document_title: Reciprocal Tariff Act

question_text: what did the reciprocal trade agreements act of 1934 give the president the power to do

text: Reciprocal Tariff Act

text: Reciprocal Tariff Act of 1934[edit]

text: President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act (RTAA) into law in 1934. RTAA gave the president power to negotiate bilateral, reciprocal trade agreements with other countries. This law enabled Roosevelt to liberalize American trade policy around the globe. It is widely credited with ushering in the era of liberal trade policy that persists to this day.[2]

text: Tariffs in the United States were at historically high levels from the post-Civil War period through the 1920s. In response to the Great Depression, Congress accelerated its protectionist policies, culminating in the Smoot–Hawley Act of 1930. The Smoot-Hawley Act was a smorgasbord of high tariffs across many American industries. At the same time, countries in Europe enacted protectionist policies. Many economists believe that these policies worsened the Depression. The RTAA marked a sharp departure from the era of protectionism in the United States. American duties on foreign products declined from an average of 46% in 1934 to 12% by 1962.[3]

text: How the RTAA was different from other trade agreements[edit]

text: Before the RTAA, if Congress wanted to establish a lower tariff for particular imports, it would act unilaterally, taking the foreign country's tariff rate as fixed. Congress would choose a tariff rate that was either a little higher or lower than the median preferred tariff, depending upon the composition of the Congress. Generally, a Republican controlled Congress would prefer higher tariffs and a Democrat controlled Congress would prefer lower tariffs. Thus, tariffs were chosen based on the domestic politics of the United States. Individual members of Congress were under great pressure from industry lobbyists to raise tariffs to protect them from the negative effects of foreign imports.[3]

text: The RTAA’s novel approach freed Roosevelt and Congress to break this trend of tariff increases. First, it tied tariff reductions by the United States to reciprocal tariff reductions with international partners. It also allowed Congress to approve the tariffs with a simple majority, as opposed to the requisite two-thirds majority necessary for other treaties. Lastly, the president had the authority to negotiate the terms. These three innovations in trade policy created the political will and feasibility to enact a more liberal American trade policy.[3]

text: Reciprocity was an important tenet of the trade agreements brokered under RTAA because it gave Congress more of an incentive to lower tariffs. As more foreign countries entered into bilateral tariff reduction deals with the United States, American exporters had more incentive to lobby Congress for even lower tariffs across many industries.[3]

text: By giving the President the authority to negotiate these deals, the Congress effectively ceded a part of their power (authorized under US Constitution, Article I, Section VIII) to the executive branch. The President had to consider the aggregate welfare of all Americans, his foreign policy priorities, and what was feasible with other countries in making his decisions on tariffs. These considerations generally left presidents more inclined to reduce tariffs than the Congress.[4] Whether Roosevelt or Congress foresaw this result is a matter of historical debate.

text: The historical partisan divide over tariffs and the RTAA[edit]

text: After the Civil War, Democrats were generally the party of trade liberalization, while Republicans were generally for higher tariffs. This pattern was clear in congressional votes for tariffs from 1860 until 1930. Democrats were the congressional minority in the majority of Congresses between the Civil War and the election of Roosevelt. During their brief stints in the majority, Democrats passed several tariff reduction bills. Examples include the Wilson–Gorman Act of 1894 and the Underwood Tariff Act of 1913. However, subsequent Republican majorities always undid these unilateral tariff reductions.[2]

text: By the Great Depression, tariffs were at historic highs. Members of Congress commonly entered in informal quid pro quo agreements where they voted for other members’ preferred tariffs in order to secure support for their own. At no point did anyone take into account the aggregate toll on American consumers or exporters. This practice is commonly referred to as logrolling. President Roosevelt and key members of his administration were intent on stopping this practice.[4]

text: Though Democrats voted for trade liberalization far more often than Republicans, they were not uniform in their preferences. Democrats skeptical of reducing tariffs during the Depression included Representative Henry Rainey (D-IL) and members of Roosevelt’s own administration – Rexford Tugwell, Raymond Moley and Adolf Berle. However, the administration decided to take advantage of having a Democratic-controlled Congress and Presidency to push through the RTAA. In 1936 and 1940, the Republican Party ran on a platform of repealing the tariff reductions secured under the RTAA. But when they won back Congress in 1946, they did not act to remove the tariffs. In the years since the enactment of the RTAA in 1934, the economies of Europe and East Asia had been decimated by the violence of World War II. This left a huge global production vacuum that was filled by American exporters.[2] In the World War II period, the United States had its highest positive account balance in its history. Republican preferences for tariffs started shifting as exporters from their home districts began to benefit from increased international trade. By the 1950s, there was no statistically significant difference between Republicans and Democrats on tariff policies. This change has endured to the present day.[3]

text: The durability of the RTAA[edit]

text: Another key feature of the RTAA was the fact that if Congress wanted to repeal a tariff reduction, it would take a two-thirds supermajority. That means that the tariff would have to be especially onerous and that the Congress would have to be especially protectionist. Once enacted, tariff reductions tended to stick.[3]

text: As more American industries began to benefit from tariff reductions, some of them began to lobby Congress for lower tariffs. Prior to RTAA, Congress was mostly lobbied by industries seeking to create or increase tariffs to protect their industry. This change also helped to lock in many of the gains in trade liberalization. In short, the political incentive to raise tariffs decreased while the political incentive to lower tariffs increased.[3]

text: How RTAA changed the world[edit]

text: As American duties dropped off dramatically, global markets also increasingly liberalized. World trade expanded at a rapid pace. The RTAA, though a law of the United States, provided the first widespread system of guidelines for bilateral trade agreements. The United States and the European nations began avoiding beggar thy neighbour policies (which pursued national trade objectives at the expense of other nations). Instead, countries started to realize the gains from trade cooperation.

text: Led by the United States and the United Kingdom, international cooperation flourished and concrete institutions were created. In talks begun at the Bretton Woods Conference of 1944, the International Monetary Fund was created. By 1949, the first international board governing trade, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was established. In 1994, GATT was replaced with the World Trade Organization (WTO), which oversees international trade agreements today.[5][6]

text: The US State Department also found good use of the expansion of free trade after World War II. Many in the State Department saw multilateral trade agreements as a way to engage the world in accordance with the Marshall Plan and the Monroe Doctrine. US trade policy became an integral part of US foreign policy. This pursuit of free-trade-cum-diplomacy intensified during the Cold War, as the United States competed with the USSR for relationships around the globe.[5]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "The Institutional Roots of American Trade Policy: Politics, Coalitions, and International Trade." Michael Bailey, Judith Goldstein, and Barry Weingast. World Politics, Volume 49, No. 3, 1997."
^ Jump up to: a b c Hiscox, Michael J. (Autumn 1999). "The Magic Bullet? The RTAA, Institutional Reform, and Trade Liberalization" (PDF). International Organization. 53 (4): 669–98. doi:10.1162/002081899551039.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Bailey, Michael A.; Goldstein, Weingast (April 1997). "The Institutional Roots of American Trade Policy". World Politics. 49: 309–38. doi:10.1353/wp.1997.0007.
^ Jump up to: a b Alt, James E.; Gilligan, Michael (1994). "The Political Economy of Trading States: Factor Specificity, Collective Action Problems and Domestic Political Institutions". The Journal of Political Philosophy. 2 (2): 165–92. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9760.1994.tb00020.x.
^ Jump up to: a b Oatley, Thomas (2010). International Political Economy. pp. 71–113.
Jump up ^ Ruggie, John Gerard (Spring 1982). "International regimes, transactions, and change: embedded liberalism in the postwar economic order". International Organization. 2. 36: 379–415. doi:10.1017/s0020818300018993.

tag: ol

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Tax Acts of the United States

Internal
Revenue

1861
1862
1864
1913
1916
1917
1918
1921
1924
1926
1928
1932
1934
1935
1936
1940
1940 (2nd)
1941
1942
1943
1943
1944
1945
1948
1950
1950
1951
1954
1954 Code
1962
1964
1968
1969
1971
1975
1976
1977
1978
1981
1982
Gas Tax
1984
COBRA
1986
1986 Code
1990
1993
1996
1997
1998
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2008
Crisis
2009
2010
2012
2017

Tariffs

1789: Hamilton I
1790: Hamilton II
1792: Hamilton III
1816: Dallas
1824: Sectional
1828: "Abominations"
1832
1833: Compromise
1842: Black
1846: Walker
1857
1861: Morrill
1872
1875
1883: Mongrel
1890: McKinley
1894: Wilson–Gorman
1897: Dingley
1909: Payne–Aldrich
1913: Underwood
1921: Emergency
1922: Fordney–McCumber
1930: Smoot–Hawley
1934: Reciprocal
1948: GATT
1962
1974/75
1979
1984
1988
1988: Canada FT
1993: NAFTA
1994: WTO
2002: Steel

text:
[show]

v
t
e

New Deal

Causes and legacy

Great Depression
New Deal Coalition
Brain Trust
American Liberty League
Criticism

New Deal

Emergency Banking Act
Economy Act
Agricultural Adjustment Act
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
Civil Works Administration
Communications Act
Executive Order 6102
Homeowners Refinancing Act
Farm Credit Administration
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
Federal Emergency Relief Administration
Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act
Glass–Steagall Act
National Industrial Recovery Act
National Housing Act
National Recovery Administration
National Youth Administration
Public Works Administration (PWA)
Public Works of Art Project
Reciprocal Tariff Act
Railroad Retirement Act
Securities Act
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Second New Deal

Works Progress Administration (WPA)
Federal Project Number One
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
Farm Security Administration
Judicial Procedures Reform Act
National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act
National Labor Relations Board (Act)
Rural Electrification Act
Rural Electrification Administration
Social Security
United States Housing Authority

Individuals

Franklin D. Roosevelt
Harold L. Ickes
Frances Perkins
Harry Hopkins
Henry Morgenthau, Jr.
Huey Long
Herbert Hoover
Robert F. Wagner

Category
Commons

text: 1934 in law1934 in the United StatesUnited States federal trade legislationJune 1934 events


document_title: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (franchise)

question_text: who owns the rights to texas chainsaw massacre

root

text: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (franchise)

text: Films[edit]

text: Overview[edit]

text: The Texas Chain Saw Massacre, released in 1974, written and directed by Tobe Hooper, was the first and most successful entry in the series. It is considered to be the first of the 1970s slasher films, and originated a great many of the clichés seen in countless later low-budget slashers. Its plot concerns a family of cannibals living in rural Texas, who abduct customers from their gas station. The film's most notable character, Leatherface, is one of the most well-known villains in cinema history, notable for his masks made of human skin, his blood-soaked butcher's apron and the chainsaw he wields.[1] Although the film is marketed as a true story, it does not depict actual events, and is instead (as with the film Psycho) inspired by notorious killer Ed Gein, who acted alone and did not use a chainsaw.[2] The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 (1986) is set 13 years after the events of the first film. Although it managed to recoup its relatively small budget, the film was not considered a financial success. Since its initial release, however, it has developed a cult following of its own. Unlike its predecessor, which combined minimal gore with a documentary-style nature, the sequel is a comedic horror film, filled with black humor and various gore effects created by make-up maestro Tom Savini. The film features an appearance by novelist Kinky Friedman as well as film critic Joe Bob Briggs. Briggs' cameo appearance was originally cut in editing, but was restored for the director's cut version of the film when it was released on DVD.

tag: p

text: Leatherface: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III is a 1990 follow-up to the previous two films. It stars Kate Hodge, Ken Foree, and Viggo Mortensen and was directed by Jeff Burr. At the time, this was considered to be the first of several sequels in the series to be produced by New Line Cinema. However, it was not a commercial success, and New Line had no further involvement in the series. Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Next Generation (1994) is the final sequel to the original The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974).

text: The 2003 remake, The Texas Chainsaw Massacre, directed by Marcus Nispel, written by Scott Kosar and produced by Michael Bay, is based on the events of the first film, however, for the most part, it follows a different storyline. A major difference between the two films, for example, is that rather than picking up Leatherface's psychotic hitchhiker brother, the group instead come upon a traumatized survivor who shoots herself in their van. The film gives Leatherface's background, a real name (Thomas Brown Hewitt), as well as a possible reason for his wearing masks, namely a skin disease which has caused his nose to rot away. The remake received a mixed critical response upon release, but was financially successful enough to lead to a prequel. The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning, which takes place in 1969, is the 2006 prequel directed by Jonathan Liebesman, written by Sheldon Turner and produced by Michael Bay. It explores the roots of Leatherface's family and delves into their past. Leatherface's first mask is featured, as well as the first murder he commits using a chainsaw. It grossed less than its predecessor and has received largely negative reception from film critics.

text: The seventh film, Texas Chainsaw 3D, is a direct sequel to the original 1974 film, and makes no reference to the events of the other sequels. The film was directed by John Luessenhop, and written by Adam Marcus, Kirsten Elms, and Debra Sullivan. Texas Chainsaw follows a young girl named Heather, who is travelling to Texas with her friends to collect an inheritance from her deceased grandmother, whom she had never met. There, Heather discovers that she is part of the Sawyer family, who were killed by the townspeople following the events of the 1974 film, as well as a cousin of Leatherface. According to Seth M. Sherwood, writer of the prequel Leatherface, the eighth film is part of a continuity that consists of Leatherface, The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974), and Texas Chainsaw 3D.[3]

text: Box office[edit]

text: When comparing The Texas Chainsaw Massacre to the other top-grossing horror film series – A Nightmare on Elm Street, Child's Play, Friday the 13th, Halloween, the Hannibal Lecter series, Psycho, Saw, and Scream – and adjusting for the 2011 inflation,[4] The Texas Chainsaw Massacre is the eighth highest grossing horror film series in the United States, with a combined gross of $304.6 million,[5] only outperforming the Chucky film series with approximately $203 million.[6] The series is led by Friday the 13th at $687.1 million,[7] A Nightmare on Elm Street with $592.8 million,[8] the Hannibal Lecter film series with $588.7 million,[9] Halloween with $557.5 million,[10] Saw with $457.4 million,[11] Scream with $442.9 million,[12] and the Psycho film series, with $376.3 million.[13]

text:
Film

Director(s)

Writer(s)

Producer(s)

Actor(s) portraying Leatherface

The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974)

Tobe Hooper

Kim HenkelTobe Hooper

Tobe Hooper

Gunnar Hansen

The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 (1986)

L.M. Kit Carson

Menahem GolanYoram Globus

Bill Johnson

Leatherface: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III (1990)

Jeff Burr

David Schow

Robert Engelman

R.A. Mihailoff

Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Next Generation (1994)

Kim Henkel

Robert KuhnKim Henkel

Robert Jacks

The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (2003)

Marcus Nispel

Scott Kosar

Michael BayMike FleissKim HenkelTobe Hooper

Andrew Bryniarski

The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning (2006)

Jonathan Liebesman

Sheldon Turner

Michael BayMike FleissKim HenkelTobe HooperBrad FullerAndrew Form

Texas Chainsaw 3D (2013)

John Luessenhop

Adam MarcusDebra Sullivan

Mark BurgCarl Mazzocone

Dan Yeager

Leatherface (2017)

Julien MauryAlexandre Bustillo

Seth M. Sherwood

Christa CampbellLati GrobmanCarl MazzoconeLes Weldon

Sam Strike

tag: table

text:
Film

Release date (US)

Budget

Box office

Reference

United States

Foreign

Worldwide

1. The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974)

October 1, 1974

$140,000

$30,859,000

N/A

$30,859,000

[14]

2. The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2

August 22, 1986

$4,700,000

$8,025,872

N/A

$8,025,872

[15]

3. Leatherface: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III

January 12, 1990

N/A

$5,765,562

N/A

$5,765,562

[16]

4. Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Next Generation

September 22, 1995August 29, 1997 (re-released)[17]

$600,000

$185,898

N/A

$185,898

[18]

5. The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (2003)

October 17, 2003

$9,500,000

$80,571,655

$26,500,000

$107,071,655

[19]

6. The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning

October 6, 2006

$16,000,000

$39,517,763

$12,246,643

$51,764,406

[20]

7. Texas Chainsaw 3D

January 4, 2013

$20,000,000

$34,341,945

$12,900,000

$47,241,945

[21]

8. Leatherface

October 20, 2017

N/A

N/A

$887,392

$887,392

[22]

Total

$50,340,000

$199,258,695

$52,543,035

$251,801,730

text: Future[edit]

text: Following the release of Leatherface, the producers had the rights to make five more Texas Chainsaw Massacre films. In April 2015, producer Christa Campbell stated that the fate of the potential films would largely depend on the financial reception and perceived fan reactions regarding the 2017 prequel.[23][24] Campbell clarified in December 2017 that Lionsgate and Millennium Films had lost the franchise rights due to the time it took to release it.[25]

text: Other media[edit]

text: Comics[edit]

text: Several comic books based on The Texas Chainsaw Massacre films were published in 1991 by Northstar Comics entitled Leatherface.[26] They were licensed as The Texas Chainsaw Massacre to Avatar Press for use in new comic book stories, the first of which was published in 2005.[27] In 2006, Avatar Press lost the license to DC Comics imprint, Wildstorm, which has published new stories based on the films. However, in June 2007, Wildstorm changed a number of horror comics, including The Texas Chainsaw Massacre, from monthly issues to specials and miniseries.[28]

text: The series of comics featured none of the main characters seen in the original film (Topps Comics Jason vs. Leatherface series is exempt) with the exception of Leatherface, however, the 1991 "Leatherface" miniseries was loosely based on the third Texas Chainsaw Massacre film. The writer  of the miniseries, Mort Castle said, "The series was very loosely based on Texas Chainsaw Massacre III. I worked from the original script by David Schow and the heavily edited theatrical release of director Jeff Burr, but had more or less free rein to write the story the way it should have been told. The first issue sold 30,000 copies."[29] Kirk Jarvinen drew the illustrations for the first issue,[30] and Guy Burwell finished the rest of the series. The comics, not having the same censorship restrictions from the MPAA, featured much more gore than the finished film. The ending, as well as the fates of several characters, were also altered. An adaptation of The Texas Chain Saw Massacre was planned by Northstar Comics, but never came to fruition.[31]

text: All American Massacre[edit]

text: All American Massacre is an unreleased film directed by William 'Tony' Hooper, son of Tobe Hooper, the director of the original Texas Chain Saw Massacre.[32] The film was to serve as a prequel to the original Texas Chainsaw Massacre film series.[32] The film began as a 15-minute short, shot on high resolution digital video, but was eventually turned into a 60-minute featurette.[32] A trailer for the film is shown on the official website.[33] The film was to feature Chop Top who had been captured and placed in a psychiatric prison.[33] Various memories of his family were to feature in the film, as he was interviewed by a tabloid television journalist.[34] The score for the film was composed by Buckethead.[34]

text: Video games[edit]

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2017)

text: In 1982, a mass-market video game adaptation of The Texas Chain Saw Massacre was released for the Atari 2600 by Wizard Video.[35] In the game, the player assumes the role of Leatherface, and attempts to murder trespassers while avoiding obstacles such as fences and cow skulls.[36] As one of the first horror-themed video games, The Texas Chain Saw Massacre caused controversy when it was released due to the violent nature of the video game and sold poorly as many video game stores refused to carry it.[35][37] Wizard Video's other commercial release, Halloween, had a slightly better reception,[38] however, the limited number of copies sold has made both games highly valued items among Atari collectors.[39]

text: Leatherface was featured as a downloadable killer in the survival horror game Dead by Daylight.[40]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Hooper, Tobe; Henkel, Kim. Texas Chainsaw Massacre: Leatherface. Script City.

Jump up ^ Rockoff, Adam. Going to Pieces: The Rise and Fall of the Slasher Film, 1978-1986. McFarland.

Jump up ^ McGrew, Shannon (May 22, 2017). "Interview: Writer Seth Sherwood Talks Origins of Leatherface". iHorror. Retrieved May 29, 2017.

Jump up ^ "Tom's Inflation Calculator". Half Hill. Retrieved September 4, 2010.

Jump up ^ "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre box office rankings". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-01-17.

Jump up ^ "Child's Play box office rankings". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-01-17.

Jump up ^ "Friday the 13th box office ranking". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-01-17.

Jump up ^ "A Nightmare on Elm Street box office rankings". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-01-17.

Jump up ^ "The Hannibal Lector series box office rankings". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-01-17.

Jump up ^ "Halloween box office rankings". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-01-17.

Jump up ^ "Saw box office rankings". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-09-05.

Jump up ^ "Scream box office rankings". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-01-17.

Jump up ^ "Psycho box office rankings". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-01-17.

Jump up ^ "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (1974)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-09-05.

Jump up ^ "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 (1986)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-09-05.

Jump up ^ "Leatherface: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III (1990)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-09-05.

Jump up ^ "Re-release date". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-09-05.

Jump up ^ "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Next Generation (1995)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-09-05.

Jump up ^ "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (2003)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-09-05.

Jump up ^ "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning (2006)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-09-05.

Jump up ^ "Texas Chainsaw 3D (2013)". Box Office Mojo. IMDb.

Jump up ^ "Leatherface (2017)". The Numbers. Retrieved October 30, 2017.

Jump up ^ Zimmerman, Samuel (April 8, 2015). "Sequel Talk: Flipping It Follows, More Leatherface". ComingSoon.Net. Archived from the original on November 13, 2017. Retrieved November 13, 2017. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)

Jump up ^ Walkuski, Eric (2015-04-10). "EXCLUSIVE: LEATHERFACE PRODUCERS TALK HARDCORE PREQUEL AND DAY OF THE DEAD!". JoBlo. Retrieved 2017-06-19.

Jump up ^ Campbell, Crista (December 25, 2017). "christa campbell on Twitter". Twitter. Archived from the original on December 28, 2017. Retrieved December 27, 2017. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)

Jump up ^ "Movie Maniac Comic Books". Icons of Fright. Retrieved 2008-07-08.

Jump up ^ "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre". Avatar Press. 2005. Retrieved 2008-07-08.

Jump up ^ "DWildstorm Updates Publishing Plans for Horror/Movie Titles". Newsarama. March 13, 2007. Retrieved 2008-08-21.

Jump up ^ "MortCastle". Glasshouse Graphics. Archived from the original on 2009-02-21. Retrieved 2008-06-01.

Jump up ^ "Kirk Jarvinen". Comic Book DB. Retrieved 2008-07-11.

Jump up ^ Mort Castle (w). "Hunters in the Night" Leatherface 4: 1/Introduction (1991), Northstar Comics

^ Jump up to: a b c Jaworzyn, Stefan (2004). The Texas Chain Saw Massacre Companion. Titan. pp. 235;256.

^ Jump up to: a b "All American Massacre trailer". Abominable Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-01-12.

^ Jump up to: a b "All American Massacre (About)". All American Massacre. Archived from the original on October 8, 2007. Retrieved 2009-01-12.

^ Jump up to: a b "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre Atari game". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2009-02-01. Retrieved 2008-06-01.

Jump up ^ " Texas Chainsaw Massacre overview". Allgame. Retrieved 2008-06-01.

Jump up ^ "Classic horror movies on the Atari 2600". BavaTuesdays.com. April 27, 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-08.

Jump up ^ "Halloween for the Atari 2600". Rogue Cinema. April 1, 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-11.

Jump up ^ "Halloween". GameSpot. Retrieved 2008-10-27.

Jump up ^ Matulef, Jeffrey (2017-09-15), Dead by Daylight adds Leatherface DLC, retrieved 2017-09-19


document_title: Tax rates in Europe

question_text: who pays the most income tax in europe

question_tokens: who pays the most income tax in europe

text: Tax rates in Europe

text: Summary list[edit]

text: The quoted income tax rate is, except where noted, the top rate of tax: most jurisdictions have lower rate of taxes for low levels of income. Some countries also have lower rates of corporation tax for smaller companies. In 1980, the top rates of most European countries were above 60%. Today most European countries have rates below 50%.[1]

text:
Country

Corporate tax

Maximum income tax rate

Standard VAT rate

Albania[2]

15%

23%[3]

20%

Austria

25%

55%[4]

20%[5]  (Reduced rates 10% + 13%)[6]

Belarus

18%

15%

20%[2]

Belgium[7]

29% (25% from 2020. For SME's 20% from 2018 on the first €100,000 profit)[7]

50% (excluding 13.07% social security paid by the employee and also excluding 32% social security paid by the employer)

21% (Reduced rates of 6% and 12%)[5]

Bosnia and Herzegovina[8][9]

10%

41-43% (Depending on administrative entity)

17%

Bulgaria[10]

10%

10% (additional 12.9% by the employee for social security contributions, i.e. health insurance, pension and unemployment fund); and additional 17.9% by the employer for various social security contributions)[11]

20%[5] (Reduced rates 9%)[6]

Croatia

18% (Reduced rate 12% for small business)

40% (excluding 35.2% total sum of insurances levied on income)

25% (Reduced rates 13% + 5%)(Reduced rates 9%)[6]

Cyprus

12.5%

35%

19% (Reduced rates 5% + 9%)(Reduced rates 9%)[6]

Czech Republic

19%

53.5% (15% income tax + 6.5% by employee + 25% by employer (2.3% healthcare + 21.5% social security + 1.2% state policy of employment) + 7% solidarity contribution (assuming income is above 1 277 328 CZK per year))

21% (reduced rates of 15% and 10%)[5]

Denmark

22%

55.56% (including 8% social security paid by the employee but excluding 0.42–1.48% church tax imposed on members of the national Church of Denmark)

25% (reduced rate 0% on transportation of passengers and newspapers normally published at a rate of more than one issue per month)[5]

Estonia

20% CIT on distributed profit. 14% on regular distribution. 0% on undistributed profits. [12]

20% (+ 2.4% of unemployment insurance tax, 0.8% paid by employer, 1.6% paid by employee and 33% social security which is paid before gross wage by employer) around 57,8% in total

20% (reduced rate 9%)[5]

Finland

20%

25% to 67% depending on the net income and municipality, including 7.8%[13] [14][15] social insurance fees, employee unemplayment payment and employer unemployment payment, which is on average 18% (2018).[13]

24%[5][16] (reduced rate of 14% for groceries and restaurants, 10% for books, medicine, transport of passengers and some others)

France

33.3% (36.6% above €3.5M, 15% below €38k)[17]

49% (45% +4% for annual incomes above €250,000 for single taxpayers or above €500,000 for married couples) [18] + social security and social contribution taxes at various rates, for example 17,2 % for capital gains, interests and dividends.

20% (reduced rate of 10%, 5.5%, 2.1% and 0% for specific cases like some food, transportation, cultural goods, etc.)[5][19]

Germany

22.825% (few small villages) to 32.925% (in Munich) depending on the municipality. This includes the 15% CIT, 5.5% solidarity surcharge plus the trade tax payable to the municipality.

47.475% which includes 45% income tax and 5.5% solidarity surcharge based on the total tax bill for incomes above €256,304. The entry tax rate is 14% for incomes exceeding the basic annual threshold of €9,000.

19% (reduced rate of 7% applies e.g. on sales of certain foods, books and magazines, flowers and transports)[5]

Georgia

15%

20%

18%

Greece

29%

65.67% (45% for >€40,000+ 7.5% Solidarity Tax for >€40000)+(26.95% Social Security for employees or up to 47.95% for private professionals)

24%[5] (Reduced rates 13% and 5%)[6]

Hungary

9%

15% (additional contributions at 10% Social Security by employee and 22% Social Security by employer and health care 7% by employer)

27%[5][20][21] (Reduced rates 18% and 5%)[6]

Iceland

20%[22]

36.94% from 0 - 834.707 and 46.24% over 834.707 kr  (2017)[23]

24% (12% reduced rate)[22]

Ireland

12.5% for trading income
25% for non-trading income

40% over €34,550 for single, €42,800 for married taxpayers.

23% [24]

Isle of Man

0%[25]

20% plus national insurance of under 12.8%[25]

Same as United Kingdom (see below)[26]

Italy

27.9% (24% plus 3.9% municipal)

45.83% (43% income tax + 2.03% regional income tax + 0.8% municipal income tax)

22%[5] (Reduced rates 10%, 5%, 4%)[6]

Latvia

20% CIT on distributed profit. 0% on undistributed profits.

31.4%[27]

21% (reduced rates 12% and 0%)[28]

Liechtenstein

12.5% (2.5% on IP and royalties)

28% (max. 8% national and 20% municipal income tax) plus 4% of the taxpayer's net worth is subject to the same rate as wealth tax. 0% on capital gains.

8% / 2.5% (till 31.12.2017)
7.7% / 2.5% (from 01.01.2018)[29]

Lithuania

15% (5% for small businesses with up to 10 employees and up to €300,000 income)

55.2% (effective tax rates: 25.5% social insurance (nominally it is 31.2% payable by employer + 3% payable by employee), 15.6% income (nominal rates are 6% for health insurance nominal plus 15% direct income)), applies to annual income of over €15,000[30] annual tax allowance for children is €2,400 (per child)

21% (Reduced rates 5%, 9%)[6]

Luxembourg

29.22% (commercial activity); 5.718% on intellectual property income, royalties.

43.6% (40% income tax + 9% solidarity surcharge calculated on the income tax)[31]

17%[5] (Reduced rates 3%, 8%, 14%)[6]

Republic of Macedonia[32]

10%

37% [33] (includes income tax 10%, mandatory state pension 18%, mandatory public health insurance 7.3%, mandatory unemployment insurance 1.2%, mandatory personal injury insurance 0.5%)

18%

Malta

35% (6/7 or 5/7 tax refunds gives an effective rate of 5% or 10% for most companies[34])

35%

18%[5] (Reduced rates 5%, 7%)[6]

Monaco

0% (>75% revenue within Monaco) or 33.33%[35]

Montenegro

9%[36]

12.65% (11% income tax + 15% of the income tax bill to the municipality)[36]

17%[36]

Netherlands

25% above €200,000 of profit and otherwise 20%[37] The Netherlands makes generous secret tax deals with huge multinationals.[neutrality is disputed][38]

52%[39] (55.6% including income dependent tax reduction for incomes between €67,072-121,972)[40]

21%[41] (reduced rate of 6% and 0% for some goods and services)

Norway[42][43]

23%[44] (22% in 2019)

46.6% (53.2% including 14.1% social security contribution by employer.  All taxes include 8.2% pension fund payments).

25% (reduced rate of 15% for groceries, and 10% for transport and culture.)

Poland

19%

32%

23% (reduced rates of 5% and 8%)[5]

Portugal

21%

82.75% where 48% + 3% special contribution Income tax and (additional contributions at 11% Social Security by employee and 23.75% Social Security by employer)

23% (reduced rates 13% and 6%)

Romania

Revenue <€1m: 1% of all salesRevenue >€1m: 16% on profit

Employee: 41.5% [10% income tax (out of gross minus pension & health deductions), 25% pension contribution (out of gross), 10% health contribution (out of gross)] - Gross incomes below RON 3,600 benefit from personal deductions of up to RON 1,310 from taxable income. Employer: 2.25% (compulsory work insurance)[45]

19% (reduced rates of 9% and 5%)[46]

Russia

20%

13% straight tax + 29% social tax (paid by company) + social insurance from 0,5% to 2,5% depending on traumatism risk. In total ca. 43%.

18%

Serbia

15%

52% (capital gains tax 15%, standard income tax rate 10%, additional contributions by employee: 13% state pension fund, 6.5% state health fund, 0.5% unemployment fund; additional contributions by employer: 11% state pension fund, 6.5% state health fund, 0.5% unemployment; maximum contributions capped (amount changing monthly); additional tax for higher salaries (after 3 times average salary additional 10%, after 6 times average salary additional 15%)),[47][48][49]

20%

Slovakia

22% [50]

50% (income tax 19% + 25% for the part of annual income greater than € 35,022.31; additional contributions at 4% mandatory health insurance by employee and 10% by employer, 9.4% Social Security by employee and 25.2% by employer)

20%[5] (10% reduced rate)

Slovenia[51]

22%

50%

22%[5] (reduced rate 9.5%) – from 1 July 2013

Spain

25%

45% maximum Income tax rate. Not including employee contribution of 6.35% Social Security tax, 4.7% pension contribution tax, 1.55% unemployment tax, 0.1% worker training tax.  Not including employer contribution of 23.6% Social security tax, 5.5% unemployment tax, 3.5% (or more) workers comp tax, worker training tax .06%, 0.2% FOGOSA tax (employment tax in case of company bankruptcy).

21%[5] (reduced rates 10% and 4%)

Sweden

22% (21.4% 2019, 20.6% 2021)

69,8% including social security paid by employer[52]

25%[5] (reduced rates 12% and 6%)

Switzerland

16.55%

22.5% (Kanton Zug, Gemeinde Walchwil) to 46% (Kanton Geneve), average rate 34%. These taxes do not include social security that is private and not income based (e. ) [53]

8% / 2.5% (till 31.12.2017)
7.7% / 2.5% (from 01.01.2018[54]

Ukraine

18%

17%

20%

United Kingdom

19% (17% from 2020)[55]

47% (45% income tax + 2% NI) - theoretically, NI could reach 12%, but in practice it's never combined with the higher income tax rate
62% for earnings between £100,000 - £123,000 (40% higher rate tax + removal of tax free personal allowance + 2% NI)
45% (additional rate) income tax on annual income above £150,000, 40% (higher rate) between £43,001 and £150,000, 20% (basic rate) between £0 and £43,000. There is also a National Insurance levy between 2% and 13.8% for employees and self-employed individuals but capital gains and dividend income is not subject to NI. The first £11,000 is tax-free if your annual income is below £100,000.
Capital gains is taxed at 10% (or 18% on residential property) for basic rate taxpayers and 20% (or 28% on residential property) for higher and additional rate taxpayers. Dividend income from UK companies is taxed at 7.5% for basic rate taxpayers, 32.5% for higher rate taxpayers and 38.1% for additional rate taxpayers.

20% (reduced rate of 5% for home energy and renovations, 0% for life necessities – groceries, water, prescription medications, medical equipment and supplies, public transport, children's clothing, books and periodicals)[5]

text: Per country information[edit]

text: Austria[edit]

text: Austrian income taxation is determined by §33 of Austrian Income Tax Code (Einkommensteuergesetz - EStG)

text:
Annual Income [€]

Taxation Rate [%]

0 - 11,000

0

11,001-18,000

25

18,001-31,000

35

31,001-60,000

42

60,001 - 90,000

48

>90,000

50

text: It should be noted that until the end of the year 2020 an additional tax (55%) will affect income of over 1 million €.

text: Portugal[edit]

text: Income tax in Portugal depends on the number of people in the household. The taxable income is calculated based on the number of household and marital status.

text:
Taxable income

Tax on this income

Up to €7,091

14.5%

€7,091 and €10,700

23%

€10,700 and €20,261

28.5%

€20,261 and €25,000

35%

€25,000 and €36,856

37%

€36,856 and €80,640

45%

€80,640 and €250,000

50.5%

Over €250,000

53%

text: The above values include the special solidarity income tax.

text: To the above taxes should be added 11% of social securtity contribution by the employee.

text: Germany[edit]

text: German income tax comprises 5 income tax bands, with the first two being based on a totally Progressive tax rate and the rest being flat rate. Taxable income is derived after subtracting personal and child allowances from earned income. In addition a number of other deductions may be claimed by German taxpayers.

text:
Personal allowance: €9,000 per adult
Child allowance: €7,428 per child

tag: ul

text:
Annual income above

Annual income below

Marginal tax rate 2018[56]

€0

€9,000

0%

€9,000

€13,996

14% − 23.97%

€13,996

€54,949

23.97% − 42%

€54,949

€260,532

42%

€260,532

-

45%

text: In Germany, married couples are taxed jointly. This means that the tax liability for the couple is twice the amount resulting from the tariff when inserting the average income of both spouses. Due to the progressive tariff, filing jointly uniformly reduces the total tax burden if spouses' incomes differ.

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: Income tax in the Netherlands (Loonheffing) and social security contributions are combined  in one payroll tax. There are no personal tax-free allowances

text:
Annual income Above

Annual income below

Tax rate (including employee social security)[57]

Tax rate (excluding employee social security)

€0

€19,882

33%

1.85%

€19,822

€33,589

41%

10.45%

€33,589

€57,585

42%*

42%*

€57,585

-

52%*

52%*

text: France[edit]

text: Income tax in France depends on the number of people in the household. The taxable income is divided by the number of persons belonging to the household. Each adult counts as one person while the first two children count as half each. From the third child onwards each child counts as one person. Therefore, a household comprising 2 adults and 3 children is considered to be a household of 4 persons for tax purposes

text:
Annual income Above

Annual income below

Tax rate[58]

€0

€5,963

0%

€5,963

€11,896

5.5.%

€11,896

€26,420

14%

€26,420

€70,830

30%

€70,830

-

41%

text: Finland[edit]

text:
The total Finnish income tax includes the income tax dependable on the net salary, employee unemployment payment, and employer unemployment payment. [59] [60]
The tax rate increases very progressively rapidly at 13 ke/year (from 25% to 48%) and at 29 ke/year to 55% and eventually rearches 67% at 83 ke/year, while little decreases at 127 ke/year to 65%.
The middle-income person will get 44 euros from every 100 euros the employer puts on the work.
The GP will then again get from every extra 100 euros that the employer puts on the work only 33 euros.
Some sources do not include the employer unemployment payment, for instance Veronmaksajat -organisation. [61]
[62]

text:
Annual income at

Tax rate (including employer unemployment payment)

€13,000

25%

€33,000

57%

€47,000

60%

€83,000

67%

€94,000

66%

€127,000

65%

text: Spain[edit]

text:
Spanish income tax includes a personal tax free allowance and an allowance per child. In 2012 a special temporary surcharge was introduced as part of austerity measures to balance the budget.
The personal allowance currently stands at €5,151.

text:
1st child €1,836
2nd child  €2,040
3rd child €3,672
4th & subs €4,182

text:
Annual income above

Annual income below

Tax rate (excluding temporary surcharge)

Tax rate (including temporary surcharge)[63]

€0

€5,150

0%

0%

€5,150

€17,707.20

24%

24.75%

€17,707.20

€33,007.20

28%

30%

€33,007.20

€53,407.20

37%

40%

€53,407.20

€120,000.20

43%

47%

€120,000.20

€175,000.20

44%

49%

€175,000.20

€300,000.20

45%

51%

€300,000.20

-

45%

52%

text: Italy[edit]

text:
Personal Allowance: €800  per adult[citation needed]
Allowance per child: €1,120

text:
Annual income Above

Annual income below

Tax rate[64]

€0

€15,000

23%

€15,000

€28,000

27%

€28,000

€55,000

38%

€55,000

€75,000

41%

€75,000

-

43%

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: Income tax for the United Kingdom is based on 2016/17 tax bands. The current tax free threshold on earnings is £11,500.[65] The relief is tapered by £1 for every £2 earned over £100,000.

text:
Annual income above

Annual income below

Tax rate[66]

£0

£11,850

0%

£11,500

£45,000

20%

£45,000

£150,000

40%

£150,000

-

45%

text: Denmark[edit]


document_title: List of Olympic medalists in figure skating

question_text: who won the men's ice skating olympics

question_tokens: who won the men 's ice skating olympics

text: Medalists[edit]

text: Men's singles[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1908 London
details
Ulrich Salchow
 Sweden
Richard Johansson
 Sweden
Per Thorén
 Sweden

1912 Stockholm
not included in the Olympic program

1920 Antwerp
details
Gillis Grafström
 Sweden
Andreas Krogh
 Norway
Martin Stixrud
 Norway

1924 Chamonix
details
Gillis Grafström
 Sweden
Willy Böckl
 Austria
Georges Gautschi
 Switzerland

1928 St. Moritz
details
Gillis Grafström
 Sweden
Willy Böckl
 Austria
Robert van Zeebroeck
 Belgium

1932 Lake Placid
details
Karl Schäfer
 Austria
Gillis Grafström
 Sweden
Montgomery Wilson
 Canada

1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen
details
Karl Schäfer
 Austria
Ernst Baier
 Germany
Felix Kaspar
 Austria

1948 St. Moritz
details
Dick Button
 United States
Hans Gerschwiler
 Switzerland
Edi Rada
 Austria

1952 Oslo
details
Dick Button
 United States
Helmut Seibt
 Austria
James Grogan
 United States

1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo
details
Hayes Alan Jenkins
 United States
Ronnie Robertson
 United States
David Jenkins
 United States

1960 Squaw Valley
details
David Jenkins
 United States
Karol Divín
 Czechoslovakia
Donald Jackson
 Canada

1964 Innsbruck
details
Manfred Schnelldorfer
 United Team of Germany
Alain Calmat
 France
Scott Allen
 United States

1968 Grenoble
details
Wolfgang Schwarz
 Austria
Timothy Wood
 United States
Patrick Péra
 France

1972 Sapporo
details
Ondrej Nepela
 Czechoslovakia
Sergei Chetverukhin
 Soviet Union
Patrick Péra
 France

1976 Innsbruck
details
John Curry
 Great Britain
Vladimir Kovalev
 Soviet Union
Toller Cranston
 Canada

1980 Lake Placid
details
Robin Cousins
 Great Britain
Jan Hoffmann
 East Germany
Charles Tickner
 United States

1984 Sarajevo
details
Scott Hamilton
 United States
Brian Orser
 Canada
Jozef Sabovčík
 Czechoslovakia

1988 Calgary
details
Brian Boitano
 United States
Brian Orser
 Canada
Viktor Petrenko
 Soviet Union

1992 Albertville
details
Viktor Petrenko
 Unified Team
Paul Wylie
 United States
Petr Barna
 Czechoslovakia

1994 Lillehammer
details
Alexei Urmanov
 Russia
Elvis Stojko
 Canada
Philippe Candeloro
 France

1998 Nagano
details
Ilia Kulik
 Russia
Elvis Stojko
 Canada
Philippe Candeloro
 France

2002 Salt Lake City
details
Alexei Yagudin
 Russia
Evgeni Plushenko
 Russia
Timothy Goebel
 United States

2006 Torino
details
Evgeni Plushenko
 Russia
Stéphane Lambiel
 Switzerland
Jeffrey Buttle
 Canada

2010 Vancouver
details
Evan Lysacek
 United States
Evgeni Plushenko
 Russia
Daisuke Takahashi
 Japan

2014 Sochi
details
Yuzuru Hanyu
 Japan
Patrick Chan
 Canada
Denis Ten
 Kazakhstan

2018 Pyeongchang
details
Yuzuru Hanyu
 Japan
Shoma Uno
 Japan
Javier Fernández
 Spain

text: Men's special figures[edit]

text: Men's special figures was only included in one Olympic Games before being discontinued. The sole winner of the event was Russian Nikolai Panin, who gave his country its first ever Olympic gold medal.[2]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1908 London
details
Nikolai Panin
 Russian Empire
Arthur Cumming
 Great Britain
Geoffrey Hall-Say
 Great Britain

text: Ladies' singles[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1908 London
details
Madge Syers
 Great Britain
Elsa Rendschmidt
 Germany
Dorothy Greenhough-Smith
 Great Britain

1920 Antwerp
details
Magda Julin
 Sweden
Svea Norén
 Sweden
Theresa Weld
 United States

1924 Chamonix
details
Herma Szabo
 Austria
Beatrix Loughran
 United States
Ethel Muckelt
 Great Britain

1928 St. Moritz
details
Sonja Henie
 Norway
Fritzi Burger
 Austria
Beatrix Loughran
 United States

1932 Lake Placid
details
Sonja Henie
 Norway
Fritzi Burger
 Austria
Maribel Vinson
 United States

1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen
details
Sonja Henie
 Norway
Cecilia Colledge
 Great Britain
Vivi-Anne Hultén
 Sweden

1948 St. Moritz
details
Barbara Ann Scott
 Canada
Eva Pawlik
 Austria
Jeannette Altwegg
 Great Britain

1952 Oslo
details
Jeannette Altwegg
 Great Britain
Tenley Albright
 United States
Jacqueline du Bief
 France

1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo
details
Tenley Albright
 United States
Carol Heiss
 United States
Ingrid Wendl
 Austria

1960 Squaw Valley
details
Carol Heiss
 United States
Sjoukje Dijkstra
 Netherlands
Barbara Roles
 United States

1964 Innsbruck
details
Sjoukje Dijkstra
 Netherlands
Regine Heitzer
 Austria
Petra Burka
 Canada

1968 Grenoble
details
Peggy Fleming
 United States
Gabriele Seyfert
 East Germany
Hana Mašková
 Czechoslovakia

1972 Sapporo
details
Beatrix Schuba
 Austria
Karen Magnussen
 Canada
Janet Lynn
 United States

1976 Innsbruck
details
Dorothy Hamill
 United States
Dianne de Leeuw
 Netherlands
Christine Errath
 East Germany

1980 Lake Placid
details
Anett Pötzsch
 East Germany
Linda Fratianne
 United States
Dagmar Lurz
 West Germany

1984 Sarajevo
details
Katarina Witt
 East Germany
Rosalynn Sumners
 United States
Kira Ivanova
 Soviet Union

1988 Calgary
details
Katarina Witt
 East Germany
Elizabeth Manley
 Canada
Debi Thomas
 United States

1992 Albertville
details
Kristi Yamaguchi
 United States
Midori Ito
 Japan
Nancy Kerrigan
 United States

1994 Lillehammer
details
Oksana Baiul
 Ukraine
Nancy Kerrigan
 United States
Chen Lu
 China

1998 Nagano
details
Tara Lipinski
 United States
Michelle Kwan
 United States
Chen Lu
 China

2002 Salt Lake City
details
Sarah Hughes
 United States
Irina Slutskaya
 Russia
Michelle Kwan
 United States

2006 Torino
details
Shizuka Arakawa
 Japan
Sasha Cohen
 United States
Irina Slutskaya
 Russia

2010 Vancouver
details
Yuna Kim
 South Korea
Mao Asada
 Japan
Joannie Rochette
 Canada

2014 Sochi
details
Adelina Sotnikova
 Russia
Yuna Kim
 South Korea
Carolina Kostner
 Italy

2018 Pyeongchang
details
Alina Zagitova
 Olympic Athletes from Russia
Evgenia Medvedeva
 Olympic Athletes from Russia
Kaetlyn Osmond
 Canada

text: Pairs[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1908 London
details
 Anna Hübler
and Heinrich Burger (GER)
 Phyllis Johnson
and James H. Johnson (GBR)
 Madge Syers
and Edgar Syers (GBR)

1912 Stockholm
not included in the Olympic program

1920 Antwerp
details
 Ludowika Jakobsson
/ Walter Jakobsson (FIN)
 Alexia Bryn
and Yngvar Bryn (NOR)
 Phyllis Johnson
and Basil Williams (GBR)

1924 Chamonix
details
 Helene Engelmann
and Alfred Berger (AUT)
 Ludowika Jakobsson
and Walter Jakobsson (FIN)
 Andrée Joly
and Pierre Brunet (FRA)

1928 St. Moritz
details
 Andrée Joly
and Pierre Brunet (FRA)
 Lilly Scholz
and Otto Kaiser (AUT)
 Melitta Brunner
and Ludwig Wrede (AUT)

1932 Lake Placid
details
 Andrée Brunet
and Pierre Brunet (FRA)
 Beatrix Loughran
and Sherwin Badger (USA)
 Emília Rotter
and László Szollás (HUN)

1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen
details
 Maxi Herber
and Ernst Baier (GER)
 Ilse Pausin
and Erik Pausin (AUT)
 Emília Rotter
and László Szollás (HUN)

1948 St. Moritz
details
 Micheline Lannoy
and Pierre Baugniet (BEL)
 Andrea Kékesy
and Ede Király (HUN)
 Suzanne Morrow
and Wallace Diestelmeyer (CAN)

1952 Oslo
details
 Ria Falk
and Paul Falk (GER)
 Karol Kennedy
and Peter Kennedy (USA)
 Marianna Nagy
and László Nagy (HUN)

1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo
details
 Sissy Schwarz
and Kurt Oppelt (AUT)
 Frances Dafoe
and Norris Bowden (CAN)
 Marianna Nagy
and László Nagy (HUN)

1960 Squaw Valley
details
 Barbara Wagner
and Robert Paul (CAN)
 Marika Kilius
and Hans-Jürgen Bäumler (EUA)
 Nancy Ludington
and Ronald Ludington (USA)

1964 Innsbruck
details
 Ludmila Belousova
and Oleg Protopopov (URS)
 Marika Kilius
and Hans-Jürgen Bäumler (EUA)
 Debbi Wilkes
and Guy Revell (CAN)[a]
 Vivian Joseph
and Ronald Joseph (USA)

1968 Grenoble
details
 Ludmila Belousova
and Oleg Protopopov (URS)
 Tatyana Zhuk
and Aleksandr Gorelik (URS)
 Margot Glockshuber
and Wolfgang Danne (FRG)

1972 Sapporo
details
 Irina Rodnina
and Alexei Ulanov (URS)
 Lyudmila Smirnova
and Andrei Suraikin (URS)
 Manuela Groß
and Uwe Kagelmann (GDR)

1976 Innsbruck
details
 Irina Rodnina
and Alexander Zaitsev (URS)
 Romy Kermer
and Rolf Österreich (GDR)
 Manuela Groß
and Uwe Kagelmann (GDR)

1980 Lake Placid
details
 Irina Rodnina
and Alexander Zaitsev (URS)
 Marina Cherkasova
and Sergei Shakhrai (URS)
 Manuela Mager
and Uwe Bewersdorf (GDR)

1984 Sarajevo
details
 Elena Valova
and Oleg Vasiliev (URS)
 Kitty Carruthers
and Peter Carruthers (USA)
 Larisa Selezneva
and Oleg Makarov (URS)

1988 Calgary
details
 Ekaterina Gordeeva
and Sergei Grinkov (URS)
 Elena Valova
and Oleg Vasiliev (URS)
 Jill Watson
and Peter Oppegard (USA)

1992 Albertville
details
 Natalia Mishkutenok
and Artur Dmitriev (EUN)
 Elena Bechke
and Denis Petrov (EUN)
 Isabelle Brasseur
and Lloyd Eisler (CAN)

1994 Lillehammer
details
 Ekaterina Gordeeva
and Sergei Grinkov (RUS)
 Natalia Mishkutenok
and Artur Dmitriev (RUS)
 Isabelle Brasseur
and Lloyd Eisler (CAN)

1998 Nagano
details
 Oksana Kazakova
and Artur Dmitriev (RUS)
 Elena Berezhnaya
and Anton Sikharulidze (RUS)
 Mandy Wötzel
and Ingo Steuer (GER)

2002 Salt Lake City
details
 Elena Berezhnaya
and Anton Sikharulidze (RUS)
 Jamie Salé
and David Pelletier (CAN)
None awarded[b]
 Shen Xue
and Zhao Hongbo (CHN)

2006 Torino
details
 Tatiana Totmianina
and Maxim Marinin (RUS)
 Zhang Dan
and Zhang Hao (CHN)
 Shen Xue
and Zhao Hongbo (CHN)

2010 Vancouver
details
 Shen Xue
and Zhao Hongbo (CHN)
 Pang Qing
and Tong Jian (CHN)
 Aliona Savchenko
and Robin Szolkowy (GER)

2014 Sochi
details
 Tatiana Volosozhar
and Maxim Trankov (RUS)
 Ksenia Stolbova
and Fedor Klimov (RUS)
 Aliona Savchenko
and Robin Szolkowy (GER)

2018 Pyeongchang
details
 Aliona Savchenko
and Bruno Massot (GER)
 Sui Wenjing
and Han Cong (CHN)
 Meagan Duhamel
and Eric Radford (CAN)

text: Ice dancing[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1976 Innsbruck
details
 Lyudmila Pakhomova
and Aleksandr Gorshkov (URS)
 Irina Moiseyeva
and Andrei Minenkov (URS)
 Colleen O'Connor
and James Millns (USA)

1980 Lake Placid
details
 Natalia Linichuk
and Gennadi Karponossov (URS)
 Krisztina Regőczy
and András Sallay (HUN)
 Irina Moiseyeva
and Andrei Minenkov (URS)

1984 Sarajevo
details
 Jayne Torvill
and Christopher Dean (GBR)
 Natalia Bestemianova
and Andrei Bukin (URS)
 Marina Klimova
and Sergei Ponomarenko (URS)

1988 Calgary
details
 Natalia Bestemianova
and Andrei Bukin (URS)
 Marina Klimova
and Sergei Ponomarenko (URS)
 Tracy Wilson
and Robert McCall (CAN)

1992 Albertville
details
 Marina Klimova
and Sergei Ponomarenko (EUN)
 Isabelle Duchesnay
and Paul Duchesnay (FRA)
 Maya Usova
and Alexander Zhulin (EUN)

1994 Lillehammer
details
 Oksana Grishuk
and Evgeny Platov (RUS)
 Maya Usova
and Alexander Zhulin (RUS)
 Jayne Torvill
and Christopher Dean (GBR)

1998 Nagano
details
 Oksana Grishuk
and Evgeny Platov (RUS)
 Anjelika Krylova
and Oleg Ovsyannikov (RUS)
 Marina Anissina
and Gwendal Peizerat (FRA)

2002 Salt Lake City
details
 Marina Anissina
and Gwendal Peizerat (FRA)
 Irina Lobacheva
and Ilia Averbukh (RUS)
 Barbara Fusar-Poli
and Maurizio Margaglio (ITA)

2006 Torino
details
 Tatiana Navka
and Roman Kostomarov (RUS)
 Tanith Belbin
and Benjamin Agosto (USA)
 Elena Grushina
and Ruslan Goncharov (UKR)

2010 Vancouver
details
 Tessa Virtue
and Scott Moir (CAN)
 Meryl Davis
and Charlie White (USA)
 Oksana Domnina
and Maxim Shabalin (RUS)

2014 Sochi
details
 Meryl Davis
and Charlie White (USA)
 Tessa Virtue
and Scott Moir (CAN)
 Elena Ilinykh
and Nikita Katsalapov (RUS)

2018 Pyeongchang
details
 Tessa Virtue
and Scott Moir (CAN)
 Gabriella Papadakis
and Guillaume Cizeron (FRA)
 Maia Shibutani
and Alex Shibutani (USA)

text: Team event[edit]

text: The team event is the newest Olympic figure skating event, first contested in the 2014 Games. It combines the four Olympic figure skating disciplines (men's singles, ladies' singles, pairs, and ice dancing) into a single event with the team earning the most placement points winning gold.

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

2014 Sochi
details
 Russia (RUS)
Evgeni Plushenko
Yulia Lipnitskaya
Ksenia Stolbova
Fedor Klimov
Elena Ilinykh
Nikita Katsalapov
Tatiana Volosozhar
Maxim Trankov
Ekaterina Bobrova
Dmitri Soloviev
 Canada (CAN)
Patrick Chan
Kevin Reynolds
Kaetlyn Osmond
Meagan Duhamel
Eric Radford
Kirsten Moore-Towers
Dylan Moscovitch
Tessa Virtue
Scott Moir
 United States (USA)
Jeremy Abbott
Jason Brown
Ashley Wagner
Gracie Gold
Marissa Castelli
Simon Shnapir
Meryl Davis
Charlie White

2018 Pyeongchang
details
 Canada (CAN)
Patrick Chan
Kaetlyn Osmond
Gabrielle Daleman
Meagan Duhamel
Eric Radford
Tessa Virtue
Scott Moir
 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
Mikhail Kolyada
Evgenia Medvedeva
Alina Zagitova
Evgenia Tarasova
Vladimir Morozov
Natalia Zabiiako
Alexander Enbert
Ekaterina Bobrova
Dmitri Soloviev
 United States (USA)
Nathan Chen
Adam Rippon
Bradie Tennell
Mirai Nagasu
Alexa Scimeca Knierim
Chris Knierim
Maia Shibutani
Alex Shibutani

text: Multi-medalists[edit]

text: Most medals[edit]

text: Gillis Grafström earned the most medals in a single event: four medals, three of which gold, in men's singles. The only other skaters to have earned three golds in a single discipline are Sonja Henie in ladies' singles and Irina Rodnina in pairs.

text: Counting multiple events, Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir hold the record for the most medals, with a total of five medals including two golds in ice dancing and a team event gold. Evgeni Plushenko earned four medals, including a gold in men's singles and a team event gold.

text: Figure skaters who won three or more medal at the Olympics are listed below:[6]

text:
Athlete
Nation
Events
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Virtue, TessaTessa Virtue / Moir, ScottScott Moir
 Canada (CAN)
ice dancing & team
2010–2018
3
2
0
5

Grafström, GillisGillis Grafström
 Sweden (SWE)
men's singles
1920–1932
3
1
0
4

Henie, SonjaSonja Henie
 Norway (NOR)
ladies' singles
1928–1936
3
0
0
3

Rodnina, IrinaIrina Rodnina[c]
 Soviet Union (URS)
pairs
1972–1980
3
0
0
3

Plushenko, EvgeniEvgeni Plushenko
 Russia (RUS)
men's singles & team
2002–2014
2
2
0
4

Dmitriev, ArturArtur Dmitriev[d]
 Unified Team (EUN)
 Russia (RUS)
pairs
1992–1998
2
1
0
3

Brunet, AndréeAndrée Brunet / Brunet, PierrePierre Brunet
 France (FRA)
pairs
1924–1932
2
0
1
3

Chan, PatrickPatrick Chan
 Canada (CAN)
men's singles & team
2014–2018
1
2
0
3

Klimova, MarinaMarina Klimova / Ponomarenko, SergeiSergei Ponomarenko
 Soviet Union (URS)
 Unified Team (EUN)
ice dancing
1984–1992
1
1
1
3

Davis, MerylMeryl Davis / White, CharlieCharlie White
 United States (USA)
ice dancing & team
2010–2014
1
1
1
3

Meagan Duhamel !Meagan Duhamel / Eric Radford !Eric Radford
 Canada (CAN)
pairs & team
2014–2018
1
1
1
3

Kaetlyn Osmond !Kaetlyn Osmond
 Canada (CAN)
ladies' singles & team
2014–2018
1
1
1
3

Shen Xue !Shen Xue / Zhao Hongbo !Zhao Hongbo
 China (CHN)
pairs
2002–2010
1
0
2
3

Savchenko, AlionaAliona Savchenko[e]
 Germany (GER)
pairs
2010–2018
1
0
2
3

Loughran, BeatrixBeatrix Loughran
 United States (USA)
ladies' singles & pairs
1924–1932
0
2
1
3

text: Multiple golds[edit]

text: The only skaters with three consecutive titles are Gillis Grafström in men's singles, Sonja Henie in ladies' singles, and Irina Rodnina in pairs. The most consecutive titles in ice dance is two, which has only been achieved by Oksana Grishuk and Evgeny Platov. In addition, one ladies' singles skater, three men's singles skaters, and five pairs skaters have earned consecutive titles. Two ice dancers and three pair skaters have earned non-consecutive titles.

text: Five skaters have won Olympic gold medals in multiple events. Evgeni Plushenko won gold in men's singles in 2006 and team event gold in 2014. Tatiana Volosozhar and Maxim Trankov were the first skaters to win multiple events at a single Olympics, winning both pairs and team event. Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir matched this feat four years later, earning golds in ice dancing and team event.

text:
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Golds
Event(s)

Grafström, GillisGillis Grafström
 Sweden (SWE)
1920–1928
3
men's singles

Henie, SonjaSonja Henie
 Norway (NOR)
1928–1936
3
ladies' singles

Rodnina, IrinaIrina Rodnina[c]
 Soviet Union (URS)
1972–1980
3
pairs

Virtue, TessaTessa Virtue / Moir, ScottScott Moir
 Canada (CAN)
2010, 2018
3
2 in ice dancing (2010, 2018)
1 in team event (2018)

Schäfer, KarlKarl Schäfer
 Austria (AUT)
1932–1936
2
men's singles

Button, DickDick Button
 United States (USA)
1948–1952
2
men's singles

Hanyu, YuzuruYuzuru Hanyu
 Japan (JPN)
2014–2018
2
men's singles

Plushenko, EvgeniEvgeni Plushenko
 Russia (RUS)
2006, 2014
2
1 in men's singles (2006)
1 in team event (2014)

Witt, KatarinaKatarina Witt
 East Germany (GDR)
1984–1988
2
ladies' singles

Brunet, AndréeAndrée Brunet / Brunet, PierrePierre Brunet
 France (FRA)
1928–1932
2
pairs

Belousova, LudmilaLudmila Belousova / Protopopov, OlegOleg Protopopov
 Soviet Union (URS)
1964–1968
2
pairs

Zaitsev, AlexanderAlexander Zaitsev[c]
 Soviet Union (URS)
1976–1980
2
pairs

Gordeeva, EkaterinaEkaterina Gordeeva / Grinkov, SergeiSergei Grinkov
 Soviet Union (URS)
 Russia (RUS)
1988, 1994
2
pairs

Dmitriev, ArturArtur Dmitriev[d]
 Unified Team (EUN)
 Russia (RUS)
1992, 1998
2
pairs

Volosozhar, TatianaTatiana Volosozhar / Trankov, MaximMaxim Trankov
 Russia (RUS)
2014
2
1 in pairs
1 in team event

Grishuk, OksanaOksana Grishuk / Platov, EvgenyEvgeny Platov
 Russia (RUS)
1994–1998
2
ice dancing

text: Multi-medalists by event[edit]

text: Men's singles[edit]

text:
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Grafström, GillisGillis Grafström
 Sweden (SWE)
1920–1932
3
1
0
4

Schäfer, KarlKarl Schäfer
 Austria (AUT)
1932–1936
2
0
0
2

Button, DickDick Button
 United States (USA)
1948–1952
2
0
0
2

Hanyu, YuzuruYuzuru Hanyu
 Japan (JPN)
2014–2018
2
0
0
2

Plushenko, EvgeniEvgeni Plushenko
 Russia (RUS)
2002–2014
1
2
0
3

Jenkins, DavidDavid Jenkins
 United States (USA)
1956–1960
1
0
1
2

Petrenko, ViktorViktor Petrenko
 Soviet Union (URS)
 Unified Team (EUN)
1988–1992
1
0
1
2

Böckl, WillyWilly Böckl
 Austria (AUT)
1924–1928
0
2
0
2

Orser, BrianBrian Orser
 Canada (CAN)
1984–1988
0
2
0
2

Stojko, ElvisElvis Stojko
 Canada (CAN)
1994–1998
0
2
0
2

Péra, PatrickPatrick Péra
 France (FRA)
1968–1972
0
0
2
2

Candeloro, PhilippePhilippe Candeloro
 France (FRA)
1994–1998
0
0
2
2

text: Ladies' singles[edit]

text:
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Henie, SonjaSonja Henie
 Norway (NOR)
1928–1936
3
0
0
3

Witt, KatarinaKatarina Witt
 East Germany (GDR)
1984–1988
2
0
0
2

Albright, TenleyTenley Albright
 United States (USA)
1952–1956
1
1
0
2

Heiss, CarolCarol Heiss
 United States (USA)
1956–1960
1
1
0
2

Dijkstra, SjoukjeSjoukje Dijkstra
 Netherlands (NED)
1960–1964
1
1
0
2

Kim, YunaYuna Kim
 South Korea (KOR)
2010–2014
1
1
0
2

Altwegg, JeannetteJeannette Altwegg
 Great Britain (GBR)
1948–1952
1
0
1
2

Burger, FritziFritzi Burger
 Austria (AUT)
1928–1932
0
2
0
2

Loughran, BeatrixBeatrix Loughran
 United States (USA)
1924–1928
0
1
1
2

Kerrigan, NancyNancy Kerrigan
 United States (USA)
1992–1994
0
1
1
2

Kwan, MichelleMichelle Kwan
 United States (USA)
1998–2002
0
1
1
2

Slutskaya, IrinaIrina Slutskaya
 Russia (RUS)
2002–2006
0
1
1
2

Chen, Lu !Chen Lu
 China (CHN)
1994–1998
0
0
2
2

text: Pairs[edit]

text:
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Rodnina, IrinaIrina Rodnina[c]
 Soviet Union (URS)
1972–1980
3
0
0
3

Dmitriev, ArturArtur Dmitriev[d]
 Unified Team (EUN)
 Russia (RUS)
1992–1998
2
1
0
3

Brunet, AndréeAndrée Brunet / Brunet, PierrePierre Brunet
 France (FRA)
1924–1932
2
0
1
3

Belousova, LudmilaLudmila Belousova / Protopopov, OlegOleg Protopopov
 Soviet Union (URS)
1964–1968
2
0
0
2

Zaitsev, AlexanderAlexander Zaitsev[c]
 Soviet Union (URS)
1976–1980
2
0
0
2

Gordeeva, EkaterinaEkaterina Gordeeva / Grinkov, SergeiSergei Grinkov
 Soviet Union (URS)
 Russia (RUS)
1988, 1994
2
0
0
2

Jakobsson, LudowikaLudowika Jakobsson / Jakobsson, WalterWalter Jakobsson
 Finland (FIN)
1920–1924
1
1
0
2

Mishkutenok, NataliaNatalia Mishkutenok[d]
 Unified Team (EUN)
 Russia (RUS)
1992–1994
1
1
0
2

Berezhnaya, ElenaElena Berezhnaya / Sikharulidze, AntonAnton Sikharulidze
 Russia (RUS)
1998–2002
1
1
0
2

Shen, Xue !Shen Xue / Zhao, Hongbo !Zhao Hongbo
 China (CHN)
2002–2010
1
0
2
3

Savchenko, AlionaAliona Savchenko[e]
 Germany (GER)
2010–2018
1
0
2
3

Kilius, MarikaMarika Kilius / Bäumler, Hans-JürgenHans-Jürgen Bäumler
 United Team of Germany (EUA)
1960–1964
0
2
0
2

Johnson, PhyllisPhyllis Johnson[f]
 Great Britain (GBR)
1908–1920
0
1
1
2

Rotter, EmíliaEmília Rotter / Szollás, LászlóLászló Szollás
 Hungary (HUN)
1932–1936
0
0
2
2

Nagy, MariannaMarianna Nagy / Nagy, LászlóLászló Nagy
 Hungary (HUN)
1952–1956
0
0
2
2

Groß, ManuelaManuela Groß / Kagelmann, UweUwe Kagelmann
 East Germany (GDR)
1972–1976
0
0
2
2

Brasseur, IsabelleIsabelle Brasseur / Eisler, LloydLloyd Eisler
 Canada (CAN)
1992–1994
0
0
2
2

Szolkowy, RobinRobin Szolkowy[e]
 Germany (GER)
2010–2014
0
0
2
2

text: Ice dancing[edit]

text:
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Virtue, TessaTessa Virtue / Moir, ScottScott Moir
 Canada (CAN)
2010–2018
2
1
0
3

Grishuk, OksanaOksana Grishuk / Platov, EvgenyEvgeny Platov
 Russia (RUS)
1994–1998
2
0
0
2

Klimova, MarinaMarina Klimova / Ponomarenko, SergeiSergei Ponomarenko
 Soviet Union (URS)
 Unified Team (EUN)
1984–1992
1
1
1
3

Bestemianova, NataliaNatalia Bestemianova / Bukin, AndreiAndrei Bukin
 Soviet Union (URS)
1984–1988
1
1
0
2

Davis, MerylMeryl Davis / White, CharlieCharlie White
 United States (USA)
2010–2014
1
1
0
2

Torvill, JayneJayne Torvill / Dean, ChristopherChristopher Dean
 Great Britain (GBR)
1984, 1994
1
0
1
2

Anissina, MarinaMarina Anissina / Peizerat, GwendalGwendal Peizerat
 France (FRA)
1998–2002
1
0
1
2

Usova, MayaMaya Usova / Zhulin, AlexanderAlexander Zhulin
 Unified Team (EUN)
 Russia (RUS)
1992–1994
0
1
1
2

text: Team event[edit]

text:
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Bobrova, EkaterinaEkaterina Bobrova / Soloviev, DmitriDmitri Soloviev
 Russia (RUS)
 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
2014–2018
1
1
0
2

Chan, PatrickPatrick Chan
Osmond, KaetlynKaetlyn Osmond
Duhamel, MeaganMeagan Duhamel / Radford, EricEric Radford
Virtue, TessaTessa Virtue / Moir, ScottScott Moir
 Canada (CAN)
2014–2018
1
1
0
2

text: Multiple events[edit]

text: Only three skaters have won Olympic medals in multiple figure skating disciplines. All other multi-event medalists won medals in their discipline plus the team event (which, while being a separate event, is not considered its own skating discipline).

text: Two disciplines[edit]

text: In 1908, Madge Syers became the first skater to medal in multiple figure skating disciplines at a single Olympics. The only skater to match this feat was Ernst Baier in 1936. The only other skater to medal in multiple disciplines was Beatrix Loughran who did so at separate Olympics.

text: No skater has won gold medals in multiple disciplines.

text:
Athlete
Nation
Disciplines
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Baier, ErnstErnst Baier
 Germany (GER)
men's singles

pairs
1936
0

1
1

0
0

0
2

Syers, MadgeMadge Syers
 Great Britain (GBR)
ladies' singles

pairs
1908
1

0
0

0
0

1
2

Loughran, BeatrixBeatrix Loughran
 United States (USA)
ladies' singles

pairs
1924–1928

1932
0

0
1

1
1

0
3

text: One discipline plus team event[edit]

text: The team event was introduced at the 2014 Winter Olympics. It allowed skaters to medal twice while skating one discipline.

text: On 9 February 2014, Evgeni Plushenko became the first skater to win multiple figure skating events. On 12 February 2014, Tatiana Volosozhar and Maxim Trankov became the first skaters to win multiple events at a single Olympics. Four years later, Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir matched this feat.

text: The below table lists all skaters who have medaled in their own discipline and in the team event. (Team event medals are indicated by "T" in the gold, silver, and bronze columns.)

text:
Athlete
Nation
Discipline
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Virtue, TessaTessa Virtue / Moir, ScottScott Moir
 Canada (CAN)
ice dancing
2010–2018
2 + 1T
1 + 1T
0
5

Plushenko, EvgeniEvgeni Plushenko
 Russia (RUS)
men's singles
2002–2014
1 + 1T
2
0
4

Volosozhar, TatianaTatiana Volosozhar / Trankov, MaximMaxim Trankov
 Russia (RUS)
pairs
2014
1 + 1T
0
0
2

Chan, PatrickPatrick Chan
 Canada (CAN)
men's singles
2014–2018
0 + 1T
1 + 1T
0
3

Davis, MerylMeryl Davis / White, CharlieCharlie White
 United States (USA)
ice dancing
2010–2014
1
1
0 + 1T
3

Duhamel, MeaganMeagan Duhamel / Radford, EricEric Radford
 Canada (CAN)
pairs
2014–2018
0 + 1T
0 + 1T
1
3

Osmond, KaetlynKaetlyn Osmond
 Canada (CAN)
ladies' singles
2014–2018
0 + 1T
0 + 1T
1
3

Stolbova, KseniaKsenia Stolbova / Klimov, FedorFedor Klimov
 Russia (RUS)
pairs
2014
0 + 1T
1
0
2

Zagitova, AlinaAlina Zagitova
 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
ladies' singles
2018
1
0 + 1T
0
2

Ilinykh, ElenaElena Ilinykh / Katsalapov, NikitaNikita Katsalapov
 Russia (RUS)
ice dancing
2014
0 + 1T
0
1
2

Medvedeva, EvgeniaEvgenia Medvedeva
 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
ladies' singles
2018
0
1 + 1T
0
2

Shibutani, MaiaMaia Shibutani / Shibutani, AlexAlex Shibutani
 United States (USA)
ice dancing
2018
0
0
1 + 1T
2

text: Summer and Winter Games[edit]

text: Since figure skating was held during the Summer Olympic Games in 1908 and 1920 before being moved to the Winter Olympics Games, three skaters medeled in figure skating in both the Summer and Winter Games.

text: Men's singles skater Gillis Grafström's first gold medal was earned at the 1920 Summer Olympics. His other three medals were won at the 1924–1932 Winter Games. Pair skaters Ludowika Jakobsson and Walter Jakobsson also earned gold during the 1920 Summer Olympics. They later medaled at the 1924 Winter Games.

text: Country records[edit]

text: Winning streak[edit]

text: From 1964 to 2006, Russian figure skaters—representing the Soviet Union, the Unified Team, or Russia—won the gold medal in the pairs event, in what is the longest series of victories for one country in one winter event.[7]

text: Events won[edit]

text: Russian figure skaters, counting both Russian Federation (IOC code RUS) and Russian Empire (IOC code RU1), hold the unique record for earning gold medals in all six Olympic figure skating events. Since men's special figures was discontinued, this record can not be matched.

text: Russia (IOC code RUS) is the only NOC to have earning gold medals in all five current Olympic figure skating events. Canada has earned gold medals in four of the events (all except men's singles). Great Britain, Unified Team, and United States have earned gold medals in three of the events.

text: Russia and the Unified Team are the only NOCs to have won three events at the same Olympics, at the 2014 Winter Olympics and the 1992 Winter Olympics respectively. No NOC has won more than three figure skating events at a single Olympics.

text: Podium sweeps[edit]

text: There has been two podium sweeps in Olympic figure skating history. This is when athletes from one NOC win all three medals in a single event.

text:
Games
Event
NOC
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1908 London
Men's singles
 Sweden (SWE)
Ulrich Salchow
Richard Johansson
Per Thorén

1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo
Men's singles
 United States (USA)
Hayes Alan Jenkins
Ronnie Robertson
David Jenkins

text: Medal totals by country[edit]

text: Men's singles[edit]

text:
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 United States (USA)
7
3
5
15

2
 Sweden (SWE)
4
2
1
7

3
 Russia (RUS)
4
2

6

4
 Austria (AUT)
3
3
2
8

5
 Japan (JPN)
2
1
1
4

6
 Great Britain (GBR)
2

2

7
 Czechoslovakia (TCH)
1
1
2
4

8
 Unified Team (EUN)
1

1

 United Team of Germany (EUA)
1

1

10
 Canada (CAN)

5
4
9

11
 Soviet Union (URS)

2
1
3

 Switzerland (SUI)

2
1
3

13
 France (FRA)

1
4
5

14
 Norway (NOR)

1
1
2

15
 East Germany (GDR)

1

1

/ Germany (GER)

1

1

17
 Belgium (BEL)

1
1

 Kazakhstan (KAZ)

1
1

 Spain (ESP)

1
1

text: Men's special figures[edit]

text:
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 Russian Empire (RU1)
1

1

2
 Great Britain (GBR)

1
1
2

text: Ladies' singles[edit]

text:
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 United States (USA)
7
8
8
23

2
 East Germany (GDR)
3
1
1
5

3
 Norway (NOR)
3

3

4
 Austria (AUT)
2
4
1
7

5
 Great Britain (GBR)
2
1
3
6

6
 Canada (CAN)
1
2
3
6

7
 Japan (JPN)
1
2

3

 Netherlands (NED)
1
2

3

9
 Russia (RUS)
1
1
1
3

 Sweden (SWE)
1
1
1
3

11
 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
1
1

2

 South Korea (KOR)
1
1

2

13
 Ukraine (UKR)
1

1

14
/ Germany (GER)

1

1

15
 China (CHN)

2
2

16
 Czechoslovakia (TCH)

1
1

 France (FRA)

1
1

 Italy (ITA)

1
1

 Soviet Union (URS)

1
1

 West Germany (FRG)

1
1

text: Pairs[edit]

text:
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 Soviet Union (URS)
7
4
1
12

2
 Russia (RUS)
5
3

8

3
// Germany (GER)
4

3
7

4
 Canada (CAN)
2
2
4
8

5
 Austria (AUT)
2
2
1
5

6
 France (FRA)
2

1
3

7
 China (CHN)
1
3
2
6

8
 Finland (FIN)
1
1

2

 Unified Team (EUN)
1
1

2

10
 Belgium (BEL)
1

1

11
 United States (USA)

3
3
6

12
 United Team of Germany (EUA)

2

2

13
 Hungary (HUN)

1
4
5

14
 East Germany (GDR)

1
3
4

15
 Great Britain (GBR)

1
2
3

16
 Norway (NOR)

1

1

17
 West Germany (FRG)

1
1

text: Ice dancing[edit]

text:
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 Russia (RUS)
3
3
2
8

 Soviet Union (URS)
3
3
2
8

3
 Canada (CAN)
2
1
1
4

4
 United States (USA)
1
2
2
5

5
 France (FRA)
1
2
1
4

6
 Unified Team (EUN)
1

1
2

 Great Britain (GBR)
1

1
2

8
 Hungary (HUN)

1

1

9
 Italy (ITA)

1
1

 Ukraine (UKR)

1
1

text: Team event[edit]

text:
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 Canada (CAN)
1
1

2

2
 Russia (RUS)
1

1

3
 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)

1

1

4
 United States (USA)

2
2


document_title: Smokey and the Bandit

question_text: who played sheriff in smokey and the bandit

text: Smokey and the Bandit

text: Plot[edit]

text: Wealthy Texan Big Enos Burdette (Pat McCormick) and his son Little Enos (Paul Williams) seek a truck driver willing to bootleg Coors beer to Georgia for their refreshment. At the time, Coors was regarded as one of the finest beers in the United States,[3] but it could not be legally sold east of the Mississippi River. Truck drivers who had taken the bet previously had been caught and arrested by "Smokey" (CB slang for highway patrol officers, referring to the Smokey Bear–type hats worn in some states).

text: The Burdettes find legendary trucker Bo "Bandit" Darville (Burt Reynolds) competing in a truck rodeo at Lakewood Fairgrounds in Atlanta; they offer him $80,000 to haul 400 cases of Coors beer from Texarkana, Texas back to Atlanta in 28 hours; Big Enos has sponsored a driver running in the Southern Classic stockcar race and "when he wins I want to celebrate in style." Bandit accepts the bet and recruits his partner Cledus "Snowman" Snow (Jerry Reed) to drive the truck, while Bandit drives the "blocker", a black Pontiac Trans Am bought on an advance from the Burdettes, to divert attention away from the truck and its illegal cargo.

text: The trip to Texas is mostly uneventful except for at least one pursuing Arkansas State Trooper whom Bandit evades with ease. They reach Texarkana an hour ahead of schedule, load their truck with the beer and head back toward Atlanta. Immediately upon starting the second leg of the run, Bandit picks up runaway bride Carrie (Sally Field), whom he eventually nicknames "Frog" because she is "kinda cute like a frog" and "always hoppin' around". But in so doing, Bandit makes himself a target of Texas Sheriff Buford T. Justice (Jackie Gleason), a career lawman whose handsome but slow-witted son Junior (Mike Henry) was to have been Carrie's bridegroom. Ignoring his own jurisdiction, Sheriff Justice, with Junior in tow, chases Bandit all the way to Georgia, even as various mishaps cause his cruiser to disintegrate around them.

text: The remainder of the film is one lengthy high-speed chase, as Bandit's antics attract more and more attention from local and state police across Dixie while Snowman barrels on toward Atlanta with the contraband beer. Bandit and Snowman are helped along the way via CB radio by many colorful characters, including an undertaker with his hearse driver and their funeral procession, an elderly lady, a drive-in waitress and all her customers, a convoy of trucks, and even a madam who runs a brothel out of her RV. Neither Sheriff Justice nor any other police officers have any knowledge of Snowman's illegal manifest.

text: The chase intensifies as Bandit and Snowman get closer to Atlanta; moments after crossing back into Georgia, Bandit comes to the rescue when Snowman is pulled over by a Georgia State Patrol motorcycle patrolman, and state and local police step up their pursuit with more cruisers, larger roadblocks, and even a police helicopter to track Bandit's movements. Discouraged by the unexpected mounting attention, and with just four miles left to go, Bandit is about to give up, but Snowman refuses to listen and takes the lead, smashing through the police roadblock at the entrance to the fairgrounds. They arrive back at Lakewood Speedway (while the Southern Classic race is being run) with only 10 minutes to spare, but instead of taking the payoff, Frog and Bandit accept a double-or-nothing offer from Little Enos — a challenge to run up to Boston and bring back clam chowder in 18 hours. They quickly escape in one of Big Enos' Cadillac convertibles, passing Sheriff Justice's badly damaged police car by the side of the road. Bandit first directs Sheriff Justice to Big and Little Enos, but then in a gesture of respect, reveals his true location and invites Justice to give chase, leaving Junior behind.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Burt Reynolds as Bo Darville ("Bandit")
Sally Field as Carrie ("Frog")
Jerry Reed as Cledus Snow ("Snowman")
Jackie Gleason as Sheriff Buford T. Justice ("Smokey")
Mike Henry as Junior Justice
Pat McCormick as Big Enos Burdette
Paul Williams as Little Enos Burdette
Macon McCalman as Mr. B
Susan McIver as Hot Pants
George Reynolds as Sheriff George Branford
Laura Lizer Sommers as Little Beaver
Michael Mann as Branford's Deputy
Lamar Jackson as Sugar Bear
Ronnie Gay as Georgia Trooper
Quinnon Sheffield as Alabama Trooper
Alfie Wise as Alabama Patrolman
Pat Hustis as Tow Truck Driver
Ingeborg Kjeldsen as Foxy Lady
Ben Jones as Trucker #1
Joe Klecko as Trucker #2
Hank Worden as Trucker #3

text: Production[edit]

text: Director Hal Needham originally planned the film as a low-budget B movie with a production cost of $1 million,[2] with Jerry Reed as the Bandit. It was not until Needham's friend Burt Reynolds read the script, and said he would star, that the film was aimed at a more mainstream release; Reed would now portray Bandit's friend Snowman (Reed would eventually play the Bandit in Smokey and the Bandit Part 3). At that time Reynolds was the top box office star in the world. In the original script Carrie was called Kate while Big Enos and Little Enos were called Kyle and Dickey. Bandit's car was a second generation Ford Mustang and the prize for completing the run was a new truck rather than $80,000.[4]

text: Burt Reynolds revealed in his autobiography that Needham had written the first draft script on legal pads. Upon showing it to his friend, Reynolds told Needham that it was the worst script he had ever read but that he would still make the movie. Most of the dialogue was improvised on set.[5]

text: Universal Studios bankrolled Smokey and the Bandit for $5.3 million, figuring it was a good risk.[2] Just two days before production was to begin, Universal sent a "hatchet man" to Atlanta to inform Needham that the budget was being trimmed by $1 million. With Reynolds' salary at $1 million, Needham was left with only $3.3 million to make the film. Needham and assistant director David Hamburger spent 30 hours revising the shooting schedule.[2]

text: "Buford T. Justice" was the name of a real Florida Highway Patrolman known to Reynolds' father, who was once Police Chief of Riviera Beach, Florida. His father was also the inspiration for the word "sumbitch" used in the film, a variation of the phrase "son-of-a-bitch" that, according to Reynolds, he uttered quite often.

text: Jackie Gleason was given free rein to ad-lib dialogue and make suggestions. It was his idea to have Junior alongside him throughout. In particular, the scene where Sheriff Justice unknowingly encounters the Bandit in the "choke and puke" (a roadside diner) wasn't in the original story, but rather was Gleason's idea.

text: Before Gleason was cast in the film, Richard Boone was originally considered for the role of Buford T. Justice.[5]

text: Sally Field only accepted the part after her agent advised her that she needed a big movie role on her resume. Reynolds actively pushed for her casting after Universal initially resisted, claiming Field was not attractive enough. Field enjoyed making the film, but remembers that virtually the entire project was improvised.

text: Reportedly, Needham had great difficulty getting any studios or producers to take his project seriously, as in the film industry, he was better known as a stuntman. He managed to obtain studio attention after his friend Reynolds agreed to portray the Bandit in the film.

text: The movie was primarily filmed in Georgia in the cities of McDonough, Jonesboro and Lithonia. The scenes set in Texarkana were filmed in Jonesboro and the surrounding area, and many of the chase scenes were filmed in the surrounding areas on Highway 54 between Fayetteville and Jonesboro for a majority of the driving scenes, Mundy's Mill Road, Main Street in Jonesboro, Georgia State Route 400, I-85 (Pleasant Hill exit), and in McDonough. However, the scene where they drive through the Shell gas station was filmed in Ojai, California on the corner of Ojai and El Paseo. Much of the surrounding scene comes from that immediate vicinity. The scene featuring the racetrack was filmed at Lakewood Speedway at the old Lakewood Fairgrounds on the south side of Atlanta. The roller coaster seen in the movie was the Greyhound. It had not been used for some time and was repainted for the film. It was destroyed in Smokey and the Bandit II and a flashback scene in Part 3.[6]

text: The film's theme song, "East Bound and Down", was written virtually overnight by Jerry Reed. He gave Needham a preview of the song, and when initially he got no reaction from the director, offered to rewrite the song. Needham, however, liked the song so much he assured Jerry not to change a word. It became one of Reed's biggest hits and his signature number.[7]

text: The area around Helen, Georgia was also used for some locations. The scene where Buford T. Justice's car has the door knocked off by a passing semi truck was shot on Georgia State Route 75, 3 miles (4.8 km) north of Helen. The tow truck driver was a local garage owner, Berlin Wike.

text: The film features the custom clothing and costuming of Niver Western Wear of Fort Worth, Texas.[8] Niver provided much of the western attire worn in the film, as well as the custom-made sheriff's uniforms (waist size 64 inches) that Jackie Gleason wore throughout the film.

text: Reynolds and Sally Field began dating during the filming of Smokey and the Bandit.

text: While made to take advantage of the ongoing 1970s CB radio fad, the film added to the craze.[9]

text: Though the film Moonrunners (1975) is the precursor to the television series The Dukes of Hazzard (1979-1985), from the same creator and with many identical settings and concepts, the popularity of Smokey and the Bandit and similar films helped get the Dukes series on air. Three actors from the main cast of The Dukes of Hazzard appear in small uncredited roles in Smokey and the Bandit: Ben Jones, John Schneider and Sonny Shroyer (who played a police officer in both). In return, Reynolds portrayed the Dukes character Boss Hogg (originally portrayed by Sorrell Booke) in the film adaptation The Dukes of Hazzard (2005). Reynolds is also referenced by name in several early episodes of the series.

text: Vehicles[edit]

text: Needham saw an advertisement for the soon-to-be-released 1977 Pontiac Trans Am and knew right away that would be the Bandit's car, or, as Needham referred to it, a character in the movie. He contacted Pontiac and an agreement was made that four 1977 Trans Ams and two Pontiac LeMans 4-door sedans would be provided for the movie.[10] The Trans Ams were actually 1976-model cars with 1977 front ends. (From 1970 to 1976, both the Firebird/Trans Am and Chevrolet Camaro had two round headlights, and in 1977, the Firebird/Trans Am was changed to four square headlights, while the Camaro remained unchanged.) The decals were also changed to 1977-style units, as evidenced by the engine size callouts on the hood scoop being in liters rather than cubic inches, as had been the case in 1976. The hood scoop on these cars says "6.6 LITRE", which in 1977 would have denoted an Oldsmobile 403-equipped car or a non W-72, 180 hp version of the 400 Pontiac engine. All four of the cars were badly damaged during production,[11] one of which was all but destroyed during the jump over the dismantled bridge. The Trans Am used for the dismantled bridge jump was equipped with a booster rocket, the same type that was used by Evel Knievel during his failed Snake River Canyon jump. Needham served as the driver for the stunt (standing in for Reynolds) while Lada St. Edmund was in the same car (standing in for Sally Field during the jump). By the movie's ending, the final surviving Trans Am and LeMans were both barely running and the other cars had become parts donors to keep them running. The Burdettes' car is a 1974 Cadillac Eldorado convertible painted in a "Candy Red" color scheme, and is seen briefly at the beginning of the movie and as Bandit, Snowman, Fred, and Frog make their escape in the final scene.

text: The film also made use of three Kenworth W900A short-frame semi trucks, which Jerry Reed can be seen driving, each equipped with 38-inch sleepers. Two units were 1974 models as evidenced by standard silver Kenworth emblems on the truck grille, and one unit was a 1973 model as evidenced by the gold-painted Kenworth emblem on the truck's grille signifying Kenworth's 50 years in business. The paint code for each truck was coffee brown with gold trims, and the 48-foot (15 m) mural trailer used was manufactured by Hobbs Trailers in Texas with a non-operational Thermo King Refrigeration unit. This is obvious, because there is no fuel tank on the underside of the trailer to power the refrigeration unit, and the unit is never heard running.[12]

text: Legal status of Coors beer[edit]

text: In 1977, Coors was unavailable for sale east of Oklahoma. A 1974 Time magazine article explains why Coors was so coveted that one would be willing to pay the Bandit such a high price to transport it. Coors Banquet Beer had a brief renaissance as certain people sought it out for its lack of stabilizers and preservatives. The article says that future Vice President Gerald Ford hid it in his luggage after a trip to Colorado in order to take it back to Washington. President Dwight D. Eisenhower had a steady supply airlifted to Washington by the Air Force. The article also mentions Frederick Amon, who smuggled it from Colorado to North Carolina and sold it for four times the retail price.[13] The lack of additives and preservatives meant that Coors had the potential for spoiling in a week if it were not kept cold throughout its transportation and in storage at its destination. This explains the 28-hour deadline.[14]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Smokey And The Bandit: Music from the Motion Picture

Soundtrack album by Various artists

Released
1977 (1977)

Genre
Truck-driving country
country rock
country
bluegrass
rock

Length
41:11

Label
MCA Records

Producer
Sonny Burke

Singles from Smokey And The Bandit: Music from the Motion Picture

"East Bound and Down"
Released: August 1, 1977

text: The theme music, "East Bound and Down", was sung and co-written by Reed (credited under his birth name, Jerry Hubbard) and Dick Feller. It became Reed's signature song and is found on multiple albums, including Country Legends and his live album Jerry Reed: Live Still. In 1991 it was arranged for orchestra by Crafton Beck and recorded by Erich Kunzel and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra for their album Down on the Farm. Several other groups, such as US rock band Tonic, have also covered it. Reed also penned and performed the song for the opening credits, entitled "The Legend", which tells of some of The Bandit's escapades prior to the events of the film, and the ballad "The Bandit", which features in several versions in the movie and on the soundtrack. Reed's hit not withstanding, Bill Justis is the first name on the credits for the soundtrack as he composed and arranged original music throughout the film. Musicians such as Beegie Adair and George Tidwell played on the soundtrack as part of long careers in music. Legendary five-string banjo player Bobby Thompson is also heard prominently towards the end of "East Bound and Down." The soundtrack album was released in 1977 on vinyl, cassette and 8-track through MCA Records.[15]

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length

1.
"The Legend"
Jerry R. Hubbard
2:09

2.
"Incidental CB Dialogue" (Voice ["bandit"] – Burt Reynolds, Voice ["snowman"] – Jerry Reed)

0:28

3.
"West Bound And Down"
Jerry R. Hubbard, Dick Feller
2:45

4.
"Foxy Lady"
Bill Justis
2:51

5.
"Incidental CB Dialogue" (Voice ["bandit"] – Burt Reynolds, Voice ["smokey"] – Jackie Gleason, Voice ["snowman"] – Jerry Reed)

0:56

6.
"Orange Blossom Special"
Ervin T. Rouse
2:40

7.
"The Bandit"
Dick Feller
3:00

8.
"March Of The Rednecks"
Bill Justis
2:22

9.
"If You Leave Me Tonight I'll Cry"
Gerald Sanford, Hal Mooney
2:47

10.
"East Bound and Down (Incidental CB Dialogue Included)" (Voice ["bandit"] – Burt Reynolds, Voice ["snowman"] – Jerry Reed)
Jerry R. Hubbard, Dick Feller
4:42

11.
"The Bandit"
Dick Feller
2:48

12.
"And The Fight Played On!"
Bill Justis
2:22

13.
"Ma Cousin Plays Steel"
Bill Justis
3:11

14.
"Hot Pants Fuzz Parade"
Bill Justis
4:48

15.
"Incidental CB Dialogue" (Voice ["bandit"] – Burt Reynolds, Voice ["snowman"] – Jerry Reed)

1:05

16.
"The Bandit (Reprise)"
Dick Feller
2:17

Total length:
41:11

text: Reception[edit]

text: Smokey and the Bandit was a smash hit at the box office. With an original budget of $5.3 million (cut to $4.3 million two days before initial production),[2] the film grossed $126,737,428 in North America,[16] making it the second-highest-grossing movie of 1977. The worldwide gross is estimated at over $300 million.[2]

text: Film critic Leonard Maltin gave the film a good rating (3 stars out of a possible 4) and characterized it as "About as subtle as The Three Stooges, but a classic compared to the sequels and countless rip-offs which followed."[17]

text: Gene Siskel, in his review in the Chicago Tribune, gave the film two stars and complained that the film failed to tell the audience when the clock started on the beer run, thus removing suspense throughout the film concerning how long remained to them. He also claimed that Bandit is never made aware of Frog's leaving Junior at the altar, which is why the Bandit continually asks why a Texas sheriff is chasing him. However, this is inaccurate: within seconds of Bandit picking her up, Frog tells him "there is a wedding in search of a bride", and goes on to explain her ill-advised romance with Junior, as Bandit holds up the CB mic for Snowman to hear.

text: The film's editors, Walter Hannemann and Angelo Ross, were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Film Editing. It currently holds an 81% "Fresh" rating on review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 27 reviews.[18]

text: Burt Reynolds rated the film as the one he most enjoyed and had the most fun making in his career.[19]

text: Legendary film maker Alfred Hitchcock stated that the movie was one of his favorites.[20]

text: Upon meeting Burt Reynolds, Billy Bob Thornton told him that the picture was not considered as such in the south, and was considered more of a documentary.[21]

text: Smokey and the Bandit was released in the United Kingdom on August 28, 1977 and was a sizeable success there, garnering positive reviews.[22]

text: American Film Institute Lists

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs – Nominated
AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – Nominated
AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains:

Bandit (Bo Darville) – Nominated Hero

text: Cultural impact[edit]

text: Trans Am[edit]

text: After the debut of the film the Trans Am became wildly popular with sales almost doubling in two years of the film's release, to the delight of General Motors; in fact, it outsold its Camaro counterpart for the first time ever.[23] Reynolds was given the 1977 vehicle used during promotion of the film as a gift, though the car itself never actually appeared in the film. Because of the popularity of the movie and the sales success of the Trans Am, then President of Pontiac Alex Mair promised to supply Reynolds with a Trans Am each year. Owing to his financial difficulties, in 2014 Reynolds put his vast collection of artwork and memorabilia up for auction, including the Trans Am. High estimates for the car were up to $80,000, but that was dwarfed by the actual sale price of $450,000. Also up for auction was a go-kart replica of the car, which sold for nearly $14,000.[24] In 2016, Trans Am Depot, a Florida-based automobile customization company, announced that it would build 77 Trans Ams that would be modeled after the car that Reynolds drove in the 1977 original, despite Pontiac having been discontinued by GM in 2009. These new models were built off the Camaro platform (the very same one that the real Firebird and Trans Am used), came with Pontiac arrowhead, flaming bird and Bandit logos, as well as instrument panels, center consoles and hood scoops emulating their 1977 counterparts, and were signed by Reynolds. Some differences included the use of a supercharged 454-cid (7.4-liter) Chevrolet-sourced engine that put out 840 HP, and four round headlights, which appeared on the 1967-69 Firebirds/Trans Ams only; the actual 1977-81 models had square headlights.[25]

text: Diablo sandwich[edit]

text: The diablo sandwich ordered by Sheriff Justice in the Arkansas barbecue restaurant scene has entered popular culture as a minor reference to the film. While no authoritative source identifies the composition of the sandwich, there are several possibilities. A segment of the CMT program Reel Eats used a sloppy joe-style recipe consisting of seasoned ground beef, corn and sour cream.[26] Another proposal, based more closely on images from the film and the shooting location of the scene (at an Old Hickory House restaurant in Georgia), is pulled pork and hot sauce on a hamburger bun.[27]

text: The Bandit Run[edit]

text: First run in 2007 to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the movie, The Bandit Run was the brainchild of Dave Hall, owner of Restore A Muscle Car. A group of Trans Am owners and fans of the movie take part in an annual road trip from Texarkana to Jonesboro, Georgia, recreating the route taken by the characters in the film.

text: The Bandit Run quickly caught on and has become a fixture, most recently celebrating the 40th anniversary of the movie with a special screening of the film attended by Burt Reynolds and a recreation of the jump undertaken by Bandit and Frog across a river.[28]

text: Mobil 1 commercial[edit]

text: In 2014, petroleum company Mobil 1 produced television commercials, featuring NASCAR star Tony Stewart, closely based on the film. Called Smoke is the Bandit playing on Stewart's nickname, the commercials featured him as the Bandit opposite Darrell Waltrip who played Snowman and Jeff Hammond as Buford T. Justice. The story replaced the Coors beer with Mobil 1 products. The adverts poked fun at the film and even featured a Pontiac Trans Am and a cover version of the song East Bound and Down. The commercials were produced after Stewart mentioned that the movie was one of his favorites.[29]

text: Television censorship and alternative versions[edit]

text: When Smokey and the Bandit first aired on American network television in the early 1980s, censors were faced with the challenge of toning down the raw language of the original film. For this purpose, they overdubbed dialogue deemed offensive, which was (and remains, to an extent) common practice. The most noted change made for network broadcast was the replacing of Buford's often-spoken phrase "sumbitch" (a contraction of "son of a bitch"; usually in reference to the Bandit) with the phrase "scum bum". This phrase achieved a level of popularity with children, and the 2007 Hot Wheels release of the 1970s Firebird Trans Am has "scum bum" emblazoned on its tail. The TV prints of the first two Bandit films are still shown regularly on television, although a few TV stations aired the unedited version in recent years as some of the phraseology (i.e. "(son of a) bitch", "ass", etc.) became more acceptable on TV.

text: The original actors mostly redubbed their own lines for the television version, except for Gleason. Actor Henry Corden, who voiced Fred Flintstone after original performer Alan Reed died, was used to replace a considerable amount of Sheriff Justice's dialogue. This is fitting, as Fred Flintstone was a parody of/homage to Gleason's character Ralph Kramden and The Flintstones was a parody of/homage to The Honeymooners.

text: In the UK, the heavily dubbed version was shown for a number of years, particularly by the BBC. However, in more recent years, the original version has been shown (on ITV, a commercial channel), usually with the stronger language edited out, often quite awkwardly and noticeably.

text: The theatrical release itself had a few lines deleted, including a creative edit in which Sheriff Justice tells a state trooper to "fuck off." His expletive is obscured when a passing big rig sounds its horn. At the time, using the 'F' word would immediately require an R rating which the producers were looking to avoid. This clever self-censorship allowed the film to avoid this rating and reach a much larger audience.

text: In 2006, a DVD re-release was issued of Smokey and the Bandit featuring a digitally-remastered audio track with 5.1 Dolby-compatible surround sound. It should be noted however that many of the film's original sounds were replaced. For instance, the diesel engine start and run up sequence in the opening sequence of the film was completely dubbed over with a totally new sound. A few other examples of "sound effect replacement" occur when Bandit takes off after managing to get a reluctant Cledus involved in the bet, and after he comes to a screeching halt on a roadway moments before picking up Carrie. Some of the original sound effects (such as Cledus' dog Fred's barking) and music (such as the final chase to the Southern Classic) were removed and not replaced. (Note: earlier DVD releases and the 40th Anniversary Blu-ray of the film have the original soundtrack intact.)[30]

text: Major portions of the audio 'background' have been modified with different engine sounds or tire squeals from the original film. The updated version of the film features sounds inaccurate for what would be produced by the Trans Am or the numerous other Pontiac vehicles in the film. The original film had correct sounds that were usually recorded live as the action took place.

text: Some TV versions also feature a longer version of the scene where Cledus wades into the pond after Fred.[31]

text: Spinoff[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2013)

text: A series of television movies aired in 1994. The car featured was a Dodge Stealth.

text: Reboot[edit]

text: In late 2017, Universal Pictures acquired Edgar Wright to direct a reimagining/reboot of the first film, due to the summer of 2019 release.