document_title: Flag of Australia

question_text: what do the stars represent on the australian flag

question_tokens: what do the stars represent on the australian flag

text: Flag of Australia

text: Devices[edit]

text:
Constituent parts of the flag of Australia

Flags forming the Union Jack

Southern Cross

Commonwealth Star

text: The Australian flag uses three prominent symbols: the Union Flag, the Commonwealth Star (also the Federation Star) and the Southern Cross (or Crux).[6]

text: In its original usage as the flag of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Union Flag combined three heraldic crosses which represent the constituent countries of the United Kingdom (as constituted in 1801):[7]

text:
The red St George's Cross of England
The white diagonal St Andrew's Cross of Scotland
The red diagonal St Patrick's Cross of Ireland

text: The Union Flag is thought to symbolise Australia's history as six British colonies and the principles upon which the Australian Federation is based,[6][8] although a more historic view sees its inclusion in the design as demonstrating loyalty to the British Empire.[9]

text: The Commonwealth Star, also known as the Federation Star,[10] originally had six points, representing the six federating colonies. In 1908, a seventh point was added to symbolise the Papua and any future territories.[6][11] Another rationale for the change was to match the star used on the Coat of Arms, which was created in the same year. The Commonwealth Star does not have any official relation to Beta Centauri, despite the latter's brightness and location in the sky; however, the 1870 version of the flag of South Australia featured the "pointer" stars, Alpha and Beta Centauri.[12][13]

text: The Southern Cross is one of the most distinctive constellations visible in the Southern Hemisphere,[6] and has been used to represent Australia since the early days of British settlement.[6] Ivor Evans, one of the flag's designers, intended the Southern Cross to also refer to the four moral virtues ascribed to the four main stars by Dante: justice, prudence, temperance and fortitude.[14] The number of points on the stars of the Southern Cross on the modern Australian flag differs from the original competition-winning design, in which they ranged between five and nine points each, representing their relative brightness in the night sky.[6] The stars are named after the first five letters of the Greek alphabet, in decreasing order of brightness in the sky.[15] In order to simplify manufacture, the British Admiralty standardised the four larger outer stars at seven points each, leaving the smaller, more central star with five points. This change was officially gazetted on 23 February 1903.[6]

text: A complete specification for the official design was published in the Commonwealth Gazette in 1934.[16]

text: Construction[edit]

text: Under the Flags Act, the Australian National Flag must meet the following specifications:[17]

text:
the Union Flag occupying the upper quarter next the staff;[18]
a large seven-pointed white star (six representing the six states of Australia and one representing the territories) in the centre of the lower quarter next the staff and pointing direct to the centre of St George's Cross in the Union Flag;[18]
five white stars (representing the Southern Cross) in the half of the flag further from the staff.[18]

text: The location of the stars is as follows:[18]

text:
Commonwealth Star – 7-pointed star, centred in lower hoist.[18]
Alpha Crucis – 7-pointed star, straight below centre fly  1⁄6 up from bottom edge.[18]
Beta Crucis – 7-pointed star,  1⁄4 of the way left and  1⁄16 up from the centre fly.[18]
Gamma Crucis – 7-pointed star, straight above centre fly  1⁄6 down from top edge.[18]
Delta Crucis – 7-pointed star,  2⁄9 of the way right and  31⁄240 up from the centre fly.[18]
Epsilon Crucis – 5-pointed star,  1⁄10 of the way right and  1⁄24 down from the centre fly.[18]

text: The outer diameter of the Commonwealth Star is  3⁄10 of the flag's width, while that of the stars in the Southern Cross is  1⁄7 of the flag's width, except for Epsilon, for which the fraction is  1⁄12. Each star's inner diameter is  4⁄9 of the outer diameter. The flag's width is the measurement of the hoist edge of the flag (the distance from top to bottom).[18]

text: Colours[edit]

text: The colours of the flag, although not specified by the Flags Act, have been given Pantone specifications by the Awards and Culture Branch of the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet.[19] The Australian Government's Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers also gives CMYK and RGB specifications for depicting the flag in print and on screen respectively.[20]

text:
Scheme
Blue
Red
White
Source(s)

Pantone
280 C
185 C
Safe
[19][21]

RGB
(Hex)
0–0–139
(#00008B)
255–0–0
(#FF0000)
255–255–255
(#FFFFFF)
[20]

CMYK
100%–80%–0%–0%
0%–100%–100%–0%
0%–0%–0%–0%
[20]

text: The blue shade also has a web-safe colour of #000099, used for certain digital screens that may have trouble displaying the shade of blue in the table above. The flag may be reproduced in a single colour, with the colour being either black or one of the two colours of the flag, albeit blue is generally preferred for single-colour productions.[20]

text: Protocol[edit]

text: Guidelines for flying the flag are laid out in the 1953 Flags Act and in a pamphlet entitled "The Australian National Flag", which is published by the Australian Government on an infrequent basis. The guidelines say that the Australian National Flag is allowed to be flown on every day of the year,[22] and that it "should be treated with respect and dignity it deserves as the nation's most important national symbol".[23]

text: The National Flag must always be flown in a position superior to that of any other flag or ensign when flown in Australia or on Australian territory, and it should always be flown aloft and free.[23] The flag must be flown in all government buildings and displayed in polling stations when there is a national election or referendum.[24] Private pleasure craft can fly either the Red Ensign or the Australian National Flag.[25] The British Blue Ensign can be flown on an Australian owned ship instead of the Australian Flag if the owner has a warrant valid under British law.[26]

text: The Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet also advises that the flag should only be flown during daylight hours, unless it is illuminated. Two flags should not be flown from the same flagpole.[23] The flag should not be displayed upside down under any circumstances, not even to express a situation of distress.[23] The flag is not to be placed or dropped on the ground, nor should it be used to cover an object in the lead-up to an unveiling ceremony, or to hide other material. Flags that have decayed or faded should not be displayed.[23]

text: According to a government publication, old or decayed flags should be disposed of in private "in a dignified way"; a method given as an example is to cut the flag into small pieces before being placed in the waste.[23]

text: When the flag is flown at half-mast, it should be recognisably at half-mast, for example, a third of the way down from the top of the pole. The Australian Flag should never be flown half mast at night. Flags are flown at half-mast on government buildings:[27]

text:
On the death of the sovereign – from the time of announcement of the death up to and including the funeral. On the day the accession of the new sovereign is proclaimed, it is customary to raise the flag to the top of the mast from 11 am.
On the death of a member of the royal family.
On the death of the governor-general or a former governor-general.
On the death of a distinguished Australian citizen. Flags in any locality may be flown at half-mast on the death of a notable local citizen or on the day, or part of the day, of their funeral.
On the death of the head of state of another country with which Australia has diplomatic relations—the flag would be flown on the day of the funeral.
On ANZAC Day the flag is flown at half-mast until noon.
On Remembrance Day flags are flown at peak until 10:30 am, at half-mast from 10:30 am to 11:03 am, then at peak for the remainder of the day.[27]

text: The Department provides a subscription-based email service called the Commonwealth Flag Network, which gives information on national occasions to fly the flag at half-mast as well as national days of commemoration and celebration of the flag.[28]

text: The Australian National Flag may be used for commercial or advertising purposes without formal permission as long as the flag is used in a dignified manner and reproduced completely and accurately; it should not be defaced by overprinting with words or illustrations, it should not be covered by other objects in displays, and all symbolic parts of the flag should be identifiable.[21][24] It also must sit first (typically, left) where more than one flag is used. For this reason the Collingwood Football Club had to reverse its logo, which features the flag.

text: There have been several attempts to make desecration of the Australian flag a crime. In 1953, during the second reading debate on the Flags Act, the leader of the Opposition, Arthur Calwell, unsuccessfully called for provisions to be added to the bill to criminalise desecration. Michael Cobb introduced private member's bills in 1989, 1990, 1991 and 1992 to ban desecration, but on each occasion the bill lapsed.[29] In 2002, the leader of the National Party, John Anderson, proposed to introduce laws banning desecration of the Australian flag, a call that attracted support from some parliamentarians both in his own party and the senior Coalition partner, the Liberal Party. The Prime Minister, John Howard, rejected the calls stating that "...in the end I guess it's part of the sort of free speech code that we have in this country".[30] In 2003, the Australian Flags (Desecration of the Flag) Bill was tabled in Parliament by Trish Draper without support from Howard and subsequently lapsed.[31] In 2006, following a flag-burning incident during the 2005 Cronulla riots and a burnt flag display by a Melbourne artist, Liberal MP Bronwyn Bishop introduced the Protection of the Australian National Flag (Desecration of the Flag) Bill 2006. This bill sought to make it "a criminal offence to wilfully destroy or otherwise mutilate the Flag in circumstances where a reasonable person would infer that the destruction or mutilation is intended publicly to express contempt or disrespect for the Flag or the Australian Nation."[32] The bill received a second reading but subsequently lapsed and did not go to vote in the House of Representatives.

text: History[edit]

text: Before 1901, what is now Australia was six separate British colonies. The Union Flag, as the flag of the British Empire,[6] was first used on Australian soil on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay, and it was again used at the start of European settlement of the country on 26 January 1788.[33] This was the original Union Flag introduced in 1606 that did not include the Saint Patrick's Saltire, included from 1801 after the Acts of Union 1801. It is the second version post 1801 that is depicted on the Australian Flag. It was often used to represent them collectively, and each colony also had its own flag based on the Union Flag.[33] As an Australian national consciousness began to emerge, several flag movements were formed and unofficial new flags came into common usage.[33] Two attempts were made throughout the nineteenth century to design a national flag. The first such attempt was the National Colonial Flag created in 1823–1824 by Captains John Nicholson and John Bingle.[33] This flag consisted of a red cross on a white background, with an eight-point star on each of the four limbs of the cross, while incorporating a Union Flag in the canton.[33] The most popular "national" flag of the period was the 1831 Federation Flag, also designed by Nicholson. This flag was the same at the National Colonial Flag, except that the cross was blue instead of resembling that of St. George. Although the flag was designed by Nicholson in 1831, it did not become widely popular until the latter part of the century, when calls for federation began to grow louder.[34] These flags, and many others such as the Eureka Flag (which came into use at the Eureka Stockade in 1854), featured stars representing the Southern Cross.[34] The oldest known flag to show the stars arranged as they are seen in the sky is the Anti-Transportation League Flag, which is similar in design to the present National Flag.[35] The differences were that there was no Commonwealth Star, while the components of the Southern Cross are depicted with eight points and in gold. This flag was only briefly in usage, as two years after the formation of the Anti-Transportation League in 1851, the colonial authorities decided to stop the intake of convicts, so the ATL ceased its activities.[33] The Eureka Flag is often viewed as the first "Australian" flag as it was the first notable example of a design that had the Southern Cross while excluding the Union Flag. The Murray River Flag, popular since the 1850s, is still widely used by boats that traverse Australia's main waterway. It is the same as the National Colonial Flag, except that the white background in the three quadrants other the canton were replaced with four alternating blue and white stripes, representing the four major rivers that run into the Murray River.[35]

text:
National Colonial Flag
Australian Federation Flag
Eureka Flag
Anti-Transportation League Flag
Murray River Flag (Upper)

text: 1901 Federal Flag Design Competition[edit]

text: As Federation approached, thoughts turned to an official federal flag. In 1900, the Melbourne Herald conducted a design competition with a prize of 25 Australian pounds (2009: $3,200) in which entries were required to include the Union Flag and Southern Cross, resulting in a British Ensign style flag.[36] The competition conducted by the Review of Reviews for Australasia—a Melbourne-based publication—later that year thought such a restriction seemed unwise, despite observing that designs without these emblems were unlikely to be successful;[36] nonetheless, it suggested that entries incorporate the two elements in their design.[37] After Federation on 1 January 1901 and following receipt of a request from the British government to design a new flag, the new Commonwealth Government held an official competition for a new federal flag in April. The competition attracted 32,823 entries,[37] including those originally sent to the Review of Reviews.[37] One of these was submitted by an unnamed governor of a colony.[38] The two contests were merged after the Review of Reviews agreed to being integrated into the government initiative. The £75 prize money of each competition were combined and augmented by a further £50 donated by Havelock Tobacco Company.[37] Each competitor was required to submit two coloured sketches, a red ensign for the merchant service and public use, and a blue ensign for naval and official use. The designs were judged on seven criteria: loyalty to the Empire, Federation, history, heraldry, distinctiveness, utility and cost of manufacture.[9] The majority of designs incorporated the Union Flag and the Southern Cross, but native animals were also popular, including one that depicted a variety of indigenous animals playing cricket.[38] The entries were put on display at the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne and the judges took six days to deliberate before reaching their conclusion.[38] Five almost identical entries were chosen as the winning design, and their designers shared the £200 (2009: $25,000) prize money. They were Ivor Evans, a fourteen-year-old schoolboy from Melbourne; Leslie John Hawkins, a teenager apprenticed to an optician from Sydney; Egbert John Nuttall, an architect from Melbourne; Annie Dorrington, an artist from Perth; and William Stevens, a ship's officer from Auckland, New Zealand. The five winners received £40 each.[38] The differences to the current flag were the six-pointed Commonwealth Star, while the components stars in the Southern Cross had different numbers of points, with more if the real star was brighter. This led to five stars of nine, eight, seven, six and five points respectively.[38]

text: The flag's initial reception was mixed. The then republican magazine The Bulletin labelled it:[39]

text: a staled réchauffé of the British flag, with no artistic virtue, no national significance... Minds move slowly: and Australia is still Britain's little boy. What more natural than that he should accept his father's cut-down garments, – lacking the power to protest, and only dimly realising his will. That bastard flag is a true symbol of the bastard state of Australian opinion.[40]

text:
Melbourne Herald competition winning design[41]
Blue version of winning design
As approved by King Edward VII

text: As the design was basically the Victorian flag with a star added, many critics in both the Federal Government and the New South Wales government objected to the chosen flag for being "too Victorian".[42] They wanted the Australian Federation Flag, and Prime Minister Barton, who had been promoting the Federation Flag, submitted this flag along with that chosen by the judges to the Admiralty for final approval.[43] The Admiralty chose the Red for private vessels and Blue Ensigns for government ships.[44] The Barton government regarded both the Blue and Red Ensigns as colonial maritime flags[45] and "grudgingly" agreed to fly it only on naval ships. Later governments, that of Chris Watson in 1904 and Andrew Fisher in 1910, were also unhappy with the design, wanting something "more distinctive" and more "indicative of Australian unity."[46]

text: On 3 September 1901, the new Australian flag flew for the first time from the dome of the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne.[38] The names of the joint winners of the design competition were announced by Hersey, Countess of Hopetoun (the wife of the Governor-General, the 7th Earl of Hopetoun) and she unfurled the flag for the first time.[47] Since 1996 this date has been officially known as Australian National Flag Day.[48]

text: The competition-winning designs were submitted to the British Colonial Secretary in 1902. Prime Minister Edmund Barton announced in the Commonwealth Gazette that King Edward VII had officially approved the design as the flag of Australia on 11 February 1903.[1] The published version made all the stars in the Southern Cross seven-pointed apart from the smallest, and is the same as the current design except the six-pointed Commonwealth Star.[11]

text: Blue or Red Ensign?[edit]

text: The Red Ensign was the only flag private citizens could fly on land.[45] By traditional British understanding, the Blue Ensign was reserved for Commonwealth Government use, with State and local governments, private organisations and individuals to use the Red Ensign.[45] As an example, the explorer Sir Hubert Wilkins planted a Red Ensign in Antarctica.[11] The official painting of the opening of Australia's new Parliament House in 1927 shows Red Ensigns and Union Flags being flown.[45][49] However a lithograph by an unknown artist featuring only Blue Ensigns has since emerged. As the commissioned artist, Septimus Power may have chosen red for dramatic effect or because it was the colour the public was expected to use.[50] There was a photograph taken that day which appears to show a blue ensign hanging behind a Union Jack at the easternmost end of the building. The correspondent for The West Australian newspaper would report that: "The sunlight streamed through the crimson of drooping flags”. Altogether this means there is a strong possibility that both ensigns were actually used on the day.[51]

text: Despite executive branch proclamations as to the respective roles of the two red, white and blue ensigns there remained confusion until the Flags Act 1953 declared the Blue Ensign to be the national flag, and the Red Ensign as the flag of the Australian mercantile marine.[52][53] Red ensigns continued to be used in Anzac Day marches into the 1960s.[54]

text: Technically, private non-commercial vessels were liable to a substantial fine if they did not fly the British Red Ensign. However, an Admiralty Warrant was issued on 5 December 1938, authorising these vessels to fly the Australian Red Ensign. The Shipping Registration Act 1981 reaffirmed that the Australian Red Ensign was the proper "colours" for commercial ships over 24 metres (79 ft) in tonnage length.[55]

text: As a result of the declaration of 3 September as Merchant Navy Day in 2008, the red ensign can be flown on land alongside the Australian national flag on this occasion as a matter of protocol.[56]

text: Replacement of the Union Jack[edit]

text: The blue ensign replaced the Union Jack at the Olympic Games at St Louis in 1904. In the same year, due to lobbying by Richard Crouch MP, it had the same status as the Union Flag in the UK, when the House of Representatives proclaimed that the Blue Ensign "should be flown upon all forts, vessels, saluting places and public buildings of the Commonwealth upon all occasions when flags are used".[57] The government agreed to fly the Blue Ensign on special flag days, but not if it meant additional expense, which undermined the motion.[57] The Blue Ensign could only be flown on a state government building if a state flag was not available.[45]

text: On 2 June 1904 a resolution was passed by parliament to replace the Union Jack with the "Australian Flag" on forts. Initially the Department of Defence resisted using the Flag, considering it to be a marine ensign and favouring King's Regulations that specified the use of the Union Jack. After being approached by the Department of Defence, Prime Minister Chris Watson stated in parliament that he was not satisfied with the design of the Australian flag and that implementation of the 1904 resolution could wait until consideration was given to "adopt another [flag] which in our opinion is more appropriate."[58] In 1908, Australian Army Military Order, No 58/08 ordered the "Australian Ensign" replace the Union Flag at all military establishments. From 1911 it was the saluting flag of the Australian army at all reviews and ceremonial parades,[59][60]

text: The Royal Australian Navy (RAN) was promulgated on 5 October 1911 and was directed to fly the British White Ensign on the stern and the flag of Australia on the Jackstaff.[61][62][63] Despite the government wanting to use the Blue Ensign on Australian warships, officers continued to fly the Union Flag, and it was not until 1913, following public protest in Fremantle after its use for the review of HMAS Melbourne, that the government "reminded" them of the 1911 legislation.[64] The British White Ensign was finally replaced by a distinctively Australian White Ensign on 1 March 1967.[62]

text: Despite the new Australian Flags official use, from 1901 until the 1920s the Federation Flag remained the most popular Australian flag for public and even some official events. It was flown at the 1907 State Premiers conference in Melbourne and during the 1927 visit to Australia of the Duke and Duchess of York, the future King George VI and Queen Elizabeth.[65]

text: In the 1920s there was debate over whether the Blue Ensign was reserved for Commonwealth buildings only, culminating in a 1924 agreement that the Union Flag should take precedence as the National Flag.[45] As the Union Flag was recognised as the National flag, it was considered disloyal to fly either ensign without the Union flag alongside, and it was the Union Flag that covered the coffins of Australia's war dead.[45][66]

text: In 1940 the Victorian government passed legislation allowing schools to purchase Blue Ensigns,[67] which in turn allowed its use by private citizens. Prime Minister Robert Menzies then encouraged schools, government building and private citizens to use the Blue Ensign, issuing a statement the following year allowing Australians to use either ensign providing it was done so respectfully.[11][45]

text: Prime Minister Ben Chifley issued a similar statement in 1947.[11][68]

text: On 4 December 1950, the Prime Minister Robert Menzies proclaimed the Blue ensign as the National flag and in 1951 King George VI approved the Government's recommendation.[69]

text: When the Flags Bill was introduced into parliament on 20 November 1953, Menzies said:

text: "This bill is very largely a formal measure which puts into legislative form what has become almost the established practice in Australia ... The design adopted was submitted to His Majesty King Edward VII, and he was pleased to approve of it as the Australian flag in 1902. However, no legislative action has ever been taken to determine the precise form of the flag or the circumstances of its use, and this bill has been brought down to produce that result."[70]

text: This status was formalised on 14 February 1954, when Queen Elizabeth II gave Royal Assent to the Flags Act 1953, which had been passed two months earlier.[71][72] The monarch's Assent was timed to coincide with the Queen's visit to the country and came after she had opened the new session of Parliament.[71] The Act confers statutory powers on the Governor-General to appoint 'flags and ensigns of Australia' and authorise warrants and make rules as to use of flags. Section 8 ensures that the 'right or privilege' of a person to fly the Union Flag is not affected by the Act.

text: South Australia chose to continue with the Union Flag as National flag until 1956, when schools were given the option of using either the Union or Australian flags.[73] The Union Flag was still regarded as the National flag by many Australians well into the 1970s, which inspired Arthur Smout's campaign from 1968 to 1982 to encourage Australians to give the Australian flag precedence.[74]

text: By the mid-1980s, the Commonwealth Government no longer reminded Australians they had the right to fly the Union Flag alongside the National Flag or provided illustrations of how to correctly display them together.[75]

text: In 1998, the Flags Act was amended to provide that any change to the national flag must be approved by a referendum which must offer the existing flag alongside any alternative designs. The requirement for a referendum is not binding on Parliament, which would need to amend the Flags Act to alter the design.[76]

text: Flag Day[edit]

text: In 1996, the Governor-General, Sir William Deane, issued a proclamation recognising the annual commemoration of Australian National Flag Day, to be held on 3 September.[77] Flag Day celebrations had been occurring in Sydney since 1985. They were initiated by the vexillographer John Christian Vaughan to commemorate the first occasion when the flag was flown in 1901.[78] On Flag Day, ceremonies are held in schools, major centres, and the Governor-General, Governors and some politicians attend or release statements to the media.[79] Australian National Flag Day is not a public holiday.

text: Centenary flags[edit]

text: Centenary flag of state[edit]

text: On the centenary of the first flying of the flag, 3 September 2001, the Australian National Flag Association presented the Prime Minister with a flag intended to replace the missing original flag. This flag was not a replica of the original flag, on which the Commonwealth Star had only six points, but was a current Australian National Flag with a seven pointed Commonwealth Star. The flag has a special headband,[80] including a cardinal red stripe and the inscription

text: The Centenary Flag. Presented to the Hon John Howard MP, Prime Minister of Australia on behalf of the people of Australia by the Australian National Flag Association on 3 September 2001 at the Royal Exhibition Building, Melbourne to commemorate the first flying of the Australian National Flag on 3 September 1901 attended by the Rt Hon Sir Edmund Barton MHR, Prime Minister of Australia.[80]

text: A warrant authorising the use of the Centenary Flag under section 6 of the Flags Act was issued by the Governor-General and the flag is now used as the official flag of state on important occasions.[81] These included the opening of new parliamentary terms and when visiting heads of state arrive.[82] The flag has been transported across the country for flying in every state and territory. It was later used on Remembrance Day in 2003 for the opening of the Australian War Memorial in Hyde Park in London.[82]

text: Parliament house centenary flag[edit]

text: On the 18 September 2001 during the centenary of federation the federal member for Hinkler, Paul Neville, would request of the speaker that:

text: "before it [the flag] becomes too faded or too tattered, [it] be taken down and perhaps offered to a museum or an art gallery as the seminal flag that flew over this building 100 years from the time the first flag was flown?"[83]

text: The parliament house centenary flag was subsequently entrusted to the Australian Flag Society and has been paraded at schools to mark Australian National Flag Day on a tour of the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales and Queensland.[84][85][86][87][88][89][90]

text: Other Australian flags[edit]

text: Under Section 5 of the Flags Act 1953, the Governor-General may proclaim flags other than the National Flag and the Red Ensign as flags or ensigns of Australia. Five flags have been appointed in this manner. The first two were the Royal Australian Navy Ensign and the Royal Australian Air Force Ensign, the flags used by the Royal Australian Navy and the Royal Australian Air Force. The Australian Army has no ensign of its own, but they are given the ceremonial task to be the defender of the National Flag.[91] The Air Force and the Navy flew the appropriate British ensigns (the White Ensign and the Royal Air Force Ensign) until the adoption of similar ensigns based on the Australian National Flag in 1948 and 1967 respectively.[92] The current Navy and Air Force Ensigns were officially appointed in 1967 and 1982 respectively.[93]

text: In 1995, the Aboriginal Flag and the Torres Strait Islander Flag were also appointed flags of Australia.[94] While mainly seen as a gesture of reconciliation, this recognition caused a small amount of controversy at the time, with then opposition leader John Howard describing it as divisive.[95] Some indigenous people, such as the flag's designer Harold Thomas, felt that the government was appropriating their flag,[95] saying it "doesn't need any more recognition".[96]

text: The Australian Defence Force Ensign was proclaimed in 2000. This flag is used to represent the Defence Force when more than one branch of the military is involved, such as at the Australian Defence Force Academy, and by the Minister for Defence.[97]

text: The Legislative Instruments Act 2003 required the proclamations of these flags to be lodged in a Federal Register. Due to an administrative oversight they were not, and the proclamations were automatically repealed.[98] The governor-general issued new proclamations dated 25 January 2008, with effect from 1 January 2008 (or 1 October 2006 in the case of the Defence Force Ensign).[99]

text:
Link to file

Royal Australian Navy Ensign
Royal Australian Air Force Ensign
Australian Aboriginal Flag
Torres Strait Islander Flag
Australian Defence Force Ensign
Royal Standard of Australia

text: In addition to the seven flags declared under the Flags Act, there are two additional Commonwealth flags, the Australian Civil Aviation Ensign and Australian Customs Flag,[100] eight Vice-Regal flags and nine state and territory flags that are recognised as official flags through other means.[101]

text: Other Australian flag variants[edit]

text: Two variants of the Australian flag have been used only on the prime minister's car.

text: Prime minister's vehicle flag

text: Flag debate[edit]

text: There have been mild but persistent debates over whether or not the Union Flag should be removed from the canton of the Australian flag.[102] This debate has culminated on several occasions, such as the period preceding the Australian Bicentenary in 1988, and during the Prime Ministership of Paul Keating,[102] who publicly supported a change in the flag and said:

text: I do not believe that the symbols and the expression of the full sovereignty of Australian nationhood can ever be complete while we have a flag with the flag of another country on the corner of it.[103]

text: There are two lobby groups involved in the flag debate: Ausflag (est. 1981), which supports changing the flag,[104] and the Australian National Flag Association (ANFA) (est. 1983), which wants to keep the existing flag.[105] The primary arguments for keeping the flag cite historic precedence, while those for changing the flag are based around the idea that the status quo does not accurately depict Australia's status as an independent and multicultural nation,[106] nor is its design unique enough to easily distinguish it from similar flags, such as that of New Zealand, Cook Islands and Tuvalu (despite the counter argument that this is not uncommon, as seen with Romania and Chad sharing identical flags). The similarity between the flag of Australia and those of other countries is often derived from a common colonial history.[107]

text: The Coalition government under John Howard in 1996 formally recognised the commemoration of Australian National Flag Day, in 1998 sponsored an amendment to the Flags Act to require any changes to the national flag design to be passed at a plebiscite along the same lines of the 1977 national song poll, in 2002 supplied ANFA's promotional video free to all primary schools and in 2004 required all schools receiving federal funds to fly the Australian flag.[108]

text: Ausflag periodically campaigns for flag change in association with national events such as the 2000 Summer Olympics,[109] and holds flag design competitions,[104] while ANFA's activities include promotion of the existing flag through events such as National Flag Day.[110] A 2004 Newspoll that asked: "Are you personally in favour or against changing the Australian flag so as to remove the Union Jack emblem?" was supported by 32% of respondents and opposed by 57%, with 11% uncommitted.[111][112] A 2010 Morgan Poll that asked: "Do you think Australia should have a new design for our National Flag?" was supported by 29% of respondents and opposed by 66%, with 5% uncommitted.[113]

text: The connection with the Australian flag is also notable the highest response to it is "extremely proud" and it is the "most embraced Australian symbol."[114]


document_title: Seat belt laws in the United States

question_text: when did seat belts become law in illinois

root

text: Seat belt laws in the United States

text: Primary and secondary enforcement[edit]

text: U.S. seatbelt laws may be subject to primary enforcement or secondary enforcement. Primary enforcement allows a police officer to stop and ticket a driver if he or she observes a violation. Secondary enforcement means that a police officer may only stop or cite a driver for a seatbelt violation if the driver committed another primary violation (such as speeding, running a stop sign, etc.) at the same time. New Hampshire is the only U.S. state that does not by law require adult drivers to wear safety belts while operating a motor vehicle.

tag: p

text: In 15 of the 50 states, the seat belt law is considered a secondary offense, which means that a police officer cannot stop and ticket a driver for the sole offense of not wearing a seatbelt. (One exception to this is Colorado, where children not properly restrained is a primary offense and brings a much larger fine.) If a driver commits a primary violation (e.g., for speeding) he may additionally be charged for not wearing a seatbelt. In most states the seat belt law was originally a secondary offense; in many it was later changed to a primary offense: California was the first state to do this, in 1993. Of the 30 with primary seat belt laws, all but 8, Connecticut, Hawaii, Iowa, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, and Texas, originally had only secondary enforcement laws.

text: Laws by state[edit]

text: This table contains a brief summary of all seatbelt laws in the United States.[3][4] This list includes only seatbelt laws, which often do not themselves apply to children; however, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have separate child restraint laws. Keep in mind these fines are the base fines only. In many cases considerable extra fees such as the head injury fund and court security fees can mark up the fine to almost five times as much in some cases. These are also "first offense" fines; a subsequent offense may be much higher.

text:
State
Type of law
Date of first law
Who is covered
Base fine before fees
Seat Belt Usage[5]

 Alabama
Primary Enforcement
July 18, 1991
Age 15+ in front seats
$25
91.4%

 Alaska
Primary Enforcement
September 12, 1990
Age 16+ in all seats
$15 ($25 actual)
86.8%

 Arizona
Secondary Enforcement
January 1, 1991
Age 8+ in front seats; Age 8–15 in all seats
$10 ($37.20 actual)
81.8%

 Arkansas
Primary Enforcement
July 15, 1991
Age 15+ in front seats
$25
78.3%

 California
Primary Enforcement
January 1, 1986
Age 16+ in all seats
$20 ($162 actual) $50 second offense ($190 actual)5
96.2%

 Colorado
Secondary Enforcement1 exception Mountain View where it is a primary violation[6]
July 1, 1987
Age 16+ in front seats
$71
82.9%

 Connecticut
Primary Enforcement
January 1, 1986
Age 7+ in front seats
$92
88.2%

 Delaware
Primary Enforcement
January 1, 1992
Age 16+ in all seats
$25
90.7%

 District of Columbia
Primary Enforcement
December 12, 1985
Age 16+ in all seats
$504
92.3%

 Florida
Primary Enforcement
July 1, 1986
6+ years in front seat; 6 through 17 years in all seats
$30 ($116 actual)
87.4%

 Georgia
Primary Enforcement
September 1, 1988
Age 8–17 in all seats; Age 18+ in front seats
$15
89.6%

 Hawaii
Primary Enforcement
December 16, 1985
Age 8+ in all seats
$45 ($112 actual)
97.6%

 Idaho
Secondary Enforcement2
July 1, 1986
Age 7+ in all seats
$10 ($51.50 actual)
77.9%

 Illinois
Primary Enforcement
January 1, 1988
Age 16+ in all seats
$25 ($60 actual or $95 if choosing traffic school)
92.6%

 Indiana
Primary Enforcement
July 1, 1987
Age 16+ in all seats
$25
92.4%

 Iowa
Primary Enforcement
July 1, 1986
All ages in front seats; under 18 in rear seats[7]
$25 ($127.50 actual)
93.1%

 Kansas
Primary Enforcement3
July 1, 1986
Age 14+ in all seats
$60 for age 14-17; $10 for 18+
81.8%

 Kentucky
Primary Enforcement
July 15, 1994
Age 7 and younger and more than 57 inches in all seats; 8+ in all seats
$25
80.3%

 Louisiana
Primary Enforcement
July 1, 1986
Age 13+ in front seats
$25
75.9%

 Maine
Primary Enforcement
December 26, 1995
Age 18+ in all seats
$50
82.0%

 Maryland
Primary Enforcement3
July 1, 1986
Age 16+ in all seats
$83
94.7%

 Massachusetts
Secondary Enforcement
February 1, 1994
Age 13+ in all seats[8]
$25
73.7%

 Michigan
Primary Enforcement
July 1, 1985
Age 16+ in front seats
$25 ($65 actual)
95.2%

 Minnesota
Primary Enforcement
August 1, 1986
7 and younger and more than 57 inches in all seats; 8+ in all seats
$25 + $75 fee
92.3%

 Mississippi
Primary Enforcement
July 1, 1994
Age 7+ in all seats
$25
81.0%

 Missouri
Secondary Enforcement1
September 28, 1985
Age 16+ in front seats; age 8-15 in all seats
$10 for age 16+; $50 for age 8-15
76.0%

 Montana
Secondary Enforcement
October 1, 1987
Age 6+ in all seats
$20
78.9%

 Nebraska
Secondary Enforcement
January 1, 1993
Age 18+ in front seats
$25
84.1%

 Nevada
Secondary Enforcement
July 1, 1987
Age 6+ in all seats
$25
93.2%

 New Hampshire
None, Primary for children only
No law
Age 17 and under in all seats
$50
72.2%

 New Jersey
Primary Enforcement3
March 1, 1985
Age 8+ in all seats
$46 per person
93.7%

 New Mexico
Primary Enforcement
January 1, 1986
Age 18+ in all seats
$254
89.8%

 New York
Primary Enforcement
December 1, 1984
Age 16+ in front seats; under 16 in all seats
$50 ($135 Actual after surcharges)[9]
89.8%

 North Carolina
Primary Enforcement, Secondary for Backseat[10]
October 1, 1985
All ages in all seats
$161 for front seat; $10 for rear seat
89.7%

 North Dakota
Secondary Enforcement2
July 14, 1994
Age 18+ in front seats;
under 18 in all seats

$20 for age 18+; $25 + 1 point on license for under 184
74.8%

 Ohio
Secondary Enforcement
May 6, 1986
Age 15+ in front seat; 8–14 in all seats
$30 for driver; $20 for passenger
83.8%

 Oklahoma
Primary Enforcement
February 1, 1987
Age 13+ in front seats
$20
85.9%

 Oregon
Primary Enforcement
December 7, 1990
All ages in all seats
$130
97.0%

 Pennsylvania
Secondary Enforcement2
November 23, 1987
Age 18+ in front seats; age 8-17 in all seats
$10
86.0%

 Rhode Island
Primary Enforcement
June 18, 1991
Age 8+ in all seats
$75
78.0%

 South Carolina
Primary Enforcement
July 1, 1989
Age 6+ in all seats
$25
85.4%

 South Dakota
Secondary Enforcement
January 1, 1995
Age 18+ in front seats
$25
74.5%

 Tennessee
Primary Enforcement
April 21, 1986
Age 16+ in front seats
$25
87.1%

 Texas
Primary Enforcement
September 1, 1985
Age 7 years and younger and 57 inches or taller in all seats; age 8+ years in all seats
$200 if under 17 (driver); $50 if over 15 (driver or passenger)
93.8%

 Utah
Primary Enforcement
April 28, 1986
All ages in all seats
$45
89.0%

 Vermont
Secondary Enforcement2
January 1, 1994
All ages in all seats
$25
85.2%

 Virginia
Secondary Enforcement2
January 1, 1988
All drivers; age 18+ in front seats; under 18 in all seats
$25
80.5%

 Washington
Primary Enforcement
June 11, 1986
Age 8+ in all seats
$124
97.6%

 West Virginia
Primary Enforcement
September 1, 1993
All ages in front seats; 8–17 in rear seats
$25
82.1%

 Wisconsin
Primary Enforcement
December 1, 1987
Age 8+ in all seats
$10
79.2%

 Wyoming
Secondary Enforcement
June 8, 1989
Age 9+ in all seats
$25 for driver; $10 for passenger
78.9%

tag: table

text: 1 Colorado and Missouri's law is Secondary for adults but Primary for under the age of 16.

text: 2 Idaho, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Vermont and Virginia's law is Secondary for adults but Primary for under 18.

text:
3 Kansas, Maryland, and New Jersey, law is Secondary Enforcement for rear seat occupants (18+ in Kansas).
4 These states assess points on one's driving record for the seat belt violation.
5 In California- An additional penalty of $24 shall be levied upon every $10 or fraction thereof, of every fine, penalty, or forfeiture imposed by and collected by the court for criminal offenses, including all traffic offenses, except parking offenses as defined in subdivision (i) of Penal Code § 1463. The additional penalty is calculated as follows:

text: • State penalty required by PC 1464 $10,

text: • County penalty required by GC 76000(e), $ 7 • Court facilities construction penalty required by GC 70372(a),$ 3 • DNA Identification Fund penalty required by GC 76104.6 and 76104.7,$ 2

text: Penal Code § 1465.8 requires imposition of an additional fee of twenty dollars ($20) for court security on every conviction for a criminal offense, including a traffic offense, except parking offenses as defined in Penal Code § 1463,$20

text: Damages reduction[edit]

text: A person involved in a car accident who was not using a seatbelt may be liable for damages far greater than if they had been using a seatbelt. However, when in court, most states protect motorists from having their damages reduced in a lawsuit due to the nonuse of a seatbelt, even if they were acting in violation of the law by not wearing the seatbelt. Currently, damages may be reduced for the nonuse of a seatbelt in 16 states: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida (See F.S.A. 316.614(10)), Iowa, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.[11]

text: Effectiveness[edit]

text: Seat belt laws are effective in reducing car crash deaths.[12] One study found that mandatory-seatbelt laws reduced traffic fatalities by 8% and serious traffic-related injuries by 9%, respectively.[13] Primary-seatbelt laws seem to be more effective at reducing crash deaths than secondary laws.[14][15]


document_title: Lymphatic vessel

question_text: where do lymph vessels join the circulatory system

text: Lymphatic vessel

text: Structure[edit]

text: The general structure of lymphatics is based on that of blood vessels. There is an inner lining of single flattened epithelial cells (simple squamous epithelium) composed of a type of epithelium that is called endothelium, and the cells are called endothelial cells. This layer functions to mechanically transport fluid and since the basement membrane on which it rests is discontinuous; it leaks easily.[1] The next layer is that of smooth muscles that are arranged in a circular fashion around the endothelium, which by shortening (contracting) or relaxing alter the diameter (caliber) of the lumen. The outermost layer is the adventitia that consists of fibrous tissue. The general structure described here is seen only in larger lymphatics; smaller lymphatics have fewer layers. The smallest vessels (lymphatic or lymph capillaries) lack both the muscular layer and the outer adventitia. As they proceed forward and in their course are joined by other capillaries, they grow larger and first take on an adventitia, and then smooth muscles.

text: The lymphatic conducting system broadly consists of two types of channels—the initial lymphatics, the prelymphatics or lymph capillaries that specialize in collection of the lymph from the ISF, and the larger lymph vessels that propel the lymph forward.

text: Unlike the cardiovascular system, the lymphatic system is not closed and has no central pump. Lymph movement occurs despite low pressure due to peristalsis (propulsion of the lymph due to alternate contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle), valves, and compression during contraction of adjacent skeletal muscle and arterial pulsation.[2]

text: Lymph capillaries[edit]

text: The lymphatic circulation begins with blind ending (closed at one end) highly permeable superficial lymph capillaries, formed by endothelial cells with button-like junctions between them that allow fluid to pass through them when the interstitial pressure is sufficiently high.[3] These button-like junctions consist of protein filaments like platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, or PECAM-1. A valve system in place here prevents the absorbed lymph from leaking back into the ISF. There is another system of semilunar (semi=half; lunar=related to the Moon) valves that prevents back-flow of lymph along the lumen of the vessel.[3] Lymph capillaries have many interconnections (anastomoses) between them and form a very fine network.[4]

text: Rhythmic contraction of the vessel walls through movements may also help draw fluid into the smallest lymphatic vessels, capillaries. If tissue fluid builds up the tissue will swell; this is called edema. As the circular path through the body's system continues, the fluid is then transported to progressively larger lymphatic vessels culminating in the right lymphatic duct (for lymph from the right upper body) and the thoracic duct (for the rest of the body); both ducts drain into the circulatory system at the right and left subclavian veins. The system collaborates with white blood cells in lymph nodes to protect the body from being infected by cancer cells, fungi, viruses or bacteria. This is known as a secondary circulatory system.

text: Lymph vessels[edit]

text: The lymph capillaries drain the lymph to larger contractile lymphatics, which have valves as well as smooth muscle walls. These are called the collecting lymphatics.[2] As the collecting lymph vessel accumulates lymph from more and more lymph capillaries in its course, it becomes larger and is called the afferent lymph vessel as it enters a lymph node. Here the lymph percolates through the lymph node tissue and is removed by the efferent lymph vessel. An efferent lymph vessel may directly drain into one of the (right or thoracic) lymph ducts, or may empty into another lymph node as its afferent lymph vessel.[4] Both the lymph ducts return the lymph to the blood stream by emptying into the subclavian veins

text: The functional unit of a lymph vessel is known as a lymphangion, which is the segment between two valves. Since it is contractile, depending upon the ratio of its length to its radius, it can act either like a contractile chamber propelling the fluid ahead, or as a resistance vessel tending to stop the lymph in its place.[5]

text: Function[edit]

text: Lymph vessels act as reservoirs for plasma and other substances including cells that have leaked from the vascular system and transport lymph fluid back from the tissues to the circulatory system. Without functioning lymph vessels, lymph cannot be effectively drained and edema typically results.

text: Afferent vessels[edit]

text: The afferent lymph vessels enter at all parts of the periphery of the lymph node, and after branching and forming a dense plexus in the substance of the capsule, open into the lymph sinuses of the cortical part. It carries unfiltered lymph into the node. In doing this they lose all their coats except their endothelial lining, which is continuous with a layer of similar cells lining the lymph paths.

text: Afferent lymphatic vessels are only found in lymph nodes. This is in contrast to efferent lymphatic vessel which are also found in the thymus and spleen.

text: Efferent vessels[edit]

text: The efferent lymphatic vessel commences from the lymph sinuses of the medullary portion of the lymph nodes and leave the lymph nodes at the hilum, either to veins or greater nodes. It carries filtered lymph out of the node.

text: Efferent lymphatic vessels are also found in the thymus and spleen. This is in contrast to afferent lymphatic vessels, which are found only in lymph nodes.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Lymphangiomatosis is a disease involving multiple cysts or lesions formed from lymphatic vessels.


document_title: Fred Astaire Dance Studios

question_text: how many fred astaire dance studios are there

text: Fred Astaire Dance Studios

text: This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Fred Astaire Dance Studios

Type

Private

Industry
Dance education

Founded
1947; 71 years ago (1947)

Founder
Charles Casanave, Chester Casanave, and Fred Astaire

Headquarters
Longmeadow, Massachusetts

Website
www.fredastaire.com

text: Fred Astaire Dance Studios, Inc. is a ballroom dance franchise chain of studios in the United States and Canada, named after and co-founded by famous dancer Fred Astaire. It is headquartered in Longmeadow, Massachusetts, USA.

text: The company was co-founded by Astaire along with Charles and Chester Casanave in 1947. Astaire divested his interest in the chain in 1966, while agreeing the continued use of his name by the franchise. The studios became franchised in 1950; currently there are no corporate owned studios. Each franchise is individually owned & operated. Currently there are 140 Fred Astaire studios in the United States alone. As of December 2010, Fred Astaire Dance Studios will now be franchising around the world and has studios opened in countries like Lebanon and South Africa.

text: Notable associates[edit]

text: The following dancers worked for and or started with Fred Astaire Dance Studios and won at least one United States Dance Championship.

text:
Tony Dovolani (Rhythm)
Tony Dovolani & Elena Grinenko (Rhythm)
Jose DeCamps (Rhythm)

tag: ul


document_title: List of India national cricket captains

question_text: present captain of indian women's cricket team

question_tokens: present captain of indian women 's cricket team

text: List of India national cricket captains

text: International cricket[edit]

text: Where a player has a dagger (†) next to a Test match series in which he captained @ least one Test, it denotes that the player deputised for the appointed captain or was appointed for a minor proportion in a serIndia cricket team  captains

text: ies.

text: Test match captains[edit]

text: This is the list of the 33 cricketers who have captained the Indian cricket team for at least one Test match. Mahendra Singh Dhoni is the most successful Indian test captain with 27 wins.

text: The table of results is complete as of 22 August 2018.

text:
Indian Test match captains[1]

Number

Name

Year
Opposition
Location
Played
Won
Lost
Drawn

1

CK Nayudu

1932
England
England
1
0
1
0

1933/4
England
India
3
0
2
1

Total
4
0
3
1

2

Maharajkumar of Vizianagram
1936
England
England
3
0
2
1

Total
3
0
2
1

3

Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi
1946
England
England
3
0
1
2

Total
3
0
1
2

4

Lala Amarnath

1947/8
Australia
Australia
5
0
4
1

1948/9
West Indies
India
5
0
1
4

1952/3
Pakistan
India
5
2
1
2

Total
15
2
6
7

5

Vijay Hazare

1951/2
England
India
5
1
1
3

1952
England
England
4
0
3
1

1952/3
West Indies
West Indies
5
0
1
4

Total
14
1
5
8

6

Vinoo Mankad

1954/5
Pakistan
Pakistan
5
0
0
5

1958/9†
West Indies
India
1
0
1
0

Total
6
0
1
5

7

Ghulam Ahmed

1955/6†
New Zealand
India
1
0
0
1

1958/9
West Indies
India
2
0
2
0

Total
3
0
2
1

8

Polly Umrigar

1955/6
New Zealand
India
4
2
0
2

1956/7
Australia
India
3
0
2
1

1958/9†
West Indies
India
1
0
0
1

Total
8
2
2
4

9

Hemu Adhikari
1958/9†
West Indian
India
1
0
0
1

Total
1
0
0
1

10

Datta Gaekwad
1959
England
England
4
0
4
0

Total
4
0
4
0

11

Pankaj Roy
1959†
England
England
1
0
1
0

Total
1
0
1
0

12

Gulabrai Ramchand
1959/60
Australia
India
5
1
2
2

Total
5
1
2
2

13

Nari Contractor

1960/1
Pakistan
India
5
0
0
5

1961/2
England
India
5
2
0
3

1961/2†
West Indies
West Indies
2
0
2
0

Total
12
2
2
8

14

Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi

1961/2
West Indies
West Indies
3
0
3
0

1963/4
England
India
5
0
0
5

1964/5
Australia
India
3
1
1
1

1964/5
New Zealand
India
4
1
0
3

1966/7
West Indies
India
3
0
2
1

1967
England
England
3
0
3
0

1967/8
Australia
Australia
3
0
3
0

1967/8
New Zealand
New Zealand
4
3
1
0

1969/70
New Zealand
India
3
1
1
1

1969/70
Australia
India
5
1
3
1

1974/5
West Indies
India
4
2
2
0

Total
40
9
19
12

15

Chandu Borde
1967/8†
Australia
Australia
1
0
1
0

Total
1
0
1
0

16

Ajit Wadekar

1970/1
West Indies
West Indies
5
1
0
4

1971
England
England
3
1
0
2

1972/3
England
India
5
2
1
2

1974
England
England
3
0
3
0

Total
16
4
4
8

17

Srinivas Venkataraghavan

1974/5†
West Indies
India
1
0
1
0

1979
England
England
4
0
1
3

Total
5
0
2
3

18

Sunil Gavaskar

1975/6†
New Zealand
New Zealand
1
1
0
0

1978/9
West Indies
India
6
1
0
5

1979/80
Australia
India
6
2
0
4

1979/80
Pakistan
India
5
2
0
3

1980/1
Australia
Australia
3
1
1
1

1980/1
New Zealand
New Zealand
3
0
1
2

1981/2
England
India
6
1
0
5

1982
England
England
3
0
1
2

1982/3
Sri Lanka
India
1
0
0
1

1982/3
Pakistan
Pakistan
6
0
3
3

1984/5
Pakistan
Pakistan
2
0
0
2

1984/5
England
India
5
1
2
2

Total
47
9
8
30

19

Bishan Singh Bedi

1975/6
New Zealand
New Zealand
2
0
1
1

1975/6
West Indies
West Indies
4
1
2
1

1976/7
New Zealand
India
3
2
0
1

1976/7
England
India
5
1
3
1

1977/8
Australia
Australia
5
2
3
0

1978/9
Pakistan
Pakistan
3
0
2
1

Total
22
6
11
5

20

Gundappa Viswanath

1979/80†
Pakistan
India
1
0
0
1

1979/1980
England
India
1
0
1
0

Total
2
0
1
1

21

Kapil Dev

1982/3
West Indies
West Indies
5
0
2
3

1983/4
Pakistan
India
3
0
0
3

1983/4
West Indies
India
6
0
3
3

1985
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
3
0
1
2

1985/6
Australia
Australia
3
0
0
3

1986
England
England
3
2
0
1

1986/7
Australia
India
3
0
0
2[2]

1986/7
Sri Lanka
India
3
2
0
1

1986/7
Pakistan
India
5
0
1
4

Total
34
4
7
23[2]

22

Dilip Vengsarkar

1987/8
West Indies
India
3
0
1
2

1988/9
New Zealand
India
3
2
1
0

1988/9
West Indies
West Indies
4
0
3
1

Total
10
2
5
3

23

Ravi Shastri
1987/8†
West Indies
India
1
1
0
0

Total
1
1
0
0

24

Krishnamachari Srikkanth
1989/90
Pakistan
Pakistan
4
0
0
4

Total
4
0
0
4

25

Mohammad Azharuddin

1989/90
New Zealand
New Zealand
3
0
1
2

1990
England
England
3
0
1
2

1990/1
Sri Lanka
India
1
1
0
0

1991/2
Australia
Australia
5
0
4
1

1992/3
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
1
0
0
1

1992/3
South Africa
South Africa
4
0
1
3

1992/3
England
India
3
3
0
0

1992/3
Zimbabwe
India
1
1
0
0

1993
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
3
1
0
2

1993/4
Sri Lanka
India
3
3
0
0

1993/4
New Zealand
New Zealand
1
0
0
1

1994/5
West Indies
India
3
1
1
1

1995/6
New Zealand
India
3
1
0
2

1996
England
England
3
0
1
2

1997/8
Australia
India
3
2
1
0

1998/9
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
1
0
1
0

1998/9
New Zealand
New Zealand
2
0
1
1

1998/9
Pakistan
India
2
1
1
0

1998/9[3]
Pakistan
India
1
0
1
0

1998/9[3]
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
1
0
0
1

Total
47
14
14
19[4][5][6][7]

26

Sachin Tendulkar

1996/7
Australia
India
1
1
0
0

1996/7
South Africa
India
3
2
1
0

1996/7
South Africa
South Africa
3
0
2
1

1996/7
West Indies
West Indies
5
0
1
4

1997
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
2
0
0
2

1997/8
Sri Lanka
India
3
0
0
3

1999/2000
New Zealand
India
3
1
0
2

1999/2000
Australia
Australia
3
0
3
0

1999/2000
South Africa
India
2
0
2
0

Total
25
4
9
12

27

Sourav Ganguly

2000/1
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
1
1
0
0

2000/1
Zimbabwe
India
2
1
0
1

2000/1
Australia
India
3
2
1
0

2001
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
2
1
1
0

2001
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
3
1
2
0

2001/2
South Africa
South Africa
2
0
1
1

2001/2
England
India
3
1
0
2

2001/2
Zimbabwe
India
2
2
0
0

2001/2
West Indies
West Indies
5
1
2
2

2002
England
England
4
1
1
2

2002/3
West Indies
India
3
2
0
1

2002/3
New Zealand
New Zealand
2
0
2
0

2003/4
New Zealand
India
1
0
0
1

2003/4
Australia
Australia
4
1
1
2

2003/4
Pakistan
Pakistan
1
1
0
0

2004/5
Australia
India
2
0
1
1

2004/5
South Africa
India
2
1
0
1

2004/5
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
2
2
0
0

2004/5
Pakistan
India
3
1
1
1

2005/6
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
2
2
0
0

Total
49
21
13
15

28

Rahul Dravid

2003/4†
New Zealand
India
1
0
0
1

2003/4†
Pakistan
Pakistan
2
1
1
0

2004/5†
Australia
India
2
1
1
0

2005/6
Sri Lanka
India
2
1
0
1

2005/6
Pakistan
Pakistan
3
0
1
2

2005/6
England
India
3
1
1
1

2005/6
West Indies
West Indies
4
1
0
3

2006/7
South Africa
South Africa
3
1
2
0

2007
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
2
1
0
1

2007
England
England
3
1
0
2

Total
25
8
6
11

29

Virender Sehwag
2005/6†
Sri Lanka
India
1
1
0
0

2009†
New Zealand
New Zealand
1
0
0
1

2010†
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
1
1
0
0

2012†
Australia
Australia
1
0
1
0

Total
4
2
1
1

30

Anil Kumble

2007
Pakistan
India
3
1
0
2

2007/8
Australia
Australia
4
1
2
1

2008
South Africa
India
2
0
1
1

2008
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
3
1
2
0

2008
Australia
India
2
0
0
2

Total
14
3
5
6

31

Mahendra Singh Dhoni

2008†
South Africa
India
1
1
0
0

2008†
Australia
India
2
2
0
0

2008
England
India
2
1
0
1

2009
New Zealand
New Zealand
2
1
0
1

2009
Sri Lanka
India
3
2
0
1

2010
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
1
1
0
0

2010
South Africa
India
2
1
1
0

2010
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
3
1
1
1

2010
Australia
India
2
2
0
0

2010
New Zealand
India
3
1
0
2

2010
South Africa
South Africa
3
1
1
1

2011
West Indies
West Indies
3
1
0
2

2011
England
England
4
0
4
0

2011
West Indies
India
3
2
0
1

2011/12
Australia
Australia
3
0
3
0

2012
New Zealand
India
2
2
0
0

2012/13
England
India
4
1
2
1

2012/13
Australia
India
4
4
0
0

2013/14
West Indies
India
2
2
0
0

2013/14
South Africa
South Africa
2
0
1
1

2013/14
New Zealand
New Zealand
2
0
1
1

2014
England
England
5
1
3
1

2014/15
Australia
Australia
2
0
1
1

Total
60
27
18
15

32

Virat Kohli

2014/15†
Australia
Australia
2
0
1
1

2015
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
1
0
0
1

2015
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
3
2
1
0

2015/16
South Africa
India
4
3
0
1

2016
West Indies
West Indies
4
2
0
2

2016/17
New Zealand
India
3
3
0
0

2016/17
England
India
5
4
0
1

2017
Bangladesh
India
1
1
0
0

2017
Australia
India
3
1
1
1

2017
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
3
3
0
0

2017
Sri Lanka
India
3
1
0
2

2018
South Africa
South Africa
3
1
2
0

2018
England
England
3
1
2
0

Total
38
22
7
9

33

Ajinkya Rahane

2017†
Australia
India
1
1
0
0

2018
Afghanistan
India
1
1
0
0

Total
2
2
0
0

Grand Total (1932-2018)
523
146
160
217[2]

text: One Day International captains[edit]

text: This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Indian cricket team for at least one One Day International. Total 24 players have captained India in ODIs out of which Mahendra Singh Dhoni is the most successful captain with 110 wins. He also hold record of highest loss with 74 match.

text:
Number
Name
Year
Played
Won
Lost
Tied
No result
Win %[8]

1
Ajit Wadekar
1974
2
0
2
0
0
0.00

2
Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan
1975–1979
7
1
6
0
0
14.28

3
Bishen Singh Bedi
1975-1978
4
1
3
0
0
25.00

4
Sunil Gavaskar
1980-1985
37
14
21
0
2
40.00

5
Gundappa Viswanath
1980
1
0
1
0
0
0.00

6
Kapil Dev
1982-1992
74
39
33
0
2
54.16

7
Syed Kirmani
1983
1
0
1
0
0
0.00

8
Mohinder Amarnath
1984
1
0
0
0
1
NA

9
Ravi Shastri
1986-1991
11
4
7
0
0
36.36

10
Dilip Vengsarkar
1987-1988
18
8
10
0
0
44.44

11
Krishnamachari Srikkanth
1989
13
4
8
0
1
33.33

12
Mohammad Azharuddin
1989-1999
174
90
76
2
6
53.57

13
Sachin Tendulkar
1996-1999
73
23
43
1
6
34.33

14
Ajay Jadeja
1997-1999
13
8
5
0
0
61.53

15
Sourav Ganguly
1999–2005
146[9]
76
65[9]
0
5
53.90

16
Rahul Dravid
2000-2007
79
42
33
0
4
56.00

17
Anil Kumble
2001
1
1
0
0
0
100.00

18
Virender Sehwag
2003-2011
12
7
5
0
0
58.33

19
Mahendra Singh Dhoni
2007–2017
199
110
74
4
11
58.51

20
Suresh Raina
2010
12
6
5
0
1
54.54

21
Gautam Gambhir
2010
6
6
0
0
0
100.00

22
Virat Kohli
2013- present
49
38
10
0
1
79.16

23
Ajinkya Rahane
2015
3
3
0
0
0
100.00

24
Rohit Sharma
2017
3
3
0
0
0
66.66

text: Twenty-20 International captains[edit]

text: This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Indian cricket team for at least one Twenty 20 International.Only six players captained in T20I for India. From which Mahendra Singh Dhoni is most successful with 41 wins.

text:
Number
Name
Year
Played
Won
Lost
Tied
No result
Win %[8]

1
Virender Sehwag

2006
1
1
0
0
0
100.00

2
Mahendra Singh Dhoni
2007–2016

73
42
28
1
2
59.85

3
Suresh Raina
2010
3
3
0
0
0
100.00

4
Ajinkya Rahane
2015
2
1
1
0
0
50.00

5
Virat Kohli
2017 - present
15
10
5
0
0
66.66

6
Rohit Sharma
2017-2018
9
8
1
0
0
88.88

Total
103
65
35
1
2
63.10

text: Women's cricket[edit]

text: Where a player has a dagger (†) next to a Test match series in which she captained at least one Test, it denotes that the player deputised for the appointed captain or was appointed for a minor proportion in a series.

text: Test match captains[edit]

text: This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Indian women's cricket team for at least one women's Test match.

text: The table of results is updated as 11 September 2014.

text:
Indian women's Test match captains

Number
Name
Year
Opposition
Location
Played
Won
Lost
Drawn

1

Shantha Rangaswamy

1976/7
West Indies
India
6
1
1
4

1976/7
New Zealand
New Zealand
1
0
0
1

1976/7
Australia
Australia
1
0
1
0

1983/4
Australia
India
4
0
0
4

Total
12
1
2
9

2

Nilima Jogalekar

1984/1985†
New Zealand
India
1
0
0
1

Total
1
0
0
1

3

Diana Edulji

1984/5
New Zealand
India
2
0
0
2

1986
England
England
2
0
0
2

Total
4
0
0
4

4

Shubhangi Kulkarni

1986†
England
England
1
0
0
1

1990/1
Australia
Australia
2
0
1
1

Total
3
0
1
2

5

Sandhya Agarwal

1990/1†
Australia
Australia
1
0
1
0

Total
1
0
1
0

6

Purnima Rau

1994/5
New Zealand
New Zealand
1
0
0
1

1995/6
England
India
2
0
1
1

Total
3
0
1
2

7

Pramila Bhatt

1995/6†
England
India
1
0
0
1

Total
1
0
0
1

8

Chanderkanta Kaul

1999
England
England
1
0
0
1

Total
1
0
0
1

9

Anjum Chopra

2001/2
England
India
1
0
0
1

2001/2
South Africa
South Africa
1
1
0
0

2002
England
England
1
0
0
1

Total
3
1
0
2

10

Mamatha Maben

2003/4
New Zealand
India
1
0
0
1

Total
1
0
0
1

11

Mithali Raj

2005/6
England
India
1
0
0
1

2005/6
Australia
Australia
1
0
1
0

2006
England
England
2
1
0
1

2014
England
England
1
1
0
0

Total
5
2
1
2

Total
35
4
6
25

text: Women's One-Day International captains[edit]

text: This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Indian women's cricket team for at least one women's one-day international. The World Cup Final appearance against Australia in 2004/5 represents India's best performance in a Women's World Cup.

text: Indian women's ODI captains

text:
Number
Name
Year
Played
Won
Lost
Tied
No result
Win %[8]

1
Diana Edulji
1977/8, 1984/5 – 1993
18
7
11
0
0[10]
38.88

2
Shantha Rangaswamy
1981/2-1983/4
16
4
12
0
0
25.00

3
Shubhangi Kulkarni
1986
1
0
1
0
0
0.00

4
Purnima Rau
1994/5-1995/6
8
5
3
0
0[11]
62.50

5
Pramila Bhatt
1995/6-1997/8
7
5
1
1[12]
0[13]
78.57

6
Chanderkanta Kaul
1999
4
3
1
0
0
75.00

7
Anju Jain
2000/1
8
5
3
0
0
62.50

8
Anjum Chopra
2001/2[14]-2002/3-2011/2012
28
10
17
0
1[15]
37.03

9
Mamatha Maben
2003/4-2004/5
19
14
5
0
0
73.68

10
Mithali Raj
2003 – present
81
45
33
0
3
55.55

11
Jhulan Goswami
2008-2011
25
12
13
0
0
48.00

12
Rumeli Dhar
2008-2008
1
0
1
0
0
0.00

13
Harmanpreet Kaur
2013–2013
3
3
0
0
0
100.00

Total
219
113
101
1
4
51.59

text: Women's Twenty-20 International captains[edit]

text: This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Indian women's cricket team for at least one Twenty 20 International.[16]

text:
Number
Name
Year
Played
Won
Lost
Tied
No result
Win %[8]

1
Mithali Raj
2006–present
32
17
15
0
0

53.12

2
Jhulan Goswami
2008-2011
18
8
10
0
0
41.17

3
Anjum Chopra
2012-2012
10
3
7
0
0
30.00

4
Harmanpreet Kaur
2012-2016
13
9
4
0
0
69.23

Total
66
33
33
0
0
50.00

text: Youth cricket[edit]

text: Test match captains[edit]

text: This is a list of cricketers whose have captained the Indian Under-19 cricket team for at least one under-19 Test match. The very nature of Under-19 cricket means that in practice no youth captains the side for more than one year. Four men, Srikkanth, Shastri, Dravid and Virat have gone on to captain the senior side.

text: The table of results is complete as of August 2014.* mark has been added after the names of players who went on to represent India in at least one men's international match (Test match or ODI match).

text:
Number
Name
Year
Opposition
Location
Played
Won
Lost
Drawn

1
Krishnamachari Srikkanth*
1978/9†
Pakistan
India
2
0
0
2

2
Vedraj Chauhan
1978/9
Pakistan
India
3
0
0
3

3
Ravi Shastri*
1981
England
England
3
0
0
3

4
Saba Karim*
1984/5
Australia
India
2
0
1
1

5
Anju Mudkavi
1984/5†
Australia
India
1
0
0
1

6
Amikar Dayal
1986/7
Australia
Australia
3
0
2
1

7
Myluahanan Senthilnathan
1987/8
New Zealand
New Zealand
1
0
1
0

8
Janardhanan Ramdas
1988/9
Pakistan
Pakistan
4
1
0
3

9
Ranjib Biswal
1989/90
Pakistan
India
4
1
0
3

10
Rahul Dravid*
1991/2
New Zealand
India
2
1
0
1

11
Manoj Joglekar
1992/3
England
India
3
1
1
1

12
Sridharan Sriram*
1993/4
Australia
India
3
1
1
1

13
Amit Sharma
1994
England
England
3
1
0
2

14
Kiran Powar
1994/5
Australia
Australia
3
0
2
1

15
Sanjay Raul
1995/6
South Africa
India
3
1
1
1

16
Ajit Agarkar*
1996/7†
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
1
1
0
0

17
Jyoti Yadav
1996/7
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
2
1
0
1

18
Reetinder Sodhi*
1998/9
Sri Lanka
India
1
0
0
1

19
Ajay Ratra*
2003/4
England
India
3
1
0
2

20
Manvinder Bisla
2002†
England
England
1
0
0
1

21
Yaleeka Gnaneswara Rao
2002
England
England
2
0
1
1

22
Ambati Rayudu*
2004/5
England
India
3
3
0
0

23

Tanmay Srivastava

2006
England
England
3
1
0
2

2007
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
2
1
0
1

Total
5
2
0
3

24

Piyush Chawla*

2006
Pakistan
India
2
2
0
0

2007
New Zealand
India
3
1
1
1

Total
5
3
1
1

25
Virat Kohli*
2008
South Africa
South Africa
2
1
0
1

26
Ashok Menaria
2009
Australia
Australia
2
1
1
0

27
Vijay Zol
2014
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
2
0
0
2

Total
69
20
12
37

text: Youth One-Day International captains[edit]

text: This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Indian U-19 cricket team for at least one Under-19 One Day International. India's first great success in Under-19 ODI cricket was in 1999/2000, when they won the Under-19 World Cup under the captaincy of Mohammad Kaif. The feat was repeated in 2008/9 and 2012 under the captaincy of Virat Kohli and Unmukt Chand.

text: The table of results is complete as of 16 August 2014.* mark has been added after the names of players who went on to represent India in at least one men's international match (Test match, ODI or T20 match).

text:
Number
Name
Year
Played
Won
Lost
Tied
No result
Win %[8]

1
Ravi Shastri
1981
1
0
1
0
0
0.00

2
Saba Karim
1985
3
0
3
0
0
0.00

3
Anju Mudkavi
1985
1
0
1
0
0
0.00

4
Amikar Dayal
1986
3
1
2
0
0
33.33

5
M. Senthilnathan
1988
8
5
3
0
0
62.50

6
Arjan Kripal Singh
1988
1
0
1
0
0
0.00

7
Ranjib Biswal
1989/90
5
4
1
0
0
80.00

8
Rahul Dravid
1992
3
2
1
0
0
66.66

9
Manoj Joglekar
1993
3
3
0
0
0
100.00

10
Amit Sharma
1994
5
2
3
0
0
40.00

11
Kiran Powar
1995
3
1
2
0
0
33.33

12
Sanjay Raul
1996
3
3
0
0
0
100.00

13
Jyoti Yadav
1997/8
3
1
2
0
0
33.33

14
Amit Pagnis
1997
6
4
2
0
0
66.66

15
Reetinder Sodhi
1999
3
3
0
0
0
100.00

16
Mohammad Kaif
1999/00
9
9
0
0
0
100.00

17
Ajay Ratra
2001
3
2
1
0
0
66.66

18
Parthiv Patel
2002
7
4
3
0
0
57.14

19
Yaleeka Gnaneswara Rao
2002
3
3
0
0
0
100.00

20
Ambati Rayudu
2003/04
10
8
2
0
0
80.00

21
Dinesh Karthik
2004
1
0
1
0
0
0.00

22
Manoj Tiwary
2005
5
4
1
0
0
80.00

23
Ravikant Shukla
2005/06
17
15
2
0
0
88.23

24
Tanmay Srivastava
2006/07
7
7
0
0
0
100.00

25
Piyush Chawla
2006/07
12
11
1
0
0
91.66

26
Ravindra Jadeja
2007
1
1
0
0
0
100.00

27
Virat Kohli
2008
11
11
0
0
0
100.00

28
Ashok Menaria
2009/10
12
8
4
0
0
66.66

29
Unmukt Chand
2011/12
21
15
5
1
0
73.80

30
Vijay Zol
2013/14
22
18
3
0
1
85.71

31
Sanju Samson
2014
1
1
0
0
0
100.00

32
Ricky Bhui
2015
4
4
0
0
0
100.00

33
Virat Singh
2015
1
1
0
0
0
100.00

34
Rishabh Pant
2015
1
1
0
0
0
100.00

35
Ishan Kishan
2015
8
7
1
0
0
87.50

36
Abhishek Sharma
2016
5
5
0
0
00
100.00

text: Bibliography[edit]

text: Surya Prakash Chaturvedi,Humaare Kaptaan: Naidu se Dhoni Tak, Rajkamal Prakashan,2010


document_title: List of districts of Nepal

question_text: which zone has the largest number of district in nepal

text: List of districts of Nepal

text: History[edit]

text: During the time of king Rajendra Bir Bikram Shah and prime minister Bhimsen Thapa, Nepal was divided into 10 districts. All areas east of Dudhkoshi River were one district, Dhankuta.

text: During the time of prime minister Bir Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana (1885-1901) Nepal was divided into total 32 districts. Hilly region had 20 districts and Terai had 12 districts. Nepal had two centers Palpa and Dhankuta. Dhankuta was the center of East Nepal and Palpa was the center of West Nepal.

text: District administration (1901-1951):

text: For administration purpose the country had been divided into 35 districts. Each had a headquarters and Bada Haqim (District Administrator) as its head. The districts were classified into A, B and C. 7 districts fell in A category, 9 in B and 16 in category C.

text: District administration (1951-1960):

text: During 1951 to 1960 no remote changes were made in district administration in Nepal. Only small changes made by king that couldn't help to keep continue the administration system.

text: District Panchayat (1960-1990):

text: After 1960 the administration in general and the district administration in particular underwent a sea changes. King referred to the reorganisation of traditional 35 districts into 14 zones and 75 development Districts.

text: District Panchayat was one of the four administrative divisions of Nepal during the Panchayat System (1962-1990). During the Panchayat time the country was divided into 75 districts and now 2 districts are added by dividing Nawalparasi and Rukum into 2 districts. Now the total number of districts is 77.

text: District Devlopment Committee (1990-2015):

text: Composed of elected members at the district level. It was responsible for formulating district-level devlopment policies. It was established in 1990, following the end of the Panchayat system.

text: Districts under new administration[edit]

text: As of 20 September 2015 Nepal is divided into 7 provinces. They are defined by schedule 4 of the new constitution, by grouping together the existing districts. Two districts Rukum and Nawalparasi however are split in two parts ending up in two different provinces.[1] The old District Development Committee (DDC) replaced with District Coordination Committee (DCC).

text:
#
Provinces
Districts
Area
(KM²)
Population
(2011)
Density
(people/KM²)
Comparable state

1
Province No. 1
14
25,905 KM²
4,534,943
175
 Burundi

2
Province No. 2
8
9,661 KM²
5,404,145
559
 Cyprus

3
Province No. 3
13
20,300 KM²
5,529,452
272
 Slovenia

4
Province No. 4
11
21,504 KM²
2,413,907
112
 El Salvador

5
Province No. 5
12
22,288 KM²
4,891,025
219
 El Salvador

6
Province No. 6
10
27,984 KM²
1,168,515
41
 Equatorial Guinea

7
Province No. 7
9
19,539 KM²
2,552,517
130
 New Caledonia

Nepal
77
147,181

text: Former administrative divisions[edit]

text: In the old structure, Nepal's five development regions are subdivided into 14 administrative zones (Nepali: अञ्चल; anchal) and then 75 districts (Nepali: जिल्ला; jillā).

text: These districts are listed below, by region and zone. District headquarters are in parentheses.

text: Eastern Development Region[edit]

text: Mechi Zone[edit]

text: Koshi Zone[edit]

text: Sagarmatha Zone[edit]

text: Central Development Region[edit]

text: Janakpur Zone[edit]

text: Bagmati Zone[edit]

text: Narayani Zone[edit]

text: Western Development Region[edit]

text: Gandaki Zone[edit]

text: Lumbini Zone[edit]

text: Daulagiri Zone[edit]

text: Mid-Western Development Region[edit]

text: Rapti Zone[edit]

text: Karnali Zone[edit]

text: Bheri Zone[edit]

text: Far-Western Development Region[edit]

text: Seti Zone[edit]

text: Mahakali Zone[edit]


document_title: Build-A-Bear Workshop

question_text: when did build a bear open in the uk

question_tokens: when did build a bear open in the uk

text: Build-A-Bear Workshop

text: History[edit]

text: Build-A-Bear Workshop was founded by Maxine Clark in 1997, with its first store in the Saint Louis Galleria. By 2010, the store had sold over 50 million bears and had over 400 stores in operation worldwide in Australia, Bahrain, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Japan, Kuwait, Mexico, Norway, Qatar, Singapore, South Africa, Sweden, Thailand, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom. The chain also originally had at least one store in Brazil and one in Oman, but both have since closed for reasons undisclosed.

text: In 2006, the company acquired The Bear Factory from Hamleys and began operating in its flagship store in London.

text: Build-A-Bear has also engaged in various charities, including the WWF Collecti-bear series which has given over $1 million (USD) to the World Wildlife Fund.[4] As part of its tenth birthday celebration, the company built 11 playgrounds throughout the USA and Canada in partnership with KaBOOM! and announced that it had donated over $11 million to various child and family causes since 1994. A Build-A-Bear Workshop video game was developed by The Game Factory and released for the Nintendo DS platform for Christmas 2009.

text: Build-A-Bear created several tie-in stuffed animals for various promotional events, including a toy The Cat in the Hat, a toy Shrek, a toy Cody Maverick penguin from Surf's Up, a toy Mumble from Happy Feet, a toy E.B. from Hop, both Alvin and Brittany from the Alvin and the Chipmunks film series, a Jonas dog, a Shake It Up bunny and a Wizards of Waverly Place bear. Build-A-Bear workshop has also released several lines of miniature toys included in Happy Meals at McDonald's restaurants, running first in May 2006[5] followed by a second promotion in August 2007, a third in October 2009, a fourth one in February 2012, and fifth in November 2013. In November 2015, they came back to McDonald's.These were only available in McDonald's in the United States. Build-A-Bear has been licensed since 2013 by Hasbro to sell characters based on My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic.[6]

text: In 2010, in honor of the Sanrio company's 50th anniversary, Build-A-Bear released limited edition Sanrio characters, including Hello Kitty, Chococat, My Melody, and Keroppi. This included the release of mini keychains of the four characters along with Deery Lou.[7] In 2010, Build-A-Bear also started selling Zhu Zhu Pets, a line of electronic hamsters by Cepia LLC. Also in 2010, Build-A-Bear introduced a line of smaller bears in boxes and already stuffed bears called smallfrys. A variety of smallfrys were available ranging from normal bears and rabbits to blue tigers and purple giraffes. Just like the normal 30–40 cm bears they had clothes and accessories but were not as big a variety as the larger bears.

text: Starting in 2011, Build-A-Bear added Victoria Justice as their new spokesperson. In the mid-year, she began appearing in all Build-A-Bear Workshop commercials. Build-A-Bear also released a feature film available on the iPad through MoPix in December 2011.[8]

text: In 2013, when Maxine Clark retired, Sharon Price John was named CEO & Chief Executive Bear of Build-A-Bear Workshop. Since June 2013, she has led a turnaround effort that included closing Bearville and un-profitable stores, re-designing logos, mottos, and giving the brand a refresh for today's customers.

text: In Holiday 2014, Build-A-Bear launched Santa's Merry Mission, an app launched around Build-A-Bear Workshop's Christmas Furry Friends.

text: In 2015, Build-A-Bear Workshop introduced a new store format called the Discovery Store. The store uses new logos, new color pallets, and a fresh overall new look. Build-A-Bear is also experimenting with adding more licensed products, mostly from Hit movies like Minions, and more.

text: In 2016, Build-A-Bear was pushing to expand growth into smaller spaces, like Carnival Cruise Ships (Build-A-Bear At Sea), and select Movie Theaters. They also introduce Concourse Shops, which are small Build-A-Bear Workshop kiosks located within Malls and Movie Theaters.

text: In 2017, Build-A-Bear Workshop brought Build-A-Bear At Sea on to Carnival Cruise Ships. The experience is available during Carnival's Kids Program and is set up as a pop-up shop within Camp Ocean.

text: Other brands[edit]

text: Build-A-Bearville[edit]

text: In late October 2007, Build-A-Bear Workshop opened a massively multiplayer online game called Build-A-Bearville (also known as Bearville), developed in association with Frima Studio. It allowed users to play games, explore an expanding world, partake in special events, and chat in a safe community. In addition, Build-A-Bear was featured on an episode of Undercover Boss

text: Redeemable codes were sold with some products from Build-A-Bear Workshops that could be used to unlock features and content within the game. However, these were not required in order to play. Anyone could create an account and play with access to most of the game's features, even if they had not purchased a product from a Build-A-Bear Workshop.

text: The virtual world closed in 2015 and is no longer playable. It was replaced by the kids' site "Bearville Alive!", containing a web series featuring Build-a-Bear characters.[clarification needed]

text: Make Your Own Mascot[edit]

text: "Make Your Own Mascot" stores are trade at Progressive Field (Cleveland), Great American Ball Park (Cincinnati), AT&T Park (San Francisco), Nationals Park (Washington D.C.), and Busch Stadium (St. Louis) featuring the home team's respective mascots, as well ones for Boston Red Sox mascot Wally the Green Monster in the Faneuil Hall Marketplace store and Mr. Met, the mascot of the New York Mets, at their Fifth Avenue store in Manhattan, New York City.[9] A location at Citizens Bank Park (Philadelphia) closed at the end of the 2010 season.

text: Friends 2B Made[edit]

text: Friends 2B Made was an interactive store that allowed customers to make dolls and purchase related accessories launched by Build-A-Bear in 2005. The store was open briefly in nine locations before closing in 2009.

text: Build-A-Dino[edit]

text: Build-A-Dino allows customers to create a stuffed dinosaur and purchase related accessories. The first location was located inside the T-Rex Cafe in Kansas City, in partnership with Landry's Restaurants. The first stand-alone store was a temporary holiday location at Chesterfield Mall in Chesterfield, Missouri, which closed after the 2006 holidays to relocate to the St. Louis Science Center. There is also a Build-A-Dino inside a second T-Rex Cafe at Disney Springs in Walt Disney World. There was a build a Dino at the Myrtle Beach Build-A-Bear Workshop flagship store but it has been since closed as of 2015.

text: Build-A-Bear at the Zoo[edit]

text: "Build-A-Bear at the Zoo" can be found at the Saint Louis Zoological Park. This store features several types of zoo animals.[10]

text: Build-A-Bear Workshop At Sea[edit]

text: Build-A-Bear Workshop At Sea is located on Carnival Cruise Ships within their Camp Ocean Children's Program. They are pop-up shops where Guests can make their own furry friends while on a cruise.


document_title: M6 motorway (Ireland)

question_text: where is the toll on the m6 ireland

question_tokens: where is the toll on the m6 ireland

text: M6 motorway (Ireland)

text: Route[edit]

text: Near Kinnegad, the M6 motorway diverges from the M4 at a restricted access junction. From here it proceeds westward, passing through counties Westmeath, Offaly, Roscommon and Galway before terminating just east of Galway City near Doughiska.

text: History[edit]

text: The present-day M6 was constructed in five stages between 2005 and late 2009. Some of the sections which now form part of the M6 were initially opened as dual-carriageway and previously formed part of the N6, while other sections were opened as motorway. In chronological order, the various sections opened as follows (status on opening in brackets):

text:
Kinnegad-Tyrrellspass (5 December 2006, as dual carriageway);
Tyrrellspass-Kilbeggan (16 May 2007, as dual carriageway);
Kilbeggan-Athlone (16 July 2008, as dual carriageway);
Athlone-Ballinasloe (23 July 2009, as motorway);
Ballinasloe-Galway (18 December 2009, as motorway).

text: Kinnegad-Athlone[edit]

text: From 24 September 2008, motorway regulations were applied from Kinnegad to the eastern end of the Athlone bypass.[1] The Kinnegad-Athlone scheme was signed as a motorway (and numbered "M6"). Its road markings were already appropriate to a motorway prior to the change in designation coming into effect; however, motorway regulations were not in force and the speed limit was 100 km/h until 24 September of that year.

text: Athlone-Ballinasloe[edit]

text: Construction of this 19-km section of road commenced on 3 September 2007 and opened to traffic on 23 July 2009.[2] It was built as a grade separated HQDC to motorway standard and was redesignated a motorway on 28 August 2009. Prior to this date, the scheme was subject to a reduced speed limit of 100 km/h. The central barrier on this road is a traditional metal barrier rather than the Concrete step barriers, which have become standard on all new dual-carriageways in Ireland and UK in recent years. The Athlone to Ballinasloe scheme was built by SIAC-Willis JV.

text: Ballinasloe-Galway[edit]

text: Construction of this 56-km section of M6 began in 2007. This section lies between the town of Ballinasloe and Galway City, running between junctions 14 and 20 on the M6 corridor. The road is a tolled Public-private partnership scheme, and opened under motorway restrictions.[3] The PPP contract was awarded to N6 Concession Limited in April 2007 which comprised FCC Construction S.A. and Itinere Infraestructuras (both major companies from Spain) and P.J. Hegarty & Sons who are a leading Irish Contractor. The contract was signed on the 4th April 2007 for 30 years from that date. The construction took approximately 3 years to be completed and the N6 Concessions Limited will be responsible for collection of tolls for a period of approximately 27 years. This scheme was a matter of some controversy at its planning stage. The environmental agency An Taisce claimed that the National Roads Authority's planned route would be "particularly destructive" in passing the site of the 17th-century Battle of Aughrim[4] The decision to toll the route is also controversial, as the M4 motorway to/from Dublin, which connects with the N6/M6 route, is also tolled. This is effect meant that motorists would have to pay two tolls when driving between Dublin and Galway. It was pointed out, however, that this corresponds with the Authority's plan to have two tolls on each of the main interurban routes. The new section of N6/M6 between Ballinasloe and Galway was also quite unusual in another way: Unlike most national road upgrade projects in Ireland, the new route differed significantly from that of the original N6. The new route runs roughly east-west between the two destinations, rather than dipping south to Loughrea, as the former alignment N6 did. The N65 was extended from Loughrea to the new M6 was constructed to cater for this change. As an emergency measure to restore access from Dublin to Galway after severe flooding at Craughwell on Friday 20 November 2009, an incomplete section of this scheme between Loughrea and Galway Clinic (Doughiska) was opened temporarily.

text: Junctions[edit]

text: Until 2011 there were two junction numbering schemes on the N6 route. The M6 junction numbers below are used on the entire length of the road. The Athlone bypass had a separate numbering scheme (J1–J6) but was renumbered to its current form (J8–J13) following the upgrade of the bypass in 2011.

text:
Westbound exit
Junction
Eastbound exit

Start of motorway (M4 )

The EAST (M4 )
- Dublin, Kinnegad, Leixlip, Lucan

Kinnegad (R446)

Kinnegad (R446) Sligo, Westport (N4) Enfield (R148)

Rochfordbridge, Milltownpass (R446)

Rochfordbridge, Milltownpass (R446)

Tyrrellspass, Mullingar (N52)

Tyrrellspass, Mullingar (N52)

Tullamore, Kilbeggan (N52)

Tullamore, Kilbeggan (N52)

Moate (R420)

Moate (R420)

Moate (R446)

Moate (R446)

Athlone (R446) End of motorway

Start of motorway

Westbound exits
Junction
Eastbound exits

Athlone (R446)

Athlone

Athlone

Athlone (N55)

Athlone (N55)

Athlone

Athlone

Athlone (N61)

Athlone (N61)

Athlone (R446)

Athlone (R446)

Westbound exit
Junction
Eastbound exit

Ballinasloe (R357)

Ballinasloe (R357)

Ballinasloe (R446)

Ballinasloe (R446)

Kiltullagh, Loughrea

Kiltullagh, Loughrea

Athenry (R348)

Athenry (R348)

Rathmorrissy (M17/M18)

Rathmorrissy (M17/M18)

Oranmore (N18)

Oranmore (N18)

Galway (R446)

Galway (R446)

 (in planning)

Westbound exit
Junction
Eastbound exit
Completion

Galway (N84)

Galway (N84)

Preliminary design [1]

Galway (N59)

Galway (N59)

End of N6 with R336

text: Tolls[edit]

text: Although the M6 is a tolled motorway, there is only a single toll plaza, located at Cappataggle, between junctions 15 Ballinasloe West & 16 Loughrea.[5] Hence there is no toll payable to travel between the eastern end of the motorway and Ballinasloe and also between Loughrea and the western end at Galway city. Tolls may be paid by cash, credit card or through the use of an electronic tag.[6]

text: Future[edit]

text: Motorway redesignations affecting the M6[edit]

text: At present, the M6 motorway leads into the non-motorway Athlone bypass and continues again west of the bypass to Galway. Subject to improvements, the Athlone Bypass may yet come under motorway regulations and be incorporated into the rest of the M6 route.

text: Proposed Motorway Service Area[edit]

text: Transport Infrastructure Ireland (TII) has planned the construction Motorway Service Areas at approximately 60 kilometre intervals along each of Ireland's interurban routes.[7] Under this plan, the M6 will have one such area. It will be located just east of Athlone (see here, p. 25[8]). The EIS for the M6 Athlone Motorway Service Area is now available at TII's website (scroll down to the bottom here).[9]


document_title: List of Family Guy cast members

question_text: who does mila kunis play on family guy

question_tokens: who does mila kunis play on family guy

text: List of Family Guy cast members

text: Current cast[edit]

text: From seasons 1 to 4, Family Guy had four main cast members. Since season 5, there have been five main cast members. The casting of Meg Griffin changed after season 1.

text: Seth MacFarlane[edit]

text: Seth MacFarlane voices three of the show's main characters: Peter Griffin, Brian Griffin, and Stewie Griffin.[1] MacFarlane chose to voice these characters himself, believing it would be easier to portray the voices he had already envisioned than for someone else to attempt it.[2] MacFarlane drew inspiration for the voice of Peter from a security guard he overheard talking while attending the Rhode Island School of Design.[3] Stewie's voice was based on the voice of English actor Rex Harrison,[4] especially his performance in the 1964 musical drama film My Fair Lady.[5] MacFarlane uses his own voice while portraying Brian.[2]

text: MacFarlane also provides the voices for various other recurring and one-time only characters, most prominently those of news anchor Tom Tucker, Lois' father Carter Pewterschmidt and Dr. Hartman.[6] He is the only voice to be in every episode.

text: Alex Borstein[edit]

text: Alex Borstein voices Lois Griffin, Asian correspondent Tricia Takanawa, Loretta Brown and Lois' mother Barbara Pewterschmidt.[7] Borstein was asked to provide a voice for the pilot while she was working on MADtv. She had not met MacFarlane or seen any of his artwork and said it was "really sight unseen".[8] At the time, Borstein performed in a stage show in Los Angeles, in which she played a redhead mother whose voice she had based on one of her cousins.[7][8] The voice was originally slower (and deeper for the original series), but when MacFarlane heard it, he replied "Make it a little less fucking annoying ... and speed it up, or every episode will last four hours."[7]

text: Mila Kunis[edit]

text: Mila Kunis voices Meg Griffin.[6] Kunis won the role after auditions and a slight rewrite of the character, in part due to her performance on That '70s Show.[9] MacFarlane called Kunis back after her first audition, instructing her to speak slower, and then told her to come back another time and enunciate more. Once she claimed that she had it under control, MacFarlane hired her.[9] Kunis described her character as "the scapegoat". She further explained, "Meg gets picked on a lot. But it's funny. It's like the middle child. She is constantly in the state of being an awkward 14-year-old, when you're kind of going through puberty and what-not. She's just in a perpetual mode of humiliation. And it's fun."[10]

text: Seth Green[edit]

text: Seth Green primarily plays Chris Griffin and Neil Goldman.[6][11] Green stated that he did an impression of the "Buffalo Bill" character from the thriller film The Silence of the Lambs during his audition.[12] His main inspiration for Chris' voice came from envisioning how "Buffalo Bill" would sound if he were speaking through a public address system at a McDonald's.[13]

text: Mike Henry[edit]

text: Mike Henry is the voice of Cleveland Brown, John Herbert The Pervert and various other characters. A Family Guy writer and producer, he began acting on the show as part of the recurring cast repertory (see below) but was promoted to main cast member in 2005. Since the cancellation of The Cleveland Show, he also voices Cleveland's step-son Rallo Tubbs on Family Guy.

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text: In addition to both its main cast and guest stars, Family Guy utilizes a deep bench of regularly appearing supporting voice actors. Some appear in nearly every episode each season, while others appear less frequently. Some of these actors specifically play recurring characters, while others mainly play background citizens of Quahog or characters in cutaway gags.

text: The current supporting cast repertory includes the following actors:

text:
Actor
Character(s)
No. of Episodes
(Out of 245 produced)
Notes

Benjamin, H. JonH. Jon Benjamin
Carl
14
Since 2006.

Breckenridge, AlexandraAlexandra Breckenridge
Various women
57
Since 2005. Currently voices most female “extras” not voiced by Alex Borstein.

Brennan, JohnnyJohnny Brennan
Goldman, MortMort Goldman, Horace the bartender
77

Callaghan, SteveSteve Callaghan
Various
37
Also the current showrunner and executive producer of Family Guy and former showrunner/EP of American Dad!. [14]

Garman, RalphRalph Garman
Various
138

Lakin, ChristineChristine Lakin
Kinney, JoyceJoyce Kinney
23
Since 2010.

LaMarr, PhilPhil LaMarr
Williams, OllieOllie Williams and the Quahog judge
56

MacFarlane, RachaelRachael MacFarlane
Olivia and various women
54
Formerly one of the most frequent female voices. She reduced her number of appearances per season after joining American Dad! in 2005 but still appears several times per season. Seth MacFarlane's sister.

Osment, EmilyEmily Osment
Various
14
Since 2012.

Richardson, Kevin MichaelKevin Michael Richardson
Jerome and Cleveland Jr.
30
Since 2009.

Sheridan, ChrisChris Sheridan
Various
33
Also a Family Guy writer.

Smith, DannyDanny Smith
Various, including Evil Monkey, Al Harrington and Ernie, the Giant Chicken
189
Also a Family Guy writer.

Sulkin, AlecAlec Sulkin
Christ, JesusJesus Christ and various others
147
Since 2005, Also a Family Guy writer.

Tatasciore, FredFred Tatasciore
Various
36

Tilly, JenniferJennifer Tilly
Swanson, BonnieBonnie Swanson
42
Has recurred as the Griffin's neighbor since the first season.

Viener, JohnJohn Viener
Various
182
Since 2005, he has been one of the most frequently heard male voices aside from Seth MacFarlane. Also a Family Guy writer.

Warburton, PatrickPatrick Warburton
Swanson, JoeJoe Swanson
163
Has appeared as the Griffins' neighbor since the first season, and usually appears in most episodes each season. Warburton is the most frequently appearing one-character actor in the supporting repertory.

Wingert, WallyWally Wingert
Various
41

text: In addition to the above, the following actors were formerly regularly recurring voice actors in the series:

text:
Actor
Character(s)
No. of Episodes
Notes

Alan, LoriLori Alan
Simmons, DianeDiane Simmons
63
Left the show in season nine when her character was killed off. Was replaced in the series' context by Christine Lakin's Joyce Kinney

Alazraqui, CarlosCarlos Alazraqui
Weed, Mr.Mr. Weed
10
Peter's first boss, Mr. Weed, was killed off early in the series' run.

Barrymore, DrewDrew Barrymore
Russell, JillianJillian Russell
12
Played Jillian, Brian's former girlfriend. The character still appears in background roles

Cole, GaryGary Cole
Various
38
Cole appeared frequently in the earlier seasons, but still pops up now and then to play Meg and Chris' principal, Mr. Shepherd.

Hartman, ButchButch Hartman
Various
8

Henry, MikeMike Henry
Cleveland Brown, Herbert, Bruce, Consuela, and various others

Was promoted to main cast in 2005. Also a Family Guy writer.

Hentemann, MarkMark Hentemann
Opie and various others
45
Recently left Family Guy to work on another Seth MacFarlane project. Also a Family Guy writer.

Fisher, CarrieCarrie Fisher
Angela
19
Has recurred as Peter's boss several times per season since 2005. Died in 2016.

Strong, TaraTara Strong
Various, as well as Meg's singing voice
21
Appeared frequently in the first four seasons. Returned briefly in 2010-2012 and again for one episode in 2014.

Sullivan, NicoleNicole Sullivan
Goldman, MurielMuriel Goldman
27
Muriel was killed off in season nine.

Whitman, MaeMae Whitman
Various
10
Was a recurring younger female voice for several seasons between 2008-2010.

Wild, WellesleyWellesley Wild
Various
14
No longer a recurring voice (since 2013). He was a producer, but left the show.

Wilhoit, LisaLisa Wilhoit
D'Amico, ConnieConnie D'Amico
15
Meg's bully Connie has not appeared in the series since 2013.

West, AdamAdam West
Mayor West, AdamAdam West
93
Played a warped version of himself as the mayor of Quahog. Died in 2017.

text: Recurring guest voices[edit]

text: The recurring guest voices include Adam Carolla as Death, Patrick Stewart as Susie Swanson, Scott Grimes as Kevin Swanson and Sanaa Lathan as Donna Tubbs Brown. Previous recurring guests included Phyllis Diller in three episodes as Peter's Mother, Thelma, and Charles Durning as Peter's father, Francis. Both characters have since died, but Durning returned once to play Francis as a ghost. Early in the show's run, Fred Willard and Jane Lynch had a recurring role as a family of nudists. James Woods as James Woods.

text: Casting changes[edit]

text:
Lacey Chabert voiced Meg for the first production season (14 episodes), but, because of a contractual agreement, was never credited.[15] Chabert left the series due to time constraints with her acting role in Party of Five, as well as schoolwork.[16]
Norm Macdonald voiced the character of Death in a second season episode of Family Guy. He was subsequently replaced by Adam Carolla in all other appearances.
Jon Cryer originally voiced Kevin Swanson in his first appearance, before the role was passed temporarily onto Seth MacFarlane. The character was written out of the series for several years, with Scott Grimes taking over the voice when the character returned.
Fairuza Balk was the original voice of high school bully Connie D'Amico until Lisa Wilhoit took over the character in the third season.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Actor
Award
Category
Role
Result
Ref.

2000
Seth MacFarlane
Primetime Emmy Award
Outstanding Voice-Over Performance
Stewie Griffin
Won
[17]

2009
Seth MacFarlane
Primetime Emmy Award
Outstanding Voice-Over Performance
Peter Griffin
Won
[18]

2006
Seth MacFarlane
Annie Award
Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production
Stewie Griffin
Won
[19]

2007
Mila Kunis
Annie Award
Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production
Meg Griffin
Won
[20]