document_title: New York Giants

question_text: when did the giants win their last super bowl

question_tokens: when did the giants win their last super bowl

text: New York Giants

text: Team history

text: The Giants played their first game as an away game against All New Britain in New Britain, Connecticut, on October 4, 1925.[9][10] They defeated New Britain 26–0 in front of a crowd of 10,000.[9] The Giants were successful in their first season, finishing with an 8–4 record.[11]

text: In its third season, the team finished with the best record in the league at 11–1–1 and was awarded the NFL title.[12] After a disappointing fourth season (1928) owner Mara bought the entire squad of the Detroit Wolverines, principally to acquire star quarterback Benny Friedman, and merged the two teams under the Giants name.

text: In 1930, there were still many who questioned the quality of the professional game, claiming the college "amateurs" played with more intensity than professionals. In December 1930, the Giants played a team of Notre Dame All Stars at the Polo Grounds to raise money for the unemployed of New York City. It was also an opportunity to establish the skill and prestige of the pro game. Knute Rockne reassembled his Four Horsemen along with the stars of his 1924 Championship squad and told them to score early, then defend. Rockne, like much of the public, thought little of pro football and expected an easy win.[13] But from the beginning it was a one-way contest, with Friedman running for two Giant touchdowns and Hap Moran passing for another. Notre Dame failed to score. When it was all over, Coach Rockne told his team, "That was the greatest football machine I ever saw. I am glad none of you got hurt."[14] The game raised $100,000 for the homeless, and is often credited with establishing the legitimacy of the professional game for those who were critical.[13] It also was the last game the legendary Rockne ever coached; he was killed in an airplane crash on March 31, 1931.

text: In a 14-year span from 1933 to 1947, the Giants qualified to play in the NFL championship game 8 times, winning twice.[12] During this period the Giants were led by Hall of Fame coach Steve Owen, and Hall of Fame players Mel Hein, Red Badgro and Tuffy Leemans. The period also featured the 1944 Giants, which are ranked as the #1 defensive team in NFL history, "...a truly awesome unit".[16] They gave up only 7.5 points per game (a record that still stands) and shut out five of their 10 opponents, though they lost 14-7 to the Green Bay Packers in the 1944 NFL Championship Game. The famous "Sneakers Game" was played in this era where the Giants defeated the Chicago Bears on an icy field in the 1934 NFL Championship Game, while wearing sneakers for better traction.[12] The Giants played the Detroit Lions to a scoreless tie on November 7, 1943.[17][18][19] To this day, no NFL game played since then has ended in a scoreless tie. The Giants were particularly successful from the latter half of the 1930s until the United States entry into World War II. They added their third NFL championship in 1938 with a 23–17 win over the Green Bay Packers.[12]

text: Fourth NFL championship and "The Greatest Game Ever Played" (1947–1963)

text: They did not win another league title until 1956, aided by a number of future Pro Football Hall of Fame players such as running back Frank Gifford, linebacker Sam Huff, and offensive tackle Roosevelt Brown, as well as all-pro running back Alex Webster. The Giants' 1956 championship team not only included players who would eventually find their way to the Pro Football Hall of Fame, but a Hall of Fame coaching staff, as well. Head coach Jim Lee Howell's staff had Vince Lombardi coaching the offense and Tom Landry coaching the defense.[20] From 1958 to 1963, the Giants played in the NFL Championship Game five times, but failed to win.[12] Most significantly, the Giants played the Colts in the 1958 NFL Championship Game, which is considered a watershed event in the history of the NFL.[21] The game, which the Giants lost in overtime 23–17,[12] is often called "The Greatest Game Ever Played" and is considered one of the most important events in furthering the NFL's popularity. The following year, they lost the championship to the Colts again, giving up a 9-7 4th quarter lead en route to a 31–16 loss. Both the 1961 and 1962 championship game matched the Giants up against the Green Bay Packers, with the Giants losing both 37-0 and 16-7 respectively. In 1963, led by league MVP quarterback Y. A. Tittle, who threw a then-NFL record 36 touchdown passes, the Giants advanced to the NFL Championship Game, where they lost to the Bears 14–10 for their third consecutive championship loss, as well as their fifth loss in the title game in 6 years.[22]

text: Postseason drought and resurgence (1964–1982)

text: From 1964 to 1978, the Giants registered only two winning seasons and no playoff appearances.[11] With players, such as Tittle and Gifford approaching their mid 30s, the team declined rapidly, finishing 2–10–2 in 1964.[11] They rebounded with a 7–7 record in 1965,[11] before compiling a league-worst 1–12–1 record,[23] and allowing more than 500 points on defense in 1966.[23] During the 1969 preseason, the Giants lost their first meeting with the New York Jets, 37–14, in front of 70,874 fans at the Yale Bowl in New Haven, Connecticut.[24] Following the game, Wellington Mara fired coach Allie Sherman,[25] and replaced him with former Giants fullback Alex Webster.

text: In 1967, the team acquired quarterback Fran Tarkenton from the Minnesota Vikings. Despite having several respectable seasons with Tarkenton at quarterback, including a 7–7 finish in 1967 and 9–5 in 1970,[11] the Giants traded him back to the Vikings after a 4–10 finish in 1971 .[26] Tarkenton would go on to lead the Vikings to three Super Bowls and earn a place in the Hall of Fame,[26] while the Giants suffered through one of the worst stretches in their history,[11] winning only 23 games from 1973 to 1979.[11] Before the 1976 season, the Giants tried to revive a weak offense by replacing retired RB Ron Johnson with future Hall of Fame fullback Larry Csonka, but Csonka was often injured and ineffective during his 3 years in New York. The 1977 season featured a roster that included three rookie quarterbacks.[27]

text: The Giants were allowed to play their home games at the Yale Bowl in New Haven, Connecticut in 1973 and 1974, and at Shea Stadium (home of the Mets and Jets) in 1975, due to the renovation of Yankee Stadium. They finally moved into their own dedicated state-of-the-art stadium in 1976,[20] when they moved into Giants Stadium at the Meadowlands in East Rutherford, New Jersey. One of the low points during this period was the play known as the "Miracle at the Meadowlands", which occurred in 1978.[28] With the Giants trying to kill the clock and secure a win against the Philadelphia Eagles,[28] offensive coordinator, Bob Gibson, chose to call a running play. This resulted in "The Fumble" by QB Joe Pisarcik that was returned for a game-winning touchdown by the Eagles' Herman Edwards.[28]

text: The Giants' front office operations were complicated by a long-standing feud between Wellington Mara and his nephew, Tim Mara.[29] Jack Mara had died in 1965, leaving his share of the club to his son Tim. Wellington and Tim's personal styles and their visions for the club clashed, and eventually they stopped talking to each other. Commissioner Rozelle intervened and appointed a neutral general manager, George Young, allowing the club to operate more smoothly. The feud became moot on February 20, 1991, when Tim Mara sold his shares in the club to Preston Robert Tisch.

text: In 1979, the Giants began the steps that would, in time, return them to the pinnacle of the NFL. These included the drafting of quarterback Phil Simms in 1979, and linebacker Lawrence Taylor in 1981.[20] In 1981, Taylor won the NFL's Defensive Rookie of the Year and Defensive Player of the Year awards and the Giants made the playoffs for the first time since 1963.[11][30] One of the few bright spots during this time was the team's excellent linebackers, who were known as the Crunch Bunch.[31] After the strike-shortened 1982 season, in which they finished 4–5,[11] head coach Ray Perkins resigned to take over the same position at the University of Alabama. In a change that would prove crucial in the coming years, he was replaced by the team's defensive coordinator, Bill Parcells.

text: Bill Parcells era (1983–1990)

text: In 1983, Bill Parcells was promoted to head coach from defensive coordinator. One of his first moves was to change his starting quarterback, sitting the injury-prone and struggling Phil Simms (who had missed the entire 1982 season with an injury) and electing instead to go with Scott Brunner, who had gone 4-5 as the starter in place of Simms in the strike-shortened previous season. Parcells went as far as to demote Simms to the third string position, promoting Jeff Rutledge over Simms to be Brunner's backup. Parcells later said the move was a mistake and one he "nearly paid for dearly" as the team finished with a 3–12–1 record and his job security was called into question.[11]

text: In the offseason the Giants released Brunner and named Simms the starter. The move paid off as the team won nine games and returned to the playoffs. After beating the Los Angeles Rams in the Wild Card Round, the Giants prepared for a showdown against top-seeded San Francisco. The 49ers defeated the Giants 21–10 in the Divisional Round.

text: The 1985 Giants compiled a 10–6 record and avenged their loss against San Francisco by beating them in the Wild Card round 17–3. However, they again lost in the Divisional Round, this time to the Chicago Bears, by a score of 21–0. However, the following season would end with the Giants winning their first Super Bowl championship.

text: First Super Bowl championship (1986 season)

text: After 9–7 and 10–6 finishes in 1984 and 1985 respectively,[11] the Giants compiled a 14–2 record in 1986 led by league MVP and Defensive Player of the Year Lawrence Taylor and the Big Blue Wrecking Crew defense. As of 2015, this is the Giants' best regular season record since the NFL began playing 16-game seasons in 1978. After clinching the top seed in the NFC, the Giants defeated the 49ers 49–3 in the divisional round of the NFC playoffs [32] and the Redskins 17–0 in the NFC championship game, advancing to their first Super Bowl,[33] Super Bowl XXI, against the Denver Broncos at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena. Led by MVP Simms who completed 22 of 25 passes for a Super Bowl record 88% completion percentage, they defeated the Broncos 39–20,[34] to win their first championship since 1956. In addition to Phil Simms and Lawrence Taylor, the team was led during this period by head coach Bill Parcells, tight end Mark Bavaro, running back Joe Morris, and Hall of Fame linebacker Harry Carson.

text: The Giants struggled to a 6–9 record in the strike-marred 1987 season,[11] due largely to a decline in the running game, as Morris managed only 658 yards[35] behind an injury-riddled offensive line.[36] The early portion of the 1988 season was marred by a scandal involving Lawrence Taylor. Taylor had abused cocaine and was suspended for the first four games of the season for his second violation of the league's substance abuse policy. Despite the controversy, the Giants finished 10–6, and Taylor recorded 15.5 sacks after his return from the suspension. They surged to a 12–4 record in 1989, but lost to the Los Angeles Rams in their opening playoff game when Flipper Anderson caught a 47-yard touchdown pass to give the Rams a 19–13 overtime win.

text: Second Super Bowl championship (1990 season)

text: In 1990, the Giants went 13–3 and, at the time, set an NFL record for fewest turnovers in a season (14).[37] They defeated the San Francisco 49ers, who were attempting to win the Super Bowl for an unprecedented third straight year, 15–13 at San Francisco [38] and then defeated the Buffalo Bills 20–19 in Super Bowl XXV.[34]

text: Post-Parcells era (1991–1996)

text: Following the 1990 season, Parcells resigned as head coach and was replaced by the team's offensive-line coach Ray Handley. Handley served as coach for two disappointing seasons (1991 and 1992), which saw the Giants fall from Super Bowl champions to an 8–8 record in 1991 and a 6–10 record in 1992. He was fired following the 1992 season, and replaced by former Denver Broncos' coach Dan Reeves. In the early 1990s, Simms and Taylor, two of the stars of the 1980s, played out the last seasons of their careers with steadily declining production. The Giants experienced a resurgent season with Reeves at the helm in 1993 however, and Simms and Taylor ended their careers as members of a playoff team.

text: The Giants initially struggled in the post Simms-Taylor era. After starting 3–7 in 1994, the Giants won their final six games to finish 9–7 but missed the playoffs.[39] Quarterback Dave Brown received heavy criticism throughout the season.[40] Brown performed poorly the following two seasons, and the Giants struggled to 5–11 and 6–10 records.[11] Reeves was fired following the 1996 season.

text: Jim Fassel era (1997–2003)

text: In 1997, the Giants named Jim Fassel, who had spent the previous season as offensive coordinator of the Arizona Cardinals, as their 16th head coach. Fassel named Danny Kanell the team's starting quarterback. The Giants finished the 1997 season with a record of 10–5–1 and qualified for the playoffs for the first time in four years.[11] However, they lost in the Wild Card round to the Vikings at home. The following year, the Giants began the season 4–8 before rallying to finish the season 8–8. One of the notable games of that season was a win over the eventual Super Bowl champion Denver Broncos in week 15, giving the Broncos their first loss of the season after starting 13–0.

text: Before the 1999 season, the Giants signed ex-Carolina Panthers quarterback Kerry Collins. Collins was the first-ever draft choice of the expansion Carolina Panthers in 1995, and led the Panthers to the NFC Championship game in his second season. However, problems with alcohol, conflicts with his teammates and questions about his character led to his release from the Panthers.[41] The Giants finished the season with a 7–9 record, Fassel's first losing season as head coach.[11]

text: NFC Champions (2000 season)

text: In 2000, the Giants were looking to make the playoffs for the first time in three seasons. The Giants started the season 7–2, but suffered back-to-back home losses to St. Louis and Detroit to make their record 7–4 and call their playoff prospects into question.[42] At a press conference following the Giants' loss to Detroit, Fassel guaranteed that "this team is going to the playoffs".[43] The Giants responded, winning the rest of their regular season games to finish the season 12–4[42] and clinch the top seed in the NFC. In the Divisional Round, the Giants beat the Philadelphia Eagles 20–10 at home to qualify for the NFC Championship Game, in which they defeated the Minnesota Vikings 41–0.[42] They advanced to play the Baltimore Ravens in Super Bowl XXXV. Though the Giants went into halftime down only 10–0,[44] the Ravens dominated the second half. Their defense harassed Kerry Collins all game long, resulting in Collins completing only 15 of 39 passes for 112 yards and 4 interceptions.[44] The Ravens won the game 34–7.[44]

text: After a disappointing 7–9 record in 2001, the Giants finished the 2002 season with a record of 10–6, qualifying for the playoffs as a wild card. This set up a meeting with the San Francisco 49ers in Candlestick Park in the Wild Card round. The Giants built up a sizable lead throughout the game, and led 38–14 with 4:27 left in the third quarter. However, San Francisco rallied to win the game by one point, with the final score of 39–38.

text: After a dismal 2003 season in which the Giants finished with a 4–12 record, Jim Fassel was released by the Giants. His head coaching record with the Giants during this time was 58–53–1.

text: Tom Coughlin/Eli Manning era (2004–2015)

text: In 2004, three years after their last Super Bowl appearance, Fassel was replaced by Tom Coughlin. Although Collins had several solid seasons as the Giants quarterback, he experienced his share of struggles. In 2004, the Giants completed a draft day trade for University of Mississippi quarterback Eli Manning.[45] Manning became the team's starting quarterback in the middle of the 2004 season, taking over for Kurt Warner. During the three-year period from 2004 to 2006, Tom Coughlin's Giants compiled a 25–23 regular season record and two appearances in the Wild Card Round — both losses (to the Carolina Panthers in 2005 and to the Philadelphia Eagles in 2006.)[46] and spawned intense media scrutiny concerning the direction of the team.[47] During this period in their history, standout players included defensive end Michael Strahan, who set the NFL single season record in sacks in 2001,[48] and running back Tiki Barber, who set a team record for rushing yards in a season in 2005.[49] Barber retired at the end of the 2006 season.

text: Third Super Bowl championship (2007 season)

text: Going into 2007, the Giants had made the playoffs in back-to-back seasons. In 2007, the Giants became the third NFL franchise to win at least 600 games when they defeated the Atlanta Falcons 31–10 on Monday Night Football.[50] For the 2007 season, the NFL scheduled the Giants' road game against the Miami Dolphins on October 28 in London's Wembley Stadium; this was the first NFL regular-season game to be played outside of North America. The Giants defeated the Dolphins, 13–10. The Giants finished 10–6, and became NFC Champions after defeating the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Dallas Cowboys, and Green Bay Packers in the NFC Playoffs. They set a record for most consecutive road wins in a single season with 10 (a streak which ended with a loss to the Cleveland Browns during week 6 of the 2008 season).

text: The Patriots (18–0) entered the Super Bowl undefeated and were 12 point favorites going into game weekend.[51] The Giants defeated the Patriots 17–14 in Super Bowl XLII,[52] aided by the famous "Manning to Tyree" pass. On this famous play, Manning escaped the grip of several Patriots defensive linemen, stepped up in the pocket, and heaved the ball down the middle of the field to a double covered David Tyree. With Rodney Harrison, a Patriots defensive back, all over Tyree, David managed to hold on to the ball by holding it on his helmet until he fell to the ground. This catch set up a Manning to Plaxico Burress touchdown pass in the back of the end zone to put the Giants in the lead. It was the third biggest upset by betting line in Super Bowl history (the Baltimore Colts were favored by 17 over the New York Jets in Super Bowl III, and the St. Louis Rams were favored by 14 over the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XXXVI).[53] Co-owner John Mara described it as "the greatest victory in the history of this franchise, without question".[54]

text: Late-season collapses (2008–2010)

text: The Giants began the 2008 NFL season with a record of 11–1, but lost three of their last four regular season games partially due to a self-inflicted gunshot wound to wide receiver Plaxico Burress. However, the Giants still won the NFC East with a record of 12–4, and clinched the number one seed in the NFC after beating the Carolina Panthers for home field advantage and a first-round bye. In the Divisional Round of the playoffs, the Giants lost 23–11 to the Philadelphia Eagles at home.[55]

text: In 2009, the Giants opened a new training complex, the Timex Performance Center, also located in the Meadowlands. After starting 5–0 in the 2009 season, New York lost to the likewise undefeated New Orleans Saints at the Superdome 48–27, beginning a four-game losing streak,[56] in which they lost to the Arizona Cardinals 24–17, the San Diego Chargers 21–20 and the Philadelphia Eagles 40–17. The streak was broken with a 34–31 overtime victory against the Falcons. On Thanksgiving night, they lost to the Denver Broncos 26–6. The Giants next beat the division leading Cowboys. A week later, with a record of 7–5, they lost to the Philadelphia Eagles, 45–38. On December 27, the Giants lost to the Carolina Panthers 41–9 in their final game at Giants Stadium, and were eliminated from playoff eligibility. The Giants finished the season 8–8.

text: Following the season, the Giants fired first-year defensive coordinator Bill Sheridan, and replaced him with the former Buffalo Bills interim head coach, Perry Fewell. The Giants defense finished 13th overall under Sheridan, giving up 324.9 yards per game, and the final two losses of the season against Carolina and Minnesota, in which the Giants gave up 85 points, ultimately led to the firing.[57]

text: In 2010, the Giants moved from Giants Stadium into MetLife Stadium, then known as the "New Meadowlands Stadium". They won against the Panthers in the very first game at the New Meadowlands, but then lost to the Colts in the second "Manning Bowl", so-called due to Eli Manning's brother Peyton playing for the Colts. The Giants dropped one game to the Tennessee Titans before going on a five-game winning streak, beating the Chicago Bears, Houston Texans, Detroit Lions, Dallas Cowboys, and Seattle Seahawks. Before long, the Giants were 6–2, but lost two straight to division foes: to the Cowboys 33–20 at home, and to the Eagles on the road, putting the G-Men in 2nd place in the NFC East at 6–4. In first place was the Eagles, but at December 19 they were both tied for first place at 8–4, setting up a match for first place. The Giants were at home, and led 24–3 over the Eagles at halftime. The score was 31–10 with 5:40 left in the game, but Michael Vick led the Eagles to three touchdown drives to tie the game up at 31 with 40 seconds left. After a Giants three-and-outs, Matt Dodge punted the ball to DeSean Jackson, who returned it for a touchdown, concluding the Giants' epic collapse. The next game, the Giants lost to the eventual Super Bowl Champion Green Bay Packers 45–17, and at 9–6, they faced the Redskins. They had to win and have the Packers lose in order to get into the playoffs. The Giants won 17–14, but the Packers beat the Bears 10–3, so the Giants missed out on the playoffs again, ending a collapse in which the Giants went 4–4 in their last eight games.

text: Fourth Super Bowl championship (2011 season)

text: During the 2011 preseason, the Giants lost Kevin Boss, Steve Smith, Rich Seubert, Keith Bulluck, Derek Hagan, and Pro Bowl center Shaun O'Hara to free agency. However, the season also saw the emergence of second-year wide receiver Victor Cruz and second-year tight end Jake Ballard. The Giants opened their season with a 28–14 loss to the Washington Redskins at FedEx Field on the 10th anniversary of the September 11th attacks.[58] However, the Giants secured a 6–2 record by the midpoint of the season, including road victories over the Philadelphia Eagles and the New England Patriots. The latter victory ended the Patriots' NFL record home-game winning streak, after a touchdown pass from Manning to Jake Ballard with 15 seconds left in the game.

text: However, the Giants then suffered a four-game losing streak, including road losses against the resurgent San Francisco 49ers and the New Orleans Saints and home losses to the Eagles and the then-undefeated Green Bay Packers, to make their record 6–6 entering December. The Giants broke their losing streak with a tightly contested 37–34 road victory over the Cowboys on December 11, but lost at home to the Washington Redskins the following week to make their record 7–7 with a Christmas Eve showdown against their crosstown rival New York Jets the following week. The Giants won, 29–14, and knocked the Eagles out of playoff contention, to set up a Week 17 home game against the Cowboys in which the winner would clinch the NFC East while the loser would be eliminated from playoff contention. The game was flexed into Sunday Night Football. The Giants defeated the Cowboys, 31–14, and clinched the NFC East title and the fourth seed in the playoffs. Wide receiver Victor Cruz finished the regular season with 1,536 receiving yards, breaking the Giants franchise record previously held by Amani Toomer.

text: On January 8, 2012 in the first round of the playoffs the Giants defeated the Atlanta Falcons 24–2. After giving up an early safety in the first half, QB Eli Manning threw for three consecutive touchdowns. RBs Ahmad Bradshaw and Brandon Jacobs combined for 172 yards rushing, a season-high for the Giants. With the victory, the Giants advanced to the second round against the top-ranked Green Bay Packers.

text: On January 15, 2012, the Giants defeated the Green Bay Packers 37–20. Eli Manning threw for 330 yards and 3 touchdowns, two of which to wide receiver Hakeem Nicks. This earned the Giants a spot in the NFC Championship Game on January 22, 2012, against the San Francisco 49ers. They won this game 20–17, in overtime, with Tynes scoring the winning field goal as he did four years earlier in the same game against the Packers.

text: The New York Giants won Super Bowl XLVI against the New England Patriots with a score of 21–17. The winning touchdown was preceded by a 38-yard reception by receiver Mario Manningham. As in Super Bowl XLII, Eli Manning was Super Bowl MVP, defeating the New England Patriots for a second time in the Super Bowl.

text: Ahmad Bradshaw scored the game-winning touchdown by falling into the end zone. The Patriots were allowing Bradshaw to get the touchdown so they would get the ball with some time remaining. When Eli Manning handed the ball to Bradshaw, he told him not to score. Bradshaw was about to fall down at the 1-yard line but his momentum carried him in, thus the "reluctant touchdown."[59]

text: As was the case in each of their four previous Super Bowl appearances, the Giants trailed at halftime. They are the only team in NFL history to have more than two second half, come-from-behind, Super Bowl victories (4). The Pittsburgh Steelers, who accomplished the feat in Super Bowl X and Super Bowl XIV, are the only other team to do it more than once.

text: Post-Super Bowl struggles (2012–2015)

text: The Giants began the 2012 season with a home loss to the Cowboys, but rebounded to finish October with a 6–2 record and on a four-game winning streak that included a 26–3 road victory against the eventual NFC champion San Francisco 49ers. Following the arrival of Hurricane Sandy in the Northeastern United States, the Giants lost back-to-back games against the Steelers and Bengals to fall to 6–4. Despite impressive blowout home victories over the Packers, Saints and Eagles, the Giants finished the season 9–7 and out of the playoffs. The Redskins won the division with a 10–6 record, only to lose to the Seahawks 24–14 in Wild Card Weekend. QB Eli Manning, DE Jason Pierre-Paul, WR Victor Cruz, and G Chris Snee represented the Giants at the Pro Bowl.[60]

text: The 2013 New York Giants season began with hope that the Giants could become the first team to play in the Super Bowl in their home stadium, as MetLife Stadium was scheduled to host Super Bowl XLVIII that February.[61] However, the Giants' playoff hopes took a massive hit when they lost the first six games of the season. They rebounded to win the next four games in a row to improve to 4–6, but lost a critical home game to the Cowboys on a last-minute field goal.[62] They finished the season 7–9 and with a losing record for the first time since 2004. The Giants drafted rookie wide receiver Odell Beckham Jr. in the 2014 NFL Draft,[63] who would later go on to win the AP Offensive Rookie of the Year award. However, the Giants missed the playoffs for a third straight season, finishing with a 6–10 record. The 2015 New York Giants season was another disappointing campaign, as the Giants showcased a struggling defense and several late-game collapses. The Giants finished the season with a 6–10 record and missed the playoffs.

text: Back to the playoffs (2016–present)

text: On January 14, 2016, the Giants announced that Ben McAdoo would become the team's head coach. He replaced Tom Coughlin, who had resigned the previous week.[64] The Giants turned it around in 2016, ending their five-year playoff drought. The Giants later lost to the Green Bay Packers 38-13 in the Wildcard round.

text: Timeline

text: Season by season timeline of the New York Giants franchise including the team name, changes of Home Field, Postseason Championships Seasons, and coaches throughout the years.

text: Championships

text: League Championships

text: The Giants have won a total of eight League Championships: 1927, 1934, 1938, 1956, 1986, 1990, 2007 and 2011.[65] The first four of those championships came in the pre-Super Bowl era. New York's eight championships put them third among all active and defunct NFL teams, trailing only the Green Bay Packers (13) and the Chicago Bears (9).

text: Pre-Super Bowl NFL Championships

text: Before the Super Bowl was instituted, the Giants won four officially recognized NFL Championships.

text:
Year
Coach
Location
Opponent
Score
Record

1927
Earl Potteiger
N/A
N/A
N/A
11–1–1

1934
Steve Owen
New York, NY
Chicago Bears
30–13
8–5

1938
Steve Owen
New York, NY
Green Bay Packers
23–17
8–2–1

1956
Jim Lee Howell
New York, NY
Chicago Bears
47–7
8–3–1

Total NFL championships won:
4

text: Super Bowl Championships

text: The Giants have won four Super Bowls, tied with Green Bay for the fifth most behind only Dallas, San Francisco and New England (all with 5), and Pittsburgh (6).

text:
Year
Coach
Super Bowl
Location
Opponent
Score
Record

1986
Bill Parcells
XXI
Pasadena, CA
Denver Broncos
39–20
17–2

1990
Bill Parcells
XXV
Tampa, FL
Buffalo Bills
20–19
16–3

2007
Tom Coughlin
XLII
Glendale, AZ
New England Patriots
17–14
14–6

2011
Tom Coughlin
XLVI
Indianapolis, IN
New England Patriots
21–17
13–7

Total Super Bowls won:
4

text: NFC Championships

text: The Giants have won five NFC Championship Games, including two in overtime in 2007 and 2011.

text:
Year
Coach
Location
Opponent
Score
Record

1986
Bill Parcells
East Rutherford, NJ
Washington Redskins
17–0
17–2

1990
Bill Parcells
San Francisco, CA
San Francisco 49ers
15–13
16–3

2000
Jim Fassel
East Rutherford, NJ
Minnesota Vikings
41–0
14–5

2007
Tom Coughlin
Green Bay, WI
Green Bay Packers
23–20 (OT)
14–6

2011
Tom Coughlin
San Francisco, CA
San Francisco 49ers
20–17 (OT)
13–7

Total NFC Championships won:
5

text: Logos and uniforms

text: With over 80 years of team history, the Giants have used numerous uniforms and logos, while maintaining a consistent identity. The Giants' logos include several incarnations of a giant quarterback preparing to throw a football, a lowercase "ny", and stylized versions of the team nickname.

text: Giants' jerseys are traditionally blue or red (or white with blue or red accents), and their pants alternate between white and gray. Currently, the Giants wear home jerseys that are solid blue with white block numbering, white pants with five thin blue/gray/red/gray/blue stripes on the pant legs, and solid blue socks. For this they gained their most renowned nickname, "Big Blue". For road uniforms, they wear a white jersey with red block numbering and red "Northwestern" stripes on the sleeves, gray pants with three thin non-contiguous red/blue/red stripes on the pant legs, and solid red socks. The Giants' current helmet is metallic blue with white block numbers, which are frontally mounted and base mounted on either side of a red stripe running down the center or frontally mounted and base mounted on the red center stripe itself. The Giants, along with the Pittsburgh Steelers, are one of only two teams in the National Football League to have the players' uniform numbers on both the front and back of the helmets. The helmet is adorned on both sides with the stylized white lower case "ny" logo and features a gray facemask. The home uniforms are generally similar to the design used from 1966 to 1974, but with some slight elements from the 1956–1961 uniforms. The road uniforms are essentially a modernization of the design used from 1956 to 1961. Additionally, the Giants had a third jersey until the 2009 season, which recalled the Giants' solid red home jerseys from the early 1950s: a solid red alternate with white block numbers. These jerseys were used a total of four times, but have since been retired. They were used once in 2004 against the Philadelphia Eagles and in three consecutive years – 2005, 2006, and 2007 – against the Dallas Cowboys.

text: Ownerships, financial history and fan base

text: The Giants have had a long and, at times, turbulent financial history. The Giants were founded by Tim Mara with an investment of US$500 in 1925 and became one of the first teams in the then five-year-old NFL.[66] To differentiate themselves from the baseball team of the same name, they took the name "New York Football Giants", which they still use as their legal corporate name.

text: Although the Giants were successful on the field in their initial seasons, their financial status was a different story. Overshadowed by baseball, boxing, and college football, professional football was not a popular sport in 1925. The Giants were in dire financial straits until the 11th game of the season when Red Grange and the Chicago Bears came to town, attracting over 73,000 fans.[67] This gave the Giants a much needed influx of revenue, and perhaps altered the history of the franchise.[68][69] The following year, Grange and his agent formed a rival league and stationed a competing team, led by Grange, in New York. Though the Giants lost $50,000 that season, the rival league folded and was subsumed into the NFL.[70] Following the 1930 season, Mara transferred ownership of the team over to his two sons to insulate the team from creditors, and by 1946, he had given over complete control of the team to them. Jack, the older son, controlled the business aspects, while Wellington controlled the on-field operations.[71] After their initial struggles the Giants financial status stabilized, and they led the league in attendance several times in the 1930s and 1940s.[72]

text: By the early 1960s, the Giants had firmly established themselves as one of the league's biggest attractions. However, rather than continuing to receive their higher share of the league television revenue, the Mara sons pushed for equal sharing of revenue for the benefit of the entire league. Revenue sharing is still practiced in the NFL today, and is credited with strengthening the league.[71] After their struggles in the latter half of the 1960s and the entire 1970s, the Giants hired an outsider, George Young, to run the football operations for the first time in franchise history.[75] The Giants' on-field product and business aspects improved rapidly following the move.

text: In 1991, Tim Mara, grandson of the founder, was struggling with cancer and sold his half of the team to Bob Tisch for a reported $80 million.[76] This marked the first time in franchise history the team had not been solely owned by the Mara family. In 2005, Wellington Mara, who had been with the team since its inception in 1925 when he worked as a ball boy, died at the age of 89.[77] His death was followed two weeks later by the death of Tisch. In 2015, Wellington's widow and Giants co-owner Ann died due to complications from a head injury suffered in a fall. She was 85 years old.[78]

text: In 2010, MetLife Stadium opened, replacing Giants Stadium. The new stadium is a 50/50 partnership between the Giants and Jets, and while the stadium is owned by the New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority on paper, the two teams jointly built the stadium using private funds, and administer it jointly through New Meadowlands Stadium Corporation. The Giants had previously planned a $300 million renovation to the Meadowlands, before deciding in favor of the new stadium which was originally estimated to cost approximately $600 million,[79] before rising to an estimated cost of one billion dollars.[74] One advantage gained by owning the stadium is that the teams saved considerable money in tax payments. The teams leased the land from the state at a cost of $6.3 million per year.[79] The state paid for all utilities, including the $30 million needed to install them.[79]

text: The Giants are owned and operated by John Mara and Steve Tisch. Forbes magazine estimated the value of the team in 2012 to be $1.3 billion.[80] This ranks the New York Giants as the fourth most valuable franchise in the NFL and the ninth most valuable professional sports franchise in the world.[81] The value has steadily increased from $288 million in 1998, to their current value.[73] The magazine estimated their revenue in 2006 at $182 million, of which $46 million came from gate receipts. Operating income was $26.9 million, and player salary was $102 million.[74] Current major sponsors include Gatorade, Anheuser Busch, Toyota, and Verizon Wireless.[74] Recent former sponsors include Miller Brewing and North Fork Bank.[79] Luxury suites, retail and game day concessions at the new stadium are provisioned and operated by global hospitality giant Delaware North Companies. Giants average ticket price is $72.[74]

text: The Giants draw their fans from the New York metropolitan area. Since their move to New Jersey in 1976, fans from each state have claimed the team as their own.[82] In January 1987, shortly before the team won Super Bowl XXI, then New York City mayor Ed Koch labeled the team "foreigners" and said they were not entitled to a ticker-tape parade in New York City.[83] On February 5, 2008, the city, under mayor Michael Bloomberg, threw a ticker tape parade in honor of the Giants' Super Bowl XLII victory at the Canyon of Heroes in lower Manhattan.[84] New York City held another ticker tape parade on February 7, 2012, in honor of the Giants' Super Bowl XLVI victory. According to a team spokesman, in 2001, 52 percent of the Giants' season ticket-holders lived in New Jersey. Most of the remaining ticket holders lived in New York State with some coming from other states.[82]

text: Through the lean years of the 1960s and 1970s the Giants, in spite of a 17-year-long playoff drought, still accumulated a 20-year-long waiting list for season tickets. It has been estimated that the Giants have a waiting list of 135,000 people, the largest of any North American professional sports franchise.[85]

text: Rivalries

text: Philadelphia Eagles

text: The rivalry between the New York Giants and the Philadelphia Eagles is one of the oldest in the NFL, dating back to 1933.[7][8] The two teams have frequently fought for playoff contention, NFC East titles, and respect. While the Giants have dominated this rivalry throughout most of its history, the series began to even in the 1980s, with the series lead to the Eagles 22–21 through the 1990s and 2000s. The Giants lead the series 85–81–2. The two teams have met four times in the postseason, with each team winning two games. Three of those four playoff meetings were held in the 2000s decade. New York City and Philadelphia have a strong geographic rivalry, as seen in other professional sports such as the Mets-Phillies rivalry in Major League Baseball, and the Flyers-Rangers and Devils-Flyers rivalries in the National Hockey League.

text: Washington Redskins

text: The Giants have an old and storied rivalry with the Redskins, dating back to 1932.[86] While this rivalry is typically given less significance than the rivalries with the Eagles and Cowboys, there have been periods of great competition between the two. In the 1980s the Giants and Redskins clashed as both struggled against each other for division titles and even Super Bowl Championships. Most notable among these is the 1986 NFC Championship game in which the Giants defeated the Redskins 17–0 to earn their first ever trip to the Super Bowl. Wellington Mara always felt this was the Giants oldest and truest rival, and after passing away in 2005, the Giants honored their longtime owner by defeating the Redskins 36–0 at home. The Giants lead this series 98–66–4. The Giants 98 wins against the Redskins are tied for most wins against another franchise in NFL history, along with the Chicago Bears defeating the Detroit Lions 98 times.

text: Dallas Cowboys

text: The Giants have maintained a fierce divisional rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys since the Cowboys first began play in 1960. The two teams have a combined nine Super Bowl victories between them, and have played many games in which the NFC East title was at stake. The rivalry is unique among professional sports as it is the only divisional rivalry between sports teams from New York City and Dallas, partially due to the large distance between the two cities. The Cowboys lead the regular season series 62–43–2,[87] while the Giants hold the lone playoff victory between the two teams, held at the conclusion of the 2007 season.

text: San Francisco 49ers

text: Despite never being in the same division, the Giants and 49ers have developed a heated rivalry over the years. The two teams have met eight times in the playoffs (including two NFC Championship Games, both won by New York) since 1982, which is the most of any two teams in that span. The Giants lead the overall series 20–19, but the postseason series is tied, 4–4.

text: New York Jets

text: The Giants and Jets for many years had the only intracity rivalry in the NFL, made even more unusual by sharing a stadium. They have met annually in the preseason since 1969. Since 2011, this meeting has been known as the "MetLife Bowl", after the naming sponsor of the teams' stadium. Regular season matchups between the teams occur once every four years, as they follow the NFL scheduling formula for interconference games. Since the two teams play each other so infrequently in the regular season, some, including players on both teams, have questioned whether the Giants and Jets have a real rivalry.[88][89][90][91] A memorable regular season game was in 1988, when the Giants faced off against the Jets in the last game of the season, needing a victory to make the playoffs. The Jets played spoiler, however, beating the Giants 27–21 and ruining the latter's playoff hopes. A different scenario unfolded during the penultimate regular season game of 2011 as the "visiting" Giants defeated the Jets 29–14. The victory simultaneously helped eliminate the Jets from playoff contention and propel the Giants to their own playoff run and eventual win in Super Bowl XLVI. The Giants lead the overall regular season series 8–5 and have won five of the past six meetings.

text: Players of note

text: Current roster

text:
New York Giants roster

view
talk
edit

Quarterbacks

10 Eli Manning
 3 Geno Smith
 5 Davis Webb

Running backs

26 Orleans Darkwa
22 Wayne Gallman
28 Paul Perkins
34 Shane Vereen

Wide receivers

13 Odell Beckham Jr.
17 Dwayne Harris
18 Roger Lewis
15 Brandon Marshall
87 Sterling Shepard

Tight ends

89 Jerell Adams
85 Rhett Ellison
88 Evan Engram
81 Matt LaCosse
43 Shane Smith FB

Offensive linemen

74 Ereck Flowers T
76 D. J. Fluker G
68 Bobby Hart T
77 John Jerry G
69 Brett Jones C
67 Justin Pugh G
70 Weston Richburg C
63 Chad Wheeler T

Defensive linemen

96 Jay Bromley DT
98 Damon Harrison DT
91 Avery Moss DE
78 Romeo Okwara DE
90 Jason Pierre-Paul DE
99 Robert Thomas DT
94 Dalvin Tomlinson DT
54 Olivier Vernon DE
72 Kerry Wynn DE

Linebackers

52 Jonathan Casillas OLB
93 B. J. Goodson MLB
49 Curtis Grant MLB
59 Devon Kennard OLB
46 Calvin Munson MLB
57 Keenan Robinson OLB
55 J. T. Thomas OLB

Defensive backs

33 Andrew Adams FS
24 Eli Apple CB
29 Nat Berhe SS
37 Ross Cockrell CB
21 Landon Collins SS
23 Michael Hunter CB
20 Janoris Jenkins CB
41 Dominique Rodgers-Cromartie CB
27 Darian Thompson FS

Special teams

51 Zak DeOssie LS
 2 Aldrick Rosas K
 9 Brad Wing P

Reserve lists

64 Josh Banks DT (IR)
73 Corbin Bryant DT (IR)
65 Jessamen Dunker G (IR)
60 Adam Gettis G (IR)
44 Mark Herzlich MLB (IR)
82 Keeon Johnson WR (IR)
83 Kevin Norwood WR (IR)
71 Evan Schwan DE (IR)
97 Ishaq Williams OLB (IR)

Practice squad

66 Adam Bisnowaty OT
86 Marquis Bundy WR
95 Cap Capi OLB
38 Donte Deayon CB
84 Ed Eagan WR
75 Jon Halapio G
36 Ryan Murphy SS
19 Travis Rudolph WR
31 Tim Scott CB
79 Jordan Williams DE

Rookies in italics
Roster updated September 20, 2017
Depth chart • Transactions
53 Active, 9 Inactive, 10 Practice squad
→ AFC rosters → NFC rosters

AFC East
BUF
MIA
NE
NYJ
North
BAL
CIN
CLE
PIT
South
HOU
IND
JAX
TEN
West
DEN
KC
LAC
OAK

NFC East
DAL
NYG
PHI
WAS
North
CHI
DET
GB
MIN
South
ATL
CAR
NO
TB
West
ARI
LAR
SF
SEA

text: Retired numbers

text:
New York Giants retired numbers

No.
Player
Position
Career

1
Ray Flaherty 1
E
1928–1935

4
Tuffy Leemans
RB
1936–1943

7
Mel Hein
C, LB
1931–1945

11
Phil Simms
QB
1979–1993

14
Ward Cuff 3
HB, WB
1937–1945

Y. A. Tittle 3
QB
1961–1964

16
Frank Gifford
HB, WR
1952–1964

32
Al Blozis 2
OT
1942–1944

40
Joe Morrison
RB, WR
1959–1972

42
Charlie Conerly
QB
1948–1961

50
Ken Strong
HB
1936–1947

56
Lawrence Taylor
LB
1981–1993

text:
1 Retired in 1935, this was the first number to be retired by any team in major league sports.[92]
2 Posthumous honor.
3 The number 14 was retired in honor of Ward Cuff in 1946. Y. A. Tittle requested 14 after the Giants traded for him in 1961, and it was retired a second time in 1964 at the conclusion of Tittle's playing career. The number is now retired in honor of both players.[93]

text: Pro Football Hall of Famers

text: In the Pro Football Hall of Fame, the Giants boast the second-most enshrined members with 29.[94] Tim Mara, Mel Hein, Pete Henry, Cal Hubbard and Jim Thorpe were a part of the original class of inductees in 1963, while Defensive End Michael Strahan, the most recent Giant inducted, was a part of the Class of 2014. Numerous members, including Larry Csonka, Ray Flaherty, Joe Guyon, Pete Henry, Arnie Herber, Cal Hubbard, Tom Landry, Don Maynard, Hugh McElhenny, and Jim Thorpe were at one time associated with the New York Giants, but they were inducted largely based on their careers with other teams.

text:
New York Giants Hall of Famers

No.
Player
Position
Tenure
Inducted
No.
Player
Position
Tenure
Inducted

17
Red Badgro
TE/DE
1930–1935
1981
—
Tim Mara
Owner and founder
1925–1959
1963

79
Rosey Brown
T
1953–1965
1975
—
Wellington Mara
Owner/Administrator
1937–2005
1997

53
Harry Carson
LB
1976–1988
2006
13
Don Maynard
WR
1958
1987

39
Larry Csonka
FB
1976–1978
1987
13
Hugh McElhenny
RB
1963
1970

1
Ray Flaherty
E
1928–1935
1976
55
Steve Owen
T
Coach
1926–1933
1930–1953
1966

6
Benny Friedman
QB
Coach
1929–1931
1930
2005
—
Bill Parcells
Coach
1983–1990
2013

16
Frank Gifford
HB
1952–1960
1962–1964
1977
81
Andy Robustelli
DE
1956–1964
1971

11
Joe Guyon
RB
1927
1978
92
Michael Strahan
DE
1993–2007
2014

7
Mel Hein
C
1931–1945
1966
50
Ken Strong
HB/FB/K
1933–1935
1939
1944–1947
1967

55
Pete Henry
OT
1927
1963
10
Fran Tarkenton
QB
1967–1971
1986

38
Arnie Herber
QB
1944–1945
1963
56
Lawrence Taylor
LB
1981–1993
1999

41
60
Cal Hubbard
T
1927–1928
1936
1966
31
Jim Thorpe
RB, DB
1925
1963

70
Sam Huff
LB
1956–1963
1982
14
Y. A. Tittle
QB
1961–1964
1971

49
Tom Landry[95]
DB/P
1950–1955
1982
45
Emlen Tunnell
DB
1948–1958
1967

4
Tuffy Leemans
FB
1936–1943
1990
73
Arnie Weinmeister
DE
1950–1953
1984

text: Ring of Honor

text: The New York Giants unveiled their own Ring of Honor on October 3, 2010 during halftime of their Sunday Night Football matchup with the Chicago Bears. John Mara had long wished to create a Giants Ring of Honor and Hall of Fame to honor Giants who helped the franchise achieve each of their championships, and the building of MetLife Stadium resulted in the realization of that ambition.[96] The organization had an inaugural induction class of 30 including players, coaches, owners and executives that have had a great impact on the organization. While the entire list of inductees was not revealed until the actual induction, the organization did confirm about a week before the ceremony that Phil Simms, Bill Parcells, Michael Strahan, Tiki Barber, Frank Gifford and Pete Gogolak would all be inducted.[97]

text:
New York Giants Ring of Honor

Name
Position
No.
Years active
Championships
Inducted

Ernie Accorsi
Executive
—
1994–2007
—
2016

Jessie Armstead
LB
98
1993–2001
—
2010

Carl Banks
LB
58
1984–1992
1986, 1990
2011

Tiki Barber
RB
21
1997–2006
—
2010

Mark Bavaro
TE
89
1985–1990
1986, 1990
2011

Al Blozis
OT
32
1942–1944
—
2010

Rosey Brown
OT
79
1953–1965
1956
2010

Harry Carson
LB
53
1976–1988
1986
2010

Charlie Conerly
QB
42
1948–1961
1956
2010

Tom Coughlin
WR Coach/Head Coach
—
1988-1990, 2004–2015
1990, 2007, 2011
2016

Frank Gifford
RB/WR
16
1952–1964
1956
2010

Pete Gogolak
K
3
1966–1974
—
2010

Mel Hein
C/LB
7
1931–1945
1934, 1938
2010

Jim Lee Howell
End/Head Coach
21, 81
1937–1942, 1946–1947, 1954–1960
1938, 1956
2010

Sam Huff
LB
70
1956–1963
1956
2010

Dave Jennings
P
13
1974–1984
—
2011

John Johnson
Athletic Trainer
—
1948–2008
1956, 1986, 1990, 2007
2015

Tuffy Leemans
RB
4
1936–1943
1938
2010

Jack Lummus
End
29
1941
—
2015

Dick Lynch
DB
22
25
1958–1966
—
2010

Jack Mara
Owner
—
1925–1965
1927, 1934, 1938, 1956
2010

Tim Mara
Owner
—
1925–1959
1927, 1934, 1938, 1956
2010

Wellington Mara
Ball Boy/Executive/Owner
—
1925–2005
1927, 1934, 1938, 1956, 1986, 1990
2010

George Martin
DE
75
1975–1988
1986
2010

Joe Morrison
WR/RB
40
1959–1972
—
2010

Steve Owen
OT/Head coach
6, 9, 12, 36, 44, 50, 55
1926–1953
1927, 1934, 1938
2010

Bill Parcells
Linebacker Coach/Defensive Coordinator/Head Coach
—
1979, 1981–1990
1986, 1990
2010

Andy Robustelli
DE
81, 84
1956–1964
1956
2010

Phil Simms
QB
11
1979–1993
1986, 1990
2010

Chris Snee
OG
76
2004–2013
2007, 2011
2015

Michael Strahan
DE
92
1993–2007
2007
2010

Ken Strong
HB
50
1933–1935, 1939, 1944–1947
1934
2010

Lawrence Taylor
LB
56
1981–1993
1986, 1990
2010

Bob Tisch
Owner
—
1991–2005
—
2010

Y. A. Tittle
QB
14
1961–1964
—
2010

Amani Toomer
WR
81
1996–2008
2007
2010

Justin Tuck
DE
91
2005–2013
2007, 2011
2016

Emlen Tunnell
DB/Scout/Assistant Head Coach
45
1948–1958, 1963–1973
1956
2010

Osi Umenyiora
DE
72
2003–2012
2007, 2011
2015

Brad Van Pelt
LB
10
1973–1983
—
2011

Alex Webster
FB/Head Coach
29
1955–1964, 1969–1973
1956
2011

George Young
Executive
—
1979–1997
1986, 1990
2010

text: NFL MVP award winners

text:
Giants NFL MVP winners

Year
Player
Position
Selector

1938
Mel Hein
C, LB
NFL

1956
Frank Gifford
HB, WR
NEA, UPI

1959
Charlie Conerly
QB
NEA

1961
Y. A. Tittle
QB
NEA

1962
Y. A. Tittle
QB
UPI

1963
Y. A. Tittle
QB
AP, NEA

1986
Lawrence Taylor
LB
AP, PFWA

1986
Phil Simms
QB
NEA

text: Super Bowl MVP award winners

text:
Super Bowl MVP winners

SB
Player
Position

XXI
Phil Simms
QB

XXV
Ottis Anderson
RB

XLII
Eli Manning
QB

XLVI
Eli Manning
QB

text: First-round draft picks

text:
Recent first-round draft picks

Year
Player
College
Position

2008
Kenny Phillips
Miami (FL)
DB

2009
Hakeem Nicks
North Carolina
WR

2010
Jason Pierre-Paul
South Florida
DE

2011
Prince Amukamara
Nebraska
DB

2012
David Wilson
Virginia Tech
RB

2013
Justin Pugh
Syracuse
OT

2014
Odell Beckham Jr.
LSU
WR

2015
Ereck Flowers
Miami (FL)
OT

2016
Eli Apple
Ohio State
CB

2017
Evan Engram
Mississippi
TE

text: Coaches of note

text: Current staff

text:
New York Giants staff

v
t
e

Front Office

President/CEO – John Mara
Chairman/Executive Vice President – Steve Tisch
Senior Vice President/General Manager – Jerry Reese
Senior Vice President of Player Personnel – Chris Mara
Vice President of Player Evaluation – Marc Ross
Assistant General Manager – Kevin Abrams
Director of Pro Personnel – Ken Sternfeld
Director of Player Development – David Tyree
Director of Football Operations – Vacant

Head Coaches

Head Coach – Ben McAdoo

Offensive Coaches

Offensive Coordinator – Mike Sullivan
Quarterbacks – Frank Cignetti Jr.
Running Backs – Craig Johnson
Wide Receivers – Adam Henry
Tight Ends – Kevin M. Gilbride
Offensive Line – Mike Solari
Assistant Offensive Line – Lunda Wells
Offensive Assistant – Ryan Roeder

Defensive Coaches

Defensive Coordinator – Steve Spagnuolo
Defensive Line – Patrick Graham
Assistant Defensive Line – Rob Leonard
Linebackers – Bill McGovern
Secondary/Cornerbacks – Tim Walton
Secondary/Safeties – Dave Merritt
Defensive Assistant – Bobby Blick

Special Team Coaches

Special Teams Coordinator – Tom Quinn
Assistant Special Teams – Dwayne Stukes

Strength and Conditioning

Strength and Conditioning – Aaron Wellman
Assistant Strength and Conditioning – Markus Paul
Director of Performance Nutrition/Assistant Strength and Conditioning – Pratik Patel
Performance Manager – Joe Danos

→ Coaching Staff
→ Management
→ More NFL staffs

AFC East
BUF
MIA
NE
NYJ
North
BAL
CIN
CLE
PIT
South
HOU
IND
JAX
TEN
West
DEN
KC
LAC
OAK

NFC East
DAL
NYG
PHI
WAS
North
CHI
DET
GB
MIN
South
ATL
CAR
NO
TB
West
ARI
LAR
SF
SEA

text: Media, radio and television

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: As of 2010, the Giants' flagship radio station is WFAN, with games simulcast on WFAN-FM as of November 2012.[98] Beginning in 2012, the Giants became WFAN's top priority during the entire football season; prior to that, games that conflicted with late season New York Mets baseball games in September and early October were moved to other CBS Radio owned stations. This arrangement only lasted for 2012, and the Mets received priority again in 2013. WFAN acquired the rights to New York Yankees games for 2014, and thus the Giants' schedule will be in conflict with them for the foreseeable future. When there is an overlap, Giants games are carried by WFAN's sister station, WCBS-AM.

text: Bob Papa on play-by-play and Carl Banks on color commentary are the Giants' radio broadcast team, with Howard Cross as the sideline reporter.[98] When Papa is unavailable to call games Chris Carrino, WFAN's lead broadcaster for the Brooklyn Nets, substitutes for him. Games are carried over the New York Giants Radio Network over various stations in New York, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, and (as of 2010) Mississippi.

text: Preseason telecasts not seen nationally air in the area on WNBC, with WWOR-TV serving as an overflow station for when WNBC is airing other programming such as the Summer Olympic Games. Papa and Banks call these games on television, with studio host Paul Dottino as Papa's substitute. WPIX-TV or WABC-TV will also air any Giants broadcast that is carried by ESPN, as per the local carriage rules (WABC-TV corporate parent, The Walt Disney Company, holds an 80% majority ownership stake in ESPN, and has a right of first refusal for these telecasts). Thursday Night Football games exclusive to NFL Network are carried locally by the producing network's O&O, either WCBS-TV or WNBC.

text: The Giants' public address announcer at MetLife Stadium is Jim Hall, who for years was Bob Sheppard's substitute at Yankee Stadium due to their very similar voices. Hall took over the Giants PA job after Sheppard elected to leave the position in 2005 to focus solely on his Yankee Stadium duties.

text: Past

text: WFAN has produced the Giants' radio broadcasts since 1995, but has not always aired them on the station. For 1995, then-Giants flagship WOR continued to carry the games as they had for the previous two seasons. In 1996 the games were simulcast on WFAN and WOR, which caused some conflict as at the time, WFAN was the radio flagship of the New York Jets as well. To remedy the situation, beginning the next year WFAN moved the Giants' radio broadcasts to the FM dial and sister station WNEW-FM, where they remained until the end of the 1999 season. In 2000 WFAN lost the Jets' radio contract to WABC and the Giants moved back to WFAN where they have been ever since.

text: The Giants' longtime radio home was WNEW, where games aired from the mid-1950s until 1993 when the station was bought by Bloomberg L.P. and changed its format. Marty Glickman teamed with Al DeRogatis for a long stretch beginning in the early 1960s on WNEW. Chip Cipolla and later Sam Huff joined Glickman after DeRogatis left to join Curt Gowdy on NBC. After the WNEW split, games began airing on WOR. Glickman moved to the crosstown Jets in 1973 and was succeeded by Marv Albert. Jim Gordon succeeded Albert in 1977, beginning an 18-year tenure as the Giants' play-by-play voice. Meanwhile, Dick Lynch took over as color analyst in 1976 and continued in that role through 2007, with his last game being Super Bowl XLII, and retired following the season due to his advancing leukemia, which took his life in September 2008.

text: Eventually Gordon and Lynch were joined by Karl Nelson, a former lineman for the Giants. Gordon and Nelson were fired after the 1994 season, after which Papa took over the play-by-play (after being studio host) and led a two-man booth with Lynch. Dave Jennings joined the broadcast team in 2002 following his firing by the Jets, with whom he had worked since his 1987 retirement from the NFL. Jennings was moved to the pregame show after the 2006 season and was replaced by Carl Banks, leaving broadcasting altogether in 2008 due to his ongoing battle with Parkinson's disease that he lost in 2013.

text: After WFAN began airing games Richard Neer served as pregame and postgame host. He was replaced by Sid Rosenberg, who was in turn fired by the station due to troubles and replaced by Chris Carlin. Carlin left in 2008 to focus full-time on his duties as SNY studio host and Rutgers athletics radio voice and was replaced by WWOR sports reporter and former WFAN host Russ Salzberg, who cohosted with Roman Oben after Jennings left. WEPN Giants beat reporter Paul Dottino was hired by WFAN to host the pregame show for 2009 and continues to be a part of the program. Anita Marks has hosted the pre- and post- game shows since 2010, co-hosting with Dottino for home games and Oben for away games.

text: The Giants were carried on the DuMont Network, then CBS (New York's Channel 2) in the early TV days of the NFL, when home games were blacked out within a 75-mile radius of New York City. Chris Schenkel was their play-by-play announcer in that early era when each team was assigned its own network voice on its regional telecasts. At the time, there were few if any true national telecasts until the NFL championship game, which was carried by NBC. Schenkel was joined by Jim McKay, later Johnny Lujack through the 1950s and the early 1960s. As Giants players retired to the broadcast booth in the early and 1960s, first Pat Summerall, then Frank Gifford took the color analyst slot next to Schenkel. As the 1970 merger of the NFL and AFL approached, CBS moved to a more generic announcer approach and Schenkel was off the broadcasts.

text: Giants regular-season Sunday telecasts moved to Fox when that network took over NFC telecasts in 1994 and are carried locally by WNYW.

text: WCBS-TV and WPIX were previously home to Giants preseason telecasts in the 1990s, with WPIX serving as the Giants' (and Jets') long time preseason home. After the NFC rights were lost by CBS, the Giants followed the conference's broadcast rights to WNYW. WWOR became the Giants' flagship TV station in the late '90s, and stayed so up until WNBC took over rights in 2005.

text: When the Giants first moved to WNYW, Mike Breen was their preseason play-by-play man. Sam Rosen was the television voice for some time afterward, except for two years when Curt Menefee (then of WNYW) was the voice. When the games moved to WWOR, Rosen regained the position and held it until 2004. Former Giant receiver Phil McConkey became the early season analyst after his retirement and stayed in the booth for many years.


document_title: Maggie Peterson

question_text: who played charlene darling in the andy griffith show

root

text: Maggie Peterson

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text:
Maggie Peterson

Bill Dana and Peterson on
The Bill Dana Show (1964)

Background information

Birth name
Margaret Ann Peterson

Born
(1941-01-10) January 10, 1941 (age 77)
Greeley, Colorado, U.S.

Genres
Country music, Bluegrass music

Occupation(s)
Television actress, singer

Years active
1958–present

Labels
Capitol Records

text: Maggie Peterson Mancuso (born January 10, 1941)[1] is an American television actress. She is best known for playing Charlene Darling on The Andy Griffith Show.[2] She also played the character of Doris in the episode "A Girl for Goober" (1968).

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text: Biography[edit]

text: The youngest of four children, Peterson was born to Arthur and Tressa Hill Peterson. Her father was a doctor and her mother a homemaker. Aside from The Andy Griffith Show, Peterson also appeared on other TV shows such as Love American Style, Green Acres, Gomer Pyle USMC, and The Odd Couple. She appeared in an episode of Mayberry R.F.D. as Edna, a cafe waitress; in the 1986 movie Return to Mayberry; as the innocent Rose Ellen in the 1969 film The Love God?, starring next to Don Knotts; and in the 1968 film Angel in My Pocket.

text: Peterson landed a role as Susie, the coffee shop waitress on The Bill Dana Show, another spin-off from The Danny Thomas Show, which aired from September 1963 to January 1965.

text: Peterson grew up in a musical family. While growing up in Colorado, she has said her earliest memories were of music. Peterson, her brother Jim and two of Jim's friends formed a small group called the Ja-Da Quartet. They would ride around in the back of a pickup truck singing to people.

text: In 1954 at a Capitol Records convention, Dick Linke (manager of Andy Griffith and Jim Nabors) heard Peterson singing and was so impressed with her, he encouraged her to come to New York. So in 1958 after graduating high school Maggie and the group did just that. They landed a number of stints on the Perry Como Show[citation needed] and the Pat Boone Show,[citation needed] and in 1959 they released their album "It's the Most Happy Sound."[citation needed] Soon after, the band broke up and went back home.

text: A short time later, Peterson joined another group, The Ernie Mariani Trio (later renamed Margaret Ann and the Ernie Mariani Trio). The group traveled for several years and had stints in resort areas such as Las Vegas, Lake Tahoe and Reno, where Frank Sinatra and the Rat Pack were often seen in the audience while Maggie performed. It was while she was on tour that Maggie was discovered by The Andy Griffith Show director Bob Sweeny and producer Aaron Ruben.

text: For The Andy Griffith Show, Peterson initially read for the role of love interest for Sheriff Andy Taylor, but the role went to Elinor Donahue (Ellie Walker). Soon after, she was selected to play the role of Charlene Darling. The only daughter of Briscoe Darling, she had a crush on Sheriff Taylor ("Pa, can't I just look at the pretty man?").

text: The Darlings, including Briscoe's four boys (played by The Dillards bluegrass band), lived in the mountains and came to town on many occasions. When in town, they enjoyed playing music with Andy. One of Charlene's favorite songs is "Salty Dog." The one that made her cry was "Boil that Cabbage Down." Ernest T. Bass had his eyes on Charlene and believed he had courting rights because her marriage to Dud Wash had been performed by Sheriff Andy Taylor acting as a justice of the peace. He tried to steal her away on the day they were to be remarried by a preacher. Threatening the gathering with a high-powered rifle, he runs off with the fully veiled "bride." While Charlene and Dud are hurriedly married by the preacher, Ernest T. discovers the person in the veil is really Barney Fife. Charlene and Dud had a daughter together, Andilina. They tried to betroth Andilina to Opie as it was customary in their family. Briscoe called off the engagement of Opie and Andilina when he discovered there was witchery in the Taylor family.

text: In 1968, while she was singing as an opening act for Andy Griffith at a casino in Lake Tahoe, Peterson met jazz musician Gus Mancuso who was playing bass in a lounge act. The two married and have been together ever since. The couple spent a number of years in Los Angeles, where Peterson worked doing commercials, until they decided to settle in Las Vegas where Maggie now works as a location scout for film and television.[3]

text: In April 2008 The Darlings received a star on the Missouri Walk of Fame in Marshfield, Missouri. Peterson and Darlings/Dillards band members Dean Webb and Mitch Jayne were on hand representing The Darlings.

text: In May 2016 Peterson appeared as the guest of honor at the Mayberry In The Midwest Festival in Danville, Indiana.


document_title: History of trade unions in the United Kingdom

question_text: when was the first trade union formed in the uk

text: 18-19th century[edit]

text: Unions in Britain were subject to often severe repression until 1824, but were already widespread in cities such as London.  Trade unions were legalised in 1824, when growing numbers of factory workers joined these associations in their efforts to achieve better wages and working conditions. Workplace militancy had also manifested itself as Luddism and had been prominent in struggles such as the 1820 Rising in Scotland, in which 60,000 workers went on a general strike, which was soon crushed. From 1830 on, attempts were made to set up national general unions, most notably Robert Owen's Grand National Consolidated Trades Union in 1834, which attracted a range of socialists from Owenites to revolutionaries. That organisation played a part in the protests after the Tolpuddle Martyrs' case, but soon collapsed.

text: An important development of the trade union movement in Wales was the Merthyr Rising in May 1831 where coal and steel workers employed by the powerful Crawshay family took to the streets of Merthyr Tydfil, calling for reform, protesting against the lowering of their wages and general unemployment. Gradually the protest spread to nearby industrial towns and villages and by the end of May the whole area was in rebellion, and for the first time in the world the red flag of revolution was flown – which has since been adopted internationally by the trades union movement and socialist groups generally.

text: Chartism[edit]

text: In the later 1830s and 1840s, trade unionism was overshadowed by political activity. Of particular importance was Chartism, the aims of which were supported by most socialerals, although none appear to have played leading roles. Chartism was a working-class movement for political reform in Britain which existed from 1838 to 1858. It took its name from the People's Charter of 1838 and was a national protest movement, with particular strongholds of support in Northern England, the East Midlands, the Staffordshire Potteries, the Black Country, and the South Wales Valleys. Support for the movement was at its highest in 1839, 1842, and 1848, when petitions signed by millions of working people were presented to Parliament.  The strategy employed was to use the scale of support which these petitions and the accompanying mass meetings demonstrated to put pressure on politicians to concede manhood suffrage. Chartism thus relied on constitutional methods to secure its aims, though there were some who became involved in insurrectionary activities, notably in south Wales and Yorkshire. The government did not yield to any of the demands, and suffrage had to wait another two decades.  Chartism was popular among some trade unions, especially London's tailors, shoemakers, carpenters, and masons. One reason was the fear of the influx of unskilled labour, especially in tailoring and shoe making. In Manchester and Glasgow, engineers were deeply involved in Chartist activities. Many trade unions were active in the general strike of 1842, which spread to 15 counties in England and Wales, and eight in Scotland. Chartism taught techniques and political skills that inspired trade union leadership.[1][2]

text: New establishments[edit]

text: Union activity from the 1850s to the 1950s in textiles and engineering was largely in the hands of the skilled workers. They supported differentials in pay and status as opposed to the unskilled. They focused on control over machine production and were aided by competition among firms in the local labour market.[3]

text: After the Chartist movement of 1848 fragmented,  efforts were made to form a labour coalition. The Miners' and Seamen's United Association in the North-East, operated 1851–1854 before it too collapsed because of outside hostility and internal disputes over goals. The leaders sought  working-class solidarity as a long-term aim, thus anticipating the affiliative strategies promoted by the Labour Parliament of 1854.[4]

text: More permanent trade unions were established from the 1850s, better resourced but often less radical. The London Trades Council was founded in 1860, and the Sheffield Outrages spurred the establishment of the Trades Union Congress in 1868. The legal status of trade unions in the United Kingdom was established by a Royal Commission on Trade Unions in 1867, which agreed that the establishment of the organisations was to the advantage of both employers and employees. Unions were legalised in 1871 with the adoption of the Trade Union Act 1871.

text: New Unionism: 1889–93[edit]

text: The "aristocracy of labour" comprise the skilled workers who were proud and jealous of their monopolies, and set up labour unions to keep out the unskilled and semiskilled. The strongest unions of the mid-Victorian period were unions of skilled workers such as the Amalgamated Society of Engineers.  Trade unionism was quite uncommon amongst semi-skilled and unskilled workers.[5] The union officials avoided militancy, fearing that strikes would threaten the finances of unions and thereby their salaries. An unexpected strike wave broke out in 1889–90, largely instigated by the rank and file. Its success can be explained by the dwindling supply of rural labour, which in turn increased the bargaining power of unskilled workers.  The New Unionism starting in 1889 was a systematic outreach to bring in as union members the striking unskilled and semiskilled workers. Ben Tillett was a prominent leader of the London Dock strike of 1889. He formed the Dock, Wharf, Riverside and General Labourers' Union in 1889, which had support from skilled workers. Its 30,000 members won an advance in wages and working conditions.[6][7][8]

text: Unions played a prominent role in the creation of the Labour Representation Committee which effectively formed the basis for today's Labour Party.

text: Women[edit]

text: Women were largely excluded from trade union formation, membership, and hierarchies until the late 20th century. When women did attempt to challenge male hegemony and make inroads into the representation of labour and combination, it was largely due to the tenacity of middle-class reformers such as the Women's Protective and Provident League (WPPL) which sought to amiably discuss conditions with employers in the 1870s. It became the Women's Trade Union League.[9]  Militant Socialists broke away from the WPPL and formed the Women's Trade Union Association, but they had little impact.[10] There were a few cases in the 19th century where women trade union members took initiative. In the 1875 West Yorkshire weavers' strike, women did play a central role.[11]

text: Emerging Labour Party[edit]

text: The Labour Party's origins lie in the late 19th century, when it became apparent that there was a need for a new political party to represent the interests and needs of the urban proletariat, a demographic which had increased in number and had recently been given franchise.[12] Some members of the trades union movement became interested in moving into the political field, and after further extensions of the voting franchise in 1867 and 1885, the Liberal Party endorsed some trade-union sponsored candidates. The first Lib–Lab candidate to stand was George Odger in the Southwark by-election of 1870. In addition, several small socialist groups had formed around this time, with the intention of linking the movement to political policies. Among these were the Independent Labour Party, the intellectual and largely middle-class Fabian Society, the Marxist Social Democratic Federation[13] and the Scottish Labour Party.

text: Since 1900[edit]

text: Politics became a central issue for the coal miners, whose organisation was facilitated by their location in remote one-industry villages. The Miners' Federation of Great Britain formed in 1888, and counted 600,000 members in 1908. Much of the 'old left' of Labour politics can trace its origins to coal-mining areas.[14]

text: Upheavals: 1910–14[edit]

text: The years 1910–14 witnessed serious industrial unrest and an enormous increase in trade union membership, which affected all industries to varying extents.[15] The militants are most active in coal mining, textiles and transportation. Much of the militancy emerged from grassroots protests against falling real wages, with union leadership scrambling to catch up. The new unions of semiskilled workers were the most militant.[16]   The National Sailors' and Firemen's Union directed strike activities in many port cities across Britain. The national leadership was strongly supported by local leaders, for example the Glasgow Trades Council. In Glasgow and other major cities there were distinctive local variations. Glasgow was more unified and coherent than most centres. The long-term result was seen in the strength of waterfront organisation on the Clyde River, marked as it was by the emergence of independent locally based unions among both dockers and seamen.[17]

text: First World War[edit]

text: Industrial production of munitions was a central feature of the war, and with a third of the men in the labour force moved into the military, demand was very high for industrial labour. Large numbers of women were employed temporarily.[18] Trade unions gave strong support to the war effort, cutting back on strikes and restrictive practices.   Membership doubled from 4.1 million in 1914, to 8.3 million in 1920. 65 percent of union members had been associated with the Trades Union Congress (TUC) in 1914, rising to 77 percent in 1920. Labour's prestige had never been higher, and it systematically placed its leaders into Parliament.[19]

text: The Munitions of War Act 1915 followed the Shell Crisis of 1915 when supplies of material to the front became a political issue. The Act forbade strikes and lock-outs and replaced them with compulsory arbitration. It set up a system of controlling war industries, and established munitions tribunals that were special courts to enforce good working practices. It suspended, for the duration, restrictive practices by trade unions. It tried to control labour mobility between jobs. The courts ruled the definition of munitions was broad enough to include textile workers and dock workers. 1915 act was repealed in 1919, but similar legislation took effect during the Second World War.[20][21][22]

text: In Glasgow, the heavy demand for munitions and warships strengthened union power. There emerged a radical movement called "Red Clydeside" led by militant trades unionists.  Formerly a Liberal Party stronghold, the industrial districts switched to Labour by 1922, with a base among the Irish Catholic working class districts.  Women were especially active solidarity on housing issues. However, the "Reds" operated within the Labour Party and had little influence in Parliament; the mood changed to passive despair by the late 1920s.[23]

text: The war saw in a further increase in union membership, as well as widespread recognition of unions and their increased involvement in management. Strikes were not patriotic, and the government tried to hold wages down.  At war's end unions became quite militant in attempting to hold their gains; they were usually defeated.  Membership grew from 4.1 million in 1914 to 6.5 million in 1918, peaking at 8.3 million in 1920 before relapsing to 5.4 million in 1923.[24]

text: The immediate postwar era saw a series of radical events, stimulated in part by the communist/Bolshevik takeover of Russia in 1917. The trade unions especially in Scotland were militant. However the government compromised, and as the economy stabilised in the early 1920s the labour unions moved sharply to the right. An exception came with the coal miners union, which faced lower wages in a declining industry hurt by lower prices, severe competition from oil, and sharply declining productivity in Britain's ageing coal mines.[25]

text: The 1926 General Strike was declared by the Trades Union Congress for the benefit of the coal miners, but it failed.  It was a nine-day nationwide walkout of one million railwaymen, transport workers, printers, dockers, ironworkers and steelworkers supporting the 1.5 million coal miners who had been locked out.  Ultimately many miners returned to work, and were forced to accept longer hours and lower pay.

text: Additionally, in 1927 the government passed sweeping anti-union legislation under the Trade Disputes and Trade Union Act. This imposed major curbs on union power, including outlawing sympathetic strikes and mass picketing, and ensuring that civil service unions were banned from affiliating with the TUC.  The 1926 general strike was considered a grave mistake by TUC leaders such as Ernest Bevin. Most historians treat it as a singular event with few long-term consequences, but Martin Pugh says it accelerated the movement of working-class voters to the Labour Party, which led to future gains.[26][27] The Trade Disputes and Trade Unions Act 1927 made general strikes illegal and ended the automatic payment of union members to the Labour Party. That act was largely repealed in 1946.

text: Foreign policy[edit]

text: The foreign policy of the trade unions was generally anti-Communist. Support for the Republican cause in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–39 Was widespread on the left, attendees included conservatives and liberals as well. However, the Labour Party leadership deeply distrusted the communist element and rejected proposed unity campaigns.[28]

text: The TUC, working in collaboration with the American Federation of Labor blocked a 1937 proposal to allow Soviet trade union membership in the International Federation of Trade Unions (IFTU).  The TUC reversed its policy in 1938 to allow the Russians in, but one backed opposition in 1939 when Stalin and Hitler came to terms. When Britain entered the war, the TUC was a strong supporter, and it sent leaders to the United States to win American labour support. When Hitler invaded Russia in 1941, TUC sent leaders to Moscow as well, realising that Britain needed a military alliance against Hitler. Meanwhile, the AFL fought against any recognition of Soviet organisations, and fought its own battle with the CIO which was pro—Moscow. As a result of these manipulations, the foreign policy voice of organised labour in both Britain and the United States was seriously weakened. It played little role in the formation of the United Nations as the war ended. After the war, the British unions resumed a staunchly anti-communist and anti-Soviet position.[29][30]  Communists did however occupy local positions of power especially in the coal miners' union.[31]

text: While involvement in foreign policy went poorly, British trade unions grew dramatically in membership and power during the Second World War. The unexpected landslide of the Labour Party in 1945 gave it a strong voice  in national affairs, Especially with Ernest Bevin as Foreign Minister.[32]

text: Since 1945[edit]

text: Trade unions reached their peak of membership, visibility, prestige and political power in the postwar era. A broad "post-war consensus" accepted their status, and they were heavily represented in the leadership of the Labour Party.[33][34] By the 1970s their power had grown further, but their prestige was in decline and the consensus disappeared.  In the 1980s the Conservative Party led by Margaret Thatcher deliberately and significantly weakened the trade union movement. It has never recovered.[35]

text: The strong anti-communist policy persisted in the postwar era. The unions  gave strong support to British participation in the Cold War and NATO, as well as international bodies such as the international Confederation of Free Trade Unions that excluded communist unions of the sort that joined the Soviet-dominated World Federation of Trade Unions. In some trades, especially coal mining, the Communists did have some power, as typified by Arthur Scargill, the president of the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) from 1982 to 2002.  Scargill defied public opinion, a trait Prime Minister Thatcher exploited when she defeated his strike in 1985.[36]   More effective in the Communist cause was Ken Gill, president of a large  union and in 1974 the first Communist elected in decades to  the TUC General Council.  He focused on racial issues.[37]  British unions collaborated with the AFL–CIO in the United States on international projects. In the 1980s, worldwide union attention focused on the Solidarity union movement in Poland, which finally succeeded in breaking the communist control of that country. Norman Willis, the general secretary of the TUC, vigorously promoted union support for Solidarity.[38]  The nuclear disarmament movement, which played a major role in Labour Party internal politics in the 1980s, was primarily a middle-class movement that had little support in the labour movement.[39]

text: Major strike action by British unions during the 1978–1979 Winter of Discontent contributed to the downfall of the Labour government of James Callaghan. Callaghan, himself a trade-unionist, had previously appealed for unions to exercise pay restraint, as part of the British Government's policies at the time to try to curb rampant inflation. His attempt to try to limit unions to a 5% pay rise led to widespread official and unofficial strikes across the country during the winter of that year. Official and unofficial strike action by lorry drivers, rail workers, nurses and ambulance drivers precipitated a feeling of crisis in the country. The effects of the union action caused a major swing in voting intention. In November 1978, a Gallup poll suggested a 5% Labour lead in the opinion polls. Following the union action that Winter, in February 1979, the Conservatives had a 20% lead.

text: Thatcher and 1980s[edit]

text: Callaghan's government fell and Margaret Thatcher's Conservatives swept to victory in the subsequent general election and introduced new union laws in part to combat the industrial unrest that had plagued the previous Wilson and Callaghan governments. The unions in turn were her bitter enemies.  Thatcher saw strong trade unions as an obstacle to economic growth and passed restrictive legislation of the sort the Tories had long avoided.[40]  More than 6,000 printing workers went on strike in 1986 in the Wapping dispute, for what they and their union saw as "unacceptable" terms of employment for jobs at The Sun newspaper's new HQ in Wapping. They too lost.[41]

text: The National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) had long been one of the strongest labour unions. Its strikes had toppled the Heath government in the 1970s- the miners were successful in their 1984–1985 strike, when a 12-month strike was called by NUM leader Arthur Scargill in protest against proposed pit closures.  The miners, however, were fighting not just for high wages but for a way of life that had to be subsidised by other workers. The Union split; its strategy was flawed. Over several decades, almost all the mines were shut down.[42]

text: Membership decline[edit]

text: Membership declined steeply in the 1980s and 1990s, falling from 13 million in 1979 to around 7.3 million in 2000. In 2012, union membership dropped below 6 million for the first time since the 1940s.[43][citation needed] From 1980 to 1998, the proportion of employees who were union members fell from 52 per cent to 30 per cent.[44][45]

text: Academic journals[edit]

text:
The Labor History journal, a scholarly publication published by Taylor & Francis[46]
Labour History, a scholarly journal published in Australia by the Australian Society for the Study of Labour History (ASSLH)[47]
The Labour History Review, a scholarly journal published in the UK by the Society for the Study of Labour History[48]

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