document_title: Stratosphere Las Vegas

question_text: when was the stratosphere hotel built in las vegas

text: Stratosphere Las Vegas

text: History[edit]

text: Early history[edit]

text: In 1974, Bob Stupak opened a small casino in Las Vegas known as Bob Stupak's World Famous Million-Dollar Historic Gambling Museum and Casino, located north of the Las Vegas Strip on land previously occupied by the Todkill/Bill Hayden Lincoln Mercury Dealership.[9] The casino burned down two months later,[10] and Stupak subsequently opened his Vegas World hotel and casino on the same property in 1979.[11]

text: Conception and construction[edit]

text: The concept for the Stratosphere began as a plan by Stupak to construct a 1,012-foot neon sign tower for Vegas World. In early October 1989, Stupak submitted plans to the city for the approval of the neon sign tower which would stand four times taller than the hotel. Later in the week, Stupak withdrew his plans to allow time for a revised version of the tower that would include an elevator leading up to an observation deck. Stupak, who wanted the tower to become a local landmark, said, "What I'm trying to do for Las Vegas is what the Eiffel Tower did for Paris, what the Empire State Building did for New York, what the Seattle Space Needle did for Seattle."[12][13]

text: Stupak contacted an engineering firm in Texas whose expertise was in designing radio transmission towers. They produced a series of possible configurations based on computer "stretch-outs" of their standard skeletal tower designs. When Stupak showed these to CEO Lou Papais of Ad Art, Inc., Stockton, CA, he and his Executive Art Director, Chuck Barnard, agreed the designs were unsatisfactory and Barnard produced the concept for the 1149 ft. tower. Ad Art design associate, Jack Dubois, then created a giant color rendering of the tower which Stupak used to secure financial backing for construction. Architect Ned Baldwin, creator of the CN Tower in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, was brought in and assembled a team of local engineers and architects to flesh out the design and move the project to completion.[citation needed]

text: In February 1990, Stupak unveiled his revised plans for a $50 million, 1,012-foot observation tower with a top floor that would include a revolving restaurant and four penthouse suites.[14] The tower was also to include an indoor park of African lions, as well as four wedding chapels.[15] In April 1990, the Las Vegas City Council approved Stupak's tower, despite objections from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), which stated that it was 200 feet too tall.[16] Stupak had initially envisioned an 1,800-foot tower, although the height was ultimately limited to 1,149 ft (350 m) because of concerns from the FAA about possible interference with flights from the nearby McCarran International Airport.[17][18]

text: Construction of the $32 million tower began in February 1992, on property adjacent to Vegas World.[19] On August 29, 1993, around midnight, hundreds of customers at Vegas World were evacuated when the half-finished tower caught on fire, during which no injuries occurred.[19][20] The Stratosphere had been planned to open in August 1994, although the fire was expected to delay construction by eight weeks. Stupak said that the tower's first phase would still be ready in time with an accelerated construction schedule.[21] A large crane located atop the tower, used for construction, was also damaged in the fire.[20][22] The following month, high winds prevented the scheduled dismantling of the crane, a process that was expected to take two days. At that time, the cause of the fire remained unknown.[22]

text: In November 1993, Grand Casinos announced plans to purchase 33 percent of the Stratosphere and Vegas World by acquiring shares in Stupak's Stratosphere Corporation.[23] Vegas World closed on February 1, 1995, for remodeling in order to be integrated into the Stratosphere resort.[24] Vegas World's two hotel towers,[25] consisting of 932 rooms,[26] were renovated to become part of the Stratosphere.[25] As construction neared completion, one of the rides being planned for the resort was a giant ape that would carry riders up and down on one of the tower's columns.[27]

text: Stratosphere Las Vegas (1996–present)[edit]

text: The Stratosphere opened on April 30, 1996. Shortly after opening, the Stratosphere Corporation was forced to file bankruptcy. This caused construction on the second tower to stop, with only a few stories partially built, and it allowed Carl Icahn to gain control through one of his companies by buying a majority of the outstanding bonds.

text: A major addition was completed in June 2001 for $1 billion that included finishing the 1000-room second hotel tower.

text: In the early 2000s, the company attempted to get approval for a roller coaster that would run from several hundred feet up the tower and, in the last proposal, across Las Vegas Boulevard. Part of that last proposal included an entry monument on the ride over Las Vegas Boulevard welcoming people to the City of Las Vegas. The Las Vegas City Council did not approve the project due to objections from the neighbors over possible noise from the enclosed cars on the proposed ride.

text: In January 2010, American Casino & Entertainment Properties announced a new thrill ride for the top of the tower: SkyJump, a controlled-descent, bungee jumping–like ride that will allow riders to plummet 855 feet (261 m) attached to a high-speed descent wire. It opened on April 20, 2010.[28]

text: Radio stations KOAS 105.7 (FM) and KVGS 107.9 (FM) have on-channel FM boosters broadcasting from an antenna at the top of the tower's structure. Licensed as KOAS-FM1 and KVGS-FM1, they are the only radio stations with transmitters at the tower. However, the signals being transmitted from this structure are relatively low-power and only cover the immediate Las Vegas area on a "fill in" or "booster" basis. Both of these stations have their main transmitter sites located elsewhere, and those transmitter sites are what give these stations more widespread regional coverage.

text: Beginning in 2010, the Stratosphere renovated several areas of the property. As part of a $20 million renovation plan, improvements were made to many hotel rooms, the casino, and the main entrance area. Improvements and upgrades have also been made in the Top of the World Restaurant and Level 107 lounge.[3][29][30][31][32]

text: In June 2017, Golden Entertainment agreed to purchase American Casino & Entertainment Properties.[33]

text: In October 2017, Golden Entertainment acquired the Stratosphere when the company closed its $850 million purchase of American Casino & Entertainment Properties. Golden also purchased Arizona Charlie's Boulder, Arizona Charlie's Decatur, and the Aquarius Casino Resort.[7]

text: In March 2018, Golden Entertainment announced plans for a $140 million renovation of the Stratosphere that will be completed over three phases. [34]

text: Attractions and entertainment[edit]

text: Rides[edit]

text: The top of the tower has two observation decks, a restaurant known as "Top of the World" (revolving restaurant), and four thrill rides:

text:
Big Shot at 1,081 ft (329 m) was the highest thrill ride in the world until the Sky Drop opened on the Canton Tower at 1,591 ft (485 m).
Insanity, opened in 2005, at 900 ft (270 m) is the third highest thrill ride in the world; it dangles riders over the edge of the tower and then spins in a circular pattern at approximately forty miles per hour.[citation needed] In a 2005 incident, riders were left dangling several hundred feet above the Las Vegas Strip for nearly an hour and a half when Insanity shut down; it was programmed to cease operation if a fault or problem is detected by the ride's control system.[35]
SkyJump Las Vegas, a controlled-descent, Bungee-jumping-like ride that will allow riders to plummet 855 ft (261 m) attached to a high-speed descent wire.[28] SkyJump opened on April 20, 2010.
X-Scream at 866 ft (264 m) is the fourth highest thrill ride in the world.

text: Previous attractions[edit]

text: The High Roller at 909 ft (277 m)[36] was the second highest ride in the world and the highest roller coaster. It was closed on December 30, 2005, and was dismantled.[37]

text: Stratosphere Tower Shops[edit]

text: The Tower Shops is a mall on the second level that connects the casino to the entrance of the tower. The tower shops features various shops as well as a comedy club and the Knopf Fine Art Photography Gallery featuring the work of international award winning photographer John Knopf.

text: Performers[edit]

text: The casino has featured a number of performers, including bands and dancers. Frankie Moreno Live at Stratosphere had its final performance on December 20, 2014. Moreno and his 10-piece band began performing in the Stratosphere Theater on November 9, 2011 and achieved nearly 600 shows during his three-year tenure at the Stratosphere Casino, Hotel & Tower.

text: Playboy Playmate Claire Sinclair signed for a new show in 2013, and has re-signed for 2015, on January 9, 2014. David Perrico with the band Pop Evolution, signed in 2013 for a monthly show.[38][39][40][41][42]

text: Dining[edit]

text:
Top of the World
McCall's Heartland Grill
Fellini's Ristorante
Roxy's Diner
The Buffet
Level 8 Pool Cafe
Tower Pizzeria
Starbucks
Level 107 Lounge

text: Gaming[edit]

text: Some of the casino games include slot machines and video poker. The Stratosphere has inherited some unusual variations on casino games from its predecessor. The 80,000-square-foot (7,400 m2) casino includes 50 table games, 1,500 slot and video poker machines, a poker room, and a race and sports book.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: A replica of the tower can be found in the 2014 racing game The Crew, in the northern part of Las Vegas. It is also widely believed to be an inspiration for the fictional Lucky 38 casino in the 2010 role-playing game Fallout: New Vegas.

text: In the 2014 Syfy television series Dominion, the archangel Michael lived in the observation tower of the Stratosphere.

text: The casino and tower are featured in the 2005 movie Domino, in which the owner gets robbed of $10 million and the top of the tower gets damaged in an explosion.

text: In Life After People, the tower is destroyed by an earthquake.

text: The hotel, casino and tower was featured at the beginning of Sharknado: The 4th Awakens.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
View looking upwards at the Stratosphere

The Stratosphere at night

View from front

View from ground, inverted image

Clouds over the Stratosphere at midday

View from Stratosphere during construction

Insanity the Ride atop the tower

The X-Scream on top of the Stratosphere "drops" riders over the edge of the tower

View of the former High Roller ride

Aerial view of the Stratosphere

Picture of KOAS-FM1 and KVGS-FM1 transmitting antenna atop the Stratosphere, March 2010.


document_title: Kaizen

question_text: is a japanese word meaning change for the better

root

text: Kaizen

text: Overview[edit]

text: The Japanese word kaizen simply means "change for better", with no inherent meaning of either "continuous" or "philosophy" in Japanese dictionaries or in everyday use. The word refers to any improvement, one-time or continuous, large or small, in the same sense as the English word "improvement".[5] However, given the common practice in Japan of labeling industrial or business improvement techniques with the word "kaizen", particularly the practices spearheaded by Toyota, the word "kaizen" in English is typically applied to measures for implementing continuous improvement, especially those with a "Japanese philosophy". The discussion below focuses on such interpretations of the word, as frequently used in the context of modern management discussions. Two kaizen approaches have been distinguished:[6]

tag: p

text:
flow kaizen;
process kaizen.

tag: ul

text: The former is oriented towards the flow of materials and information, and is often identified with the reorganization of an entire production area, even a company. The latter means the improvement of individual workstands. Therefore, improving the way production workers do their job is a part of a process kaizen. The use of the kaizen model for continuous improvement demands that both flow and process kaizens are used, although process kaizens are used more often to focus workers on continuous small improvements. In this model, operators mostly look for small ideas which, if possible, can be implemented on the same day. This is in contrast to traditional models of work improvement, which generally have a long lag between concept development and project implementation.

text: Kaizen is a daily process, the purpose of which goes beyond simple productivity improvement. It is also a process that, when done correctly, humanizes the workplace, eliminates overly hard work (muri), and teaches people how to perform experiments on their work using the scientific method and how to learn to spot and eliminate waste in business processes. In all, the process suggests a humanized approach to workers and to increasing productivity: "The idea is to nurture the company's people as much as it is to praise and encourage participation in kaizen activities."[7] Successful implementation requires "the participation of workers in the improvement."[8] People at all levels of an organization participate in kaizen, from the CEO down to janitorial staff, as well as external stakeholders when applicable. Kaizen is most commonly associated with manufacturing operations, as at Toyota, but has also been used in non-manufacturing environments.[9] The format for kaizen can be individual, suggestion system, small group, or large group. At Toyota, it is usually a local improvement within a workstation or local area and involves a small group in improving their own work environment and productivity. This group is often guided through the kaizen process by a line supervisor; sometimes this is the line supervisor's key role. Kaizen on a broad, cross-departmental scale in companies, generates total quality management, and frees human efforts through improving productivity using machines and computing power.[citation needed]

text: While kaizen (at Toyota) usually delivers small improvements, the culture of continual aligned small improvements and standardization yields large results in terms of overall improvement in productivity. This philosophy differs from the "command and control" improvement programs (e g Business Process Improvement) of the mid-twentieth century. Kaizen methodology includes making changes and monitoring results, then adjusting. Large-scale pre-planning and extensive project scheduling are replaced by smaller experiments, which can be rapidly adapted as new improvements are suggested.[citation needed]

text: In modern usage, it is designed to address a particular issue over the course of a week and is referred to as a "kaizen blitz" or "kaizen event".[10][11] These are limited in scope, and issues that arise from them are typically used in later blitzes.[citation needed] A person who makes a large contribution in the successful implementation of kaizen during kaizen events is awarded the title of "Zenkai".

text: History[edit]

text: The small-step work improvement approach was developed in the USA under Training Within Industry program (TWI Job Methods).[12] Instead of encouraging large, radical changes to achieve desired goals, these methods recommended that organizations introduce small improvements, preferably ones that could be implemented on the same day. The major reason was that during WWII there was neither time nor resources for large and innovative changes in the production of war equipment.[6] The essence of the approach came down to improving the use of the existing workforce and technologies.

text: As part of the Marshall Plan after World War II, American occupation forces brought in experts to help with the rebuilding of Japanese industry while the Civil Communications Section (CCS) developed a management training program that taught statistical control methods as part of the overall material. Homer Sarasohn and Charles Protzman developed and taught this course in 1949-1950. Sarasohn recommended W. Edwards Deming for further training in statistical methods.

text: The Economic and Scientific Section (ESS) group was also tasked with improving Japanese management skills and Edgar McVoy was instrumental in bringing Lowell Mellen to Japan to properly install the Training Within Industry (TWI) programs in 1951. The ESS group had a training film to introduce TWI's three "J" programs: Job Instruction, Job Methods and Job Relations. Titled "Improvement in Four Steps" (Kaizen eno Yon Dankai) it thus introduced kaizen to Japan.

text: For the pioneering, introduction, and implementation of kaizen in Japan, the Emperor of Japan awarded the Order of the Sacred Treasure to Dr. Deming in 1960. Subsequently, the Japanese Union of Scientists and Engineers (JUSE) instituted the annual Deming Prizes for achievement in quality and dependability of products. On October 18, 1989, JUSE awarded the Deming Prize to Florida Power & Light Co. (FPL), based in the US, for its exceptional accomplishments in process and quality-control management, making it the first company outside Japan to win the Deming Prize.[13]

text: Implementation[edit]

text: The Toyota Production System is known for kaizen, where all line personnel are expected to stop their moving production line in case of any abnormality and, along with their supervisor, suggest an improvement to resolve the abnormality which may initiate a kaizen.

text: The cycle of kaizen activity can be defined as: "Plan → Do → Check → Act". This is also known as the Shewhart cycle, Deming cycle, or PDCA.

text: Another technique used in conjunction with PDCA is the 5 Whys, which is a form of root cause analysis in which the user asks a series of five "why" questions about a failure that has occurred, basing each subsequent question on the answer to the previous.[15][16] There are normally a series of causes stemming from one root cause,[17] and they can be visualized using fishbone diagrams or tables. The Five Whys can be used as a foundational tool in personal improvement,[18] or as a means to create wealth.[19]

text: Masaaki Imai made the term famous in his book Kaizen: The Key to Japan's Competitive Success.[1]

text: In the Toyota Way Fieldbook, Liker and Meier discuss the kaizen blitz and kaizen burst (or kaizen event) approaches to continuous improvement. A kaizen blitz, or rapid improvement, is a focused activity on a particular process or activity. The basic concept is to identify and quickly remove waste. Another approach is that of the kaizen burst, a specific kaizen activity on a particular process in the value stream.[20] Kaizen facilitators generally[weasel words] go through training and certification before attempting a Kaizen project.[citation needed]

text: In the 1990s, Professor Iwao Kobayashi published his book 20 Keys to Workplace Improvement and created a practical, step-by-step improvement framework called "the 20 Keys". He identified 20 operations focus areas which should be improved to attain holistic and sustainable change. He went further and identified the 5 levels of implementation for each of these 20 focus areas. 4 of the focus areas are called Foundation Keys. According to the 20 Keys, these foundation keys should be launched ahead of the others in order to form a strong constitution in the company. The four foundation keys are: Key 1 - Cleaning and Organising to Make Work Easy, which is based on the 5S methodology. Key 2 - Goal Alignment/Rationalising the System Key 3 - Small Group Activities Key 4 - Leading and Site Technology.


document_title: Rawlings Gold Glove Award

question_text: who has the most golden gloves in baseball

text: Rawlings Gold Glove Award

text: History[edit]

text: For the first four seasons of the award (1957 to 1960), individual awards were presented to left fielders, center fielders, and right fielders. From 1961 through 2010, the phrase "at each position" was no longer strictly accurate, since the prize was presented to three outfielders irrespective of their specific position.[8] Any combination of outfielders, often three center fielders, could win the award in the same year.[9][10] Critics called for awarding a single Gold Glove for each individual outfield position, arguing that the three outfield positions are not equivalent defensively.[10] Starting in 2011, separate awards for each outfield position were once again presented.[9] In the 1985 American League voting, a tie for third-place resulted in the presentation of Gold Glove Awards to four outfielders (Dwayne Murphy, Gary Pettis, Dwight Evans and Dave Winfield); this scenario was repeated in the National League in 2007 (Andruw Jones, Carlos Beltrán, Aaron Rowand, and Jeff Francoeur).

text: Before SABR's involvement in the voting process, The Boston Globe writer Peter Abraham said the Fielding Bible Awards "are far more accurate (and accountable)" than the Gold Glove awards since statistics are used along with the opinions of an expert panel. The Gold Gloves are selected by managers and coaches that may have seen a player as few as six times during the season.[11] Bill Chuck of Comcast SportsNet New England wrote that Gold Glove voters frequently counted only errors to determine winners.[12] Geoff Baker of The Seattle Times said the votes for the Gold Gloves rely largely on a player's past reputation.[13] The Associated Press wrote that "some fans have viewed the Gold Gloves as mostly a popularity contest, even suggesting that a player's performance at the plate helped draw extra attention to his glove."[14] After winning the AL Gold Glove at first base in both 1997 and 1998, Rafael Palmeiro won again in 1999 with the Texas Rangers while only appearing in 28 games as a first baseman; he played in 128 games as a designated hitter that season, resulting in a controversy.[12][15][16][17] Derek Jeter, winner of five Gold Gloves, believes that many defensive factors cannot be quantified.[18] In 2013, Rawlings collaborated on the Gold Glove Award with SABR, who provided the SABR Defensive Index (SDI) to add a sabermetric component to the selection process.  The index accounted for 25 percent of the vote, while managers and coaches continued to provide the majority.[3] Afterwards, Jay Jaffe of Sports Illustrated wrote that the Gold Gloves "appear to have significantly closed the gap on their more statistically-driven counterparts."[19] SABR and FiveThirtyEight believed that the impact to the voting results by SDI, which is also included on the voters' ballots, went beyond its 25 own percent weight and also influenced the managers' and coaches' voting.[20]

text: The most Gold Gloves ever won by one player is 18 by pitcher Greg Maddux. He won 13 consecutive awards from 1990 to 2002, all in the National League.[21] Brooks Robinson has the most wins as a third baseman, with 16 Gold Gloves,[22] and is tied for the second-highest total overall with pitcher Jim Kaat, who won his 16 awards consecutively.[23] Iván Rodríguez has won the most Gold Gloves as a catcher, with 13 career awards in the American League.[24] Ozzie Smith has 13 wins at shortstop; he and Rodríguez are tied for the fourth-highest total among all winners.[25] Among outfielders, Roberto Clemente and Willie Mays, who played primarily right field and center field, respectively, are tied for the lead with 12 Gold Gloves.[26][27] Keith Hernandez, the leader at first base, has won 11 times,[28] and Roberto Alomar leads second basemen with 10 wins.[29] Other players with 10 or more wins include shortstop Omar Vizquel (11),[30] catcher Johnny Bench (10),[31] third baseman Mike Schmidt (10),[32] and outfielders Ken Griffey Jr., Ichiro Suzuki, Andruw Jones, and Al Kaline (10 each).[33][34][35][36]

text: The only player to win Gold Gloves as an infielder and outfielder is Darin Erstad, who won Gold Gloves as an outfielder in 2000 and 2002 and as a first baseman in 2004, all with the Anaheim Angels.[37] The only other player to win Gold Gloves at multiple positions is Plácido Polanco, who won at second base (2007, 2009 AL) and third base (2011 NL).[38] Family pairs to win Gold Gloves include brothers Ken and Clete Boyer (third base),[39][40] brothers Sandy Alomar, Jr. (catcher) and Roberto Alomar (second base),[29] Bengie and Yadier Molina (catcher),[41][42] father and son Bobby and Barry Bonds (outfield),[43][44] and father and son Bob (catcher) and Bret Boone (second base).[45][46]

text:
In 2016, Rawlings announced it would begin awarding a gold glove annually to a female fastpitch softball player in the National Pro Fastpitch league.[47]
NPF coaches and managers vote for a winner (excluding those on their respective teams).  This award is in addition to the collegiate and high school awards added in 2007, its 50th anniversary.[48]

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Key to symbols and headers in player lists

Year

Links to the corresponding Major League Baseball season

1B

First baseman (list of winners)

2B

Second baseman (list of winners)

3B

Third baseman (list of winners)

SS

Shortstop (list of winners)

OF

Outfielder[a] (list of winners)

C

Catcher (list of winners)

P

Pitcher (list of winners)

* or **

Winner of the most Gold Glove Awards at his position (** indicates tie)

Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

tag: table

text:
Gold Glove winners in the American League, listed by position

Year

1B

2B

3B

SS

OF

OF

OF

C

P

1957[b]

Gil Hodges
Nellie Fox
Frank Malzone
Roy McMillan
Willie Mays**[c]
Al Kaline[d]
Minnie Miñoso[e]
Sherm Lollar
Bobby Shantz

1958

Vic Power
Frank Bolling
Frank Malzone
Luis Aparicio
Norm Siebern[e]
Al Kaline[d]
Jimmy Piersall[c]
Sherm Lollar
Bobby Shantz

1959

Vic Power
Nellie Fox
Frank Malzone
Luis Aparicio
Jackie Jensen[d]
Al Kaline[c]
Minnie Miñoso[e]
Sherm Lollar
Bobby Shantz

1960

Vic Power
Nellie Fox
Brooks Robinson*
Luis Aparicio
Jim Landis[c]
Roger Maris[d]
Minnie Miñoso[e]
Earl Battey
Bobby Shantz

1961

Vic Power
Bobby Richardson
Brooks Robinson*
Luis Aparicio
Jim Landis
Al Kaline
Jimmy Piersall
Earl Battey
Frank Lary

1962

Vic Power
Bobby Richardson
Brooks Robinson*
Luis Aparicio
Jim Landis
Al Kaline
Mickey Mantle
Earl Battey
Jim Kaat

1963

Vic Power
Bobby Richardson
Brooks Robinson*
Zoilo Versalles
Jim Landis
Al Kaline
Carl Yastrzemski
Elston Howard
Jim Kaat

1964

Vic Power
Bobby Richardson
Brooks Robinson*
Luis Aparicio
Jim Landis
Al Kaline
Vic Davalillo
Elston Howard
Jim Kaat

1965

Joe Pepitone
Bobby Richardson
Brooks Robinson*
Zoilo Versalles
Tom Tresh
Al Kaline
Carl Yastrzemski
Bill Freehan
Jim Kaat

1966

Joe Pepitone
Bobby Knoop
Brooks Robinson*
Luis Aparicio
Tommie Agee
Al Kaline
Tony Oliva
Bill Freehan
Jim Kaat

1967

George Scott
Bobby Knoop
Brooks Robinson*
Jim Fregosi
Paul Blair
Al Kaline
Carl Yastrzemski
Bill Freehan
Jim Kaat

1968

George Scott
Bobby Knoop
Brooks Robinson*
Luis Aparicio
Reggie Smith
Mickey Stanley
Carl Yastrzemski
Bill Freehan
Jim Kaat

1969

Joe Pepitone
Davey Johnson
Brooks Robinson*
Mark Belanger
Paul Blair
Mickey Stanley
Carl Yastrzemski
Bill Freehan
Jim Kaat

1970

Jim Spencer
Davey Johnson
Brooks Robinson*
Luis Aparicio
Paul Blair
Mickey Stanley
Ken Berry
Ray Fosse
Jim Kaat

1971

George Scott
Davey Johnson
Brooks Robinson*
Mark Belanger
Paul Blair
Amos Otis
Carl Yastrzemski
Ray Fosse
Jim Kaat

1972

George Scott
Doug Griffin
Brooks Robinson*
Ed Brinkman
Paul Blair
Bobby Murcer
Ken Berry
Carlton Fisk
Jim Kaat

1973

George Scott
Bobby Grich
Brooks Robinson*
Mark Belanger
Paul Blair
Amos Otis
Mickey Stanley
Thurman Munson
Jim Kaat

1974

George Scott
Bobby Grich
Brooks Robinson*
Mark Belanger
Paul Blair
Amos Otis
Joe Rudi
Thurman Munson
Jim Kaat

1975

George Scott
Bobby Grich
Brooks Robinson*
Mark Belanger
Paul Blair
Fred Lynn
Joe Rudi
Thurman Munson
Jim Kaat

1976

George Scott
Bobby Grich
Aurelio Rodríguez
Mark Belanger
Dwight Evans
Rick Manning
Joe Rudi
Jim Sundberg
Jim Palmer

1977

Jim Spencer
Frank White
Graig Nettles
Mark Belanger
Juan Beníquez
Al Cowens
Carl Yastrzemski
Jim Sundberg
Jim Palmer

1978

Chris Chambliss
Frank White
Graig Nettles
Mark Belanger
Dwight Evans
Fred Lynn
Rick Miller
Jim Sundberg
Jim Palmer

1979

Cecil Cooper
Frank White
Buddy Bell
Rick Burleson
Dwight Evans
Fred Lynn
Sixto Lezcano
Jim Sundberg
Jim Palmer

1980

Cecil Cooper
Frank White
Buddy Bell
Alan Trammell
Willie Wilson
Fred Lynn
Dwayne Murphy
Jim Sundberg
Mike Norris

1981

Mike Squires
Frank White
Buddy Bell
Alan Trammell
Dwight Evans
Rickey Henderson
Dwayne Murphy
Jim Sundberg
Mike Norris

1982

Eddie Murray
Frank White
Buddy Bell
Robin Yount
Dwight Evans
Dave Winfield
Dwayne Murphy
Bob Boone
Ron Guidry

1983

Eddie Murray
Lou Whitaker
Buddy Bell
Alan Trammell
Dwight Evans
Dave Winfield
Dwayne Murphy
Lance Parrish
Ron Guidry

1984

Eddie Murray
Lou Whitaker
Buddy Bell
Alan Trammell
Dwight Evans
Dave Winfield
Dwayne Murphy
Lance Parrish
Ron Guidry

1985

Don Mattingly
Lou Whitaker
George Brett
Alfredo Griffin
Dwight Evans
Dave Winfield &Gary Pettis
Dwayne Murphy
Lance Parrish
Ron Guidry

1986

Don Mattingly
Frank White
Gary Gaetti
Tony Fernández
Kirby Puckett
Gary Pettis
Jesse Barfield
Bob Boone
Ron Guidry

1987

Don Mattingly
Frank White
Gary Gaetti
Tony Fernández
Kirby Puckett
Dave Winfield
Jesse Barfield
Bob Boone
Mark Langston

1988

Don Mattingly
Harold Reynolds
Gary Gaetti
Tony Fernández
Kirby Puckett
Gary Pettis
Devon White
Bob Boone
Mark Langston

1989

Don Mattingly
Harold Reynolds
Gary Gaetti
Tony Fernández
Kirby Puckett
Gary Pettis
Devon White
Bob Boone
Bret Saberhagen

1990

Mark McGwire
Harold Reynolds
Kelly Gruber
Ozzie Guillén
Gary Pettis
Ellis Burks
Ken Griffey Jr.
Sandy Alomar Jr.
Mike Boddicker

1991

Don Mattingly
Roberto Alomar*
Robin Ventura
Cal Ripken Jr.
Kirby Puckett
Devon White
Ken Griffey Jr.
Tony Peña
Mark Langston

1992

Don Mattingly
Roberto Alomar*
Robin Ventura
Cal Ripken Jr.
Kirby Puckett
Devon White
Ken Griffey Jr.
Iván Rodríguez*
Mark Langston

1993

Don Mattingly
Roberto Alomar*
Robin Ventura
Omar Vizquel
Kenny Lofton
Devon White
Ken Griffey Jr.
Iván Rodríguez*
Mark Langston

1994

Don Mattingly
Roberto Alomar*
Wade Boggs
Omar Vizquel
Kenny Lofton
Devon White
Ken Griffey Jr.
Iván Rodríguez*
Mark Langston

1995

J. T. Snow
Roberto Alomar*
Wade Boggs
Omar Vizquel
Kenny Lofton
Devon White
Ken Griffey Jr.
Iván Rodríguez*
Mark Langston

1996

J. T. Snow
Roberto Alomar*
Robin Ventura
Omar Vizquel
Kenny Lofton
Jay Buhner
Ken Griffey Jr.
Iván Rodríguez*
Mike Mussina

1997

Rafael Palmeiro
Chuck Knoblauch
Matt Williams
Omar Vizquel
Bernie Williams
Jim Edmonds
Ken Griffey Jr.
Iván Rodríguez*
Mike Mussina

1998

Rafael Palmeiro
Roberto Alomar*
Robin Ventura
Omar Vizquel
Bernie Williams
Jim Edmonds
Ken Griffey Jr.
Iván Rodríguez*
Mike Mussina

1999

Rafael Palmeiro
Roberto Alomar*
Scott Brosius
Omar Vizquel
Bernie Williams
Shawn Green
Ken Griffey Jr.
Iván Rodríguez*
Mike Mussina

2000

John Olerud
Roberto Alomar*
Travis Fryman
Omar Vizquel
Bernie Williams
Jermaine Dye
Darin Erstad
Iván Rodríguez*
Kenny Rogers

2001

Doug Mientkiewicz
Roberto Alomar*
Eric Chavez
Omar Vizquel
Torii Hunter
Mike Cameron
Ichiro Suzuki
Iván Rodríguez*
Mike Mussina

2002

John Olerud
Bret Boone
Eric Chavez
Alex Rodriguez
Torii Hunter
Darin Erstad
Ichiro Suzuki
Bengie Molina
Kenny Rogers

2003

John Olerud
Bret Boone
Eric Chavez
Alex Rodriguez
Torii Hunter
Mike Cameron
Ichiro Suzuki
Bengie Molina
Mike Mussina

2004

Darin Erstad
Bret Boone
Eric Chavez
Derek Jeter
Torii Hunter
Vernon Wells
Ichiro Suzuki
Iván Rodríguez*
Kenny Rogers

2005

Mark Teixeira
Orlando Hudson
Eric Chavez
Derek Jeter
Torii Hunter
Vernon Wells
Ichiro Suzuki
Jason Varitek
Kenny Rogers

2006

Mark Teixeira
Mark Grudzielanek
Eric Chavez
Derek Jeter
Torii Hunter
Vernon Wells
Ichiro Suzuki
Iván Rodríguez*
Kenny Rogers

2007

Kevin Youkilis
Plácido Polanco
Adrián Beltré
Orlando Cabrera
Torii Hunter
Grady Sizemore
Ichiro Suzuki
Iván Rodríguez*
Johan Santana

2008

Carlos Peña
Dustin Pedroia
Adrián Beltré
Michael Young
Torii Hunter
Grady Sizemore
Ichiro Suzuki
Joe Mauer
Mike Mussina

2009

Mark Teixeira
Plácido Polanco
Evan Longoria
Derek Jeter
Torii Hunter
Adam Jones
Ichiro Suzuki
Joe Mauer
Mark Buehrle

2010

Mark Teixeira
Robinson Canó
Evan Longoria
Derek Jeter
Carl Crawford
Franklin Gutiérrez
Ichiro Suzuki
Joe Mauer
Mark Buehrle

2011

Adrian Gonzalez
Dustin Pedroia
Adrián Beltré
Erick Aybar
Alex Gordon[e]
Jacoby Ellsbury[c]
Nick Markakis[d]
Matt Wieters
Mark Buehrle

2012

Mark Teixeira
Robinson Canó
Adrián Beltré
J. J.  Hardy
Alex Gordon[e]
Adam Jones[c]
Josh Reddick [d]
Matt Wieters
Jeremy Hellickson &Jake Peavy

2013

Eric Hosmer
Dustin Pedroia
Manny Machado
J. J. Hardy
Alex Gordon[e]
Adam Jones[c]
Shane Victorino [d]
Salvador Pérez
R.A. Dickey

2014

Eric Hosmer
Dustin Pedroia
Kyle Seager
J. J. Hardy
Alex Gordon[e]
Adam Jones[c]
Nick Markakis[d]
Salvador Pérez
Dallas Keuchel

2015

Eric Hosmer
José Altuve
Manny Machado
Alcides Escobar
Yoenis Céspedes[e]
Kevin Kiermaier[c]
Kole Calhoun[d]
Salvador Pérez
Dallas Keuchel

2016

Mitch Moreland
Ian Kinsler
Adrián Beltré
Francisco Lindor
Brett Gardner[e]
Kevin Kiermaier[c]
Mookie Betts[d]
Salvador Pérez
Dallas Keuchel

2017

Eric Hosmer
Brian Dozier
Evan Longoria
Andrelton Simmons
Alex Gordon[e]
Byron Buxton[c]
Mookie Betts[d]
Martín Maldonado
Marcus Stroman

text:
Gold Glove winners in the National League, listed by position

Year

1B

2B

3B

SS

OF

OF

OF

C

P

1957[b]

Gil Hodges
Nellie Fox
Frank Malzone
Roy McMillan
Minnie Miñoso[e]
Al Kaline[d]
Willie Mays**[c]
Sherm Lollar
Bobby Shantz

1958

Gil Hodges
Bill Mazeroski
Ken Boyer
Roy McMillan
Hank Aaron[d]
Frank Robinson[e]
Willie Mays**[c]
Del Crandall
Harvey Haddix

1959

Gil Hodges
Charlie Neal
Ken Boyer
Roy McMillan
Hank Aaron[d]
Jackie Brandt[e]
Willie Mays**[c]
Del Crandall
Harvey Haddix

1960

Bill White
Bill Mazeroski
Ken Boyer
Ernie Banks
Hank Aaron[d]
Wally Moon[e]
Willie Mays**[c]
Del Crandall
Harvey Haddix

1961

Bill White
Bill Mazeroski
Ken Boyer
Maury Wills
Vada Pinson
Roberto Clemente**
Willie Mays**
Johnny Roseboro
Bobby Shantz

1962

Bill White
Ken Hubbs
Jim Davenport
Maury Wills
Bill Virdon
Roberto Clemente**
Willie Mays**
Del Crandall
Bobby Shantz

1963

Bill White
Bill Mazeroski
Ken Boyer
Bobby Wine
Curt Flood
Roberto Clemente**
Willie Mays**
Johnny Edwards
Bobby Shantz

1964

Bill White
Bill Mazeroski
Ron Santo
Rubén Amaro Sr.
Curt Flood
Roberto Clemente**
Willie Mays**
Johnny Edwards
Bobby Shantz

1965

Bill White
Bill Mazeroski
Ron Santo
Leo Cárdenas
Curt Flood
Roberto Clemente**
Willie Mays**
Joe Torre
Bob Gibson

1966

Bill White
Bill Mazeroski
Ron Santo
Gene Alley
Curt Flood
Roberto Clemente**
Willie Mays**
Johnny Roseboro
Bob Gibson

1967

Wes Parker
Bill Mazeroski
Ron Santo
Gene Alley
Curt Flood
Roberto Clemente**
Willie Mays**
Randy Hundley
Bob Gibson

1968

Wes Parker
Glenn Beckert
Ron Santo
Dal Maxvill
Curt Flood
Roberto Clemente**
Willie Mays**
Johnny Bench
Bob Gibson

1969

Wes Parker
Félix Millán
Clete Boyer
Don Kessinger
Curt Flood
Roberto Clemente**
Pete Rose
Johnny Bench
Bob Gibson

1970

Wes Parker
Tommy Helms
Doug Rader
Don Kessinger
Tommie Agee
Roberto Clemente**
Pete Rose
Johnny Bench
Bob Gibson

1971

Wes Parker
Tommy Helms
Doug Rader
Bud Harrelson
Willie Davis
Roberto Clemente**
Bobby Bonds
Johnny Bench
Bob Gibson

1972

Wes Parker
Félix Millán
Doug Rader
Larry Bowa
Willie Davis
Roberto Clemente**
César Cedeño
Johnny Bench
Bob Gibson

1973

Mike Jorgensen
Joe Morgan
Doug Rader
Roger Metzger
Willie Davis
Bobby Bonds
César Cedeño
Johnny Bench
Bob Gibson

1974

Steve Garvey
Joe Morgan
Doug Rader
Dave Concepción
César Gerónimo
Bobby Bonds
César Cedeño
Johnny Bench
Andy Messersmith

1975

Steve Garvey
Joe Morgan
Ken Reitz
Dave Concepción
César Gerónimo
Garry Maddox
César Cedeño
Johnny Bench
Andy Messersmith

1976

Steve Garvey
Joe Morgan
Mike Schmidt
Dave Concepción
César Gerónimo
Garry Maddox
César Cedeño
Johnny Bench
Jim Kaat

1977

Steve Garvey
Joe Morgan
Mike Schmidt
Dave Concepción
César Gerónimo
Garry Maddox
Dave Parker
Johnny Bench
Jim Kaat

1978

Keith Hernandez*
Davey Lopes
Mike Schmidt
Larry Bowa
Ellis Valentine
Garry Maddox
Dave Parker
Bob Boone
Phil Niekro

1979

Keith Hernandez*
Manny Trillo
Mike Schmidt
Dave Concepción
Dave Winfield
Garry Maddox
Dave Parker
Bob Boone
Phil Niekro

1980

Keith Hernandez*
Doug Flynn
Mike Schmidt
Ozzie Smith*
Dave Winfield
Garry Maddox
Andre Dawson
Gary Carter
Phil Niekro

1981

Keith Hernandez*
Manny Trillo
Mike Schmidt
Ozzie Smith*
Dusty Baker
Garry Maddox
Andre Dawson
Gary Carter
Steve Carlton

1982

Keith Hernandez*
Manny Trillo
Mike Schmidt
Ozzie Smith*
Dale Murphy
Garry Maddox
Andre Dawson
Gary Carter
Phil Niekro

1983

Keith Hernandez*
Ryne Sandberg
Mike Schmidt
Ozzie Smith*
Dale Murphy
Willie McGee
Andre Dawson
Tony Peña
Phil Niekro

1984

Keith Hernandez*
Ryne Sandberg
Mike Schmidt
Ozzie Smith*
Dale Murphy
Bob Dernier
Andre Dawson
Tony Peña
Joaquín Andújar

1985

Keith Hernandez*
Ryne Sandberg
Tim Wallach
Ozzie Smith*
Dale Murphy
Willie McGee
Andre Dawson
Tony Peña
Rick Reuschel

1986

Keith Hernandez*
Ryne Sandberg
Mike Schmidt
Ozzie Smith*
Dale Murphy
Willie McGee
Tony Gwynn
Jody Davis
Fernando Valenzuela

1987

Keith Hernandez*
Ryne Sandberg
Terry Pendleton
Ozzie Smith*
Eric Davis
Andre Dawson
Tony Gwynn
Mike LaValliere
Rick Reuschel

1988

Keith Hernandez*
Ryne Sandberg
Tim Wallach
Ozzie Smith*
Eric Davis
Andre Dawson
Andy Van Slyke
Benito Santiago
Orel Hershiser

1989

Andrés Galarraga
Ryne Sandberg
Terry Pendleton
Ozzie Smith*
Eric Davis
Tony Gwynn
Andy Van Slyke
Benito Santiago
Ron Darling

1990

Andrés Galarraga
Ryne Sandberg
Tim Wallach
Ozzie Smith*
Barry Bonds
Tony Gwynn
Andy Van Slyke
Benito Santiago
Greg Maddux*

1991

Will Clark
Ryne Sandberg
Matt Williams
Ozzie Smith*
Barry Bonds
Tony Gwynn
Andy Van Slyke
Tom Pagnozzi
Greg Maddux*

1992

Mark Grace
José Lind
Terry Pendleton
Ozzie Smith*
Barry Bonds
Larry Walker
Andy Van Slyke
Tom Pagnozzi
Greg Maddux*

1993

Mark Grace
Robby Thompson
Matt Williams
Jay Bell
Barry Bonds
Larry Walker
Marquis Grissom
Kirt Manwaring
Greg Maddux*

1994

Jeff Bagwell
Craig Biggio
Matt Williams
Barry Larkin
Barry Bonds
Darren Lewis
Marquis Grissom
Tom Pagnozzi
Greg Maddux*

1995

Mark Grace
Craig Biggio
Ken Caminiti
Barry Larkin
Raúl Mondesí
Steve Finley
Marquis Grissom
Charles Johnson
Greg Maddux*

1996

Mark Grace
Craig Biggio
Ken Caminiti
Barry Larkin
Barry Bonds
Steve Finley
Marquis Grissom
Charles Johnson
Greg Maddux*

1997

J. T. Snow
Craig Biggio
Ken Caminiti
Rey Ordóñez
Barry Bonds
Larry Walker
Raúl Mondesí
Charles Johnson
Greg Maddux*

1998

J. T. Snow
Bret Boone
Scott Rolen
Rey Ordóñez
Barry Bonds
Larry Walker
Andruw Jones
Charles Johnson
Greg Maddux*

1999

J. T. Snow
Pokey Reese
Robin Ventura
Rey Ordóñez
Steve Finley
Larry Walker
Andruw Jones
Mike Lieberthal
Greg Maddux*

2000

J. T. Snow
Pokey Reese
Scott Rolen
Neifi Pérez
Steve Finley
Jim Edmonds
Andruw Jones
Mike Matheny
Greg Maddux*

2001

Todd Helton
Fernando Viña
Scott Rolen
Orlando Cabrera
Larry Walker
Jim Edmonds
Andruw Jones
Brad Ausmus
Greg Maddux*

2002

Todd Helton
Fernando Viña
Scott Rolen
Édgar Rentería
Larry Walker
Jim Edmonds
Andruw Jones
Brad Ausmus
Greg Maddux*

2003

Derrek Lee
Luis Castillo
Scott Rolen
Édgar Rentería
José Cruz Jr.
Jim Edmonds
Andruw Jones
Mike Matheny
Mike Hampton

2004

Todd Helton
Luis Castillo
Scott Rolen
César Izturis
Steve Finley
Jim Edmonds
Andruw Jones
Mike Matheny
Greg Maddux*

2005

Derrek Lee
Luis Castillo
Mike Lowell
Omar Vizquel
Bobby Abreu
Jim Edmonds
Andruw Jones
Mike Matheny
Greg Maddux*

2006

Albert Pujols
Orlando Hudson
Scott Rolen
Omar Vizquel
Mike Cameron
Carlos Beltrán
Andruw Jones
Brad Ausmus
Greg Maddux*

2007

Derrek Lee
Orlando Hudson
David Wright
Jimmy Rollins
Aaron Rowand &Jeff Francoeur
Carlos Beltrán
Andruw Jones
Russell Martin
Greg Maddux*

2008

Adrian Gonzalez
Brandon Phillips
David Wright
Jimmy Rollins
Nate McLouth
Carlos Beltrán
Shane Victorino
Yadier Molina
Greg Maddux*

2009

Adrian Gonzalez
Orlando Hudson
Ryan Zimmerman
Jimmy Rollins
Michael Bourn
Matt Kemp
Shane Victorino
Yadier Molina
Adam Wainwright

2010

Albert Pujols
Brandon Phillips
Scott Rolen
Troy Tulowitzki
Michael Bourn
Carlos González
Shane Victorino
Yadier Molina
Bronson Arroyo

2011

Joey Votto
Brandon Phillips
Plácido Polanco
Troy Tulowitzki
Gerardo Parra[e]
Matt Kemp[c]
Andre Ethier[d]
Yadier Molina
Clayton Kershaw

2012

Adam LaRoche
Darwin Barney
Chase Headley
Jimmy Rollins
Carlos González[e]
Andrew McCutchen[c]
Jason Heyward[d]
Yadier Molina
Mark Buehrle

2013

Paul Goldschmidt
Brandon Phillips
Nolan Arenado
Andrelton Simmons
Carlos González[e]
Carlos Gómez[c]
Gerardo Parra[d]
Yadier Molina
Adam Wainwright

2014

Adrian Gonzalez
DJ LeMahieu
Nolan Arenado
Andrelton Simmons
Christian Yelich[e]
Juan Lagares[c]
Jason Heyward[d]
Yadier Molina
Zack Greinke

2015

Paul Goldschmidt
Dee Gordon
Nolan Arenado
Brandon Crawford
Starling Marte[e]
A. J. Pollock[c]
Jason Heyward[d]
Yadier Molina
Zack Greinke

2016

Anthony Rizzo
Joe Panik
Nolan Arenado
Brandon Crawford
Starling Marte[e]
Ender Inciarte[c]
Jason Heyward[d]
Buster Posey
Zack Greinke

2017

Paul Goldschmidt
DJ LeMahieu
Nolan Arenado
Brandon Crawford
Marcell Ozuna[e]
Ender Inciarte[c]
Jason Heyward[d]
Tucker Barnhart
Zack Greinke

text:
Gold Glove winners in the National Pro Fastpitch league, listed by position

Year

1B

2B

3B

SS

OF

OF

OF

C

P

2016

AJ Andrews

2017

Chelsea Goodacre

text: All-time Gold Glove Team[edit]

text: On February 20, 2007, Major League Baseball and Rawlings announced that an all-time Gold Glove Team would be named during the 50th anniversary of the first Gold Glove Awards.[49] Rawlings asked 70 baseball reporters, former players and former managers to select 50 names for the ballot, from an initial selection of 250 names.[50] The team was selected by fans, who voted at the Rawlings Gold Glove website, at United States Postal Service offices, and at sporting goods stores. The results were announced at the 2007 Major League Baseball All-Star Game.[51]

text:
All-time Gold Glove Team members by position

First base

Wes Parker

Second base

Joe Morgan

Third base

Brooks Robinson*

Shortstop

Ozzie Smith*

Outfield

Willie Mays**

Roberto Clemente**

Ken Griffey Jr.

Catcher

Johnny Bench

Pitcher

Greg Maddux*

text: Teammates[edit]

text: Middle infield duos[edit]

text: In the history of the Gold Glove Award, there have been eleven double-play combinations, or pairs of middle infielders,[52] that have won awards in the same year. Shortstops and second basemen depend upon each other for the majority of double plays. The most common type of double play occurs with a runner on first base and a ground ball hit towards the middle of the infield. The player fielding the ball (generally the shortstop or second baseman) throws to the fielder covering second base, who steps on the base before the runner from first arrives to force that runner out, and then throws the ball to the first baseman to force out the batter for the second out.[53] Mark Belanger won four Gold Gloves with the Baltimore Orioles alongside winning partner Bobby Grich, and Joe Morgan paired with Dave Concepción for four combination wins with the Cincinnati Reds. The most recent teammates to accomplish the feat are Brandon Crawford and Joe Panik, who won with the San Francisco Giants in 2016.

text:
Double-play combinations to win Gold Gloves for the same team in the same season

Shortstop

Second baseman

Team

Times won

Years

Ref(s)

Luis Aparicio

Nellie Fox

Chicago White Sox
2
1959–1960
[54][55]

Gene Alley

Bill Mazeroski

Pittsburgh Pirates
2
1966–1967
[56][57]

Jim Fregosi

Bobby Knoop

California Angels
1
1967
[58]

Mark Belanger

Davey Johnson

Baltimore Orioles
2
1969, 1971
[59][60]

Mark Belanger

Bobby Grich

Baltimore Orioles
4
1973–1976
[61][62][63][64]

Dave Concepción

Joe Morgan

Cincinnati Reds
4
1974–1977
[65][66][67][68]

Alan Trammell

Lou Whitaker

Detroit Tigers
2
1983–1984
[69][70]

Omar Vizquel

Roberto Alomar*

Cleveland Indians
3
1999–2001
[71][72][73]

Édgar Rentería

Fernando Viña

St. Louis Cardinals
1
2002
[74]

Derek Jeter

Robinson Canó

New York Yankees
1
2010
[75]

Brandon Crawford

Joe Panik

San Francisco Giants
1
2016
[76]

text: Batteries[edit]

text: Since 1957, there have been five Gold Glove batteries. The pitcher and catcher, collectively known as the battery, are the only two players on the field involved in every pitch. In particular, the pitcher and catcher control the running game with tools such as pickoffs or the strength of the catcher's throwing arm.[77] The first pitcher and catcher on the same team to win Gold Gloves in the same year were Jim Kaat and Earl Battey, with the Minnesota Twins in 1962. Only two pairs of batterymates have won Gold Gloves together more than once: Iván Rodríguez and Kenny Rogers won with the Texas Rangers in 2000, and again with the Detroit Tigers in 2004 and 2006. Yadier Molina and Adam Wainwright matched the feat, winning in both 2009 and 2013.

text:
Batterymates to win Gold Gloves for the same team in the same season

Pitcher

Catcher

Teams

Times won

Year

Ref

Jim Kaat

Earl Battey

Minnesota Twins
1
1962
[78]

Rick Reuschel

Tony Peña

Pittsburgh Pirates
1
1985
[79]

Bret Saberhagen

Bob Boone

Kansas City Royals
1
1989
[80]

Kenny Rogers

Iván Rodríguez*

Texas Rangers
3
2000
[81]

Detroit Tigers
2004, 2006
[82]

Adam Wainwright

Yadier Molina

St. Louis Cardinals
2
2009, 2013
[83][84]

text: Platinum Glove Award[edit]

text: In 2011, Rawlings added an annual Platinum Glove Award awarded to the best defensive player in each league as voted by fans.[85]

text:
Year

American League

National League

Player

Team

Position

Player

Team

Position

2011

Adrián Beltré

Texas Rangers

3B

Yadier Molina

St. Louis Cardinals

C

2012

Adrián Beltré (2)

Texas Rangers

3B

Yadier Molina (2)

St. Louis Cardinals

C

2013

Manny Machado

Baltimore Orioles

3B

Andrelton Simmons

Atlanta Braves

SS

2014

Alex Gordon

Kansas City Royals

LF

Yadier Molina (3)

St. Louis Cardinals

C

2015

Kevin Kiermaier

Tampa Bay Rays

CF

Yadier Molina (4)

St. Louis Cardinals

C

2016

Francisco Lindor

Cleveland Indians

SS

Anthony Rizzo

Chicago Cubs

1B

2017

Byron Buxton

Minnesota Twins

CF

Nolan Arenado

Colorado Rockies

3B

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ From 1957 to 1960, and since 2011, individual awards were specified for left fielder, center fielder, and right fielder. From 1961 to 2010, the prize was presented to three outfielders irrespective of their specific position.

^ Jump up to: a b In 1957, Gold Gloves were given to the top fielders in Major League Baseball, instead of separate awards for the National and American Leagues; therefore, the winners are the same in each table.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Won as a center fielder

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Won as a right fielder

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Won as a left fielder

tag: ol


document_title: National debt of the United States

question_text: what percentage of the u.s. public debt is held by federal agencies and the federal reserve

question_tokens: what percentage of the u.s. public debt is held by federal agencies and the federal reserve

text: National debt of the United States

text: History[edit]

text: The United States government has continuously had a fluctuating public debt since its formation in 1789, except for about a year during 1835–1836, a period in which president Andrew Jackson completely paid the national debt. To allow comparisons over the years, public debt is often expressed as a ratio to gross domestic product (GDP).

text: The United States public debt as a percentage of GDP reached its highest level during Harry Truman's first presidential term, during and after World War II. Public debt as a percentage of GDP fell rapidly in the post-World War II period, and reached a low in 1974 under Richard Nixon. Debt as a share of GDP has consistently increased since then, except during the presidencies of Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton.

text: Public debt rose sharply during the 1980s, as Ronald Reagan cut tax rates and increased military spending. It fell during the 1990s, due to decreased military spending, increased taxes and the 1990s boom. Public debt rose sharply in the wake of the 2007–2008 financial crisis and the resulting significant tax revenue declines and spending increases.[9]

text: According to articles in the Washington Post and in the Wall Street Journal[10][11] based on documents released on October 29, 2018 by the Treasury Department[12] the Department estimates that by the fourth quarter, it will issue c. $1.338 trillion in debt. This would be the highest debt issuance since 2010, when it reached $1.586 trillion. As cited in the Wall Street Journal, in 2018, "higher government spending" and "stagnant", "sluggish tax revenues" "push[ed] the deficit higher".[10] The Treasury anticipates that the total "net marketable debt" in the fourth quarter will reach $425 billion; which would raise the 2018 "total debt issuance" to over a trillion dollars of new debt, which represents doubling the amount issued in 2017. According to the Journal, that is the highest fourth quarter issuance "since 2008, at the height of the financial crisis." and  [10]

text: Valuation and measurement[edit]

text: Public and government accounts[edit]

text: As of July 31, 2018, debt held by the public was $15.6 trillion and intragovernmental holdings were $5.7 trillion, for a total of $21 trillion.[5] Debt held by the public was approximately 77% of GDP in 2017, ranked 43rd highest out of 207 countries.[6] The Congressional Budget Office forecast in April 2018 that the ratio will rise to nearly 100% by 2028, perhaps higher if current policies are extended beyond their scheduled expiration date.[7]

text: The national debt can also be classified into marketable or non-marketable securities. Most of the marketable securities are Treasury notes, bills, and bonds held by investors and governments globally. The non-marketable securities are mainly the "government account series" owed to certain government trust funds such as the Social Security Trust Fund, which represented $2.74 trillion in 2011.[13]

text: The non-marketable securities represent amounts owed to program beneficiaries. For example, in the case of the Social Security Trust Fund, the payroll taxes dedicated to Social Security were credited to the Trust Fund upon receipt, but spent for other purposes. If the government continues to run deficits in other parts of the budget, the government will have to issue debt held by the public to fund the Social Security Trust Fund, in effect exchanging one type of debt for the other.[14] Other large intragovernmental holders include the Federal Housing Administration, the Federal Savings and Loan Corporation's Resolution Fund and the Federal Hospital Insurance Trust Fund (Medicare).[citation needed]

text: Accounting treatment[edit]

text: Only debt held by the public is reported as a liability on the consolidated financial statements of the United States government. Debt held by government accounts is an asset to those accounts but a liability to the Treasury; they offset each other in the consolidated financial statements.[15]

text: Government receipts and expenditures are normally presented on a cash rather than an accrual basis, although the accrual basis may provide more information on the longer-term implications of the government's annual operations.[16] The United States public debt is often expressed as a ratio of public debt to gross domestic product (GDP). The ratio of debt to GDP may decrease as a result of a government surplus as well as due to growth of GDP and inflation.[citation needed]

text: Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac obligations excluded[edit]

text: Under normal accounting rules, fully owned companies would be consolidated into the books of their owners, but the large size of Fannie and Freddie has made the U.S. government reluctant to incorporate Freddie and Fannie into its own books. When Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae required bail-outs, White House Budget Director Jim Nussle, on September 12, 2008, initially indicated their budget plans would not incorporate the GSE debt into the budget because of the temporary nature of the conservator intervention.[17]  As the intervention has dragged out, pundits have started to further question this accounting treatment, noting that changes in August 2012 "makes them even more permanent wards of the state and turns the government's preferred stock into a permanent, perpetual kind of security".[18]

text: The government controls the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, which would normally criticize inconsistent accounting practices, but it does not oversee its own government's accounting practices or the standards set by the Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board. The on- or off-balance sheet obligations of those two independent GSEs was just over $5 trillion at the time the conservatorship was put in place, consisting mainly of mortgage payment guarantees and agency bonds.[19] The confusing independent but government-controlled status of the GSEs has resulted in investors of the legacy common shares and preferred shares launching various activist campaigns in 2014.[20]

text: Guaranteed obligations excluded[edit]

text: U.S. federal government guarantees are not included in the public debt total, until such time as there is a call on the guarantees. For example, the U.S. federal government in late-2008 guaranteed large amounts of obligations of mutual funds, banks, and corporations under several programs designed to deal with the problems arising from the late-2000s financial crisis. The guarantee program lapsed at the end of 2012 when Congress declined to extend the scheme. The funding of direct investments made in response to the crisis, such as those made under the Troubled Assets Relief Program, are included in the debt.

text: Unfunded obligations excluded[edit]

text: The U.S. government is obligated under current law to make mandatory payments for programs such as Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) projects that payouts for these programs will significantly exceed tax revenues over the next 75 years. The Medicare Part A (hospital insurance) payouts already exceed program tax revenues, and social security payouts exceeded payroll taxes in fiscal 2010. These deficits require funding from other tax sources or borrowing.[21] The present value of these deficits or unfunded obligations is an estimated $45.8 trillion. This is the amount that would have had to be set aside in 2009 in order to pay for the unfunded obligations which, under current law, will have to be raised by the government in the future. Approximately $7.7 trillion relates to Social Security, while $38.2 trillion relates to Medicare and Medicaid. In other words, health care programs will require nearly five times more funding than Social Security. Adding this to the national debt and other federal obligations would bring total obligations to nearly $62 trillion.[22] However, these unfunded obligations are not counted in the national debt, as shown in monthly Treasury reports of the national debt.[23]

text: Measuring debt burden[edit]

text: GDP is a measure of the total size and output of the economy. One measure of the debt burden is its size relative to GDP, called the "debt-to-GDP ratio." Mathematically, this is the debt divided by the GDP amount. The Congressional Budget Office includes historical budget and debt tables along with its annual "Budget and Economic Outlook." Debt held by the public as a percentage of GDP rose from 34.7% GDP in 2000 to 40.5% in 2008 and 67.7% in 2011.[24]

text: Mathematically, the ratio can decrease even while debt grows if the rate of increase in GDP (which also takes account of inflation) is higher than the rate of increase of debt. Conversely, the debt to GDP ratio can increase even while debt is being reduced, if the decline in GDP is sufficient.

text: According to the CIA World Factbook, during 2015, the U.S. debt to GDP ratio of 73.6% was the 39th highest in the world. This was measured using "debt held by the public."[25] However, $1 trillion in additional borrowing since the end of FY 2015 has raised the ratio to 76.2% as of April 2016 [See Appendix#National debt for selected years]. Also, this number excludes state and local debt. According to the OECD, general government gross debt (federal, state, and local) in the United States in the fourth quarter of 2015 was $22.5 trillion (125% of GDP); subtracting out $5.25 trillion for intergovernmental federal debt to count only federal "debt held by the public" gives 96% of GDP.[26]

text: The ratio is higher if the total national debt is used, by adding the "intragovernmental debt" to the "debt held by the public." For example, on April 29, 2016, debt held by the public was approximately $13.84 trillion or about 76% of GDP. Intra-governmental holdings stood at $5.35 trillion, giving a combined total public debt of $19.19 trillion. U.S. GDP for the previous 12 months was approximately $18.15 trillion, for a total debt to GDP ratio of approximately 106%.[27]

text: Calculating the annual change in debt[edit]

text: Conceptually, an annual deficit (or surplus) should represent the change in the national debt, with a deficit adding to the national debt and a surplus reducing it. However, there is complexity in the budgetary computations that can make the deficit figure commonly reported in the media (the "total deficit") considerably different from the annual increase in the debt. The major categories of differences are the treatment of the Social Security program, Treasury borrowing, and supplemental appropriations outside the budget process.[28]

text: Social Security payroll taxes and benefit payments, along with the net balance of the U.S. Postal Service, are considered "off-budget", while most other expenditure and receipt categories are considered "on-budget". The total federal deficit is the sum of the on-budget deficit (or surplus) and the off-budget deficit (or surplus). Since FY1960, the federal government has run on-budget deficits except for FY1999 and FY2000, and total federal deficits except in FY1969 and FY1998–FY2001.[29]

text: For example, in January 2009 the CBO reported that for fiscal year 2008 (FY2008) the "on-budget deficit" was $638 billion, offset by an "off-budget surplus" (mainly due to Social Security revenue in excess of payouts) of $183 billion, for a "total deficit" of $455 billion. This latter figure is the one commonly reported in the media. However, an additional $313 billion was required for "the Treasury actions aimed at stabilizing the financial markets," an unusually high amount due to the subprime mortgage crisis.  This meant that the "debt held by the public" increased by $768 billion ($455B + $313B = $768B). The "off-budget surplus" was borrowed and spent (as is typically the case), increasing the "intra-governmental debt" by $183 billion. So the total increase in the "National debt" in FY2008 was $768B +$183B = $951 billion.[28] The Treasury Department reported an increase in the National Debt of $1,017B for FY2008.[30] The $66 billion difference is likely due to "supplemental appropriations" for the War on Terror, some of which were outside the budget process entirely until President Obama began including most of them in his FY2010 budget.[31]

text: In other words, spending the "off budget" Social Security surplus adds to the total national debt (by increasing the intragovernmental debt) while the "off-budget" surplus reduces the "total" deficit reported in the media. Certain spending called "supplemental appropriations" is outside the budget process entirely but adds to the national debt. Funding for the Iraq and Afghanistan wars was accounted for this way prior to the Obama administration.[31] Certain stimulus measures and earmarks were also outside the budget process. The federal government publishes the total debt owed (public and intragovernmental holdings) monthly.[32]

text: Reduction[edit]

text: Negative real interest rates[edit]

text: Since 2010, the U.S. Treasury has been obtaining negative real interest rates on government debt, meaning the inflation rate is greater than the interest rate paid on the debt.[33] Such low rates, outpaced by the inflation rate, occur when the market believes that there are no alternatives with sufficiently low risk, or when popular institutional investments such as insurance companies, pensions, or bond, money market, and balanced mutual funds are required or choose to invest sufficiently large sums in Treasury securities to hedge against risk.[34][35]

text: Economist Lawrence Summers has stated that at such low interest rates, government borrowing actually saves taxpayer money and improves creditworthiness.[36]

text: In the late 1940s through the early 1970s, the US and UK both reduced their debt burden by about 30% to 40% of GDP per decade by taking advantage of negative real interest rates, but there is no guarantee that government debt rates will continue to stay this low.[34][37] Between 1946 and 1974, the US debt-to-GDP ratio fell from 121% to 32% even though there were surpluses in only eight of those years which were much smaller than the deficits.[38]

text: Raising reserve requirements and full reserve banking[edit]

text: The two economists, Jaromir Benes and Michael Kumhof, working for the International Monetary Fund, published a working paper called The Chicago Plan Revisited suggesting that the debt could be eliminated by raising bank reserve requirements and converting from fractional reserve banking to full reserve banking.[39][40] Economists at the Paris School of Economics have commented on the plan, stating that it is already the status quo for coinage currency,[41] and a Norges Bank economist has examined the proposal in the context of considering the finance industry as part of the real economy.[42] A Centre for Economic Policy Research paper agrees with the conclusion that "no real liability is created by new fiat money creation, and therefore public debt does not rise as a result."[43]

text: Debt ceiling[edit]

text: The debt ceiling is a legislative mechanism to limit the amount of national debt that can be issued by the Treasury. In effect, it will restrain the Treasury from paying for expenditures after the limit has been reached, even if the expenditures have already been approved (in the budget) and have been appropriated. If this situation were to occur, it is unclear whether Treasury would be able to prioritize payments on debt to avoid a default on its debt obligations, but it would have to default on some of its non-debt obligations.

text: Debt holdings[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Because a large variety of people own the notes, bills, and bonds in the "public" portion of the debt, Treasury also publishes information that groups the types of holders by general categories to portray who owns United States debt. In this data set, some of the public portion is moved and combined with the total government portion, because this amount is owned by the Federal Reserve as part of United States monetary policy. (See Federal Reserve System.)

text: As is apparent from the chart, a little less than half of the total national debt is owed to the "Federal Reserve and intragovernmental holdings". The foreign and international holders of the debt are also put together from the notes, bills, and bonds sections. To the right is a chart for the data as of June 2008:

text: Foreign holdings[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: As of September 2014, foreigners owned $6.06 trillion of U.S. debt, or approximately 47 percent of the debt held by the public of $12.8 trillion and 34 percent of the total debt of $17.8 trillion.[44] As of  2018[update], the largest holders were China, Japan, Ireland, and Brazil.[46]

text: The share held by foreign governments has grown over time, rising from 13 percent of the public debt in 1988[47] to 25 percent in 2007.[48]

text: As of September 2014, the largest single holder of U.S. government debt was China, with 21 percent of all foreign-held U.S. Treasury securities (10 percent of total U.S. public debt).[49] China's holdings of government debt as a percentage of all foreign-held government debt are up significantly since 2000, when China held just six percent of all foreign-held U.S. Treasury securities.[50]

text: This exposure to potential financial or political risk should foreign banks stop buying Treasury securities or start selling them heavily was addressed in a June 2008 report issued by the Bank of International Settlements, which stated: "Foreign investors in U.S. dollar assets have seen big losses measured in dollars, and still bigger ones measured in their own currency. While unlikely, indeed highly improbable for public sector investors, a sudden rush for the exits cannot be ruled out completely."[51]

text: On May 20, 2007, Kuwait discontinued pegging its currency exclusively to the dollar, preferring to use the dollar in a basket of currencies.[citation needed] Syria made a similar announcement on June 4, 2007.[52] In September 2009 China, India and Russia indicated that they were interested in buying International Monetary Fund gold to diversify their dollar-denominated securities.[53] However, in July 2010, China's State Administration of Foreign Exchange "ruled out the option of dumping its vast holdings of US Treasury securities" and stated that gold "cannot become a main channel for investing our foreign exchange reserves" because the market for gold is too small and prices are too volatile.[citation needed]

text: According to Paul Krugman, "America actually earns more from its assets abroad than it pays to foreign investors."[54] Nonetheless, the country's net international investment position represents a debt of more than $7 trillion.[citation needed]

text: Forecasting[edit]

text: CBO ten-year outlook 2018-2028[edit]

text: The CBO estimated the impact of Trump's tax cuts and separate spending legislation over the 2018-2028 period in their annual "Budget & Economic Outlook", released in April 2018:

text:
The budget deficit in fiscal 2018 (which runs from October 1, 2017 to September 30, 2018, the first year budgeted by President Trump) is forecast to be $804 billion, an increase of $139 billion (21%) from the $665 billion in 2017 and up $242 billion (39%) over the previous baseline forecast (June 2017) of $580 billion for 2018.  The June 2017 forecast was essentially the budget trajectory inherited from President Obama; it was prepared prior to the Tax Act and other spending increases under President Trump.
For the 2018-2027 period, CBO projects the sum of the annual deficits (i.e., debt increase) to be $11.7 trillion, an increase of $1.6 trillion (16%) over the previous baseline (June 2017) forecast of $10.1 trillion.
The $1.6 trillion debt increase includes three main elements: 1) $1.7 trillion less in revenues due to the tax cuts; 2) $1.0 trillion more in spending; and 3) Partially offsetting incremental revenue of $1.1 trillion due to higher economic growth than previously forecast.
Debt held by the public is expected to rise from 78% of GDP ($16 trillion) at the end of 2018 to 96% GDP ($29 trillion) by 2028. That would be the highest level since the end of World War Two.
CBO estimated under an alternative scenario (in which policies in place as of April 2018 are maintained beyond scheduled initiation or expiration) that deficits would be considerably higher, rising by $13.7 trillion over the 2018-2027 period, an increase of $3.6 trillion over the June 2017 baseline forecast. Maintaining current policies for example would include extending the individual Trump tax cuts past their scheduled expiration in 2025, among other changes.
The debt increase of $1.6 trillion represents approximately $12,700 per household (assuming 126.2 million households in 2017), while the $3.6 trillion represents $28,500 per household.[7]

text: CBO long-term outlook[edit]

text: The CBO reports its Long-Term Budget Outlook annually, providing at least two scenarios for spending, revenue, deficits, and debt. The 2014 Outlook mainly covers the 25-year period through 2039. The "extended baseline scenario" assumes that the laws currently on the books will be implemented, for the most part. The CBO reported in July 2014 that under this scenario:

text: If current laws remained generally unchanged in the future, federal debt held by the public would decline slightly relative to GDP over the next few years. After that, however, growing budget deficits would push debt back to and above its current high level. Twenty-five years from now, in 2039, federal debt held by the public would exceed 100 percent of GDP. Moreover, debt would be on an upward path relative to the size of the economy, a trend that could not be sustained indefinitely. By 2039, the deficit would equal 6.5 percent of GDP, larger than in any year between 1947 and 2008, and federal debt held by the public would reach 106 percent of GDP, more than in any year except 1946—even without factoring in the economic effects of growing debt.[55]

text: The "extended alternative fiscal scenario" assumes the continuation of present trends, which result in a more unfavorable debt position and adverse economic consequences relative to the baseline scenario. The CBO reported in July 2014 that under this scenario:

text: [C]ertain policies that are now in place but are scheduled to change under current law are assumed to continue, and some provisions of current law that might be difficult to sustain for a long period are assumed to be modified. Under that scenario, deficits excluding interest payments would be about $2 trillion larger over the first decade than those under the baseline; subsequently, such deficits would be larger than those under the extended baseline by rapidly increasing amounts, doubling as a percentage of GDP in less than 10 years. CBO projects that real GNP in 2039 would be about 5 percent lower under the extended alternative fiscal scenario than under the extended baseline with economic feedback, and that interest rates would be about three-quarters of a percentage point higher. Reflecting the budgetary effects of those economic developments, federal debt would rise to 183 percent of GDP in 2039.[55]

text: Over the long-term, the CBO projects that interest expense and mandatory spending categories (e.g., Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security) will continue to grow relative to GDP, while discretionary categories (e.g., Defense and other Cabinet Departments) continue to fall relative to GDP. Debt is projected to continue rising relative to GDP under the above two scenarios, although the CBO did also offer other scenarios that involved austerity measures that would bring the debt to GDP ratio down.[55]

text: The CBO estimated under the baseline scenario that the U.S. debt held by the public would increase approximately $8.5 trillion between the end of 2014 and 2024. Under a $2 trillion deficit reduction scenario during that first decade, federal debt held by the public in 2039 would stand at 75 percent of GDP, only slightly above the value of 72 percent at the end of 2013. Under a $4 trillion deficit reduction scenario for that decade, federal debt held by the public would fall to 42 percent of GDP in 2039. By comparison, such debt comprised 35 percent of GDP in 2007 and has averaged 39 percent of GDP during the past 40 years.[55]

text: The CBO reported in September 2011: "The nation cannot continue to sustain the spending programs and policies of the past with the tax revenues it has been accustomed to paying. Citizens will either have to pay more for their government, accept less in government services and benefits, or both."[56]

text: Risks and debates[edit]

text: CBO risk factors[edit]

text: The CBO reported several types of risk factors related to rising debt levels in a July 2010 publication:

text:
A growing portion of savings would go towards purchases of government debt, rather than investments in productive capital goods such as factories and computers, leading to lower output and incomes than would otherwise occur;
If higher marginal tax rates were used to pay rising interest costs, savings would be reduced and work would be discouraged;
Rising interest costs would force reductions in government programs;
Restrictions to the ability of policymakers to use fiscal policy to respond to economic challenges; and
An increased risk of a sudden fiscal crisis, in which investors demand higher interest rates.[57]

text: Concerns over Chinese holdings of U.S. debt[edit]

text: Many American and other economic analysts have expressed concerns on account of the People's Republic of China's "extensive" holdings of United States government debt,[58][59] as part of their reserves.

text: The National Defense Authorization Act of the fiscal year 2012 included a provision requiring the Secretary of Defense to conduct a "national security risk assessment of U.S. federal debt held by China." The Department issued its report in July 2012, stating that "attempting to use U.S. Treasury securities as a coercive tool would have limited effect and likely would do more harm to China than to the United States. As the threat is not credible and the effect would be limited even if carried out, it does not offer China deterrence options, whether in the diplomatic, military, or economic realms, and this would remain true both in peacetime and in scenarios of crisis or war."[60]

text: The 112th United States Congress introduced legislation whose aim was the assessment of the implications of China's ownership of U.S. debt.[60] The 2013 Report claimed that "[a] potentially serious short-term problem would emerge if China decided to suddenly reduce their liquid U.S. financial assets significantly" [emphasis in the original text], noting, also, that Federal Reserve System Chairman Ben Bernanke had, in 2007, stated that "because foreign holdings of U.S. Treasury securities represent only a small part of total U.S. credit market debt outstanding, U.S. credit markets should be able to absorb without great difficulty any shift of foreign allocations."[60]

text: A significant number of economists and analysts dismiss any and all concerns over foreign holdings of United States government debt denominated in U.S. dollars, including China's holdings.[61][62][63][64]

text: Sustainability[edit]

text: According to the Government Accountability Office (GAO), the United States is on a "fiscally unsustainable" path because of projected future increases in Medicare and Social Security spending.[21]

text: Risks to economic growth[edit]

text: Debt levels may affect economic growth rates. In 2010, economists Kenneth Rogoff and Carmen Reinhart reported that among the 20 developed countries studied, average annual GDP growth was 3–4% when debt was relatively moderate or low (i.e. under 60% of GDP), but it dips to just 1.6% when debt was high (i.e., above 90% of GDP).[65] In April 2013, the conclusions of Rogoff and Reinhart's study came into question when a coding error in their original paper was discovered by Herndon, Ash and Pollin of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst.[66][67] Herndon, Ash and Pollin found that after correcting for errors and unorthodox methods used, there was no evidence that debt above a specific threshold reduces growth.[68] Reinhart and Rogoff maintain that after correcting for errors, a negative relationship between high debt and growth remains.[69] However, other economists, including Paul Krugman, have argued that it is low growth which causes national debt to increase, rather than the other way around.[70][71][72]

text: Commenting on fiscal sustainability, former Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke stated in April 2010 that "Neither experience nor economic theory clearly indicates the threshold at which government debt begins to endanger prosperity and economic stability. But given the significant costs and risks associated with a rapidly rising federal debt, our nation should soon put in place a credible plan for reducing deficits to sustainable levels over time."[73]

text: Interest and debt service costs[edit]

text: Despite rising debt levels, interest costs have remained at approximately 2008 levels (around $450 billion in total) due to lower than long-term interest rates paid on government debt in recent years.[74] However, interest rates may return to higher historical levels.[75]

text: The cost of servicing the U.S. national debt can be measured in various ways. The CBO analyzes net interest as a percentage of GDP, with a higher percentage indicating a higher interest payment burden. During 2015, this was 1.3% GDP, close to the record low 1.2% of the 1966–1968 era. The average from 1966 to 2015 was 2.0% of GDP.[76] However, the CBO estimated in 2016 that the interest amounts and % GDP will increase significantly over the following decade as both interest rates and debt levels rise: "Interest payments on that debt represent a large and rapidly growing expense of the federal government. CBO's baseline shows net interest payments more than tripling under current law, climbing from $231 billion in 2014, or 1.3 percent of GDP, to $799 billion in 2024, or 3.0 percent of GDP—the highest ratio since 1996."[77]

text: Definition of public debt[edit]

text: Economists also debate the definition of public debt. Krugman argued in May 2010 that the debt held by the public is the right measure to use, while Reinhart has testified to the President's Fiscal Reform Commission that gross debt is the appropriate measure.[70] The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities (CBPP) cited research by several economists supporting the use of the lower debt held by the public figure as a more accurate measure of the debt burden, disagreeing with these Commission members.[78]

text: There is debate regarding the economic nature of the intragovernmental debt, which was approximately $4.6 trillion in February 2011.[79] For example, the CBPP argues: that "large increases in [debt held by the public] can also push up interest rates and increase the amount of future interest payments the federal government must make to lenders outside of the United States, which reduces Americans' income. By contrast, intragovernmental debt (the other component of the gross debt) has no such effects because it is simply money the federal government owes (and pays interest on) to itself."[78]

text: However, if the U.S. government continues to run "on budget" deficits as projected by the CBO and OMB for the foreseeable future, it will have to issue marketable Treasury bills and bonds (i.e., debt held by the public) to pay for the projected shortfall in the Social Security program. This will result in "debt held by the public" replacing "intragovernmental debt".[80][81]

text: Intergenerational equity[edit]

text: One debate about the national debt relates to intergenerational equity. For example, if one generation is receiving the benefit of government programs or employment enabled by deficit spending and debt accumulation, to what extent does the resulting higher debt impose risks and costs on future generations? There are several factors to consider:

text:
For every dollar of debt held by the public, there is a government obligation (generally marketable Treasury securities) counted as an asset by investors. Future generations benefit to the extent these assets are passed on to them.[82]
As of 2010, approximately 72% of the financial assets were held by the wealthiest 5% of the population.[83] This presents a wealth and income distribution question, as only a fraction of the people in future generations will receive principal or interest from investments related to the debt incurred today.
To the extent the U.S. debt is owed to foreign investors (approximately half the "debt held by the public" during 2012), principal and interest are not directly received by U.S. heirs.[82]
Higher debt levels imply higher interest payments, which create costs for future taxpayers (e.g., higher taxes, lower government benefits, higher inflation, or increased risk of fiscal crisis).[57]
To the extent the borrowed funds are invested today to improve the long-term productivity of the economy and its workers, such as via useful infrastructure projects or education, future generations may benefit.[84]
For every dollar of intragovernmental debt, there is an obligation to specific program recipients, generally non-marketable securities such as those held in the Social Security Trust Fund. Adjustments that reduce future deficits in these programs may also apply costs to future generations, via higher taxes or lower program spending.[citation needed]

text: Krugman wrote in March 2013 that by neglecting public investment and failing to create jobs, we are doing far more harm to future generations than merely passing along debt: "Fiscal policy is, indeed, a moral issue, and we should be ashamed of what we're doing to the next generation's economic prospects. But our sin involves investing too little, not borrowing too much." Young workers face high unemployment and studies have shown their income may lag throughout their careers as a result. Teacher jobs have been cut, which could affect the quality of education and competitiveness of younger Americans.[85]

text: Credit default[edit]

text: The US has never fully defaulted.[86][87]

text: In April 1979, however, the United States may have technically defaulted on $122 million in Treasury bills, which was less than 1% of U.S. debt. The Treasury Department characterized it as a delay rather than as a default, but it did have consequences for short-term interest rates, which jumped 0.6%.[88] Others view it as a temporary, partial default.[89][90][91]

text: Appendix[edit]

text: National debt for selected years[edit]

text:
Fiscal year

Total debt,$Bln[92][93][94]

Total debtas % of GDP

Public debt,$Bln, 1996–

Public debtas % of GDP

GDP, $Bln,BEA/OMB[95]

1910

2.65/-
8.1%
2.65
8.1%
est. 32.8

1920

25.95/-
29.2%
25.95
29.2%
est. 88.6

1927

[96] 18.51/-
19.2%
18.51
19.2%
est. 96.5

1930

16.19/-
16.6%
16.19
16.6%
est. 97.4

1940

42.97/50.70
43.8–51.6%
42.77
43.6%
-/98.2

1950

257.3/256.9
92.0%
219.00
78.4%
279.0

1960

286.3/290.5
53.6–54.2%
236.80
44.3%
535.1

1970

370.9/380.9
35.4–36.4%
283.20
27.0%
1,049.0

1980

907.7/909.0
32.4–32.6%
711.90
25.5%
2,796.0

1990

3,233/3,206
54.2–54.6%
2,400.00
40.8%
5,915.0

2000

a1 5,659
a 55.8%
a 3,450.00
33.9%
10,150.0

2001

a2 5,792
a 54.8%
a 3,350.00
31.6%
10,550.0

2002

a3 6,213
a 57.1%
a 3,550.00
32.7%
10,900.0

2003

a 6,783
a 59.9%
a 3,900.00
34.6%
11,350.0

2004

a 7,379
a 61.0%
a 4,300.00
35.6%
12,100.0

2005

a4 7,918
a 61.4%
a 4,600.00
35.7%
12,900.0

2006

a5 8,493
a 62.1%
a 4,850.00
35.4%
13,700.0

2007

a6 8,993
a 62.8%
a 5,050.00
35.3%
14,300.0

2008

a7 10,011
a 67.9%
a 5,800.00
39.4%
14,750.0

2009

a8 11,898
a 82.5%
a 7,550.00
52.4%
14,400.0

2010

a9 13,551
a 91.6%
a 9,000.00
61.0%
14,800.0

2011

a10 14,781
a 96.1%
a 10,150.00
65.8%
15,400.0

2012

a11 16,059
a 100.2%
a 11,250.00
70.3%
16,050.0

2013

a12 16,732
a 101.3%
a 12,000.00
72.6%
16,500.0

2014

a13 17,810
a 103.4%
a 12,800.00
74.2%
17,200.0

2015

a14 18,138
a 101.3/101.8%
a 13,100.00
73.3%
17,900.0

2016(Oct. '15 – Jul. '16 only)

~19,428
~106.1%
~13,998.00
~76.5%

text: On June 25, 2014, the BEA announced: "[On July 30, 2014, i]n addition to the regular revision of estimates for the most recent 3 years and for the first quarter of 2014, GDP and select components will be revised back to the first quarter of 1999.

text: Fiscal years 1940–2009 GDP figures were derived from February 2011 Office of Management and Budget figures which contained revisions of prior year figures due to significant changes from prior GDP measurements. Fiscal years 1950–2010 GDP measurements were derived from December 2010 Bureau of Economic Analysis figures which also tend to be subject to revision, especially more recent years. Afterwards the OMB figures were revised back to 2004 and the BEA figures (in a revision dated July 31, 2013) were revised back to 1947.

text: Regarding estimates recorded in the GDP column (the last column) marked with a "~" symbol, absolute differences from advance (one month after) BEA reports of GDP percent change to current findings (as of November 2013) found in revisions are stated to be 1.3% ± 2.0% or a 95% probability of being within the range of 0.0–3.3%, assuming the differences to occur according to standard deviations from the average absolute difference of 1.3%. E.g. with an advance report of a $400 billion increase of a $10 trillion GDP, for example, one could be 95% confident that the range in which the exact GDP dollar amount lies would be 0.0 to 3.3% different than 4.0% (400 ÷ 10,000) or within the range of $0 to $330 billion different than the hypothetical $400 billion (a range of $70–730 billion). Two months after, with a revised value, the range of potential difference from the stated estimate shrinks, and three months after with another revised value the range shrinks again.

text: Fiscal years 1940–1970 begin July 1 of the previous year (for example, Fiscal Year 1940 begins July 1, 1939 and ends June 30, 1940); fiscal years 1980–2010 begin October 1 of the previous year. Intragovernmental debts before the Social Security Act are presumed to equal zero.

text: 1909–1930 calendar year GDP estimates are from MeasuringWorth.com[97] Fiscal Year estimates are derived from simple linear interpolation.

text: (a1) Audited figure was "about $5,659 billion."[98]

text: (a2) Audited figure was "about $5,792 billion."[99]

text: (a3) Audited figure was "about $6,213 billion."[99]

text: (a) Audited figure was said to be "about" the stated figure.[100]

text: (a4) Audited figure was "about $7,918 billion."[101]

text: (a5) Audited figure was "about $8,493 billion."[101]

text: (a6) Audited figure was "about $8,993 billion."[102]

text: (a7) Audited figure was "about $10,011 billion."[102]

text: (a8) Audited figure was "about $11,898 billion."[103]

text: (a9) Audited figure was "about $13,551 billion."[104]

text: (a10) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Public debt figure as $14,781 billion.[105]

text: (a11) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Public debt figure as $16,059 billion.[105]

text: (a12) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Fiscal Service's figure as $16,732 billion.[106]

text: (a13) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Fiscal Service's figure as $17,810 billion.[107]

text: (a14) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Fiscal Service's figure as $18,138 billion.[108]

text: Interest paid[edit]

text:
FiscalYear

Historical debt outstanding,$billions, US[109]

Interest paid$billions, US[110]

Interest rate

2017
20,244
458.5
2.26%

2016
19,573
432.6
2.21%

2015
18,150
402.4
2.22%

2014
17,824
430.8
2.42%

2013
16,738
415.7
2.48%

2012
16,066
359.8
2.24%

2011
14,790
454.4
3.07%

2010
13,562
414.0
3.05%

2009
11,910
383.1
3.22%

2008
10,025
451.2
4.50%

2007
9,008
430.0
4.77%

2006
8,507
405.9
4.77%

2005
7,933
352.4
4.44%

2004
7,379
321.6
4.36%

2003
6,783
318.1
4.69%

2002
6,228
332.5
5.34%

2001
5,807
359.5
6.19%

2000
5,674
362.0
6.38%

1999
5,656
353.5
6.25%

1998
5,526
363.8
6.58%

1997
5,413
355.8
6.57%

1996
5,225
344.0
6.58%

1995
4,974
332.4
6.68%

1994
4,693
296.3
6.31%

1993
4,411
292.5
6.63%

1992
4,065
292.4
7.19%

1991
3,665
286.0
7.80%

text: Foreign holders of US Treasury securities[edit]

text: The following is a list of the top foreign holders  of US Treasury securities as listed by the US Treasury (revised by August 2018 survey):[111]

text:
Leading foreign holders of US Treasury securities as of August 2018

Country or region
Billions of dollars (est.)
Ratio of owned US debtto 2017 GDP (est.)[112][113]
Percent change sinceAugust 2017

 China
1,165.1
5%
− 3%

 Japan
1,029.9
21%
− 7%

 Brazil
317.8
15%
+16%

 Ireland
315.8
95%
+ 2%

 United Kingdom
272.6
10%
+21%

  Switzerland
231.9
34%
− 7%

 Luxembourg
224.1
359%
+ 5%

 Cayman Islands
197.9
n/a
−19%

 Hong Kong
193.2
57%
− 1%

 Saudi Arabia
169.5
25%
+23%

 Taiwan
163.2
28%
–10%

 Belgium
154.3
31%
+59%

 India
140.6
5%
+ 1%

 Singapore
130.0
40%
+ 9%

 France
118.4
5%
+56%

 South Korea
110.2
7%
+16%

 Canada
96.2
6%
+31%

other
1,256.3
n/a
– 5%

Grand total
6,287.0
n/a
+ 1%

text: Statistics[edit]

text:
U.S. official gold reserves as of  31 July 2014[update] total 261.5 million troy ounces with a book value of approximately $11.04 billion.[114]
Foreign exchange reserves $140 billion as of  September 2014[update].[115]  United States balance of trade (1980–2014), with negative numbers denoting a trade deficit
The national debt equates to $59,143 per person U.S. population, or $159,759 per member of the U.S. working taxpayers, as of March 2016.[116]
In 2008, $242 billion was spent on interest payments servicing the debt, out of a total tax revenue of $2.5 trillion, or 9.6%. Including non-cash interest accrued primarily for Social Security, interest was $454 billion or 18% of tax revenue.[102]
Total U.S. household debt, including mortgage loan and consumer debt, was $11.4 trillion in 2005. By comparison, total U.S. household assets, including real estate, equipment, and financial instruments such as mutual funds, was $62.5 trillion in 2005.[117]
Total U.S. Consumer Credit Card revolving credit was $931.0 billion in April 2009.[118]
The U.S. balance of trade deficit in goods and services was $725.8 billion in 2005.[119]
According to the U.S. Department of Treasury Preliminary 2014 Annual Report on U.S. Holdings of Foreign Securities, the United States valued its foreign treasury securities portfolio at $2.7 trillion. The largest debtors are Canada, the United Kingdom, Cayman Islands, and Australia, whom account for $1.2 trillion of sovereign debt owed to residents of the U.S.[120]
The entire public debt in 1998 was attributable to the cost of research, development, and deployment of U.S. nuclear weapons and nuclear weapons-related programs during the Cold War.[121][122][123]

text: A 1998 Brookings Institution study published by the Nuclear Weapons Cost Study Committee (formed in 1993 by the W. Alton Jones Foundation), calculated that total expenditures for U.S. nuclear weapons from 1940 to 1998 was $5.5 trillion in 1996 Dollars.[121] The total public debt at the end of fiscal year 1998 was $5,478,189,000,000 in 1998 Dollars[124] or $5.3 trillion in 1996 Dollars.

text: International debt comparisons[edit]

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2015)

text:
Gross debt as percentage of GDP

Entity
2007
2010
2011
2017/2018

United States
62%
92%
102%
108%

European Union
59%
80%
83%
82%

Austria
62%
78%
72%
78%

France
64%
82%
86%
97%

Germany
65%
82%
81%
64%

Sweden
40%
39%
38%
41%

Finland
35%
48%
49%
61%

Greece
104%
123%
165%
179%

Romania
13%
31%
33%
35%

Bulgaria
17%
16%
16%
25%

Czech Republic
28%
38%
41%
35%

Italy
112%
119%
120%
132%

Netherlands
52%
77%
65%
57%

Poland
51%
55%
56%
51%

Spain
42%
68%
68%
98%

United Kingdom
47%
80%
86%
88%

Japan
167%
197%
204%
236%

Russia
9%
12%
10%
19%

Asia 1 (2017+)2
37%
40%
41%
80%

text: Sources: Eurostat,[125] International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook (emerging market economies); Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Economic Outlook (advanced economies)[126]IMF,[127]

text:
1China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand
2Afghanistan, Armenia, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, People's Republic of, Fiji, Georgia, Hong Kong SAR, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kiribati, Korea, Republic of, Kyrgyz Republic, Lao P.D.R., Macao SAR, Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Fed. States of, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nauru, Nepal, New Zealand, Pakistan, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Taiwan Province of China, Tajikistan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vietnam

text: Recent additions to the public debt of the United States[edit]

text:
Recent additions to U.S. public debt[128][92][93][95]

Fiscal year (begins Oct. 1 of year priorto stated year)

GDP$Billions

New debtforfiscal year$Billions

New debtas% of GDP

Total debt$Billions

Total debtas % of GDP(Debt to GDPratio)

1994

$7,200
$281–292
3.9–4.1%
~$4,650
64.6–65.2%

1995

7,600
277–281
3.7%
~4,950
64.8–65.6%

1996

8,000
251–260
3.1–3.3%
~5,200
65.0–65.4%

1997

8,500
188
2.2%
~5,400
63.2–63.8%

1998

8,950
109–113
1.2–1.3%
~5,500
61.2–61.8%

1999

9,500
127–130
1.3–1.4%
5,656
59.3%

2000

10,150
18
0.2%
5,674
55.8%

2001

$10,550
$  133
1.3%
$5,792
54.8%

2002

10,900
421
3.9%
6,213
57.1%

2003

11,350
570
5.0%
6,783
59.9%

2004

12,100
596
4.9%
7,379
61.0%

2005

12,900
539
4.2%
7,918
61.4%

2006

13,700
575
4.2%
8,493
62.1%

2007

14,300
500
3.5%
8,993
62.8%

2008

14,750
1,018
6.9%
10,011
67.9%

2009

$14,400
$1,887
13.1%
$11,898
82.5%

2010

14,800
1,653
11.2%
13,551
91.6%

2011[129]

15,400
1,230
8.0%
14,781
96.1%

2012

16,050
1,278
8.0%
16,059
100.2%

2013

16,500
673
4.1%
16,732
101.3%

2014

17,200
1,078
6.3%
17,810
103.4%

2015

17,900
328
1.8%
18,138
101.3%

2016 (Oct. '15 – Jul. '16 only)

~1,290
~7.0%
~19,428
~106.1%

text: On July 29, 2016, the BEA released a revision to 2013–2016 GDP figures.  The figures for this table were corrected the next week with changes to figures in those fiscal years.

text: On July 30, 2015, the BEA released a revision to 2012–2015 GDP figures.  The figures for this table were corrected on that day with changes to FY 2013 and 2014, but not 2015 as FY 2015 is updated within a week with the release of debt totals for July 31, 2015.

text: On June 25, 2014, the BEA announced a 15-year revision of GDP figures would take place on July 31, 2014. The figures for this table were corrected after that date with changes to FY 2000, 2003, 2008, 2012, 2013 and 2014. The more precise FY 1999–2014 debt figures are derived from Treasury audit results. The variations in the 1990s and FY 2015 figures are due to double-sourced or relatively preliminary GDP figures respectively. A comprehensive revision GDP revision dated July 31, 2013 was described on the Bureau of Economic Analysis website. In November 2013 the total debt and yearly debt as a percentage of GDP columns of this table were changed to reflect those revised GDP figures.

text: Historical debt ceiling levels[edit]

text:
showTable of historical debt ceiling levels[130]

Date
Debt Ceiling(billions of dollars)
Change in Debt Ceiling(billions of dollars)
Statute

June 25, 1940

49[131]

February 19, 1941

65

+16

March 28, 1942

125

+60

April 11, 1943

210

+85

June 9, 1944

260

+50

April 3, 1945

300

+40

June 26, 1946

275

−25

August 28, 1954

281

+6

July 9, 1956

275

−6

February 26, 1958

280

+5

September 2, 1958

288

+8

June 30, 1959

295

+7

June 30, 1960

293

−2

June 30, 1961

298[132]

+5

July 1, 1962

308

+10

March 31, 1963

305

−3

June 25, 1963

300

−5

June 30, 1963

307

+7

August 31, 1963

309

+2

November 26, 1963

315

+6

June 29, 1964

324

+9

June 24, 1965

328

+4

June 24, 1966

330

+2

March 2, 1967

336

+6

June 30, 1967

358

+22

June 1, 1968

365

+7

April 7, 1969

377

+12

June 30, 1970

395

+18

March 17, 1971

430

+35

March 15, 1972

450[133]

+20

October 27, 1972

465

+15

June 30, 1974

495

+30

February 19, 1975

577

+82

November 14, 1975

595

+18

March 15, 1976

627

+32

June 30, 1976

636

+9

September 30, 1976

682

+46

April 1, 1977

700

+18

October 4, 1977

752

+52

August 3, 1978

798

+46

April 2, 1979

830

+32

September 29, 1979

879[134]

+49

June 28, 1980

925

+46

December 19, 1980

935

+10

February 7, 1981

985

+50

September 30, 1981

1,079

+94

June 28, 1982

1,143

+64

September 30, 1982

1,290

+147

May 26, 1983

1,389

+99

Pub.L. 98–34

November 21, 1983

1,490

+101

Pub.L. 98–161

May 25, 1984

1,520

+30

June 6, 1984

1,573

+53

Pub.L. 98–342

October 13, 1984

1,823

+250

Pub.L. 98–475

November 14, 1985

1,904

+81

December 12, 1985

2,079

+175

Pub.L. 99–177

August 21, 1986

2,111

+32

Pub.L. 99–384

October 21, 1986

2,300

+189

May 15, 1987

2,320[135]

+20

August 10, 1987

2,352

+32

September 29, 1987

2,800

+448

Pub.L. 100–119

August 7, 1989

2,870

+70

November 8, 1989

3,123

+253

Pub.L. 101–140

August 9, 1990

3,195

+72

October 28, 1990

3,230

+35

November 5, 1990

4,145

+915

Pub.L. 101–508

April 6, 1993

4,370

+225

August 10, 1993

4,900

+530

Pub.L. 103–66

March 29, 1996

5,500

+600

Pub.L. 104–121

August 5, 1997

5,950

+450

Pub.L. 105–33

June 11, 2002

6,400[136]

+450

Pub.L. 107–199

May 27, 2003

7,384

+984

Pub.L. 108–24

November 16, 2004

8,184[136]

+800

Pub.L. 108–415

March 20, 2006

8,965[137]

+781

Pub.L. 109–182

September 29, 2007

9,815

+850

Pub.L. 110–91

June 5, 2008

10,615

+800

Pub.L. 110–289

October 3, 2008

11,315[138]

+700

Pub.L. 110–343

February 17, 2009

12,104[139]

+789

Pub.L. 111–5

December 24, 2009

12,394

+290

Pub.L. 111–123

February 12, 2010

14,294

+1,900

Pub.L. 111–139

January 30, 2012

16,394

+2,100

May 19, 2013

16,700

+306