document_title: Father's Day

question_text: when did father's day become a holiday

question_tokens: when did father 's day become a holiday

text: Father's Day

text: History and traditions[edit]

text: Early history[edit]

text: A customary day for the celebration of fatherhood in Catholic Europe is known to date back to at least the Middle Ages, and it is observed on 19 March, as the feast day of Saint Joseph, who is referred to as the fatherly Nutritor Domini ("Nourisher of the Lord") in Catholicism and "the putative father of Jesus" in southern European tradition. This celebration was brought to the Americas by the Spanish and Portuguese, and in Latin America, Mother's Day is still celebrated on 19 March. The Catholic Church actively supported the custom of a celebration of fatherhood on St. Joseph's day from either the last years of the 14th century or from the early 15th century[citation needed], apparently on the initiative of the Franciscans[citation needed].

text: In the Coptic Church, the celebration of fatherhood is also observed on St Joseph's Day, but the Copts observe this celebration on July 20. This Coptic celebration may date back to the fifth century.[citation needed]

text: In the United States[edit]

text: Beginnings[edit]

text: Father's Day was not celebrated in the US, outside Catholic traditions, until the 20th century. As a civic celebration in the US, it was inaugurated in the early 20th century to complement Mother's Day by celebrating fathers and male parenting.

text: After Anna Jarvis' successful promotion of Mother's Day in Grafton, West Virginia, the first observance of a "Father's Day" was held on July 5, 1908, in Fairmont, West Virginia, in the Williams Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church South, now known as Central United Methodist Church.[1] Grace Golden Clayton was mourning the loss of her father, when  in December 1907, the Monongah Mining Disaster in nearby Monongah killed 361 men, 250 of them fathers, leaving around a thousand fatherless children. Clayton suggested that her pastor Robert Thomas Webb honor all those fathers.[2][3][4][5]

text: Clayton's event did not have repercussions outside Fairmont for several reasons, among them: the city was overwhelmed by other events, the celebration was never promoted outside the town itself and no proclamation of it was made by the city council. Also, two events overshadowed this event: the celebration of Independence Day July 4, 1908, with 12,000 attendants and several shows including a hot air balloon event, which took over the headlines in the following days, and the death of a 16-year-old girl on July 4. The local church and council were overwhelmed and they did not even think of promoting the event, and it was not celebrated again for many years. The original sermon was not reproduced by the press and it was lost. Finally, Clayton was a quiet person, who never promoted the event and never talked to other persons about it.[3][4][5]

text: Failed attempts at establishing a Father's Day[edit]

text: In 1911, Jane Addams proposed that a citywide Father's Day celebration be held in Chicago, but she was turned down.[6]

text: In 1912, there was a Father's Day celebration in Vancouver, Washington, suggested by Methodist pastor J.J. Berringer of the Irvington Methodist Church. They mistakenly believed that they had been the first to celebrate such a day.[1] They followed a 1911 suggestion by the Portland Oregonian.[6]

text: Harry C. Meek, a member of Lions Clubs International, claimed that he had first come up with the idea for Father's Day in 1915.[1][6] Meek said that the third Sunday in June was chosen because it was his birthday.[6] The Lions Club has named him the "Originator of Father's Day".[1] Meek made many efforts to promote Father's Day and make it an official holiday.[1][6]

text: Establishment of the holiday[edit]

text: On June 19, 1910, a Father's Day celebration was held at the YMCA in Spokane, Washington by Sonora Smart Dodd.[7][8] Her father, the civil war veteran William Jackson Smart, was a single parent who raised his six children there.[7] She was also a member of Old Centenary Presbyterian Church (now Knox Presbyterian Church),[9] where she first proposed the idea. After hearing a sermon about Jarvis' Mother's Day in 1909 at Central Methodist Episcopal Church, she told her pastor that fathers should have a similar holiday to honor them.[7] Although she initially suggested June 5, her father's birthday, the pastors did not have enough time to prepare their sermons, and the celebration was deferred to the third Sunday in June.[1][6] Several local clergymen accepted the idea, and on June 19, 1910, the first Father's Day, "sermons honoring fathers were presented throughout the city".[10]

text: However, in the 1920s, Dodd stopped promoting the celebration because she was studying at the Art Institute of Chicago, and it faded into relative obscurity, even in Spokane.[11] In the 1930s, Dodd returned to Spokane and started promoting the celebration again, raising awareness at a national level.[12] She had the help of those trade groups that would benefit most from the holiday, for example the manufacturers of ties, tobacco pipes, and any traditional present for fathers.[13] By 1938, she had the help of the Father's Day Council, founded by the New York Associated Men's Wear Retailers to consolidate and systematize the holiday's commercial promotion.[14] Americans resisted the holiday for its first few decades, viewing it as nothing more than an attempt by merchants to replicate the commercial success of Mother's Day, and newspapers frequently featured cynical and sarcastic attacks and jokes.[15] However, the said merchants remained resilient and even incorporated these attacks into their advertisements.[16] By the mid-1980s, the Father's Day Council wrote, "(...) [Father's Day] has become a Second Christmas for all the men's gift-oriented industries."[17]

text: A bill to accord national recognition of the holiday was introduced in Congress in 1913.[18] In 1916, President Woodrow Wilson went to Spokane to speak at a Father's Day celebration[19] and he wanted to make it an officially recognized  federal holiday, but Congress resisted, fearing that it would become commercialized.[20] US President Calvin Coolidge recommended in 1924 that the day be observed throughout the entire nation, but he stopped short at issuing a national proclamation.[19] Two earlier attempts to formally recognize the holiday had been defeated by Congress.[19][21] In 1957, Maine Senator Margaret Chase Smith wrote a Father's Day proposal accusing Congress of ignoring fathers for 40 years while honoring mothers, thus "[singling] out just one of our two parents".[21] In 1966, President Lyndon B. Johnson issued the first presidential proclamation honoring fathers, designating the third Sunday in June as Father's Day.[20] Six years later, the day was made a permanent national holiday when President Richard Nixon signed it into law in 1972.[19][20][21][22]

text: In addition to Father's Day, International Men's Day is celebrated in many countries on November 19 in honor of men and boys who are not fathers.

text: Spelling[edit]

text: In the United States, Dodd used the "Fathers' Day" spelling on her original petition for the holiday,[7] but the spelling "Father's Day" was already used in 1913 when a bill was introduced to the U.S. Congress as the first attempt to establish the holiday,[18] and it was still spelled the same way when its creator was commended in 2008 by the U.S. Congress.[23]

text: Dates around the world[edit]

text: The officially recognized date of Father's Day varies from country to country. This section lists some significant examples, in order of date of observance.

text:
Gregorian calendar

Occurrence

Dates

Country

February 23

 Russia (Defender of the Fatherland Day[24])*

Father's day Аавуудын баяр

March 18

 Mongolia

March 19

 Andorra (Dia del Pare)
 Angola
 Belgium (Antwerp)
 Bolivia
 Croatia[25]
 Honduras[26]
 Italy (Festa del papà)
 Liechtenstein
 Mozambique (Dia do Pai)
 Portugal (Dia do Pai)
 Spain (Día del Padre)
  Switzerland (Canton Ticino)

May 7

 Kazakhstan

May 8

 South Korea (Parents' Day)

Second Sunday in May

May 14, 2017
May 13, 2018
May 12, 2019

 Romania[27] (Ziua Tatălui)

Third Sunday in May

May 21, 2017
May 20, 2018
May 19, 2019

 Tonga

Ascension Day

May 25, 2017
May 10, 2018
May 30, 2019

 Germany

First Sunday in June

Jun 4, 2017
Jun 3, 2018
Jun 2, 2019

 Lithuania (Tėvo diena)
  Switzerland

June 5

 Denmark[28] (also Constitution Day)

Second Sunday in June

Jun 11, 2017
Jun 10, 2018
Jun 9, 2019

 Austria
 Belgium

Third Sunday in June

Jun 18, 2017
Jun 17, 2018
Jun 16, 2019
Jun 21, 2020

 Afghanistan
 Algeria
 Albania
 Antigua and Barbuda
 Argentina[29]
 Aruba
 Bahamas
 Bahrain
 Bangladesh
 Barbados
 Belize
 Bermuda
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Brunei
 Bulgaria
 Burkina Faso
 Cambodia
 Canada
 Chad
 Chile[30]
 Colombia
 Comoros
 Costa Rica[31]
 Cuba[32]
 Curaçao
 Cyprus
 Czech Republic
 Dominica
 Ecuador
 Ethiopia
 France
 Georgia
 Ghana
 Greece
 Guyana
 Hong Kong
 Hungary
 India
 Ireland
 Isle of Man
 Ivory Coast
 Jamaica
 Japan
 Kenya
 Kuwait
 Laos
 Macao
 Mali
 Madagascar
 Malaysia
 Maldives
 Malta
 Mauritius
 Mexico[33]
 Mozambique (Nao e o dia)
 Myanmar
 Namibia
 Netherlands
 Nigeria
 Oman
 Pakistan
 Panama[34]
 Paraguay
 Peru[35]
 Philippines[36]
 Puerto Rico
 Qatar
 Saint Lucia
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 Saudi Arabia
 Senegal
 Singapore
 Sierra Leone
 Slovakia
 South Africa
 Sri Lanka
 Suriname
 Trinidad and Tobago
 Tunisia
 Turkey
 Uganda
 Ukraine[37]
 United Kingdom[38]
 United States
 Venezuela
 Vietnam
 Zambia
 Zimbabwe[39]

June 17

 El Salvador[40]
 Guatemala[41]

June 21

 Egypt
 Jordan
 Kosovo
 Lebanon
 Syria
 United Arab Emirates

June 22

 Guernsey
 Jersey

June 23

 Nicaragua
 Poland

Last Sunday in June

Jun 25, 2017
Jun 24, 2018
Jun 30, 2019

 Haiti

Second Sunday in July

Jul 9, 2017
Jul 8, 2018
Jul 14, 2019

 Uruguay

Last Sunday in July

Jul 30, 2017
Jul 29, 2018
Jul 28, 2019

 Dominican Republic

August 8

 China**
 Taiwan

Second Sunday in August

Aug 13, 2017
Aug 12, 2018
Aug 11, 2019

 Brazil
 Samoa

Last Monday in August

Aug 28, 2017
Aug 27, 2018
Aug 26, 2019

 South Sudan

First Sunday in September

Sep 3, 2017
Sep 2, 2018
Sep 1, 2019

 Australia
 Fiji
 New Zealand
 Papua New Guinea

Second Sunday in September

Sep 10, 2017
Sep 9, 2018
Sep 8, 2019

 Latvia

First Sunday in October

Oct 1, 2017
Oct 7, 2018
Oct 6, 2019

 Luxembourg

Second Sunday in November

Nov 12, 2017
Nov 11, 2018
Nov 10, 2019

 Estonia (Isadepäev)
 Finland (Isänpäivä)
 Iceland
 Norway
 Sweden

November 12

 Indonesia

December 5

 Thailand (The birthday of King Bhumibol)[42]

Hindu calendar

Definition

Sample dates

Country/territory

Bhadrapada Amavasya(Gokarna Aunsi)

Between August 30 and September 30

   Nepal[43]

Islamic calendar

Occurrence

Sample dates

Country/territory

13 Rajab, Ali Ibn Abi Talib birthday

April 21, 2016
April 10, 2017

 Iran  Kuwait  Bahrain  Iraq  Oman  Qatar  Egypt  Yemen  Syria  Lebanon  Somalia  Sudan  Mauritania

text:
*Officially, as the name suggests, the holiday celebrates people who are serving or were serving the Russian Armed Forces (both men and women). But the congratulations are traditionally, nationally accepted by all fathers, other adult men and male children as well.
**There is no official Father's Day of the P.R. China. During the Republican period prior to 1949, Father's Day on August 8 was first celebrated in Shanghai in 1945.

text: International history and traditions[edit]

text: Argentina[edit]

text: Father's Day in Argentina is celebrated on the third Sunday of June.

text: There have been attempts to change the date to August 24, to commemorate the day on which the Father of the Nation José de San Martín became a father.[29] In 1953, the proposal to celebrate Father's Day in all educational establishments on August 24, in honor of José de San Martín, was raised to the General Direction of Schools of Mendoza Province. The day was celebrated for the first time in 1958, on the third Sunday of June, but it was not included in the school calendars due to pressure from several groups.[44]

text: Schools in the Mendoza Province continued to celebrate Father's Day on August 24, and, in 1982, the provincial governor passed a law declaring Father's Day in the province to be celebrated on that day.[44]

text: In 2004, a proposal to change the date to August 24 were presented to the Argentine Chamber of Deputies as a single, unified project.

text: Aruba[edit]

text: In Aruba, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday.

text: Australia[edit]

text: In Australia, Father's Day is celebrated on the first Sunday of September, which is the first Sunday of Spring in Australia, and is not a public holiday.  At school, children handcraft their present for their fathers. Consumer goods companies have all sorts of special offers for fathers: socks, ties, electronics, suits, and men's healthcare products. Most families present fathers with gifts and cards, and share a meal to show appreciation, much like Mother's Day.

text: YMCA Victoria continues the tradition of honouring the role fathers and father figures play in parenting through the annual awarding of Local Community Father of the Year in 32 municipalities in Victoria. The Father's Day Council of Victoria annually recognises fathers in the Father of the Year Award.[45]

text: Austria[edit]

text: In Austria, Father's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of June and it is not a public holiday.

text: Belgium[edit]

text: In Belgium, Father's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of June and it is not a public holiday.

text: Brazil[edit]

text: In Brazil Father's Day (Dia dos Pais, in Portuguese) is celebrated three months after Mother's Day, on the second Sunday of August. Publicist Sylvio Bhering picked the day in honor of Saint Joachim, patron of fathers. While it is not an official holiday (see Public holidays in Brazil), it is widely observed and typically involves spending time with and giving gifts to one's father or father figure.

text: Canada[edit]

text: In Canada, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday. Father's Day typically involves spending time with one's father or the father figures in one's life. Small family gatherings and the giving of gifts may be part of the festivities organized for Father's Day.

text: China[edit]

text: In People's Republic of China, there is no official Father's Day. Some people celebrate on the third Sunday of June, according to the tradition of the United States.

text: Prior to the People's Republic, when the Republic of China governed from Nanjing, Father's Day was celebrated on August 8. This was determined by the fact that the eighth (ba) day of the eighth (ba) month makes two "eights" (八八, ba-ba), which sounds similar to the colloquial word for "daddy" (ba-ba，爸爸). It is still celebrated on this date in areas still under the control of the Republic of China, including Taiwan.

text: Costa Rica[edit]

text: In Costa Rica, the Unidad Social Cristiana party presented a bill to change the celebration of Father's Day from the third Sunday of June to March 19, the day of Saint Joseph.[46] That was in order to give tribute to this saint, who gave his name to the capital of the country San José, Costa Rica, and so family heads will be able to celebrate the Father's Day at the same time as the Feast of Saint Joseph the Worker.[31] The official date is still the third Sunday of June.

text: Croatia[edit]

text: In Croatia, according to the Roman Catholic tradition, fathers are celebrated on Saint Joseph's Day (Dan svetog Josipa), March 19. It is not a public holiday.

text: Denmark[edit]

text: In Denmark, Father's Day is celebrated on June 5.[28] It coincides with Constitution Day.

text: Estonia[edit]

text: In Estonia, Father's day ("Isadepäev") is celebrated on the second Sunday of November. It is an established flag day and a national holiday.

text: Finland[edit]

text: In Finland, Father's Day (Isänpäivä, Fars dag) is celebrated on the second Sunday of November. It is an established flag day.

text: France[edit]

text: In France lighter manufacturer "Flaminaire" introduced the idea of father's day first in 1949 for commercial reasons. Director "Marcel Quercia" wanted to sell their lighter in France. In 1950, they introduced "la Fête des Pères", which would take place every third Sunday of June (following the American example). Their slogan « Nos papas nous l'ont dit, pour la fête des pères, ils désirent tous un Flaminaire » (Our fathers told us, for father's day, they all want a Flaminaire). In 1952, the holiday was officially decreed. A national father's day committee was set up to give a prize for fathers that deserved it most (originally, candidates were nominated by the social services of each town hall's/mayor's office); This complements "la Fête des Mères" (Mother's day) which was made official in France in 1928 and added to the calendar in Vichy in 1941.

text: Germany[edit]

text: In Germany, Father's Day (Vatertag) is celebrated differently from other parts of the world.[47] It is always celebrated on Ascension Day (the Thursday forty days after Easter), which is a federal holiday. Regionally, it is also called men's day, Männertag, or gentlemen's day, Herrentag. It is a tradition for groups of males (young and old but usually excluding pre-teenage boys) to do a hiking tour with one or more smaller wagons, Bollerwagen, pulled by manpower. In the wagons are wine or beer bottles (according to the region) and traditional regional food, Hausmannskost. Many men use this holiday as an opportunity to get drunk.[47] According to the Federal Statistical Office of Germany, alcohol-related traffic accidents multiply by three on this day.[48] The tradition of Father's Day is especially prevalent in Eastern Germany.[47]

text: These traditions are probably rooted in Christian Ascension Day's processions to the farmlands, which has been celebrated since the 18th century.[49][50] Men would be seated in a wooden cart and carried to the village's plaza, and the mayor would award a prize to the father who had the most children, usually a big piece of ham.[49] In the late 19th century the religious component was progressively lost, especially in urban areas such as Berlin, and groups of men organized walking excursions with beer and ham.[49] By the 20th century, alcohol consumption had become a major part of the tradition.[49][51] Many people will take the following Friday off at work, and some schools are closed on that Friday as well; many people then use the resulting four-day-long weekend for a short vacation.

text: Greece[edit]

text:
Father's Day, is observed on the feast day of Fathers, It is celebrated as a public international day, like in many other countries including the U.S., on the third Sunday of June.
In Europe like in the rest of the world, it became a manifestation of divorced fathers, and the day was inaugurated by Professor Dr Nicolas Spitalas (http://spitalas.blogspot.com) who created
also the International Movement of Dads. His Association SYGAPA (Men's and Fathers' Dignity (www.sos-sygapa.eu) is the biggest movement in the world (35.000 members).
In Greece, like in other European countries, this day is named (Fête des Peres/Feast of Fathers)

text: Haiti[edit]

text: In Haiti, Father's Day (Fête des peres) is celebrated on the last Sunday of June and is not a public holiday. Fathers are recognized and celebrated on this day with cards, gifts, breakfast, lunch brunch or early Sunday dinner; whether enjoying the day at the beach or mountains, spending family time or doing favourite activities .

text: Children exclaim "bonne fête papa", while everyone wishes all fathers "bonne Fête des Pères". (Happy Father's Day)

text: Hong Kong[edit]

text: In Hong Kong, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday.

text: Hungary[edit]

text: In Hungary, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday.

text: India[edit]

text: Father's Day [[(Telugu: ఫాదర్స్ డే)], Tamil: Thanthaiyar Thinam, தந்தையர் தினம்]is not celebrated in all of India. But is observed the third Sunday of June by mostly westernized urban centers. The event is not a public holiday.  The day is usually celebrated only in bigger cities of India like Hyderabad, Chennai, Mumbai, New Delhi, Kanpur, Bengaluru, Kolkata and others. After this day was first observed in the United States in 1908 and gradually gained popularity,[52] Indian metropolitan cities, much later, followed suit by recognising this event. In India, the day is usually celebrated with children giving gifts like greeting cards, electronic gadgets, shirts, coffee mugs or books to their fathers.

text: Indonesia[edit]

text: In Indonesia, Father's Day is celebrated on November 12 and is not a public holiday. Father's Day in Indonesia was first declared in 2006 in Solo City Hall attended by hundreds of people from various community groups, including people from community of inter-religion communication. Because of its recent declaration, there is not very much hype about the celebration, compared to the celebration of Mother's Day on December 22.

text: Ireland[edit]

text: In Ireland, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday.

text: Israel[edit]

text: In Israel, Father's Day is usually celebrated on May 1 together with Workers' Day or Labour Day.[citation needed]

text: Italy[edit]

text: In Italy, according to the Roman Catholic tradition, Father's Day is celebrated on Saint Joseph's Day, commonly called Feast of Saint Joseph (Festa di San Giuseppe), March 19. It was a public holiday until 1977.

text: Japan[edit]

text: In Japan, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday.

text: Kazakhstan[edit]

text: Kazakhstan continues the Soviet Union's tradition of celebrating Defender of the Fatherland Day instead of Father's Day like in Russia and other former soviet countries. It is usually called "Man's Day" and it is considered equivalent of Father's Day. It is still celebrated on February 23.

text: Kenya[edit]

text: In Kenya, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday.

text: Korea[edit]

text: In South Korea, Parents' day is celebrated on May 8 and is not a public holiday.

text: Latvia[edit]

text: In Latvia, Father's Day (Tēvu diena) is celebrated on the second Sunday of September and is not a public holiday. In Latvia people did not always celebrate this day because of the USSR's influence with its own holidays. This day in Latvia was 'officially born' in 2008 when it was celebrated and marked in the calendar for the first time on September 14 (second September Sunday) to promote the idea that man as the father must be satisfied and proud of his family and children, also, the father is important to gratitude and loving words from his family for devoted to continuous altruistic concerns. Because this day is new to the country it does not have established unique traditions, but people borrow ideas from other country's Father's Day traditions to congratulate fathers in Latvia.

text: Lithuania[edit]

text: In Lithuania, Father's Day (Tėvo diena) is celebrated on the first Sunday of June and is a public holiday.

text: Macao[edit]

text: In Macau, Father's Day (Dia do Pai) is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday.

text: Malaysia[edit]

text: In Malaysia, Father's Day falls on the third Sunday of June.

text: Malta[edit]

text:
Malta has followed the international trend and celebrates Father’s Day on the third Sunday in June.
As in the case of Mother’s Day, the introduction of Father’s Day celebrations in Malta was encouraged by Frans H Said (Uncle Frans of the children’s radio programmes).  The first mention of Father’s Day was in June 1977, [53] and the day is now part of the local events calendar. (The Times of Malta 11 June 2017)  ( Il-Mument - Maltese newspaper- 18 June 2017)

text: Mexico[edit]

text: In Mexico, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday.

text: Mongolia[edit]

text: The Mongolian Men's Association began the celebration of Father's Day on 8 of August since 2005.

text: Nepal[edit]

text: The Newar population (natives of Kathmandu valley) in Nepal honors fathers on the day of kusa aunsi, which occurs in late August or early September, depending on the year, since it depends on the lunar calendar. The Western-inspired celebration of Father's Day that was imported into the country is always celebrated on the same day as Gokarna Aunsi.

text: The rest of the population has also begun to celebrate the Gokarna Aunsi day[54] It is commonly known as Abu ya Khwa Swoyegu in Nepal Bhasa or Buwaako mukh herne din (बुवाको मुख हेर्ने दिन)  in Nepali (literally "day for looking at father's face").[43][55] On the new moon day (Amavasya) it is traditional to pay respect to one's deceased father; Hindus go to the Shiva temple of Gokarneswor Mahadev, in Gokarna, a suburb of Kathmandu[56] while Buddhists go to Jan Bahal (Seto Machhendranath or white Tara) temple in Kathmandu.

text: Traditionally, in the Kathmandu Valley, the south-western corner is reserved for women and women-related rituals, and the north-eastern is for men and men-related rituals. The worship place for Mata Tirtha Aunsi ("Mother Pilgrimage New Moon") is located in Mata Tirtha in the south-western half of the valley, while the worship place for Gokarna Aunsi is located in the north-eastern half. This division is reflected in many aspects of the life in the Kathmandu Valley.[57]

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: In the Netherlands, Father's Day (Vaderdag) is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday. Traditionally, as on Mother's Day, fathers get breakfast in bed made by their children and families gather together and have dinner, usually at the grandparents' house. In recent years, families also started having dinner out, and as on Mother's Day, it is one of the busiest days for restaurants. At school, children handcraft their present for their fathers. Consumer goods companies have all sorts of special offers for fathers: socks, ties, electronics, suits, and men's healthcare products.

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: This section  possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In New Zealand, Father's Day is celebrated on the first Sunday of September and it is not a public holiday. Fathers' Day seems to have been first observed at St Matthew's Church, Auckland on 14 July 1929[58] and first appeared in commercial advertising the following year.[59] By 1931 other churches had adopted the day. In 1935 much of Australia moved to mark the day at the beginning of September[60] and New Zealand followed, with a Wellington advert in 1937,[61] a Christchurch Salvation Army service in 1938[62] and in Auckland from 1939.[63]

text: Norway[edit]

text: In Norway, Father's day (Farsdag), is celebrated on the second Sunday of November. It is not a public holiday.

text: Pakistan[edit]

text: Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June. The Rutgers WPF launched a campaign titled 'Greening Pakistan – Promoting Responsible Fatherhood' on Father's Day (Sunday June 18, 2017) across Pakistan to promote active fatherhood and responsibility for the care and upbringing of children.[64][65] Father's Day is not a public holiday in Pakistan.

text: Peru[edit]

text: In Peru, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday. People usually give a present to their fathers and spend time with him mostly during a family meal.

text: Philippines[edit]

text: In the Philippines, Father's Day is officially celebrated every first Monday of December, but it is not a public holiday.[66] It is more widely observed by the public on the 3rd Sunday of June perhaps due to American influence.

text: Poland[edit]

text: In Poland, Father's Day (in Polish: Dzień Ojca) is celebrated on June 23 and is not a public holiday.

text: Portugal[edit]

text: Father's Day ("Dia do Pai") is celebrated on March 19 (see Roman Catholic tradition below) in Portugal. Father's Day is not a bank holiday.

text: Roman Catholic tradition[edit]

text: In the Roman Catholic tradition, Fathers are celebrated on Saint Joseph's Day, commonly called the Feast of Saint Joseph, March 19, though in certain countries Father's Day has become a secular celebration.[67] It is also common for Catholics to honor their "spiritual father," their parish priest, on Father's Day.[68]

text: Romania[edit]

text:
The Law instituting the Father's day celebration in Romania passed on September 29th, 2009 and stated that Father's day will be celebrated annually on the second Sunday of May. First time it was celebrated on May 9th 2010. This year it was celebrated on 13 May 2018. The next dates this celebration will take place are: 12 May 2019, 10 May 2020, 9 May 2021, 8 May 2022, 14 May 2023, 12 May 2024 and 11 May 2025.
[27].

text: Russia[edit]

text: Russia continues the Soviet Union's tradition of celebrating Defender of the Fatherland Day instead of Father's Day. It is usually called "Man's Day" and it is considered the Russian equivalent of Father's Day.[24]

text: American Samoa and Samoa[edit]

text: In Samoa, Father's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday in August, and is a recognised national holiday on the Monday following.

text: Seychelles[edit]

text: In Seychelles, Father's Day is celebrated on June 16 and is not a public holiday.[69]

text: Singapore[edit]

text: In Singapore, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June but is not a public holiday.

text: Slovakia[edit]

text: In Slovakia, Father's Day (In slovak: deň otcov) is celebrated on the third Sunday of June. It is not a public holiday

text: South Africa[edit]

text: In South Africa, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June. It is not a public holiday.

text: South Sudan[edit]

text: In South Sudan, Father's Day is celebrated on the last Monday of August. President Salva Kiir Mayardit proclaimed it before August 27, 2012. First celebrated on August 27, 2012, Father's Day was not celebrated in South Sudan in 2011 (due to the country's independence).

text: Spain[edit]

text: Father's Day, El Día del Padre, is observed on the feast day of Saint Joseph, which is March 19.[70] It is celebrated as a public holiday in some regions of Spain.[71]

text: Sri Lanka[edit]

text: Father's Day (In sinhala : Piyawarunge dhinaya, පියවරුන්ගේ දිනය & in Tamil: Thanthaiyar Thinam, தந்தையர் தினம்), is observed on the third Sunday of June. It is not a public holiday. Many schools hold special events to honor fathers.

text: Sudan[edit]

text: In Sudan, Father's Day (عيد الأب), is celebrated on the twenty-first of June.

text: Sweden[edit]

text: In Sweden, Father's day (Fars dag), is celebrated on the second Sunday of November, but is not a public holiday.

text: Taiwan[edit]

text: In Taiwan, Father's Day is not an official holiday, but is widely observed on August 8, the eighth day of the eighth month of the year. In Mandarin Chinese, the pronunciation of the number eight is bā, and the pronunciation is very similar to the character "爸" "bà", which means "Pa" or "dad".  The eighth day of the eighth month (bā-bā) is a pun for dad (爸爸 or "bàba").  The Taiwanese, therefore, sometimes refer to August 8 as "Bābā Holiday" as a pun for "Dad's Holiday" (爸爸節) or the more formal "Father's Day" (父親節).

text: Thailand[edit]

text: In Thailand, the birthday of the king, is set as Father's Day.[42] December 5 is the birthday of the late king Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX). Traditionally, Thais celebrate by giving their father or grandfather a canna flower (ดอกพุทธรักษา Dok Buddha Ruksa), which is considered a masculine flower; however, this is not as commonly practiced today. Thai people will wear yellow on this day to show respect for the late king, because yellow is the color of the day for Monday, the day King Bhumibol Adulyadej was born. Thais flood the Sanam Luang, a massive park in front of the palace, to watch the king give his annual speech, and often stay until the evening, when there is a national ceremony. Thais will light candles and show respect to the king by declaring their faith. This ceremony happens in almost every village in Thailand, and even overseas at Thai organizations.

text: It first gained nationwide popularity in the 1980s as part of a campaign by Prime Minister Prem Tinsulanonda to promote Thailand's royal family.[42] Mother's Day is celebrated on the birthday of Queen Sirikit,[42] August 12.

text: Trinidad and Tobago[edit]

text: In Trinidad and Tobago, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday in June and is not a public holiday.

text: Turkey[edit]

text: In Turkey, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday in June and is not a public holiday.

text: United Arab Emirates[edit]

text: In United Arab Emirates, Father's Day is celebrated on June 21, generally coinciding with midsummer's day.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In the United Kingdom Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June.[38] The day does not have a long tradition; The English Year (2006) states that it entered British popular culture "sometime after the Second World War, not without opposition".[72]

text: United States of America[edit]

text:
In the US, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June.[73] Typically, families gather to celebrate the father figures in their lives.
In recent years, retailers have adapted to the holiday by promoting greeting cards and gifts such as electronics and tools. Schools (if in session) and other children's programs commonly have activities to make Father's Day gifts. The U.S. Open golf tournament is scheduled to finish on Father's Day, as was the 2016 NBA Finals.

text: Ukraine[edit]

text: In Ukraine, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June.

text: Venezuela[edit]

text: In Venezuela, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday. Traditionally, as on Mother's Day, families gather together and have lunch, usually at the grandparents' house. In recent years, families also started having lunch out, and as on Mother's Day, it is one of the busiest days for restaurants. At school, children handcraft their present for their fathers. Consumer goods companies have all sorts of special offers for fathers: electronics, suits, and men's healthcare products.


document_title: List of Education Ministers of Bihar

question_text: who is the education minister of bihar in present time

root

text: List of Education Ministers of Bihar

text: This is a list of Education Ministers of Bihar, India.

tag: p

text:
No.
Name
Took office
Left office
Chief Minister
Party

1
Acharya Badrinath Verma

Krishna Singh
Congress

2
Satyendra Narayan Sinha
18 February 1961
1 October 1963
Binodanand Jha
Congress

3
Satyendra Narayan Sinha
1 October 1963
5 March 1967
K. B. Sahay
Congress

4
Karpoori Thakur
5 March 1967
31 January 1968
Mahamaya Prasad Sinha
Jana Kranti Dal

5
Satish Prasad Singh
1968
1968
Satish Prasad Singh
Congress

6
Bindeshwari Dubey
28 May 1973
2 July 1973
Kedar Pandey
Congress

7
Nagendra Jha
14 August 1983
12 March 1985
Chandrashekhar Singh
Congress

8
Uma Pandey

Bindeshwari Dubey
Congress

9
Lokesh Nath Jha

Bindeshwari Dubey
Congress

10
Nagendra Jha
14 February 1988
10 March 1989
Bhagwat Jha Azad
Congress

11
Dr. Diwakar Prasad Singh[1][2]
1996
1996
Laloo Prasad Yadav
Rashtriya Janata Dal

12
Jay Prakash Narayan Yadav
9 March 1999
2 March 2000
Rabri Devi
Rashtriya Janata Dal

13
Brishen Patel
24 November 2005
26 November 2010
Nitish Kumar
Janata Dal (United)

14
Prashant Kumar Shahi
26 November 2010
20 May 2014
Nitish Kumar
Janata Dal (United)

15
Prashant Kumar Sahi
20 May 2014
22 February 2015
Jitan Ram Manjhi
Janata Dal (United)

16
Ashok Chaudhary[3]
20 November 2015
August 2017
Nitish Kumar
Congress

17
Krishna Nandan Prasad Verma[4]
August 2017
Incumbent
Nitish Kumar

tag: table


document_title: Poor Unfortunate Souls

question_text: who sang poor unfortunate souls in little mermaid

text: Poor Unfortunate Souls

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
"Poor Unfortunate Souls"

Single by Pat Carroll (Ursula)

from the album Disney's The Little Mermaid soundtrack

Released
1989

Recorded
1988

Genre
Broadway Musical-style soundtrack

Label
Walt Disney Records

Songwriter(s)
Alan Menken (Music) and Howard Ashman (Lyrics)

Producer(s)
Pat Carroll

text: "Poor Unfortunate Souls" is a song from the Walt Disney Pictures animated film The Little Mermaid. Written by Howard Ashman and Alan Menken and performed by Pat Carroll, "Poor Unfortunate Souls" is sung to Princess Ariel by Ursula the Sea Witch. In a style that combines Broadway theatre with Burlesque, Ursula uses the song to seduce Ariel into trading her voice for the chance to temporarily become human.

text: Howard Ashman recorded a version of the song with himself in the role of Ursula, to send to Carroll to convince her to take the role, which it did. This version was released in the four-CD set The Music Behind the Magic. Carroll admits that she borrowed some of the inflections she used in the song from Ashman's performance, and that he had been delighted she had done so.

text: "Poor Unfortunate Souls" is also noteworthy for Ursula's incantation at the end of the song actually being sung, rather than merely recited. Accompanied by Gothic organ music, the spell features words somewhat twisted from normal everyday words, only strung together extremely quickly:

text: A short reprise of this song is featured later in the original Disney movie being sung by Vanessa (Jodi Benson). This reprise is sometimes referred to as "Vanessa's Song". It was included in The Legacy Collection: The Little Mermaid, released as a two-disc album on November 24, 2014, to coincide with the film's twenty-fifth anniversary.[1]

text: Two versions of a full reprise of "Poor Unfortunate Souls" were written for the Broadway adaptation. The first version, used for the demo workshop and performed by Emily Skinner, contains lyrics implying that it is meant to be sung before Ursula transforms herself into Vanessa, with the spell incantation:

text: The above demo reprise was scrapped when Ursula's temporary transformation into Vanessa was removed from the storyline of the Broadway show. It was replaced with a different reprise, sung by Ursula to King Triton to force him into taking Ariel's place in the agreement.

text: Carroll's original rendition of "Poor Unfortunate Souls" was included on a 1995 compilation CD of songs performed by or about various Disney villains called Rascal Songs. The CD was released as part of a four-disc Disney song series as a McDonald's promotional item.

text: Jonas Brothers cover and other versions[edit]

text:
"Poor Unfortunate Souls"

Song by Jonas Brothers

from the album Disney's The Little Mermaid special edition soundtrack

Released
October 3, 2006

Format
Digital download

Recorded
2006

Genre
Pop rock, teen pop

Length
2:28

Label
Walt Disney

Songwriter(s)
Alan Menken (Music) and Howard Ashman (Lyrics)

text: The Jonas Brothers covered "Poor Unfortunate Souls" for the Little Mermaid two-disk special edition of the soundtrack, released on October 3, 2006 to correspond with the two-disk The Little Mermaid Platinum Edition DVD. The Special Edition Soundtrack includes a music video for the song, where the boys are singing around a public swimming pool.

text: Although the song mostly stays true to the lyrics of the original, certain lines have been changed to prevent any reference to magic or gender. For instance, the line "They weren't kidding when they called me, well, a witch" was changed to "They weren't kidding when they called me kinda strange", as well as the line "I'm a very busy woman" changed to "I'm a very busy person." Where the original line was "Flotsam, Jetsam, now I´ve got her, boys", the cover features the line "Nick and Kevin, now I´ve got her, boys". The second verse and ending have also been omitted. Instead, the song ends with a reprise of the chorus following the first verse.

text: The song is also featured on Disney's On the Record along with "Part of Your World", "Under the Sea" and "Kiss the Girl" of songs from The Little Mermaid.

text: A portion of the song is performed twice in the Walt Disney World Magic Kingdom Halloween-themed fireworks show HalloWishes during Mickey's Not-So-Scary Halloween Party. Also at Walt Disney World, an instrumental snippet of the song is featured in the Electrical Water Pageant to accompany the appearance of a red octopus.

text: It was performed at Miss America 2016 by Miss Rhode Island Alexandra Curtis.

text: A cover by the gothic electronic band Pretty Addicted was released on February 14, 2016.

text: American singer Michelle Visage performed a parody version of the song, entitled "Poor Unfortunate Queens", during RuPaul's Drag Race Battle of the Seasons Tour.[2]

text: A pop rendition of the song, it's sing by the American actress and singer China Anne McClain, in the Disney Channel Original Movie : Descendants 2 .


document_title: South African Qualifications Authority

question_text: what is the nqf level of a national diploma

text: South African Qualifications Authority

text: The National Qualifications Framework[edit]

text: The NQF is a framework, i.e. it sets the boundaries, principle and guidelines, which provide a vision, a philosophical base and an organisational structure, for the construction of a qualifications system. Detailed development and implementation is carried out within these boundaries. All education and training in South Africa fits within this framework.

text: It is national because it is a national resource, representing a national effort at integrating education and training into unified structure of recognised qualifications. It is framework of qualifications i.e. records of learner achievements.

text: The NQF is a set of principles and guidelines by which records of learner achievement are registered to enable national recognition of acquired skills and knowledge, thereby ensuring an integrated system that encourages lifelong learning.

text: The NQF consist of 10 levels divided into three band; Levels 1 to 4 equate to high school grades 9 to 12 or vocational training, 5 to 7 are college diplomas and technical qualifications, 7 to 10 are university degrees.[4]

text:
Levels
Designation

1
Grade 9

2
Grade 10 and National (vocational) Certificates level 2

3
Grade 11 and National (vocational) Certificates level 3

4
Grade 12 (National Senior Certificate) and National (vocational) Cert. level 4

5
Higher Certificates and Advanced National (vocational) Cert.

6
National Diploma and Advanced certificates

7
Bachelor's degree, Advanced Diplomas, Post Graduate Certificate and B-tech

8
Honours degree, Post Graduate diploma and Professional Qualifications

9
Master's degree

10
Doctor's degree

text: History[edit]

text: In October 1995, the South African Qualifications Authority Act (No. 58 of 1995) was promulgated to establish the authority, whose main task was to establish the National Qualifications Framework (NQF). The authority started operations in May 1996.

text: By 2001 the NQF was under review, and after that the 1995 SAQA law was replaced by the National Qualifications Framework Act (No. 67 of 2008). The authority remained in place and so did the updated NQF.

text: Functions[edit]

text: The functions of SAQA are essentially twofold :

text:
to oversee the development of the NQF by formulating and publishing policies and criteria for registration of bodies responsible for establishing education and training standards or qualifications and for accreditation of bodies responsible for monitoring and auditing achievements in terms of such standards and qualifications
to oversee the implementation of the NQF by ensuring the registration, accreditation and assignment of functions to bodies referred to above, as well as the registration of national standards and qualifications on the framework. It must also take steps to ensure that provisions for accreditations are complied with and where appropriate, that registered standards and qualifications are internationally comparable.

tag: ul

text: Activities[edit]

text: In order to realise this objective, SAQA has established and maintains the following:

text:
a system for setting nationally recognised and internationally comparable education and training standards and qualifications from NQF Level 1 (Grade 9 or Adult Basic Education and Training Level 4 - the exit point from General Education and Training) to NQF Level 8 (post-graduate qualifications)
a national quality assurance system to ensure that education and training is delivered to the set standards
an electronic management information system which records all relevant information on the achievements of South African learners (the National Learners’ Records Database).

text: SAQA also has the task of evaluating foreign educational qualifications to determine their South African equivalence. People with foreign qualifications who wish to attend South African education institutions or who wish to enter the South African labour market apply to SAQA to have their qualifications evaluated.

text: SAQA’s contribution ensures that South Africans have access to quality education and skills development to improve their lives.


document_title: Jeans On

question_text: who sings i put my old blue jeans on

question_tokens: who sings i put my old blue jeans on

text: Jeans On

text:
"Jeans On"
Single by David Dundasfrom the album David DundasB-side
"Sleepy Serena"Released
October 1976Format
7"Genre
PopLength
3:20 (album)

2:37 (single)Label
ChrysalisSongwriter(s)
David Dundas, Roger GreenawayProducer(s)
Roger GreenawayDavid Dundas singles chronology

"Jeans On" (1976)

"Another Funny Honeymoon" (1977)

"Jeans On"(1976)

"Another Funny Honeymoon"(1977)

text: "Jeans On" is a song by British musician David Dundas from his 1977 self-titled debut album. Released as a single the previous year, it was first featured as a television advertising jingle for Brutus Jeans.[1] The popularity of the commercial eventually led to the recording of "Jeans On" as a full-length song, with some lyrical changes.

text: The single eventually became Dundas's biggest hit, peaking at number 3 on the UK Singles Chart and number 17 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.

text: Dundas also recorded a French language version of the song, titled "Blue Jeans".[2]

text: The opening piano riff of the song was looped and sampled for British electronic musician Fatboy Slim's 1998 track "Sho Nuff"; as a result, Dundas is credited as a co-writer on the track.[3]

text: The song is covered by Keith Urban in the 2002 album Golden Road.

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1976-77)

Peakposition

Australia (Kent Music Report)

3

Canada RPM Adult Contemporary[4]

31

Canada RPM Top Singles[5]

13

German Singles Chart[6]

1

Irish Singles Chart

3

New Zealand (Listener)[7]

14

South African Singles Chart

3

UK Singles Chart[8]

3

U.S. Billboard Hot 100[9]

17

U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary[10]

37


document_title: Who's on First?

question_text: when did abbott and costello do who's on first

question_tokens: when did abbott and costello do who 's on first

text: Who's on First?

text: History[edit]

text: "Who's on First?" is descended from turn-of-the-century burlesque sketches that used plays on words and names. Examples are "The Baker Scene" (the shop is located on Watt Street) and "Who Dyed" (the owner is named "Who"). In the 1930 movie Cracked Nuts, comedians Bert Wheeler and Robert Woolsey examine a map of a mythical kingdom with dialogue like this: "What is next to Which." "What is the name of the town next to Which?" "Yes." In British music halls, comedian Will Hay performed a routine in the early 1930s (and possibly earlier) as a schoolmaster interviewing a schoolboy named Howe who came from Ware but now lives in Wye. By the early 1930s, a "Baseball Routine" had become a standard bit for burlesque comics across the United States. Abbott's wife recalled him performing the routine with another comedian before teaming with Costello.[1]

text: Bud Abbott stated that it was taken from an older routine called "Who's The Boss?", a performance of which can be heard in an episode of the radio comedy program It Pays to Be Ignorant from the 1940s.[2] After they formally teamed up in burlesque in 1936, he and Costello continued to hone the sketch. It was a big hit in 1937, when they performed the routine in a touring vaudeville revue called "Hollywood Bandwagon".[1]

text: In February 1938, Abbott and Costello joined the cast of The Kate Smith Hour radio program, and the sketch was first performed for a national radio audience that March.[1] The routine may have been further polished before this broadcast by burlesque producer John Grant, who became the team's writer, and Will Glickman, a staff writer on the radio show.[3] Glickman may have added the nicknames of then-contemporary baseball players like Dizzy and Daffy Dean to set up the routine's premise. This version, with extensive wordplay based on the fact that most of the fictional baseball team's players had "strange nicknames" that seemed to be questions, became known as "Who's on First?" Some versions continue with references to Enos Slaughter, which Costello misunderstands as "He knows" Slaughter. By 1944, Abbott and Costello had the routine copyrighted.

text: Abbott and Costello performed "Who's on First?" numerous times in their careers, rarely performing it exactly the same way twice. They did the routine for President Franklin Roosevelt several times. An abridged version was featured in the team's 1940 film debut, One Night in the Tropics. The duo reprised the bit in their 1945 film The Naughty Nineties, and it is that longer version which is considered their finest recorded rendition.[a] They also performed "Who's on First?" numerous times on radio and television (notably in The Abbott and Costello Show episode "The Actor's Home", widely considered the definitive version).

text: In 1956, a gold record of "Who's on First?" was placed in the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown, New York. A video (taken from The Naughty Nineties) now plays continuously on screens at the Hall.

text: In the 1970s, Selchow and Righter published a "Who's on First?" board game.

text: In 1999, Time named the routine Best Comedy Sketch of the 20th century.[4]

text: An early radio recording was placed in the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry in 2003.

text: In 2005, the line "Who's on First?" was included on the American Film Institute's list of 100 memorable movie quotations.

text: Sketch[edit]

text: The names given in the routine for the players at each position are:

text:
Position
Player

First base
Who

Second base
What

Third base
I Don't Know

Left field
Why

Center field
Because

Pitcher
Tomorrow

Catcher
Today

Shortstop
I Don't Give a Darn or I Don't Care

text: The name of the shortstop is not given until the very end of the routine, and the right fielder is never identified. In the Selchow and Righter board game, the right fielder's name is "Nobody".[5]

text: At one point in the routine, Costello thinks that the first baseman is named Naturally:

text:
Costello: Then who gets it?
Abbott: Naturally.
Costello: Naturally.
Abbott: Now you've got it.
Costello: I throw the ball to Naturally.
Abbott: You don't! You throw it to Who!
Costello: Naturally.
Abbott: Well, that's it—say it that way.
Costello: That's what I said.
Abbott: You did not.
Costello: I said I throw the ball to Naturally.
Abbott: You don't! You throw it to Who!

text: Abbott's explanations leave Costello hopelessly confused and infuriated, until the end of the routine when Costello appears to parody Abbott by saying what appears to be gibberish to him, incidentally getting it right:

text:
Who picks up the ball and throws it to What. What throws it to I Don't Know. I Don't Know throws it back to Tomorrow—a triple play.
Abbott: Yeah, it could be.
Costello: Another guy gets up and it's a long fly ball to Because. Why? I don't know. He's on third, and I don't give a darn!
Abbott: What was that?
Costello: I said, I DON'T GIVE A DARN!

text: That is the most commonly heard ending. "I Don't Care" and "I Don't Give a Damn" have also turned up on occasion, depending on the perceived sensibilities of the audience.

text: The skit was usually performed on the team's radio series at the start of the baseball season. In one instance it serves as a climax for a broadcast which begins with Costello receiving a telegram from Joe DiMaggio asking Costello to take over for him due to his injury.[6] (In this case, the unidentified right fielder would have been Costello himself. While Joe DiMaggio was best known as a center fielder, when Abbott and Costello honed the sketch in 1936-7, Joe DiMaggio had played a number of games at right field (20 in 1936).[7])

text: Writing credit[edit]

text: Numerous people over the years have claimed credit for writing the sketch, but such claims typically lack reasonable corroboration. For example, in a 1993 obituary of comedy sketch writer Michael J. Musto, it stated that shortly after Abbott and Costello teamed up, they paid Musto $15 to write the script.[8] Furthermore, several 1996 obituaries of songwriter Irving Gordon mention that he had written the sketch.[9][10]

text: Notable performances and derivatives[edit]

text: The sketch has been reprised, updated, alluded to, and parodied innumerable times over the decades in all forms of media. Some notable examples include:

text:
The comedy troupe The Credibility Gap did a rock group variation on this routine involving a promoter, played by Harry Shearer, and a newspaper advertising salesman, played by David L. Lander, confusing the night's acts as proper nouns. The acts were The Who, The Guess Who and Yes.[11]
Johnny Carson did a variation of the routine involving the then president Ronald Reagan preparing for a press briefing.[12]
In the 1988 film Rain Man, one of the film's main characters played by actor Dustin Hoffman begins to nervously repeat the skit when his brother Charlie, played by actor Tom Cruise, makes him anxious by meddling with his personal effects.[13]
Eugene Levy and Tony Rosato performed a variation on this theme on the TV series SCTV, with the rock groups The Band, The Who, and Yes. The final punchline changed to "This is for the birds (The Byrds)!" "Ah, they broke up long ago!"[14]
In an episode of Animaniacs, Slappy and Skippy Squirrel attend the 1969 Woodstock Festival, where they pay homage to the routine. Similar to the SCTV version, Slappy confuses The Who, The Band, and Yes for proper nouns.[15][16]
In an episode of The Simpsons, Superintendent Chalmers and Principal Skinner attempt to perform the routine, but Chalmers gives up after Skinner says his first line: "Not the pronoun, but rather a player with the unlikely name of 'Who' is on first."[17]
In 2002 playwright Jim Sherman wrote a variation called "Hu's on First" featuring George W. Bush being confused when Condoleezza Rice tells him that the new leader of China is named Hu, pronounced similarly to the word "Who". Bush also misunderstands Rice's references to Yassir Arafat ("yes, sir") and Kofi Annan ("coffee").[18]
The biography of Lou Costello written by his daughter Chris is titled Lou's on First.[19]
Comedy duo Slovin & Allen performed a version of the routine updated to substitute the actual names of the mid-1990s NY Yankees for "who", "what", etc.
The video game Keep Talking and Nobody Explodes contains a puzzle based on and named after Who's on First, where the two players must communicate verbally to describe the contents and layout of a screen, using words and homophones of words a person would normally use in that situation.
A variant of unknown origin, called "Abbot and Costello do Hebrew," is popular in the Jewish American community. Its humor draws from the homophonic similarity of a number of words in English — who, he, me, ma (mother), and dag are homophones of the hebrew words for he, she, who, what, and fish respectively.[20]
The skit is an easter egg on the Google Assistant and Siri. When asking "OK Google, Who's on first?" she will reply with "Yes, he is." or "Exactly."[21] When asking Siri, she says "Correct. Who is on first."[22]
The Shakespeare Theatre of NJ performed a Shakespearean version of the skit in 2006.[23]
In the special, "Unhinged in Hollywood", Jeff Dunham performs an iteration of the skit with Little Jeff, a ventriloquist puppet modeled after him. The skit involves Jeff getting confused by the names of Little Jeff's pets. He also makes it clear that this is an allusion to the original skit.

text: Real-life parallels[edit]

text:
On October 3, 1920, Allie Watt played one game at second base for the Washington Senators[24] so that, for a brief time, 'What's on second'.[25]
In September 2007, Los Angeles Dodgers shortstop Chin-Lung Hu, a late-season callup from Albuquerque, got his first major league hit against the Arizona Diamondbacks; upon stopping at first base, Dodgers announcer Vin Scully said, "Shades of Abbott and Costello, I can finally say, 'Hu is on first base'."[26]


document_title: Manchester United F.C. in European football

question_text: when was the last time man u won champions league

text: History[edit]

text: Early years[edit]

text: Following their league title win the previous season, Manchester United first competed in European football competition in 1956–57. 1954–55 Football League winners Chelsea had been denied the opportunity to take part in the inaugural European Cup by The Football League's chairman Alan Hardaker, who feared that European football would damage the integrity of the English game. However, Matt Busby, the manager of Manchester United, was a forward-thinking man and was determined to have his team compete on the European stage. With the backing of The Football Association's chairman, Stanley Rous (who would later go on to become the president of FIFA), Manchester United were allowed to compete in the 1956–57 European Cup.

text: The club's first match in European competition was a European Cup preliminary round tie against Anderlecht at Parc Astrid in Brussels; Manchester United won the match 2–0 in front of 35,000 spectators. The return leg was played at Maine Road, the home of Manchester United's local rivals Manchester City, as United's stadium, Old Trafford, had not yet been fitted with the necessary floodlighting for evening games. The match finished as a 10–0 win for Manchester United, a result that still stands as the club's record win in all competitions. A long run in the European Cup followed, including wins over Borussia Dortmund and Athletic Bilbao and culminating with a semi-final tie against Real Madrid. The first leg took United to the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, where they were defeated 3–1 in front of a record away crowd of 135,000 spectators. However, they were only able to draw 2–2 in the second leg back at Old Trafford, and the club's first European season came to an end as Real Madrid went on to record the second of their five consecutive European Cup titles.

text: Munich[edit]

text: United won the league title again that season, and were therefore eligible to compete in the European Cup for the second consecutive year. After dispatching Shamrock Rovers 9–2 on aggregate in the preliminary round, United were paired with Dukla Prague for the first round. After the second leg in Prague, the team was scheduled to fly back to Manchester the following day, but fog over Manchester prevented this and they were forced to make hasty arrangements to travel back via ferry from the Hook of Holland to Harwich and then by train up to Manchester. This long-winded journey took its toll on the players, who were only able to manage a 1–1 away draw against Birmingham City two days later.

text: Eager to avoid such a scenario again, the club's management chartered a plane for the quarter-final second leg away to Red Star Belgrade. Following a 2–1 win in the first leg at Old Trafford, a 3–3 draw in Belgrade was enough to secure passage to the semi-finals. On the return flight to Manchester, British European Airways Flight 609 stopped over in a snow-covered Munich for refuelling. Once the refuelling was complete, the pilot was given clearance to take off, only to be halted by a fault with the plane's engine. A second attempt was made a few seconds later, but the same fault kept the plane grounded. Half an hour later, after inspection by the airport's engineers, the plane was given clearance for another take-off attempt. The suggested solution was to have the plane accelerate more slowly, but this meant that the take-off velocity would not be reached until the plane was even further down the runway. Once the plane reached 117 knots – the speed at which it was no longer safe to abort the take-off – the pilot would have expected the plane's velocity to continue to increase; however, there was a sudden drop in velocity and the plane was unable to take off before the end of the runway. It skidded off the end of the runway, through a wire fence and across a road before crashing into a house.

text: The impact of the crash and the subsequent explosion of fuel killed 21 of the 44 people on board instantly, and another two died in hospital a few days later. Eight of those who died were Manchester United players, among them Duncan Edwards, Roger Byrne and Tommy Taylor, while club secretary Walter Crickmer, trainer Tom Curry and coach Bert Whalley were also killed. Matt Busby was also severely injured, but he made a full recovery after two months in hospital. With eight of the club's first team having been killed in the accident, and several more still recuperating, a threadbare side took to the field for the semi-final matches against Milan. A 2–1 win at Old Trafford in the first leg gave the team hope of a place in the final, but a 4–0 defeat back at the San Siro put paid to those dreams. In honour of those who died, UEFA offered United a berth in the 1958–59 European Cup, drawing them against BSC Young Boys in the preliminary round, but the Football League denied United entry to the competition as they had not won the Football League the previous season after their league campaign crumbled in the aftermath of the disaster.

text: Return to Europe[edit]

text: Victory in the 1962–63 FA Cup meant that United returned to European competition after a five-year absence for the 1963–64 Cup Winners' Cup. After sweeping aside Willem II of the Netherlands and the defending champions, England's Tottenham Hotspur, United were drawn against Sporting CP in the quarter-finals. A 4–1 home win in the first leg meant that United needed to avoid defeat by more than three goals at Estádio José Alvalade to progress to the semi-finals; however, the team succumbed to their heaviest defeat in European competition to date, losing 5–0 on the night and 6–4 on aggregate.

text: A second-place finish in the league in 1963–64 meant that United qualified for the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1964–65. They reached the semi-finals, knocking out Djurgården, Borussia Dortmund, Everton and Strasbourg before losing 2–1 to Ferencváros in a play-off after a 3–3 aggregate draw over two legs.

text: Back in the European Cup[edit]

text: The following season saw United return to the European Cup for the first time since Munich after they had beaten Leeds United to top spot in the Football League on goal average. After seeing off Finland's HJK Helsinki and Vorwärts Berlin of East Germany in the first two rounds, Manchester United were drawn against four-time finalists, two-time winners and the previous season's runners-up, Benfica. Benfica's most famous player, the Portuguese international Eusébio, had just been named the European Footballer of the Year and his team went into the tie as favourites. Despite this tag, United ran out 3–2 winners in the first leg at Old Trafford, before beating the Lisbon side 5–1 back at the Estádio da Luz, in what is considered to be the greatest match of George Best's career.[1][2][3] The result set up a semi-final tie with Partizan, a tie that would take United back to for the first time since the tragedy in Munich. Best had injured his knee in an FA Cup Sixth Round match against Preston North End a couple of weeks before, and although he played in the first leg against Partizan, he was not fully fit and United struggled, losing 2–0 at the JNA Stadium. A goal from Nobby Stiles secured a 1–0 win in the second leg back at Old Trafford, but it was not enough and Matt Busby, believing that his dream of winning the European Cup was over, considered retirement; however, he resolved to win another league title and have one last shot at Europe's biggest prize.

text: First European title[edit]

text: Manchester United won the 1966–67 Football League title by four points over Nottingham Forest with a game to spare; this secured their second European Cup appearance in three seasons for 1967–68. After overcoming the Maltese champions, Hibernians, in the first round, United were handed yet another trip to Yugoslavia, this time to take on FK Sarajevo. The Red Devils faced a long journey to Sarajevo for the first leg, and they were held to a 0–0 draw in a very physical match. The second leg was equally robust, but United took control of the tie with goals from John Aston and George Best. Sarajevo were only able to pull back one goal and United went through to the quarter-finals, where they were drawn against Polish side Górnik Zabrze. United won the first leg at Old Trafford 2–0; an own goal from Stefan Florenski put them 1–0 up after an hour, and Brian Kidd doubled their lead in the final minute. The Poles had come to be considered one of the better sides in the last eight, and they were able to come away with a 1–0 win in the second leg, but it was not enough to prevent United from progressing to a semi-final tie with Real Madrid. United's 1–0 win in the first leg at Old Trafford was all that separated the sides after a 3–3 draw at the Bernabéu, setting up a meeting with Benfica in the final at Wembley Stadium. Best was again on the scoresheet, along with two goals from Charlton and one from Kidd on his 19th birthday, as United beat the Portuguese champions 4–1 after extra time to claim their first European trophy.

text: United reached the semi-finals of the European Cup as holders in the 1968–69 season, but lost to Milan. They would not compete in Europe for another seven years.

text: European comeback[edit]

text: Following the retirement of Sir Matt Busby as manager at the end of the 1968–69 season, United entered a barren period that culminated in relegation to the Second Division in 1974. Promotion was achieved at the first attempt under the management of Tommy Docherty, who had taken over in December 1972, and in that first season back in the top flight, United finished third in the league to qualify for the UEFA Cup.

text: Although United did qualify for the European Cup Winners' Cup as FA Cup winners in 1977 and for the UEFA Cup in 1980 and 1982 with top-five finishes, they failed to make an impact on European competitions until the 1983–84 season, when they qualified for the European Cup Winners' Cup as FA Cup winners under Ron Atkinson. The United squad of this era was arguably the finest of the post-Busby era, containing star players including Ray Wilkins, Bryan Robson, Frank Stapleton and teenage forward Norman Whiteside. United achieved a famous victory over Barcelona in the quarter-finals of the 1983–84 European Cup Winners' Cup, winning the second leg 3–0 at Old Trafford after being beaten 2–0 in Spain in the first leg, made all the more impressive by the fact that Barcelona's team contained Diego Maradona, rated by many as the best footballer in the world at the time.

text: United reached the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup in 1984–85, but this would be their last contribution to European football for half a decade; the subsequent Heysel Stadium disaster at the European Cup final, in which rioting by Liverpool fans resulted in the death of 39 spectators and led to a ban on all English clubs in European competitions which would not be lifted in 1990. This resulted in United missing out on qualification for the European Cup Winners' Cup in 1985, and the UEFA Cup in 1986 and 1988. During this exile from Europe, United replaced Ron Atkinson with Alex Ferguson as their manager, and he remained in charge more than a quarter of a century later.

text: Since 1990[edit]

text: When the ban on English clubs in European competitions was lifted for the 1990–91 season, United were England's representatives in the European Cup Winners' Cup, as FA Cup winners, and they marked their return to Europe by winning the competition, with a 2–1 win over Barcelona (by now without Maradona) in the final, in which Mark Hughes scored twice.[4] Their defence of the trophy in the 1991–92 season was short-lived, ending at the hands of Atlético Madrid in the second round, and they lost at the first hurdle in the 1992–93 UEFA Cup. League title glory in 1993 saw United enter the European Cup (now branded the Champions League) for the first time in 25 years, but in spite of their excellent domestic form during this era, they failed to make much of an impact in European competitions until the 1996–97 season, when they reached the semi-finals of the Champions League and were beaten by Borussia Dortmund. This campaign in Europe also saw them suffer their first defeat home in a European competition, 40 years after first competing on the continent, losing 1–0 to Turkish side Fenerbahçe in the group stage.[5]

text: They finally ended a 31-year wait for a second European Cup in 1999 when stoppage-time goals from Teddy Sheringham and Ole Gunnar Solskjær gave them a 2–1 win over Bayern Munich in the final in Barcelona.[6] In 2003–04, United were beaten by Porto in the last 16 of the Champions League, ending a seven-year run of quarter-final appearances in the competitions,[7] which also included one run to the final and a further two to the semi-finals.

text: After three short-lived Champions League campaigns, United made an impact on the competition in the 2006–07 season. After going down 2–1 in Italy to Roma in the quarter-final first leg,[8] they triumphed 7–1 in the second leg to reach the semi-finals for the first time in five years.[9] They took a 3–2 lead against Milan in the first leg,[10] only for their hopes of an all-English final with Liverpool to be ended by a 3–0 second leg defeat.[11] A year later, however, they won the trophy for the third time, beating fellow English side Chelsea on penalties in Moscow after a 1–1 draw in the first all-English European Cup final.[12]

text: United reached two European Cup finals in the next three years, but lost to Barcelona on both occasions; first in the 2009 final in Rome,[13] and then in the 2011 final at the new Wembley Stadium in London.[14] After finishing seventh in the Premier League in 2013–14 under David Moyes, United missed out on European football in 2014–15 for the first time in 25 years,[15] but returned to European action the following season after Moyes' replacement Louis van Gaal guided the club to fourth in the league and a place in the Champions League play-off round.[16] It was the first time that Manchester United had played in the qualifying phase of the Champions League since beating Hungarian side Debrecen in the 2005–06 competition.[17]

text: Matches[edit]

text: As of 13 September 2017

text:
Season
Competition
Round
Opposition
Score[nb 1]

1956–57
European Cup
Preliminary round
 Anderlecht
2–0 (A), 10–0 (H)

First round
 Borussia Dortmund
3–2 (H), 0–0 (A)

Quarter-final
 Athletic Bilbao
3–5 (A), 3–0 (H)

Semi-final
 Real Madrid
1–3 (A), 2–2 (H)

1957–58
European Cup
Preliminary round
 Shamrock Rovers
6–0 (A), 3–2 (H)

First round
 Dukla Prague
3–0 (H), 0–1 (A)

Quarter-final
 Red Star Belgrade
2–1 (H), 3–3 (A)

Semi-final
 Milan
2–1 (H), 0–4 (A)

1958–59
European Cup
Preliminary round
 Young Boys
Withdrew

1963–64
Cup Winners' Cup
Preliminary round
 Willem II
1–1 (A), 6–0 (H)

First round
 Tottenham Hotspur
0–2 (A), 4–1 (H)

Quarter-final
 Sporting CP
4–1 (H), 0–5 (A)

1964–65
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup
First round
 Djurgården
1–1 (A), 6–0 (H)

Second round
 Borussia Dortmund
6–1 (A), 4–0 (H)

Third round
 Everton
1–1 (A), 6–0 (H)

Quarter-final
 Strasbourg
5–0 (A), 0–0 (H)

Semi-final
 Ferencváros
3–2 (H), 0–1 (A), 1–2 (A)

1965–66
European Cup
Preliminary round
 HJK Helsinki
3–2 (A), 6–0 (H)

First round
 Vorwärts Berlin
2–0 (A), 3–1 (H)

Quarter-final
 Benfica
3–2 (H), 5–1 (A)

Semi-final
 Partizan Belgrade
0–2 (A), 1–0 (H)

1967–68
European Cup
First round
 Hibernians
4–0 (H), 0–0 (A)

Second round
 FK Sarajevo
0–0 (A), 2–1 (H)

Quarter-final
 Górnik Zabrze
2–0 (H), 0–1 (A)

Semi-final
 Real Madrid
1–0 (H), 3–3 (A)

Final
 Benfica
4–1 (N)

1968
Intercontinental Cup
Final
 Estudiantes
0–1 (A), 1–1 (H)

1968–69
European Cup
First round
 Waterford
3–1 (A), 7–1 (H)

Second round
 Anderlecht
3–0 (H), 1–3 (A)

Quarter-final
 Rapid Vienna
3–0 (H), 0–0 (A)

Semi-final
 Milan
0–2 (A), 1–0 (H)

1976–77
UEFA Cup
First round
 Ajax
0–1 (A), 2–0 (H)

Second round
 Juventus
1–0 (H), 0–3 (A)

1977–78
Cup Winners' Cup
First round
 Saint-Étienne
1–1 (A), 2–0 (H)[nb 2]

Second round
 Porto
0–4 (A), 5–2 (H)

1980–81
UEFA Cup
First round
 Widzew Łódź
1–1 (H), 0–0 (A)[nb 3]

1982–83
UEFA Cup
First round
 Valencia
0–0 (H), 1–2 (A)

1983–84
Cup Winners' Cup
First round
 Dukla Prague
1–1 (H), 2–2 (A)[nb 4]

Second round
 Spartak Varna
2–1 (A), 2–0 (H)

Quarter-final
 Barcelona
0–2 (A), 3–0 (H)

Semi-final
 Juventus
1–1 (H), 1–2 (A)

1984–85
UEFA Cup
First round
 Rába ETO Győr
3–0 (H), 2–2 (A)

Second round
 PSV Eindhoven
0–0 (H), 1–0 (A)

Third round
 Dundee United
2–2 (H), 3–2 (A)

Quarter-final
 Videoton
1–0 (H), 0–1 (A)[nb 5]

1985–86
Cup Winners' Cup
Banned

1986–87
UEFA Cup

1988–89
UEFA Cup

1990–91
Cup Winners' Cup
First round
 Pécsi Munkás
2–0 (H), 1–0 (A)

Second round
 Wrexham
3–0 (H), 2–0 (A)

Quarter-final
 Montpellier
1–1 (H), 2–0 (A)

Semi-final
 Legia Warsaw
3–1 (A), 1–1 (H)

Final
 Barcelona
2–1 (N)

1991
Super Cup
Final
 Red Star Belgrade
1–0 (H)

1991–92
Cup Winners' Cup
First round
 Athinaikos
0–0 (A), 2–0 (H)

Second round
 Atlético Madrid
0–3 (A), 1–1 (H)

1992–93
UEFA Cup
First round
 Torpedo Moscow
0–0 (H), 0–0 (A)[nb 6]

1993–94
Champions League
First round
 Kispest Honvéd
3–2 (A), 2–1 (H)

Second round
 Galatasaray
3–3 (H), 0–0 (A)[nb 3]

1994–95
Champions League
Group A
 IFK Göteborg
4–2 (H), 1–3 (A)

 Galatasaray
0–0 (A), 4–0 (H)

 Barcelona
2–2 (H), 0–4 (A)

1995–96
UEFA Cup
First round
 Rotor Volgograd
0–0 (A), 2–2 (H)[nb 3]

1996–97
Champions League
Group C
 Juventus
0–1 (A), 0–1 (H)

 Rapid Vienna
2–0 (H), 2–0 (A)

 Fenerbahçe
2–0 (A), 0–1 (H)

Quarter-final
 Porto
4–0 (H), 0–0 (A)

Semi-final
 Borussia Dortmund
0–1 (A), 0–1 (H)

1997–98
Champions League
Group B
 Košice
3–0 (A), 3–0 (H)

 Juventus
3–2 (H), 0–1 (A)

 Feyenoord
2–1 (H), 3–1 (A)

Quarter-final
 AS Monaco
0–0 (A), 1–1 (H)[nb 3]

1998–99
Champions League
Second qualifying round
 ŁKS Łódź
2–0 (H), 0–0 (A)

Group D
 Barcelona
3–3 (H), 3–3 (A)

 Bayern Munich
2–2 (A), 1–1 (H)

 Brøndby
6–2 (A), 5–0 (H)

Quarter-final
 Internazionale
2–0 (H), 1–1 (A)

Semi-final
 Juventus
1–1 (H), 3–2 (A)

Final
 Bayern Munich
2–1 (N)

1999
Super Cup
Final
 Lazio
0–1 (N)

1999
Intercontinental Cup
Final
 Palmeiras
1–0 (N)

2000
Club World Championship
Group B
 Necaxa
1–1 (N)

 Vasco da Gama
1–3 (N)

 South Melbourne
2–0 (N)

1999–2000
Champions League
First group round
Group D
 Croatia Zagreb
0–0 (H), 2–1 (A)

 Sturm Graz
3–0 (A), 2–1 (H)

 Marseille
2–1 (H), 0–1 (A)

Second group round
Group B
 Fiorentina
0–2 (A), 3–1 (H)

 Valencia
3–0 (H), 0–0 (A)

 Bordeaux
2–0 (H), 1–0 (A)

Quarter-final
 Real Madrid
0–0 (A), 2–3 (H)

2000–01
Champions League
First group round
Group G
 Anderlecht
5–1 (H), 1–2 (A)

 Dynamo Kyiv
0–0 (A), 1–0 (H)

 PSV Eindhoven
1–3 (A), 3–1 (H)

Second group round
Group A
 Panathinaikos
3–1 (H), 1–1 (A)

 Sturm Graz
2–0 (A), 3–0 (H)

 Valencia
0–0 (A), 1–1 (H)

Quarter-final
 Bayern Munich
0–1 (H), 1–2 (A)

2001–02
Champions League
First group round
Group G
 Lille
1–0 (H), 1–1 (A)

 Deportivo
1–2 (A), 2–3 (H)

 Olympiacos
2–0 (A), 3–0 (H)

Second group round
Group A
 Bayern Munich
1–1 (A), 0–0 (H)

 Boavista
3–0 (H), 3–0 (A)

 Nantes
1–1 (A), 5–1 (H)

Quarter-final
 Deportivo
2–0 (A), 3–2 (H)

Semi-final
 Bayer Leverkusen
2–2 (H), 1–1 (A)[nb 3]

2002–03
Champions League
Third qualifying round
 Zalaegerszeg
0–1 (A), 5–0 (H)

First group round
Group F
 Maccabi Haifa
5–2 (H), 0–3 (A)

 Bayer Leverkusen
2–1 (A), 2–0 (H)

 Olympiacos
4–0 (H), 3–2 (A)

Second group round
Group D
 Basel
3–1 (A), 1–1 (H)

 Deportivo
2–0 (H), 0–2 (A)

 Juventus
2–1 (H), 3–0 (A)

Quarter-final
 Real Madrid
1–3 (A), 4–3 (H)

2003–04
Champions League
Group E
 Panathinaikos
5–0 (H), 1–0 (A)

 Stuttgart
1–2 (A), 2–0 (H)

 Rangers
1–0 (A), 3–0 (H)

First knockout round
 Porto
1–2 (A), 1–1 (H)

2004–05
Champions League
Third qualifying round
 Dinamo București
2–1 (A), 3–0 (H)

Group D
 Lyon
2–2 (A), 2–1 (H)

 Fenerbahçe
6–2 (H), 0–3 (A)

 Sparta Prague
0–0 (H), 4–1 (A)

First knockout round
 Milan
0–1 (H), 0–1 (A)

2005–06
Champions League
Third qualifying round
 Debrecen
3–0 (H), 3–0 (A)

Group D
 Villarreal
0–0 (A), 0–0 (H)

 Benfica
2–1 (H), 1–2 (A)

 Lille
0–0 (H), 0–1 (A)

2006–07
Champions League
Group F
 Celtic
3–2 (H), 0–1 (A)

 Benfica
1–0 (A), 3–1 (H)

 Copenhagen
3–0 (H), 0–1 (A)

First knockout round
 Lille
1–0 (A), 1–0 (H)

Quarter-final
 Roma
1–2 (A), 7–1 (H)

Semi-final
 Milan
3–2 (H), 0–3 (A)

2007–08
Champions League
Group F
 Sporting CP
1–0 (A), 2–1 (H)

 Roma
1–0 (H), 1–1 (A)

 Dynamo Kyiv
4–2 (A), 4–0 (H)

First knockout round
 Lyon
1–1 (A), 1–0 (H)

Quarter-final
 Roma
2–0 (A), 1–0 (H)

Semi-final
 Barcelona
0–0 (A), 1–0 (H)

Final
 Chelsea
1–1 (N)[nb 7]

2008
Super Cup
Final
 Zenit Saint Petersburg
1–2 (N)

2008
Club World Cup
Semi-final
 Gamba Osaka
5–3 (N)

Final
 LDU Quito
1–0 (N)

2008–09
Champions League
Group E
 Villarreal
0–0 (H), 0–0 (A)

 Aalborg
3–0 (A), 2–2 (H)

 Celtic
3–0 (H), 1–1 (A)

First knockout round
 Internazionale
0–0 (A), 2–0 (H)

Quarter-final
 Porto
2–2 (H), 1–0 (A)

Semi-final
 Arsenal
1–0 (H), 3–1 (A)

Final
 Barcelona
0–2 (N)

2009–10
Champions League
Group B
 Beşiktaş
1–0 (A), 0–1 (H)

 Wolfsburg
2–1 (H), 3–1 (A)

 CSKA Moscow
1–0 (A), 3–3 (H)

Round of 16
 Milan
3–2 (A), 4–0 (H)

Quarter-final
 Bayern Munich
1–2 (A), 3–2 (H)[nb 3]

2010–11
Champions League
Group C
 Rangers
0–0 (H), 1–0 (A)

 Valencia
1–0 (A), 1–1 (H)

 Bursaspor
1–0 (H), 3–0 (A)

Round of 16
 Marseille
0–0 (A), 2–1 (H)

Quarter-final
 Chelsea
1–0 (A), 2–1 (H)

Semi-final
 Schalke 04
2–0 (A), 4–1 (H)

Final
 Barcelona
1–3 (N)

2011–12
Champions League
Group C
 Benfica
1–1 (A), 2–2 (H)

 Basel
3–3 (H), 1–2 (A)

 Oțelul Galați
2–0 (A), 2–0 (H)

2011–12
Europa League
Round of 32
 Ajax
2–0 (A), 1–2 (H)

Round of 16
 Athletic Bilbao
2–3 (H), 1–2 (A)

2012–13
Champions League
Group H
 Galatasaray
1–0 (H), 0–1 (A)

 CFR Cluj
2–1 (A), 0–1 (H)

 Braga
3–2 (H), 3–1 (A)

Round of 16
 Real Madrid
1–1 (A), 1–2 (H)

2013–14
Champions League
Group A
 Bayer Leverkusen
4–2 (H), 5–0 (A)

 Shakhtar Donetsk
1–1 (A), 1–0 (H)

 Real Sociedad
1–0 (H), 0–0 (A)

Round of 16
 Olympiacos
0–2 (A), 3–0 (H)

Quarter-final
 Bayern Munich
1–1 (H), 1–3 (A)

2015–16
Champions League
Play-off round
 Club Brugge
3–1 (H), 4–0 (A)

Group B
 PSV Eindhoven
1–2 (A), 0–0 (H)

 Wolfsburg
2–1 (H), 2–3 (A)

 CSKA Moscow
1–1 (A), 1–0 (H)

2015–16
Europa League
Round of 32
 Midtjylland
1–2 (A), 5–1 (H)

Round of 16
 Liverpool
0–2 (A), 1–1 (H)

2016–17
Europa League
Group A
 Fenerbahçe
4–1 (H), 1–2 (A)

 Feyenoord
0–1 (A), 4–0 (H)

 Zorya Luhansk
1–0 (H), 2–0 (A)

Round of 32
 Saint-Étienne
3–0 (H), 1–0 (A)

Round of 16
 Rostov
1–1 (A), 1–0 (H)

Quarter-final
 Anderlecht
1–1 (A), 2–1 (H)

Semi-final
 Celta Vigo
1–0 (A), 1–1 (H)

Final
 Ajax
2–0 (N)

2017
Super Cup
Final
 Real Madrid
1–2 (N)

2017–18
Champions League
Group A
 Basel
3-0 (H)

 CSKA Moscow

 Benfica

text: Overall record[edit]

text: By competition[edit]

text: As of 13 September 2017

text:
Competition
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Win%[nb 8]
Ref

Champions League / European Cup
7002262000000000000♠262
7002146000000000000♠146
7001640000000000000♠64
7001520000000000000♠52
7002486000000000000♠486
7002248000000000000♠248
+238
07001557300000099999♠55.73
[18]

Cup Winners' Cup
7001310000000000000♠31
7001160000000000000♠16
7000900000000000000♠9
7000600000000000000♠6
7001550000000000000♠55
7001350000000000000♠35
+20
07001516100000000000♠51.61
[19]

Europa League / UEFA Cup / Inter-Cities Fairs Cup
7001540000000000000♠54
7001240000000000000♠24
7001170000000000000♠17
7001130000000000000♠13
7001860000000000000♠86
7001470000000000000♠47
+39
07001444400000000000♠44.44
[20]

Super Cup
7000400000000000000♠4
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000300000000000000♠3
7000300000000000000♠3
7000500000000000000♠5
−2
07001250000000000000♠25.00
[21]

Intertoto Cup
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
+0
!—

Intercontinental Cup
7000300000000000000♠3
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
+0
07001333300000000000♠33.33
[22]

Club World Cup
7000500000000000000♠5
7000300000000000000♠3
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
7001100000000000000♠10
7000700000000000000♠7
+3
07001600000000000000♠60.00
[23]

Total
7002359000000000000♠359
7002191000000000000♠191
7001920000000000000♠92
7001760000000000000♠76
7002642000000000000♠642
7002344000000000000♠344
+298
07001532000000000000♠53.20
[24]

text: By country[edit]

text: As of 13 September 2017

text:
Country
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Win%[nb 8]
Ref

 Argentina
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
7000200000000000000♠2
−1
005000000000000000000♠0.00
[25]

 Australia
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
+2
7002100000000000000♠100.00
[26]

 Austria
7000800000000000000♠8
7000700000000000000♠7
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7001170000000000000♠17
7000100000000000000♠1
+16
07001875000000000000♠87.50
[27]

 Belgium
7001100000000000000♠10
7000700000000000000♠7
7000100000000000000♠1
7000200000000000000♠2
7001320000000000000♠32
7000900000000000000♠9
+23
07001700000000000000♠70.00
[28]

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1
+1
07001500000000000000♠50.00
[29]

 Brazil
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
7000200000000000000♠2
7000300000000000000♠3
−1
07001500000000000000♠50.00
[30]

 Bulgaria
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000400000000000000♠4
7000100000000000000♠1
+3
7002100000000000000♠100.00
[31]

 Croatia
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1
+1
07001500000000000000♠50.00
[32]

 Czech Republic / Czechoslovakia
7000600000000000000♠6
7000200000000000000♠2
7000300000000000000♠3
7000100000000000000♠1
7001100000000000000♠10
7000500000000000000♠5
+5
07001333300000000000♠33.33
[33]

 Denmark
7000800000000000000♠8
7000500000000000000♠5
7000100000000000000♠1
7000200000000000000♠2
7001250000000000000♠25
7000800000000000000♠8
+17
07001625000000000000♠62.50
[34]

 East Germany
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000500000000000000♠5
7000100000000000000♠1
+4
7002100000000000000♠100.00

 Ecuador
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
+1
7002100000000000000♠100.00
[35]

 England
7001110000000000000♠11
7000600000000000000♠6
7000300000000000000♠3
7000200000000000000♠2
7001160000000000000♠16
7001110000000000000♠11
+5
07001545500000000000♠54.55
[36]

 Finland
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000900000000000000♠9
7000200000000000000♠2
+7
7002100000000000000♠100.00
[37]

 France
7001280000000000000♠28
7001150000000000000♠15
7001110000000000000♠11
7000200000000000000♠2
7001400000000000000♠40
7001150000000000000♠15
+25
07001535700000000000♠53.57
[38][39]

 Germany / West Germany
7001310000000000000♠31
7001150000000000000♠15
7000800000000000000♠8
7000800000000000000♠8
7001600000000000000♠60
7001360000000000000♠36
+24
07001483900000000000♠48.39
[40]

 Greece
7001120000000000000♠12
7000900000000000000♠9
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1
7001270000000000000♠27
7000600000000000000♠6
+21
07001750000000000000♠75.00
[41]

 Hungary
7001150000000000000♠15
7001100000000000000♠10
7000100000000000000♠1
7000400000000000000♠4
7001290000000000000♠29
7001120000000000000♠12
+17
07001666700000000000♠66.67
[42]

 Ireland
7000400000000000000♠4
7000400000000000000♠4
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7001190000000000000♠19
7000400000000000000♠4
+15
7002100000000000000♠100.00
[43]

 Israel
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
7000500000000000000♠5
7000500000000000000♠5
+0
07001500000000000000♠50.00
[44]

 Italy
7001350000000000000♠35
7001170000000000000♠17
7000500000000000000♠5
7001130000000000000♠13
7001490000000000000♠49
7001400000000000000♠40
+9
07001485700000000000♠48.57
[45]

 Japan
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000500000000000000♠5
7000300000000000000♠3
+2
7002100000000000000♠100.00
[46]

 Malta
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000400000000000000♠4
5000000000000000000♠0
+4
07001500000000000000♠50.00
[47]

 Mexico
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
+0
005000000000000000000♠0.00
[48]

 Netherlands
7001170000000000000♠17
7000900000000000000♠9
7000300000000000000♠3
7000500000000000000♠5
7001290000000000000♠29
7001140000000000000♠14
+15
07001529400000000000♠52.94
[49]

 Poland
7000800000000000000♠8
7000300000000000000♠3
7000400000000000000♠4
7000100000000000000♠1
7000900000000000000♠9
7000400000000000000♠4
+5
07001375000000000000♠37.50
[50]

 Portugal
7001250000000000000♠25
7001160000000000000♠16
7000500000000000000♠5
7000400000000000000♠4
7001550000000000000♠55
7001320000000000000♠32
+23
07001640000000000000♠64.00
[51]

 Romania
7000600000000000000♠6
7000500000000000000♠5
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
7001110000000000000♠11
7000300000000000000♠3
+8
07001833300000000000♠83.33
[52]

 Russia
7001110000000000000♠11
7000300000000000000♠3
7000700000000000000♠7
7000100000000000000♠1
7001110000000000000♠11
7000900000000000000♠9
+2
07001272700000000000♠27.27
[53]

 Scotland
7001100000000000000♠10
7000600000000000000♠6
7000300000000000000♠3
7000100000000000000♠1
7001170000000000000♠17
7000800000000000000♠8
+9
07001600000000000000♠60.00
[54]

 Serbia
7000500000000000000♠5
7000300000000000000♠3
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
7000700000000000000♠7
7000600000000000000♠6
+1
07001600000000000000♠60.00
[55]

 Slovakia
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000600000000000000♠6
5000000000000000000♠0
+6
7002100000000000000♠100.00
[56]

 Spain
7001500000000000000♠50
7001130000000000000♠13
7001200000000000000♠20
7001170000000000000♠17
7001620000000000000♠62
7001700000000000000♠70
−8
07001260000000000000♠26.00
[57]

 Sweden
7000400000000000000♠4
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
7001120000000000000♠12
7000700000000000000♠7
+5
07001500000000000000♠50.00
[58]

  Switzerland
7000500000000000000♠5
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1
7001110000000000000♠11
7000700000000000000♠7
+4
07001400000000000000♠40.00
[59]

 Turkey
7001160000000000000♠16
7000800000000000000♠8
7000300000000000000♠3
7000500000000000000♠5
7001260000000000000♠26
7001140000000000000♠14
+12
07001500000000000000♠50.00
[60]

 Ukraine
7000800000000000000♠8
7000600000000000000♠6
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
7001140000000000000♠14
7000300000000000000♠3
+11
07001750000000000000♠75.00
[61]

 Wales
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000500000000000000♠5
5000000000000000000♠0
+5
7002100000000000000♠100.00
[62]

text: By club[edit]

text: As of 13 September 2017

text:
Opponent
Played
Won
Drawn
Lost
For
Against
Difference

 Aalborg
2
1
1
0
5
2
+3

 Ajax
5
3
0
2
7
3
+4

 Anderlecht
8
5
1
2
25
8
+17

 Arsenal
2
2
0
0
4
1
+3

 Athinaikos
2
1
1
0
2
0
+2

 Athletic Bilbao
4
1
0
3
9
10
−1

 Atlético Madrid
2
1
0
1
1
4
−3

 Barcelona
11
3
4
4
15
20
−5

 Basel
5
2
2
1
11
7
+4

 Bayer Leverkusen
6
4
2
0
16
6
+10

 Bayern Munich
11
2
5
4
13
16
−3

 Benfica
9
6
2
1
22
11
+11

 Beşiktaş
2
1
0
1
1
1
0

 Boavista
2
2
0
0
6
0
+6

 Bordeaux
2
2
0
0
3
0
+3

 Borussia Dortmund
6
3
1
2
13
5
+8

 Braga
2
2
0
0
6
3
+3

 Brøndby
2
2
0
0
11
2
+9

 Budapest Honvéd
2
2
0
0
5
3
+2

 Bursaspor
2
2
0
0
4
0
+4

 Celta Vigo
2
1
1
0
2
1
+1

 Celtic
4
2
1
1
7
4
+3

 CFR Cluj
2
1
0
1
2
2
0

 Chelsea
3
2
1
0
4
2
+2

 Club Brugge
2
2
0
0
7
1
+6

 Copenhagen
2
1
0
1
3
1
+2

 CSKA Moscow
4
2
2
0
6
4
+2

 Debrecen
2
2
0
0
6
0
+6

 Deportivo La Coruña
6
3
0
3
10
9
+1

 Dinamo București
2
2
0
0
5
1
+4

 Dinamo Zagreb
2
1
1
0
2
1
+1

 Djurgården
2
1
1
0
7
1
+6

 Dukla Prague
4
1
2
1
6
4
+2

 Dundee United
2
1
1
0
5
4
+1

 Dynamo Kyiv
4
3
1
0
9
2
+7

 Estudiantes
2
0
1
1
1
2
−1

 Everton
2
1
1
0
7
1
+6

 Fenerbahçe
6
3
0
3
13
9
+4

 Ferencváros
3
1
0
2
4
5
−1

 Feyenoord
4
3
0
1
9
3
+6

 Fiorentina
2
1
0
1
3
3
0

 Galatasaray
6
2
3
1
8
4
+4

 Gamba Osaka
1
1
0
0
5
3
+2

 Górnik Zabrze
2
1
0
1
2
1
+1

 Göteborg
2
1
0
1
5
5
0

 Győri ETO
2
1
1
0
5
2
+3

 HJK Helsinki
2
2
0
0
9
2
+7

 Hibernians
2
1
1
0
4
0
+4

 Internazionale
4
2
2
0
5
1
+4

 Juventus
12
5
2
5
15
15
0

 Košice
2
2
0
0
6
0
+6

 Lazio
1
0
0
1
0
1
−1

 L.D.U. Quito
1
1
0
0
1
0
+1

 Legia Warsaw
2
1
1
0
4
2
+2

 Lille
6
3
2
1
4
2
+2

 Liverpool
2
0
1
1
1
3
−2

 ŁKS Łódź
2
1
1
0
2
0
+2

 Lyon
4
2
2
0
6
4
+2

 Maccabi Haifa
2
1
0
1
5
5
0

 Marseille
4
2
1
1
4
3
+1

 Midtjylland
2
1
0
1
6
3
+3

 Milan
10
5
0
5
13
16
−3

 AS Monaco
2
0
2
0
1
1
0

 Montpellier
2
1
1
0
3
1
+2

 Nantes
2
1
1
0
6
2
+4

 Necaxa
1
0
1
0
1
1
0

 Olympiacos
6
5
0
1
15
4
+11

 Oțelul Galați
2
2
0
0
4
0
+4

 Palmeiras
1
1
0
0
1
0
+1

 Panathinaikos
4
3
1
0
10
2
+8

 Partizan
2
1
0
1
1
2
−1

 Pécsi MFC
2
2
0
0
3
0
+3

 Porto
8
3
3
2
14
11
+3

 PSV Eindhoven
6
2
2
2
6
6
0

 Rangers
4
3
1
0
5
0
+5

 Rapid Wien
4
3
1
0
7
0
+7

 Real Madrid
11
2
4
5
17
22
−5

 Real Sociedad
2
1
1
0
1
0
+1

 Red Star Belgrade
3
2
1
0
6
4
+2

 Roma
6
4
1
1
13
4
+9

 Rostov
2
1
1
0
2
1
+1

 Rotor Volgograd
2
0
2
0
2
2
0

 Saint-Étienne
4
3
1
0
7
1
+6

 FK Sarajevo
2
1
1
0
2
1
+1

 Schalke 04
2
2
0
0
6
1
+5

 Shakhtar Donetsk
2
1
1
0
2
1
+1

 Shamrock Rovers
2
2
0
0
9
2
+7

 South Melbourne
1
1
0
0
2
0
+2

 Sparta Prague
2
1
1
0
4
1
+3

 Spartak Varna
2
2
0
0
4
1
+3

 Sporting CP
4
3
0
1
7
7
0

 Strasbourg
2
1
1
0
5
0
+5

 Sturm Graz
4
4
0
0
10
1
+9

 Stuttgart
2
1
0
1
3
2
+1

 Torpedo Moscow
2
0
2
0
0
0
0

 Tottenham Hotspur
2
1
0
1
4
3
+1

 Valencia
8
2
5
1
7
4
+3

 Vasco da Gama
1
0
0
1
1
3
−2

 Videoton
2
1
0
1
1
1
0

 Villarreal
4
0
4
0
0
0
0

 Vorwärts Berlin
2
2
0
0
5
1
+4

 Waterford
2
2
0
0
10
2
+8

 Widzew Łódź
2
0
2
0
1
1
0

 Willem II
2
1
1
0
7
1
+6

 Wolfsburg
4
3
0
1
9
6
+3

 Wrexham
2
2
0
0
5
0
+5

 Zalaegerszeg
2
1
0
1
5
1
+4

 Zenit Saint Petersburg
1
0
0
1
1
2
−1

 Zorya Luhansk
2
2
0
0
3
0
+3

text: Honours[edit]

text: European[edit]

text:
European Cup/UEFA Champions League: 3

1967–68, 1998–99, 2007–08

UEFA Europa League: 1

2016–17

UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1

1990–91

UEFA Super Cup: 1

1991

text: Worldwide[edit]

text:
Intercontinental Cup: 1

1999

FIFA Club World Cup: 1

2008

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Manchester United score comes first
Jump up ^ Home game played at Home Park, Plymouth
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Lost on away goals
Jump up ^ Won on away goals
Jump up ^ Lost 5–4 on penalties
Jump up ^ Lost 4–3 on penalties
Jump up ^ Won 6–5 on penalties
^ Jump up to: a b Win% is rounded to two decimal places

tag: ol