document_title: My Woman, My Woman, My Wife

question_text: who wrote the song my woman my woman my wife

text: My Woman, My Woman, My Wife

text:
"My Woman, My Woman, My Wife"

Single by Marty Robbins

from the album My Woman, My Woman, My Wife

B-side
"Martha Ellen Jenkins"

Released
January 23, 1970

Genre
Country, pop

Label
Columbia

Songwriter(s)
Marty Robbins

Producer(s)
Bob Johnston

Marty Robbins singles chronology

"Carmella"
(1969)
"My Woman, My Woman, My Wife"
(1970)
"Jolie Girl"
(1970)

"Carmella"
(1969)
"My Woman, My Woman, My Wife"
(1970)
"Jolie Girl"
(1970)

text: "My Woman, My Woman, My Wife" is a song written and recorded by American country artist Marty Robbins. It was released in January 1970 as the first single and title track from the album My Woman, My Woman, My Wife. The song was Robbins' 14th number one on the country chart. The single spent a single week at number one and spent a total of 15 weeks on the country charts.[1] The song won the Grammy Award for Best Country Song in 1971.

text: Content[edit]

text: This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (September 2017)

text: Chart performance[edit]

text:
Chart (1970)
Peak
position

US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[2]
1

US Billboard Hot 100[3]
42

Canadian RPM Country Tracks
1

Canadian RPM Top Singles
35

Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks
38


document_title: Monica Lacy

question_text: who is the girl on the autonation commercial

root

text: Monica Lacy

text: Career[edit]

text: The Creel sisters, Monica, Joy, and Leanna, appeared in roles together on Growing Pains and Beverly Hills 90210, among others; they also were interviewed on The Tonight Show starring Johnny Carson. While her sisters eventually chose paths away from the spotlight, Monica began appearing in several popular television shows, which included Married... with Children, where she appeared as Esther, a celibate teen-in-distress, whom Bud, who works as a dispatcher for a "Virgin Hotline", has to talk into staying celibate in the season 10 episode "Dial "B" for Virgin". Lacy's additional television credits include dating Kramer on the classic Seinfeld episode "The Yada Yada", going through heartbreak on FOX's Party of Five, and an appearance on the Baywatch episode "Shark's Cove" in 1992.[1]

tag: p

text: Lacy's more recent television appearances include guest-starring roles on CBS’s Hawaii Five-O as an MIT computer scientist and on ABC's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. as a suffering wife.

text: She has also appeared in such films as the Sundance Award-winning Possums, Freeway with Reese Witherspoon, and The Cell alongside Vincent D’Onofrio. She’s starred in five hour-long pilots for CBS, MTV, and NBC, including Clyde Phillips' Time Well Spent and the series lead in the 1999 made-for-TV movie Sorority, alongsides January Jones and Christina Hendricks.[1]

text: Lacy studied acting with Larry Moss and Howard Fine and was part of the improv comedy group The Groundlings.[2] She’s performed stand-up about her unusual childhood behind the ‘Orange Curtain’ and has starred in nearly 200 television commercials; she can currently serves as a TV commercial spokesperson for AutoNation.[1]

text: Family/personal life[edit]

text: Lacy holds a B.A. in English Literature from UCLA and completed the university's Professional Screenwriting Program.[1]

text: She is married to casting director Ross Lacy; the Lacys and their two children reside in Los Angeles.

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1996
Freeway
Twin #1

1998
Possums
Sarah Jacobs

1999
Ladies Room
Assistant (Tony Roman)

2000
The Cell
Mother

2004
The Old Man and the Studio
Danielle
Short Film

2006
Paperdolls
Star

tag: table

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1987
Growing Pains
Schwartz Twins
Episode: "Michaelgate"

1989
Parent Trap III
Jessie Wyatt
Television film

1989
My Two Dads
Cathy
Episode: "Basket Case"

1989
Parent Trap: Hawaiian Honeymoon
Jessie Wyatt
Television film

1991
Parker Lewis Can't Lose
Barbie
Episode: "King Kube"

1991
Anything But Love
Actress
Episode: "Stop Me Before I... Again: Part 1 & 2"

1992
Baywatch
Debbie Kent
Episode: "Shark's Cove"

1992
Vinnie & Bobby
Actress
Episode: "Vinnie Gets Sued"

1992
Beverly Hills, 90210
Claire / Rory
Episode: "The Twins, the Trustee, and the Very Big Trip"

1993
Sworn to Vengeance
Jesse
Television film

1993
CBS Schoolbreak Special
Tina Kosloski
Episode: "Crosses on the Lawn"

1994
Dead at 21
Younger sister of lead
Pilot Episode

1994
Married... with Children
Esther
Episode: "Dial B for Virgin"

1995
Spring Fling!
Cassie
Television Film

1995
Party of Five
Holly Blanchard
Episode: "Ready or Not"

1996
Time Well Spent
Actress
Television Film

1996
Rattled
Michelle
Television Film

1996
Nowhere Man
Teenage Laura
Episode: "Through a Lens Darkly"

1997
Ned and Stacey
Lauren
Episode: "Scenes from a Muffin Shop"

1997
Seinfeld
Julie
Episode: "The Yada Yada"

1999
Sorority
Jesse Sloan
Television Film

2013
Hawaii Five-0
Sandra Cutler
Episode: "A ia la aku" & "Kupu'eu"

2014
Hairapy
Lacey
Episode: "BFFWTF!"

2014
Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.
Katie Thompson
Episode: "The Writing on the Wall"

2015
The Advocate
Shirley
Television Film

2015
The Kicks
Sharon Burke


document_title: Brandon Backe

question_text: who did the astros trade for brandon backe

text: Brandon Backe

text: High school and college[edit]

text: Backe starred for Ball High School in Galveston, Texas[1] where he was a two-time team MVP in baseball and earned all-district honors. He was selected by the Milwaukee Brewers in the 36th round of the 1996 Major League Baseball Draft, but chose to stay close to home and played his collegiate baseball at Galveston College where he earned third-team All-America honors in 1998. Primarily an infielder, he pitched only 26 total innings for the Whitecaps. Other notable Whitecap players on Backe's team included Pete Orr and Seth Foreman.

text: Minor leagues[edit]

text: Backe was selected by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays in the 18th round of the 1998 Major League Baseball Draft. During his first three seasons in the minor leagues, he played every infield and outfield position. In fact, the two innings that he pitched for the rookie league Princeton Devil Rays in 1998 were the only time he spent on the mound during that time. In spite of his steady glove and versatility, it was clear that a light-hitting utility player had a very small chance of making the major leagues. In 2001, he changed positions to pitcher and found immediate success. He rose through the ranks of the pitching-depleted Tampa Bay system climbing from Single-A to the major leagues in just a season and a half.

text: Major leagues[edit]

text: Tampa Bay[edit]

text: In just his second season as a pitcher, Backe was recalled on July 16, 2002 from the Double-A Orlando Rays and pitched nine times for the Devil Rays. He posted a 6.92 ERA giving up 10 runs in 13 innings, however 7 of those runs came in one outing - the first game of a July 23 doubleheader at Fenway Park, a game the Rays lost 22-4 and in which Backe allowed a pair of home runs to Nomar Garciaparra in one inning.

text: Backe began the season in the minor leagues, but was recalled on May 16 when John Rocker was optioned. He earned his first big league win on August 1 at Kansas City with four scoreless innings of relief. He had a 9-outing stretch from July 22 to August 21 in which he pitched to a 1.42 ERA over 19 innings, lowering his ERA from 6.06 to a season-low 3.60.

text: Houston[edit]

text: In December 2003, his hometown team, the Houston Astros, acquired Backe from the Devil Rays for Geoff Blum.

text: In 2004, Backe shuffled between Triple-A and the majors, pitching out of the bullpen when he was with the Astros. On August 21, Backe was called up for his first major league start, where he ended up limiting the Chicago Cubs to four hits and no runs over seven innings. After that start, Backe became a permanent member of the Astros rotation, going 4-2 over the final two months of the season.

text: Entering their final regular-season game against the Colorado Rockies on October 3, the Astros needed a win to clinch a playoff spot. Although Roger Clemens was scheduled as the starting pitcher for that game, he was sidelined by a stomach virus, forcing manager Phil Garner to press Backe into starting duty the morning of the game. Backe performed well on his short notice, surrendering only 2 runs over 5 innings as the Astros beat the Rockies 5-3 and edged out the San Francisco Giants for the team's first playoff berth since 2001.

text: Backe's star continued to rise during the 2004 playoffs. After earning a win in Game 3 of the NL Division Series against the Atlanta Braves, Backe gained national attention with an eight-inning, one-hit performance against the St. Louis Cardinals in Game 5 of the NL Championship Series. Going toe-to-toe with Cardinals starter and Houston native Woody Williams, Backe carried a perfect game into the 5th inning and a no-hitter into the 6th inning, surrendering only a bloop single to St. Louis second baseman Tony Womack. Backe's pitching performance set the stage for Jeff Kent's walk-off home run in the ninth inning, giving the Astros a 3-2 series advantage headed back to St. Louis, however the Astros lost both subsequent games and the series.

text: Backe started the 2005 season in the Astros starting rotation, going 10-8 with a 4.76 ERA in his first full season as a starter. Backe performed well in the Astros second-consecutive postseason appearance, including a five-hit, seven-strikeout performance in Game 4 of the 2005 World Series.

text: In the 2006 season, Backe was the Astros No. 4 starter. But after two starts he went onto the disabled list for three months. He returned in late July, but on August 19 he sprained a ligament in his right elbow was placed on the disabled list again. This injury required Tommy John surgery, which was successfully performed on September 7, 2006.

text: Although Backe's recovery time was slated at 12–18 months, he rehabbed aggressively and made his return on September 4. In his return, he gave up 4 runs (3 earned) in 5.2 innings, taking the loss, but won his last 4 starts of the season for an ERA of 3.77.

text: During the 2008 season, Backe was totally healthy and made 31 starts for the Astros, although it turned out to be a disappointing year for him, as he went just 9-14 with a 6.05 ERA.  He led the majors in home runs allowed, with 36, in home-runs-per-9 innings (with 1.9), in home runs per plate appearance (with 4.8%), and in highest-slugging-percentage-against (.544) and OPS-against (.920).[1][2][3]

text: On October 5, 2008, Backe was arrested, along with nine others, after being involved in a fight at a wedding.[2] He was charged with interfering with a police officer and resisting arrest,[2] but a grand jury declined to indict him.[3] On October 18, 2008, it was reported that Backe's attorney filed a complaint with the FBI, claiming that Backe's and the other arrested citizens' civil rights had been violated by the officers.[4] In 2014, in a federal lawsuit that he and others who were injured at the wedding brought against several Galveston, Texas police officers, Backe testified that he heard a cry referring to Cole O'Balle, the brother of the bride:

text: Backe said he ran to the sound and encountered O'Balle face down on the ground and surrounded by police, his face bloody and the prongs from a stun gun stuck in his back. O'Balle was flown by helicopter to a Houston hospital.

text: Backe said officer Nicholas McDermott "screamed, 'back the f--- up." Backe said he could back up no farther and told the officer, "Chill out, we can't back up. You've got enough room." At that point several officers attacked him, he said, striking him as he fell to the ground and continuing to beat him until his face was bloody. One kicked him in the face, he said.

text: When he fell, his shoulder struck a concrete curb that separated the sidewalk from a garden. He said officers kept beating him while he was down. "I hit the ground hard and they just got on top of me," he said. Backe contends that this is when his shoulder was so badly damaged it ended his career.[5]

text: Backe was designated for assignment on June 26, 2009. Backe had an ERA of over 10 for the Astros in 2009, including 7 relief appearances and one start. The young Felipe Paulino replaced him on the roster as he was recovering from an injury. On June 29, 2009 Backe was released by the Houston Astros.


document_title: Displacement (fluid)

question_text: who developed the method of volume by water displacement

text: Displacement (fluid)

text: In fluid mechanics, displacement occurs when an object is immersed in a fluid, pushing it out of the way and taking its place. The volume of the fluid displaced can then be measured, and from this, the volume of the immersed object can be deduced (the volume of the immersed object will be exactly equal to the volume of the displaced fluid).

text: An object that sinks displaces an amount of fluid equal to the object's volume. Thus buoyancy is expressed through Archimedes' principle, which states that the weight of the object is reduced by its volume multiplied by the density of the fluid. If the weight of the object is less than this displaced quantity, the object floats; if more, it sinks. The amount of fluid displaced is directly related (via Archimedes' Principle) to its volume.

text: In the case of an object that sinks (is totally submerged), the volume of the object is displaced. In the case of an object that floats, the amount of fluid displaced will be equal in weight to the displacing object.

text: Archimedes' principle, a physical law of buoyancy, states that anybody completely or partially submerged in a fluid (gas or liquid) at rest is acted upon by an upward, or buoyant, force the magnitude of which is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body. The volume of displaced fluid is equivalent to the volume of an object fully immersed in a fluid or to that fraction of the volume below the surface of an object partially submerged in a liquid. The weight of the displaced portion of the fluid is equivalent to the magnitude of the buoyant force. The buoyant force on a body floating in a liquid or gas is also equivalent in magnitude to the weight of the floating object and is opposite in direction; the object neither rises nor sinks. If the weight of an object is less than that of the displaced fluid, the object rises, as in the case of a block of wood that is released beneath the surface of water or a helium-filled balloon that is let loose in the air. An object heavier than the amount of the fluid it displaces, though it sinks when released, has an apparent weight loss equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. In fact, in some accurate weighing, a correction must be made in order to compensate for the buoyancy effect of the surrounding air. The buoyant force, which always opposes gravity, is nevertheless caused by gravity. Fluid pressure increases with depth because of the (gravitational) weight of the fluid above. This increasing pressure applies a force on a submerged object that increases with depth. The result is buoyancy.[1]

text: Applications of displacement[edit]

text: This method can be used to measure the volume of a solid object, even if its form is not regular. Several methods of such measuring exist. In one case the increase of liquid level is registered as the object is immersed in the liquid (usually water). In the second case, the object is immersed into a vessel full of liquid (called an overflow can), causing it to overflow. Then the spilled liquid is collected and its volume measured. In the third case, the object is suspended under the surface of the liquid and the increase of weight of the vessel is measured. The increase in weight is equal to the amount of liquid displaced by the object, which is the same as the volume of the suspended object times the density of the liquid.[2]

text: The concept of Archimedes' principle is that an object immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. The weight of the displaced fluid can be found mathematically. The mass of the displaced fluid can be expressed in terms of the density and its volume, m = ρV. The fluid displaced has a weight W = mg, where g is acceleration due to gravity. Therefore, the weight of the displaced fluid can be expressed as W = ρVg.

text: The weight of an object or substance can be measured by floating a sufficiently buoyant receptacle in the cylinder and noting the water level. After placing the object or substance in the receptacle, the difference in weight of the water level volumes will equal the weight of the object.


document_title: The Smashing Pumpkins

question_text: when is the last time the smashing pumpkins toured

text: The Smashing Pumpkins

text: History[edit]

text: Early years: 1988–1991[edit]

text: After the breakup of his gothic rock band the Marked, singer and guitarist Billy Corgan left St. Petersburg, Florida, to return to his native city of Chicago, where he took a job in a record store and formed the idea of a new band to be called the Smashing Pumpkins.[1][2] While working there, he met guitarist James Iha. Adorning themselves with paisley and other psychedelic trappings, the two began writing songs together (with the aid of a drum machine) that were heavily influenced by The Cure and New Order.[3] The duo performed live for the first time on July 9, 1988 at the Polish bar Chicago 21. This performance included only Corgan on bass and Iha on guitar[4] with a drum machine.[5] Shortly thereafter, Corgan met D'arcy Wretzky after a show by the Dan Reed Network where they argued the merits of the band. After finding out Wretzky played bass guitar, Corgan recruited her into the lineup and the now-trio played a show at the Avalon Nightclub.[6][7] After this show, Cabaret Metro owner Joe Shanahan agreed to book the band on the condition that they replace the drum machine with a live drummer.[8]

text: Jazz drummer Jimmy Chamberlin was recommended by a friend of Corgan's.[7] Chamberlin knew little of alternative music and immediately changed the sound of the nascent band. As Corgan recalled of the period, "We were completely into the sad-rock, Cure kind of thing. It took about two or three practices before I realized that the power in his playing was something that enabled us to rock harder than we could ever have imagined."[3] On October 5, 1988, the complete band took the stage for the first time at the Cabaret Metro.[7]

text: In 1989 the Smashing Pumpkins made their first appearance on record with the compilation album Light Into Dark, which featured several Chicago alternative bands. The group released its first single, "I Am One", in 1990 on local Chicago label Limited Potential. The single sold out and they released a follow-up, "Tristessa", on Sub Pop, after which they signed to Caroline Records.[9] The band recorded their 1991 debut studio album Gish with producer Butch Vig at his Smart Studios in Madison, Wisconsin for $20,000.[10] In order to gain the consistency he desired, Corgan often played all instruments excluding drums, which created tension in the band. The music fused heavy metal guitars, psychedelia, and dream pop, garnering them comparisons to Jane's Addiction.[11] Gish became a minor success, with the single "Rhinoceros" receiving some airplay on modern rock radio. After releasing the Lull EP in October 1991 on Caroline Records, the band formally signed with Virgin Records, which was affiliated with Caroline.[9] The band supported the album with a tour that included opening for bands such as the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Jane's Addiction, and Guns N' Roses. During the tour, Iha and Wretzky went through a messy breakup, Chamberlin became addicted to narcotics and alcohol, and Corgan entered a deep depression,[12] writing some songs for the upcoming album in the parking garage where he lived at the time.[13]

text: Mainstream breakout: 1992–1994[edit]

text: With the breakthrough of alternative rock into the American mainstream due to the popularity of grunge bands such as Nirvana and Pearl Jam, the Smashing Pumpkins were poised for major commercial success. At this time, the Smashing Pumpkins were routinely lumped in with the grunge movement, with Corgan protesting, "We've graduated now from 'the next Jane's Addiction' to 'the next Nirvana', now we're 'the next Pearl Jam'."[14]

text:
"Rhinoceros"

Sample of "Rhinoceros," taken from the band's debut album Gish (1991) and also featured on the Lull EP (1992).

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: Amid this environment of intense internal pressure for the band to break through to widespread popularity, the band relocated to Marietta, Georgia in late 1992 to begin work on their second album, with Butch Vig returning as producer.[3] The decision to record so far away from their hometown was motivated partly by the band's desire to avoid friends and distractions during the recording, but largely as a desperate attempt to cut Chamberlin off from his known drug connections.[3] The recording environment for Siamese Dream was quickly marred by discord within the band. As was the case with Gish, Corgan and Vig decided that Corgan should play nearly all of the guitar and bass parts on the album, contributing to an air of resentment.[15][16] The contemporary music press began to portray Corgan as a tyrant.[17] Corgan's depression, meanwhile, had deepened to the point where he contemplated suicide, and he compensated by practically living in the studio.[18] Meanwhile, Chamberlin quickly managed to find new connections and was often absent without any contact for days at a time.[3] In all, it took over four months to complete the record, with the budget exceeding $250,000.[15]

text: Despite all the problems in its recording, Siamese Dream debuted at number ten on the Billboard 200 chart,[19] and sold over four million copies in the U.S. alone.[20] Alongside the band's mounting mainstream recognition, the band's reputation as careerists among their former peers in the independent music community was worsened.[5] Indie rock band Pavement's 1994 song "Range Life" directly mocks the band in its lyrics, although Stephen Malkmus, lead singer of Pavement, has stated, "I never dissed their music. I just dissed their status."[21] Former Hüsker Dü frontman Bob Mould called them "the grunge Monkees",[3] and fellow Chicago musician/producer Steve Albini wrote a scathing letter in response to an article praising the band, derisively comparing them to REO Speedwagon ("by, of and for the mainstream") and concluding their ultimate insignificance.[22] The opening track and lead single of Siamese Dream, "Cherub Rock", directly addresses Corgan's feud with the "indie-world".[23]

text: In 1994 Virgin released the B-sides/rarities compilation Pisces Iscariot which charted higher than Siamese Dream by reaching number four on the Billboard 200.[24] Also released was a VHS cassette titled Vieuphoria featuring a mix of live performances and behind-the-scenes footage. Following relentless touring to support the recordings, including headline slots on the 1994 Lollapalooza tour and at Reading Festival in 1995, the band took time off to write the follow-up album.

text: Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness: 1995–1997[edit]

text: During 1995 Corgan wrote about 56 songs,[25] following which the band went into the studio with producers Flood and Alan Moulder to work on what Corgan described as "The Wall for Generation X",[26] and which became Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness, a double album of twenty-eight songs, lasting over two hours (the vinyl version of the album contained three records, two extra songs, and an alternate track listing). The songs were intended to hang together conceptually as a symbol of the cycle of life and death.[5] Praised by Time as "the group's most ambitious and accomplished work yet",[27] Mellon Collie debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 in October 1995.[28] Even more successful than Siamese Dream, it was certified ten times platinum in the United States[29] and became the best-selling double album of the decade.[30] It also garnered seven 1997 Grammy Award nominations, including Album of the Year. The band won only the Best Hard Rock Performance award, for the album's lead single "Bullet with Butterfly Wings". The album spawned five singles—"Bullet with Butterfly Wings", "1979", "Zero", "Tonight, Tonight" which Corgan stated was inspired by the Cheap Trick song "I'll Be with You Tonight", [31] and "Thirty-Three"—of which the first three were certified gold and all but "Zero" entered the Top 40. Many of the remaining songs that did not make it onto Mellon Collie were released as B-sides to the singles, and were eventually compiled in The Aeroplane Flies High box set. As a testament to the band's popularity, Virgin Records originally intended to limit the set to 200,000 copies, but produced more after the original run sold out due to overwhelming demand.[32]

text: In 1996 the Pumpkins undertook an extended world tour in support of Mellon Collie. Corgan's look during this period—a shaved head, a long sleeve black shirt with the word "Zero" printed on it, and silver pants—became iconic.[33] That year, the band also made a guest appearance in an episode of The Simpsons, "Homerpalooza". With considerable video rotation on MTV, major industry awards, and "Zero" shirts selling in many malls, the Pumpkins were considered one of the most popular bands of the time.[34][35] But the year was far from entirely positive for the band. In May, the Smashing Pumpkins played a gig at The Point Theatre in Dublin, Ireland. Despite the band's repeated requests for moshing to stop, a seventeen-year-old fan named Bernadette O'Brien was crushed to death. The concert ended early and the following night's performance in Belfast was cancelled out of respect for her.[36] However, while Corgan maintained that moshing's "time [had] come and gone", the band would continue to request open-floor concerts throughout the rest of the tour.[37]

text: The band suffered a personal tragedy on the night of July 11, 1996, when touring keyboardist Jonathan Melvoin and Chamberlin overdosed on heroin in a hotel room in New York City. Melvoin died, and Chamberlin was arrested for drug possession. A few days later, the band announced that Chamberlin had been fired as a result of the incident.[38] The Pumpkins chose to finish the tour, and hired drummer Matt Walker and keyboardist Dennis Flemion. Corgan later said the decision to continue touring was the worst decision the band had ever made, damaging both their music and their reputation.[3] Chamberlin admitted in a 1994 Rolling Stone cover story that in the past he'd "gotten high in every city in this country and probably half the cities in Europe." But in recent years, he had reportedly been clean. On July 17, the Pumpkins issued a statement in which they said, "For nine years we have battled with Jimmy's struggles with the insidious disease of drug and alcohol addiction. It has nearly destroyed everything we are and stand for. … We wish [him] the best we have to offer".[39] Meanwhile, the band had given interviews since the release of Mellon Collie stating that it would be the last conventional Pumpkins record,[40] and that rock was becoming stale. James Iha said at the end of 1996, "The future is in electronic music. It really seems boring just to play rock music."[41]

text: Adore, Machina, and breakup: 1998–2000[edit]

text: After the release of Mellon Collie, the Pumpkins contributed a number of songs to various compilations. Released in early 1997, the song "Eye", which appeared on the soundtrack to David Lynch's Lost Highway, relied almost exclusively on electronic instruments and signaled a drastic shift from the Pumpkins' previous musical styles. At the time, Corgan stated his "idea [was] to reconfigure the focus and get away from the classic guitars-bass-drum rock format."[42] Later that year, the group contributed "The End Is the Beginning Is the End" to the soundtrack for the film Batman & Robin. With Matt Walker on drums, the song featured a heavy sound similar to "Bullet with Butterfly Wings" while still having strong electronic influences. The song later won the 1998 Grammy for Best Hard Rock Performance. Though Corgan announced that the song represented the sound people could expect from the band in the future,[43] the band's next album would feature few guitar driven songs.

text: Recorded following the death of Corgan's mother and his divorce, 1998's Adore represented a significant change of style from the Pumpkins' previous guitar-based rock, veering into electronica. The record, cut with assistance from drum machines and studio drummers including Matt Walker, was infused with a darker aesthetic than much of the band's earlier work. The group also modified its public image, shedding its alternative rock look for a more subdued appearance. Although Adore received favorable reviews and was nominated for Best Alternative Performance at the Grammy Awards, the album had only sold about 830,000 copies in the United States by the end of the year, which led the music industry to consider it a failure.[44] The album nonetheless sold three times as many copies overseas.[3] The band began a seventeen-date, fifteen-city charity North American tour in support of Adore. At each stop on the tour, the band donated 100 percent of tickets sales to a local charity organization. The tour's expenses were entirely funded out of the band's own pockets. All told, the band donated over $2.8 million to charity as a result of the tour.[45]

text: In 1999 the band surprised fans by reuniting with a rehabilitated Jimmy Chamberlin for a brief tour dubbed "The Arising", which showcased both new and classic material. The lineup was short-lived, however, as the band announced the departure of Wretzky in September during work on the album Machina/The Machines of God.[46] Former Hole bassist Melissa Auf der Maur was recruited for the "Sacred and Profane" tour in support of the album and appeared in the videos accompanying its release. Released in 2000, Machina was initially promoted as the Pumpkins' return to a more traditional rock sound, after the more gothic, electronic-sounding Adore.[47] The album debuted at number three on the Billboard charts,[48] but quickly disappeared and as of 2007 had only been certified gold.[49][50] Music journalist Jim DeRogatis, who described the album as "one of the strongest of their career", noted that the stalled sales for Machina in comparison to teen pop ascendant at the time "seems like concrete proof that a new wave of young pop fans has turned a deaf ear toward alternative rock."[51]

text: On May 23, 2000, in a live radio interview on KROQ-FM (Los Angeles), Billy Corgan announced the band's decision to break up at the end of that year following additional touring and recording.[47] The group's final album before the break-up, Machina II/The Friends & Enemies of Modern Music, was released in September 2000 in a limited pressing on vinyl with permission and instructions for free redistribution on the Internet by fans. Only twenty-five copies were cut, each of which was hand numbered and given to friends of the band along with band members themselves. The album, released under the Constantinople Records label created by Corgan, consisted of one double LP and three ten-inch EPs.[52] Originally, the band asked Virgin to offer Machina II as a free download to anyone who bought Machina. When the record label declined, Corgan opted to release the material independently.[53]

text: On December 2, 2000, Smashing Pumpkins played a farewell concert at The Metro, the same Chicago club where their career had effectively started twelve years earlier. The four-and-a-half-hour-long show featured 35 songs spanning the group's career, and attendees were given a recording of the band's first concert at The Metro, Live at Cabaret Metro 10-5-88.[53] The single "Untitled" was released commercially to coincide with the farewell show.

text: In 2005 Billy Corgan discussed an issue that impacted the band back in 1993. In an A.P. profile that was published about the Smashing Pumpkins, guitarist James Iha and bass guitarist D'arcy Wretzky informed the writer that Billy Corgan played all of the instruments on the band's recordings. According to Corgan, this represented "a cataclysmic moment" in the band's history. Although this bothered other members of the band, they held together and continued onward. Billy Corgan explained that the A.P. article was one of the principal reasons that the band decided to break up.[54][better source needed]

text: Post-breakup: 2001–2004[edit]

text: In 2001 the compilation Rotten Apples was released. The double-disc version of the album, released as a limited edition, included a collection of B-sides and rarities called Judas O. The Greatest Hits Video Collection DVD was also released at the same time. This was a compilation of all of the Pumpkins promo videos from Gish to Machina along with unreleased material.[55] Vieuphoria was released on DVD in 2002, as was the soundtrack album Earphoria, previously released solely to radio stations in 1994.

text: Billy Corgan and Jimmy Chamberlin reunited in 2001 as members of Corgan's next project, the short-lived supergroup Zwan. The group's only album, Mary Star of the Sea, was released in 2003. After cancelling a few festival appearances, Corgan announced the demise of the band in 2003. During 2001 Corgan also toured as part of New Order and provided vocals on their comeback album Get Ready. In October 2004 Corgan released his first book, Blinking with Fists, a collection of poetry. In June 2005, he released a solo album, TheFutureEmbrace, which he described as "(picking) up the thread of the as-of-yet-unfinished work of the Smashing Pumpkins".[56] Despite this, it was greeted with generally mixed reviews and lackluster sales. Only one single, "Walking Shade", was released in support of the album.

text: In addition to drumming with Zwan, Jimmy Chamberlin also formed an alternative rock/jazz fusion project band called The Jimmy Chamberlin Complex. The group released an album in 2005 titled Life Begins Again. Corgan provided guest vocals on the track "Lokicat". James Iha served as a guitarist in A Perfect Circle, appearing on their Thirteenth Step club tour and 2004 album, eMOTIVe. He has also been involved with other acts such as Chino Moreno's Team Sleep and Vanessa and the O's. He continues to work with Scratchie Records, his own record label, as well. D'arcy Wretzky has, aside from one radio interview in 2009, not made any public statements or appearances nor given any interviews since leaving the band in 1999. On January 25, 2000, she was arrested after she allegedly purchased three bags of crack cocaine, but after successfully completing a court-ordered drug education program, the charges were dropped.[57]

text: Corgan insisted during this period that the band would not reform, although when Zwan broke up he announced, "I think my heart was in Smashing Pumpkins […] I think it was naive of me to think that I could find something that would mean as much to me."[58] Corgan said in 2005, "I never wanted to leave the Smashing Pumpkins. That was never the plan."[59] On February 17, 2004, Corgan posted a message on his personal blog calling Wretzky a "mean-spirited drug addict" and blaming Iha for the breakup of the Smashing Pumpkins.[60] On June 3, 2004, he added that "the depth of my hurt [from Iha] is only matched with the depth of my gratitude".[61] Iha responded to Corgan's claims in 2005, saying, "No, I didn't break up the band. The only person who could have done that is Billy."[62]

text: Wikinews has related news: Smashing Pumpkins may reunite

text: Reformation and Zeitgeist: 2005–2008[edit]

text: On June 21, 2005, the day of the release of his album TheFutureEmbrace, Corgan took out full-page advertisements in the Chicago Tribune and Chicago Sun-Times to announce that he planned to reunite the band. "For a year now", Corgan wrote, "I have walked around with a secret, a secret I chose to keep. But now I want you to be among the first to know that I have made plans to renew and revive the Smashing Pumpkins. I want my band back, and my songs, and my dreams".[56] Corgan and Chamberlin were verified as participants in the reunion, but there was question as to whether other former members of the band would participate.[63][64][65]

text: In April 2007 Iha and Auf der Maur separately confirmed that they were not taking part in the reunion.[66][67] Chamberlin would later state that Iha and Wretzky "didn't want to be a part of" the reunion.[68] The Smashing Pumpkins performed live for the first time since 2000 on May 22, 2007, in Paris, France. There, the band unveiled new touring members: guitarist Jeff Schroeder, bassist Ginger Reyes, and keyboardist Lisa Harriton.[69] That same month, "Tarantula" was released as the first single from the band's forthcoming album. On July 7, the band performed at the Live Earth concert in New Jersey.[70]

text: The band's new album, Zeitgeist, was released that same month on Reprise Records, entering the Billboard charts at number two and selling 145,000 copies in its first week.[71] Zeitgeist received mixed reviews, with much of the criticism targeted at the absence of half of the original lineup. The album divided the Pumpkins' fanbase. Corgan would later admit, "I know a lot of our fans are puzzled by Zeitgeist. I think they wanted this massive, grandiose work, but you don't just roll out of bed after seven years without a functioning band and go back to doing that".

text: Corgan and Chamberlin continued to record as a duo, releasing the four-song EP American Gothic in January 2008 and the singles "Superchrist" and "G.L.O.W." later that year.[72] That November, the group released the DVD If All Goes Wrong, which chronicled the group's 2007 concert residences in Asheville, North Carolina and San Francisco, California. In late 2008, the band commenced on a controversy-riddled 20th Anniversary Tour. Around this time, Corgan said the group will make no more full-length records in order to focus exclusively on singles, explaining, "The listening patterns have changed, so why are we killing ourselves to do albums, to create balance, and do the arty track to set up the single? It's done."[73]

text: Teargarden and Oceania: 2009–2013[edit]

text: In March 2009 Corgan announced on the band's website that Chamberlin had left the group and would be replaced.[74] Chamberlin subsequently stated that his departure from the band is "a positive move forward for me. I can no longer commit all of my energy into something that I don't fully possess."[75] Chamberlin stressed that the split was amicable, commenting, "I am glad [Corgan] has chosen to continue under the name. It is his right."[76] Chamberlin soon formed the band Skysaw, which has released an album and toured in support of Minus the Bear.[77] In July 2009 Billy Corgan formed a new group called Spirits in the Sky, initially as a tribute band to Sky Saxon of The Seeds, who had recently died. The following month Corgan confirmed on the band's website that 19-year-old Spirits in the Sky drummer Mike Byrne had replaced Chamberlin and that the pair was working on new Pumpkins recordings.[78]

text: The group announced plans to release a 44-track concept album, Teargarden by Kaleidyscope, for free over the Internet one track at a time.[79] The first track, "A Song for a Son", was released in December 2009 to moderate press acclaim.[80][81] In March 2010 Ginger Reyes officially left the band, prompting an open call for auditions for a new bassist.[82] In May, Nicole Fiorentino announced she had joined the band as bass player, and would be working on Teargarden by Kaleidyscope.[83] The new lineup went on a world tour through to the end of 2010.[84] One of the first shows with the new lineup was a concert to benefit Matthew Leone, bassist for the rock band Madina Lake, at the Metro on July 27, 2010. In late 2010 all four members contributed to the sessions for the third volume of Teargarden.[85][86]

text: On April 26, 2011, Corgan announced that the Smashing Pumpkins would be releasing a new album titled Oceania, which he labeled as "an album within an album" in regards to the Teargarden by Kaleidyscope project, in the fall.[87][88] As with the previous recording sessions, all four band members contributed to the project.[89] Also, the entire album catalog was to be remastered and reissued with bonus tracks, starting with Gish and Siamese Dream in November 2011.[87] The pre-Gish demos, Pisces Iscariot, and Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness were released in 2012, with The Aeroplane Flies High released the following year. Adore was released in 2014, and Machina/The Machines of God and the yet commercially unreleased Machina II/Friends and Enemies of Modern Music are expected to be combined, remixed, and released in the same year. The band did a thirteen-city US tour in October 2011 followed by a European tour in November and December.[90]

text: Oceania was released on June 19, 2012, and received generally positive reviews. The album debuted at No. 4 on the Billboard 200 and at No. 1 on the Billboard Independent. The album spawned two singles, "The Celestials" and "Panopticon". The band proceeded to tour in support of the album, including a US tour involving playing the album in its entirety. By September 2012, Corgan stated that the band had already begun work on their next album.[91] However, despite this, the band concentrated on touring, playing at Glastonbury Festival, Dour Festival and the Barclays Center, where they recorded Oceania: Live in NYC, which was released on September 24, 2013.[92]

text: Monuments to an Elegy 2014–2016 [edit]

text: On March 25, 2014, Corgan announced he had signed a new record deal with BMG, for two new albums, titled Monuments to an Elegy and Day for Night, respectively.[93] In June, it was revealed that Mike Byrne was no longer in the band, to be replaced by Tommy Lee of Mötley Crüe on the new album, and Fiorentino would not be recording on the album either.[94][95][96] Monuments to an Elegy was released on December 5, 2014, to generally positive reviews. The band toured in support of the album starting on November 26, with Rage Against the Machine's Brad Wilk filling in on drums and The Killers' Mark Stoermer filling in on bass.[97] The follow-up proposed album Day For Night was cited for delayed late 2015 or early 2016 release.[98]

text: Later in 2015 Corgan announced that the band would embark on a co-headlining tour of North America with Marilyn Manson, "The End Times Tour", across July and August 2015.[99][100] Prior to the co-headlining dates, the band performed a series of acoustic shows with drum machines and tapes for percussion. When the time came for the co-headlining tour, plans for a drummer fell through and Corgan recruited Chamberlin to reunite for the shows.[101] On February 1, 2016, it was announced that the band would continue their In Plainsong acoustic tour with Jimmy Chamberlin on drums and were planning to head "straight to the studio after the dates to record a brand new album inspired by the sounds explored in the new acoustic setting".[102] On February 25, 2016, Corgan posted a video from a Los Angeles studio on the band's Facebook account, giving an update on the writing process for the new songs for the upcoming album to be released after the In Plainsong tour.[103] The tour began in Portland, Oregon, on March 22, 2016.[104]

text: Iha and Chamberlin's return and future: 2018-present[edit]

text: On his birthday on March 26, 2016, original guitarist James Iha joined Billy Corgan, Jimmy Chamberlin, and Jeff Schroeder on stage unannounced at the Ace Hotel in downtown Los Angeles. He performed a few songs, including "Mayonaise", "Soma" and "Whir" marking his first appearance with the Smashing Pumpkins in 16 years.[105] Iha also played at the second of the two Smashing Pumpkins shows at the Ace Hotel the following day, which was Easter Sunday. Iha joined the Pumpkins for a third time at their April 14 concert at the Civic Opera House in Chicago.[106] In July, Corgan began hinting of the possibility of reuniting the band original lineup, of himself, Iha, Wretzky, and Chamberlin,[107] and in August, he stated he had begun reaching out to the original lineup about the feasibility of a reunion, including speaking to Wretzky for the first time in sixteen years.[108] Despite the comments, Corgan would spend much of 2017 working on solo material - recording and releasing the solo album Ogilala and beginning work on another solo album for 2018.[109] In June 2017 Chamberlin also mentioned the possibility of a reunion tour in 2018.[110] In January 2018 Corgan shared a photo of himself, Iha, and Chamberlin together in recording studio.[111] In February 2018 Corgan announced that he was working with music producer Rick Rubin on a future Smashing Pumpkins albums, that there were currently 26 songs he was actively working on, and that "the guitar feels once again like the preferred weapon of choice."[112] Soon afterwards, Corgan shared a photo of sound equipment with Iha's name on a label, as well as announcing recording was finished on the upcoming album.[113]

text: On February 15, 2018, the band officially announced that founding members Iha and Chamberlin were back in the band. They will embark on the "Shiny and Oh So Bright Tour" starting in July, with a focus on performing material from their first five studio albums.[114][115] Original bassist D'arcy Wretzky claimed she had been offered a contract to rejoin the band but Corgan rescinded the offer soon after.[116] Corgan released a statement denying the claims, stating "Ms. Wretzky has repeatedly been invited out to play with the group, participate in demo sessions, or at the very least, meet face-to-face, and in each and every instance she always deferred".[117] Jack Bates (son of Joy Division bassist Peter Hook) will play bass on the tour. Bates previously toured with the Smashing Pumpkins in 2015.[118][119]

text: In March 2018, Corgan mentioned the band planned to release two EP's in 2018, with the first tentatively planned for May.[120]

text: Musical style, influences, and legacy[edit]

text:
"Cherub Rock"

Sample of "Cherub Rock" from Siamese Dream (1993), which features layers of guitar overdubs influenced by arena rock and shoegazing, as well as repeated use of "the Pumpkin chord".

"1979"

Sample of "1979", the second single from Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness (1995). The band's biggest hit and a precursor to their change in style, featuring a drum machine accompaniment to Chamberlin's drums and sampled vocal effects.

Problems playing these files? See media help.

text: The direction of the band is dominated by chief guitarist, lead vocalist, and principal songwriter Billy Corgan. Journalist Greg Kot wrote, "The music [of the Smashing Pumpkins] would not be what it is without his ambition and vision, and his famously fractured relationships with his family, friends, and bandmembers."[3] Melissa Auf der Maur commented upon news of the group's reunion, "Everyone knows Billy doesn't need too many people to make a Pumpkins record, other than Jimmy [Chamberlin]—who he has on board."[121] In a 2015 interview Corgan himself referred to the current iteration of the band "as sort of an open source collective" [122] noting that "It's whoever feels right at the time.".[122] Many of Corgan's lyrics for the Pumpkins are cathartic expressions of emotion, full of personal musings and strong indictments of himself and those close to him.[3] Music critics were not often fans of Corgan's angst-filled lyrics. Jim DeRogatis wrote in a 1993 Chicago Sun-Times article that Corgan's lyrics "too often sound like sophomoric poetry",[123] although he viewed the lyrics of later albums Adore and Machina as an improvement.[124] The band's songs have been described as "anguished, bruised reports from Billy Corgan's nightmare-land" by journalist William Shaw.[125]

text: Smashing Pumpkins, unlike many alternative rock bands at the time, disavowed the influence of punk rock on their sound.[126] Overall, they have a diverse, densely layered, and guitar-heavy sound, containing elements of gothic rock, heavy metal,[127] dream pop, psychedelic rock,[127] progressive rock, shoegazing, and electronica in later recordings.

text: The Smashing Pumpkins' distinctive sound up until Adore involved layering numerous guitar tracks onto a song during the recording process, a tactic that Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness coproducer Flood called the "Pumpkin guitar overdub army."[40] Although there were a lot of overdubbed parts on Gish, Corgan began to really explore the possibilities of overdubbing with Siamese Dream; Corgan has stated that "Soma" alone contains up to 40 overdubbed guitar parts.[128] While Corgan knew many of the songs would be difficult or impossible to replicate from their recorded versions in concert (in fact, some songs were drastically altered for live performance), he has explained the use of overdubbing by posing the question "When you are faced with making a permanent recorded representation of a song, why not endow it with the grandest possible vision?"[129] This use of multilayered sounds was inspired by Corgan's love of 1970s popular artists & bands such as: David Bowie, Cheap Trick, Queen, Boston, and the Electric Light Orchestra,[128] as well as shoegaze, a British alternative rock style of the late 1980s and early 1990s that relied on swirling layers of guitar noise for effect. Mellon Collie coproducer Alan Moulder was originally hired to mix Siamese Dream because Corgan was a fan of his work producing shoegaze bands such as My Bloody Valentine, Ride, and Slowdive.[130]

text: Like many contemporary alternative bands, the Smashing Pumpkins utilized shifts in song dynamics, going from quiet to loud and vice versa. Hüsker Dü's seminal album Zen Arcade demonstrated to the band how they could place gentler material against more aggressive fare,[3] and Corgan made such shifts in dynamics central to the pursuit of his grand musical ambitions.[131] Corgan said he liked the idea of creating his own alternative universe through sound that essentially tells the listener, "Welcome to Pumpkin Land, this is what it sounds like on Planet Pumpkin."[132] This emphasis on atmosphere carried through to Adore (described as "arcane night music" in prerelease promotion)[133] and the Machina albums (concept records that tell the story of a fictional rock band).[3]

text: The Pumpkins drew inspiration from a variety of other genres, some unfashionable during the 1990s among music critics. Corgan in particular was open about his appreciation of heavy metal, citing Dimebag Darrell of Pantera as his favorite contemporary guitarist.[40][134] When one interviewer commented to Corgan and Iha that "Smashing Pumpkins is one of the groups that relegitimized heavy metal" and that they "were among the first alternative rockers to mention people like Ozzy and Black Sabbath with anything other than contempt". Corgan went on to rave about Black Sabbath's Master of Reality and Judas Priest's Unleashed in the East.[40] The song "Zero", which reminded Iha of Judas Priest, is an example of what the band dubbed "cybermetal."[135] Post-punk and gothic rock bands like Joy Division/New Order, Bauhaus, The Cure, and Depeche Mode were formative influences on the band, which covered such artists in concert and on record. Corgan also cited Siouxsie and the Banshees saying it was important to point back to bands that influenced them.[136] Psychedelic rock was also referenced often in the band's early recordings; according to Corgan, "In typical Pumpkins fashion, no one at that point really liked loud guitars or psychedelic music so, of course, that's exactly what we had to do."[137] Corgan acknowledged that a chord he jokingly claimed as "the Pumpkin chord" (a G# octave chord at the eleventh fret of a guitar with the low E string played over it), used as the basis for "Cherub Rock", "Drown", and other songs, was in fact previously used by Jimi Hendrix.[128] Other early influences cited by Corgan include Cream, The Stooges, and Blue Cheer.[138]

text: Regarding the band's influence upon other groups, Greg Kot wrote in 2001, "Whereas Nirvana spawned countless mini-Nirvanas, the Pumpkins remain an island unto themselves."[3] Still, some artists and bands have been influenced by the Pumpkins, such as Nelly Furtado,[139] Marilyn Manson,[140] Tegan and Sara,[141] Panic! at the Disco,[142] and members of My Chemical Romance. My Chemical Romance vocalist Gerard Way has said that they pattern their career upon the Pumpkins',[143] including music videos.[144] The members of fellow Chicago band Kill Hannah are friends with Corgan,[145] and lead singer Mat Devine has compared his group to the Pumpkins.[146]

text: The group has sold over 30 million albums worldwide as of October 2012,[147] and sales in the United States alone reaching 19.75 million.[148]

text: Music videos[edit]

text: The Smashing Pumpkins have been praised as "responsible for some of the most striking and memorable video clips" and for having "approached videos from a completely artistic standpoint rather than mere commercials to sell albums".[150] MTV's 2001 anniversary special Testimony: 20 Years of Rock on MTV credited the Pumpkins, along with Nine Inch Nails, with treating music videos as an art form during the 1990s. Corgan has said, "We generally resisted the idea of what I call the classic MTV rock video, which is like lots of people jumping around and stuff."[151] The band worked with video directors including Kevin Kerslake ("Cherub Rock"), Samuel Bayer ("Bullet with Butterfly Wings"), and, most frequently, the team of Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris ("Rocket", "1979", "Tonight, Tonight", "The End Is the Beginning Is the End", and "Perfect"). Corgan, who was frequently heavily involved in the conception of the videos, said of Dayton and Faris, "I know my [initial] versions are always darker, and they're always talking me into something a little kinder and gentler."[152] Videos like "Today", "Rocket", and "1979" dealt with images taken from middle American culture, albeit exaggerated. The group's videos so often avoid the literal interpretation of the song lyrics that the video for "Thirty-Three", with images closely related to the words of the song, was created as an intentional stylistic departure.[153]

text: The band was nominated for several MTV Video Music Awards during the 1990s. In 1996, the group won seven VMAs total for the "1979" and "Tonight, Tonight" videos, including the top award, Video of the Year, for "Tonight, Tonight". The video was also nominated for a Grammy at the 1997 ceremony. Of the "Tonight, Tonight" video, Corgan remarked, "I don't think we've ever had people react [like this]... it just seemed to touch a nerve."[154]

text: Shortly after the band's 2000 breakup, the Greatest Hits Video Collection was released, collecting the band's music videos from 1991 to 2000 and including commentary from Corgan, Iha, Chamberlin, Wretzky, and various music video directors with outtakes, live performances, and the extended "Try, Try, Try" short film.[155] The band has also released several music videos to YouTube and other online sources since reuniting.

text: Band members[edit]

text: Current members

text:
Billy Corgan – lead vocals, guitars, keyboards, bass (1988–2000, 2006–present)
James Iha – guitar, bass, backing vocals (1988–2000, 2018–present)
Jimmy Chamberlin – drums (1988–1996, 1999–2000, 2006–2009, 2015–2017 (touring), 2018–present)
Jeff Schroeder – guitars, keyboards (2007–present)

tag: ul

text: Former members

text:
D'arcy Wretzky – bass guitar, backing vocals (1988–1999)
Melissa Auf der Maur – bass guitar, backing vocals (1999–2000)
Mike Byrne – drums, backing vocals, keyboards (2009–2014)
Nicole Fiorentino – bass guitar, backing vocals, keyboards (2010–2014)

text: Awards[edit]

text: American Music Awards

text: 1997 - Best Alternative Artist

text: Grammy Awards

text:
1997 - "Bullet with Butterfly Wings" - Best Hard Rock Performance
1998 - "The End Is the Beginning Is the End" - Best Hard Rock Performance

text: MTV Europe Music Awards

text: 1996 - Best Rock

text: MTV Video Music Awards

text:
1996 - "Tonight, Tonight" - Video of the Year, Breakthrough Video, Best Direction, Best Visual Effects, Best Art Direction, Best Cinematography, Viewer's Choice
1996 - "1979 - Best Alternative Video

text: Discography[edit]

text: Studio albums

text:
Gish (1991)
Siamese Dream (1993)
Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness (1995)
Adore (1998)
Machina/The Machines of God (2000)
Machina II/The Friends & Enemies of Modern Music (2000)
Zeitgeist (2007)
Teargarden by Kaleidyscope (2009–2014)
Oceania (2012)
Monuments to an Elegy (2014)


document_title: Hawaiian Islands

question_text: the name of the big island in hawaii

question_tokens: the name of the big island in hawaii

text: Hawaiian Islands

text: Islands and reefs[edit]

text: Captain James Cook visited the islands on January 18, 1778 and named them the "Sandwich Islands" in honor of John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, who was one of his sponsors as the First Lord of the Admiralty.[5] This name was in use until the 1840s, when the local name "Hawaii" gradually began to take precedence.[6]

text: The Hawaiian Islands have a total land area of 6,423.4 square miles (16,636.5 km2). Except for Midway, which is an unincorporated territory of the United States, these islands and islets are administered as Hawaii—the 50th state of the United States.[7]

text: Main islands[edit]

text: The eight main islands of Hawaii (also called the Hawaiian Windward Islands) are listed here. All except Kahoolawe are inhabited.[8]

text:
Island

Nickname

Area

Population(as of 2010)

Density

Highest point

Elevation

Age (Ma)[9]

Location

Hawaiʻi[10]

The Big Island

1 4,028.0 sq mi (10,432.5 km2)

185,079

4 45.948/sq mi (17.7407/km2)

Mauna Kea

1 13,796 ft (4,205 m)

0.4

19°34′N 155°30′W / 19.567°N 155.500°W / 19.567; -155.500 (Hawaii)

Maui[11]

The Valley Isle

2 727.2 sq mi (1,883.4 km2)

144,444

2 198.630/sq mi (76.692/km2)

Haleakalā

2 10,023 ft (3,055 m)

1.3–0.8

20°48′N 156°20′W / 20.800°N 156.333°W / 20.800; -156.333 (Maui)

Oʻahu[12]

The Gathering Place

3 596.7 sq mi (1,545.4 km2)

953,207

1 1,597.46/sq mi (616.78/km2)

Mount Kaʻala

5 4,003 ft (1,220 m)

3.7–2.6

21°28′N 157°59′W / 21.467°N 157.983°W / 21.467; -157.983 (Oahu)

Kauaʻi[13]

The Garden Isle

4 552.3 sq mi (1,430.5 km2)

66,921

3 121.168/sq mi (46.783/km2)

Kawaikini

3 5,243 ft (1,598 m)

5.1

22°05′N 159°30′W / 22.083°N 159.500°W / 22.083; -159.500 (Kauai)

Molokaʻi[14]

The Friendly Isle

5 260.0 sq mi (673.4 km2)

7,345

5 28.250/sq mi (10.9074/km2)

Kamakou

4 4,961 ft (1,512 m)

1.9–1.8

21°08′N 157°02′W / 21.133°N 157.033°W / 21.133; -157.033 (Molokai)

Lānaʻi[15]

The Pineapple Isle

6 140.5 sq mi (363.9 km2)

3,135

6 22.313/sq mi (8.615/km2)

Lānaʻihale

6 3,366 ft (1,026 m)

1.3

20°50′N 156°56′W / 20.833°N 156.933°W / 20.833; -156.933 (Lanai)

Niʻihau[16]

The Forbidden Isle

7 69.5 sq mi (180.0 km2)

170

7 2.45/sq mi (0.944/km2)

Mount Pānīʻau

8 1,250 ft (381 m)

4.9

21°54′N 160°10′W / 21.900°N 160.167°W / 21.900; -160.167 (Niihau)

Kahoʻolawe[17]

The Target Isle

8 44.6 sq mi (115.5 km2)

0

8 0/sq mi (0/km2)

Puʻu Moaulanui

7 1,483 ft (452 m)

1.0

20°33′N 156°36′W / 20.550°N 156.600°W / 20.550; -156.600 (Kahoolawe)

text: Smaller islands, atolls, reefs[edit]

text: Smaller islands, atolls, and reefs (all west of Niʻihau are uninhabited) form the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, or Hawaiian Leeward Islands:

text:
Nihoa (Mokumana)
Necker (Mokumanamana)
French Frigate Shoals (Kānemilohaʻi)
Gardner Pinnacles (Pūhāhonu)
Maro Reef (Nalukākala)
Laysan (Kauō)
Lisianski Island (Papaʻāpoho)
Pearl and Hermes Atoll (Holoikauaua)
Midway Atoll (Pihemanu)
Kure Atoll (Mokupāpapa)

text: Islets[edit]

text: The state of Hawaii counts 137 "islands" in the Hawaiian chain.[19] This number includes all minor islands and islets, or very small islands, offshore of the main islands (listed above) and individual islets in each atoll. These are just a few:

text:
Ford Island (Mokuʻumeʻume)
Lehua
Ka'ula
Kaohikaipu
Mānana
Mōkōlea Rock
Nā Mokulua
Molokini
Mokoliʻi
Moku Manu
Moku Ola (Coconut Island, Hawaii)
Moku o Loʻe (Coconut Island, Oahu)
Sand Island
Grass Island

text: Geology[edit]

text: This chain of islands, or archipelago, developed as the Pacific Plate moved slowly northwestward over a hotspot in the Earth's mantle at a rate of approximately 32 miles (51 km) per million years. Thus, the southeast island is volcanically active, whereas the islands on the northwest end of the archipelago are older and typically smaller, due to longer exposure to erosion. The age of the archipelago has been estimated using potassium-argon dating methods.[20] From this study and others,[21][22] it is estimated that the northwesternmost island, Kure Atoll, is the oldest at approximately 28 million years (Ma); while the southeasternmost island, Hawaiʻi, is approximately 0.4 Ma (400,000 years). The only active volcanism in the last 200 years has been on the southeastern island, Hawaiʻi, and on the submerged but growing volcano to the extreme southeast, Loʻihi. The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory of the USGS  documents recent volcanic activity and provides images and interpretations of the volcanism. Kīlauea has been erupting nearly continuously since 1983.

text: Almost all of the magma of the hotspot has the composition of basalt, and so the Hawaiian volcanoes are composed almost entirely of this igneous rock. There is very little coarser-grained gabbro and diabase. Nephelinite is exposed on the islands but is extremely rare. The majority of eruptions in Hawaiʻi are Hawaiian-type eruptions because basaltic magma is relatively fluid compared with magmas typically involved in more explosive eruptions, such as the andesitic magmas that produce some of the spectacular and dangerous eruptions around the margins of the Pacific basin.

text: Hawaiʻi island (the Big Island) is the biggest and youngest island in the chain, built from five volcanoes. Mauna Loa, taking up over half of the Big Island, is the largest shield volcano on the Earth. The measurement from sea level to summit is more than 2.5 miles (4 km), from sea level to sea floor about 3.1 miles (5 km).[23]. If Continental masses are ignored, this also makes it the tallest free standing volcano in the solar system, as it is 2 km taller than Mars' Olympus Mons.

text: Earthquakes[edit]

text: The Hawaiian Islands have many earthquakes, generally caused by volcanic activity. Most of the early earthquake monitoring took place in Hilo, by missionaries Titus Coan, Sarah J. Lyman and her family. From 1833 to 1896, approximately 4 or 5 earthquakes were reported per year.[24]

text: Hawaii accounted for 7.3% of the United States' reported earthquakes with a magnitude 3.5 or greater from 1974 to 2003, with a total 1533 earthquakes. Hawaii ranked as the state with the third most earthquakes over this time period, after Alaska and California.[25]

text: On October 15, 2006, there was an earthquake with a magnitude of 6.7 off the northwest coast of the island of Hawaii, near the Kona area of the big island. The initial earthquake was followed approximately five minutes later by a magnitude 5.7 aftershock. Minor-to-moderate damage was reported on most of the Big Island. Several major roadways became impassable from rock slides, and effects were felt as far away as Honolulu, Oahu, nearly 150 miles (240 km) from the epicenter. Power outages lasted for several hours to days. Several water mains ruptured. No deaths or life-threatening injuries were reported.

text: On May 4, 2018 there was a 6.9 earthquake in the zone of volcanic activity from Kīlauea.

text: Earthquakes are monitored by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory run by the USGS.

text: Tsunamis[edit]

text: The Hawaiian Islands are subject to tsunamis, great waves that strike the shore. Tsunamis are most often caused by earthquakes somewhere in the Pacific. The waves produced by the earthquakes travel at speeds of 400–500 miles per hour (600–800 km/h) and can affect coastal regions thousands of miles (kilometers) away.

text: Tsunamis may also originate from the Hawaiian Islands. Explosive volcanic activity can cause tsunamis. The island of Molokaʻi had a catastrophic collapse or debris avalanche over a million years ago; this underwater landslide likely caused tsunamis. The Hilina Slump on the island of Hawaiʻi is another potential place for a large landslide and resulting tsunami.

text: The city of Hilo on the Big Island has been most affected by tsunamis, where the in-rushing water is accentuated by the shape of Hilo Bay. Coastal cities have tsunami warning sirens.

text: A tsunami resulting from an earthquake in Chile hit the islands on February 27, 2010. It was relatively minor, but local emergency management officials utilized the latest technology and ordered evacuations in preparation for a possible major event. The Governor declared it a "good drill" for the next major event.

text: A tsunami resulting from an earthquake in Japan hit the islands on March 11, 2011. It was relatively minor, but local officials ordered evacuations in preparation for a possible major event. The tsunami caused about $30.1 million in damages.[26]

text: Ecology[edit]

text: The islands are home to many endemic species. Since human settlement, first by Polynesians, non native trees, plants, and animals were introduced. These included species such as rats and pigs, that have preyed on native birds and invertebrates that initially evolved in the absence of such predators. The growing population of humans has also led to deforestation, forest degradation, treeless grasslands, and environmental degradation. As a result, many species which depended on forest habitats and food became extinct--with many current species facing extinction. As humans cleared land for farming, monocultural crop production replaced multi-species systems.[citation needed]

text: The arrival of the Europeans had a more significant impact, with the promotion of large-scale single-species export agriculture and livestock grazing. This led to increased clearing of forests, and the development of towns, adding many more species to the list of extinct animals of the Hawaiian Islands. As of  2009[update], many of the remaining endemic species are considered endangered.[27]

text: National Monument[edit]

text:
Wikinews has related news:
 Bush proclaims Northwestern Hawaiian Islands a National Monument

text: On June 15, 2006, President George W. Bush issued a public proclamation creating Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument under the Antiquities Act of 1906. The Monument encompasses the northwestern Hawaiian Islands and surrounding waters, forming the largest[28] marine wildlife reserve in the world. In August 2010, UNESCO's World Heritage Committee added Papahānaumokuākea to its list of World Heritage Sites.[29][30][31] On August 26, 2016, President Barack Obama greatly expanded Papahānaumokuākea, quadrupling it from its original size.[32][33][34]

text: Climate[edit]

text: The climate of the Hawaiian Islands is tropical but it experiences many different climates, depending on altitude and weather.[35]  The islands receive most rainfall from the trade winds on their north and east flanks (the windward side) as a result of orographic precipitation.[35] Coastal areas in general and especially the south and west flanks or leeward sides, tend to be drier.[35]

text: In general, the lowlands of Hawaiian Islands receive most of their precipitation during the winter months (October to April).[35] Drier conditions generally prevail from May to September.[35] The tropical storms, and occasional hurricanes, tend to occur from July through November.[35]