. The team that gets the most right wins.
Wildagram: DJ D-Wrek will give each team a celebrity name and they got 15 seconds to act out their "Wildagram" post. If it's funny, it gets a bell; if it's unfunny, it gets a buzzer. The team with the most points wins.
Instaham: Photo of a celebrity will be shown on the screen and the cast members have to explain what happened with a funny punchline. If it's funny, it gets a bell; if it's unfunny, it gets a buzzer. The team with the most points wins. This game was introduced in Season 1 as Snap on the Shots with guest team captain, Eva Pigford.
Hood Jeopardy: Jeopardy with a twist, each team member can go up and say the answer to whats on screen. If it's funny, it gets a bell; if it's unfunny, it gets a buzzer. The team with the most points wins.

text: Broadcast history[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text:
No.
Team captain
Writer
Performer/guest
Original airdate
No. in total

1

"Orlando Jones"
Nick Cannon
Cassidy/Biz Markie
July 28, 2005

1

The first episode sets up the whole season. The start off the show by playing "The Questions Game", in which the Black and Red team can only ask each other questions. Orlando Jones comes up with a funny question, "Did Yo Mamma tell you?", and wins it for the Black Team. The second game they play is "Tore up from the Floor Up". They bring people out of the audience that they think look funny and make fun of them. During this game Robert Hoffman strips nearly all the way down, leaving his underwear and his long, white, grey-on-the-tip socks. Robert Hoffman seems to love being in his socks, and leaves his shoes off for a while. Hoffman's team wins that round. The 3rd game is a game called "I’m On the List!", wherein the Black Team and the Red Team have to act out celebrity personalities and the team captains have to figure out who the impression is of, then let that "celebrity" into the club. The Red Team wins the 3rd game. And the last game is called "Wild Style". The cast has to go head to head free styling each other and making punch lines. Who ever is the funniest wins the whole game. The Red Team Wins the whole thing! Cassidy comes through and plays "I'm A Hustla" from his album I'm A Hustla.

2

"Christina Milian"
Nick Cannon
Common
August 4, 2005

2

Nick Cannon on the Red Team goes against Christina Millian on the Black Team to see who can win. Christina Millian tries to take Nick Cannon's comedy crown. They play "Talkin' Spit", "The Interrogation Game", "R&Beef" and "Wild Style" like they do at the end of the show every night. Nick Cannon's Red Team wins at the end of the show. Common Performs "Go" from his album BE and break dances on the floor with Affion Crockett, one of the stars off "Nick Cannon Presents: Wild N' Out".

3

"Ying Yang Twins"
Nick Cannon
Ying Yang Twins
August 11, 2005

3

In this episode the Ying Yang Twins are the captain of the Black Team. In the first game called "Got Props?" the team members get a prop and use them to do funny things. The Black Team wins that round. In the next round called "Star Sightings" the two teams have to go out in the audience and find people that look like celebrities, but do it in a funny way. The Red Team wins that round. Up next is funny game called "That's My Dog", 1 person from each team has to be a dog, they only can bark and act out things, but they can’t speak. And the other person from each team has to find out what the dog is saying. The Black Team wins that game. In the last round called "Wild Style", the teams go head to head and do funny punch lines. The Red team wins that round, so that means they win the whole thing. Afterwards the Ying Yang Twins perform their hit song "Wait (The Whisper Song)" from their CD USA (United States of Atlanta).

4

"Kanye West"
Nick Cannon
Kanye West/Tracee Ellis Ross
August 18, 2005

4

This week's episode is with Kanye West, he is the captain of the Black Team. The first game is called "Tore up from the Floor Up", the teammates go out into the audience and get people that they think looks funny and sends them on stage and make punch lines about them. The Black Team wins that round. Next up is a game called "The Hating Game", it's like the dating game but the woman picks the guy that she hates the most by their lines. Tracee Ross plays the lady that pick between two guys that she hates the most. The Red Team wins that one. In this round they play a game called the "Unhappily Ever After" game, the audience comes up with a story that the cast comes up with that doesn’t end "Happily Ever After". The Red Team wins that. In the "Wildstyle" round Kanye West and Nick Cannon's team goes against each other making punch lines as they go along. Kanye's Black Team wins the whole thing. At the end Kanye hypes the crowd with a song from his "Late Registration" album called "Diamonds of Sierra Leone".

5

"Eva Pigford"
Nick Cannon
T.I. & P$C
August 25, 2005

5

This time the Black Team captain is Eva Pigford. She was along her protege Chynna Terrell. In the first game "Snap on the Shots", the team members off each team make jokes of pictures that come up on a screen: if it's funny, they get a ding; if it's not they get a buzzer. The Black Team wins that round. The 2nd game 1 person from each team has to sit in a chair and put water in his or her mouth, one of the people from each team and has to say something funny so that the other person can spit the water out of their mouth and win a point. The Red Team takes that round. The 3rd game is "60 Second Sequel" where the audience screams out a movie so that the team members can make a sequel to it. If the audience screams loud for a team that team wins. The Red team wins that round. In the last round "Wildstyle" the two teams go head to head making punch lines; the Red Team wins the last round. At the end T.I. and P$C perform "Set It Out".

6

"Kenan Thompson"
Nick Cannon
The Pussycat Dolls
September 1, 2005

6

This episode Kenan Thompson comes through and is the captain of the Black Team. In the 1st game "World's Worst" the team members have to do a skit and make fun of things that a person can do the worst of. The Red Team wins that round. The next game is called "Star Sightings": the two teams go out and find people in the audience that look like stars. In the 3rd game called "Unhappily Ever After", the team members make a skit of stories that end happily ever after, but the team has to make their ending unhappy and funny. The Red Team wins. In the last game "Wildstyle" they go against each other making funny punch lines. The Red Team wins it all. At the end The Pussycat Dolls perform their hit single "Don’t Cha".

7

"Fonzworth Bentley"
Nick Cannon
Trillville/Vanessa Minnillo
September 8, 2005

7

In this episode Farnsworth Bentley is the captain of the Black Team. In the first game called "Got Props?" the Wild N’ Out members have to do something funny with the props that are given to them. The Black Team takes that round. In the next game "Tore up from the Floor Up" the cast goes out and finds people they think are funny and send them on stage to make fun of them and how they are dressed. The Black Team wins that one. TRL’S host Vanessa Minnillo selects the Red Team as she plays the game "The Hating Game"; the Red Team wins that round. In the last round "Wildstyle" the Black Team wins overall. After the show Trillville plays a hit song from their album Some Cut.

8

"Omarion"
Nick Cannon
Lil Wayne
September 15, 2005

8

In the 8th episode Omarion is the captain of the Black Team. In the first game "World's Worst" the members do things that people can be the worst at; the Red Team wins the 1st round. In the 2nd round they play a game called "Do Dat Dance". DJ D-Wrek has to come up with a new dance move and the cast has to create it.  The Red Team wins again. In the next game called "Deaf Jam" they have to play out a song without saying any words, and their teammate has to figure it out. The Red Team wins this round too. In the last game "Wildstyle" everyone pitches in and goes against others. The Black team wins overall. Lil’ Wayne performs "Earthquake" after the show.

9

"Kevin Hart"
Nick Cannon
David Banner
September 22, 2005

9

Kevin Hart joins his black team crew in a game called "That's My Dog". That's where one teammate has to be a dog and the other has to be a person who tries to figure out what the person is saying. The Black Team wins that round. The next round DJ D-Wrek explains "The Questions Game" where a Red teammate and a Black teammate have to keep asking questions, and if one teammate doesn't know a question to ask the other team wins the point. The Red Team wins the round. In the next game "60 Second Sequel" both of the teams are giving a movie to make a sequel to. The Black Team wins that round. In the last round "WildStyle", at the end the black team wins. David Banner gets the crowd hyped with a song.

10

"Method Man"
Nick Cannon
Lil Scrappy
September 29, 2005

10

Method Man comes through, captain of the Black Team. They start it off playing the game "You Can't Say That Shit" were you can say bad things but not make it obvious you are saying it. The Black Team wins that. The next game they play is called "Star Sighting" where the person has to find an audience member that looks like a celebrity. The Black Team wins. Next up is the "R&Beef Game"; you have to sings songs that are really funny. The Black Team wins that one. At the end they play the "WildStyle" game. The Red Team wins the whole thing. Lil' Scrappy then performs "No Problem".

text: Season 2[edit]

text: The 2nd season contains a total of 10 episodes which were broadcast from February 2 to April 6, 2006 on MTV.

text:
Lil Jon (Team Captain & Performer)
Tyra Banks (Team Captain)
Cedric the Entertainer (Team Captain)
Marques Houston (Team Captain)
Rev Run (Team Captain)
Kelly Rowland (Team Captain)
Mike Jones (Team Captain & Performer)
Charlie Murphy (Team Captain)
Wayne Brady (Team Captain)
Mike Epps (Team Captain)
Ne-Yo     (Performer)
Sean Paul (Performer and special referee for WildStyle)
Three 6 Mafia (Performers)
Dem Franchize Boyz with Jermaine Dupri & Da Brat (Performers)
Young Jeezy with Akon (Performers)
Rhymefest (Performer for WildStyle)
Bobby Brown (Joined Red Squad for the game R & Beef in the Marques Houston episode)
Joy Bryant (Bachelorette for The Hating Game in the Mike Epps episode)
Rich Boy (Performer)
Busta Rhymes (Performer)
Paul Wall (Performer)
Pitbull (Performer)

text: Season 3[edit]

text: The 3rd season contains a total of 8 episodes which were broadcast from August 10 to October 5, 2006 on MTV.

text:
Big Boi (Team Captain & Performer)
Fat Joe (Team Captain)
Andy Milonakis (Team Captain)
Warren Sapp (Team Captain)
Jamie Kennedy (Team Captain)
E-40 (Team Captain & Performer)
Ray J (Team Captain)
Talib Kweli (Team Captain)
Purple Ribbon All-Stars (Performers; member Killer Mike was a guest judge for WildStyle)
Chamillionaire with Krayzie Bone (Performers)
Method Man (Performer)
Lupe Fiasco (Performer)
Field Mob (Performers)
Clipse and Pharrell (Performers)
Yung Joc (Performer)
Lil Jon (Judge for Remix in the Big Boi episode)
Nicole "Hoopz" Alexander (Judge for Let Me Holla in the E-40 episode)

text: Season 4[edit]

text: The 4th season contains a total of 20 episodes which were broadcast from May 12 to September 6, 2007 on MTV.

text:
Snoop Dogg (Team Captain & Performer)
Ne-Yo (Team Captain & Performer)
Lloyd (Team Captain & Performer)
Steve-O (Team Captain)
Fabolous (Team Captain & Performer)
Brooke Hogan (Team Captain)
Redman (Team Captain & Performer)
Swizz Beatz (Team Captain & Performer)
Tara Reid (Team Captain)
Young Buck (Team Captain & Performer)
Pauly Shore (Team Captain)
Jim Jones (Team Captain & Performer)
Serena Williams (Team Captain)
Common (Team Captain & Performer)
Terry Crews (Team Captain)
Paula DeAnda (Team Captain)
Big Boy (Team Captain)
Sommore (Team Captain)
Bruce Bruce (Team Captain)
Katt Williams (Team Captain)
Big Daddy Kane (Performer)
Three 6 Mafia (Performers)
Izzy Battle (Performer)
Nate Dogg (Performer)
The Fixxers (Performers & Judges for Wildstyle in the Pauly Shore episode)
Crime Mob (Performers)
Pretty Ricky (Performers)
Baby Boy da Prince (Performer & Judge for Wildstyle in the Paula DeAnda episode)
Unk (Performer)
Mike Jones (Performer)
Paul Wall (Performer)
Huey (Performer)
Lil Jon (Special Guest in the Common episode)
Liz Hernandez (bachelorette for the Hating Game in the Big Boy episode)

text: Season 5[edit]

text: The 5th season contains a total of 12 episodes which were broadcast from July 9 to September 24, 2013 on MTV2.

text:
Kevin Hart (Team Captain )
Mac Miller (Team Captain & Performer)
2 Chainz (Team Captain & Performer)
Vinny Guadagnino (Team Captain)
French Montana (Team Captain & Performer)
A$AP Rocky (Team Captain & Performer)
Amar'e Stoudemire (Team Captain)
Lil Duval (Team Captain)
Chanel West Coast (Team Captain)
Joe Budden (Team Captain & Performer)
Machine Gun Kelly (Team Captain & Performer)
DJ Khaled (Performer)
Talib Kweli (Performer)
Macklemore & Ryan Lewis (Performers)
Joey Badass (Performer)
Pusha T (Performer)
Kirko Bangz (Performer)
Mike Epps (Special Guest)
Cast of Guy Code (Special Guests)
Mariah Carey (Special Guest)
Big Boi (Special Guest)
Styles P (Special Guest)

text: Season 6[edit]

text: The 6th season contains a total of 16 episodes which were broadcast from July 2, 2014 to February 4, 2015 on MTV2.

text:
Rick Ross (Team Captain & Performer)
Nelly (Team Captain & Performer)
Skylar Diggins (Team Captain)
Bow Wow (Team Captain)
Chrissy Teigen (Team Captain)
Austin Mahone (Team Captain & Performer)
Riff Raff (Team Captain & Performer)
Asher Roth (Team Captain)
Tech N9ne (Team Captain & Performer)
Amber Rose (Team Captain)
Brandon T. Jackson (Team Captain)
Maino (Team Captain)
Chanel Iman (Team Captain)
Peter Gunz (Team Captain)
Sage The Gemini (Team Captain & Performer)
Adrian Broner (Team Captain)
Meek Mill (Performer)
Vic Mensa (Performer)
Que (Performer)
PWD (Performers)
Troy Ave (Performer)
Krizz Kaliko (Performer)
Wiz Khalifa (Performer)
Wonder Broz (Performers)
Yo Gotti (Performer)
Rich Homie Quan (Performer)
Migos (Performers)
Angel Haze (Performer)
Michael Strahan (Special Guest)
Drita D'Avanzo (Special Guest)
MURS (Special Guest)
Jim Jones (Special Guest)
Jessica White (Special Guest)

text: Season 7[edit]

text: The 7th season contains a total of 16 episodes which were broadcast from June 10, 2015 to January 6, 2016 on MTV2. There are also stand up specials after the episodes in this season are finished.

text:
Fabolous (Team Captain & Performer)
Rae Sremmurd (Team Captains & Performers)
T-Pain (Team Captain & Performer)
Pete Wentz (Team Captain)
Zendaya (Team Captain)
Ne-Yo (Team Co-Captain & Performer)
Nick Young (Team Captain)
Ty Dolla $ign (Team Captain & Performer)
Mack Wilds (Team Captain)
DJ Drama (Team Co-Captain)
DeJ Loaf (Team Captain & Performer)
A$AP Ferg (Team Captain & Performer)
Jordin Sparks (Team Captain)
Snoop Dogg (Team Co-Captain & Performer)
Shaquille O'Neal (Team Captain)
Ray J (Team Captain)
Remy Ma (Team Captain)
Tiny Lister, Jr. (Team Captain)
Fat Joe (Team Captain & Performer)
Fetty Wap (Performer)
French Montana (Performer)
O.T. Genasis (Performer)
Migos (Performers)
K Camp (Performer)
Hitman Holla & Conceited (Performers)
Kevin Hart (Special Guest)
Safaree Samuels (Special Guest)
A-Town & Snacks (Special Guests)
IceJJFish (Special Guest)
Hailey Clauson (Special Guest)
Arsonal Da Rebel (Special Guest)
Lil Duval (Special Guest & Performer)
The Breakfast Club (Special Guests)
The Kid Mero & Desus (Special Guests)

text: Season 8[edit]

text: The 8th season contains a total of 21 episodes which were broadcast from August 4, 2016 to April 20, 2017 on MTV, marking the first time in almost a decade that the show aired new episodes on its original network.

text:
Tyga (Team Captain & Performer)
Iggy Azalea (Team Captain & Performer)
Waka Flocka Flame (Team Captain)
Travis Scott (Team Captain & Performer)
Bella Thorne (Team Captain)
Jadakiss (Team Co-Captain & Performer)
T.I. (Team Captain & Performer)
Young Dro (Team Co-Captain)
Lil Dicky (Team Captain & Performer)
Keke Palmer (Team Captain)
Erykah Badu (Team Co-Captain)
Timbaland (Team Captain)
Stevie J & Joseline Hernandez (Team Captains)
2 Chainz (Team Captain & Performer)
K. Michelle (Team Captain)
Flo Rida (Team Co-Captain & Performer)
Trevor Jackson (Team Captain)
Chris Paul (Team Captain)
Samantha Hoopes (Team Captain)
Trina (Team Captain & Performer)
Lil Bibby (Team Captain)
Migos (Team Captains & Performers)
Faizon Love (Team Captain)
Deontay Wilder (Team Captain)
Omarion (Team Captain & Performer)
Tate Kobang (Performer)
Curren$y (Performer)
Kehlani (Performer)
Yo Gotti (Performer)
DRAM (rapper) (Performer)
ILoveMemphis (Performer)
Jeremih (Performer)
Dreezy (Performer)
2 Milly (Performer)
Tory Lanez (Performer)
Scott Disick (Special Guest)
Travis Mills (Special Guest)
Erica Mena (Special Guest)
DJ Whoo Kid (Special Guest)
Russell Simmons (Special Guest)
Rachel Hilbert (Special Guest)
Mack Wilds (Special Guest)
Too $hort (Special Guest)
Lyfe Jennings (Special Guest)
Les Twins (Special Guests)
Jay Leno (Special Guest)
Antonio Cromartie (Special Guest)
Lance Stephenson (Special Guest)
Don Benjamin (Special Guest)
Russell Peters (Special Guest)
Ta'Rhonda Jones (Special Guest)
Safaree Samuels (Special Guest)

text: Season 9[edit]

text: The 9th season contains a total of 16 episodes which were broadcast from June 29 to October 5, 2017 on MTV.

text:
Chance the Rapper (Team Captain & Performer)
Vic Mensa (Team Captain & Performer)
Dave East (Team Captain & Performer)
Nev Schulman (Team Co-Captain)
Lil Yachty  (Team Captain & Performer)
Blac Chyna (Team Captain)
The Cast of The New Edition Story (Team Captains)
Tami Roman (Team Captain)
Remy Ma (Team Captain)
Papoose (Team Co-Captain)
Killer Mike (Team Captain)
Young M.A (Team Captain & Performer)
Rick Ross  (Team Captain & Performer)
Jake Miller (Team Captain & Performer)
Lil Rel Howery (Team Captain)
LeSean McCoy (Team Captain)
DJ Self (Team Captain)
Wendy Williams (Team Captain)
Saba (Performer)
It's A Movie (Performer)
Nick Grant (Performer)
Lecrae (Performer)
Hitman Holla & Conceited (Performers)
Run the Jewels (Performers)
Ayo & Teo (Performers)
Kid the Wiz, SNS & The Waffle Crew (Performers)
Kodie Shane (Performer)
Blac Youngsta (Performer)
Terrence Jenkins (Special Guest)
Method Man (Special Guest)
Dick Gregory (Special Guest)
Naturi Naughton (Special Guest)
YesJulz (Special Guest)
Shameik Moore (Special Guest)
Mia Kang (Special Guest)
Todrick Hall (Special Guest)
Demaris Lewis (Special Guest)
Cipha Sounds (Special Guest)

text: Season 10[edit]

text: The 10th season contains a total of 16 episodes which were broadcast from November 30, 2017 to March 1, 2018 on MTV.

text:
Desiigner (Team Captain & Performer)
Wu-Tang Clan (Team Captains & Performers)
Serayah (Team Captain & Performer)
Santa Claus (Team Captain)
Pete Davidson (Team Captain)
PnB Rock (Team Co-Captain & Performer)
Machine Gun Kelly (Team Captain & Performer)
Ayo & Teo (Team Captains & Performers)
Keyshia Cole (Team Captain & Performer)
Fabolous (Team Captain & Performer)
Elijah Kelley (Team Co-Captain)
The Combs Brothers (Team Captains & Performers)
Tee Grizzley (Team Captain & Performer)
Wyclef Jean (Team Captain & Performer)
Kyle (Team Captain & Performer)
Gary Owen (Team Captain)
A Boogie wit da Hoodie (Team Captain & Performer)
Don Q (Team Co-Captain & Performer)
A$AP Mob (Team Captains & Performers)
Jacquees (Performer)
21 Savage (Performer)
Kranium (Special Guest)
Sommer Ray (Special Guest)
Fatboy SSE (Special Guest)
Slick Woods (Special Guest)
DeRay Davis (Special Guest)
Smokepurpp (Special Guest)
Sara Sampaio (Special Guest)
Sky (Special Guest)
Kid The Wiz (Special Guest)
Yvng Swag (Special Guest)
CyHi The Prynce (Special Guest)

text: Season 11[edit]

text: The 11th season will consist of 22 episodes and premiered on March 15, 2018 on MTV, two weeks after the end of Season 10. The season resumed on July 12, 2018.

text:
Angela Rye (Red Team - IWD special)
Tameka Cottle (Red Team - IWD special)
Ally Brooke (Black Team/Performer - IWD special)
Dreezy (Black Team - IWD special)
Rasika Mathur (Black Team - IWD special)
Tami Roman (Black Team - IWD special)
The Cast of All That (Team Captains)
PRETTYMUCH (Team Captains & Performers)
Laurie Hernandez (Team Captain)
Rick Ross (Team Captain & Performer)
Tyga (Team Captain & Performer)
T.I. (Team Captain & Performer)
Tokyo Jetz (Team Co-Captain & Performer)
K Dub (Team Co-Captain)
Keke Palmer (Team Captain & Performer)
Baby Ariel (Team Captain)
Dolph Ziggler (Team Captain)
Prince Royce (Team Captain & Performer)
Amara La Negra (Team Captain)
Bobby Lytes (Team Co-Captain)
Blac Youngsta (Team Captain & Performer)
Winnie Harlow (Team Captain)
Rachel Lindsay (Team Captain)
DreamDoll (Team Captain)
Matt Barnes (Team Captain)
Mariahlynn (Team Co-Captain)
Justine Skye (Team Captain & Performer)
Affion Crockett (Team Captain)
Mikey Day (Team Captain)
Trick Daddy (Team Captain)
Topic (Performer - IWD special)
SOB X RBE (Performer)
Yvng Swag (Performer)
BJ The Chicago Kid (Performer)
Rich the Kid (Performer)
Derez Deshon (Performer)
Rapsody (Performer)
Kent Jones (Performer)
Roy Woods (Performer)
Kap G (Performer)
Jack & Jack (Performer)
Famous Dex (Performer)
Maino (Performer)
Shameik Moore (Recurring Guest)
Vic Mensa (Recurring Guest & Performer)
MC Lyte (Special Guest - IWD special)
Nafessa Williams (Special Guest)
Zaytoven (Special Guest)
Slab[disambiguation needed] (Special Guest)
Cordell Broadus (Special Guest)
Bryan Abasolo (Special Guest)
Caroline Lowe (Special Guest)
Tyreek Hill (Special Guest)
Karlie Redd (Special Guest)

text: Season 12[edit]

text: The 12th season will consist of 26 episodes and had premiered on August 17, 2018 on MTV.

text:
Chance The Rapper (Team Captain & Performer)
Ludacris (Team Captain)
Azealia Banks (Team Captain & Performer)
Lil Yachty (Team Co-Captain)
Rae Sremmurd (Team Captains & Performers)
Chloe x Halle (Team Captains & Performers)
Reesey Nem (Performer)
Denzel Curry (Performer)
JaVale McGee (Special Guest)
24Hrs
Andre Drummond
Angel McCoughtry
Ayo & Teo
Big Tigger
BlocBoy JB
Bow Wow
Brett Gray
Da Brat
Deon Cole
Dwight Howard
Eric Bellinger
HoodCelebrityy
Jacquees
Jermaine Dupri
Josephine Skriver
Kandi Burruss
Kountry Wayne
Lais Ribeiro
Lil Baby
Lil Durk
MadeinTYO
Marvin Bagley III
Matt Triplett
Michael Blackson
Momma Dee
Ne-Yo
O.T. Genasis
Rasheeda
Sasha Banks
Savannah Jordan
Scrappy
Shaun T
Stevie J
Tameka Cottle
Tiffany Hayes
Tokyo Vanity
Trae tha Truth
Trevor Jackson
Trinidad Cardona
Tyron Woodley
Young M.A
Yung Joc
Zonnique


document_title: U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state

question_text: when did the legal age to drink change from 18 to 21

root

text: The alcohol laws of the United States regarding minimum age for purchase have changed over time. The history is given in the table below. Unless otherwise noted, if different alcohol categories have different minimum purchase ages, the age listed below is set at the lowest age given (e.g. if the purchase age is 18 for beer and 21 for wine or spirits, as was the case in several states, the age in the table will read as "18", not "21"). In addition, the purchase age is not necessarily the same as the minimum age for consumption of alcoholic beverages, although they have often been the same.

tag: p

text: As one can see in the table below, there has been much volatility in the states' drinking ages since the repeal of Prohibition in 1933. Shortly after the ratification of the 21st amendment in December, most states set their purchase ages at 21 since that was the Voting age at the time. Most of these limits remained constant until the early 1970s. From 1969 to 1976, some 30 states lowered their purchase ages, generally to 18. This was primarily because the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 in 1971 with the 26th amendment. A lot of states started to lower their minimum drinking age in response, most of this occurring in 1972 or 1973.[1][2][3] Twelve states kept their purchase ages at 21 since repeal of Prohibition and never changed them.

text: From 1976 to 1983, several states voluntarily raised their purchase ages to 19 (or, less commonly, 20 or 21), in part to combat drunk driving fatalities.[citation needed] In 1984, Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act, which required states to raise their ages for purchase and public possession to 21 by October 1986 or lose 10% of their federal highway funds. By mid-1988, all 50 states and the District of Columbia had raised their purchase ages to 21 (but not Puerto Rico, Guam, or the Virgin Islands, see Additional Notes below). South Dakota and Wyoming were the final two states to comply with the age 21 mandate. The current drinking age of 21 remains a point of contention among many Americans, because of it being higher than the age of majority (18 in most states) and higher than the drinking ages of most other countries. The National Minimum Drinking Age Act is also seen as a congressional sidestep of the tenth amendment. Although debates have not been highly publicized, a few states have proposed legislation to lower their drinking age,[4] while Guam has raised its drinking age to 21 in July 2010.[5]

text:
State
Pre-Prohibition
(prior to 1919)
Post-Prohibition
(after 1933)
1970s / 26th Amendment
(adopted in 1971)
1980s /
Drinking Age Act of 1984
21st century

Alabama
Pre 1881:
None
1881:
21 (none with consent of parent)[6]
21
1975:
Lowered to 19[7]
1986:
Raised to 21[8]
21 (no one underage is allowed consumption Section 28-1)

Alaska
?
21[7]
1970:
Lowered to 19[9]
1984:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause (if born before January 1, 1965)[10][11]
21

Arizona
?
21[11]
1972:
Lowered to 19[12][13]
1985:
Raised to 21[8]
21

Arkansas
Pre 1925:
None[7]
1925:
21[7]
21
21[14]
21[8]
21

California
Pre 1891:
Regulated by municipality/county (common age was 16)[15][16][17]
1891:
18 (statewide)[18]
1933:
21[7]
21
21[8]
21 (except small amounts for religious ceremonies)

Colorado
None[11]
1945:
18: for beer
21: for wine and liquor[7]
18[19]
Raised to 21 in 1987[8]
21

Connecticut
?
21[11]
1972:
Lowered to 18[20]
1982:
Raised to 19
1983:
Raised to 20
1985:
Raised to 21[21]
21 (exemptions: (1) a person over age eighteen who is an employee or permit holder under section 30-90a and who possesses alcoholic liquor in the course of such person’s employment or business, (2) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor on the order of a practicing physician, or (3) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor while accompanied by a parent, guardian or spouse of the minor, who has attained the age of twenty-one. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to burden a person’s exercise of religion under section 3 of article first of the Constitution of the state in violation of subsection (a) of section 52-571b.[22]

Delaware
?
21[11]
1972:
Lowered to 20[13]
1984:
Raised to 21[8]
21

District of Columbia
?
18: for beer and wine[11]
21: for liquor[23][24]
18: for beer and wine[13][24]
21: for liquor
1986:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause.[25][26]
21

Florida
?
18[7]
1980:
19[27]
1985:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause[27]
21[28]

Georgia
?
21[11]
1972:
Lowered to 18[12]
1984:
Raised to 19[14]
1985:
Raised to 20[14]
1986:
Raised to 21[14]
21

Hawaii
?
21[7]
1972:
Lowered to 18[13]
1986:
Raised to 21[8]
21

Idaho
?
20: for beer[29][30]
21: for wine and liquor[11][31]
1972:
Lowered to 19 (all)[13][32]
1987:
Raised to 21 in 1987 (Apr 11) with grandfather clause[8][33]
21

Illinois
1872:
Age of majority
(none with written consent of parent)[34]
pre 1961: Age of majority 1961: Raised to 21[35]
1973:
Lowered to 19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[36]
1980:
Raised to 21[37]
21

Indiana
?
Post-1934:
21[7]
21[14]
21[8]
21

Iowa
?
21[7]
1972:
Lowered to 19 in 1972 (Jul 1)
1973:
Lowered to 18 in 1973 (Jul 1)
1978:
Raised to 19 in 1978 (Jul 1)[38]
1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Jul 1) with grandfather clause.[14][38]
21

Kansas
?
1949:
18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV
21: for liquor[7]
18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV[14]
21: for beer and wine with 4% ABV or more[14]
21: for liquor[14][19]
1985:
Raised to 21[8]
21 (However, anyone under 21 may consume cereal malt beverages with parental supervision on their own property)

Kentucky
?
1938:
21[7]
21[14]
21[8]
21

Louisiana
?
As of 1948:
18[13]
18[19]
1987:
Raised to 21 de jure in 1987,[8]
but de facto age was still 18 until 1995 due to a sale loophole.
1995:
De facto age raised to 21 in 1995 when loophole was closed.[39]
1996:
In 1996, briefly lowered by Louisiana Supreme Court to 18 until it reversed its decision, raising to 21 three months later.[40]
Other exceptions still remain.[41]
21 (Exceptions to state law include:[42]

For an established religious purpose;
When a person under twenty-one years of age is accompanied by a parent, spouse, or legal guardian twenty-one years of age or older;
For medical purposes when purchased as an over the counter medication, or when prescribed or administered by a licensed physician, pharmacist, dentist, nurse, hospital, or medical institution;
In a private residence, which shall include a residential dwelling and up to twenty contiguous acres, on which the dwelling is located, owned by the same person who owns the dwelling;
The sale, handling, transport, or service in dispensing of any alcoholic beverage pursuant to lawful ownership of an establishment or to lawful employment of a person under twenty-one years of age by a duly licensed manufacturer, wholesaler, or retailer of beverage alcohol.)

Maine
?
21[7]
1969:
Lowered to 20
1972:
Lowered to 18[12]
1977:
Raised to 20[8][43]
1985:
Raised to 21[8]
21

Maryland
?
21[7]
1974:
Lowered to 18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[44][45]
1982:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause[8][46]
21 (however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present)

Massachusetts
?
21[11]
1973:
Lowered to 18
1979:
Raised to 20 in 1979 (Apr 16)[47][48][49]
Raised to 21 in 1985[8]
21

Michigan
?
21[7]
1972:
Lowered to 18 in 1972 (Jan 1)[50]
1978:
Raised to 19 in 1978 (Dec 3)[51][52]
1978:
Raised to 21 in 1978 (Dec 21), 18 days later.[8]
First state to raise age to 21 since it was lowered
21

Minnesota
?
21[11]
1973:
Lowered to 18 (June 1)
1976:
Raised to 19 (Sept 1)[53]
First state to raise age after lowering.
1986:
Raised to 21[54]
21

Mississippi
?
1966:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[7]
(alcohol not legalized until 1966)
18[19]
Raised to 21 in 1986[8]
21

Missouri
?
1945:
21[7]
21
21[8]
21

Montana
?
21[11]
1971:
Lowered to 19[55]
1973:
Lowered to 18[56][57]
1979:
Raised to 19
1987:
Raised to 21[8][58]
21

Nebraska
?
21[59]
1969:
Lowered to 20
1972:
Lowered to 19[59]
1980:
Raised to 20[14]
1985:
Raised to 21[14]
21

Nevada
?
1933:
21[7]
21
21[8]
21

New Hampshire
?
21[11]
1973:
Lowered to 18[60]
1979:
Raised to 20
1985:
Raised to 21[8][21]
21

New Jersey
Before 1880:
None
Post-1880:
18 (penalties only against businesses)[61][62][63]
21[citation needed]
1973:
Lowered to 18[12]
1980:
Raised to 19
1983:
Raised to 21[8][64]
21

New Mexico
?
1934:
21[7]
21[14]
21[8]
21

New York
21
18[65]
18
1982:
Raised to 19 in 1982 (Dec)
1985:
Raised to 21 in 1985 (Dec)[21][66][67]
21

North Carolina
?
18[11]
18: for beer and wine[19]
21: for liquor
1983:
19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor
1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)[8][26]
21

North Dakota
?
1936:
21[7]
21[14]
21[68]
21

Ohio
?
1935:
18: for 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[69]
18: for 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor
1982 (Aug. 19 to Oct. 1):
19: for 3.2% ABW beer[14]
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[14]
1982 (From Oct. 1):
19: beer
21: wine and liquor[70]
1988:
21[14]
21 (However, anyone can drink with parents or legal-age spouse)

Oklahoma
?
Men:
21
Women:
18: 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[71]
1976:
Lowered to 18 (for 3.2% ABW beer) for both sexes in 1976 (Dec)[72]
Last state to lower the drinking age.
1983:
Raised to 21[11][73]
21

Oregon
?
1933:
21[7]
21
21[8]
21

Pennsylvania
?
1935:
21[7]
21
21[8][52]
21

Rhode Island
?
21[11]
1970:
Lowered to 18[12][74]
1980:
Raised to 19
1981:
Raised to 20
1984:
Raised to 21[21]
21

South Carolina
21[75]
1935:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[7]
18: for beer and wine[19]
21: for liquor
1984:
19: for beer and wine[7]
21: for liquor
1986:
Raised to 21[8]
21

South Dakota
?
1934:
21 (all)
1939:
Lowered to 18: for 3.2% beer
Raised to 19: for 3.2% beer[76]
1972:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[13]
1984:
19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[8]
1988:
Raised to 21[58]
21

Tennessee
Pre 1881:
None
1881:
21[77]
21[7]
1964:
Lowered to 18[7]
1979:
Raised to 19
1984:
Raised to 21[8]
21

Texas
Pre 1909:
21
None (with written permission of parent or guardian)
Post 1909:
21[78][79]
21[7]
1973:
Lowered to 18[80]
1981:
Raised to 19[81]
1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)[8][26]
21

Utah
?
1935:
21[7]
21[14]
21[8]
21

Vermont
?
21[7]
1971:
Lowered to 18[82][83]
1986:
Raised to 21[21][83]
21

Virginia
?
21[84]
1974:
Lowered to 18: for beer and wine
(21: for liquor remained)[84]
1981:
Raised to 19 for off-premises consumption
1983:
Raised to 19 (all beer)
1985:
Raised to 21[84]
21

Washington
"Age of majority"
since 1877[85]
21[citation needed]
21
21[8]
21

West Virginia
?
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[11]
1972:
Lowered to 18 (all)[86]
1983:
Raised to 19
(& 21 for non-residents)[8][43]
1986:
Raised to 21[8]
21

Wisconsin
1839–1866:
18: for wine and liquor
None: for beer
Post-1866:
21 (all)[87]
18: for beer
21: for wine and spirits
1957:
21: for residents of bordering states with age limit 21.[88]
1963:
Raised to 21 (off-premises beer sales, remained 18 for on-premises).[88]
1972:
Lowered to 18 (all) in 1972 (Mar)[88]
1977:
Border state restriction lifted.[88]
1984:
Raised to 19
1986:
Raised to 21 (September 1, 1986)[88]
21 (however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present)[citation needed]

Wyoming
?
21[7]
1973:
Lowered to 19[13]
1988:
Raised to 21 in 1988 (Jul 1)[89][90]
Last state to raise de jure drinking age to 21
21

American Samoa
?
?
?
21?
21[91]

Northern Mariana Islands
–
–
?
21?
21[92]

Puerto Rico
?
18
18
Kept at 18
despite 10% highway funding
penalty under Drinking Age Act.
18[93]

Virgin Islands
?
?
?
18
18[94]

Guam
?
21?
18
18
Raised to 21 in 2010[5]

tag: table

text: Additional notes[edit]

text:
Contrary to popular belief, since the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984, not all states specifically prohibit minors' and young adults' consumption of alcohol in private settings. That is because the federal law is concerned only with purchase and public possession, not private consumption, and contains several exceptions. As of January 1, 2007, 14 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright, 19 states do not specifically ban underage consumption outright, and 17 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws. Federal law explicitly provides for religious, medical, employment and private club possession exceptions; as of 2005, 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws.[41]
In the 1960s the age for buying or drinking beer and wine in the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.) was 18; the age for hard liquor was 21.[23][24] Residents from Virginia and Maryland would often drive to D.C. to obtain alcohol. In Louisiana, the 1987 law raising the age from 18 to 21 was deliberately written solely to comply with the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 to avoid losing highway funding, while still allowing 18- to 20-year-olds to drink as before. Not only did it still allow 18- to 20-year-olds to consume in private, it contained a major loophole allowing bars and stores to sell alcohol to 18- to 20-year-olds without penalty (despite purchase being technically illegal) which meant that the de facto age was still 18.[39] In other words, the drinking age was 21 only on paper. This loophole was closed in 1995, but in 1996 the Louisiana Supreme Court declared a drinking age of 21 unconstitutional.[39] That briefly lowered the de jure purchase age to 18, causing an uproar which prompted the Louisiana Supreme Court to reverse its decision, raising the age to 21 three months later.[40] Other exceptions still remain to this day, including drinking in a private residence,[41] and Louisiana still has some of the most liberal general alcohol laws of any state.
Some states were "dry" well before national Prohibition was enacted in 1919, in some cases since achieving statehood. Also, some states did not become fully "wet" until several years after the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 (e.g. Mississippi in 1966). Since 1966, all states and territories of the USA have been "wet", but dry counties and towns still exist in some states.

tag: ul


document_title: Teardrop tattoo

question_text: what's the meaning of teardrop tattoos under the eyes

question_tokens: what 's the meaning of teardrop tattoos under the eyes

text: Teardrop tattoo

text: The teardrop tattoo or tear tattoo is a symbolic tattoo of a tear that is placed underneath the eye. The tattoo can have various meanings: it can signify that the wearer has killed someone[1] or has spent time in prison;[2] that the wearer was raped while incarcerated and tattooed with a tear drop below the eye by the offending party and his accomplices,[3][4] or it can acknowledge the loss of a family or fellow gang member. Sometimes, only the wearer will know the exact meaning of the tattoo.[4][5] The tattoo’s meaning also can change depending on whether the tear is empty or is filled with ink. [1]

text: The tattoo is sometimes worn by the female companions of prisoners in solidarity with their loved ones.[6] According to The Devil's Front Porch, a book written by Lester Douglas Johnson about serving 1927 to 1957 in Kansas State Penitentiary; the tattoo denoted a member of "The Old Fraternity"; referring to the Biblical Cain who slew his brother.[citation needed]

text: US rappers The Game and Lil Wayne have teardrop tattoos signifying the death of friends.[7][8] Amy Winehouse had a teardrop tattooed to mark her distress at husband Blake Fielder-Civil remaining on remand at Pentonville Prison.[8] Basketball player Amar'e Stoudemire has had a teardrop tattoo since 2012; honoring his older brother Hazell Jr. who had died in a car accident.[9] A teardrop tattoo is worn by Portuguese footballer Ricardo Quaresma.[10]


document_title: Area code 845

question_text: where is area code 845 located in usa

question_tokens: where is area code 845 located in usa

text: Area code 845

text: Area code 845 is a telephone area code straddling the Hudson Valley region of the U.S. state of New York. 845 serves Rockland, Putnam, Orange, and Ulster counties, and parts of Dutchess and Sullivan, Delaware, Greene, and Columbia counties. Area code 845 was created on June 5, 2000, from most of area code 914, which was retained by Westchester County. It is the only area code to serve communities in both Upstate and Downstate NY.

text: Communities served by this area code[edit]

text:
Airmont
Beacon
Beekman
Blauvelt
Brewster
Carmel
Chester
Chestnut Ridge
Clarkstown
Clinton Corners
Cornwall
Cold Spring
Cottekill
Crawford
Dover Plains
East Fishkill
Fishkill
Fleischmanns
Garrison
Goshen
Halcott
Haverstraw
Highland
Hopewell Junction
Hyde Park
Kingston
Mahopac
Margaretville
Middletown
Millbrook
Monroe
Monsey
Montebello
Monticello
Montgomery
Nanuet
Nelsonville
Newburgh
New City
New Paltz
New Windsor
Nyack
Olive
Orangetown
Patterson
Pawling
Pearl River
Phoenicia
Piermont
Pleasant Valley
Pine Bush
Pomona
Port Jervis
Poughkeepsie
Red Hook
Rhinebeck
Rosendale
Saugerties
Sloatsburg
Spring Valley
Staatsburg
Stone Ridge
Stony Point
Suffern
Tappan
Valley Cottage
Walden
Wallkill
Wappingers Falls
Warwick
Washingtonville
Wingdale
West Nyack
West Point
Woodbury
Woodstock


document_title: Moana (2016 film)

question_text: who does the voice of grandma in moana

question_tokens: who does the voice of grandma in moana

text: Moana (2016 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: On the Polynesian island of Motunui, the inhabitants worship the goddess Te Fiti, who brought life to the ocean, using a pounamu stone as her heart and the source of her power. Maui, the shapeshifting demigod and master of sailing, steals the heart to give humanity the power of creation. However, Te Fiti disintegrates, and Maui is attacked by Te Kā, a volcanic demon, losing both his magical giant fishhook and the heart to the depths.

text: A millennium later, Moana, daughter of Motunui's chief Tui, is chosen by the ocean to return the heart to Te Fiti. However, Tui arrives and takes Moana away, causing her to lose the heart. Tui and Moana's mother Sina try to keep her away from the ocean to prepare for her ascension as the island's chief. Years later, after Moana has grown older, a blight strikes the island, rotting the coconuts and dwindling the number of fish caught. Moana suggests going beyond the island's reef to find more fish, but Tui forbids it. Sina explains to Moana that Tui and his best friend tried going beyond the reef, but the latter perished. Moana and her pet pig Pua try conquering the reef but are overpowered by the ocean's tides and end up shipwrecked back on Motunui.

text: Moana's grandmother Tala shows her a secret cave, where a number of ships are hidden, revealing to Moana that their people used to be voyagers. Tala explains they stopped when Maui stole Te Fiti's heart and that Te Kā's darkness is poisoning the island, but it can be cured if Moana and Maui return the heart to Te Fiti, which she gives to Moana. Tala falls ill shortly after and dies, but not before encouraging Moana to go and fulfil her destiny.

text: Moana sets sail on one of the hidden camakau, accidentally accompanied by her dim-witted rooster Heihei. Moana is caught in a typhoon and shipwrecked on an island where she finds the stranded Maui, who traps her and steals the camakau, but Moana catches up to him with help from the ocean. She demands that Maui return the heart but he refuses. Maui is accompanied by a sentient "Mini-Maui" tattoo, acting as his conscience.

text: They are attacked by Kakamora—coconut-armored pirates—who seek to steal the heart, but Moana and Maui outwit them. Moana realises Maui is no longer a hero, and convinces him to redeem himself by returning the heart. Maui first needs to obtain his fishhook, which is located in Lalotai, the Realm of Monsters, and is in the possession of Tamatoa, a giant, greedy coconut crab. Moana enters Tamatoa's lair, using herself as live bait to distract him and allowing Maui to climb atop the crab and retrieve his fish hook. However, Maui discovers he cannot control his shapeshifting and loses self-confidence, revealing that his first tattoo was earned when his mortal parents rejected him. After reassurance from Moana, Maui teaches her the art of sailing and regains control of his powers.

text: The two arrive at Te Fiti's island, only to be attacked by Te Kā, who damages Maui's fishhook. Fearful he will lose his power, Maui abandons Moana, who tearfully asks the ocean to find someone else to restore the heart. The ocean obliges and takes the heart from Moana. Tala's spirit appears, inspiring Moana to find her true calling. Moana decides to fulfill her destiny, retrieves the heart, and sails back to confront Te Kā. Maui returns, convinced by his tattoo to change his mind, but his fishhook is destroyed by Te Kā. Moana discovers Te Fiti is missing, but realises Te Kā is Te Fiti without her heart. Moana restores Te Fiti's heart, transforming her back to normal; Te Fiti then heals the ocean and islands of Te Kā's poison. Maui apologizes to Te Fiti, who forgivingly restores his fishhook and goes into a deep sleep. Moana bids farewell to Maui, returning home where she reunites with her parents and takes up the role of chief, setting sail on a voyage, accompanied from afar by Maui (in a form of a giant hawk) and Tala (in the form of a manta ray).

text: In a post-credits scene, Tamatoa, stuck on his back, addresses the audience, knowing they would help if he was named Sebastian and sang in a Jamaican accent (making reference to The Little Mermaid).

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Auli'i Cravalho as Moana, the 16-year-old daughter of village chief Tui and Sina, who is chosen by the ocean to restore the heart of Te Fiti

Louise Bush as a younger Moana

Dwayne Johnson as Maui, a legendary shapeshifting demigod who sets off with Moana on her journey
Rachel House as Tala, Moana's grandmother. Like Moana, Tala shares a passion for the ocean
Temuera Morrison as Tui, Moana's overprotective father, who is Tala's son, chief of Motunui Island

Christopher Jackson as Tui's singing voice

Jemaine Clement as Tamatoa, a giant treasure-hoarding coconut crab from Lalotai, the Realm of Monsters
Nicole Scherzinger as Sina, Moana's mother and Tui's wife
Alan Tudyk as Heihei, Moana's pet rooster

Tudyk also voices Villager No. 3, who suggests cooking Heihei

Oscar Kightley as a fisherman
Troy Polamalu as Villager No. 1
Puanani Cravalho (Auli'i's mother) as Villager No. 2

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: After directing The Princess and the Frog (2009), Clements and Musker started working on an adaptation of Terry Pratchett's Mort,[6] but problems with acquiring the necessary film rights prevented them from continuing with that project. To avoid a recurrence of that issue, they pitched three original ideas.[7] The genesis of one of those ideas (the one that was ultimately green-lighted) occurred in 2011, when Musker began reading up on Polynesian mythology, and learned of the heroic exploits of the demigod Māui. Intrigued with the rich culture of Polynesia, he felt it would be a suitable subject for an animated film. Shortly thereafter, Musker and Clements wrote a treatment and pitched it to John Lasseter, who recommended that both of them should go on research trips.[8][9] Accordingly, in 2012, Clements and Musker went on research trips to Fiji, Samoa, and Tahiti to meet the people of the South Pacific Ocean and learn about their culture.[10] At first, they had planned to make the film entirely about Maui, but their initial research trips inspired Clements to pitch a new idea focused on the young daughter of a chief.[11] They were fascinated to learn during their research that the people of Polynesia abruptly stopped making long-distance voyages about three thousand years ago, then resumed voyaging again a thousand years later, and no one really knows why. They set the film at the end of that era, about two thousand years ago, on a fictional island in the central Pacific Ocean, which drew inspiration from elements of the real-life island nations of Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga.[12]

text: Over the five years it took to develop and produce the film, Clements and Musker recruited experts from across the South Pacific to form an Oceanic Story Trust, who consulted on the film's cultural accuracy and sensitivity as the story evolved through nine versions.[13] The Trust responded negatively, for example, to a depiction of Maui as bald, and to a proposed scene in which Moana threw a tantrum by throwing coconuts. In response, Maui was reworked with long hair and the coconut scene was scrapped.[11]

text: Te Kā was referred to in early drafts of the film as Te Pō,[14] a reference to the Māori goddess Hine-nui-te-pō, who was originally the life-giving goddess Hine-tītama, but became the goddess of death upon discovering that her husband the god Tāne was also her father.[15] Māui set out to defeat her in order to bring immortality to humans, but failed and was himself killed.[16]

text: During the 2015 D23 Expo's panel for Disney's slate of upcoming animated films, Moana's last name was given as "Waialiki", but that name was not retained in the final film.[17]

text: Writing[edit]

text: Taika Waititi wrote the initial screenplay.[18] The first draft focused on Moana as the sole daughter in a family with "five or six brothers",[19] in which gender played into the story. However, the brothers and gender-based theme were deleted from the story, as the directors thought Moana's journey should be about finding herself.[9] A subsequent draft presented Moana's father as the one who wanted to resume navigation, but it was rewritten to have him oppose navigation so he would not overshadow Moana.[9] Instead, Pamela Ribon came up with the idea of a grandmother character for the film,[20] who would serve as a mentor linking Moana to ancient traditions.[19] Another version focused on Moana rescuing her father, who had been lost at sea.[21] The film's story changed drastically during the development phase (which happens with most Disney films), and that idea ultimately survived only as a subtle element of the father's backstory.[21] Aaron and Jordan Kandell joined the project during a critical period to help deepen the emotional story architecture of the film. They are credited with developing the core relationship between Moana and Maui, the prologue, the Cave of the Wayfinders, the Kakamora, and the collector crab Tamatoa (played by Jemaine Clement).[22] Jared Bush received sole credit as the writer of the final version of the screenplay.

text: Like most Disney and Pixar animated films, several major story problems were identified in 2015 only after the film had already transitioned from development into production, but computer-generated films tend to have much shorter production schedules and much larger animation teams (in this case, about 90 animators) than traditionally animated films.[21] Since Clements and Musker were already working 12-hour days (and Saturdays) directing such a large team of animators, Don Hall and Chris Williams (who had just finished directing Big Hero 6) came on board as co-directors to help fix the film's story issues.[21] The scene in which Maui and Moana encounter the Kakamora is an intentional homage to Mad Max: Fury Road.[21]

text: Casting[edit]

text: After the filmmakers sat through auditions of hundreds of candidates from across the Pacific,[10] 14-year-old high school freshman Auli'i Cravalho was cast as the lead character Moana.[23][24] At that point in time, the design of Moana's face and personality was already complete, and Cravalho's obvious physical resemblance to her character was simply a coincidence.[25] During animation production, Disney animators were able to integrate some of Cravalho's mannerisms into Moana's behavior as depicted onscreen.[25]

text: The majority of the film's cast members are of Polynesian descent: Auli'i Cravalho (Moana) and Nicole Scherzinger (Sina, Moana's mother) were born in Hawaii and are of Native Hawaiian heritage; Dwayne Johnson (Maui), Oscar Kightley (Fisherman), and Troy Polamalu (Villager No. 1) are of Samoan heritage; and New Zealand–born Rachel House (Tala, Moana's grandmother), Temuera Morrison (Tui, Moana's father), and Jemaine Clement (Tamatoa) are of Māori heritage.

text: Animation[edit]

text: Moana is Clements and Musker's first fully computer-animated film.[10][26] One of the reasons for using computer animation was that the environment, including the ocean, benefited much more from the use of CGI as opposed to traditional animation.[27] The filmmakers have also suggested that three-dimensional computer animation is well-suited to the "beautiful sculpturing" of the faces of the people of the South Pacific.[28] Eric Goldberg worked on the hand-drawn animation used to depict Maui's sentient tattoos.[29][30] During early development, the filmmakers considered the possibility of making the film with hand-drawn traditional animation, but only a few early animation tests were made in that style. In the final cut, only Maui's tattoos are hand-drawn.[31]

text: Moana was produced in makeshift quarters in a giant warehouse in North Hollywood (together with Zootopia), while Disney Animation's headquarters building in Burbank was being renovated. Musker observed that Moana was similar in that respect to The Little Mermaid, which was produced in a warehouse in Glendale. Production wrapped on October 20, 2016.[32]

text: Music and soundtrack[edit]

text: The film's soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records on November 18, 2016. The songs were written by Opetaia Foa'i, Mark Mancina, and Lin-Manuel Miranda, while the score was written by Mancina.[33][34] The lyrics are in English, Samoan and the Tokelauan language.[35] The soundtrack peaked at number two on the Billboard 200.[36]

text: Release[edit]

text: On October 20, 2014, Walt Disney Pictures announced that it would be releasing the film in late 2016,[37] and hinted that it might be the November 23, 2016 release window previously announced by the studio in March 2014 for a then-untitled film.[38] In November 2014, Disney confirmed that it would be releasing the film on November 23, 2016.[39] The film is accompanied by the short film, Inner Workings.[40] The film's world premiere was held at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles on November 14, 2016.[41]

text: In many European countries, the name of the titular character, Moana, was changed to Vaiana due to a trademark conflict. The film was released in those countries to bear the alternative name in the title.[42] In Italy, Vaiana's film was released with the title Oceania.[43]

text: On October 25, 2016, at a press conference in Papeete, it was announced that the film will be the first motion picture to be fully dubbed in the Tahitian language.[44] This marks the third time Disney has released a special dubbing dedicated to the culture which inspired the film: the first case was The Lion King (1994), for which the directors travelled to South Africa to cast voice actors for a Zulu-dubbed version;[45] and the second case was Mulan (1998), which was the first Disney film to have a Mandarin Chinese dubbing made in China, separate from and independent of the version released in Taiwan.[46] In June 2017, a Māori-language dubbing of the movie was announced.[47] Rachel House, Jemaine Clement, Temuera Morrison and Oscar Kightley will reprise their respective roles in this version, which will be directed by Rachel House herself.[48][49]

text: In India, popular music composer Bappi Lahiri (who is known to be India's "gold-man") voiced the character of Tamatoa in the Hindi-dubbed version of the film; mostly because in reality, he too, similar to Tamatoa, has an immense love and fondness for gold.[50][51] In Russia, Tamatoa was voiced by a popular singer, Ilya Lagutenko, who performed Tamatoa's song with his distinctive soft "meowing" intonations.[52]

text: On January 27, 2017, a sing-along version of Moana was released in more than 2,000 theaters in the United States, featuring on-screen lyrics.[53]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: On October 15, 2016, Hawaiian Airlines unveiled their Moana-themed livery for three of their Airbus A330-200 fleet.[54]

text: There are currently meet-and-greets with Moana at Disneyland, Walt Disney World, Disneyland Paris, and at Aulani, a Disney Resort and Spa. At Hong Kong Disneyland, there will be a stage show called Moana's Village Festival, which is scheduled to open in 2018.

text: Home media[edit]

text: Moana was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on Blu-ray (2D and 3D) and DVD in the United States on March 7, 2017, with a digital release on February 21, 2017. The releases include the short film, Inner Workings. The Blu-ray release also introduces a short film featuring Maui and Moana, titled Gone Fishing.[55] The film is also available for streaming on Netflix.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Moana grossed $248.7 million in the U.S. and Canada and $394.5 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $643.3 million.[4] On January 22 and March 16, 2017, respectively, the film reached the $500 million and $600 million marks, becoming the fourth consecutive Walt Disney Animation Studios film to reach both milestones after Frozen (2013), Big Hero 6 (2014), and Zootopia (2016).[56][57] Although Disney has not disclosed the film's production budget, most of its animated films cost around $150 million.[58][59] Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $121.3 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film, making it the 12th most profitable release of 2016.[2]

text: North America[edit]

text: In the United States, Moana was released during the Thanksgiving weekend. The film played in 3,875 theaters of which a majority of them (80%) screened it in 3D. It also played in 50 premium large format screens and more than 400 D-Box screens. It was projected to take in around $50 million in three days, with $75–85 million in five days (some estimates going as high as $90 million).[60][61][62] Deadline.com said the numbers were good for the original Disney film and marked a great rebound for the company in the wake of Pixar's The Good Dinosaur the previous year, which had made $55 million over five days off a production budget of $175–200 million.[63]

text: The film made $2.6 million from Tuesday paid previews which began at 7 pm, the highest ever for a Walt Disney Animation Studios film and for a non-Pixar Disney animated film.[64] On its opening day, it made $15.5 million, a new record for a Walt Disney Animation Studios film opening on Wednesday (breaking Frozen's record) and the biggest opening day ever for a film released on pre-Thanksgiving Day.[65] On Thanksgiving Day, it earned $9.9 million, a decrease of 36% from its previous day. On Black Friday—the highest-grossing day of the Thanksgiving stretch—it made $21.8 million, a 127% increase from the day before.[66] Through Sunday, the film posted a three-day opening weekend worth $56.6 million over its Friday-to-Sunday debut and $82.1 million from Wednesday to Sunday, the third biggest three-day Thanksgiving opening[67] (behind Frozen and Toy Story 2) and the second biggest five-day Thanksgiving opening[68] (behind Frozen), dethroning Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them off the top spot. Among all films that did not necessarily open in this weekend but may have played, Moana ranks sixth among three-day[69] weekends and fifth among five-day weekends.[70]

text: The film's opening was considered to be another animated success for the studio after Zootopia and Pixar's Finding Dory posted huge openings, respectively, the same year in March and June.[71]

text: In its second weekend, the film dropped by about 50% for a total of $28.3 million, a smaller drop than Toy Story 2, Frozen, Tangled, and The Good Dinosaur.[72][73] The film managed to top the box office for its third weekend, despite competition from newcomers and holdovers, earning $18.5 million while falling by 34%. It became the sixth film of 2016 to top the box office three times, following Deadpool, Zootopia, The Jungle Book, Finding Dory, and Suicide Squad.[74] The film was overtaken by Disney's own Rogue One: A Star Wars Story in its fourth weekend, despite only a marginal decline.[75]

text: It fell to number six in its fifth weekend, due to competition from four new releases—Sing, Passengers, Why Him?, and Assassin's Creed—despite a small drop again; it grossed $2.9 million on Christmas Day.[76] On the holiday week of December 23–29, the film finished at number four with a gross of $26 million, which was 14% up from the previous week, despite losing over 300 theaters.[77] It finished at number four in its sixth weekend, going up 42% and 97%, respectively, during the three-day[78] and four-day weekends;[79] it grossed $3.6 million on New Year's Day.

text: It fell outside the top ten in its eighth weekend (which included Martin Luther King Jr. Day), dropping 33% and 4% respectively, during the three-day[80] and four-day weekends.[81]

text: Outside North America[edit]

text: Internationally, the film earned $17.2 million in its first weekend from 12 markets, the bulk of which came from China. In its second weekend, the film expanded to a total of 30 markets, adding an additional $33.7 million.[82]

text: In China, the film had a November 25 opening day[83] with $1.9 million from 38,000 screenings. However, it enjoyed a big weekend bump on Saturday—even though its screens dipped—and Sunday.[84] In total, it scored an opening weekend of $17.2 million, the second best for a Disney animated title, behind only Zootopia. It was No. 2 behind Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them. Strong social media numbers showed among the highest the studio has seen there. Similar to how Zootopia started off slow and later became a blockbuster phenomenon.[85] The film slipped 55% in its second weekend, earning $5.8 million, and $21.8 in total in China.[86] It would eventually earn a total of $32.7 million in China.[83]

text: It had similar successful number-one debuts in France, Russia, Mexico and Spain. The film also saw success in Belgium, the Netherlands and French-speaking Switzerland.[82] In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the film faced competition from Fantastic Beasts—which was playing in its third weekend—and as a result, it posted a low opening of only £2.2 million ($2.8 million).[87]

text: The biggest earning markets to date have been Japan ($45.9 million), followed by France ($35.5 million), China ($32.8 million), the UK ($25.3 million), Brazil ($22.9 million), Australia ($19 million), Germany ($17 million), Italy ($15.9 million), and South Korea ($15.5 million).[88]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Moana holds an approval rating of 96% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes based on 235 reviews and an average rating of 7.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "With a title character as three-dimensional as its lush animation and a story that adds fresh depth to Disney's time-tested formula, Moana is truly a family-friendly adventure for the ages."[89] Subsequently, the film is also listed as number 11 on the website's "50 Best Computer Animated Movies" list.[90] On Metacritic, the film holds a normalized score of 81 out of 100, based on 44 critics, indicating "universal acclaim."[91] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on a scale ranging from A+ to F.[92]

text: Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal proclaimed that "Moana is beautiful in more ways than I can tell, thanks to the brilliance of more animators than I could count."[93] Animator Eric Goldberg received praise from critics and audiences for his hand-drawn animation of Maui's tattoos, which they claimed "stole the show" from the actual CGI-animated motion picture.[94][95][96] Wai Chee Dimock, writing in the Los Angeles Review of Books, compared the ocean in Moana to the one in "The Water Baby," a short story by Jack London, saying that both are animated: one, by the tension between digital and analog animation, and the other, by the tension between an encroaching future and a past in retreat still capable of pushing back.[97]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Colin Philp, an educator on Polynesian history, noted that the sailing canoe used by the film's protagonists is believed to be a Fijian camakau, and that the film's concept artists based it on one of the canoes they saw when they visited the Korova settlement in Laucala. Philp said that using that design without permission of the Korova community, could be viewed as a violation of the intellectual property rights of their elders.[98]

text: Brigham Young University–Hawaii sociocultural anthropologist Tēvita 'Ō. Ka'ili stated that "despite its important girl-power message, the film had a major flaw. It lacked symmetry by its omission of a heroic goddess. Disney resorted to reducing the mighty god Maui to a one-dimensional, selfish, borderline abusive, buffoon to foreground the strength of the movie's protagonist Moana." He went on to explain that, "the omission of a goddess-heroine is significant because Polynesia is a culture with a vast pantheon of powerful heroic goddesses. Hina, a companion goddess to the god Maui, was nowhere to be found in Disney's imagineering of Moana."[99]

text: Merchandise produced alongside the film has also been criticized. A Maui "skin suit" costume made to tie in with the film was pulled by Disney from its online store following complaints about it being culturally insensitive[100] and for appearing to promote brownface.[101]

text: Accolades[edit]


document_title: Guy Williams (actor)

question_text: who played john robinson on lost in space

text: Guy Williams (actor)

text: Biography[edit]

text: Early life[edit]

text: Guy Williams was born of Sicilian parentage on January 14, 1924, as Armand Joseph Catalano in the Washington Heights area of New York City. His parents, insurance broker Attilio and Clare Catalano, were from the island of Sicily, and were by then living in poverty. Attilio was the son of a wealthy timber grower in Messina, who purchased land in New Jersey. Armand grew up in Brooklyn's Little Italy neighborhood and was called Armando (the Italian version of his name) by his family.

text: In NYC's Public School 189, Armand stood out in mathematics. Later, he attended George Washington High School, where he occasionally worked in its soda fountain. He then left to attend the Peekskill Military Academy, where he was an enthusiastic student. His interests included football and chess.

text: First artistic steps[edit]

text: Armand wanted to be an actor, spurred by his good looks and 6'3" height. When he decided not to continue studying, his mother, who later became an executive of a foreign film company, was disappointed because it was expected that he would follow in his father's footsteps as an insurance broker.[citation needed]

text: After working as a welder, cost accountant and aircraft-parts inspector during World War II, Armand became a salesman in the luggage department at Wanamaker's. While there, he decided to send his photos to a modeling agency. He quickly found great success with assignments resulting in photographs in newspapers and magazines, including Harper's Bazaar, as well as on billboards and book covers. He was paid well and became famous.[citation needed] He then adopted the name "Guy Williams" (1940s).

text: In 1946, he signed a single-year contract offered by MGM and moved to Hollywood. Williams had a featured role as a pilot in the film The Beginning or the End (1947), about the first U.S. deployed atom bomb. He appeared in only a few films and soon moved back to New York.

text: In 1948, to advertise cigarettes while skiing, Williams did an extensive filming trip accompanied by Janice Cooper, a beautiful John Robert Powers model. During the long photographic sessions, they fell in love, marrying on December 8, just after they returned to New York City. They had two children, Guy Steven Catalano (aka Guy Williams Jr.) and Antoinette Catalano (aka Toni Williams), both became actors.

text: By 1950, Williams was filming some of the pioneering television commercials in the USA. His father died in 1951, never to witness his son's full rise to fame. In 1952, Williams obtained a new one-year contract with Universal-International and moved to Hollywood.

text: Early Hollywood (1952–1957)[edit]

text: Guy Williams appeared in small supporting roles in films, including:

text:
Bonzo Goes to College (1952) – as Ronald Calkins,
The Mississippi Gambler (1953) – as Andre
The Golden Blade (1953) – as Baghdad's town crier
The Man from the Alamo (1953) – as a sergeant
Take Me to Town (1953) – as a small hero
I Was a Teenage Werewolf (1957) – as police officer

text: In 1953, he suffered a serious accident when he fell from a horse and was dragged over 200 yards, resulting in a long scar on his left shoulder. Because of this he returned to New York to continue acting and modeling there and temporarily abandoned his film career. In 1953, he left Universal and became a freelancer for movies produced by Allied Artists and Warner Brothers.

text: Zorro (1957–1959, 1960–1961)[edit]

text: Early in 1957, Williams appeared twice in the role of Steve Clay in the syndicated television series, Men of Annapolis, a military drama set at the United States Naval Academy. He also appeared in the Rod Cameron drama State Trooper in the episode "No Fancy Cowboys" about the defrauding of guests at a dude ranch.

text: About this time, the Walt Disney Company was casting for Zorro, a new television series based on the character created in 1919 by Johnston McCulley: the young nobleman Don Diego de la Vega and his masked alter ego Zorro. To play the main character, the chosen actor would have to be handsome and have some experience with fencing. Walt Disney himself interviewed Guy Williams, telling him to start growing a mustache "neither very long or thick." The exclusive contract paid Williams the then very high wage of $2,500 per week, as he had demanded. Williams resumed his professional training in fencing with the Belgian champion Fred Cavens (who also trained Douglas Fairbanks, Errol Flynn and Tyrone Power), since the show required sword fights in most episodes. He also took guitar lessons with the famous Vicente Gomez.

text: Williams's first appearance as Zorro was on the Disney anthology television series "The Fourth Anniversary Show", wherein he challenged the notion that Zorro was a "fictional character".

text: The series of half-hour episodes finally debuted on ABC on October 10, 1957. It was an instant hit in the USA.

text: Seventy-eight episodes were produced over two seasons (1957–1959), and two movies were edited from TV episodes: The Sign of Zorro (1958) and Zorro the Avenger (1959). The theme song was composed by Norman Foster and George Bruns and performed by The Mellomen; it reached #17 on the Hit Parade. In 1959, a legal dispute arose between Disney and ABC, causing a hiatus and the eventual cancellation of Zorro. However, four hour-long episodes were later produced with the original primary cast, including Williams. These episodes were released as part of the Walt Disney Presents series between October 30, 1960, and April 12, 1961.

text: On March 5, 1959, as Zorro was ending its original run, Williams was a guest star, along with Sally Brophy and Tom Nolan, on NBC's The Ford Show, Starring Tennessee Ernie Ford.[4]

text: In 1962, Williams played Sir Miles Hendon in the Walt Disney's The Prince and the Pauper, which was shot in England.

text: After finishing his contract with Disney, Guy Williams went to Europe to film two movies:

text:
Damon and Pythias (MGM production filmed in Italy in 1962, directed by Curtis Bernhardt), as Damon, the classic Greek hero who offers his life as warrant of the word of Pythias, his friend who has been condemned to death for political reasons;
Captain Sindbad (MGM production filmed in Germany in 1962, directed by the American adventure director Byron Haskin, based on the classic tale of the Arabian Nights), in the role of Sindbad the Sailor.

text: Bonanza (1964)[edit]

text: In 1964, Guy Williams returned to Hollywood to resume his career, being added to the cast of the NBC's hit TV series Bonanza as Ben's nephew Will Cartwright. Williams found himself forced out of the series after only five episodes, despite being originally slated to become one of the four permanent leads. He was originally to replace Pernell Roberts (Adam Cartwright), who had planned to leave the show at the end of that season, thus allowing the format with four regular leads to continue.

text: Roberts decided late in the season to stay for one more year. This, plus the cast's concern that replacement of a regular character might create a threatening precedent, cost Williams the role.

text: Lost in Space (1965–1968)[edit]

text: In 1965, Guy Williams returned to weekly television in the popular CBS science-fiction family series Lost In Space.

text: Guy Williams played Professor John Robinson, expert in astrophysics and geology, who commanded the mission of the Jupiter 2 spaceship, taking his family in a voyage to colonize the Alpha Centauri star system.

text: Retirement in Argentina (1979–1989)[edit]

text: After Lost in Space, Guy Williams decided to retire in order to better enjoy his wealth, which had been largely generated by investments in several businesses, buying and selling on the stock market. When Guy had first visited Argentina in 1973 he was quite taken by the admiration and fascination the Argentine people expressed for him and his character of 'El Zorro'. In return, Guy fell in love with the culture and people of Argentina. In the late 1970s he retired, except for personal appearances, to Recoleta, an upscale neighborhood of Buenos Aires.

text: In subsequent years, Guy Williams also brought to Argentina some of the original cast members of the Zorro series, including Henry Calvin who played Sergeant Garcia. Williams even formed a circus (Circo Real Madrid) with the local fencing champion -and later actor- Fernando Lupiz, traveling all over South America (1977).

text: In 1983, Williams returned to Los Angeles for two final television appearances. He joined Lost in Space cast members June Lockhart, Angela Cartwright, Bob May and Marta Kristen for two celebrity episodes of Family Feud, against the casts of Batman and Gilligan's Island respectively.[5][6] He later appeared as a guest on Good Morning America.[7]

text: Death[edit]

text: Later in 1989, while spending solitary months in Argentina, Williams disappeared. The local police searched his apartment in Recoleta on May 6, 1989,[8] finding his body. Owing to his great popularity in Argentina, his ashes lay for two years at the Argentine Actors' Society cemetery at La Recoleta Cemetery, Buenos Aires. In 1991, in accordance with his wishes, Guy's ashes were spread over the Pacific Ocean in Malibu, California.

text: Homages[edit]

text:
In 2000, Williams was the first local celebrity inducted into the Bronx Walk of Fame, of New York City. He was represented at the ceremony by his son, Steven Catalano (Guy Williams Jr.)[9][10]
In 2001, (August 2), he was posthumously granted a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, at 7080 Hollywood Blvd, after petitions from thousands of his fans in front of the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce in 2000.[11]
In October 2002, the fans of Williams, with his children Steven and Toni in attendance, dedicated to him a bench in New York's Central Park.
In August 2003, Disney enterprise placed a commemorative badge dedicated to Williams in the mansion of the Mission San Luis Rey de Francia at Oceanside, California, where the Zorro series was filmed in 1957.
In 2011, Williams was named a Disney Legend.
The impression of a US Postage Stamp commemorative of Guy Williams was cancelled due to the change of the US Postal Service's protocol, though the fans had been campaigning for the stamp since 1998.

text: A number of books have been written which feature Williams, particularly in his role as Zorro. This includes the Zorro Television Companion, detailing the making of Disney series,[12] as well as a biography by Antoinette Girgenti Lane, Guy Williams: The Man Behind the Mask (2005).[13]

text: A collection of original Zorro short stories, some inspired specifically by Guy Williams, was edited by Richard Dean Starr and released in 2008. It includes an introduction by Guy Williams Jr. (with Matthew Baugh) and an afterword by Isabel Allende.[14] The cover art on the trade paperback edition by Douglas Klauba was an homage to Guy Williams.


document_title: Pollen basket

question_text: where do bees carry pollen on their bodies

text: Pollen basket

text: The pollen basket or corbicula (plural corbiculae) is part of the tibia on the hind legs of certain species of bees. They use the structure in harvesting pollen and returning it to the nest or hive. Other species of bee have scopae instead.

text: Etymology[edit]

text: There was little formal description of the corbicula before Carl Linnaeus explained the biological function of pollen in the mid-18th century. In English the first edition of Encyclopædia Britannica described the structure in 1771 without giving it any special name.[1] The second edition, 1777, refers to the corbicula simply as the "basket".[2] By 1802 William Kirby had introduced the Latin term corbicula into English. He had borrowed it, with acknowledgement, from Réaumur. This New Latin term, like many other Latin anatomical terms, had the advantages of specificity, international acceptability, and culture neutrality.[3] By 1820 the term pollen-basket seems to have gained acceptance in beekeeping vernacular,[4] though a century later a compendium of entomological terminology recognised pollen-plate and corbicula without including "pollen-basket".[5] Yet another century, and authorities as eminent as the current authors of "Imms" included only the terms scopa and corbicula in the index, though they did include "pollen basket" in the text.[6]

text: The New Latin term corbicula is a diminutive of corbis, a basket or pannier.[7] Corbula (not a term used in entomology) is given as the Late Latin diminutive,[8] but at least one dictionary simply lists corbicula as a very small basket.[9]

text: Corbicula is the singular; its plural is corbiculae, reflecting the fact that in Latin the gender is feminine,[7] but a troublesome confusion has arisen ever since at least one author c. 1866 assumed corbicula to be the plural of (an actually non-existent neuter form) corbiculum. The error has propagated through successive textbooks[10] and reference works[11] and troublesomely, it still is to be found as a minority misconception in modern publications.[12][13]

text: Structure and function[edit]

text: Bees in four tribes of the family Apidae, subfamily Apinae: the honey bees, bumblebees, stingless bees, and orchid bees have corbiculae.[14][15] The corbicula is a polished cavity surrounded by a fringe of hairs, into which the bee collects the pollen; most other bees possess a structure called the scopa, which is similar in function, but is a dense mass of branched hairs into which pollen is pressed, with pollen grains held in place in the narrow spaces between the hairs. A honey bee moistens the forelegs with its protruding tongue and brushes the pollen that has collected on its head, body and forward appendages to the hind legs. The pollen is transferred to the pollen comb on the hind legs and then combed, pressed, compacted, and transferred to the corbicula on the outside surface of the tibia of the hind legs.[16]

text: In Apis species, a single hair functions as a pin that secures the middle of the pollen load. Either honey or nectar is used to moisten the dry pollen, producing the product known as bee pollen or bee bread. The mixing of the pollen with nectar or honey changes the color of the pollen. The color of the pollen can help identify the pollen source.[17]


document_title: Rupnarayan River

question_text: combined flow of shilabati and dwarakeswar is known as

text: Rupnarayan River

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Rupnarayan River (রূপনারায়ন নদ)

Country
India

State
West Bengal

City
Kolaghat, Tamluk

text: The Rupnarayan River is a river in India. It begins as the Dhaleswari (Dhalkisor) in the Chhota Nagpur plateau foothills northeast of the town of Purulia. It then follows a tortuous southeasterly course past the town of Bankura, where it is known as the Dwarakeswar river. Near the town of Ghatal it is joined by the Shilabati river, where it takes the name Rupnarayan. Finally, it joins the Hoogli River. It is famous for the Hilsa fish that live in it and are used in Bengali cuisine. It is also notable for the West Bengal Power Development Corporation Limited (WBPDCL) thermal power plant built along its bank at Kolaghat in West Bengal.The river also passes through Bagnan in Howrah district.

text: Rupnarayan River forms the eastern boundary of district Purba Medinipur with district Howrah.