document_title: The Wolf of Wall Street (2013 film)

question_text: when is the wolf of wall street set

question_tokens: when is the wolf of wall street set

text: The Wolf of Wall Street (2013 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1987, Jordan Belfort procures a job as a Wall Street stockbroker for L.F. Rothschild, employed under Mark Hanna, who quickly entices him with the sex and drugs fueled stockbroker culture and passes on his idea that a stockbroker's only goal is to make money for himself. Jordan soon finds his career terminated following Black Monday and takes a job at a boiler room brokerage firm on Long Island that specializes in penny stocks. Thanks to his aggressive pitching style and the high commissions, Jordan makes a small fortune.

text: Jordan befriends his neighbor, Donnie Azoff, and the two found their own company. They recruit several of Jordan's friends, whom Jordan trains in the art of the "hard sell". The basic method of the firm is a pump and dump scam. To cloak this, Jordan gives the firm the respectable-sounding name of Stratton Oakmont. After an exposé in Forbes, hundreds of ambitious young financiers flock to his company. Jordan becomes immensely successful and slides into a decadent lifestyle of prostitutes and drugs. He has an affair with a woman named Naomi Lapaglia. When his wife finds out, Jordan divorces her and marries Naomi. Meanwhile, the SEC and the FBI begin investigating Stratton Oakmont. Jordan illegally makes $22 million in three hours upon securing the IPO of Steve Madden. This brings him and his firm further to the attention of the FBI. To hide his money, Jordan opens a Swiss bank account with corrupt banker Jean-Jacques Saurel in the name of Naomi's Aunt Emma, who is a British national and thus outside the reach of American authorities. He uses the wife and in-laws of his friend Brad Bodnick, who have European passports, to smuggle the cash into Switzerland.

text: Donnie gets into a public brawl with Brad, and, while Donnie escapes, Brad is arrested. Jordan learns from his private investigator that the FBI is wiretapping his phones. Fearing for his son, Jordan's father advises him to leave Stratton Oakmont and lie low while Jordan's lawyer negotiates a deal to keep him out of prison. Jordan, however, cannot bear to quit and talks himself into staying in the middle of his farewell speech. Jordan, Donnie, and their wives are on a yacht trip to Italy when they learn that Aunt Emma has died of a heart attack. Jordan decides to travel to Switzerland immediately to settle the bank account. To bypass border controls, he orders his yacht captain to sail to Monaco, but the ship is capsized in a storm. After their rescue, the plane sent to take them to Geneva is destroyed when a seagull flies into the engine. Jordan takes this as a sign from God and decides to sober up.

text: Two years later, the FBI arrests Jordan because Saurel, arrested in Florida on an unrelated charge, has informed the FBI on Jordan. Since the evidence against him is overwhelming, Jordan agrees to gather evidence on his colleagues in exchange for leniency. Now fed up with Jordan's lifestyle, Naomi tells Jordan she is divorcing him and wants full custody of their children. Jordan loses his temper and tries to run off with his daughter Skylar in his car, but he ends up crashing in the driveway. The next morning, Jordan wears a wire to work but slips a note to Donnie warning him. Donnie keeps the note and rats out on Jordan to the FBI. Jordan is arrested for breaching his co-operation deal. The FBI raids and shuts down Stratton Oakmont. Despite his breach, Jordan receives a reduced sentence for his testimony and serves three years in a minimum security prison. After his release, Jordan makes a living hosting seminars on sales technique.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Leonardo DiCaprio as Jordan Belfort
Jonah Hill as Donnie Azoff
Margot Robbie as Naomi Lapaglia
Kyle Chandler as Patrick Denham
Rob Reiner as Max Belfort
Jon Bernthal as Brad Bodnick
Matthew McConaughey as Mark Hanna
Jon Favreau as Manny Riskin
Jean Dujardin as Jean-Jacques Saurel
Joanna Lumley as Aunt Emma
Cristin Milioti as Teresa Petrillo
Christine Ebersole as Leah Belfort
Shea Whigham as Captain Ted Beecham
Katarina Čas as Chantalle Bodnick
P. J. Byrne as Nicky Koskoff
Kenneth Choi as Chester Ming
Brian Sacca as Robbie Feinberg
Henry Zebrowski as Alden Kupferberg
Ethan Suplee as Toby Welch
Jake Hoffman as Steve Madden
Mackenzie Meehan as Hildy Azoff
Bo Dietl as himself
Jordan Belfort as Auckland Straight Line Host

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In 2007, Leonardo DiCaprio/Warner Bros. won a bidding war against Brad Pitt/Paramount Pictures for the rights to Jordan Belfort's memoir The Wolf of Wall Street, and Martin Scorsese was considered to direct the film.[8][9] During pre-production, Scorsese worked on the film's script before working on Shutter Island. He describes having "wasted five months of [his] life" without getting a green light on production dates by the Warner Bros. studio.[10] Jordan Belfort made $1 million on the movie rights.[11]

text: In 2010, Warner Bros. had offered Ridley Scott to direct the film, with Leonardo DiCaprio playing the male lead,[12] but the studio eventually dumped the project.[13]

text: In 2012, a green light was given by the independent company Red Granite Pictures allowing no restrictions to the content development. Scorsese knew that there were no limits to the content that he would produce and therefore came back on board, resulting in an R rating.[14] Red Granite Pictures also asked Paramount Pictures to distribute the film;[15] Paramount Pictures agreed to distribute the film in North America and Japan, but passed on the rest of the international market.[16]

text: The FBI has issued subpoenas to several past and present employees of Red Granite Pictures in regards to allegations that US$155 million was diverted from the Malaysian wealth fund 1MDB to help finance The Wolf of Wall Street.[17][18][19][20] This relates to the 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal. A civil lawsuit initiated by the U.S. Department of Justice has sought to claim "any rights to profits, royalties and distribution proceeds" from The Wolf of Wall Street.[21] To settle the civil lawsuit, Red Granite Pictures has agreed to pay US$60 million to the U.S. government.[22]

text: In the film, most of the real-life characters' names have been changed from Belfort's original memoir. Donnie Azoff is based on Danny Porush. The name was changed after Porush threatened to sue the filmmakers. Porush maintains that much of the film was fictional and that Donnie Azoff was not in fact an accurate depiction of him.[23][24][25] The FBI agent known as Patrick Denham is the stand-in for real-life Gregory Coleman,[26] and lawyer Manny Riskin is based on Ira Sorkin.[27] Belfort's first wife Denise Lombardo is renamed Teresa Petrillo, while second wife Nadine Caridi became Naomi Lapaglia on-screen. In contrast, Mark Hanna's name remains the same as the LF Rothschild stockbroker who, like Belfort, was convicted of fraud and served time in prison.[28][29] Belfort's parents Max and Leah Belfort's names remained the same for the film.[30] The role of Aunt Emma was initially offered to Julie Andrews, who refused it as she was recovering from an ankle injury, and she was replaced by Joanna Lumley.[31]

text: In January 2014, Jonah Hill revealed in an interview with Howard Stern that he made only $60,000 on the film (the lowest possible SAG-AFTRA rate for his amount of work), while his co-star Leonardo DiCaprio (who also produced) received $10 million. Hill didn't care about his settlement though, and wanted to play Donnie Azoff so badly that he was willing to do whatever it took to get the part as it was his dream to be in a Scorsese film.[32][33][34][35]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming began on August 8, 2012, in New York.[36] Jonah Hill announced that his first day of shooting was September 4, 2012.[37] Filming also took place in Closter, New Jersey[38] and Harrison, New York. In January 2013, additional scenes were shot at a set built in an abandoned office building in Ardsley, New York. Scenes at the beach house were filmed in Sands Point, New York.[39]

text: Scorsese's longtime editor Thelma Schoonmaker stated that the film would be shot digitally instead of on film.[40] Scorsese had been a proponent of shooting on film but decided to shoot Hugo digitally because it was being photographed in 3D; however, The Wolf of Wall Street was originally planned to be shot digitally despite being filmed in 2D.[41] Schoonmaker expressed her disappointment with the decision: "It would appear that we've lost the battle. I think Marty just feels it's unfortunately over, and there's been no bigger champion of film than him."[40] After extensive comparison tests during pre-production, eventually the majority of the film was shot on film stock while scenes that used green screen effects or low light were shot with the digital Arri Alexa.[41] The film contains 400–450 VFX shots.[42]

text: Use of animals[edit]

text: The Wolf of Wall Street uses animals including a chimpanzee, a lion, a snake, a fish, and dogs.[43] The chimpanzee and the lion were provided by the Big Cat Habitat wildlife sanctuary in Sarasota County, Florida. The four-year-old chimpanzee Chance spent time with actor Leonardo DiCaprio and learned to roller skate over the course of three weeks. The sanctuary also provided a lion named Handsome because the film's trading company used a lion for its symbol.[44] Danny Porush, Jordan Belfort's real-life partner, denied that there were any animals in the office, although he admitted to eating an employee's goldfish.[45]

text: In December 2013, before the film's premiere, the organization Friends of Animals criticized the use of the chimpanzee and organized a boycott of the film. Variety reported, "Friends of Animals thinks the chimp ... suffered irreversible psychological damage after being forced to act."[46] The Guardian said, "Criticism of The Wolf of Wall Street's use of a chimpanzee arrives as Hollywood comes under ever-increasing scrutiny for its employment of animals on screen," referring to a November 2013 report in The Hollywood Reporter that was critical of the American Humane Association's treatment of animals in films.[45] PETA also launched a campaign to highlight mistreatment of ape "actors" and to petition for DiCaprio not to work with great apes.[47]

text: Release[edit]

text: The Wolf of Wall Street premiered at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on December 17, 2013,[48] followed by a wide release on December 25, 2013. It was previously slated to be released on November 15, 2013, but the date was pushed back after film cuts were made to reduce the run time.[49] On October 22, 2013, it was reported that the film was set for a Christmas 2013 release.[50] Paramount officially confirmed the Christmas Day 2013 release date on October 29, 2013, with a running time of 165 minutes.[9][51] On November 25, 2013, the length was announced to be 179 minutes.[52] It was officially rated R for "sequences of strong sexual content, graphic nudity, drug use and language throughout, and for some violence".[53] Scorsese had to edit sexual content and nudity to avoid an NC-17 rating.[54] By different counts, the film contains between 506 and 569 uses of the word "fuck",[55][56] and currently holds the record for the most uses of the word in a mainstream non-documentary film.[57][58][59]

text: The film is banned in Malaysia, Nepal, Zimbabwe, and Kenya because of its scenes depicting sex, drugs and excessive use of swear words, and additional scenes have been cut in the versions playing in India. In Singapore, after cuts were made to an orgy scene as well as some religiously profane or denigrating language, the film was passed R21.[60][61]

text: The film marks a change in film history when Paramount became the first major studio to distribute movies to theaters in digital format, eliminating 35mm film entirely. Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues was the last Paramount production to include a 35mm film version, while The Wolf of Wall Street was the first major movie distributed entirely digitally.[62][63]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Wolf of Wall Street grossed $116.9 million in North America and $275.1 million internationally, for a total gross of $392 million,[2] making it Scorsese's highest-grossing film worldwide.[64] In North America, the film opened at number five in its first weekend, with $18.4 million in 3,387 theaters, behind The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug, Frozen, Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues, and American Hustle.[65] In Australia, it is the highest grossing R-rated film, earning $12.96 million.[66]

text: File sharing[edit]

text: According to copyright infringement tracking site Excipio, the film was the most illegally downloaded film of 2014, as it was shared over 30 million times via torrent sites.[67]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The Wolf of Wall Street was released on DVD and Blu-ray on March 25, 2014.[68] On January 27, 2014, it was revealed that a four-hour director's cut would be attached to the home release.[69][70] It was later revealed by Paramount Pictures and Red Granite Pictures that the home release would feature only the theatrical release.[71]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The Wolf of Wall Street received positive reviews, with critics praising DiCaprio and Hill's performances, Scorsese's direction, and Winter's screenplay. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 78% based on 267 reviews, with an average rating of 7.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Funny, self-referential, and irreverent to a fault, The Wolf of Wall Street finds Martin Scorsese and Leonardo DiCaprio at their most infectiously dynamic."[72] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 75 out of 100, based on 47 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[73]

text: Peter Travers of Rolling Stone magazine named The Wolf of Wall Street as the third best film of 2013, behind 12 Years a Slave and Gravity at numbers one and two, respectively. The movie was chosen as one of the top ten films of the year by the American Film Institute.[74] Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle said "it is the best and most enjoyable American film to be released this year."[75] The Chicago Sun-Times's Richard Roeper gave the film a "B+" score, saying the film was "good, not great Scorsese".[76]

text: Dana Stevens, a member of the New York Film Critics Circle, wrote that the movie did not work for her after labeling the film "Epic in size, claustrophobically narrow in scope."[77] According to Marshall Fine of The Huffington Post the story "wants us to be interested in characters who are dull people to start with, made duller by their delusions of being interesting because they are high."[78] Some critics viewed the movie as an irresponsible glorification rather than a satirical takedown. DiCaprio responded that in his opinion the film does not glorify the excessive lifestyle it depicts.[79][80]

text: In 2016, the film was ranked #78 on the BBC's 100 Greatest Films of the 21st Century list.[81] In June 2017, Richard Brody of The New Yorker named The Wolf of Wall Street as the 2nd best film of the 21st century so far, behind Jean-Luc Godard's In Praise of Love (2001).[82]

text: Top ten lists[edit]

text: The Wolf of Wall Street was listed on many critics' top ten lists.[83]

text:
1st – Richard Brody, The New Yorker (tied with To the Wonder)
1st – Stephen Schaefer, Boston Herald
2nd – Wesley Morris, Grantland
2nd – Mick LaSalle, San Francisco Chronicle
2nd – Ben Kenigsberg, The A.V. Club
3rd – James Berardinelli, Reelviews
3rd – MTV
3rd – Glenn Kenny, RogerEbert.com
3rd – Peter Travers, Rolling Stone
4th – Scott Feinberg, The Hollywood Reporter
4th – Drew McWeeny, HitFix
4th – Yahoo! Movies
4th – Christopher Orr, The Atlantic
4th – Barbara Vancheri, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
5th – Caryn James, Indiewire[84]
5th – Stephen Holden, The New York Times
5th – Rex Reed, The New York Observer
5th – Katey Rich, Vanity Fair
5th – David Chen, /Film
6th – TV Guide
7th – Matt Zoller Seitz, RogerEbert.com
7th – Film School Rejects
7th – Todd McCarthy, The Hollywood Reporter
7th – Scott Tobias, The Dissolve
7th – Scott Mantz, Access Hollywood
7th – Mark Mohan, The Oregonian
7th – Sam Adams, The A.V. Club
8th – Nathan Rabin, The Dissolve
8th – Bill Goodykoontz, Arizona Republic
8th – Randy Myers, San Jose Mercury News
9th – Joe Neumaier, New York Daily News
10th – Andrew O'Hehir, Salon.com
10th – Jessica Kiang and Katie Walsh, Indiewire
10th – A.O. Scott, The New York Times
10th – Rene Rodriguez, Miami Herald
10th – Marjorie Baumgarten, Austin Chronicle
10th – Keith Uhlich, Time Out New York
Top 10 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – James Verniere, Boston Herald
Top 10 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – Stephen Whitty, The Star-Ledger
Top 10 (ranked alphabetically) – Joe Williams, St. Louis Post-Dispatch

text: Audience response[edit]

text: The film received a "C" rating from audiences surveyed by CinemaScore,[85] a rating lower than anything else in theaters the opening week of the film.[86] The Los Angeles Times argues that the film attracted conservative viewers by depicting a more moral tone in its marketing than the film itself depicted.[87]

text: Christina McDowell, daughter of Tom Prousalis, who worked closely with the real-life Belfort at Stratton Oakmont, wrote an open letter addressing Scorsese, DiCaprio, and Belfort himself, criticizing the film for insufficiently portraying the victims of the financial crimes created by Stratton Oakmont, for disregarding the damage that was done to her family as a result, and for giving celebrity to persons (Belfort and his partners, including her father) who do not deserve it.[88]

text: Steven Perlberg of Business Insider saw an advance screening of the film at a Regal Cinemas near the Goldman Sachs building, with an audience of financial workers. Perlberg reported cheers from the audience at what he considered to be all the wrong moments—"When Belfort — a drug addict attempting to remain sober — rips up a couch cushion to get to his secret coke stash, there were cheers."[89][86]

text: The former Assistant United States Attorney who prosecuted the real Belfort criticized both the movie and the book on which it is based. He said he believes some of Belfort's claims were "invented", as for instance "[Belfort] aggrandized his importance and reverence for him by others at his firm." He strongly criticizes the film for not depicting the "thousands of [scam] victims who lost hundreds of millions of dollars," not accepting the filmmakers' argument that it would have detracted attention from the wrongdoers. Furthermore, he deplores the ending—"beyond an insult" to his victims—in which the real Belfort appears, while showing "a large sign advertising the name of Mr. Belfort's real motivational speaking company," and a positive depiction of Belfort uttering "variants of the same falsehoods he trained others to use against his victims."[90]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film was nominated for five Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Director for Scorsese, Best Adapted Screenplay for Winter, Best Actor for DiCaprio, and Best Supporting Actor for Hill. It was also nominated for four BAFTAs, including Best Director, Best Actor and Best Adapted Screenplay, and two Golden Globe Awards, including Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy. DiCaprio won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Wolf of Wall Street: Music from the Motion PictureSoundtrack album by Various artistsReleased
December 17, 2013 (2013-12-17)(Digital download)Length
56:30Label
Virgin Records

text: The soundtrack to The Wolf of Wall Street features both original as well as existing music tracks, and was released on December 17, 2013 for digital download.

text: More than sixty songs were used in the film, but only sixteen were included on the official soundtrack. Notably, among the exceptions are original compositions by Theodore Shapiro.[91]

text: showTrack listingNo.TitleArtist(s)Length1."Mercy, Mercy, Mercy"Cannonball Adderley5:112."Dust My Broom"Elmore James2:533."Bang! Bang!"Joe Cuba4:064."Movin' Out (Anthony's Song)"Billy Joel3:295."C'est si bon"Eartha Kitt2:586."Goldfinger"Sharon Jones & The Dap-Kings2:307."Pretty Thing"Bo Diddley2:498."Moonlight in Vermont" (Live at the Pershing Lounge)Ahmad Jamal3:109."Smokestack Lightning"Howlin' Wolf3:0710."Hey Leroy, Your Mama's Callin' You"The Jimmy Castor Bunch2:2611."Double Dutch"Malcolm McLaren3:5612."Never Say Never"Romeo Void5:5413."Meth Lab Zoso Sticker"7horse3:4214."Road Runner"Bo Diddley2:4615."Mrs. Robinson"The Lemonheads3:4416."Cast Your Fate to the Wind"Allen Toussaint3:19Total length:56:30


document_title: Left- and right-hand traffic

question_text: australia drive on which side of the road

root

text: Left- and right-hand traffic

text: History[edit]

text: Ancient Greek, Egyptian, and Roman troops kept to the left when marching.[10] In 1998, archaeologists found a well-preserved double track leading to a Roman quarry near Swindon, in southern England. The grooves in the road on the left side (viewed facing down the track away from the quarry) were much deeper than those on the right side, suggesting LHT, at least at this location, since carts would exit the quarry heavily loaded, and enter it empty.[11]

tag: p

text: The first reference in English law to an order for LHT was in 1756, with regard to London Bridge.[12]

text: Some historians, such as C. Northcote Parkinson, believed that ancient travellers on horseback or on foot generally kept to the left, since most people were right handed. If two men riding on horseback were to start a fight, each would edge toward the left.[10] In the year 1300, Pope Boniface VIII directed pilgrims to keep left.[10]

text: In the late 1700s, traffic in the United States was RHT based on teamsters' use of large freight wagons pulled by several pairs of horses. The wagons had no driver's seat, so the (typically right-handed) postilion held his whip in his right hand and thus sat on the left rear horse. Seated on the left, the driver preferred that other wagons pass him on the left so that he could be sure to keep clear of the wheels of oncoming wagons.[13]

text: In France, traditionally foot traffic had kept right, while carriage traffic kept left. Following the French Revolution, all traffic kept right.[12] Following the Napoleonic Wars, the French imposed RHT on parts of Europe. During the colonial period, RHT was introduced by the French in New France, French West Africa, the Maghreb, French Indochina, the West Indies, French Guiana and the Réunion, among others.

text: Meanwhile, LHT was introduced by the British in Atlantic Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the East Africa Protectorate, British India, Southern Rhodesia and the Cape Colony (now Zimbabwe and South Africa), British Malaya (now Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore), British Guiana, and British Hong Kong. LHT was also introduced by the Portuguese Empire in Portuguese Macau, Colonial Brazil, East Timor, Portuguese Mozambique, and Angola.

text: The first keep-right law for driving in the United States was passed in 1792 and applied to the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike.[7] New York formalized RHT in 1804, New Jersey in 1813 and Massachusetts in 1821.[14]

text: Changing sides[edit]

text: Europe[edit]

text: Influential in Europe was the 1920 Paris Convention, which advised driving on the right-hand side of the road, in order to harmonise traffic across a continent with many borders. This was despite the fact that left-hand traffic was still widespread: in 1915 for example, LHT was introduced everywhere in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.[15] However, three years later the Empire was split up into several countries, and they all changed eventually to RHT, notably including when Nazi Germany introduced RHT with almost immediate effect in Czechoslovakia in 1938-39.[16]

text: Sweden was LHT from about 1734 to 1967,[17] despite having land borders with RHT countries, and approximately 90 percent of cars being left-hand drive (LHD) vehicles.[18] A referendum was held in 1955, with an overwhelming majority voting against a change to RHT. Nevertheless, some years later the government ordered a conversion, which took place at 5 am on Sunday, 3 September 1967. The accident rate dropped sharply after the change,[19] but soon rose back to near its original level.[20] The day was known as Dagen H ("H-Day"), the 'H' being for Högertrafik ("right traffic"). When Iceland switched the following year, it was known as H-dagurinn, again meaning "H-Day".[21]

text: In the late 1960s, the UK Department for Transport considered switching to RHT, but declared it unsafe and too costly for such a built-up nation.[22] Road building standards, for motorways in particular, allow asymmetrically designed road junctions, where merge and diverge lanes differ in length.[23]

text: Asia and the Pacific[edit]

text: China adopted RHT in 1946. Taiwan changed to driving on the right at the same time. Hong Kong and Macau continue to be LHT.

text: Both North Korea and South Korea switched to RHT in September 1945 after liberation from Japan which was defeated and surrendered by the Allies.

text: Myanmar switched to RHT in 1970.[24]

text: Samoa, a former German colony, had been RHT for more than a century. It switched to LHT in 2009,[25] being the first territory in almost 30 years to switch.[26] The move was legislated in 2008 to allow Samoans to use cheaper right hand drive (RHD) vehicles imported from Australia, New Zealand or Japan, and to harmonise with other South Pacific nations. A political party, The People's Party, was formed to try to protest against the change, a protest group which launched a legal challenge,[27] and an estimated 18,000 people attending demonstrations against it.[28] The motor industry was also opposed, as 14,000 of Samoa's 18,000 vehicles are designed for RHT and the government has refused to meet the cost of conversion.[26] After months of preparation, the switch from right to left happened in an atmosphere of national celebration. There were no reported incidents.[3] At 05:50 local time, Monday 7 September, a radio announcement halted traffic, and an announcement at 6:00 ordered traffic to switch to LHT.[25] The change coincided with more restrictive enforcement of speeding and seat-belt laws.[29] That day and the following day were declared public holidays, to reduce traffic.[30] The change included a three-day ban on alcohol sales, while police mounted dozens of checkpoints, warning drivers to drive slowly.[3]

text: The Philippines was mostly LHT during its Spanish[31] and American colonial periods,[32][33] as well as during the Commonwealth era.[34] During the Japanese occupation the Philippines remained LHT,[35] also because LHT had been required by the Japanese;[36] but during the Battle of Manila the liberating American forces drove their tanks to the right for easier facilitation of movement. RHT was formally finalised by Executive Order No. 34 signed by President Sergio Osmeña on 10 March 1945.[37]

text: Africa[edit]

text: A number of non-contiguous former British colonies in West Africa originally drove LHT and switched to RHT in the early 1970s to match the surrounding countries. Sierra Leone switched to RHT in 1971, Nigeria in 1972 and Ghana in 1974. Before this period The Gambia, a country entirely contained within RHT Senegal, had officially switched to RHT in 1965.

text: Rwanda, a former Belgian colony in central Africa, is RHT but is considering switching to LHT, to bring the country in line with other members of the East African Community (EAC).[38] A survey, carried out in 2009, indicated that 54% of Rwandans were in favour of the switch. Reasons cited were the perceived lower costs of RHD vehicles as opposed to LHD versions of the same model, easier maintenance and the political benefit of harmonisation of traffic regulations with other EAC countries. The same survey also indicated that RHD cars are 16 to 49 per cent cheaper than their LHD equivalents.[39] In 2014 an internal report from consultants to the Ministry of Infrastructure recommended a switch to LHT.[40] In 2015, the ban on RHD vehicles was lifted; RHD trucks from neighbouring countries cost $1000 less than LHD models imported from Europe.[41][42]

text: Changing sides at borders[edit]

text: While most LHT jurisdictions are on islands, there are cases where vehicles may be driven from LHT across a border into a RHT area.

text: LHT Thailand has three RHT neighbours: Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar. Most of its borders use a simple traffic light to do the switch, but there are also interchanges which enable the switch while keeping up a continuous flow of traffic.[43]

text: There are four road border crossing points between Hong Kong and Mainland China. In 2006, the daily average number of vehicle trips recorded at Lok Ma Chau was 31,100.[44] The next largest is Man Kam To, where there is no changeover system and the border roads on the mainland side Wenjindu intersect as one-way streets with a main road.

text: The Takutu River Bridge (which links LHT Guyana and RHT Brazil[45]) is the only border in the Americas where traffic changes sides.

text: Although the United Kingdom is separated from Continental Europe by the English Channel, the level of cross-Channel traffic is very high; the Channel Tunnel alone carries 3.5 million vehicles per year, by rail, between the UK and France.

text: Road vehicle configurations[edit]

text: Driver seating position[edit]

text: In RHT jurisdictions, vehicles are configured with LHD, with the driver sitting on the left side. In LHT jurisdictions, the reverse is true. The driver's side, the side closest to the centre of the road, is sometimes called the offside, while the passenger side, the side closest to the side of the road, is sometimes called the nearside.[46]

text: Historically there was less consistency in the relationship of the position of the driver to the handedness of traffic. Most American cars produced before 1910 were RHD.[7] In 1908 Henry Ford standardised the Model T as LHD in RHT America,[7] arguing that with RHD and RHT, the passenger was obliged to "get out on the street side and walk around the car" and that with steering from the left, the driver "is able to see even the wheels of the other car and easily avoids danger."[47] By 1915 other manufacturers followed Ford's lead, due to the popularity of the Model T.[7]

text: In specialised cases, the driver will sit on the nearside, or kerbside. Examples include:

text:
Where the driver needs a good view of the nearside, e.g. street sweepers, or vehicles driven along unstable road edges.[48]
Where it is more convenient for the driver to be on the nearside, e.g. delivery vehicles. The Grumman LLV postal delivery truck is widely used with RHD configurations in RHT North America. Some Unimogs are designed to be switch between LHD and RHD to permit operators to work on the more convenient side of the truck.

tag: ul

text: Generally, the convention is to mount a motorcycle on the left,[49] and kickstands are usually on the left[50] which makes it more convenient to mount on the safer kerbside[50] as is the case in LHT. Some jurisdictions prohibit fitting a sidecar to a motorcycle's offside.[51][52]

text: Headlamps and other lighting equipment[edit]

text: Most low-beam headlamps produce an asymmetrical beam distribution suitable for use on only one side of the road. Low beam headlamps for use in LH-traffic countries throw most of their light forward-leftward; those for RH-traffic countries throw most of their light forward-rightward, thus illuminating obstacles and road signs an adequate distance ahead on the driver's own side of the road while limiting glare to oncoming traffic on the other side of the road.

text: Within Europe, headlamps designed and approved for use on one side of the road must be adaptable to produce adequate illumination with controlled glare for temporarily driving on the other side of the road,[53]:p.13 ¶5.8 as for example on holiday or in transit. This adaptation may be achieved by affixing masking strips or prismatic lenses to a designated part of the lens or by moving all or part of the headlamp optic so all or part of the beam is shifted or the asymmetrical portion is occluded.[53]:p.13 ¶5.8.1 Some varieties of the projector-type headlamp can be fully adjusted to produce a proper LH- or RH-traffic beam by shifting a lever or other movable element in or on the lamp assembly.[53]:p.12 ¶5.4 Some vehicles adjust the headlamps automatically when the car's GPS detects that the vehicle has moved from LH to RH traffic or vice versa.

text: Because blackout strips and adhesive prismatic lenses reduce the safety performance of the headlamps, most countries require all vehicles registered or used on a permanent or semi-permanent basis within the country to be equipped with headlamps designed for the correct traffic-handedness.[citation needed]

text: Without sidecars attached, motorcycles, motor scooters, mopeds, and bicycles are almost symmetric with their handlebars in the centre. However, motorcycles are often equipped with automotive-type asymmetrical-beam headlamps that likewise require adjustments or replacement when brought into a country with opposite traffic-handedness.

text: Rear fog lamps[edit]

text: Within the European Union, vehicles must be equipped with one or two rear-facing red rear fog lamps. A single rear fog lamp must be located between the vehicle's longitudinal centreline and the outer extent of the driver's side of the vehicle.[54] When importing a vehicle to a country which drives on the opposite side of the road, this sometimes requires the purchase and installation of local-market lighting components.

text: Crash Testing differences[edit]

text: Some crash test results indicate that the RHD variant of a vehicle primarily developed for a LHD country may not protect the driver as well as the LHD variant, although differences in testing methodology could also cause the results to vary. [55]

text: One of the possible causes of this difference in crash test results is the RHD variant will not be an exact mirror image of the LHD variant. The number of differences in chassis, bodywork and parts needed to produce the RHD variant will be minimised to reduce the cost. The RHD vehicle is usually a variant of the LHD markets, due to potentially lower sales volumes of the RHD variant. When minimising the changes needed for the RHD variant, there is a possibility that key strengthening structures that would protect the driver in a crash may not be transferred to the driver side in the RHD variant. (There are no easily reference-able sources for LHD variant performing less well in crash testing than the RHD variant where the vehicle is primarily manufactured for/in RHD markets).

text: It is commonplace in Europe for only the LHD variant of a vehicle to be tested under the Euro NCAP crash testing scheme, although the result will be used in the promotion of the RHD variant in European countries which operate LHT.

text: Worldwide distribution by country[edit]

text: Of the 193 countries currently recognised by the United Nations (and the unrecognised Palestine), 140 use RHT and 54 use LHT. A country and its territories and dependencies is counted once.

text:
Country
Road traffic
Road switched sides
Multi-track rail traffic generally
Notes

 Afghanistan
RHT

RHT/LHT
Was LHT until the 1950s, in line with neighbouring British Raj and later Pakistan.[56]

 Albania
RHT[57]

RHT

 Algeria
RHT[57]

RHT

 Andorra
RHT[57]

 Angola
RHT[57]
1928

 Antigua and Barbuda
LHT[57]

 Argentina
RHT
10 June 1945
LHT
The anniversary on 10 June is still observed each year as Día de la Seguridad Vial (road safety day).[58]
The Premetro and Metrotranvía Mendoza use RHT.

 Armenia
RHT[57]

RHT

 Australia
LHT[59]

LHT
Commonwealth. Includes  Christmas Island,  Cocos Islands,  Norfolk Island

 Austria
RHT
1921 in Vorarlberg, 1930 in North Tyrol, 1935 in Carinthia and East Tyrol, 1938 in the rest of the country.
RHT[60]
Originally LHT, like most of former Austria-Hungary.

 Azerbaijan
RHT[57]

RHT

 Bahamas
LHT[57]

In Bahamas LHD vehicles are common due to the import of used cars from nearby USA[61].

 Bahrain
RHT
1967

Former British protectorate. Switched to same side as neighbours.[62]

 Bangladesh
LHT[57]

LHT

 Barbados
LHT

 Belgium
RHT[57]
1899
LHT
The Brussels Metro uses RHT.

 Belarus
RHT[57]

RHT

 Belize
RHT
1961[2]

Former British colony. Switched to same side as neighbours.

 Benin
RHT[57]

 Bhutan
LHT[57]

Under British protection before 1949.

 Bolivia
RHT[57]

 Botswana
LHT[57]

 Brazil
RHT
1928[57]
RHT
A Portuguese colony until the early 19th century, switched some states still using LHT[63] to RHT in 1928.[64]
Most metro systems use RHT.

 Brunei
LHT[57]

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
RHT[57]

RHT[65]
Switched sides after the collapse of Austria-Hungary.

 Bulgaria
RHT[57]

RHT

 Burkina Faso
RHT[57]

 Burundi
RHT

Considering switching to LHT[66] in line with neighbours Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda.

 Cambodia
RHT

RHT implemented while part of French Indochina. RHD cars, many of which were smuggled from Thailand, were banned from 2001, even though they accounted for 80% of vehicles in the country.[67]

 Cameroon
RHT[57]
1961

 Canada
RHT
1920s
RHT
Territories now in Canada have always been RHT, except British Columbia, which changed to RHT in stages from 1920 to 1923,[68][69] and New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island which changed in 1922, 1923, and 1924 respectively.[70] Newfoundland and Labrador changed to RHT in 1947 while still a dominion of the British Empire, two years before joining Canada.[71]

 Cape Verde
RHT[57]
1928

 Central African Republic
RHT[57]

 Chad
RHT[57]

 Chile
RHT[57]
1916
LHT
The Santiago Metro uses RHT.

 China
RHT
1946
RHT/LHT
At one time, northern provinces were RHT due to American influence, while southern provinces were LHT due to British influence. LHT was uniform in the 1930s.  Hong Kong and  Macau are all on LHT.

 Colombia
RHT[57]

RHT

 Comoros
RHT[57]

 Congo
RHT[57]

 Democratic Republic of Congo
RHT[57]

 Costa Rica
RHT[57]

 Côte d'Ivoire
RHT[57]

 Croatia
RHT[57]

RHT
Istria and Dalmatia were RHT, while Croatia-Slavonia was LHT when Croatia was part of Austria-Hungary [72]. The LHT regions switched to RHT on joining the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

 Cuba
RHT[57]

 Cyprus
LHT[57]

Former British colony.

 Czech Republic
RHT[57]
1939
RHT
Was LHT, like most of former Austria-Hungary, switched during the German occupation of Czechoslovakia.

 Denmark
RHT

RHT[73]
Includes  Faroe Islands and  Greenland

 Djibouti
RHT[57]

 Dominica
LHT[57]

Former British colony.

 Dominican Republic
RHT[57]

 East Timor
LHT
1976

Originally LHT, like its colonial power Portugal. Switched to RHT with Portugal in 1928.[2] Under the Indonesian occupation of East Timor, changed back to LHT in 1976.

 Ecuador
RHT[57]

LHT
The Quito Metro and Cuenca tram system will use RHT

 Egypt
RHT[57]

LHT
Road vehicles are RHT due to French influence, but railway system was built by British companies.

 El Salvador
RHT[57]

 Equatorial Guinea
RHT[57]

 Eritrea
RHT[57]
1964

 Estonia
RHT[57]

RHT

 Ethiopia
RHT[57]
1964
LHT
The Addis Ababa Light Rail runs on the right.

 Fiji
LHT

 Finland
RHT
1858
RHT/LHT
Formerly ruled by LHT Sweden, switched to RHT as the Grand Duchy of Finland by Russian decree.[74] Majority of Helsinki commuter rail uses LHT.

 France
RHT
1792
LHT[75]/RHT
Includes  French Polynesia,  New Caledonia,  Saint Pierre and Miquelon,  Wallis and Futuna,  French Guiana,  Réunion,  Saint Barthélemy,  Collectivity of Saint Martin,  Guadeloupe,  Mayotte.
Railways in Alsace and Lorraine use RHT as a former part of German Empire. CDGVAL uses RHT. Most metro systems use RHT, except for the Lyon Metro.

 Gabon
RHT[57]

 Gambia
RHT [57]
1965

 Georgia
RHT[57]

RHT
About 40% vehicles in Georgia are RHD due to low cost of used cars from Japan[76].

 Germany
RHT[77]

RHT

 Ghana
RHT
1974

Former British colony. When changing to RHT a Twi language slogan was "Nifa, Nifa Enan" or "Right, Right, Fourth".[78]

 Greece
RHT[57]

RHT

 Grenada
LHT[57]

 Guatemala
RHT[57]

 Guinea
RHT[57]

 Guinea-Bissau
RHT[57]
1928

 Guyana
LHT[57]

 Haiti
RHT[57]

 Honduras
RHT[57]

 Hungary
RHT[57]
1941
RHT
Originally LHT, like most of Austria-Hungary.

 Iceland
RHT
1968

The day of the switch was known as H-dagurinn. Most passenger cars were already LHD.

 Iran
RHT[57]

RHT

 Iraq
RHT[57]

LHT

 India
LHT[57]

LHT
Former British colony.

 Indonesia
LHT[59]

RHT[79]
Roads were built by British, but railways are RHT due to Netherlands influence. The Jakarta MRT will use LHT.

 Ireland
LHT[57]

LHT
Former British Dominion.

 Israel
RHT[57]

LHT
The Jerusalem Light Rail uses RHT.

 Italy
RHT
1920s
LHT
Until 1927 the countryside was RHT while cities were LHT.[80] Rome changed to RHT in 1924 and Milan in 1926. Alfa Romeo and Lancia did not produce LHD cars until as late as 1950 and 1953 respectively, as many drivers favoured the RHD layout even in RHT as this offered the driver a clearer view of the edge of the road in mountainous regions at a time when many such roads lacked barriers or walls.[81]
The metro systems in Brescia, Genoa, Milan, and Turin use RHT, as well as all tram systems.

 Jamaica
LHT[57]

 Japan
LHT[82]

LHT
Post-World War II Okinawa was ruled by the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands and was RHT. It was returned to Japan in 1972 went LHT in 1978.[83] The conversion operation was known as 730 (Nana-San-Maru, which means Nana(7)-San(3)-Maru(0)). Okinawa is one of few places to have changed from RHT to LHT in the late 20th century.

 Jordan
RHT[57]

RHT, despite the Mandate for Palestine and the Transjordan memorandum being under British rule till 1946.

 Kazakhstan
RHT[57]

RHT

 Kenya
LHT[84]

British colony until 1963.

 Kiribati
LHT[57]

 North Korea and  South Korea
RHT
1946
LHT
Korea had been LHT because of the influence of Japan in the 1900s. Switched to RHT under Soviet and American occupation after 1945.
Most metro systems in South Korea use RHT (exceptions include Seoul Subway Line 1 and the Bundang Line); metro system in Pyongyang uses a mixture of RHT and LHT.

 Kuwait
RHT[57]

 Kyrgyzstan
RHT

RHT
Former part of RHT Soviet Union. In 2012, over 20,000 cheaper used RHD cars were imported from Japan.[85]

 Laos
RHT[57]

LHT
RHT implemented while part of French Indochina.

 Latvia
RHT[57]

RHT

 Lebanon
RHT[57]

Former French mandate.

 Lesotho
LHT[57]

 Liberia
RHT[57]

 Libya
RHT[57]

 Liechtenstein
RHT[57]

RHT

 Lithuania
RHT[57]

RHT

 Luxembourg
RHT[57]

RHT

 Macedonia
RHT[57]

RHT

 Madagascar
RHT[57]

 Malawi
LHT[57]

 Malaysia
LHT[57]

LHT
Former British colony.

 Maldives
LHT[57]

 Mali
RHT[57]

 Malta
LHT[57]

British colony until 1964.

 Marshall Islands
RHT[57]

 Mauritania
RHT

Mining roads between Fdérik and Zouérat are LHT.[86]

 Mauritius
LHT[57]

Former British colony. Island nation.

 Mexico
RHT[57]

RHT

 Micronesia
RHT [57]

 Moldova
RHT[57]

RHT

 Monaco
RHT[57]

LHT

 Mongolia
RHT[57]

RHT

 Montenegro
RHT[57]

RHT

 Morocco
RHT[57]

RHT

 Mozambique
LHT[87]

LHT

 Myanmar
RHT
1970
LHT
Much of infrastructure still geared to LHT, most cars are pre-owned RHD vehicles, imported from Japan.[88]

 Netherlands
RHT
1906[89]
RHT
Rotterdam was LHT until 1917.[90] Includes  Curaçao,  Sint Maarten, and  Aruba

 Namibia
LHT
1918

RHT as a German colony. After South Africa occupied German South-West Africa during World War I, switched to LHT.[2] South-West Africa was made a South African mandate by the League of Nations, and the new rule of the road was established in law.[91]

 Nauru
LHT[57]
1918

   Nepal
LHT[92]

 New Zealand
LHT[59]

LHT
Includes territories  Niue and  Cook Islands

 Nicaragua
RHT[57]

 Niger
RHT[57]

 Nigeria
RHT
1972[93]
LHT
Former British colony. Switched to RHT as it is surrounded by former French RHT colonies.

 Norway
RHT[57]

RHT

 Oman
RHT

Not a party to the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic and bans all foreign-registered RHD vehicles.[94]

 Palau
RHT[57]

RHT

 Palestine
RHT[57]

 Pakistan
LHT[57]

LHT

 Panama
RHT
1943[95]

 Papua New Guinea
LHT[57]

 Paraguay
RHT
1945[96]

 Peru
RHT[57]

LHT

 Philippines
RHT
1946[37]
RHT
LHT up until the Battle of Manila in 1945

 Poland
RHT

RHT
Partitions of Poland belonging to the German Empire and the Russian Empire were RHT. Partitions that were part of Austria-Hungary were LHT and changed to RHT in the 1920s.[97]

 Portugal
RHT[59]
1928
LHT
Colonies Goa, Macau and Mozambique, which had land borders with LHT countries, did not switch and continue to drive on the left.[87] The Porto Metro uses RHT.

 Qatar
RHT[57]

 Romania
RHT[57]

RHT

 Russia
RHT[57]

RHT
In the Russian Far East RHD vehicles are common due to the import of used cars from nearby Japan.[98] Railway between Moscow and Ryazan is LHT. Sormovskaya line in Nizhny Novgorod Metro also uses LHT.

 Rwanda
RHT[66]

Former Belgian mandate. Considering switching to LHT[66][99] like its neighbours Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda.

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
LHT

 Saint Lucia
LHT

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
LHT

 Samoa
LHT
2009

Switched to LHT to allow the import of cars more cheaply from Australia, New Zealand and Japan.[59]

 San Marino
RHT[57]

 São Tomé and Príncipe
RHT[57]
1928

 Saudi Arabia
RHT[57]

LHT
The Makkah Metro uses RHT.

 Senegal
RHT[57]

 Serbia
RHT[57]

RHT
Vojvodina was LHT while part of Austria-Hungary.

 Seychelles
LHT[57]

 Sierra Leone
RHT
1971[100]

Importation of RHD vehicles was banned in 2013.[101]

 Singapore
LHT[57]

LHT
Former British colony.

 Slovakia
RHT[57]
1939–41
RHT

 Slovenia
RHT[57]

LHT

 Solomon Islands
LHT[57]

 Somalia
RHT
1968[102]

 South Africa
LHT[103][104]

LHT
Former British colony.

 South Sudan
RHT
1973

Was LHT during the period of British colonial rule. Split from Sudan in 2011 after the majority of the population voted for independence.

 Spain
RHT
1924
RHT
Up to the 1920s Barcelona was RHT, and Madrid was LHT until 1924. The Madrid and Bilbao metro systems use LHT.[105]

 Sri Lanka
LHT[57]

LHT
Former British Colony.

 Sudan
RHT[57]
1973

Former British Colony.

 Suriname
LHT[57]

 Swaziland
LHT[57]

 Sweden
RHT[57]
3 September 1967
LHT
The day of the switch was known as Dagen H. Most passenger cars were already LHD. The tram systems in Gothenburg and Norrköping use RHT; the tram system in Stockholm is RHT except Lidingö Line.[106] The railways in Malmö uses RHT due to the connection to Denmark.

  Switzerland
RHT[57]

LHT
The tram system in Zurich and the Lausanne Metro use RHT.

 Syria
RHT[57]

 Taiwan
RHT
1946
LHT
Was LHT during the period of Japanese rule. The government of the Republic of China changed Taiwan to RHT in 1946 along with the rest of China.[107] Most metro systems use RHT.

 Tajikistan
RHT[57]

RHT

 Tanzania
LHT[57]

 Thailand
LHT[59]

LHT
One of the few LHT countries not a former British colony. Shares long land border with RHT Laos and Cambodia.

 Togo
RHT[57]

 Tonga
LHT[57]

 Trinidad and Tobago
LHT[108]

Former British colony.

 Tunisia
RHT[57]

LHT
French RHT was enforced in the French protectorate of Tunisia from 1881.

 Turkey
RHT[57]

RHT

 Turkmenistan
RHT[57]

RHT

 Tuvalu
LHT[57]

 Uganda
LHT[57]

 Ukraine
RHT
1922[97]
RHT
West Ukraine was LHT, like most of former Austria-Hungary. Carpathian Ruthenia remained LHT as part of Czechoslovakia before switching in 1941 as part of Hungary. The rest of Ukraine, having been part of the Russian Empire, already drove on the right.
Some sections of Kryvyi Rih Metrotram use LHT due to tramcars have doors only on right side, which makes it impossible to use RHT at stations with island platforms[109].

 United Arab Emirates
RHT[57]

RHT

 United Kingdom
LHT
(Mainland UK)
RHT
(Gibraltar)

LHT
Includes Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories  Isle of Man,  Guernsey,  Jersey,  Anguilla,  Bermuda,  British Virgin Islands,  Cayman Islands,  Falkland Islands,  Montserrat,  Pitcairn Islands,  Turks and Caicos Islands,  Saint Helena, Ascension, Tristan da Cunha are all left hand drive.  Gibraltar has been RHT since 1929 because of its land border with Spain.[110] The Channel Islands (Jersey and Guernsey) drove on the right under German occupation until their liberation in 1945.[111] The Falkland Islands similarly drove on the right during their occupation by Argentina in 1982.[112]

 United States
RHT
LHT
(U.S. Virgin Islands)

RHT/LHT[113]
Includes  American Samoa,  Guam,  Northern Mariana Islands,  Puerto Rico.  U.S. Virgin Islands is LHT, like much of the Caribbean.

 Uruguay
RHT[96]
1945
LHT
Became LHT in 1918, but as in some other countries in South America, changed to RHT on 2 September 1945. A speed limit of 30 km/h (19 mph) was observed until 30 September for safety.

 Uzbekistan
RHT[57]

RHT

 Vanuatu
RHT[114]

 Venezuela
RHT[57]

LHT
The Caracas Metro uses RHT.

 Vietnam
RHT[57]

LHT
Became RHT as French Indochina.

 Yemen
RHT
1977[2]

South Yemen, formerly the British colony of Aden, changed to RHT 1977. A series of postage stamps commemorating the event was issued.[115] North Yemen was already RHT.

 Zambia
LHT[57]

 Zimbabwe
LHT

LHT
Former British colony. In 2010 the government attempted to ban LHD vehicles.[116]

tag: table

text: Traffic behaviour[edit]

text:
Manoeuvre
LHT
RHT

Unless overtaking stay on the
left
right

In roundabouts traffic rotates
clockwise
anticlockwise

Oncoming traffic is seen coming from the
right
left

Traffic must cross oncoming traffic when turning
right
left

Most traffic signs are on the
left
right

Pedestrians crossing a two-way road look first for traffic from their
right
left

Dual carriageway ramps are on the
left
right

After stopping at a red light it may be legal to turn
left
right

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Gibraltar has been RHT (since 1929)

A sign reminding motorists to keep left in Australia

Vehicles entering and leaving Macau cross over each other at the Lotus Bridge.

Sign reminding motorists to drive on the left in Ireland


document_title: Ping pong show

question_text: where are the ping pong shows in phuket

question_tokens: where are the ping pong shows in phuket

text: Ping pong show

text: Description[edit]

text: The show typically takes place on a stage or dance platform and often involves a single performer. Usually she performs while lying on her back, although some variations involve a standing performer.[1] The performer is commonly dressed in only a bikini top or bra and has her pubic hair shaved. Items can be inserted into the vagina either on stage as part of the performance or beforehand in preparation. As an alternative to ejecting the items using the pelvic muscles, objects are sometimes pulled out by hand.[2] The earliest versions of the show involved ping pong balls, but other diverse objects have since been used in the performance. They include eggs, bananas, long strings or ribbons, whistles, horns, pens, cigarettes, candles, darts, spinning tops, bottles, firecrackers, razor blades, and chopsticks. Another activity is the shooting of goldfish into a bowl, or stuffing a large frog inside to see how long she can keep it in. A male member of the audience may be brought onto the dance platform to hold a balloon while a dart is shot at it, or the performer may do a shoot around the table at balloons tied to each customer's chair.[3][4] Another example of audience participation involves the performer filling her vagina with beer, expelling it into a glass and inviting an audience member to drink it.[2]

text: In Thailand[edit]

text: The popularity of ping pong shows in Thailand dates back to the early 1980s and a show is featured in the 1976 sexploitation film Emanuelle in Bangkok.[1] The shows are officially prohibited under the obscenity legislation of Thai law, and in 2004 the government further limited what is permitted.[5] Nevertheless, demand from foreign tourists and local police corruption usually results in the practice being implicitly condoned by Thai officials.[6] There are instances of women performing at ping pong shows also working as prostitutes,[3] but in many ping pong show bars performers do not sell sex to customers.[2] Although prostitution in Thailand is not strictly illegal, publicly soliciting and creating a nuisance is.[7][8]

text: Locations like Patpong in Bangkok, Walking Street, Pattaya, Bangla Road in Phuket and Ta Pae Gate in Chiang Mai have numerous venues hosting ping-pong shows.[2] Customers are brought in by employees working for the ping-pong shows. They approach tourists and passers-by in streets such as Bangkok's Khaosan Road during the late evening and ask them if they want to see a show.[9] They are frequently shown pictures of the show in a booklet.[10] The shows take place on the upper floors of bars and strip clubs in locations such as Bangkok's entertainment district Patpong,[11] while bikini-clad women dance in the ground floor bars.[12] An entry fee is usually charged, often equivalent to around US$10, though typically nearer US$20 in Bangkok.[2] In some cases, instead of a cover charge, the drinks are priced 3–4 times higher than usual and a purchase is required.[13] Other possible charges can include show fees and exit charges. In addition, performers often go around asking for tips after they have finished their acts.[14]

text: In Laos[edit]

text: The Laotian capital Vientiane was once famous for its brothels and ping-pong-show bars during the 1960s and 1970s as a result of the country's involvement in the Vietnam War.[15] Travel writer Paul Theroux described a bar in 1973 Vientiane thus: “Your eyes get accustomed to the dark and you see the waitress is naked. Without warning she jumps on the chair, pokes a cigarette into her vagina and lights it, puffing it by contracting her uterine lungs."[16] British journalist Christopher Robbins wrote that The White Rose, a famous Vientiane bar during the war, featured floor shows in which women used their vaginas to smoke cigarettes and fling ping pong balls.[17] Such shows have since disappeared and brothels are now prohibited by Laotian law.[18]

text: In Europe[edit]

text: In the red light district of De Wallen in Amsterdam the Moulin Rouge and Casa Rosso theatres feature on-stage sex shows including variations on the ping pong show.[19]

text: Human rights concerns[edit]

text: The ping pong show is designed to get people talking about it so that people will come to the bar to see it. Often customers come only to see the show and leave when it is over. This is good business for the bar, which makes much of its profits from drinks. However, the majority of the bar workers do not participate in the show. Research published in 2002 indicated that most bar workers regard the show as bad for business and do not like it. Many bar workers consider the show to be low-class and in bad taste, boring as it is the same every night, and liable to take attention away from the bar workers by focussing on the acts.[1]

text: An article in 2009 described an example of the working conditions of women at ping pong shows. The employees arrived at 18:00 and left at daybreak. They stamped a time card and were penalized 5 baht (US$0.14) for every minute they were late. Each month, they received two nights of leave and, if they did not miss any additional nights, they earned a salary of 6,000 baht (US$181), supplemented by tips.[3] In 2015 the average monthly income in Thailand was $489, according to the International Labour Organization.[20]

text: Some human rights organizations (such as Not For Sale) have denounced ping pong shows as inherently misogynistic. Taina Bien-Aime of Equality Now commented that: "The attitude that [sex work in places like ping pong shows] is empowering gives a green light to traffickers. We're trying to fight the commercial sex trade, not empower the sex trade."[21] Some of the performers in ping pong shows in Thailand come from poorer neighbouring countries such as Myanmar, Cambodia, or Laos.[3] The closure of factories in Thailand during the Great Recession in the late 2000s led to an increase in unemployment in the country. Some women formerly engaged in factory work moved to Thailand's red-light districts and ended up working in ping pong shows. Bien-Aime commented: "Working 14 hours [a day] in a factory or blowing ping pong balls out of your vagina should not be a person's only choices in life."[21] Although no pain or suffering is generally experienced by female performers during the show,[1] there have been rare accidents in which performers have been seriously and irreparably injured.[3] The inclusion of a ping pong show scene in the film The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert led to the film being criticised on the grounds of sexism and racism.


document_title: Super Bowl ring

question_text: what player has the most superbowl rings in the nfl

text: Super Bowl ring

text: Details[edit]

text: These rings are typically made of yellow or white gold with diamonds. They usually include the team name, team logo, and Super Bowl number (usually indicated in Roman numerals). The NFL contributes up to $5,000 per ring for up to 150 rings for the winning team; any additional costs are borne by the team.[1] Most rings are manufactured by memorabilia company Jostens. In 2015, the rings for the New England Patriots reportedly cost $36,500 each, making them the most expensive rings Jostens has ever produced.[2]

text: The winning team can typically present rings to whomever they choose, including usually, but not limited to: players (active roster or injured), coaches, trainers, executives, personnel, and general staff. Some teams have given rings to former players and coaches that were on the team at some point during the season, despite not having been on the winning roster for the Super Bowl itself.[3][4] Sometimes a team will give rings to fans as part of a charity raffle.[5] Teams can distribute any number of rings. A recent trend over the last 15–20 years has been lesser rings awarded to front office staff. These are commonly called "B" and "C" level rings and are smaller and contain fewer diamonds or contain faux diamonds. The first instance of this was the Redskins Super Bowl XVII ring when many in the front office received rings that were not solid gold and contained cubic zirconia stones (which resemble diamonds). When Tampa Bay won Super Bowl XXXVII, the players and coaches received rings with a diamond-centered Lombardi trophy. Some staff received rings with a metal Lombardi trophy and real diamonds surrounding the trophy and the "C" level ring did not contain any diamonds.

text: Many rings feature diamonds in the shape of the Vince Lombardi Trophy or a football. Some feature diamonds or gold in the shape of a team logo. Others illustrate the number of Super Bowls that franchise has won. Also, the rings are customized with the player's name and uniform number.

text: The Green Bay Packers Super Bowl XLV ring[6] contained more than 100 diamonds. The Packer logo, in the center of the ring, made up 13 diamonds, one for each title the team has won, dating back to 1929. In a break from tradition, this is the first Super Bowl ring to be made of platinum, not gold.[citation needed]

text: The New England Patriots Super Bowl LI ring has 283 diamonds, to commemorate their comeback from being down 28-3 versus the Atlanta Falcons late in the 3rd quarter.[7]

text: Value and resale[edit]

text: Replicas of the rings for various years are popular collectibles, along with genuine rings. Dave Meggett is known to have placed his ring for sale on eBay. Two Super Bowl rings from the 1970 Steelers sold on eBay for over $69,000 apiece in mid-2008.[8] Patriots safety Je'Rod Cherry raffled his ring from Super Bowl XXXVI in November 2008 to benefit several charities working to help children in Africa and Asia.[9] Tight end Shannon Sharpe, meanwhile, gave his first Super Bowl ring to his brother Sterling, who had his career cut short by injury.[10]

text: In 2011, a Super Bowl ring belonging to Steve Wright, a lineman for the Green Bay Packers in the 1960s, sold for over $73,000 at auction. Three Super Bowl rings belonging to former Raiders' punter Ray Guy brought over $96,000 at auction. In 2012, Lawrence Taylor's son sold his father's Super Bowl ring from 1990 for more than $250,000.

text: Most Super Bowl rings[edit]

text:
Seven: two people.

Bill Belichick: two as defensive coordinator of the New York Giants and five as head coach of New England Patriots
Neal Dahlen:[11][12] five with San Francisco 49ers (staff and player personnel) and two with Denver Broncos (general manager)

Six: six people.

Dan Rooney and Art Rooney II: each as an executive with Pittsburgh Steelers
Chuck Noll: four as head coach and two as a team consultant with Pittsburgh Steelers
Bill Nunn: each as a scout with Pittsburgh Steelers[13][14]
"Mean Joe" Greene: four as a defensive tackle, two as a special assistant for player personnel, all with the Pittsburgh Steelers[15]
Conditioning coach Mike Woicik: three with Dallas Cowboys and three with New England Patriots

Five: twenty people.

Charles Haley, five (two as a linebacker with the San Francisco 49ers and three as a defensive end with the Dallas Cowboys)
Tom Brady, five as starting quarterback with New England Patriots; he has the most rings of any active player (as of the end of the 2017–18 season), he is the only player to win five playing for one team, and he has more than any other quarterback in Super Bowl history.
Robert Kraft, five as owner of New England Patriots
Edward J. DeBartolo, Jr., five as owner of San Francisco 49ers
Keith Simon: five as CFO and Executive VP with San Francisco 49ers
Bobb McKittrick: five as offensive line coach with San Francisco 49ers
Ray Rhodes: five as an assistant coach with San Francisco 49ers
Bill McPherson: five as defensive line coach with San Francisco 49ers
Dick Hoak: each as a running backs coach with Pittsburgh Steelers
Romeo Crennel: two as a defensive coach with New York Giants and three as a defensive coordinator with New England Patriots
George Seifert: three as an assistant coach and two as a head coach all with San Francisco 49ers
Dwight Clark: two as a player and three as a member of the front office, all with San Francisco 49ers
Pepper Johnson: two as a linebacker for New York Giants and three as an assistant coach with New England Patriots
Monsignor Peter Armstrong: five as chaplain for San Francisco 49ers
Markus Paul: three as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the New England Patriots, and two as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the New York Giants[16]
Tim Rooney: Three with Pittsburgh Steelers and two with New York Giants (as Pro Personnel Director/Scout)
Josh McDaniels has won five with the New England Patriots his first as personnel assistant, second as defensive coaching assistant, third as quarterbacks coach and his fourth and fifth as offensive coordinator.
Ivan Fears has won five with New England Patriots his first as wide receivers coach and the remaining as running backs coach.
Ernie Adams has won five with New England Patriots as a football research director
Brian Daboll has won five with New England Patriots, one as a defensive coaching assistant, two as wide receivers coach, and two as tight ends coach

Four: at least 39 players, many coaches and staff.

The first player to win four Super Bowl rings was tight-end Marv Fleming, who got a pair with Green Bay Packers in 1966 and 1967, and another pair with Miami Dolphins in 1972 and 1973.
Twenty-two players earned four rings with Pittsburgh Steelers in the 1970s: Terry Bradshaw, Franco Harris, Lynn Swann, John Stallworth, Mel Blount, Jack Lambert, Jack Ham, Mike Webster, Donnie Shell, L. C. Greenwood, Rocky Bleier, Gerry Mullins, Larry Brown, Mike Wagner, J.T. Thomas, Loren Toews, Jon Kolb, Sam Davis, Steve Furness, Dwight White, Randy Grossman and the previously mentioned Joe Greene (who later added two more rings). At least five coaches were with the team all four years: George Perles, Louis Riecke, Woody Widenhofer and (as noted above) Chuck Noll and Dick Hoak. The list of Steelers front office staff receiving four rings during that era includes Director of Player Personnel Dick Haley.
Tom Flores: First person to have rings as a player (Kansas City Chiefs), assistant coach and head coach (Oakland Raiders)
Joe Montana, Keena Turner, Jesse Sapolu, Eric Wright, Mike Wilson and Ronnie Lott each won four Super Bowl rings with the 49ers.
Kicker Adam Vinatieri won three with the New England Patriots and one with the Indianapolis Colts
Russ Grimm won three with Washington Redskins and one with Pittsburgh Steelers
Ted Hendricks won one with Baltimore Colts and three with Oakland Raiders
Bill Romanowski won two with San Francisco and two with Denver Broncos
Coach Charlie Weis won one with New York Giants and three with New England Patriots
Matt Millen has four rings while playing for four different cities and three different teams, one with Oakland Raiders, one with Los Angeles Raiders, one with San Francisco 49ers, and one with Washington Redskins (only player to earn a ring with four different cities)
Sherman Lewis won three as running backs coach with San Francisco 49ers and one as offensive coordinator with Green Bay Packers
Willie Davis[17] Won all four rings with Green Bay Packers: two as a player, one as a member of the team's board of directors, and one as an emeritus director. He is the only person to possess all four of Green Bay's Super Bowl rings. Davis also won rings as a member of the 1961, 1962 and 1965 NFL Championship Green Bay Packer teams, bringing his unofficial championship ring count to seven, as the first three were awarded prior to the creation of the Super Bowl.
Mike Pope won all four of his Super Bowl rings as the long time Tight End coach for New York Giants
Ken Norton, Jr. was the first member of 3 Super Bowl-winning teams in a row as a player, and gained a 4th ring as the Linebacker coach for the 2013 Seattle Seahawks
Larry Izzo won three Super Bowls with New England Patriots, and one as the special teams assistant coach with New York Giants
Coach Gary Kubiak won one with San Francisco 49ers as quarterbacks coach, two with Denver Broncos as offensive coordinator, and one as the head coach of the Broncos
Dante Scarnecchia has won four with New England Patriots as an offensive line coach, along with being assistant head coach for three of them
Brian Pariani has won four rings. One as an offensive assistant coach with San Francisco 49ers and three as the tight ends coach with the Denver Broncos

Three: many players, coaches and staff

Among the many figures with three are Bill Walsh, John Elway, Mike Ditka, Mike Shanahan, Art Shell, Jerry Rice, Steve Young, Troy Aikman, Emmitt Smith, Jay Novacek, Michael Irvin, Larry Brown, Eric Mangini, Joe Gibbs, Dave Dalby, Cliff Branch, Roger Craig, Shannon Sharpe, Ed McCaffrey, Mark Schlereth, Forrest Gregg, Herb Adderley, Tom Coughlin, LeGarrette Blount, and Matt Cavanaugh.
Twenty-two players earned three rings with the New England Patriots during the early 2000s: Troy Brown, Willie McGinest, Richard Seymour, Ty Law, Mike Vrabel, Tedy Bruschi, Kevin Faulk, Matt Light, Patrick Pass, Ted Johnson, Lonie Paxton, Stephen Neal, Joe Andruzzi, David Patten, Roman Phifer, Tom Ashworth, Adrian Klemm, Je'Rod Cherry, Matt Chatham, the aforementioned Adam Vinatieri (who later added a fourth ring with the Colts), the aforementioned Tom Brady (who went on to win two additional Super Bowls with the Patriots), and the aforementioned Larry Izzo (who won a fourth with the Giants).

text: Players with Super Bowl and Grey Cup rings[edit]

text: As of 2017, ten players have won championships in both the NFL and Canada’s equivalent Canadian Football League (CFL).

text:
O. J. Brigance (linebacker) won a Grey Cup ring in 1995 with the CFL’s Baltimore Stallions and won a Super Bowl ring in 2001 with the Baltimore Ravens. He is the only player to win both a Grey Cup and a Super Bowl with teams from the same city.
Brandon Browner (cornerback) won a ring in 2008 with the CFL’s Calgary Stampeders and then won a Super Bowl ring in 2013 with the Seattle Seahawks, although he did not play in that game due to a suspension. He went on to play against the Seahawks in the following year's Super Bowl, when he won a second ring with the 2014 New England Patriots.
Terry Greer (wide receiver) was the first person to win both championships; he won the Grey Cup as a member of the Toronto Argonauts in 1983, and two Super Bowl rings as a member of the San Francisco 49ers in 1988 and 1989.
Harald Hasselbach (defensive end) won a ring in 1992 with the CFL’s Calgary Stampeders and won a Super Bowl ring in 1997 with the Denver Broncos.
Bobby Singh (guard) is the only player to win a Super Bowl (1999 with the St. Louis Rams), and a Grey Cup (2006 with the BC Lions), and the XFL Championship (2001 with the Los Angeles Xtreme).
Alvin Walton (safety) won two Super Bowl rings with the NFL's Washington Redskins (1987 and 1991 seasons, but he did not participate in the 1991 season Super Bowl victory) and won a Grey Cup ring with the Baltimore Stallions in 1995.
Barry Wilburn (cornerback) won a Super Bowl with the Washington Redskins in 1988 and the Grey Cup in 1994 with the BC Lions.
Tyrone Williams (wide receiver) won two Super Bowl rings with Dallas in 1992 and 1993, although he did not participate in either game. He then won a Grey Cup ring with the Toronto Argonauts in 1996.
Andre Rison (wide receiver) won a Super Bowl with the Green Bay Packers in 1996, and a Grey Cup with the Toronto Argonauts in 2004.
Josh Miller (punter) won a Grey Cup with the Baltimore Stallions in 1995, and a Super Bowl with the New England Patriots in 2004.Bennie Thompson Grey cup 78th Wpg Superbowl Baltimore 1999


document_title: Would You Lay with Me (In a Field of Stone) (song)

question_text: who wrote would you lay with me in a field of stone

text:
"Would You Lay with Me (In a Field of Stone)"

Single by Tanya Tucker

from the album Would You Lay with Me (In a Field of Stone)

B-side
"No Man's Land"

Released
December 31, 1973

Genre
Country

Length
2:23

Label
Columbia

Songwriter(s)
David Allan Coe

Producer(s)
Billy Sherrill

Tanya Tucker singles chronology

"Blood Red and Goin' Down"
(1973)
"Would You Lay with Me (In a Field of Stone)"
(1973)
"The Man That Turned My Mama On"
(1974)

"Blood Red and Goin' Down"
(1973)
"Would You Lay with Me (In a Field of Stone)"
(1974)
"The Man That Turned My Mama On"
(1974)

text: "Would You Lay with Me (In a Field of Stone)" is a song written by David Allan Coe, and recorded by American country music artist Tanya Tucker. It was released in December 1973 as the first single and title track from the album Would You Lay with Me (In a Field of Stone). It topped the U.S. country chart on March 30, 1974, for one week and was Tucker's third number-one song on the chart.[1] On the Billboard Hot 100, the song peaked at number 46. Only her 1975 number-one country hit, "Lizzie and the Rainman", performed better on the pop chart. Coe later recorded the song as the b-side to his 1975 single "You Never Even Called Me by My Name." In 1975, a version by veteran Australian singer Judy Stone reached into the top 5 of the Australian pop charts. Willie Nelson recorded the song on his 1983 album, Take It to the Limit. In 2000, Johnny Cash covered the song on his album, American III: Solitary Man.

text: Alf Robertson covered the song in 1978, in Swedish as "Jennifers frågor".[2]

text: Chart performance[edit]

text:
Chart (1974)
Peak
position

US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[3]
1

US Billboard Hot 100[4]
46

Canadian RPM Country Tracks
7

Canadian RPM Top Singles
54