document_title: Non-Aligned Movement

question_text: where was the first summit of nam held

question_tokens: where was the first summit of nam held

text: Non-Aligned Movement

text: History[edit]

text: Origins and the Cold War[edit]

text: The founding fathers of the Non-Aligned Movement were Josip Broz Tito of Socialist Yugoslavia, Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Sukarno of Indonesia, Gamal Abdul Nasser of Egypt and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana. Their actions were known as 'The Initiative of Five'.

text: The Non-Aligned Movement as an organization was founded on the Brijuni islands in Yugoslavia in 1956, and was formalized by signing the Declaration of Brijuni on July 19th, 1956. The Declaration was signed by Yugoslavia's president, Josip Broz Tito, India's first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Egypt's second president, Gamal Abdel Nasser. One of the quotations within the Declaration is "Peace can not be achieved with separation, but with the aspiration towards collective security in global terms and expansion of freedom, as well as terminating the domination of one country over another". The Movement advocates a middle course for states in the developing world between the Western and Eastern Blocs during the Cold War. The phrase itself was first used to represent the doctrine by Indian diplomat V. K. Krishna Menon in 1953, at the United Nations.[5][unreliable source?]

text: But it soon after became the name to refer to the participants of the Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries first held in 1961. The term "non-alignment" was established in 1953 at the United Nations. Nehru used the phrase in a 1954 speech in Colombo, Sri Lanka. In this speech, Nehru described the five pillars to be used as a guide for Sino-Indian relations called Panchsheel (five restraints); these principles would later serve as the basis of the Non-Aligned Movement. The five principles were:

text:
Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty.
Mutual non-aggression.
Mutual non-interference in domestic affairs.
Equality and mutual benefit.
Peaceful co-existence.[citation needed]

text: A significant milestone in the development of the Non-Aligned Movement was the 1955 Bandung Conference, a conference of Asian and African states hosted by Indonesian president Sukarno, who gave a significant contribution to promote this movement. Bringing together Sukarno, U Nu, Nasser, Nehru, Tito, Nkrumah and Menon with the likes of Ho Chi Minh, Zhou Enlai, and Norodom Sihanouk, as well as U Thant and a young Indira Gandhi, the conference adopted a "declaration on promotion of world peace and cooperation", which included Nehru's five principles, and a collective pledge to remain neutral in the Cold War. Six years after Bandung, an initiative of Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito led to the first Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, which was held in September 1961 in Belgrade.[6] The term non-aligned movement appears first in the fifth conference in 1976, where participating countries are denoted as members of the movement.[7]

text: At the Lusaka Conference in September 1970, the member nations added as aims of the movement the peaceful resolution of disputes and the abstention from the big power military alliances and pacts. Another added aim was opposition to stationing of military bases in foreign countries.[8]

text: Some members were involved in serious conflicts with other members (e.g. India and Pakistan, Iran and Iraq). The movement fractured from its own internal contradictions when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979. Although the Soviet allies supported the invasion, other members of the movement (particularly predominantly Muslim states) condemned it.

text: Since the end of the Cold War[edit]

text: Because the Non-Aligned Movement was formed as an attempt to thwart the Cold War,[8] it has struggled to find relevance since the Cold War ended. After the breakup of Yugoslavia, a founding member, its membership was suspended[9] in 1992 at the regular Ministerial Meeting of the Movement, held in New York during the regular yearly session of the General Assembly of the United Nations.[10][11] The successor states of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia have expressed little interest in membership, though Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina have observer status. In 2004, Malta and Cyprus ceased to be members and joined the European Union. Belarus is the only member of the Movement in Europe. Azerbaijan and Fiji are the most recent entrants, joining in 2011. The applications of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Costa Rica were rejected in 1995 and 1998, respectively.[11]

text: Since the end of the Cold War, the Non-Aligned Movement has been forced to redefine itself and reinvent its purpose in the current world system. A major question has been whether many of its foundational ideologies, principally national independence, territorial integrity, and the struggle against colonialism and imperialism, can be applied to contemporary issues. The movement has emphasised its principles of multilateralism, equality, and mutual non-aggression in attempting to become a stronger voice for the global South, and an instrument that can be utilised to promote the needs of member nations at the international level and strengthen their political leverage when negotiating with developed nations. In its efforts to advance Southern interests, the movement has stressed the importance of cooperation and unity amongst member states,[12] but as in the past, cohesion remains a problem since the size of the organisation and the divergence of agendas and allegiances present the ongoing potential for fragmentation. While agreement on basic principles has been smooth, taking definitive action vis-à-vis particular international issues has been rare, with the movement preferring to assert its criticism or support rather than pass hard-line resolutions.[13]

text: The movement continues to see a role for itself, as in its view, the world's poorest nations remain exploited and marginalised, no longer by opposing superpowers, but rather in a uni-polar world,[14] and it is Western hegemony and neo-colonialism that the movement has really re-aligned itself against. It opposes foreign occupation, interference in internal affairs and aggressive unilateral measures, but it has also shifted to focus on the socio-economic challenges facing member states, especially the inequalities manifested by globalization and the implications of neo-liberal policies. The Non-Aligned Movement has identified economic underdevelopment, poverty, and social injustices as growing threats to peace and security.[15]

text: The 16th NAM summit took place in Tehran, Iran, from 26 to 31 August 2012. According to Mehr News Agency, representatives from over 150 countries were scheduled to attend.[16] Attendance at the highest level includes 27 presidents, 2 kings and emirs, 7 prime ministers, 9 vice presidents, 2 parliament spokesmen and 5 special envoys.[17] At the summit, Iran took over from Egypt as Chair of the Non-Aligned Movement for the period 2012 to 2015.[18]

text: Organizational structure and membership[edit]

text: The movement stems from a desire not to be aligned within a geopolitical/military structure and therefore itself does not have a very strict organizational structure.[2] Some organizational basics were defined at the 1996 Cartagena Document on Methodology[19] The Summit Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned States is "the highest decision making authority". The chairmanship rotates between countries and changes at every summit of heads of state or government to the country organizing the summit.[19]

text: Requirements for membership of the Non-Aligned Movement coincide with the key beliefs of the United Nations. The current requirements are that the candidate country has displayed practices in accordance with the ten "Bandung principles" of 1955:[19]

text:
Respect for fundamental human rights and for the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations.
Respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all nations.
Recognition of the movements for national independence.
Recognition of the equality of all races and of the equality of all nations, large and small.
Abstention from intervention or interference in the internal affairs of another country.
Respect for the right of each nation to defend itself singly or collectively, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations.
Refraining from acts or threats of aggression or the use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any country.
Settlement of all international disputes by peaceful means, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations.
Promotion of mutual interests and co-operation.
Respect for justice and international obligations.

text: Policies and ideology[edit]

text: Secretaries General of the NAM had included such diverse figures as Suharto,[20] militaristic[21] anti-communist, and Nelson Mandela, a democratic socialist and famous anti-apartheid activist. Consisting of many governments with vastly different ideologies, the Non-Aligned Movement is unified by its declared commitment to world peace and security. At the seventh summit held in New Delhi in March 1983, the movement described itself as "history's biggest peace movement".[22] The movement places equal emphasis on disarmament. NAM's commitment to peace pre-dates its formal institutionalisation in 1961. The Brioni meeting between heads of governments of India, Egypt and Yugoslavia in 1956 recognized that there exists a vital link between struggle for peace and endeavours for disarmament.[22]

text: During the 1970s and early 1980s, the NAM also sponsored campaigns for restructuring commercial relations between developed and developing nations, namely the New International Economic Order (NIEO), and its cultural offspring, the New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO). The latter, on its own, sparked a Non-Aligned initiative on cooperation for communications, the Non-Aligned News Agencies Pool, created in 1975 and later converted into the NAM News Network in 2005.

text: The Non-Aligned Movement espouses policies and practices of cooperation, especially those that are multilateral and provide mutual benefit to all those involved. Many of the members of the Non-Aligned Movement are also members of the United Nations. Both organisations have a stated policy of peaceful cooperation, yet the successes the NAM has had with multilateral agreements tend to be ignored by the larger, western and developed nation dominated UN.[23] African concerns about apartheid were linked with Arab-Asian concerns about Palestine[23] and multilateral cooperation in these areas has enjoyed moderate success. The Non-Aligned Movement has played a major role in various ideological conflicts throughout its existence, including extreme opposition to apartheid governments and support of guerrilla movements in various locations, including Rhodesia and South Africa.[4]

text: Current activities and positions[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2017)

text: In recent years the organization has criticized certain aspects of US foreign policy. The 2003 invasion of Iraq and the War on Terrorism, its attempts to stifle Iran and North Korea's nuclear plans, and its other actions have been denounced by some members of the Non-Aligned Movement as attempts to run roughshod over the sovereignty of smaller nations; at the most recent summit, Kim Yong-nam, the head of North Korea's parliament, stated that, "The United States is attempting to deprive other countries of even their legitimate right to peaceful nuclear activities."[24]

text: Since 1961, the organization has supported the discussion of the case of Puerto Rico's self-determination before the United Nations. A resolution on the matter was to be proposed on the XV Summit by the Hostosian National Independence Movement.[needs update][25]

text: Since 1973, the group has supported the discussion of the case of Western Sahara's self-determination before the United Nations.[26] The movement reaffirmed in its last meeting (Sharm El Sheikh 2009) the support to the Self-determination of the Sahrawi people by choosing between any valid option, welcomed the direct conversations between the parties, and remembered the responsibility of the United Nations on the Sahrawi issue.[27]

text: The movement is publicly committed to the tenets of sustainable development and the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals, but it believes that the international community has not created conditions conducive to development and has infringed upon the right to sovereign development by each member state. Issues such as globalization, the debt burden, unfair trade practices, the decline in foreign aid, donor conditionality, and the lack of democracy in international financial decision-making are cited as factors inhibiting development.[28]

text: The movement has been outspoken in its criticism of current UN structures and power dynamics, stating that the organisation has been utilised by powerful states in ways that violate the movement's principles. It has made a number of recommendations that it says would strengthen the representation and power of "non-aligned" states. The proposed UN reforms are also aimed at improving the transparency and democracy of UN decision-making. The UN Security Council is the element it considers the most distorted, undemocratic, and in need of reshaping.[29]

text: The movement has collaborated with other organisations of the developing world –  primarily the Group of 77 –  forming a number of joint committees and releasing statements and documents representing the shared interests of both groups. This dialogue and cooperation can be taken as an effort to increase the global awareness about the organisation and bolster its political clout.[citation needed]

text: The movement accepts the universality of human rights and social justice, but fiercely resists cultural homogenisation.[citation needed] In line with its views on sovereignty, the organisation appeals for the protection of cultural diversity, and the tolerance of the religious, socio-cultural, and historical particularities that define human rights in a specific region.[30][not in citation given]

text:
Committee on Palestine
High-Level Working Group for the Restructuring of the United Nations
Joint Coordinating Committee (chaired by Chairman of G-77 and Chairman of NAM)
Non-Aligned Security Caucus
Standing Ministerial Committee for Economic Cooperation
Task Force on Somalia
Working Group on Disarmament
Working Group on Human Rights
Working Group on Peace-Keeping Operations

text: Summits[edit]

text: The conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries, often referred to as Non-Aligned Movement Summit is the main meeting within the movement and are held every few years:[32]

text:
Date
Host country
Host city

1st
1–6 September 1961
 Yugoslavia
Belgrade

2nd
5–10 October 1964
 United Arab Republic
Cairo

3rd
8–10 September 1970
 Zambia
Lusaka

4th
5–9 September 1973
 Algeria
Algiers

5th
16–19 August 1976
 Sri Lanka
Colombo

6th
3–9 September 1979
 Cuba
Havana

7th
7–12 March 1983
 India
New Delhi

8th
1–6 September 1986
 Zimbabwe
Harare

9th
4–7 September 1989
 Yugoslavia
Belgrade

10th
1–6 September 1992
 Indonesia
Jakarta

11th
18–20 October 1995
 Colombia
Cartagena

12th
2–3 September 1998
 South Africa
Durban

13th
20–25 February 2003
 Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur

14th
15–16 September 2006
 Cuba
Havana

15th
11–16 July 2009
 Egypt
Sharm el-Sheikh

16th
26–31 August 2012
 Iran
Tehran

17th
13–18 September 2016
 Venezuela
Porlamar

18th
2019
 Azerbaijan
TBA

text: A variety of ministerial meetings are held between the summit meetings. Some are specialist, such as the meeting on "Inter-Faith Dialogue and Co-operation for Peace", held in Manila, the Philippines, 16–18 March 2010. There is a general Conference of Foreign Ministers every three years. The most recent were in Bali, Indonesia, 23–27 May 2011 and Algiers, Algeria, 26–29 May 2014.

text: The Non-Aligned Movement celebrated its 50th anniversary in Belgrade on 5–6 September 2011.[33][34]

text: Secretary general[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Between summits, the Non-Aligned Movement is run by the secretary general elected at the last summit meeting. The Coordinating Bureau, also based at the UN, is the main instrument for directing the work of the movement's task forces, committees and working groups.

text:
Image
Secretary-General
Country (holding the Presidency)
Party
From
To

Josip Broz Tito
 Yugoslavia
League of Communists of Yugoslavia
1961
1964

Gamal Abdel Nasser
 United Arab Republic
Arab Socialist Union
1964
1970

Kenneth Kaunda
 Zambia
United National Independence Party
1970
1973

Houari Boumediène
 Algeria
Revolutionary Council
1973
1976

William Gopallawa
 Sri Lanka
Independent
1976
1978

Junius Richard Jayewardene
United National Party
1978
1979

Fidel Castro
 Cuba
Communist Party of Cuba
1979
1983

Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
 India
Janata Party
1983

Zail Singh
Indian National Congress
1983
1986

Robert Mugabe
 Zimbabwe
ZANU-PF
1986
1989

Janez Drnovšek
 Yugoslavia
League of Communists of Yugoslavia
1989
1990

Borisav Jović
Socialist Party of Serbia
1990
1991

Stjepan Mesić
Croatian Democratic Union
1991

Branko Kostić
Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro
1991
1992

Dobrica Ćosić
 FR Yugoslavia
Independent
1992

Suharto
 Indonesia
Golkar
1992
1995

Ernesto Samper
 Colombia
Colombian Liberal Party
1995
1998

Andrés Pastrana Arango
Colombian Conservative Party
1998

Nelson Mandela
 South Africa
African National Congress
1998
1999

Thabo Mbeki
1999
2003

Mahathir Mohamad
 Malaysia
United Malays National Organisation
2003

Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
2003
2006

Fidel Castro[35]
 Cuba
Communist Party of Cuba
2006
2008

Raúl Castro
2008
2009

Hosni Mubarak
 Egypt
National Democratic Party
2009
2011

Mohamed Hussein Tantawi
Independent
2011
2012

Mohamed Morsi
Freedom and Justice Party
2012

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
 Iran
Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran
2012
2013

Hassan Rouhani
Moderation and Development Party
2013
2016

Nicolás Maduro
 Venezuela
United Socialist Party
2016
present

text: Members, observers and guests[edit]

text: Current members[edit]

text: The following countries are members of the NAM, arranged by continent, showing their year of admission:[1][36]

text: Africa[edit]

text:
Algeria (1961)
 Angola (1976)
 Benin (1964)
 Botswana (1970)
 Burkina Faso (1989)
 Burundi (1964)
 Cabo Verde (1976)
 Cameroon (1964)
 Central African Republic (1964)
 Chad (1964)
 Comoros (1976)
 Congo (1964)
 Democratic Republic of the Congo (1961)
 Djibouti (1983)
 Egypt (1961)
 Equatorial Guinea (1970)
 Eritrea (1993)
 Ethiopia (1961)
 Gabon (1970)
 Gambia (1973)
 Ghana (1961)
 Guinea (1961)
 Guinea-Bissau (1976)
 Ivory Coast (1973)
 Kenya (1964)
 Lesotho (1970)
 Liberia (1964)
 Libya (1964)
 Madagascar (1973)
 Malawi (1964)
 Mali (1961)
 Mauritania (1964)
 Mauritius (1973)
 Morocco (1961)
 Mozambique (1976)
 Namibia (1990)
 Niger (1973)
 Nigeria (1964)
 Rwanda (1970)
 São Tomé and Príncipe (1976)
 Senegal (1964)
 Seychelles (1976)
 Sierra Leone (1964)
 Somalia (1961)
 South Africa (1994)
 South Sudan (2017)
 Sudan (1961)
 Swaziland (1970)
 Tanzania (1964)
 Togo (1964)
 Tunisia (1961)
 Uganda (1964)
 Zambia (1964)
 Zimbabwe (1979)

tag: ol

text: Americas[edit]

text:
Antigua and Barbuda (2006)
 Bahamas (1983)
 Barbados (1983)
 Belize (1989)
 Bolivia (1979)
 Brazil (2017)
 Chile (1973)
 Colombia (1983)
 Cuba (1961)
 Dominica (2006)
 Dominican Republic (2000)
 Ecuador (1983)
 Grenada (1979)
 Guatemala (1993)
 Guyana (1970)
 Haiti (2006)
 Honduras (1995)
 Jamaica (1970)
 Nicaragua (1979)
 Panama (1976)
 Paraguay (2017)
 Peru (1973)
 Saint Kitts and Nevis (2006)
 Saint Lucia (1983)
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2003)
 Suriname (1983)
 Trinidad and Tobago (1970)
 Venezuela (1989)

text: Asia[edit]

text:
Afghanistan (1961)
 Bahrain (1973)
 Bangladesh (1973)
 Bhutan (1973)
 Brunei Darussalam (1989)
 Cambodia (1961)
 Democratic People's Republic of Korea (1976)
 India (1961)
 Indonesia (1961)
 Iran (1979)
 Iraq (1961)
 Jordan (1964)
 Kuwait (1964)
 Kyrgyzstan (2017)
 Lao People's Democratic Republic (1979)
 Lebanon (1961)
 Malaysia (1970)
 Maldives (1976)
 Mongolia (1993)
 Myanmar (1961)
   Nepal (1961)
 Oman (1973)
 Pakistan (1979)
 Palestine (1989)
 Philippines (1989)
 Qatar (1973)
 Saudi Arabia (1961)
 Singapore (1970)
 Sri Lanka (1961)
 Syria (1964)
 Thailand (1993)
 Timor Leste (2003)
 Turkmenistan (1993)
 United Arab Emirates (1970)
 Uzbekistan (1993)
 Vietnam (1976)
 Yemen (1990) [38]

text: Europe[edit]

text:
Azerbaijan (2011)
 Belarus (1998)
 Bosnia and Herzegovina (2017)

text: Oceania[edit]

text:
Fiji (2011)
 Papua New Guinea (1976)
 Vanuatu (1989)

text: Former members[edit]

text:
Cyprus (1961–2004)[39][40]
 Malta (1973–2004)[40]
 Poland (1989-2004)
 Yugoslavia (1961–1992)[9][41][42]

text: Observers[edit]

text: The following countries and organizations have observer status (2017):[1]

text: Countries[edit]

text:
Argentina[43]
 Armenia
 China
 Cook Islands
 Costa Rica
 El Salvador
 Iceland
 Kazakhstan
 Kiribati
 Liechtenstein
 Macedonia
 Marshall Islands
 Mexico
 Micronesia
 Montenegro
 Nauru
 Norway
 Palau
 Republic of Korea
 Serbia
 Solomon Islands
  Switzerland
 Tajikistan
 United Kingdom
 Uruguay

text: Organisations[edit]

text:
African Union
Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organisation
Arab League
Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
Community of Portuguese Language Countries
Commonwealth of Nations
Hostosian National Independence Movement
Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
Organization of American States
South Centre
United Nations
World Peace Council
International Institute for Non-Aligned Studies

text: Guests[edit]

text: There is no permanent guest status,[44] but often several non-member countries are represented as guests at conferences. In addition, a large number of organisations, both from within the UN system and from outside, are always invited as guests.


document_title: Death of Bridget Driscoll

question_text: when was the first person killed by a car

root

text: Death of Bridget Driscoll

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
Bridget Driscoll

Bridget Driscoll (circled)

Born
c. 1851
Ireland

Died
17 August 1896 (aged 44)
Croydon, Surrey, England

Resting place
Queen's Road Cemetery

Known for
First pedestrian to be killed by a motor car in the United Kingdom

text: Bridget Driscoll (c. 1851 – 17 August 1896) was the first pedestrian to be killed in a collision with a motor car in the UK.[1][2] As 44-year-old Driscoll, her teenage daughter May and her friend Elizabeth Murphy crossed Dolphin Terrace in the grounds of the Crystal Palace in London, Driscoll was struck by a car belonging to the Anglo-French Motor Carriage Company that was being used to give demonstration rides.[2] One witness described the car as travelling at "a reckless pace, in fact, like a fire engine".[2]

tag: p

text: Although the car's maximum speed was 8 miles per hour (13 km/h) it had been limited deliberately to 4 miles per hour (6.4 km/h), the speed at which the driver, Arthur James Edsall of Upper Norwood, claimed to have been travelling. His passenger, Alice Standing of Forest Hill, alleged he modified the engine to allow the car to go faster, but another taxicab driver examined the car and said it was incapable of exceeding 4.5 miles per hour (7.2 km/h) because of a low-speed engine belt. The accident happened just a few weeks after a new Act of Parliament had increased the speed limit for cars to 14 miles per hour (23 km/h), from 2 miles per hour in towns and 4 miles per hour in the countryside.[2]

text: The jury returned a verdict of "accidental death" after an inquest lasting some six hours. The coroner, Percy Morrison, (Croydon division of Surrey) said he hoped "such a thing would never happen again." The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents estimate 550,000 people had been killed on UK roads by 2010.[2]


document_title: List of largest stars

question_text: what is the biggest star in the sky

question_tokens: what is the biggest star in the sky

text: List of largest stars

text: Caveats

text: Complex issues exist in determining the true radii of the largest stars, which in many cases do display significant errors. The following lists are generally based on various considerations or assumptions that include:

text:
Largest stars are usually expressed in units of the solar radius (R☉), where 1.00 R☉ equals 695,700 kilometres.
Stellar radii or diameters are usually only approximated using Stefan–Boltzmann law for the deduced stellar luminosity and effective surface temperature;
Stellar distances, and their errors, for most, remain uncertain or poorly determined;
Many supergiant stars have extended atmospheres and many are embedded within opaque dust shells, making their true effective temperatures highly uncertain;
Many extended supergiant atmospheres also significantly change in size over time, regularly or irregularly pulsating over several months or years as variable stars.  This makes adopted luminosities poorly known and may significantly change the quoted radii;
Other direct methods for determining stellar radii, rely on lunar occultations or from eclipses in binary systems.  This is only possible for a very small number of stars;
Based on various theoretical evolutionary models, few stars will exceed 1,500–2,000 times the Sun (roughly 3,715 K and Mbol = −9). Such limits maybe also depend on the stellar metallicity.[2]

tag: ul

text: Extragalactic large stars

text: In this list are some examples of more distant extragalactic stars, which may have slightly different properties and natures than the currently largest known stars in the Milky Way:

text:
Some red supergiants in the Magellanic Clouds are suspected to have slightly different limiting temperatures and luminosities. Such stars may exceed accepted limits by undergoing large eruptions or change their spectral types over just a few months. Humphreys et al., for example, calculates the maximum size for a Magellanic cloud star as ~2,600 R☉.[citation needed]
A survey of the Magellanic Clouds has catalogued many red supergiants, where more than 50 of them exceed 700 R☉ (490,000,000 km; 3.3 AU; 300,000,000 mi). Largest of these is about 1,200-1,300 R☉.[3]

text: List

text:
List of the largest stars

Star name

Solar radii(Sun = 1)

Method[a]

Notes

Orbit of Saturn
1,940–2,169

Reported for reference

UY Scuti
1,708 ± 192[4]
AD
Margin of error in size determination: ±192 solar radii. At the smallest, it would have a size similar to VX Sagittarii (see below)

WOH G64
1,540[5]–1,730[6]
L/Teff
This would be the largest star in the LMC, but is unusual in position and motion and might still be a foreground halo giant.

RW Cephei
 1,535[7][8]
L/Teff
RW Cep is variable both in brightness (by at least a factor of 3) and spectral type (observed from G8 to M), thus probably also in diameter.  Because the spectral type and temperature at maximum luminosity are not known, the quoted size is just an estimate.

Westerlund 1-26
 1,530-1,580[9] (–2,550) [10]
L/Teff
Very uncertain parameters for an unusual star with strong radio emission.  The spectrum is variable but apparently the luminosity is not.

KY Cygni
 1,420–2,850 [2]
L/Teff
The upper estimate is due to an unusual K band measurement and thought to be an artifact of a reddening correction error, and is thought to be against stellar evolutionary theory. The lower estimate is consistent with other stars in the same survey and with theoretical models.

VY Canis Majoris
1,420 ± 120[11]
AD
Humphreys et al previously estimated the radius of VY CMa to be 1,800 R☉ to 2,200 R☉; a size so large that places it outside the bounds of stellar evolutionary theory.[12] Improved measurements have brought it down to size.[11][13] This star is a red hypergiant, although Massey et al. considered it as a normal red supergiant with a radius of only 600 R☉.[14]

AH Scorpii
1,411 ± 124[4]
AD
AH Sco is variable by nearly 3 magnitudes in the visual range, and an estimated 20% in total luminosity.  The variation in diameter is not clear because the temperature also varies.

VV Cephei A
 1,400,[15] 1,050[16]–1,900[2]

VV Cep A is a highly distorted star in a close binary system, losing mass to the secondary for at least part of its orbit. Other estimates give a range from 1,200 R☉ to 1,600 R☉.[2][17]

RSGC1-F02
1,398[18]
L/Teff

RSGC1-F01
1,335[18]
L/Teff

HR 5171 A
 1,315 ± 260,[19] 1,575 ± 400[20]
AD
HR 5171 A is a highly distorted star in a close binary system, losing mass to the secondary, and is also variable in temperature, thus probably also in diameter. Traditionally, it is considered as the largest known yellow hypergiant, although the latest research suggests it is a red supergiant with a radius 1,490 ± 540 R☉.[21]

SMC 18136
1,310[3]

This would be the largest star in the SMC.

PZ Cassiopeiae
1,260-1,340,[22] 1,190-1,940[2]
L/Teff
The largest estimate is due to an unusual K band measurement and thought to be an artifact of a reddening correction error.  The lowest estimate is consistent with other stars in the same survey and with theoretical models, and the intermediate ones have been obtained refining the distance to this star, and thus its parameters.

Mu Cephei (Herschel's "Garnet Star")
1,260[23]

Reddest star in the night sky.[24] Other recent estimates range from 650 R☉[25] to 1,420 R☉[2]

LMC 136042
1,240[3]

BI Cygni
1,240[2]
L/Teff

Westerlund 1-237
1,233[10]
L/Teff
Calculated from an effective temperature of 3,600 K and a luminosity of 230,000 L☉.[10]

SMC 5092
1,220[3]

S Persei
1,212 ± 124[26]
AD &  L/Teff
A red hypergiant localed in the Perseus Double Cluster. A large radius of 1,230 R☉ is due to an unusual K band measurement and thought to be an artifact of a reddening correction error. A small radius of 780 R☉ is consistent with other stars in the same survey and with theoretical models.[2]

LMC 175464
1,200[3]

LMC 135720
1,200[3]

RAFGL 2139
1,200[27]

RAFGL 2139 is a rare red supergiant companion to WR 114 that has a bow shock.

SMC 69886
1,190[3]

NML Cygni
1,183[28]
L/Teff

RSGC1-F05
1,177[18]
L/Teff

EV Carinae
1,168[29]-2,880[30]
L/Teff

RSGC1-F03
1,168[18]
L/Teff

LMC 119219
1,150[3]

RSGC1-F08
1,146[18]
L/Teff

BC Cygni
1,140[2]-1,230[23]
L/Teff
Other recent estimates range from 856 R☉ to 1,553 R☉.[31]

SMC 10889
1,130[3]

VX Sagittarii
1,120 - 1,550[32]

L/Teff
VX Sgr is a pulsating variable calculated to vary in size from 1,350 R☉ to 1,940 R☉.[33]

LMC 141430
1,110[3]

LMC 175746
1,100[3]

RSGC1-F13
1,098[18]
L/Teff

RT Carinae
1,090[2]
L/Teff

RSGC1-F04
1,082[18]
L/Teff

LMC 174714
1,080[3]

LMC 68125
1,080[3]

SMC 49478
1,080[3]

SMC 20133
1,080[3]

V396 Centauri
1,070[2]
L/Teff

SMC 8930
1,070[3]

Orbit of Jupiter
1,064–1,173

 Reported for reference

HV 11423
1,060–1,220[34]
L/Teff
HV 11423 is variable in spectral type (observed from K0 to M5), thus probably also in diameter. In October 1978, it was a star of M0I type.

CK Carinae
1,060[2]
L/Teff

SMC 25879
1,060[3]

LMC 142202
1,050[3]

LMC 146126
1,050[3]

LMC 67982
1,040[3]

U Lacertae
1,022[35]
L/Teff

RSGC1-F11
1,015[18]
L/Teff

LMC 143877
1,010[3]

KW Sagittarii
1,009[4]-1,460[2]
AD & L/Teff
Margin of possible error: ± 142 solar radii (Torres 2013).

SMC 46497
990[3]

LMC 140296
990[3]

RSGC1-F09
986[18]
L/Teff

NR Vulpeculae
980[2]
L/Teff

SMC 12322
980[3]

LMC 177997
980[3]

SMC 59803
970[3]

GCIRS 7
960 ± 92[36]
AD

Betelgeuse (Alpha Orionis)
955 ± 217[37]
AD
Other recent estimates range from 887 ± 203 R☉[38] to 1,180 R☉[39]

SMC 50840
950[3]

RSGC1-F10
931[18]
L/Teff

S Cassiopeiae
930[40][41]

IX Carinae
920[2]
L/Teff

HV 2112
916[42]
L/Teff
Most likely candidate for a Thorne-Zytkow Object.

RSGC1-F07
910[18]
L/Teff

LMC 54365
900[3]

NSV 25875
891[28]
L/Teff

LMC 109106
890[3]

RSGC1-F06
885[18]
L/Teff

LMC 116895
880[3]

SMC 30616
880[3]

LMC 64048
880[3]

V437 Scuti
874[28]
L/Teff

V602 Carinae
860[2]-1,050[43]
L/Teff & AD
Margin of possible error: ± 165 solar radii (Torres 2015).

V669 Cassiopeiae
859[28]
L/Teff

SMC 55681
850[3]

SMC 15510
850[3]

LMC 61753
830[3]

LMC 62090
830[3]

SMC 11709
830[3]

V1185 Scorpii
830[28]
L/Teff

Outer limits of the asteroid belt
816

 Reported for reference

LMC 142199
810[3]

LMC 134383
800[3]

BO Carinae
790[2]
L/Teff

LMC 142907
790[3]

SU Persei
780[2]
L/Teff
In the Perseus Double Cluster

RS Persei
770[44]-1,000[2]
AD & L/Teff
In the Perseus Double Cluster. Margin of possible error: ± 30 solar radii (Baron 2014).

AV Persei
770[2]
L/Teff
In the Perseus Double Cluster

V355 Cepheus
770[2]
L/Teff

V915 Scorpii
760[45]
L/Teff

S Cephei
760[46]

SMC 11939
750[3]

HD 303250
750[2]

V382 Carinae
747[47]

The brightest yellow hypergiant in the night sky, one of the rarest types of star. Achmad (1992) calculates 600 R☉ to 1,100 R☉ or 700 ± 250 R☉.[48]

RU Virginis
742[46]

LMC 137818
740[3]

SMC 48122
740[3]

SMC 56732
730[3]

V648 Cassiopeiae
710[2]
L/Teff

XX Persei
710[49]
L/Teff
Located in the Perseus Double Cluster and near the border with Andromeda.

TV Geminorum
620-710[50] (–770)[2]
L/Teff

HD 179821
704[51]

A yellow hypergiant, although most authors consider it as a supergiant, a protoplanetary nebula or a post-AGB star with a luminosity of only 16,000 L☉.

LMC 169754
700[3]

LMC 65558
700[3]

V528 Carinae
700[2]
L/Teff

The following well-known stars are listed for the purpose of comparison.

V354 Cephei
690[35]-1,520[2]
L/Teff

Antares A (Alpha Scorpii A)
680[52]
AD
This star appears to vary its size by 165 R☉. Older estimates have given radii over 800 R☉,[53][54] but some are likely to have been affected by asymmetry of the atmosphere and the narrow range of infrared wavelengths observed.[52] Other recent estimates range from 653 R☉[55] to 1,246 R☉.[56]

CE Tauri
587–593[57] (–608[58])

Second reddest star in the night sky.[24] Can be occulted by the Moon, allowing accurate determination of its apparent diameter.

R Leporis (Hind's "Crimson Star")
400[59]–535[60]

Margin of possible error: ± 90 solar radii.

Rho Cassiopeiae
400-500[61]

Yellow hypergiant, one of the rarest types of a star.

Inner limits of the asteroid belt
412

 Reported for reference

Mira A (Omicron Ceti)
332–402[62]

Prototype Mira variable. De beck (2005) calculates 541 R☉.[28]

V509 Cassiopeiae
400–900[63]

Yellow hypergiant, one of the rarest types of a star.

CW Leonis
390–500,[64] 700[65]–826[28]
L/Teff
CW Leonis is one of the mistaken identities as the claimed planet "Nibiru" or "Planet X", due to its brightness as it approaches 1st magnitude.

V838 Monocerotis
380 (in 2009)[66]

A short time after the outburst V838 Mon was measured at 1,570 ± 400 R☉.[67] However the distance to this "L supergiant", and hence its size, have since been reduced and it proved to be a transient object that shrunk about four-fold over a few years.

S Doradus
100-380[68]

Prototype S Doradus variable

R Doradus
370 ± 50[69]

Star with the second largest apparent size after the Sun.

IRC +10420
357[70]–1,342[28]
L/Teff
A yellow hypergiant that has increased its temperature into the LBV range.

The Pistol Star
340[71]

Blue hypergiant, among the most massive and luminous stars known.

La Superba (Y Canum Venaticorum)
307[28]-390[72]
L/Teff
Referred to as La Superba by Angelo Secchi. Currently one of the coolest and reddest stars.

Solar System Habitable Zone
305

Reported for reference

Orbit of Mars
297–358

Reported for reference

Alpha Herculis (Ras Algethi)
284 ± 60[73]

Moravveji et al also gives a range from 264 R☉ to 303 R☉. At an estimated distance of 110 parsecs from the Sun, this corresponds to a radius of 400 ± 61 R☉.[73]

Sun's red giant phase
256[74]

The core hydrogen would be exhausted in 5.4 billion years. In 7.647 billion years, The Sun would reach the tip of the red-giant branch of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram. (see below)  Reported for reference

Eta Carinae A (Tseen She)
250,[75] 60–800[76]

Previously thought to be the most massive single star, but in 2005 it was realized to be a binary system. Other estimates gives 85 R☉ to 195 R☉.[77]

Orbit of Earth
211–219

Reported for reference

Deneb (Alpha Cygni)
203 ± 17[78]

LBV 1806-20
200[79]

Formerly a candidate for the most luminous star in the Milky Way.

Orbit of Venus
154–157

Reported for reference

Epsilon Aurigae A (Almaaz)
143-358[80]

ε Aur was incorrectly hailed as the largest star with a radius 2,000 R☉ or 3,000 R☉,[81] even though it later turned out not to be an infrared light star but rather a dusk torus surrounding the system.

Peony Nebula Star
92[82]

Candidate for most luminous star in the Milky Way.

Rigel A (Beta Orionis A)
78.9[83]–115[84]

Margin of possible error: ±7.4 solar radii.

Canopus (Alpha Carinae)
71 ± 4[85]

Second brightest star in the night sky.

Orbit of Mercury
66–100

Reported for reference

Aldebaran (Alpha Tauri)
44.13 ± 0.84[86]

Polaris (Alpha Ursae Minoris)
37.5[87]

The current northern pole star.

R136a1
35.4[88]

Also on record as the most massive and luminous star known.

Arcturus (Alpha Boötis)
25.4 ± 0.2[89]

Brightest star in the northern hemisphere.

HDE 226868
20-22[90]

The supergiant companion of black hole Cygnus X-1. The black hole is 500,000 times smaller than the star.

VV Cephei B
13[17]-25[91]

The B-type main sequence companion of VV Cephei A.

Sun's helium burning phase
10

After the red-giant branch the Sun has approximately 120 million years of active life left.  Reported for reference

Sun
1

The largest object in the Solar System.  Reported for reference

text: Jump up ^ AD: radius determined from angular diameter and distanceL/Teff: radius calculated from bolometric luminosity and effective temperature


document_title: Baby the Rain Must Fall

question_text: who sang in the movie baby the rain must fall

text: Baby the Rain Must Fall

text: Plot[edit]

text: Georgette Thomas (Lee Remick) and her six-year-old daughter Margaret Rose (Kimberly Block) travel from the East Texas town of Tyler to (unknown to him) meet her husband Henry Thomas (Steve McQueen) in his small coastal prairie southeastern Texas hometown of Columbus, Texas. Henry is a somewhat irresponsible rockabilly singer/guitarist, he has recently been released from prison after serving time for stabbing a man during a drunken brawl, and wasn't thinking of Georgette at all.

text: Henry tries to make a home for his family (he seemed to be unaware of his daughter), but Kate Dawson (Georgia Simmons), the aging spinster who raised him after his parents died, remains a formidable presence in his life and tries to sabotage his efforts. She threatens repeatedly to have him returned to prison if he fails to acquiesce to her demands to give up singing, go to school, and get a real job. He resists this, and even convinces Georgette he will be a "star" someday, as he continues playing and working a part-time job with the Tillmans. When Kate Dawson finally dies, the evening after the funeral Henry drunkenly destroys her possessions (several shots show the belt she beat him with, untouched, hanging on a door near her bedroom), leaves with the silver willed to Catherine, then wrecks his car on the cemetery gate and desecrates her grave site.

text: Henry is destined for prison again, and Georgette and Margaret Rose will leave Columbus with Henry's childhood friend, the local sheriff's deputy, Slim (Don Murray). Slim has tried to help straighten Henry out, since before the arrival of Georgette and Margaret Rose to Columbus at the beginning of the movie, and failed. Slim and Georgette have clearly fallen in love together; even as Georgette does her best to love and gently comfort her self-tortured and cold husband Henry, unsuccessfully.

text: In the final scene, after an indeterminate time has passed and they have loaded their vehicle and driven away from the rented house, Georgette sees Henry (as does Slim) in the barred back of a sheriff's vehicle at a road crossing stop and turns Margaret Rose away before she sees him, bound on his way back to "the pen".

text: As they drive out of town and enter the open highway, Georgette answers Margaret Rose's question of where they're going; that they are driving away, to the warm Valley,[3] Rio Grande Valley, to begin a new life together. Georgette tells Margaret Rose that they have traveled a long way, from Lovelady to Tyler, from Tyler to Columbus, and now to the distant Valley (Lovelady is Georgette's hometown, and where she and Henry met and married).

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Lee Remick as Georgette Thomas
Steve McQueen as Henry Thomas
Don Murray as Deputy Sheriff Slim
Georgia Simmons as Kate Dawson
Paul Fix as Judge Ewing
Josephine Hutchinson as Mrs. Ewing
Ruth White as Miss Clara
Charles Watts as Mr. Tillman
Carol Veazie as Mrs. Tillman
Estelle Hemsley as Catherine, Miss Kate Dawson's Housekeeper
Kimberly Block as Margaret Rose Thomas
Zamah Cunningham as Mrs. T.V. Smith, Old Lady on Bus
George Dunn as Counterman at Restaurant
Glen Campbell as Band Member (uncredited)
Billy Strange performed the vocals for Steve McQueen.[4]

text: Production[edit]

text: The film was shot on location in the Texas cities of Columbus, Bay City, Wharton, and Lockhart, and a scene where Lee Remick works at a hamburger joint was filmed at the 31 Flavors ice cream store in Tarzana, California.

text: Many of the scenes were filmed in Columbus, the movie's actual locale. The scenes of the Colorado County Courthouse, the downtown store and bus shots (to the west of the Courthouse, on Milam St.), the Tillman's house scenes (a block away from the Courthouse), and those of the Columbus Cemetery. A significant evening scene, in which late-working Deputy Slim and Judge Ewing walk away from the Courthouse towards the street, shows a notable Columbus building (now museum) across Spring Street, the historic 1886 Stafford-Miller House.[5] Some of the downtown scenes show another notable Columbus building in the background, the 1886 Stafford Opera House[6] (which is next to the Stafford-Miller House, both south of the Courthouse), especially the morning scenes in front of the real estate office.

text: The last part of the "goodbye" scene, where Henry leaves deputy Slim, the sheriff, Georgette and Margaret Rose behind and takes off running, trips, then grabs onto the back of a flatbed truck, falls to the road, and is captured by Slim, was actually filmed in Wharton; at the (southern) beginning of Texas Farm to Market Road 102, (FM-102). The isolated country rental house scenes where Henry, Georgette and Margaret Rose live together were filmed near Bay City, just inland of the Gulf coast, and south of Wharton and Columbus.

text: The title song, with music composed by Elmer Bernstein and lyrics written by Ernie Sheldon, was performed by Glenn Yarbrough during the opening credits. Yarborough's recording reached #12 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #2 on the Easy Listening [7] chart. An instrumental version of the title song is used on some versions of film.

text: As a side note, in one scene where McQueen sings at a bar with his rockabilly band, one of his bandmates (to Henry's right) is singer-songwriter Glen Campbell, who is uncredited in the film.

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Bosley Crowther, film critic for the New York Times, observed, "As honest and humble as is the effort to make the viewer sense a woman's baffled love for a shifty and mixed-up fellow in Baby, the Rain Must Fall, there is a major and totally neglected weakness in this film from a Horton Foote play that troubles one's mind throughout the picture and leaves one sadly let-down at the end. It is the failure of the screenwriter--Mr. Foote himself--to clarify why the object of the woman's deep affection is as badly mixed-up as he is and why the woman, who seems a sensible person, doesn't make a single move to straighten him out...Granting that the wife is astonished and distressingly mystified at the neurotic behavior of her husband, this doesn't mean that the viewer is satisfied to be kept in the dark as to the reasons for the stark and macabre goings-on...As it is, we only see that these two people are frustrated and heart-broken by something that's bigger than the both of them. But we don't know what it is." [8]

text: The staff at Variety said the film's chief assets were "outstanding performances by its stars and an emotional punch that lingers...Other cast members are adequate, but roles suffer from editorial cuts (confirmed by director) that leave sub-plots dangling." [9]


document_title: Little League World Series

question_text: what are the teams in the little league world series

text: Little League World Series

text: Qualifying tournaments[edit]

text: In the summer months leading up to the Little League World Series, held each year in August, Little Leagues around the world select an All-Star team made up of players from its league. It is these All-Star teams that compete in district,[3] sectional and/or divisional, and regional tournaments,[citation needed] hoping to advance to Williamsport for the Little League World Series. How many games a team has to play varies from region to region. In the United States, the tournaments at the lowest (district) level lack nationwide standardization. Some use pool play or double elimination, while others use single elimination.

text: In the United States, the fate of district winners varies widely from state to state. In some larger states such as Pennsylvania, New York, and California, the district winners advance to one of many sectional tournaments.[3] The winners of each sectional tournament then advance to a state or divisional tournament, the latter only being held in Texas and California and are similar to the state tournaments held in less densely populated states.[3] Most smaller states lack competition at the sectional level and go straight from district to state tournaments. A handful of states are composed of only one district, and the district champion is the automatic state champion.[3]

text: With 4 exceptions, every state as well as the District of Columbia crowns a state champion,[4] and sends that team to represent it to one of eight regional tournaments. The exceptions involve California, Texas, North Dakota, and South Dakota. Because of their large geographic and population sizes, California and Texas send two representatives to their regional tournament; Northern California and Southern California in the West region tournament and Texas East and Texas West (whose areas encompass more than the geographical areas of East Texas and West Texas, splitting roughly along the I-35/I-37 corridor) compete in the Southwest region tournament.[3] Conversely, North Dakota has only one city (Fargo) that operates Little League–sponsored competitions; the Dakotas have one district spanning the two states, and its winner becomes the joint champion and advances to the Midwest region tournament.[3]

text: The state champions (as well as the Northern California, Southern California, Texas East, Texas West, and Dakotas champions) compete in one of eight different regional tournaments. Each regional tournament winner then advances to the Little League World Series. See [4] for a comprehensive breakdown of current and historical US regional tournament locations, participants and results.

text: Other countries and regions pick their own way of crowning a champion.[3] Little League Canada holds tournaments at the provincial and divisional level to field six champions (five provincial and one divisional) at the national tournament: Alberta, Ontario, Quebec, British Columbia, Saskatchewan, and the Atlantic Provinces.[5] The host site of the national tournament varies from year to year, and the host team gets an automatic berth as the seventh team. The tournament is played as a round robin and uses the page playoff format. The winner of the national tournament earns the right to represent Canada at the Little League World Series.

text: The Little League World Series consists of 16 teams–8 from the United States, and 8 from other countries. Prior to 2001 there were eight teams in the LLWS: four U.S. teams (Central, South, East, and West) and four international (Canada, Latin America, Europe, and the Far East). It should be noted that in 1975 there were only four teams in the LLWS, all from the United States.[6] The international teams returned in 1976.[6] Starting in 1976, two brackets were established, with the four U.S. regions competing in the U.S. bracket and the four non-U.S. regions competing in the International bracket. The U.S. national champion and the International champion then compete for the World Series title.[6]

text: In 2001, the number of regions was doubled to 16, from which the 16 regional champions continued to be divided into the two brackets: 8 in the United States Bracket and 8 in the International Bracket. From 2001 to 2009, however, each team was then randomly assigned to one of two "pools" in their respective bracket. In the opening days of the tournament, the teams competed round-robin within their own pool. The top two teams in each pool advanced to the semifinal of their bracket, where the first place team from one pool competed against the second place team from the other. The respective winners advanced to play in either the United States or International Final. The U.S. champion and the International champion advanced to compete in the Little League World Series Championship Game.

text: On April 14, 2010, Little League announced that starting in 2010, round robin play would be replaced by a double-elimination bracket in each pool. The winners of each pool would advance to single elimination US and International Championship games, and the winners of those games would advance to the World Championship game. Every team would play a minimum of three games: the four teams that lost their first two games would cross over and play U.S. vs. International games.[7]

text: On June 16, 2011, it was announced that the double-elimination format had been modified. The pools were eliminated, with the eight U.S. teams continuing to compete in one bracket and the eight International teams in another bracket. The tournament remains double-elimination until the U.S. and International Championship games, where it becomes single-elimination. (That is, if the team that advances through the winner's bracket loses the championship game they are eliminated and the teams do not play a rubber game.) Each team still plays a minimum of three games, playing a "crossover" (U.S. vs. International) consolation game if eliminated after their second game.[8][9]

text: Regions[edit]

text: The eight regional tournament winners which compete in the United States Bracket of the Little League World Series, as well as the states those regional champions could possibly hail from are as follows:

text:
New England (ME, NH, VT, MA, RI, CT)
Mid-Atlantic (PA, NY, NJ, MD, DC, DE)
Midwest (ND/SD, NE, KS, MN, IA, MO)
Great Lakes (MI, WI, OH, IN, IL, KY)
Southeast (VA, WV, NC, SC, GA, FL, AL, TN)
Southwest (MS, LA, AR, TX East, TX West, OK, CO, NM) *Known as Gulf States during 2001 LLWS
Northwest (AK, WA, OR, ID, MT, WY)
West (AZ, NV, UT, Northern CA, Southern CA, HI)

text: The eight divisions which compete in the International Bracket are as follows:

text:
Asia-Pacific and Middle East
Australia
Canada
Caribbean
Europe and Africa
Japan
Latin America
Mexico

text: The eight divisions which compete in the United States bracket represent 96% of the players in Little League with over 2.2 million players while the eight divisions in the International bracket represent 4% of the Little League or less than 130 thousand players.

text: Prior to 2008, instead of two separate geographic regions, Europe, the Middle East, and Africa held two coterminous regions:[10]

text:
Europe–Middle East–Africa (EMEA)
Transatlantic

text: The Transatlantic and EMEA regions were geographically identical. Leagues from the Transatlantic region generally consisted of children and other dependents of American expatriates, typically Armed Forces personnel, international organization members, and oil company workers (such as the team representing the Saudi Aramco Residential Camp in Dhahran, which advanced to the World Series 19 times through 2007, including all the tournaments from 2001 through 2007). The leagues within the "EMEA" region consisted of players native to the league's own country. Representative teams for the Trans-Atlantic region had to have at least 51% nationals of Canada, the U.S. or Japan, while teams for the EMEA region could have no more than three players from those three countries.

text: Teams in the reorganized Europe and MEA regions did not have nationality restrictions, as evidenced by the 2009 series. In that year, both regions were won by teams made up primarily of children of American expatriates. Europe was represented by a team from Ramstein Air Base, a United States Air Force base in Germany, while MEA was represented for the second time in its two-year existence by the team from the Saudi Aramco camp.

text: On August 29, 2012, Little League announced a significant realignment of the international regions, which took effect in 2013:[11]

text:
Australia left the former Asia-Pacific Region and received an automatic berth in the LLWS. Australia has now become the fourth-largest country, and the largest outside North America, in Little League participation.
The former MEA (Middle East–Africa) Region was disbanded.
Middle Eastern countries, except for Israel and Turkey (see below), were placed in the former Asia-Pacific Region, which was renamed the Asia-Pacific and Middle East Region.
African countries were placed in the former Europe Region, which was renamed the Europe and Africa Region. Israel and Turkey remained in the renamed Europe and Africa region; they had been in the former Europe Region as members of the European zone of the International Baseball Federation.

text: Venues[edit]

text: Two venues host World Series games: Howard J. Lamade Stadium and Little League Volunteer Stadium. Lamade Stadium has hosted games since 1959, and added lights in 1992.[12] Volunteer Stadium opened in 2001 when the field expanded to 16 teams. Prior to 1959, the Little League World Series was held at Original Little League on West Fourth Street in Williamsport.[13]

text: Both fields have symmetrical fences, with a distance of 68.6 m (225 feet) from home plate to each of the outfield positions. That distance had been 62.5 m (205 feet) before 2006.

text: Admission to all LLWS games is free for all spectators. However, stadium seats for the championship game are distributed in a random drawing of all interested parties due to high demand. Some early round games, mostly games with Pennsylvania teams, will use first-come, first-served admission if a big crowd is to be expected.[14] Lamade Stadium has a berm beyond the fences that has allowed the facility to hold up to 45,000 spectators.

text: Notable events[edit]

text:
1951 – A team from Montreal, Canada became the first team outside of the United States to play in the tournament.
1955 – The first walk-off home run in the championship game was hit by Rich Cominski, from Morrisville, Pennsylvania, in the 7th inning.
1957 – Monterrey, Mexico became the first team outside of the United States to win the tournament. Pitcher Miguel Ángel Macias threw a perfect game, which has not occurred in a championship game since, as of 2017.
1971 – Lloyd McClendon, from Gary, Indiana, hit five home runs in five official at bats over the span of three games. He was intentionally walked in his other five plate appearances.
1982 – Kirkland, Washington won the championship over Chiayi County, Taiwan. This snapped a streak of 31 consecutive wins by Taiwanese teams at the LLWS, and is considered one of the biggest upsets in the history of Little League.[15]
1993 – Long Beach, California became the first team from the United States to win consecutive championships.
2005 – Michael Memea, from Ewa Beach, Hawaii, won the championship with a walk-off home run in the 7th inning.
2007 – Dalton Carriker, from Warner Robins, Georgia, hit a walk off home run in the 8th inning in the championship game.
2012 – A team from Lugazi, Uganda made it to the LLWS, becoming the first team from Africa to reach the LLWS.

text: Little League World Series champions[edit]

text:
Year
Winner
Score
Runner-Up

1947

Williamsport, Pennsylvania
16–7

Lock Haven, Pennsylvania

1948

Lock Haven, Pennsylvania
6–5

St. Petersburg, Florida

1949

Hammonton, New Jersey
5–0

Pensacola, Florida

1950

Houston, Texas
2–1

Bridgeport, Connecticut

1951

Stamford, Connecticut
3–0

Austin, Texas

1952

Norwalk, Connecticut
4–3

Monongahela, Pennsylvania

1953

Birmingham, Alabama
1–0

Schenectady, New York

1954

Schenectady, New York
7–5

Colton, California

1955

Morrisville, Pennsylvania
4–3

Merchantville, New Jersey

1956

Roswell, New Mexico
3–1

Merchantville, New Jersey

1957

Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
4–0

La Mesa, California

1958

Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
10–1

Kankakee, Illinois

1959

Hamtramck, Michigan
12–0

Auburn, California

1960

Levittown, Pennsylvania
5–0

Ft. Worth, Texas

1961

El Cajon, California
4–2

El Campo, Texas

1962

San Jose, California
3–0

Kankakee, Illinois

1963

Granada Hills, California
2–1

Stratford, Connecticut

1964

Staten Island, New York
4–0

Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico

1965

Windsor Locks, Connecticut
3–1

Stoney Creek, Ontario

1966

Houston, Texas
8–2

West New York, New Jersey

1967

West Tokyo, Japan
4–1

Chicago

1968

Wakayama, Osaka, Japan
1–0

Richmond, Virginia

1969

Taichung, Taiwan
5–0

Santa Clara, California

1970

Wayne, New Jersey
2–0

Campbell, California

1971

Tainan, Taiwan
12–3 (F/9)

Gary, Indiana

1972

Taipei, Taiwan
6–0

Hammond, Indiana

1973

Tainan, Taiwan
12–0

Tucson, Arizona

1974

Kaohsiung, Taiwan
12–1

Red Bluff, California

1975*

Lakewood, New Jersey
4–3

Tampa, Florida

1976

Chofu, Tokyo, Japan
10–3

Campbell, California

1977

Kaohsiung, Taiwan
7–2

El Cajon, California

1978

Pingtung, Taiwan
11–1

Danville, California

1979

Chiayi County, Taiwan
2–1
(F/8)

Campbell, California

1980

Hua-Lien, Taiwan
4–3

Tampa, Florida

1981

Taichung, Taiwan
4–2

Tampa, Florida

1982

Kirkland, Washington
6–0

Chiayi, Taiwan

1983

Marietta, Georgia
3–1

Barahona, Dominican Republic

1984

Seoul, South Korea
6–2

Altamonte Springs, Florida

1985

Seoul, South Korea
7–1
/
Mexicali, BC/Calexico, CA

1986

Tainan, Taiwan
12–0

Tucson, Arizona

1987

Hua-Lien, Taiwan
21–1

Irvine, California

1988

Taichung, Taiwan
10–0

Pearl City, Hawaii

1989

Trumbull, Connecticut
5–2

Kaohsiung, Taiwan

1990

Tainan County, Taiwan
9–0

Shippensburg, Pennsylvania

1991

Taichung, Taiwan
11–0

San Ramon Valley, California

1992

Long Beach, California
6–0‡

‡Zamboanga City, Philippines

1993

Long Beach, California
3–2

David, Chiriquí, Panama

1994

Maracaibo, Venezuela
4–3

Northridge, California

1995

Tainan, Taiwan
17–3 (F/5)

Spring, Texas

1996

Kaohsiung, Taiwan
13–3 (F/5)

Cranston, Rhode Island

1997

Guadalupe, Nuevo León, Mexico
5–4

South Mission Viejo, California

1998

Toms River, New Jersey
12–9

Kashima, Japan

1999

Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
5–0

Phenix City, Alabama

2000

Maracaibo, Venezuela
3–2

Bellaire, Texas

2001

Tokyo Kitasuna, Tokyo, Japan
2–1

Apopka, Florida

2002

Pleasure Ridge Park, Kentucky
1–0

Sendai, Japan

2003

Musashi-Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
10–1

East Boynton Beach, Florida

2004

Willemstad, Curaçao
5–2

Thousand Oaks, California

2005

Ewa Beach, Hawaii
7–6 (F/7)

Willemstad, Curaçao

2006

Columbus, Georgia
2–1

Kawaguchi City, Japan

2007

Warner Robins, Georgia
3–2 (F/8)

Tokyo, Japan

2008

Waipahu, Hawaii
12–3

Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico

2009

Chula Vista, California
6–3

Taoyuan County, Taiwan

2010

Edogawa Minami, Tokyo, Japan
4–1

Waipahu, Hawaii

2011

Huntington Beach, California
2–1

Hamamatsu City, Japan

2012

Tokyo-Kitasuna, Tokyo, Japan
12–2 (F/5)

Goodlettsville, Tennessee

2013

Musashi-Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
6–4

Chula Vista, California

2014

Seoul, South Korea
8–4‡

‡Chicago, Illinois

2015

Tokyo-Kitasuna, Tokyo, Japan
18–11

Lewisberry, Pennsylvania

2016

Maine-Endwell, New York
2–1

Seoul, South Korea

2017

Tokyo-Kitasuna, Tokyo, Japan
12–2 (F/5)

Lufkin, Texas

text: ‡Forfeits due to ineligible players. Zamboanga City, Phillipines was disqualified and stripped of its 1992 championship. Chicago, Illinois was stripped of its 2014 U.S. championship title, which was given to runner-up Las Vegas, Nevada.

text: Championship tally[edit]

text: Championships won by country/state[edit]

text:
Rank
Team
Championships
Years

1
 Taiwan
17
1969, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1995, 1996

2
 Japan
11
1967, 1968, 1976, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2017

3
 California
7
1961, 1962, 1963, 1992, 1993, 2009, 2011

4
 Pennsylvania
4
1947, 1948, 1955, 1960

 Connecticut
1951, 1952, 1965, 1989

 New Jersey
1949, 1970, 1975, 1998

7
 Mexico
3
1957, 1958, 1997

 Georgia
1983, 2006, 2007

 South Korea
1984, 1985, 2014

 New York
1954, 1964, 2016

10
 Texas
2
1950, 1966

 Venezuela
1994, 2000

 Hawaii
2005, 2008

13
 Alabama
1
1953

 New Mexico
1956

 Michigan
1959

 Washington
1982

 Kentucky
2002

 Curaçao
2004

text: In 1976, the tournament was split into two brackets: one for International teams, and one for teams from the United States.

text: Championship notes[edit]

text:
In November 1974, Little League Baseball banned all non-U.S. teams from the World Series for 1975.[16] After considerable criticism, the ban was rescinded prior to 1976.[17]
In 1985, Mexicali, Mexico, represented the West Region of the United States in the Little League World Series. Because of its proximity to the El Centro/Calexico area in Southern California, Mexicali competed in and represented California's District 22 in the Southern California division from 1957–1985, representing the bordering city of Calexico, California.[18] David Cardenas Cortes ( LLWS 1985 US champions ) Played in MLB for Cleveland, Colorado and Atlanta.
In 1992, Long Beach was declared a 6–0 winner after the international tournament committee determined that Zamboanga City had used ineligible players that were either not from within its city limits, over age, or both. The championship game was originally won by Zamboanga City 15-4.
From 1997 to 2002, no teams from Taiwan participated in the tournament. In 1997, the Taiwan Baseball Association decided its leagues would no longer charter with Little League, claiming inability to comply with rules enacted in 1992 regarding the maximum size of player pools and number of participating teams in leagues based at schools, and residency requirements, which Little League Baseball had stated it would enforce more strictly, especially after the 1992 incident. From the introduction of Far East teams in 1967 until after 1996, Taiwan had won 17 of a possible 30 championships and had been runner-up twice.[19]
In 2014, Chicago defeated Las Vegas for the U.S. championship before losing to Seoul, South Korea in the LLWS championship. On February 11, 2015, Chicago was stripped of its U.S. title for fielding ineligible players; it was retroactively awarded to Las Vegas.

text: Famous participants in the Little League World Series[edit]

text:
Danny Almonte – The center of significant controversy following the 2001 series due to age falsification / (2001 World Series) Bronx, New York.
Wilson Álvarez – Former MLB player / (1982 World Series) Maracaibo, Venezuela.
Jim Barbieri – Former MLB player / First player to play in a World Series, and a Little League World Series / 1966 MLB World Series / (1954 World Series champion) Schenectady, New York 1953 LLWS World Series runner-up / Played in back to back LLWS World Series.
Jason Bay – Former MLB player / 2004 National League (NL) Rookie of the Year / (1990 World Series) Trail, British Columbia.
Derek Bell – Former MLB player / 1992 MLB World Series champion / (1980 runner-up & 1981 World Series runner-up) Tampa, Florida.
Cody Bellinger – MLB player for the Los Angeles Dodgers / 2007 World Series / Chandler, Arizona North Little League
Christian Bethancourt – MLB player for the San Diego Padres / (2004 World Series) Panama City, Panama.
Larvell Blanks – Former MLB player / (1962 World Series) Del Rio, Texas.
Jim Brower – Former MLB pitcher / (1985 World Series) East Tonka, Minnesota.
Sean Burroughs – Former MLB player / (1992 & 1993 World Series champions) Long Beach, California.
Kevin Cash – Former MLB player / Current manager for the Tampa Bay Rays, 2007 MLB World Series champion with the Boston Red Sox / (1989 World Series) Tampa, Florida.
Matt Cassel – NFL quarterback for the Tennessee Titans / (1994 World Series runner-up) Northridge, California.
Gavin Cecchini – MLB Player for the New York Mets / (2006 World Series) Lake Charles, Louisiana.
Chin-Feng Chen – Former MLB player / First Taiwanese-born player in MLB history / (1990 World Series champion) Tainan County, Taiwan.
Jeff Clement – Former MLB player / (1996 World Series) Marshalltown, Iowa.
Michael Conforto – MLB player for the New York Mets / (2004 World Series) Redmond North, Washington.[20]
Billy Connors – Former MLB player / (1954 World Series), Schenectady, New York 1953 LLWS runner-up Schenectady, New York. / Played in back to back LLWS.
David Cortés – Former MLB player / 1985 World Series (1985 US champions) Mexicali, Mexico.
Mo'ne Davis – First girl to record a win as a pitcher and to pitch a shutout / First little league player to appear on the cover of Sports Illustrated at the time of tournament play / 2014 AP Female Athlete of the Year (2014 World Series) Philadelphia.
Austin Dillon – 2011 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series champion / 2013 NASCAR Nationwide Series champion / (2002 World Series) Forsyth County, North Carolina.
Chris Drury – Former NHL player / 2001 Stanley Cup champion / 1998 Hobey Baker Award winner / 1999 Calder Memorial Trophy winner / (1989 World Series champion) Trumbull, Connecticut.
Ray Ferraro – Former NHL player / (1976 World Series) Trail, British Columbia.
Stephen Fife – MLB player for the Chicago Cubs / (1999 World Series) Boise, Idaho.
Jeff Frazier – Former MLB player / (1995 & 1996 World Series) Toms River, New Jersey.
Todd Frazier – MLB player for the New York Yankees / 2015 MLB Home Run Derby champion / (1998 World Series champion) Toms River, New Jersey.
Gale Gilbert – Former NFL quarterback / (1974 World Series runner-up) Red Bluff, California.
Randal Grichuk – MLB player for the St. Louis Cardinals / (2003 & 2004 World Series) Richmond, Texas.
Charlie Hayes – Former MLB player / 1996 MLB World Series champion / (1977 World Series) Hattiesburg, Mississippi.
Ken Hubbs – Former MLB player / 1962 National League (NL) Rookie of the Year & Gold Glove Winner / (1954 World Series) Colton, California.
Billy Hunter – Former NFL player / U.S. Prosecutor for Northern District of California / Executive Director of the National Basketball Players Association / (1955 World Series runner-up) Delaware Township, New Jersey.
Erik Johnson – Former MLB player / (1978 World Series US champion, WS runner-up) San Ramon, California.
Keith Lampard – Former MLB player / (1958 World Series) Portland, Oregon.
Carney Lansford – Former MLB player, 1988 & 1990 MLB World Series runner-up / 1989 MLB World Series champion / 1981 MLB Batting champ / 1988 American League (AL) All Star / 1992 Hutch Award Winner / (1969 World Series) Santa Clara, California.
Adam Loewen – MLB player for the Arizona Diamondbacks / (1996 World Series) Surrey, British Columbia.
Jack Losch – Former NFL player for the Green Bay Packers / (1947 World Series) Williamsport, Pennsylvania.
Vance Lovelace – Former MLB player / (1975 World Series) Tampa, Florida.
Lance Lynn – MLB player for the St. Louis Cardinals / (1999 World Series) Brownsburg, Indiana.
Jason Marquis – MLB player that is a free agent / 2005 NL Silver Slugger Award / 2006 MLB World Series champion / 2009 National League (NL) All Star / (1991 World Series) Staten Island, New York.
Stephane Matteau – Former NHL player / 1994 Stanley Cup champion / (1982 World Series) Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec.
Lloyd McClendon – Former MLB player / Current manager for the Seattle Mariners / (1971 World Series runner-up) Gary, Indiana.
Lastings Milledge – Former MLB player / (1997 World Series) Bradenton, Florida.
Bobby Mitchell – Former MLB player / (1967 World Series) Northridge, California.
Max Moroff – MLB Player for the Pittsburgh Pirates / (2005 World Series) Maitland, Florida.
Jim Pankovits – Former MLB player / (1968 World Series Runner-up) Richmond, Virginia.
Francisco Peña – MLB player for the Kansas City Royals / (2001 World Series) Bronx, New York.
Chad Pennington – Former NFL quarterback / (1991 World Series) Hamilton, Ohio.
Yusmeiro Petit – MLB player for the Washington Nationals / 2014 World Series champion with the San Francisco Giants / (1994 World Series champion) Maracaibo, Venezuela.
Marc Pisciotta – Former MLB player / (1983 World Series) Marietta, Georgia.
Boog Powell – Former MLB player / 1969 & 1971 MLB World Series runner-up / 1966 & 1970 MLB World Series champion / (1954 World Series) Lakeland, Florida.
Jurickson Profar – MLB player for the Texas Rangers / (2004 World Series champion / 2005 World Series runner-up) Willemstad, Curaçao.
Guillermo Quiróz – MLB player for the Cleveland Indians / (1994 World Series champion) Maracaibo, Venezuela.
Colby Rasmus – MLB player for the Houston Astros / (1999 World Series runner-up) Phenix City, Alabama.
Cory Rasmus – MLB player for the Los Angeles Angels / (1999 World Series runner-up) Phenix City, Alabama.
Brady Rodgers – MLB player for the Houston Astros / (2003 World Series) Richmond, Texas.
Michael Saunders – MLB player for the Toronto Blue Jays / (1999 World Series) Victoria, British Columbia.
Turk Schonert – Former NFL player / Former Offensive Coordinator for the Buffalo Bills / (1968 World Series) Garden Grove, California.
Jonathan Schoop – MLB player for the Baltimore Orioles / (2003 World Series & 2004 World Series champion) Willemstad, Curaçao.
Gary Sheffield – Former MLB player / 1997 MLB World Series champion / 1992 MLB Batting Champ / 7-Time National League (NL) All-Star / 2-Time American League (AL) All-Star / 5-Time Silver Slugger Award / (1980 World Series runner-up) Tampa, Florida.
Brian Sipe – Former NFL quarterback & 1980 NFL MVP / (1961 World Series) El Cajon, California.
Carl Taylor – Former MLB player / (1954 World Series) Lakeland, Florida.
Rubén Tejada – MLB player for the New York Mets / (2001 World Series) Santiago de Veraguas, Panama.
Clete Thomas – MLB player that is a free agent / (1996 World Series) Panama City, Florida.
Héctor Torres – Former MLB player / (1958 World Series Champions) Monterrey, Mexico.
Devon Travis – MLB Player for the Toronto Blue Jays / (2003 World Series Runner-up) Boynton Beach, Florida.
Carlos "Bobby" Treviño – Former MLB player / (1958 World Series champions) Monterrey, Mexico.
George Tsamis – Former MLB player / (1979 World Series Runner- up ) Campbell, California.
Pierre Turgeon – Former NHL player / 4-time NHL All-Star / (1982 World Series) Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec.
Julian Vandervelde – NFL player for the Philadelphia Eagles / (2000 World Series) Davenport, Iowa.
Dave Veres – Former MLB player / (1978 World Series) Torrejón AFB, Spain.
Ed Vosberg – Former MLB player / 1997 MLB World Series champion / (1973 World Series runner-up) Tucson, Arizona.
Krissy Wendell – U.S. women's national hockey team / (1994 World Series) Brooklyn Park, Minnesota.
Dan Wilson – Former MLB player / 1996 American League (AL) All-Star / (1981 World Series) Barrington, Illinois.
Rick Wise – Former MLB player / (1958 World Series) Portland, Oregon.

text: Media coverage[edit]

text: The first broadcast of the Little League World Series on television was on ABC Sports (now ESPN on ABC) in 1963. For years, only the championship game was televised. Since the late 1980s, when the tournament was reorganized, both the U.S. and international championships, the "semifinals", have been shown. As the years passed, more telecasts were added on ABC, ESPN, and ESPN2. In 2006, 28 of the 36 games were televised on the three networks.

text: The 2006 world championship game was to be the last telecast on ABC Sports before ESPN's complete takeover of the sports division and name change. However, the final was postponed one day because of rain and was shown by ESPN2.

text: In January 2007, it was announced that ESPN, ESPN2, and ABC had extended their contract with the Little League organization through 2014.[21] That year, every game of the LLWS was scheduled to be televised for the first time, with all but one game live on ESPN, ESPN2, or ABC. (The other game was to be available online at ESPN360, then shown on ESPN2 the next day.)[22] In addition, a number of games were to be shown in high-definition on ESPN, ESPN2, and ABC. The championship games in all other divisions, as well as the semifinals and finals of the Little League Softball World Series, was scheduled for either ESPN, ESPN2 or ESPNU.

text: In June 2011, it was announced that ESPN would add 17 games to its schedule on ESPN 3D.[23]

text: Coverage of the qualifying games has increased in the US recently: as of 2014, all regional group games (with the exception of the Southwest and New England regions) are streamed online via the ESPN3 platform, with the semifinals joining the finals on an ESPN network. The aforementioned Southwest and New England regional games are aired in full on the Longhorn Network (itself owned by ESPN) and NESN, respectively. The increased level of participation, competition, and publicity of the Little League World Series in recent years has established a trend in the opposite direction of most other preteen sports.

text: Most LLWS games are broadcast live on local radio station WRAK 1400AM, which is owned by Clear Channel. The radio broadcasts are also streamed online at the LLWS page at littleleague.org.

text: Other divisions in Little League Baseball[edit]

text: Each of the other eleven divisions of Little League Baseball has its own World Series format (including three in boys' softball).

text:
Division
Location
First Held
Age of players
Series

Little League Baseball
South Williamsport, Pennsylvania
1947
11–12 years old
Little League World Series

Little League Intermediate Division
Livermore, California
2013
11–13 years old
Intermediate Little League World Series

Junior League Baseball
Taylor, Michigan
1981
13–14 years old
Junior League World Series

Senior League Baseball
Easley, South Carolina
1961
14–16 years old
Senior League World Series

Big League Baseball
Easley, South Carolina
1968
16–18 years old
Big League World Series
(discontinued in 2016)

Little League Softball
Portland, Oregon
1974
11–12 years old[24]
Little League World Series (softball)

Junior League Softball
Kirkland, Washington
1999
12–14 years old[24]
Junior League World Series (softball)

Senior League Softball
Sussex County, Delaware
1976
13–16 years old[24]
Senior League World Series (softball)

Big League Softball
Sussex County, Delaware
1982
14–18 years old[24]
Big League World Series (softball)
(discontinued in 2016)


document_title: Names of Myanmar

question_text: when was the name burma changed to myanmar

text: Names of Myanmar

text: Burmese names[edit]

text: In the Burmese language. Myanmar is known as either Myanma (မြန်မာ [mjəmà] MLCTS: mranma) or Bama (ဗမာ [bəmà] MLCTS: ba.ma). Myanma is the written, literary name of the country, while Bama is the spoken name of the country.[1] Burmese, like Javanese and other languages of Southeast Asia, has different levels of register, with sharp differences between literary and spoken language.[2]

text: Both names derive ultimately from the endonym of the largest ethnic group in Burma, the Bamar people, also known as Bama or Burmans in the spoken register and Mranma or Myanma in the literary register. As such, some groups—particularly non-Bamar minorities—consider one or other (or indeed both) names not to be inclusive.

text: "Bama"[edit]

text: The colloquial name Bama is supposed to have originated from the name Myanma by shortening of the first syllable, from loss of nasal final "an" (/-àɴ/), reduced to non-nasal "a" (/-à/), and loss of "y" (/-j-/) glide), and then by transformation of "m" into "b". This sound change from "m" to "b" is frequent in colloquial Burmese,[citation needed] and occurs in many other words.[1][3] Although Bama may be a later transformation of the name Myanma, both names have been in use alongside each other for centuries.[citation needed] King Mindon in the mid-19th century was the first to refer to himself as the king of the 'Myanma people', in an attempt to ethnicise his rule, at a time when his rule was largely confined to the Irrawaddy Valley and the Myanmar ethnic group.[4]

text: "Mranma"[edit]

text: The etymology of Mranma remains unclear.[5] The "Bamas" who entered the central Irrawaddy river valley in the 9th century founded the Pagan Kingdom in 849,[6] and called themselves Mranma.[7] The earliest record discovered of the word was in a Mon inscription dated 1102, inside which the name was spelled Mirma. The first record of the name in a Burmese inscription is dated 1190, in which inscription the name was spelled Mranma.[5]

text: Ma Thanegi records that the first use of the name 'Mranma' for the country is to be found on a 3 feet (91 cm) high stone inscription dated 597 ME (Traditional Burmese calendar) or 1235 CE. The stone is from the reign of Kyaswa, (1234-1250) son of King Htilominlo (Nadaungmya), Bagan. It is written in early Burmese script. Although the middle of the front side of this stone is damaged, the first line of the better-protected reverse side clearly shows မြန်မာပြည် ("Mranma kingdom"). The inscription is known as the 'Yadana Kon Htan Inscription'. At present it is in Bagan recorded as stone number 43 in the Archaeological Department's collection.[8]

text: Today in Burmese the name is still spelled Mranma, but over time the "r" sound disappeared in most dialects of the Burmese language and was replaced by a "y" glide, so although the name is spelled "Mranma", it is actually pronounced Myanma.

text: In the decades preceding independence, independence parties were in search of a name for the new country to be born, which would be made up not only of Burmese speaking people, but also of many minorities. In the 1920s, some favoured the name Myanma, which had been the name applied to the old Burmese kingdom destroyed by the British in the 19th century. In the 1930s, the left-wing independence parties favoured the name Bama, as they thought this name was more inclusive of minorities than Myanma.[citation needed]

text: The Burmese puppet state set up by the Japanese occupation forces during the Second World War was officially called Bama. When the Japanese used their own syllabary, they transliterated the three consonants of the Dutch name "Birma" and ended up with the name Biruma (ビルマ). At the time of independence in 1948, the "Union of Burma" was the name that was chosen for the new country, being further amended as the "Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma" in 1974, following a 1962 military coup.

text: While both the names Bama and Myanma historically referred only to the Burmans and not other ethnic minorities, Burmese governments in the post-independence period have instituted a differentiation of meaning between Myanmar and Bamar in the official Burmese language usage. The name Myanma/Myanmar was expanded to include all citizens of the country while the name Bama/Bamar was kept to its original meaning. Both are widespread use in colloquial usage. Most still use Bamar/Myanmar interchangeably, to refer to the country, depending on the context. Ironically, because of the official renaming of the country, the dominant ethnic group is now known by its colloquial name, Bamar, rather than by its literary name, Myanmar in official Burmese usage.[2]

text: English names[edit]

text: History[edit]

text: In English, the official name chosen for the country at the time of independence was "Burma". This was already the name that the British called their colony before 1948. This name most likely comes from Portuguese Birmania and was adopted by English in the 18th century. The Portuguese name itself came from the Indian name Barma which was borrowed by the Portuguese from any of the Indian languages in the 16th or 17th century. This Indian name Barma may derive from colloquial Burmese Bama, but it may also derive from the Indian name Brahma-desh.

text: Early usage of the English term Burma varies:

text:
Bermah (Earliest European maps as old as the 18th century spelled Burma with an 'e'.)
Birmah (Charles Thomson map of 1827)
Brama (Thomas Kitchin's map of 1787)
Burmah (Samuel Dunn's map 1787)
Burma (Keith Johnson's map 1803)
Burmah (Eugene William's map, 1883)
Burma (Common stable spelling used in The Times newspaper.)

text: In 1989, the military regime of Burma set up a commission in charge of reviewing the place names of Burma in the English language. The aim of the commission was to correct the spelling of the place names of Burma in English, to discard spellings chosen by British colonial authorities in the 19th century, and adopt spellings closer to the actual Burmese pronunciation (compare with what happened in India with Calcutta/Kolkata and Calicut/Kozhikode). These renamings took the form of the "Adaptation of Expressions Law", passed on 18 June 1989. Thus, for instance, Rangoon was changed to Yangon to reflect the fact that the "r" sound is no longer used in Standard Burmese and merged with a "y" glide.[9]

text: As for the country's name, the commission decided to replace the English name "Burma" with "Myanmar", for three reasons. First, Myanma is the official name of the country in the Burmese language, and the aim of the commission was to have English place names aligned with Burmese place names and pronunciation. Second, the commission thought that the name Myanma was more inclusive of minorities than the name Bama, and wanted the English name of the country to reflect this. Finally, the military regime has long been suspicious[citation needed] of the colloquial Burmese language, which it perceives as subversive; the English name "Burma" mirrors the colloquial Burmese name Bama.

text: The final "r" in the English "Myanmar" is absent in Burmese Myanma (much as the medial "r" in "Burma" is absent in standard Burmese Bama). The commission added a final "r" in English to represent the low tone of Burmese, in which the word Myanma is pronounced. In the low tone, the final vowel "a" is lengthened. The commission was influenced by Received Pronunciation and other non-rhotic English English dialects, in which "ar" (without a following vowel) is also pronounced as long "a" (often given as "ah" in American English). However, in variants of English in which final "r" is pronounced, such as standard American English, adding this final "r" leads to a pronunciation very different from the Burmese pronunciation.

text: Controversies[edit]

text: In the Burmese language, there have been controversies about the name of the country since the 1930s, and the decision of the regime in 1989 carried the controversy into the English language. The regime believes that Myanma is more inclusive of minorities than Bama, while opponents point out that historically, Myanma is only a more literary version of Bama.

text: Quite the opposite of being more inclusive, opposition parties and human rights groups contend that the new English name "Myanmar" is actually disrespectful of the minorities of Burma. Minorities, many of whom do not speak Burmese, had become accustomed to the English name "Burma" over the years, and they perceive the new name "Myanmar" as a purely Burmese name reflecting the policy of domination of the ethnic Burman majority over the minorities.

text: The regime changed the name of the country in English; it did not change the official name of the country in Burmese. Former opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi at first opposed the new name "Myanmar", pointing out the hypocritical justification of inclusiveness put forward by the regime. Opposition parties, although they oppose the English name "Myanmar", do not oppose the official Burmese name Myanma, and no opposition party is proposing to use the colloquial name Bama as the official name of the country.

text: Finally, a lot of criticism also focused on the lack of linguistic soundness of the reform. Only four language scholars sat in the 1989 commission, while the majority of the commission was made up of military officials and civil servants with no particular knowledge of linguistics. The new names adopted often lacked serious linguistic credibility, and some appear questionable (the final "r" at the end of the name Myanmar makes sense only for a speaker of a non-rhotic dialect of English).

text: Adoption[edit]

text: Since the 1989 decision to change the English name from "Burma" to "Myanmar", adoption of the new name in the English-speaking world has been mixed. Use of "Burma" has remained widespread, largely based on the question of whether the regime has the legitimacy to change the country's name, particularly without a referendum.[9]

text: The United Nations, of which Myanmar is a member, endorsed the name change five days after its announcement.[10] However, governments of many English-speaking countries including the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Canada still refer to the country as "Burma".[11] The United States government attributes its choice to support for the party deemed to have won the 1990 election, but been denied power by the junta. That party opposes the new name.[12]

text: Following the 2011–2012 democratic reforms in Burma, politicians started using "Myanmar" more frequently.[13] The British government also cites the elected party's preference in its statement on its choice of name.[14] A spokesman for the Department of Foreign Affairs in Canada said that his government's choice was "in support of the struggle for democracy".[10] Others, including the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the governments of China, India, Japan,[11] Germany,[15] and Russia recognise "Myanmar" as the official name.

text: During the 2005 ASEAN summit in Thailand, the Foreign Minister Nyan Win complained about the US insistence of calling his country "Burma" instead of "Myanmar" as it was renamed more than a decade ago.[16] In January 2011, during the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) of the country at the United Nations, the delegate of Myanmar interrupted the delegate of the United States, who had begun her comments on human rights in Myanmar by "welcom[ing] the Burmese delegation to the UPR working group". Myanmar's delegate insisted that the American delegation should use the name "Myanmar", and appealed to the session's president to enforce that rule. The latter commented that "we're here to discuss human rights in Myanmar, we're not here to discuss the name of the country", and asked the American delegation to use Myanmar's official, UN-recognised name. The American delegate continued her comments on human rights violations in Myanmar, without using either name for the country.[17] On 19 November 2012, US President Barack Obama, accompanied by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton on her second visit to the country, referred to the nation as both Myanmar and Burma.[18]

text: Media usage is also mixed. In spite of the usage by the US government, American news outlets including The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The International Herald Tribune and CNN, and US-based international news agencies the Associated Press and Reuters have adopted the name "Myanmar". Others have continued to use "Burma",[15] some of whom have switched to using "Myanmar" years after the name change, such as the Financial Times,[19] citing increasing international acceptance of the new name. The BBC changed to using "Myanmar" in 2014.[20][21]

text: Some other sources, including NPR in the US and the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, use terms such as "Myanmar, also known as Burma".[10][22]

text: Another approach taken by some historians is to continue to use the name "Burma" for describing the history of the country prior to the 1988 military coup and "Myanmar" from there on. This also contravenes the intentions of the government, whose naming reform in 1989 was to apply to the entire history of the country. Those using this approach argue that it is the most politically neutral option.[23]

text: In June 2014, the Australian government, led by Prime Minister Tony Abbott, continued a long-running discussion on the manner in which Australian officials would refer to the Southeast Asian nation. While Burma was the formal title used by the Australian government, the Labor government revised the national name to the Union of Myanmar in 2012. However, the matter has resurfaced, as the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) reverted to the former title under Abbott's leadership in late 2013. A reason for the change has not appeared in the media, but, as of June 2014, the Abbott government's policy advises officials to switch between Burma and Myanmar, in accordance with the circumstances at hand. DFAT secretary Peter Varghese explained to the media: "Our ambassador to Myanmar would be our ambassador to Myanmar, because the country to which she [Brontë Moules] is accredited is Myanmar, in the eyes of the government of Myanmar."[24]

text: In April 2016, soon after taking office, Aung San Suu Kyi clarified that foreigners are free to use either name, "because there is nothing in the constitution of our country that says that you must use any term in particular".[25]

text: Adjectival forms and demonyms[edit]

text:
Correspondence of terms before and after the 1989 renaming

Existing term
Renamed to
Type

Burma
Myanmar
noun

Burmese
Myanma
adjective

Burman
Bamar
noun

Burman
Bama
adjective

text: In Burmese, the word Myanma, when used as a noun, is pronounced in the low tone (long "a"), whereas when used as an adjective, it is pronounced in the creaky tone (short "a").[citation needed] To reflect this, in the 1989 government renaming the adjectival form of the country's name "Myanmar" is formed by dropping the final "r" to get "Myanma" (since the final "r" indicates lengthening in Oxford English).

text: Most people, even in Burma, are unaware of these subtleties, and so we find both "Myanma Airways" (correct spelling) and "Myanmar Airways" (incorrect spelling, but used officially and recognised anyway). Some English speakers have even coined the adjective "Myanmarese" or "Myanmese", to follow English rather than Burmese grammatical rules. These adjectives are not recommended as most natives of Myanmar preferred to be called either the old way of "Burmese", "Myanmar", or "Myanma" representing the many diverse races in the country.

text: According to the renaming, the name of the dominant ethnicity of Burma, whose people speak the Burmese language, is "Bamar" (again, final "r" only added to denote a long "a" in Burmese). Thus, Myanmar is a country inhabited by the Bamars plus many minorities; and the Bamars and minorities are collectively known as Myanma people.[citation needed]

text: While use of the name "Myanmar" is widespread and rivals the use of "Burma", adoption of adjectival forms has been far more limited; in general, terms in use before 1989 have persisted. Citizens of Burma, regardless their ethnicity, are known as "Burmese", while the dominant ethnicity is called "Burman". The language of the Burmans, however, is known as the Burmese language, not as the Burman language, although confusingly enough the "Burmese" language is considered one of the Tibeto-"Burman" languages.[citation needed]

text: Other languages[edit]

text: In Chinese, the name appeared for the first time in 1273 and was recorded as 緬 (pronounced "Miǎn" in Mandarin).[5] The present name in the Chinese is 緬甸 (pronounced Miǎndiàn). The Vietnamese (Miến Điện) is derived from the same term.

text: In Japan, although the Japanese government's basic position is to use Myanmā (ミャンマー), often media organisations indicate Biruma (ビルマ) in parentheses afterwards. Biruma may be used more often in the spoken language, while Myanmā is more common in written language. Popular Japanese fictional works such as The Burmese Harp (Biruma no tategoto) mean that the name Biruma may have more of an emotional resonance to readers.[26] Historically Japan used the Chinese characters of "Menden" (緬甸) to refer to Burma. This form remains in contemporary usage in abbreviations; for example, the World War II-era Burma-Thailand Railway is still referred to almost exclusively as the Tai-Men Tetsudō (泰緬鉄道).

text: The Indian (and sometimes used in Bangladesh) name for Myanmar is 'Brahmadesh' or 'Brahmavarta' (Sanskrit: ब्रह्मादेश/ब्रह्मावर्त) which means 'land of Brahma'.