document_title: Geoff Love

question_text: jeff loves adopted name for music for mountains

text: Geoff Love

text: Early years[edit]

text: Love was born in Todmorden, West Riding of Yorkshire, the only son and younger of two surviving children (an elder sister Cornelia) of African American Thomas Edward (Kidd) Love and his English wife, Frances Helen Maycock (1892–1975), an actress and singer.

text: The Loves travelled around Britain as entertainers, but, following the death of his father, the family returned to their grandmother's house in Todmorden. Whilst at school, Love learned the trombone. After leaving school at 15, Love worked as a car mechanic and played trombone at dance halls in the evening. Having turned professional at 17, Love joined Freddie Platt's band.

text: Later, in 1936, he joined Jan Ralfini's band playing in London and learned to play jazz. With the outbreak of the Second World War, Love was called up and joined the King's Royal Rifle Corps. Whilst in the armed forces, Love spent time learning orchestration by questioning musicians how best to write for their individual instruments.

text: Love married Cicely Joyce Peters (known as Joy, 1923/4–1993) on 4 April 1942. She worked alongside Love, organising his recording sessions and accounts. They had two sons, Adrian (1944–1999),[2] who became a well-known radio presenter, and Nigel (1947–2013).[3]

text: Post-war career[edit]

text: Following his release from the army, Love became a freelance trombonist and arranger, and also played with Stanley Black's BBC orchestra. He also developed his orchestration through the tutelage of the harpist Marie Goossens.

text: In the early 1950s, along with saxophonist Harry Gold, his brother Laurie Gold and pianist Norrie Paramor, Love was a member of the 'Pieces of Eight' playing Dixieland jazz.[4]

text: Although Love continued to play trombone at recording sessions (for example with bandleader Lew Stone), he was doing more and more orchestral arrangements. His arrangements were played by the Cliff Adams Singers, Ambrose and Ken Mackintosh dance bands, as well work for television and radio orchestras.

text: By the mid-1950s Love was writing for several recording labels - moving from Philips to Polydor and PolyGram before finally settling at EMI. Whilst at the HMV label he arranged for Frankie Vaughan and Alma Cogan among others. Whilst working at Columbia, he arranged Laurie London's gospel song "He's Got the Whole World in His Hands", a 1957 chart topper in the US.

text: In the late 1950s, playing under the pseudonym of 'Manuel and his Music of the Mountains', Love's created his Theme from Honeymoon (1959) which proved popular in the UK. His attempt to keep his identity secret whilst playing as 'Manuel' was impossible due to success, especially in the US in 1959 and 1960.

text: In 1959 he and his orchestra recorded an album with British singer Shirley Bassey named 'The Fabulous Shirley Bassey'. It was her first album for the Columbia label.

text: In 1964, "Geoff Love's Music" backed the British rock duo Peter and Gordon on their first two hit singles (both written by Paul McCartney), the UK and US No. 1 hit "A World Without Love" and the top 15 hit "Nobody I Know".

text: During the 1960s and into the 1970s, Love recorded many albums for MFP, often featuring film or television themes such as: Big Western Movie Themes (1969), Big War Movie Themes (1971), Big Suspense Movie Themes (1972), Your Top TV Themes (1972), Big Terror Movie Themes (1976) and other instrumental and disco music. Big Bond Movie Themes (1975) featuring a selection of instrumental versions of music and songs from the James Bond film series from Dr. No up to The Man with the Golden Gun (including Burt Bacharach's Casino Royale from the 1967 spoof Bond film) has since become one of Love's most sought after MFP albums. One of these MFP sets was called Glad with Love – which featured the pianist Mrs Mills and Geoff Love on a sing-along together – with studio audience participation. One of Love's most recognised arrangements was Rodrigo's Guitar Concerto De Aranjuez (Theme From 2nd Movement) by Manuel and the Music of the Mountains.

text: Love appeared on television with pianist Russ Conway and became well known for working alongside singer-comedian Max Bygraves. He was also a prolific composer, writing the theme music for the ITV sitcom Bless This House. Love also made some recordings as a vocalist.

text: In the early 1980s, Love was the co-founder (with Bill Starling) of the Young Person's Concert Foundation. He travelled the country with this charity promoting music to schools and other venues. In the late 1980s, Love became involved with several brass bands.

text: Awards[edit]

text: Love's prolific career garnered one platinum, fifteen gold and thirteen silver discs, and a special trophy for selling in excess of 2½ million records.

text: Death[edit]

text: Love died at the University College Hospital, Camden, London, on 8 July 1991 at the age of 73.

text: Geoff Love albums (billed as 'Manuel & the Music of the Mountains')[edit]

text:
The Music of the Mountains (1960)
Mountain Carnival (1961)
Ecstasy (1963)
Mountain Fiesta (1964)
Exotica (1965)
Blue Waters (1966)
Sunrise, Sunset (1967)
Beyond the Mountains (1967)
Mirage (1968)
Magic Fountains (1968)
Reflections (1969)
Manuel and the Music of the Masters (1969)
Manuel and the Music of the Movies (1970)
Cascade (1971)
Carnival (1971)
Manuel Meets Pepe Jaramillo (1971)
Mardi Gras (1972)
The Sun, the Sea and the Sky (1972)
Horizons (1973)
Shangri-La (1973)
Y Viva España (1974)
El Bimbo (1975)
Masquerade (1976)
Mountain Fire (1977)
The Music of Manuel (1978)
The Magic of Manuel (1978)
Super Natural (1979)
Viva Manuel (1979)
This is Digital Recording (Side 1 EMI Studio 2 Stereo sampler (1979)
Fiesta (1980)
Fantasy (1981)

tag: ul

text: As Mandingo[edit]

text:
The Primeval Rhythm Of Life (1972)
Sacrifice (1973)
Mandingo III (A Story of Survival) (1974)
Savage Rite (1975)


document_title: Asia's Got Talent (season 2)

question_text: who is the winner of asia's got talent 2017

question_tokens: who is the winner of asia 's got talent 2017

root

text: Asia's Got Talent (season 2)

text: Auditions[edit]

text: Open auditions[edit]

text: The open auditions for the second season took place in key cities in Asia. Open auditions were held in Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, and Indonesia. The open auditions were judged by Asia's Got Talent producers. Auditionees were also allowed to submit their audition videos online via the show's official website. Those who passed will proceed to the live judges' auditions.

tag: p

text:
Date of Open Audition
Open Audition Venue
City
Ref.

April 10 – June 8, 2017
Online Auditions
[8][9]

May 14, 2017
Marina Bay Sands
Downtown Core, Singapore
[10]

May 20, 2017
Sunway City
Selangor, Malaysia
[11]

May 21, 2017
Quezon City Experience
Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines
[12]

May 27, 2017
Syntrend Creative Park
Taipei, Taiwan
[13]

May 28, 2017
Kasem Bundit University
Bangkok, Thailand
[14]

June 3, 2017
Wisma Serbaguna Senayan
Jakarta, Indonesia
[15]

tag: table

text: Judges' auditions[edit]

text: The judges' auditions were taped from July 28, 2017 at the Pinewood Iskandar Malaysia Studios in Johor, Malaysia like the first season.[4]

text: This is the first season of the show to have three judges instead of four. This is also the first season where the hosts (as one) get an opportunity to press the golden buzzer.

text: The judges' auditions once again feature the Golden Buzzer. Each judge would have one chance to use the Golden Buzzer. New for this season, apart from the judges, the hosts (as one) get an opportunity to press the golden buzzer. The so-called Golden Acts, those on whom the Golden Buzzer is used, would automatically advance to the semifinals. Jay Park pressed his golden buzzer for Kyrgyz contortionist dance group, ADEM Dance Crew on the premiere episode. It was followed by Anggun who pressed the buzzer on the second episode for the Japanese comedic magician, Akira Kimura. Alan Wong and Justin Bratton would then use the golden buzzer together on Mongolian digital dancer, Canion Shijirbat. Finally, David Foster used the last golden buzzer on Taiwanese electric ukuleleist, Feng E.

text: Below are the acts who are confirmed within the show to have received at least two Yes votes and thus had successfully passed their auditions, as well as the Golden Acts. The list does not cover everyone who had passed. Due to time constraints, some acts, named or otherwise, are seen with their fates partially known (only one known Yes vote) or edited out completely from broadcast and are thus not listed.

text:
[show]Successful auditionees of Asia's Got Talent season 2

 Pai Shih Wei – singing palms performer
 DM-X Comvaleñoz – hiphop dance group
 SMB – acro-dancers
 D'Intensity Breakers – hooping dance group
 The Sisters – sopranos
 Champ Suppawat – singer/rapper
 Mercifuletes Viola – singer/rapper
 Edward Tirtananda – tenor
 Garbkamol Limangkul – yo-yo player
 Prasheela Ramesh – singer
 Jay Tjung – aerial pole dancer
 Yumbo Dump – comic duo
 Andrew Lee – magician/mentalist
 ADEM Dance Crew – contortionist dance group
 Baby Storm – children dance group
 Awksome Cooking Angels – dance troupe
 Little K-Tigers – martial arts troupe
 Alfred Ho – blind singer/acoustic guitarist
 Garrett Bolden Jr. – singer
 Angel Tornado – neo-traditional dance group
 218 Dance Crew – tron dance group
 Triyogini – aerialist trio
 Ryun Jin – pole dancer
 3GagaHeads – comic performance artist troupe
 Fitri Cerado – singer/keyboardist
 Akira Kimura – comic magician
 Rocket Stunt Crew – double Dutch act
 Urban Crew – hiphop dance group
 Toy-Z – street dancer
 The Sacred Riana – spooky magician
 Bikoon! – comic stunt duo
 D'Gemini – hiphop dance duo
 Quinn Calista Masongsong – singer
 Vimolwan Saisathit – electric guitarist
 Cindy Kuncoro – drummer
 Krittaya Ariyasit – aerialist
 () J.Andes Group – musical ensemble
 XTRAP – finger tutting group
 Lauren Yeo – soprano
 Mafarikha Akhir – singer
 Viriya Rici – breakdancer
 Power Storm Crew – b-boy dance group
 Christ Mahendra – pianist
 Nyamgerel Gankhuyag - contortionist
 Deniel Sarmiento – contortionist/contemporary dancer
 Ekklesia – pop opera trio
 Canion Shijirbat – digital dancer
 Syah Riszuan – singer
 Pannawach Dechapanya – singer
 Ta O – cube spinner
 Li Jun – acrobatic performer
 The Juans – boy band
 The Phoenix Team - street workout performers
 Stripboys - comic dance group
 Vin Chee – magician
 Aekanut Jalearpon - street magician
 Jeff Leong – magician
() Sobhi Shaker – magician
 The Annoying Brothers – comic juggler duo
 The Makchicks – singing trio
 Angela July – singer/harpist
 Noah Velasco - crystal ball performer
 Swan Team - hiphop dance group
 Chiang Sui-Ying - street acrobatic performer
 Regina Aurellia Utami – traditional dancer
 Sumit Sadawarti – singer/keyboardist
 Manit Chabutchin – extreme performer
 The Next Eclipse – contortionists/contemporary dance group
 Leonardo Hsu - singer/guitarist
 Jane Callista – singer/tap dancer
 Feng E – electric ukuleleist
 Neil Rey Garcia Llanes – beatboxer

NOTE: Please be guided that the successful auditionees are listed according to their order of appearance. Golden acts are italicized. This list contains the aired auditions only.

text: Semifinals[edit]

text: The deliberation round was also held at the Pinewood Iskandar Malaysia Studios in Johor, Malaysia, as opposed to the previous season where it was held at the Marina Bay Sands. It was be shown at end of the final auditions episode on November 9, 2017. During the entire auditions, 99 acts received at least 2 yeses from the judges. The judges then chose the 20 remaining acts who would compete in semi-finals. The four Golden Acts and the judges' picks would bring the total number of semifinalists to 24. The first eight semifinalists was announced after the deliberation round, with the others to be revealed gradually as the semifinal rounds progress.

text: The semifinal rounds were also taped at the same studio as the judges' auditions. In the previous season, it was held at the Marina Bay Sands.

text: For the first time in Got Talent franchise history, this season makes use of completely online voting methods.[16] The audience may vote through hashtags on Facebook, Messenger, and Google search.[17] A maximum of 10 votes per method per day is implemented.

text: Each act is assigned an official unique voting hashtag during the semifinal. The viewer must create Facebook post with the hashtag of the act. Comments on third party Facebook pages are also counted. A post or comment with more than one official hashtag (whether the same or different) renders the vote invalid.

text: The viewer must search for Asia's Got Talent on Facebook Messenger. A photo carousel will appear with the pictures of the week's semifinalists. Click the picture to vote.

text: The user must have a Google account first. The phrase "Asia's Got Talent vote" must be typed on the search box. The photos of the week's acts will appear. Click the photo to choose the act. The slider on the right assigns 1 to 10 votes for that act.

text: This season of Asia's Got Talent uses a completely online voting, as compared to other Got Talent franchises where SMS votes are available. The revelation of results is slightly different, being revealed in the following week rather than the next night (as semifinal rounds are only once weekly, barring replays). The Golden Buzzer last season was replaced by the Judges' Pick, although its mechanics is the same where the judges would come to a unanimous decision to send one act straight to the finals. This is similar to the Judges' Choice in the other local franchises, albeit one ahead of the vote rather than after and based on the vote. Aside from the Judges' Pick, the two acts with the most public votes would also advance to the finals. There would thus be a total of nine finalists emerging from the three semifinal rounds.

text: Ages listed are as of the time of the auditions. In the case of group acts, the age ranges only accounted for the members present at the auditions. The age(s) of any additional member(s) who only appeared in the semifinal may or may not be within the range designated.

text:
Winner
     Runner-up
     Third place
     Fourth place

     Middle two
     Bottom three
 Golden Buzzer
 Judges' Pick

text:
Name of act
Age(s)
Genre
Act
Hometown
Semifinal Week
Result

Sacred !The Sacred Riana
25
Magic
Spooky magician
 Indonesia
2
01 !Winner

DM-X Comvaleñoz
19–28
Dance
Hiphop dance group
 Philippines
2
022 !Runner-up

Neil Rey Garcia Llanes
21
Music
Beatboxer
 Philippines
1
03 !Third place

Canion Shijirbat
26
Dance
Digital dancer
 Mongolia
1
04 !Fourth Place

ADEM Dance Crew
16–23
Dance
Contortionist dance group
 Kyrgyzstan
2
05 !Middle two

Sobhi Shaker
24
Magic
Magician
 Malaysia[Note 2]
( Syria)
3
06 !Middle two

Angela July
30
Singing
Singer/Harpist
 Indonesia
1
07 !Bottom three

Feng E
10
Music
Electric ukuleleist
 Taiwan
3
08 !Bottom three

Urban Crew
22–28
Dance
Hiphop dance group
 Philippines
3
09 !Bottom three

218 Dance Crew
20–31
Dance/Novelty
Tron dance group
 Vietnam
2
Eliminated

Akira Kimura
36
Magic
Comic magician
 Japan[Note 1]
3
Eliminated

Andrew Lee
31
Magic
Magician/Mentalist
 Malaysia
1
Eliminated

Deniel Sarmiento
17
Dance
Contortionist/Contemporary dancer
 Philippines
1
Eliminated

Ekklesia
28–34
Singing
Pop opera trio
 South Korea
1
Eliminated

Fitri Cerado
14
Singing
Singer/Keyboardist
 Philippines
2
Eliminated

Krittaya Ariyasit
10
Acrobatics
Aeralist
 Thailand
3
Eliminated

Mafarikha Akhir
25
Singing
Singer
 Malaysia
2
Eliminated

Power Storm Crew
20–35
Dance
B-Boy dance group
 Thailand
1
Eliminated

Sisters !The Sisters
10 & 12
Singing
Sopranos
 Singapore
1
Eliminated

Sumit Sadawarti
22
Singing
Singer/Keyboardist
 India
3
Eliminated

Syah Riszuan
12
Singing
Singer
 Singapore
2
Eliminated

Viriya Rici
11
Dance
Breakdancer
 Indonesia
3
Eliminated

XTRAP
28–33
Dance
Finger tutting group
 Japan
2
Eliminated

Yumbo Dump
31 & 33
Comedy/Novelty
Comic duo
 Japan
3
Eliminated

text:
^ Akira is a native Japanese but has been living in Indonesia for two and a half years.
^ Sobhi is currently settled in Malaysia after escaping from the Syrian Civil War.

tag: ol

text: Semifinals summary[edit]

text:
Buzzed out
 Judges' Pick

     Won judges' pick and advanced to the finals
     Won public vote and advanced to the finals

text: Semifinals 1 (November 16)[edit]

text:
Act
Order
Performance description
Buzzes
Result

Foster
Anggun
Park

 Power Storm Crew
1
Did a dance performance inspired by the Minion jail scene from the Despicable Me 3 film.

Eliminated

 Angela July
2
Sang "Chandelier" by Sia.

Advanced

 Andrew Lee
3
Had Anggun handle a coin (with her initials written) inside her hand which he magically bent while still inside Anggun's hand. He then had Foster handle a copy of The Invisible Man by H. G. Wells and, while he and Foster faced away from each other, correctly guessed a passage Foster was looking at a particular page and paragraph. Lee also had his "copy" of the book, one with blank pages.

Eliminated

 Deniel Sarmiento
4
Did a routine, which included moving around on a dangling hoop, to the music of "Lost Boy" by Ruth B.

Eliminated

 The Sisters
5
Sang "You Raise Me Up" by Secret Garden, accompanied by an eight-person choir.

Eliminated

 Neil Rey Garcia Llanes
6
Did two original compositions, the second of which was an amalgam of seven different sounds, one more than those in his audition piece.

Advanced

 Ekklesia
7
Sang "La donna è mobile" from Giuseppe Verdi's opera Rigoletto.

Eliminated

 Canion Shijirbat
8
Did a dance and fantasy routine where he played a medieval soldier in metal armor.

Advanced

text: Semifinals 2 (November 23)[edit]

text:
Act
Order
Performance description
Buzzes
Result

Foster
Anggun
Park

 ADEM Dance Crew
1
Performed a routine based on the Night at the Museum film and its sequels.

Advanced

 Mafarikha Akhir
2
Sang "Ain't No Mountain High Enough" by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell.

Eliminated

 The Sacred Riana
3
Performed a combined routine consisting of a séance, a self-writing chalkboard, and a haunted dollhouse illusion which produced a similar-looking "friend."

Advanced

 Fitri Cerado
4
Sang "Angels Brought Me Here" by Guy Sebastian.

Eliminated

 218 Dance Crew
5
Did an electronic dance and breakdance routine with illuminated áo dài, folding fans, and nón lá, culminating to the formation of an illuminated lotus flower.

Eliminated

 Syah Riszuan
6
Sang "I'll Be There" by The Jackson 5.

Eliminated

 XTRAP
7
Formed a series of geometric shapes, patterns, and synchronized movements with their hands on an illuminated table as shown by an overhead camera to the music of "Into the Sunset" by Jeremy Abbott and Louise Dowd.

Eliminated

 DM-X Comvaleñoz
8
Did a dance routine which started with a haka-like original dance, followed by various stunts and acrobatics backed by heavy metal music, then switched to a more feminine dance routine to the tune of "Free Your Mind" by En Vogue before going back to more stunts and acrobatics to finish their performance.

Advanced

text: Semifinals 3 (November 30)[edit]

text:
Act
Order
Performance description
Buzzes
Result

Foster
Anggun
Park

 Yumbo Dump
1
Used objects from their sack to make improvised sounds of a whale giving birth, an owl in a silent forest, and fish splashing around a boat, all while wearing only mawashi inside a sumo ring.
[a]

Eliminated

 Viriya Rici
2
Did a routine which start with popping dance while waking up from bed, then did a breakdancing routine, which included ball tricks, to the music of "24K Magic" by Bruno Mars.

Eliminated

 Feng E
3
Performed a rendition of "Viva la Vida" by Coldplay on electric ukulele.

Advanced

 Krittaya Ariyasit
4
Performed an underwater world-themed routine.

Eliminated

 Akira Kimura
5
Did a series of magic tricks with their secrets revealing spontaneously by himself or unwittingly by stage hands for laughs. Among the tricks were a coin disappearing under a glass, a color changing shuttlecock, producing objects from inside a hollow cylinder, teleportation, and a female assistant quickly changing her wardrobe.

Eliminated

 Sumit Sadawarti
6
Sang the jazz standard "I Only Have Eyes for You" from the Dames film.

Eliminated

 () Sobhi Shaker
7
Performed card magic. He separated the aces from the deck and teleported them from one place to another, then transformed the aces into queens with the aces reappearing from inside the box. The other cards had their backs changed from red to blue with the aces and queens' backs changing color as well. The other cards then became blank. The aces and queens and some blank cards became pictures of the three judges, two hands, a globe, and the message "#StopAllWar"; the rest of the cards then formed the words of the name of the show.

Advanced

 Urban Crew
8
Did a ninja-themed dance, stunts, and breakdancing routine.

Advanced

text: ^ Foster pressed his buzzer during Yumbo Dump's performance, but removed it afterwards during his comment after he admittedly was being heavily entertained by the later half of the performance.

text: Finals[edit]

text: The finals, like the previous season, were held at the Marina Bay Sands, Singapore, over a span of two episodes, a performance night and a results night.

text: On the results night, David Foster, on piano, played "Love Theme from St. Elmo's Fire", a song from the St. Elmo's Fire film. Anggun sang "What We Remember", a single from her latest album "8". Lastly, Jay Park, together with Yultron, debuted their newest song "Forget About Tomorrow".

text:
Winner
     Runner-up
     Third place
     Fourth place

     Middle two
     Bottom three

 Auditions Golden Buzzer
 Semifinals Judges' Pick

text:
Act
Order
Performance description
Result

 Urban Crew
1
Did a multi-track urban area-themed dance, stunts, and breakdancing routine.
Bottom three

 Angela July
2
Sang "Skyfall" (from the James Bond film with the same name) by Adele.
Bottom three

 Canion Shijirbat
3
Did a dance routine involving orbs of light and multiple dopplegängers, ending with a marriage proposal for his wife.
Fourth place

 The Sacred Riana
4
First performed close-up magic by transferring a pentagram drawn on a burning piece of paper onto the back of Anggun's right hand with ashes, then made several ghouls appear from inside a box on the stage. She then hid inside the box to escape from the ghouls, disappearing from within and magically reappearing behind the judges.
Winner

 () Sobhi Shaker
5
Performed card magic using several blank cards, forming words and pictographs and hearts on them, ripping one card labeled "Dream," making it whole again, and disintegrating it into dust over the heart cards, with their backs forming a picture of his from earlier in the performance, all illustrating the realities of life, the destruction caused by war, and the rise of love and hope amidst them.
Middle Two

 Neil Rey Garcia Llanes
6
First acted as a DJ who experienced technical difficulties, then did a mashup composition which included "Uptown Funk" by Mark Ronson and Bruno Mars, an original composition which was an amalgam of ten different sounds, and finally a composition using all sounds from his previous performances.
Third Place

 ADEM Dance Crew
7
Did a routine where they acted as robots in a metal steampunk world. One was left out on the rain after picking up a flower bud, then found itself making smooth dance moves as opposed to rigid ones earlier before finally conking out as a rose grew amongst the metal. The background musical score included the chorus of the song "Secrets" by OneRepublic.
Middle Two

 Feng E
8
Performed "Beautiful Day" by U2 with both acoustic guitar and electric ukulele.
Bottom three

 DM-X Comvaleñoz
9
The group entered the stage in a fashion show-like manner, followed up with various stunts and acrobatics backed by heavy metal music (mostly parts of "One Step Closer" by Linkin Park), then switched to a feminine dance routine to the tune of "Despacito" by Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee with funny group poses in between sets of steps before finishing with more stunts and acrobatics.
Runner-up

text: Contestants who appeared on previous shows or seasons[edit]

text:
ADEM Dance Crew was a finalist on the sixth season of Česko Slovensko Má Talent. They also received a golden buzzer during the auditions.
Akira Kimura, who himself has been living in Indonesia for two and a half years prior to auditioning for the show,[18] previously appeared in an Indonesian talent search show Go Show[19] in which he managed to reach the semifinals.
Canion Shijirbat appeared in the second season of Mongolia's Got Talent, where he placed second. He also competed in the twelfth season of America's Got Talent, only to be eliminated during the Judge Cuts. His audition in this season occurred a few months after his Judge Cuts performance and a few weeks after said performance was aired in the United States.
Power Storm was a finalist on the third season of Thailand's Got Talent. Three years later, they finished as a semifinalist on the sixth season of the same show.
Deniel Sarmiento was a semifinalist on the fifth season of Pilipinas Got Talent.[20]
D' Intensity Breakers placed fifth on the fourth season of the local Got Talent franchise of the Philippines, Pilipinas Got Talent. Afterwards, they appeared on the first season of Asia's Got Talent, getting four yeses but weren't chosen by the judges to advance to the semifinals.
Deenormous took part in the previous season where he received 4 buzzers and 4 nos.
Neil Rey Garcia Llanes was a contestant in the previous season. He got 4 yeses and was chosen by the judges to advance to the semifinals but he has to let go his semi final spot to finish his studies.
DM-X Comvaleñoz was a semifinalist on the fifth season of Pilipinas Got Talent.[20]
Mercifuletes Viola, D'Gemini, and Urban Crew joined the fifth season of Pilipinas Got Talent.
Garrett Bolden Jr. also joined Pilipinas Got Talent and became semifinalist.
Fitri Cerado also auditioned on the first season of the show.
Jayvee and Bjorn Mendoza, as a duo, joined the Philippine franchise of La Banda, Pinoy Boyband Superstar. They were eliminated in the Performance Night of the Middle Rounds.
Yumbo Dump appeared in several variety shows in their home country, starting with the show "Pu"-sama 100%ALL NATURAL KUSANAGI&YUSUKE in 2011. They also appeared in the Tamil film Jilla.
Little K-Tigers performed on Mnet's Hit The Stage, a South Korean dance survival contest.
Louis Choi appeared on the fourth season of the Korean game show I Can See Your Voice.
The Juans, who appeared on Episode 4, is a Filipino boy band whose cover of Balisong, originally sang by Rivermaya, was used as the soundtrack of the hit Filipino film 100 Tula Para Kay Stella.
Angel Tornado was a finalist on the sixth season of Thailand's Got Talent.
Meowfie is an internet meowing sensation. He also have appeared on several films and tv shows.
Krittaya Ariyasit also appeared on the sixth season of Thailand's Got Talent and reached the semifinals.
The Sacred Riana was a finalist on Indonesian magician talent search show, The Next Mentalist, where she became a runner-up.
Jane Callista joined the first season of The Voice Kids Indonesia but eliminated on Live Shows round 1.
Viriya Rici appeared on the third season of Indonesia Mencari Bakat, an Indonesian talent search show similar to the Got Talent franchise of Indonesia, Indonesia's Got Talent, and reached the semifinals.
Angela July joined the second season of X Factor Indonesia and finished seventh.
Noah Velasco is a part of The Velasco Brothers, a semifinalist in the previous season.
Bikoon! has appeared in many TV shows in Japan since 2001, one of them being the variety show All That's Manzai. Shiro Maeda, the shorter of the duo hidden inside the black bag at the start of the duo's audition, appeared separately in two other variety shows, Lincoln and Ima-chan no "Jitsu wa...".
Quinn Calista Masongsong competed in Tawag ng Tanghalan Kids, a singing competition within the variety show, It's Showtime. There, she was a one-day champion, losing her title the next day.[21]


document_title: Agriculture in Brazil

question_text: what is brazil the world's leading producer of

question_tokens: what is brazil the world 's leading producer of

text: Agriculture in Brazil

text: History[edit]

text: However, the air of the country is very healthful, fresh, and as temperate as that of Entre Douro e Minho, we have found the two climates alike at this season. There is great plenty, an infinitude of waters. The country is so well-favoured that if it were rightly cultivated it would yield everything, because of its waters.[11]

text: Early farming[edit]

text: Brazilians ("Indians") began farming some 12,000 years ago. They farmed cassava, peanuts, tobacco, sweet potatoes and maize, in addition to extracting the essence from other local plants such as the pequi and the babassu. Production was for food, straw or madeira.  They cultivated local fruits such as jabuticaba, cashews, Spondias mombin and Goiabas.

text: The Indians both influenced and were influenced by the Europeans who arrived in the fifteenth century. The Portuguese "nourished themselves with wood-flour, slaughtered the big game to eat, packed their nets and imitated the rough, free life" in the words of Pedro Calmon.[12]

text: Until other crops began to be exported, brazilwood was the main reason Portugal wanted control in Brazil.[13]

text: Fires[edit]

text: One practice of indigenous Brazilians was to clear land for cultivation by burning it. This provided arable land and ashes for use as fertilizer and soil cover.

text: Scholars such as Monteiro Lobato considered this practice to be harmful. However, burning only became a problem when the Europeans adopted the practice aggressively around 1500, divided land into farms, began monocropping, etc. The combination of burning with these new farming methods decimated native flora.[14]

text: Indian land management included garden areas in locations selected to allow interaction with their surroundings. Indians conserved the environment in exchange for hunting the animals and protecting themselves against pests.  This approach was lost, as Darcy Ribeiro stated, "Thus they passed millennia, until they came up against the armed agents of our civilization, with their capacity to attack and mortally wound the miraculous balance achieved by those complex lifeforms."[14]

text: Colonial Brazil: sugarcane[edit]

text: The discovery of sugarcane in the Northeast region transformed Brazil. plantation  monoculture enriched the Europeans, but brought little benefit to Brazilians.[15]

text: Sugarcane wealth was concentrated under the colonizers, generating a quasi-feudal social system organized around large landholdings. Brazilian sugar was thirty percent less expensive than sugar from elsewhere, creating major export opportunities.

text: A decline in the second half of the 17th century led many producer regions to diversify production, expanding cotton or, in Reconcavo Baiano, tobacco or cocoa. The archaic social structure and obsolete technology outlasted cane production in those regions.[15]

text: Slave labor[edit]

text: Initially plantation owners attempted to use local labor in their fields. While laws prohibited their enslavement, in many areas the law was not respected. Locals responded by rebelling, flight or simply dying. European diseases took a heavy toll on indigenous peoples.

text: The settlers then switched to enslaving and importing Africans to do the work.[16] The Portuguese and others imported 4 million Africans to carry out cultivation, using what came to be called the plantation system.

text: In the first century after European arrival the slave population had already surpassed that of the locals, decimated by disease. Antonil stated: "the slaves are the hands and feet of the mill, because without them in Brazil, it is not possible to make, maintain or expand the farm or have a running mill."[16]

text: The slaves cleared the agricultural frontiers, such as in the west for coffee plantations. By the end of the Second Reign, Brazil accounted for more than half the world's coffee production.[16]

text: On May 13, 1888 Brazil adopted the Lei Áurea ('Golden Law'), which abolished slavery in Brazil. In the preceding years, 75% of the Africans and mulattoes had been freed by manumission.[17] According to João Ribeiro, "more than anything humane and Christian, Lei Áurea ('Golden Law') menaced the work and gravely injured the interests of the farmers; there still had been in Brazil more than seven hundred thousand slaves (...) Many of the farmers turned to the Republican party or became indifferent to the attack of the institutions..."

text: The law did not provide an accompanying land distribution to the ex-captives. It led to a rural exodus, both from the workers and from the now-bankrupt landlords. Slavery and its end formed the root of future problems such as slums, violence and poverty in urban centres.[18]

text: Brazilian Empire: coffee[edit]

text: In the late colonial era coffee was introduced to the country. After independence production consolidated in the Southeast region, mainly in the state of São Paulo. At the beginning of the 19th century, exports totaled 19.6 tons, growing to 3,063,660 tons in the 1880–1890 period, growing to about sixty three percent of Brazil's total exports.[15]

text: Coffee was responsible for the appearance of a new dominant oligarchy in Brazil, the so-called Coffee Barons. It hastened immigration following the end of slavery. The era reached its peak with Café com leite politics, ending with the Campos Sales administration. The Great Depression closed this cycle at the end of the 1930s with industrialization, capitalized by profits from coffee production.[19]

text: Coffee drew many Italian immigrants to the west of São Paulo. Coffee wealth accentuated the differences between the Brazilian regions, especially vs the Northeast.[15]

text: Besides coffee, other crops increased in the 19th century, such as tobacco and cocoa, in Bahia, and rubber in Amazônia. In 1910 rubber represented about forty percent of exports.[15]

text: International problems[edit]

text: Brazilian coffee production exceeded global demand at the beginning of the 20th century. This resulted in the Taubaté Agreement, where the State began acquiring surplus for destruction and planting seedlings was forbidden—with the goal of maintaining a minimum profitable price.[15]

text: Rubber suffered from foreign competition. In 1870, English smugglers smuggled rubber tree seedlings out of Brazil and in 1895 began production in Asia. In the 1910s and 1920s this competition practically eliminated Brazilian production.[15]

text: Agronomy schools[edit]

text: In 1887 during the Empire era, the first school dedicated to the training of agronomists opened in the city of Cruz das Almas. In 1883, in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, a second school opened.[20]

text: The first school was officially recognized thirty-five years after its creation, with Decree 8.319/1910. The agronomist profession only came to be recognized in 1933. Seventy regular agronomy colleges operate in Brazil. The day the decree was publicized, 12 October, became the "Day of the Agronomist."[20]

text: Professional registration is managed by Regional Engineering and Architecture Councils, integrated at the national level by CONFEA.[21] Educational activity is supported by the Federation of Brazilian Agronomy Students.

text: Diversification: 1960–1990[edit]

text: The Brazilian Enterprise for Agricultural Research (EMBRAPA) was established during the military regime in 1973 with the objective of diversifying production. The body was responsible for the support of new crops, adapted to the country's diverse regions. The expansion of agricultural borders towards the Cerrado had begun, and of monocultural latifundia with production at a semi-industrial scale of soybeans, cotton and beans.[15]  Czech-Brazilian researcher Johanna Döbereiner helped lead Brazil's Green Revolution, winning her the UNESCO Science Prize for her work on nitrogen-fixing microorganisms.[22]

text: In 1960 four main agricultural products were exported, growing by the early 1990s to nineteen. Brazil also moved "downstream" to expand post-harvest processing. In the 60's unprocessed goods made up 84% of total exports, falling to 20% by 1990.[15]

text: Agricultural promotion policies included subsidized credits, bank debt write-offs and exports subsidies (in some cases, reaching 50% of the product value).[15]

text: Mechanization: 1990s[edit]

text: Beginning with the 1994 creation of Plano Real for monetary stabilization, Brazilian agriculture went through a radical transformation: the State cut subsidies and the market began to finance agriculture, leading to the replacement of manpower with machines. Brazil's rural population fell from 20,700,000 in 1985 to 17,900,000 in 1995, followed by a decrease in import taxes on inputs and other measures that forced Brazilian producers to adapt to global practices. The raise of productivity, mechanization (with reduction of costs) and professionalization marked that period.[15]

text: Land issues[edit]

text: Brazil initially used a land management system known as sesmarias featured by large holdings with a small number of landowners. In 1822 sesmarias gave way to the current latifundia (system of large estates).[23] In 1850 the Law of Lands was promulgated, which kept the latifundia system and remained in effect until 1964, when the dictatorship prepared the Land Statute. The high cost of agricultural production contributed to latifundia formation and the country never experienced substantial land reform. That only became part of the country's official and legal policies after the 1988 Constitution.[24]

text: Of the around thirty-one million Brazilians who lived in poverty in 2014, more than half lived in rural areas. In the last twenty-five years of the 20th century, about thirty million rural dwellers abandoned or lost their land, creating some 4.8 million landless families. During that time, the majority of funding resources was directed to the oligarchs and great landowners, supporting the model of intensive monoculture agriculture.[25]

text: Between 1985 and 1988 the country's redemocratization triggered almost 9,000 social conflicts in rural areas and the murders of 1,167 people over agricultural issues. In this period a confrontation pitted unions, social movements and the Catholic Church against the landowners united in the Democratic Association of Ruralists (UDR) which had Ronaldo Caiado as its main representative.[26] The most famous victim of those conflicts was the unionist Chico Mendes, in Acre, in 1988.

text: According to Mançano rural censuses collected since 1940 indicated ongoing concentration of land ownership, accompanied by an exodus of farmers to urban areas. Reversing the trend would have required the annual settlement of 150,000 families. During Itamar Franco's Government, the INCRA (National Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform) achieved about 10,000 settlements annually. A fast-track procedure for expropriation of large landholdings was established, ending long delays, one of the measure's main obstacles.[27]

text: The conflicts reached their peak in 1996 with the Eldorado dos Carajás massacre, in Pará, when the governor, Almir Gabriel, ordained the clearing of a road occupied by the landless. Casualties amounted to nineteen dead and fifty-one injured, underlining the land problem and accompanying disrespect for human rights.[28]

text: In a 1996 article economist Maria da Conceição Tavares, one of the most prominent critics of Fernando Henrique Cardoso's Government, claimed, "the importance of a rural reform has increased and the dispute for land, if the relations of "dominance" of rural properties are not regulated quickly, will lead to growing confrontations".[29]

text: The land reform movement included about five hundred land occupations of what protesters considered to be unproductive farms. As a reaction to the invasions, President Cardoso published Provisional Measure 2.027-38, which prohibited earmarking all occupied land for agrarian reform.[27]

text: Irrigation[edit]

text: The first irrigation experiments in Brazil occurred in Rio Grande do Sul, for cultivating rice. The first record dates to 1881 with the construction of the Cadro dam which began in 1903.[clarification needed] However, the practice broadened in the last thirty years of the 20th century.[30]

text: Private initiative developed Irrigation in the South and Southeast regions.

text: In the Northeast official bodies, such as DNOCS and CODEVASF, led the way beginning in the 1950s. In 1968, the Executive Group on Irrigation and Agrarian Development (GEIDA) was set up, and two years later it instituted the Multi-annual Program of Irrigation (PPI). The majority of resources were directed to the Northeast.[30] These federal initiatives, however, did not achieve success. In 1985 a new guidance and in 1996 a new direction produced the New Model of Irrigation Project. The Project intended to broaden the use of irrigation in agriculture and drew on more than 1,500 national and foreign experts.[30]

text: According to the World Bank, Brazil's irrigation potential is about 29,000,000 hectares (110,000 sq mi). In 1998, however, drought reduced capacity to only 2.98 million ha.[31]

text: At the end of the 20th century, the country primarily used surface irrigation (59%), followed by overhead (35%) and then targeted irrigation. The South represented the largest irrigated area (more than 1.1 million ha), followed by the Southeast (800 thousand ha) and Northeast (490 thousand ha).[31]

text: Currently, a regulatory milestone of irrigation is making its way through the National Congress of Brazil, through bill 6381/2005,[30] which aims at replacing the Law 6662/1979, which regulates irrigation policy.[32]

text: Water resources policy is regulated by Law 9433/1997, and managed by the National Council.[30]

text: Infrastructure[edit]

text: Storage[edit]

text: Crop storage facilities require expansion in order to keep up with increasing production. Brazilian storage capacity in 2003 was 75% of grain production,[33] well short of the ideal of 120%.[34]

text: Farm-based crop storage (e.g., using silos) is not common in Brazil. Lack of storage forces produce to be commercialized quickly. According to Conab data, only 11% of warehouses are located on farms (by comparison Argentina has 40%, the European Union has 50% and Canada has 80%). Farmers rely on third party storage services.

text: Lack of access to capital, exacerbated by financial instability from factors such as exchange rate volatility, prevents most producers from building significant storage.[34]

text: Transport[edit]

text: Crop transport is a longstanding structural problem for Brazilian agriculture. Calmon noted that, since the Empire, "the disposal of the harvest is difficult" and indicated that "the old projects of iron roads or cartable paths, linking the coast to the central mountains (...) are resisted by skeptical statesmen, quoting Thiers, who, in 1841, believed that railways were not convenient to France".[35]

text: Crops are immediately trucked to market via highways, mostly in poor traffic conditions at high cost.[36]

text: For the 2008/2009 harvest, for example, the Federation of Agriculture and Livestock of Goiás denounced poor road conditions in the Center-West region, despite repeated requests for federal assistance over several years.[37]

text: In 2006 the federal government issued a National Plan of Logistics and Transportation, meant to better production flow.[38] Lack of investment, however, continues to be the main obstacle to distribution logistics.

text: Regulatory stocks and minimum price[edit]

text: A good example of the need of regulatory stocks is in the production of ethanol as a fuel from sugar cane. The elevated price variation during the harvest year, that varies for climatic and plant health reasons, justifies the formation of stocks.[39] Stocks also aim to stabilize farmers' revenues, and avoid price fluctuations between harvests.[clarification needed]

text: Until the 1980s, Brazil employed the Minimum Prices Policy. That policy had lost relevance by the 1990s, due to globalization.[40]

text: The composition of stocks at the national level is the responsibility of the National Food Supply Company (Conab).[41]

text: Family farming[edit]

text: Official definitions of a family farmer differ from country to country in Latin America. There are 3 general categories: subsistence farming, intermediate family farmers and consolidated farms.[42] In Brazil, the Family Farming Law (Law 11,326) defines family farmers through four criteria related to land tenure, farm size, dependence on farm income, and the use of predominantly family labor.[42] In Brazil, the large majority of family farms are in the northeastern, southern and southeast Brazil. Family farmers in Brazil produce more than 70%of food consumed domestically.

text: During the 1990s, the Lula administration implemented a set of policies that addressed food security on federal, state and municipal levels, the aim of which was to increase federal government support to family farmers. In 1999, the Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA) was created to support family farmers and promote land reform and sustainable land development.[43] A host of government policies and government-supported programs in the interest of family farmers then emerged, where the family farmer is recognized as a pillar of national development. Since then, the MDA along with other institutions were created with the family farmers and other traditional communities' interests in mind,[44] where policies targeting family farmers were designed to introduce market incentives, promote adequate food distribution and provide technical assistance.[45]

text: In general, family farms are establishments that employ mostly family members[46] with up to five temporary workers.[47] Family farms provide the majority of Brazilian staples, including 84% of manioc, 67% of beans and 49% of corn.[46] Family farms also have a large role in the livestock and dairy industry, producing 58% of milk, 59% of pork, 50% of poultry and 31% of cattle.[44]

text:
% of total crop production by family farmers (2010 statistics, Ministry of Agrarian Development, Brazil)

Crop

Percentage (%) produced by family farmers

Manioc

84%

Beans

67%

Corn

49%

Rice

34%

Milk

58%

Cattle

31%

Pork

59%

Poultry

50%

Wheat

21%

Soybeans

16%

text: According to the IBGE's 1995/96 Farming and Livestock Census, there were 4,339,859 family-run establishments in the country, the largest farm being 100 ha in area.[47] In 2009, Brazil's Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA) reported that 84.4% of all rural properties are in fact family farms.[44] In the 1990s family farms experienced productivity growth of 75%, compared to only 40% for larger-scale producers. The difference is largely due to the creation of PRONAF (National Program on Family Agriculture), which opened a special family farm credit line.

text: Up to 2009 six Family Farming and Land Reform National Fairs were held, the first four in Brasília and the last two in Rio de Janeiro. They highlight the importance of family farming to Brazilian economy, accounting for 70% of the country's food consumption and 10% of Brazilian GDP.[48]

text: Food Security in Brazil[edit]

text: International monitoring organizations assert that a third of Brazil's population is food insecure.[49] Despite increased food production since the industrialization, a large proportion of Brazilians, especially the urban and rural poor, have difficulty meeting their nutrition needs.[50] Small farmer, landless worker and indigenous movements that had consolidated during or after the military dictatorship mobilized nationwide, pressuring the authorities to prioritize food and nutrition security rose in the 1980s, and were able to strongly shape the direction of developmental policy.[51]

text: The notion of access to food and proper nutrition was first recorded official terminology in 1986 as segurança alimentar (food security).[52] The right to food and nutrition was established on 25 August 2010, when Brazil adopted the Policy on Food Security and Nutrition (Decree 7.272).[53]  Food security refers to being able to meet dietary needs through an adequate, secure supply of nutritious food.[49] The term rose into Brazilian popular consciousness in 1993 after campaigns by a national movement called Citizens' Action Against Hunger and Poverty and for Life. In that same period, Consea (National Food and Nutritional Security Council) was established. the 1st National Conference on Food Security was organized by a combination of policy and grassroots mobilizations. Consea ran from 1993 to 1994, with little success in shaping public policies, was halted until after the establishment of the Fome Zero Program.[52] The 2010 Policy names Consea as an instrument in proposing programs that promote food security on a federal level.[53]

text: PRONAF (National Program for the Strengthening of Family Farming)[edit]

text: Due to financial limitations, small farmers generally have difficulties securing the capital necessary to stay in rural areas and maintain production on a small scale. PRONAF was the first policy in 1994 to be created to meet the specific credit needs of family farmers. In order to stimulate agricultural production, the instrument provides incentives in the form of reduced-interest loans from national funds for rural development, targeting low-income farmers and agrarian reform farmers.[54] Set against a backdrop of policies opening Brazil to Neoliberal economic forces and intense competition through Mercosul, PRONAF marked the institutionalization of a differentiated policy approach to family farming in Brazil.[52] The economic and social importance of family farmers and their specific needs were recognized through PRONAF, at least on paper. The creation of PRONAF has been credited to favorable political circumstances, beginning with Brazil's re-democratization in the 1980s and a receptive Cardoso administration to the mobilizations of a number of agrarian civil groups.[52] Loans written out to family farmers through PRONAF rose from US$1 billion in 2000 to an estimated US$5.8 billion in 2008.[54] Other credit programs targeted at family farmers that came after PRONAF include PROGER and PROCERA.[54]

text: The Fome Zero Program (The Zero Hunger Program)[edit]

text: The Fome Zero Program is a federal program aimed increasing food and nutrition security in rural and urban poor communities. Its main strategy was to connect local food producers with local markets, especially in rural areas, through inter-setorrialidade (inter-agency cooperation).[55] It was instituted in 2001 against the backdrop of increasing recognition for family farmers in Brazilian agrarian policies, and a consequence of 20 years of mobilizing by actors at different levels of society for policy change. The Program is built on four axes: food access, strengthening family farming, income generation and articulation, mobilization and social control. Family farmers play a large role in the Program's food security goals: the Family Farming Food Acquisition Program (PAA), the National School Meal Program (Pnae) and the Bolsa Família Program (Family Grant Cash Transfer ) were implementations that aimed to encourage family farm production of staple foods through cash and program incentives, facilitate distribution of food to families and schools, and also provide conditional health care and social assistance to 42 million vulnerable Brazilians.[52] Despite praise for the Zero Hunger Program, federal evaluation of the impact of measures such as the National School Meal Program on family farmer production and nutrition of schoolchildren have been limited, given the challenges of assessing decentralized implementation of the policy even at municipal levels.[55] Furthermore, the Brazilian government has been cautious and controlled public and international access to the assessment reports of a number of programs, including the report for the Bolsa Família' program.[55]

text: Gathering[edit]

text: The country's colonization began with harvesting native plants where they grew. Cultivation followed much later. The exploitation of brazilwood, known to the natives as ibirapitanga, and which ended up naming the land was begun by the Portuguese.[56]

text: Brazil operates forty-nine gathering reservations and sixty-five forests protected by federal law. The gathering of plant resources is encouraged as a means of interacting with, but not degrading, the environment.[57]

text: Lack of government funding has destabilized this use of forest resources. The case of natural rubber is typical: in Acre about 4,000 families have apparently abandoned the activity, as revealed in early 2009. After undergoing acclimatization, rubber trees were grown successfully in São Paulo state, where more than 36,000 hectares were planted – while Acre accounts for little more than a thousand hectares.[58]

text: Homma claims that gathering rubber is economically impracticable. For example, in native forests, rubber trees are found at a density of some 1.5 trees per ha, versus hundreds of trees per ha on rubber plantations. Cultivating degraded areas with native trees has been successful with trees such as cupuaçu and jaborandi.[57]

text: According to IBGE, in 2003 the gathering sector's output was divided into timber (65%) and non-wood (35%), at a value of four hundred forty-nine million Reals, with the following main products: piassaba (27%), babassu (nut – 17%), açai (16%), yerba mate (14%), carnauba (8%) and Brazil nut (5%).[59]

text: Soils[edit]

text: The program of mapping and classifying the country's soils began in 1953, with the Chart of Soils in Brazil. IBGE published the first map in 2003. Soil knowledge helped allow the expansion of agricultural production from 1975. The expansion of the Center-West required new technology because the region is mainly formed by oxisols, which favor mechanization from soil preparation to harvest, partly because they are nutrient-poor.[60]

text: Soil classification, study and systematization are championed by Embrapa Soils, with participation from groups such as the RADAM Project, the Rural University (now UFRRJ) and other agronomists.[61]

text: Agribusiness[edit]

text: In 2010 Brazil was the third largest exporter of agricultural products in the world, behind only the United States and the European Union.[62][63]

text: During the last two decades of the 20th century, Brazil witnessed a doubling of yield per acre. This resulted from input improvements (seeds, fertilizers, machinery), public policies that encouraged exports, reduced tax burden (such as the 1996 reduction of the circulation tax), more favorable real exchange rate, which had allowed price stability (in 1999), increased Asian demand, productivity growth and reduced trade barriers.[64]

text: Farming accounted for almost a third of GDP, once everything from agricultural inputs to food processing and distribution are included.[64]

text: From 1990 to 2001, farming employment fell, although overall agribusiness employment jumped from 372 thousand to 1.82 million. The number of companies grew from 18 thousand in 1994 to almost 47 thousand in 2001.[65]

text: Factors that limit further expansion range from pests evolving to target monocultures, infrastructure issues and environmental problems generated by practices such as deforestation, etc.[64]

text: Trade balance[edit]

text: The 2007 harvest enabled gross agriculture exports yielding 68.1 billion dollars, and net exports of 57.3 billion dollars.[66]

text: In 2008 Brazil's biggest export market was the European Union, while China was the largest single importing country with a 13.2% share, followed by the Netherlands with 9.5% and the US at 8.7%.[66]

text: Regions[edit]

text: Brazil's regions offer a wide diversity of climate. Agriculture reflects this diversity. In 1995, the North produced 4.2%, the Northeast – 13.6%, the Center-West – 10.4%, the Southeast – 41.8% and the South – 30.0%. The Center-West and North regions have recently expanded their share to the total.[67]

text: South[edit]

text: The southern Brazilian states are Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná. Cooperatives are a common feature of agriculture there. Irrigated rice and poultry are the two largest crops. Corn and beans are also prominent.[68] The region is Brazil's largest tobacco producer and the world's largest exporter.[69]

text: Santa Catarina has a high level of interdependence between the industrial and agricultural sectors.[70]

text: In Rio Grande do Sul, family-run agribusiness is important and is descended from the colonial plantation model. Early farms survived and their families stayed on the land.[71]

text: In 2004 the region produced 14.4% of Brazil's fruit.[72]

text: Southeast[edit]

text: The Southeast region includes Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo. In 1995 it was responsible for the largest share of Brazilian agriculture, but other regions were growing more rapidly.[67]

text: In 2004 the Southeast produced 49.8% of the nation's fruit.[72] The region hosts 60% of agribusiness software companies, according to a survey carried out by Embrapa Livestock and Farming Information Technology (located in Campinas/SP).[73] Its agribusiness sector was second in the national ranking, in the period from 2000 to May 2008, representing 36% of 308 billion dollars of total exports. The biggest exports were sugar (17.27%), coffee (16.25%), paper and cellulose (14.89%), meats (11.71%) and horticultural and fruit (especially orange juice) with 10.27%.[74]

text: Northeast[edit]

text: The Northeast includes Bahia, Sergipa, Pernambuco, Alogoas, Paraiba, Rio Grande do Norte, Ceara, Piaui and Maranhao. Farms are primarily family-owned; 82.9% of field labor is on family farms.[75]

text: The region is the largest national producer of bananas, (34% of the total)[76] and cassava (34.7%).[77] It is the second largest producer of rice, with a harvest estimated in 2008 of 1.114 million tons. Maranhão produces the majority (668 thousand tons).[78] It ranks second in fruit production, with 27% share.[72]

text: The region is subject to prolonged dry spells that are worse in El Niño years. This causes a periodic rural exodus. Government responses include dams and the transfer of the São Francisco River. The worst recent droughts were in 1993, 1998 and 1999. The latter was the worst in fifty years.[79]

text: North[edit]

text: The Northern region includes Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima and Tocantins. The Amazon rainforest occupies a significant part of the region. The region's great challenge is to combine farming with forest preservation.[80]

text: Between the end of the 19th century and early 20th century, during the so-called Rubber Boom, the region produced rubber, Brazil's most important export, until Asian production underpriced Brazil and shut down the industry.[81]

text: It is the second largest Brazilian banana producer (26% share)[76] and of cassava (25.9% share), lagging behind only the Northeast.[77] It produces 6.1% of the nation's fruit crop.[72]

text: Midwest[edit]

text: The Midwest region includes Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás and Distrito Federal. This region's agriculture developed much later than the rest of the country. The main biome is the Cerrado. By 2004, it was responsible for 46% of Brazilian soybeans, corn, rice and beans.[82]

text: Over three decades its harvest grew from 4.2 million to 49.3 million tons in 2008.[83]

text: Its cultivated area in 2008 was 15.1 million hectares. A big growth area was livestock. The opening of roads facilitated this growth.[83]

text: As of 2004 this region produced only 2.7% of the nation's horticulture.[72]

text: Products[edit]

text: The principal agricultural products of Brazil are cattle, coffee, cotton, corn, rice, soy, wheat, sugarcane, tobacco, beans, floriculture and fruit. forestry, vegetables and cassava.

text: Cattle[edit]

text:
Cattle[84][85]

Year

1960

1980

1990

2000

2005

Million head

78.54

118.08

147.10

169.87

207.15

text: Brazil in 2005 produced around 8.7 million tonnes of beef,[86] becoming world export leader in 2003 after surpassing Australia.[87] Cattle herds are concentrated in Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás and Minas Gerais. Together they account for over 46% of Brazilian cattle with more than 87 million head.[85]

text: According to the Ministry of Agriculture, Brazilian beef production grew on average 6.1% a year from 1990 to 2003, and reached 7.6 million tonnes. In 2003, Brazil exported over 1.4 million tonnes of beef, earning around $1.5 billion. Leather exports that year passed the $1 billion mark.[87]

text: Coffee[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2010)

text: Coffee is produced in states like São Paulo and Minas

text: Cotton[edit]

text: Yield increases were sufficient to substantially increase output between the 1960s and the twenty-first century, despite reduced acreage.[88] In the 1990s production moved from the South and Southeast regions to the Center-West and to the West of Bahia. Exports began in 2001.[88][89]

text: Brazil's entry in the cotton market led them to charge the US with illegal subsidies and tariffs. The Brazilian plea went to the World Trade Organization in 2002. WTO approved sanctions in 2009.[90][91][92]

text: Corn[edit]

text:
Corn[93]

Year

1960

1970

1980

1989

2000

2005

Million metric tons

8.67

14.21

20.37

26.57

32.32

35.13

text: Brazilian corn has two harvests per year. The main harvest is during the rainy season and a second, "dry cultivation" harvest follows during the dry season. In the South the main harvest is in late August; while in the Southeast and Center-West, it happens in October and November and in the Northeast, by year end. The second harvest is in Paraná, São Paulo and in the Center-West, in February and March.

text: In 2006 corn was planted on about thirteen million hectares, producing 41 million tons. Brazil was the third largest world producer, accounting for 6.1% of global production. Paraná was Brazil's biggest producer, totaling 25.72%.

text: Rice[edit]

text:
Rice[93]

Year

1960

1970

1980

1989

2000

2005

Million metric tons

4.79

7.55

9.77

11.04

11.13

13.19

text: In the 1980s Brazil evolved from exporting to importing rice in small quantities to meet domestic demand. In the following decade, it became one of the main importers, reaching two million tons, equivalent to 10% of domestic demand by 1997-8. Uruguay and Argentina are the main suppliers of the cereal to the country.[94]

text: In 1998, farmers planted 3.845 million ha, decreasing by 2008, to 2.847 million. Production grew from 11.582 million tons to an estimated 12.177 million tons.[78]

text: Productivity per hectare has grown 61% since 1990. Production is concentrated in Rio Grande do Sul, producing on average 48%.[95]

text: Soybean[edit]

text:
Soybean Production[93]

Year

1960

1970

1980

1989

2000

2005

Million metric tons

0.20

1.50

15.15

24.07

32.82

51.18

text: Soybean production began in 1882. From the beginning of the 20th century soy was used for animal fodder. In 1941, grain production surpassed forage use, becoming the main focus. Brazilian soybean production increased more than 3000% between 1970 and 2005. Yield increased 37.8% from 1990 to 2005.[96] Soybean and soybean derivatives exports in 2005 alone earned over US$9 billion for Brazil.[97]

text: The 2007/2008 harvest produced 60.1 million tons, surpassed only by the United States.

text: Brazil's largest producers are Mato Grosso, Paraná and Goiás, with fifteen, nine and six million tons, respectively, in 2004–2006. Mato Grosso and Paraná together grow on average over 49% of the crop.

text: Wheat[edit]

text:
Wheat Production[93]

Year

1960

1970

1980

1989

2000

2005

Million metric tons

0.71

1.84

2.70

5.55

1.72

4.65

text: Two of Brazil's coldest states, Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul, account for over 90% of wheat production.[98] Brazil imports around US$700 million in wheat every year.[99][100][101][102]

text: Sugarcane[edit]

text: During the colonial period, Brazil depended heavily on sugarcane and continued to lead world sugarcane production into the twenty-first century.

text: Production is concentrated (90%) in São Paulo, Alagoas, Pernambuco, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás and Paraná.[103]

text: Brazil harvested 558 million tonnes of sugarcane in 2007, representing a growth of 17.62% over 2006. For 2008, Brazil harvested 648,921,280 tonnes, of which total 89% was used for sugar and ethanol production. The other 11% was used for cachaça and rapadura production, as animal feed and as seeds.[104] Ethanol production in 2008 was predicted to reach 26.4 billion litres.[104]

text: Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento (CONAB)said that in 2007, sugarcane cultivated land increased by 12.3%, to 69,000 square kilometres.[103]

text:
Sugarcane Production[93]

Year

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2007

Million metric tons

56.92

79.75

148.65

262.67

326.12

558.50

text: Tobacco[edit]

text: Brazil is the world's second largest tobacco producer, and the largest exporter since 1993, with about 1.7 billion dollars of turnover.[105] The largest export region is Rio Grande do Sul. The Southern region accounts for 95% of external production. It exports 60 to 70% of output.[106]

text: Beans[edit]

text: Brazil is the world's largest producer of beans, accounting for 16.3% of the total, 18.7 million tons in 2005, according to FAO. Historically most beans came from small producers. Yield in some cases exceeded three thousand kilos per ha.[107]

text: Bean acreage decreased from 1984 to 2004 by 25%, while output increased by 16%. It is cultivated throughout the country and harvests come year round.[107]

text: Brazil imports 100 thousand tons of beans per year.[107]

text: Floriculture and ornamentals[edit]

text: Some three thousand six hundred producers cultivate flowers and ornamental plants in an area of 4,800 ha.[108]

text: It employs about one hundred twenty thousand people, of which 80% are women, and about 18% are family farms.[109]

text: The producers from fifteen states are represented by the Brazilian Institute of Floriculture (IBRAFLOR), with government support.[110]

text: Floriculture began in the 1870s, led by the son of Jean Baptiste Binot (pt), who had come to the country to decorate the Imperial Palace, and whose orchidarium was internationally acknowledged. In 1893, Reggie Dierberger founded a flower company, which later became the Boettcher, pioneers of rose production.[109]

text: In 1948 Dutch immigrants founded a cooperative in Holambra, a city that still hosts flower production.[109]

text: Since 2000 the Program of Development of Flowers and Ornamental Plants of the Ministry of Agriculture began. The largest producer is São Paulo state, followed by Santa Catarina, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Ceará, Rio Grande do Sul, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Paraná, Goiás, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Amazonas and Pará.[109]

text: Fruits and perennials[edit]

text: The main fruits grown in Brazil are, in alphabetical order: Abiu, açaí, acerola, alligator-apple, apple, atemoya, bacaba, bacuri, banana, biriba, blueberry, brazil plum, brazil nut, breadfruit, cajá, camu camu, cantaloupe, cashew, citrus (orange, lemon, lime, etc.), coconut, cupuaçu, fig, guava, grapes, jambo, jocote, kiwi, mangaba, mango, mangosteen, mulberry, muruci, nectarine, papaya, passionfruit, patawa, peach, pear, pequi, persimmon, physalis, pineapple, pine nuts, plum, rambutan, raspberry, sapodilla, sapote, sorva, soursop, starfruit, strawberry, tucuma, walnut, and watermelon.[111]

text: In 2002 the fruit sector grossed 9.6 billion dollars – 18% of Brazil's total. National production is higher than 38 million tons, cultivated on 3.4 million hectares. Between 1990 and 2004 exports grew 183% in value, 277% in quantity and 915% net.[112]

text: Every ten thousand dollars invested in fruit production generates three direct jobs and two indirect jobs.[112]

text: Brazil is the world's third largest fruit producer, behind China (157 million tons) and India (with 54 million). Oranges and bananas account for 60% of Brazilian output.[72]

text: The Brazilian Agency for the Promotion of Exports and Investments (Apex-Brasil), the IBRAF and Carrefour supermarket partnered to develop the Brazilian Fruit Festival, with editions in countries such as Poland and Portugal, from 2004 to 2007.[72][113]

text: Banana[edit]

text: Banana is produced across the country.[76] It is the second-largest fruit crop. In 2003, 510 thousand hectares were planted, yielding 6.5 million tons, repeated in 2004.[72] In descending order, the largest producers were São Paulo (with one million one hundred seventy-eight thousand tons), Bahia (764 thousand tons) and Pará (697 thousand tons).[114]

text: Cocoa[edit]

text: Cocoa was once one of Brazil's main export crops, particularly for Bahia. Production gradually diminished. In 2002 Bahia accounted for 84% of Brazil's cocoa, according to IBGE, planting more than 548 thousand hectares planted with the crop.[115]

text: Brazil changed from exporting to importing cocoa in 1992. According to FAO the country, between 1990 and 2003, fell from ninth to seventeenth in the main world producers' ranking.[115]

text: Bahian cocoa shows how a pest and the lack of plant health care may affect a crop. In this case a disease called witch's broom was directly responsible for falling production, which started in the year 1989.[116] A severe decline endured until 1999, when resistant varieties were introduced. Despite this, in 2007 Bahian production started to decline again, whilst the Paraense raised its share.[117][118]

text: Citrus[edit]

text: Citrus includes oranges, limes, tangerines, lemons, etc. Oranges are the most relevant in agriculture.[119]

text: In 2004 Brazil produced 18.3 million tons of oranges, 45% of the fruit harvest.[72]

text: São Paulo state accounts for 79% of orange production and is the largest producer and exporter of orange juice, responsible for half of global production. 97% is exported.[120]

text: Brazil and the US are the world's largest citrus producers, with 45% of the total, while South Africa, Spain and Israel compete in oranges and tangerines.[119]

text: Brazilian orange juice is equivalent to 80% of world exports, the largest market share for any Brazilian agricultural product.[62]

text: Forestry and wood[edit]

text: Commercial forestry produced 65% of Brazilian wood products in 2003, up from 52% the year earlier as it gradually replaced traditional gathering.[59]

text: Eucalyptus is the most popular species for reforestation. It is harvested for plywood and cellulose production.[121] In 2001 the country cultivated three million hectares with this tree; another 1.8 million hectares were planted with pine,[122] a species better adapted to the climate of the South and Southeast.[123]

text: Native species have received increasing attention as an alternative to eucalyptus and pine. In 2007, the National Plan of Forestry with Native Species and Agroforestry Systems (PENSAF) was launched, in an integrated effort between the Ministry of the Environment (MMA) and the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (MAPA), among others.[124]

text: In 2003 the country produced 2.149 million tons of wood for charcoal; 75% from Minas Gerais. Charcoal from vegetable gathering added 2.227 million tons, the largest part (35%) from Pará. Firewood production occupied 47.232 million square meters, with Bahia the biggest producer.[59]

text: Brazil is the seventh largest global producer of cellulose of all kinds, and the largest of short fiber cellulose. In 2005 the country exported 5.2 million tons and produced 6 million, generating revenues of 3.4 billion dollars.[125]

text: In 2006 the Management of Public Forests Law was enacted. It subsidizes legal wood production to reduce illegal deforestation, and encouraging the timber sector to adopt sustainable practices.[126]

text: Vegetables[edit]

text: Brazilian vegetable production in 2004 was estimated at 11.696 billion Reais. It occupied 176 thousand hectares, yielding 16.86 million tons. The major producing regions were the South and Southeast, with 75% of the total. This sector employs between eight and ten million workers.[127]

text: The vegetable section of Embrapa, with headquarters in Distrito Federal, was created in 1978 and in 1981 renamed the National Center of Research on Vegetables (CNPH).[128] It occupies 487 ha with laboratories, administrative and support buildings, with 45 ha devoted to experimental vegetable production, of which 7 support organic production.[129]

text: In 2007 Brazil exported 366,213 tons of vegetable crops, which yielded 240 million dollars. Among these, thirteen thousand tons of potatoes, twenty thousand tons of tomatoes, 37 thousand tons of onions. Other export vegetables included ginger, peas, cucumbers, capsicum, mustard, carrots and garlic.[130]

text: Tomato[edit]

text: Brazilian tomato production ranked sixth globally and first in South America in 2000. 1999 output reached a record of 1.29 million tons for tomato pulp.[131]

text: In 2005, production increased to 3.3 million tons, ranking ninth globally behind China, US, Turkey, Italy, Egypt, India, Spain and Iran. The largest states in 2004 were Goiás (871 thousand tons), São Paulo (749 thousand tons), Minas Gerais (622 thousand), Rio de Janeiro (203 thousand) and Bahia (193 thousand).[132]

text: Success in Goiás' and Minas Gerais' Cerrado allowed the region to expand from 31% to 84% of production, from 1996 to 2001. The development of localized hybrid varieties raised productivity.[133]

text: Onion[edit]

text: Small farmers are responsible for more than half of the country's production.[134]

text: Juazeiro, in Bahia, and Petrolina, in Pernambuco are neighboring towns, separated by São Francisco River. They have the highest yield, using irrigation to achieve 24 tons per hectare, versus the Brazilian average of seventeen.[134] In 2006, the two cities 200 thousand tons surpassed that of the other states, behind only Santa Catarina (355 thousand tons).[135]

text: Cassava[edit]

text: Brazil is the world's second largest cassava producer, at 12.7%. Exports comprise only .5%. Average exports in 2000 and 2001 were thirteen million, one hundred thousand tons, generating revenue above six hundred million dollars.[77]

text: It is cultivated in all regions and is used for both human and animal consumption. Manioc is farmed for human consumption, including flour and starch. That production chain generates about a million direct jobs,[77] and some ten million jobs overall.[136]

text: Forecasts for 2002 were for 22.6 million tons on 1.7 million hectares. The largest producers were Pará (17.9%), Bahia (16.7%), Paraná (14.5%), Rio Grande do Sul (5.6%) and Amazonas (4.3%) .[77]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Slave and child labor[edit]

text: According to data from the Department of Labor of the United States, twenty-first century Brazil ranks third in occurrences of illegal working arrangements (tied with India and Bangladesh). Eight of thirteen violations were prevalent in agribusiness, especially in livestock, sisal, sugar cane, rice, tobacco and charcoal. Despite its position, the country's performance was praised, and between 1995 and 2009 approximately 35,000 workers were freed from degrading conditions.[137]

text: The International Labour Organization (ILO) recognized the Brazilian effort to fight such practices, which focus on preventing/correcting misbehavior via a system of fines.

text: Among the causes of illegal working arrangements were poverty and misinformation.

text: A Constitutional Amendment Proposal (PEC), would compensate landowners for losses resulting from ending such practices.[138]

text: In 2014 however, the Bureau of International Labor Affairs issued a List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor[139] where Brazil was classified as one of the 74 countries involved in child labor and forced labor practices. The report lists 16 products including cotton, cashews, pineapples, rice and sugarcane the production of which still employs children.

text: Environmental impacts[edit]

text: Brazil's agricultural sector and deforestation account for 75% of its gas emissions responsible for climate change.[140] For this reason, initiatives were adopted to reduce emissions, mostly by reducing deforestation. The so-called "Soybean Moratorium", the Agroecological Zoning for Sugar Cane, and the use of fertigation are examples.[141]

text: Brazil's greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture increased 41 percent between 1990 and 2005.[142] Cattle are a major factor. An estimate carried out by Friends of the Earth-Amazonia (Amigos da Terra - Amazônia Brasileira (pt)), the Brazilian National Institute for Space Research (INPE) and the University of Brasília concluded that fully half came from cattle.[143] If all parts of the "cattle chain" had been included, the researchers add, an even higher proportion of greenhouse gases would have been attributed to cattle.[140]

text: Cattle and soy production are concentrated in the Legal Amazon and Cerrado grasslands regions, and have resulted in considerable biodiversity loss, deforestation and water pollution.[144] As of 2007, about 74 million cattle, or 40 percent of Brazil's herd, were living in what is known as the "Legal Amazon."[145] Almost one million square km (386,000 sq mi), or nearly half of the Cerrado, has been burned and is now cattle pasture, or is cultivated for soybeans, corn (both primary ingredients in livestock feed), and sugarcane.[146] According to Washington Novaes, "if we consider the viable fragments of the Cerrado, those with at least two continuous hectares (5 acres), only 5 percent of it is left. It's a very severe level of habitat loss."[147] At least one quarter of Brazilian grain is grown in Cerrado.

text: Soil erosion[edit]

text: A large part of the Southeast and Northeast region of the country is made up of granitic and gneiss rock formations, covered by a layer of regolith, very susceptible to soil erosion and gully formation. Bertoni and Neto point out this condition as one of Brazil's highest environmental dangers, and a large part of them result from human activities.[148]

text: Soil erosion removes nutrients and causes the loss of structure, texture and the decrease of infiltration rates and water retention.[149]

text: Plowing and herbicides to control undesirable weeds leave the soil exposed and susceptible to erosion – either by loss of topsoil (which is richer in nutrients), or from gullies. The lost soil fills rivers and reservoirs with silt. One solution is no-till farming, a practice not in wide use.[150]

text: Pesticide[edit]

text: The world's four thousand agrochemicals are produced in about 15,000 different formulations, 8,000 of which are licensed in Brazil. They include insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, vermifuges, and also solvents and sanitizers. They are widely used to protect crops from pests, disease and invading species. Indiscriminate use causes unnecessary accumulation of those substances in the soil, water (springs, groundwater, reservoirs) and air.[151]

text: Brazil uses an average of 3.2 kg of agrochemicals per hectare – ranking tenth globally, in some studies, and fifth, in others. São Paulo state is Brazil's largest user, and the largest producer, comprising 80% of the total. Mitigation techniques include farmer education, and the development of resistant species, better farming techniques, biological pest control, among others.[151]

text: In 2007 tomatoes, lettuce and strawberries showed the highest rates of contamination by agrochemicals. Farmer awareness is low and few comply with rules on the use of these substances, such as Individual Protection Equipment (EPI).[152]

text: According to information from Anvisa, Brazilian farming uses at least ten types of agrochemicals prohibited in other markets, such as the European Union and the US.[153]

text: Genetically modified crops[edit]

text: The country is the third largest user in the world in growing genetically modified crops. The main commodities using this biotechnology are soy, cotton and, since 2008, maize.[154]

text: Several national and international NGOs, such as Greenpeace, MST or Contag, are opposed to the practice. Criticisms include market loss, negative environmental impacts and dominance by large businesses. Entities linked to agribusiness, however, counter with the results of studies carried out by the Brazilian Association of Seeds and Saplings (Abrasem) in 2007 and 2008, affirming "social-environmental advantages observed in the other countries which have adopted agricultural biotechnology far longer".[154]

text: Federal Justice decided that foods containing more than 1 percent of modified genes must be labeled to inform consumers.[155]

text: Organic Farming[edit]

text: Organic farming aims to produce food without the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides or other agrochemicals.[156] The IBGE's 2006 Agricultural Census reported the existence of ninety thousand organic farms in Brazil, comprising 2% of the total; however, only 5,106 are certified.[157]

text: Organics are present mostly in small and medium properties. The majority of producers are organized in associations or cooperatives. The state with the largest number of producers is Bahia (223), followed by Minas Gerais (192), São Paulo (86), Rio Grande do Sul (83), Paraná (79), Espírito Santo (64) and others.[157]

text: The Brazil Organics program, constituted in 2005, promotes the sector.[157]

text: Brazil is the twenty-largest exporter in the world, according to data from the Ministry of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade in açai, cachaça, cattle, nuts, melons, guaraná, and beef.[citation needed]