document_title: Secret ballot

question_text: when was the secret ballot introduced in the us

text: Secret ballot

text: History[edit]

text: In ancient Greece, secret ballots were used in several situations,[1] like ostracism, and also to remain hidden from people seeking favors.

text: In ancient Rome, the laws regulating elections were collectively known as Tabellariae Leges, the first of which was introduced in 139 BC (lex Gabinia tabellaria).[2]

text: Today, the practice of casting secret ballots is so commonplace that most voters would not consider that any other method might be used. Other methods which had been used and which are still used in some places and contexts include "oral votes" as well as Open ballot systems involving the public display of votes or roll calls. Other public voting methods include raising a hand to indicate a vote, or the use of coloured marbles or cards to indicate a voting choice.

text: France[edit]

text: Article 31 of the Constitution of the Year III of the revolution (1795)[3] states that "All elections are to be held by secret ballot". The same goes with the constitution of 1848:[4] voters could hand-write the name of their preferred candidate on their ballot at home (the only condition was to write on white paper[5]) or receive one distributed on the street.[6] The ballot was folded in order to prevent other people from reading its contents.[citation needed]

text: Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte attempted to abolish the secret ballot for the 1851 plebiscite with an electoral decree requesting electors to write down "yes" or "no" (in French: "oui" or "non") under the eyes of everyone. But he faced strong opposition and finally changed his mind, allowing secret ballot to take place.[7]

text: According to the official web site of the Assemblée nationale (the lower house of the French parliament), the voting booth was permanently adopted only in 1913.[8]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text:
The demand for a secret ballot was one of the six points of Chartism.[9]
The British parliament of the time refused even to consider the Chartist demands, but it is notable that Lord Macaulay, in his speech of 1842, while rejecting Chartism's six points as a whole, admitted that the secret ballot was one of the two points he could support.

text: The London School Board election of 1870 was the first large-scale election by secret ballot in Britain.

text: After several failed attempts (several of them spearheaded by George Grote[10]) the secret ballot was eventually extended generally in the Ballot Act 1872, substantially reducing the cost of campaigning (as "treating" was no longer realistically possible) and was first used on 15 August 1872 to re-elect Hugh Childers as MP for Pontefract in a ministerial by-election following his appointment as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. The original ballot box, sealed in wax with a liquorice stamp, is held at Pontefract museum.[11]

text: However, the use of numbered ballots makes it possible in theory if given access to the relevant documents, to identify which candidate voters voted for. Meaning voting in the UK is not physically secret only in so much as the law says the information should not be accessed.

text: Australia and New Zealand[edit]

text: In Australia, secret balloting appears to have been first implemented in Tasmania on 7 February 1856.

text: Until the original Tasmanian Electoral Act 1856 was "re-discovered" recently, credit for the first implementation of the secret ballot often went to Victoria, where it was pioneered by the former mayor of Melbourne, William Nicholson,[12] and simultaneously South Australia.[13] Victoria enacted legislation for secret ballots on 19 March 1856,[14] and South Australian Electoral Commissioner William Boothby generally gets credit for creating the system finally enacted into law in South Australia on 2 April of that same year (a fortnight later). The other Australian colonies followed: New South Wales (1858), Queensland (1859), and Western Australia (1877). New Zealand implemented secret voting in 1870.

text:
State electoral laws, including the secret ballot, applied for the first election of the Australian Parliament in 1901, and the system has continued to be a feature of federal elections and referenda.
The Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 does not explicitly set out the secret ballot but a reading of sections  206, 207, 325, 327 of the Act would imply its assumption. Sections 323 and 226(4) do however, apply the principle of a secret ballot to polling staff and would also support the assumption.

text: United States[edit]

text: Before 1890, partisan newspapers printed filled-out ballots which party workers distributed on election day so voters could drop them directly into the boxes. All of the states replaced these with secret ballots around 1890, popularly called "Australian ballots." They were printed by the local government and listed all the candidates impartially.[15]

text: The "Australian ballot" is defined as having four parts:[16]

text:
an official ballot being printed at public expense,
on which the names of the nominated candidates of all parties and all proposals appear,
being distributed only at the polling place and
being marked in secret.

tag: ol

text:
In the United States, most states had moved to secret ballots soon after the presidential election of 1884.  Kentucky was the last state to do so in 1891, when it quit using an oral ballot. But seven states did not have government-printed ballots until the 20th century; South Carolina created them in 1950
and Georgia in 1922.[17]

text: The first city to start using the Australian ballot in the United States was Louisville, Kentucky, using a ballot drafted by Lewis Naphtali Dembitz, the uncle of and inspiration for future Supreme Court associate justice Louis Brandeis, and the first state to adopt the Australian ballot was Massachusetts. For this reason it is also known as the "Massachusetts ballot". In the U.S., voting by secret ballot was universal by 1892 but criminal prohibitions against paying people to vote were only instituted in 1925.[18]

text: Elections in the United States are mostly held by secret ballot,[19] although some states use mail ballots instead, which violate requirements 3 and 4 of the "Australian ballot", as it is distributed to the home, and potentially marked in the presence of other people. The states of Colorado, Oregon, and Washington conduct all elections by mailed ballots.[20] The Constitution for the state of West Virginia still allows voters to cast "open ballots".[21]

text: International law[edit]

text:
The right to hold elections by secret ballot is included in
numerous treaties and international agreements that obligate their signatory states:

text:
Article 21.3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states, "The will of the people...shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which...shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures."[22]
Article 23 of the American Convention on Human Rights (the Pact of San Jose, Costa Rica) grants to every citizen of member states of the Organization of American States the right and opportunity "to vote and to be elected in genuine periodic elections, which shall be by universal and equal suffrange and by secret ballot that guarantees the free expression of the will of the voters".[23]
Paragraph 7.4 of the Document of the Copenhagen Meeting of the Conference on the Human Dimension of the CSCE, obligates the member states of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe to "ensure that votes are cast by secret ballot or by equivalent free voting procedure, and that they are counted and reported honestly with the official results made public."[24]
Article 5 of the Convention on the Standards of Democratic Elections, Electoral Rights and Freedoms in the Member States of the Commonwealth of Independent States obligates electoral bodies not to perform "any action violating the principle of voter's secret will expression."[25]

text: Disabled people[edit]

text: Ballot design and polling place architecture often denies the disabled the possibility to cast a vote in secret. In many democracies[citation needed] disabled persons may vote by appointing another person who fills the ballot in their name. This does not assure secrecy of the ballot.

text: The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities which entered into force in 2008 assures secret ballot for disabled voters. Article 29 of the Convention requires that all Contracting States protect "the right of the person with disabilities to vote by secret ballot in elections and public referendums". According to this provision, each Contracting State should provide for voting equipment which would enable disabled voters to vote independently and secretly. Some democracies, e.g. the United States, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Albania or India allow disabled voters to use electronic voting machines. In others, among them Azerbaijan, Canada, Ghana, the United Kingdom, and most African and Asian countries, visually impaired voters can use ballots in Braille or paper ballot templates. Article 29 also requires that Contracting States ensure "that voting procedures, facilities and materials are appropriate, accessible and easy to understand and use." In some democracies, e.g. United Kingdom, Sweden and the United States, all the polling places already are fully accessible for disabled voters.

text: Secrecy vs. reliability[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The United Kingdom secret ballot arrangements are sometimes criticised because it is possible to link a ballot paper to the voter who cast it. Each ballot paper is individually numbered and each elector also has a number. When an elector is given a ballot paper, their number is noted down on the counterfoil of the ballot paper (which also carries the ballot paper number). This means, of course, that the secrecy of the ballot is not guaranteed, if anyone can gain access to the counterfoils, which are locked away securely before the ballot boxes are opened at the count. Polling station officials colluding with election scrutineers may therefore determine how individual electors have voted.

text: This measure is thought to be justified as a security arrangement so that if there was an allegation of fraud, false ballot papers could be identified. The process of matching ballot papers to voters is formally permissible only if an Election Court requires it; in fact the Election Court has never made such an order since the secret ballot was introduced in 1872, although reportedly prisoners in a UK prison were observed identifying voters' ballot votes on a list in 2008.[26] The legal authority for this system is set out in the Parliamentary Elections Rules in Schedule 1 of the Representation of the People Act 1983.[27]

text: In the United States, sometimes the number on the ballot is printed on a perforated stub which is torn off and placed on a ring (like a shower curtain ring) before the ballot is cast into the ballot box. The stubs prove that an elector has voted and ensure that they can only vote once, but the ballots themselves are both secret and anonymous. At the end of voting day, the number of ballots inside the box should match the number of stubs on the ring, certifying that every ballot was cast by a registered elector, and that none of them were lost or fabricated. Sometimes the ballots themselves are numbered, making the vote trackable. This was ruled legal by Federal District Judge Christine Arguello, who ruled that the U.S. Constitution does not grant a right to a secret ballot.[28]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Some people believe that the secret ballot enables election fraud and so should be eliminated [29]  or supplemented with other ways of verifying voting, such as cryptographically secure receipts.[30][31]

text: Others oppose the secret ballot because it discourages voter participation.[32]

text: Chronology of introduction[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Date

Country

Notes

1831

France

1849

Netherlands

1853

Colombia

1856 (February 7)

Australia (Tasmania)

The other Australian colonies of Victoria (March 19, 1856), South Australia (April 2, 1856), New South Wales (1858), Queensland (1859), and Western Australia (1877) followed.

1861

Italy

1861

Ecuador

1866

Sweden

Voter currently chooses party-specific ballot in the open, which has been criticised for limiting the secrecy. There is, however, the possibility to choose a blank ballot or a multitude of ballots to denote a specific party and candidate in secrecy.[33]European Commission for democracy through law (Venice Commission) “Voters are entitled to [secrecy of ballot], but must also respect it themselves, and non-compliance must be punished by disqualifying any ballot paper whose content has been disclosed […] Violation of the secrecy of the ballot must be punished, just like violations of other aspects of voter freedom.” (Code of good practice in electoral matters, art. 52, 55

1867

Germany

North German federal election, August 1867, see also Frankfurter Reichswahlgesetz 1849

1870

New Zealand

1872

United Kingdom

Ballot Act 1872

1872

Switzerland[34]

1874

Canada

1877

Belgium

1879

Serbia[35]

1885

Norway

1891

United States of America

Massachusetts was the first state to adopt a secret ballot, in 1888, and South Carolina was the last to do so, in 1950.

1900[36]

Japan

1901

Denmark

In connection with The Shift of Government (Danish: Systemskiftet)[37]

1903

Iceland

Originally passed by the Icelandic parliament in 1902, but the legislation was rejected by King Christian IX for technical reasons unrelated to ballot secrecy.[38] Passed into law 1903.[39]

1906

Russia

1907

Austria

1907

Finland

1912

Argentina

Sáenz Peña Law

1918

Poland

1918

Uruguay

1919

Romania

1925

Costa Rica

1931

Peru

1932

Brazil

1946

Venezuela

1947

Hungary

1950

Turkey

1950

El Salvador


document_title: Anglo-Norman language

question_text: when did french stop being spoken in england

root

text: Anglo-Norman language

text: Use and development[edit]

text: The literature of the Anglo-Norman period forms the reference  point for subsequent literature in the Norman language, especially in the 19th century Norman literary revival and even into the 20th century in the case of André Dupont's Épopée cotentine. The languages and literature of the Channel Islands are sometimes referred to as Anglo-Norman, but that usage is derived from the French name for the islands: îles anglo-normandes. The variety of French spoken in the islands is Norman and not the Anglo-Norman of medieval England.

tag: p

text: Anglo-Norman was never the main administrative language of England: Latin was the major language of record in legal and other official documents for most of the medieval period. However, from the late 12th century to the early 15th century, Anglo-Norman French and Anglo-French were much used in law reports, charters, ordinances, official correspondence, and trade at all levels; they were the language of the King, his court and the upper class. There is evidence, too, that foreign words (Latin, Greek, Italian, Arabic, Spanish) often entered English via Anglo-Norman.

text: The language of later documents adopted some of the changes ongoing in continental French and lost many of its original dialectal characteristics, so Anglo-French remained (in at least some respects and at least at some social levels) part of the dialect continuum of modern French, often with distinctive spellings. Over time, the use of Anglo-French expanded into the fields of law, administration, commerce, and science, in all of which a rich documentary legacy survives, indicative of the vitality and importance of the language.

text: By the late 15th century, however, what remained of insular French had become heavily anglicised: see Law French. It continued to be known as "Norman French" until the end of the 19th century even though, philologically,  there was nothing Norman about it.[4]

text: One notable survival of influence on the political system is the use of certain Anglo-French set phrases in the Parliament of the United Kingdom for some endorsements to bills and the granting of Royal Assent to legislation.[5][6] These set phrases include:

text:
Soit baille aux Communes ("Let it be sent to the Commons", on a bill sent by the House of Lords to the House of Commons)
A ceste Bille (avecque une amendement/avecque des amendemens) les Communes sont assentus ("To this Bill (with an amendment/with amendments) the Commons have assented", on a bill passed by the House of Commons and returned to the House of Lords)
A cette amendement/ces amendemens les Seigneurs sont assentus ("To this amendment/these amendments the Lords have assented", on an amended bill returned by the House of Commons to the House of Lords, where the amendments were accepted)
Ceste Bille est remise aux Communes avecque une Raison/des Raisons ("This Bill is returned to the Commons with a reason/with reasons", when the House of Lords disagrees with amendments made by the House of Commons)
Le Roy/La Reyne le veult ("The King/Queen wills it", Royal Assent for a public bill)
Le Roy/La Reyne remercie ses bons sujets, accepte leur benevolence et ainsi le veult ("The King/Queen thanks his/her good subjects, accepts their bounty, and wills it so", Royal Assent for a supply bill)
Soit fait comme il est désiré ("Let it be done as it is desired", Royal Assent for a private bill)
Le Roy/La Reyne s'avisera ("The King/Queen will consider it", if Royal Assent is withheld)

tag: ul

text: The exact spelling of these phrases has varied over the years; for example, s'avisera has been spelled as s'uvisera and s'advisera, and Reyne as Raine.

text: Among important writers of the Anglo-Norman cultural commonwealth is Marie de France.

text: Trilingualism in Medieval England[edit]

text: Much of the earliest recorded French is in fact Anglo-Norman French. In Northern France, almost nothing was at that time[when?] being recorded in the vernacular because Latin was the language of the Church and consequently of education and historiography, and was thus used for the purpose of records. Latin also remained in use in medieval England by the Church, the royal government and much local administration, as it had been before 1066, in parallel with Middle English. The early[when?] adoption of Anglo-Norman as a written and literary language probably owes something to this history of bilingualism in writing.[citation needed]

text: Around the same time, as a shift took place in France towards using French as a language of record in the mid-13th century, Anglo-Norman French also became a language of record in England though Latin retained its pre-eminence for matters of permanent record (as in written chronicles). From around this point onwards, considerable variation begins to be apparent in Anglo-French, which ranges from the very local (and most anglicized) to a level of language which approximates to and is sometimes indistinguishable from varieties of continental French. Thus, typically, local records are rather different from continental French, with diplomatic and international trade documents closest to the emerging continental norm.[7] English remained the vernacular of the common people throughout this period. The resulting virtual trilinguism in spoken and written language was one of medieval Latin, diverse French varieties and Middle English.

text: Language of the king and his court[edit]

text: From the conquest (1066) until the end of the 14th century, French was the language of the king and his court. During this period, marriages with French princesses reinforced the French status in the royal family. Nevertheless, during the 13th century, intermarriages with English nobility became more frequent. French became progressively a second language among the upper classes. Moreover, with the Hundred Years' War and the growing spirit of English nationalism, the status of French diminished.

text: French was the mother tongue of every English king from William the Conqueror (1066-1087) until Henry IV (1399–1413). Henry IV was the first to take the oath in English, and his son, Henry V (1413–1422), was the first to write in English. By the end of the 15th century, French became the second language of a cultivated elite.[8]

text: Language of the royal charters and legislation[edit]

text: Until the end of the 13th century, Latin was the language of all official written documents. Nevertheless, some important documents had their official Norman translation, such as the Magna Carta signed in 1215. The first official document written in Anglo-Norman was a statute promulgated by the king in 1275. Thus, from the 13th century, Anglo-Norman became used in official documents, such as those that were marked by the private seal of the king whereas the documents sealed by the Lord Chancellor were written in Latin until the end of the Middle Ages. English became the language of Parliament and of legislation in the 15th century, half a century after it had become the language of the king and of most of the English nobility.[8]

text: Language of administration and justice[edit]

text: During the 12th century, development of the administrative and judicial institutions took place. Because the king and the lawyers at the time normally used French, it also became the language of these institutions.[8] From the 12th century until the 15th century, the courts used three languages: Latin for writing, French as the main oral language during trials, and English in less formal exchanges between the judge, the lawyer, the complainant or the witnesses. The judge gave his sentence orally in Norman, which was then written in Latin. Only in the lowest level of the manorial courts were trials entirely in English.

text: During the 15th century, English became the main spoken language, but Latin and French continued to be exclusively used in official legal documents until the beginning of the 18th century. Nevertheless, the French language used in England changed from the end of the 15th century into Law French. This variety of French was a technical language, with a specific vocabulary, where English words were used to describe everyday experience, and French grammatical rules and morphology gradually declined, with confusion of genders and the adding of -s to form all plurals. Law French was banished from the courts of the common law in 1731, almost three centuries after the king ceased speaking primarily French.

text: Language of the people[edit]

text: Though the great mass of ordinary people spoke Middle English, French, because of its prestigious status, spread as a second language, encouraged by its long-standing use in the school system as a medium of instruction through which Latin was taught. In the courts, the members of the jury, who represented the population, had to know French in order to understand the plea of the lawyer. French was used by the merchant middle class as a language of business communication, especially when it traded with the continent, and several churches used French to communicate with lay people.[8] A small but important number of documents survive associated with the Jews of medieval England, some featuring Anglo-French written in Hebrew script, typically in the form of glosses to the Hebrew scriptures.[9]

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: As a langue d'oïl, Anglo-Norman developed collaterally to the central Gallo-Romance dialects which would eventually become Parisian French in terms of grammar, pronunciation and vocabulary. Before the signature of the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts in 1539 and long afterward in practice, French was not standardised as an official administrative language of the kingdom of France.

text: Middle English was heavily influenced by Anglo-Norman and, later, Anglo-French. W. Rothwell has called Anglo-French 'the missing link' because many etymological dictionaries seem to ignore the contribution of that language in English and because Anglo-Norman and Anglo-French can explain the transmission of words from French into English and fill the void left by the absence of documentary records of English (in the main) between 1066 and c. 1380.[10]

text: Anglo-Norman morphology and pronunciation can be deduced from its heritage in English. Mostly, it is done in comparison with continental Central French. English has many doublets as a result of this contrast:

text:
warranty - guarantee
warden - guardian
catch - chase (see below)

text: Compare also:

text:
wage (Anglo-Norman) - gage (French)
wait - guetter (French, Old French guaitier)
war (from Anglo-Norman werre) - guerre (French)
wicket (Anglo-Norman) - guichet (French, from Norman)

text: The palatalization of velar consonants before the front vowel produced different results in Norman to the central langue d'oïl dialects that developed into French. English therefore, for example, has fashion from Norman féchoun as opposed to Modern French façon (both developing from Latin factio, factiōnem).

text: The palatalization of velar consonants before /a/ that affected the development of French did not occur in Norman dialects north of the Joret line. English has therefore inherited words that retain a velar plosive where French has a fricative:

text:
English
< Norman
= French

cabbage
< caboche
= chou, caboche

candle
< caundèle
= chandelle

castle
< caste(l)
= château

cauldron
< caudron
= chaudron

causeway
< cauchie
= chaussée

catch
< cachi
= chasser

wicket
< viquet
= guichet

plank
< planque
= planche, planque

pocket
< pouquette
= poche

fork
< fouorque
= fourche

garden
< gardin
= jardin

cattle
< *cate(l)
= cheptel (Old French chetel)

text: Other words such as kennel (chenil) exemplify how Norman retained a /k/ sound from Latin that was not retained in French.

text: However, Anglo-Norman also acted as a conduit for French words to enter England; for example, challenge clearly displays a form of French origin, rather than the Norman calenge.

text: There were also vowel differences:  compare Anglo-Norman profound with Parisian French profond, soun sound with son, round with rond.  The former words were originally pronounced something like 'profoond', 'soond', 'roond' respectively (compare the similarly denasalised vowels of modern Norman), but later developed their modern pronunciation in English.

text: Since many words established in Anglo-Norman from French via the intermediary of Norman were not subject to the processes of sound change that continued in parts of the continent, English sometimes preserves earlier pronunciations. For example, 'ch' used to be /tʃ/ in Medieval French; Modern French has /ʃ/, but English has preserved the older sound (in words like chamber, chain, chase and exchequer).

text: Similarly, 'j' had an older /dʒ/ sound, which it still has in English and some dialects of modern Norman, but it has developed into /ʒ/ in Modern French.

text: The word veil retains the /ei/ (as does modern Norman in vaile and laîsi) that in French has been replaced by /wɑː/ voile, loisir.

text: The word mushroom preserves a hush sibilant in mousseron not recorded in French orthography, as does cushion for coussin. Conversely, the pronunciation of the word sugar resembles Norman chucre even if the spelling is closer to French sucre. It is possible that the original sound was an apical sibilant, like the Basque s, which is halfway between a hissing sibilant and a hushing sibilant.

text: The doublets catch and chase, both derived from Low Latin *captiare. Catch demonstrate a Norman development while chase is the French equivalent imported with a different meaning.

text: Distinctions in meaning between Anglo-Norman and French have led to many faux amis (words having similar form but different meanings) in Modern English and Modern French.

text: Since although a Romance language, Norman contains a significant amount of lexical material from Norse, some of the words introduced into England as part of Anglo-Norman were of Germanic origin. Indeed, sometimes one can identify cognates such as flock (Germanic in English existing prior to the Conquest) and floquet (Germanic in Norman). The case of the word mug demonstrates that in instances, Anglo-Norman may have reinforced certain Scandinavian elements already present in English. Mug had been introduced into northern English dialects by Viking settlement. The same word had been established in Normandy by the Normans (Norsemen) and was then brought over after the Conquest and established firstly in southern English dialects. It is, therefore, argued that the word mug in English shows some of the complicated Germanic heritage of Anglo-Norman.

text: Many expressions used in English today have their origin in Anglo-Norman (such as the expression before-hand derives from Anglo-Norman avaunt-main), as do many modern words with interesting etymologies. Mortgage, for example, literally meant death-wage in Anglo-Norman. Curfew (fr. couvre-feu) meant cover-fire, referring to the time in the evening when all fires had to be covered to prevent the spread of fire within communities with timber buildings.[11] The word glamour is derived from Anglo-Norman grammeire, the same word which gives us modern grammar; glamour meant first book learning and then the most glamorous form of book learning, magic or magic spell in Medieval times.

text: The influence of Anglo-Norman was very asymmetric: very little influence from English was carried over into the continental possessions of the Anglo-Norman kings. Some administrative terms survived in some parts of mainland Normandy: forlenc (from furrow, compare furlong) in the Cotentin Peninsula and Bessin, and a general use of the word acre for land measurement in Normandy until metrication in the 19th century, but these words are probably linguistic traces of Saxon or Anglo-Scandinavian settlements between the 4th and the 10th centuries in Normandy. Otherwise the direct influence of English in mainland Norman (such as smogler - to smuggle) is from direct contact in later centuries with English, rather than Anglo-Norman.

text: Literature[edit]

text: When the Normans invaded England, Anglo-Saxon literature had reached a very high level of development. The important Benedictine monasteries both wrote chronicles and guarded other works in Old English. However, with the arrival of the Norman, Anglo-Saxon literature came to an end and literature written in Britain was in Latin or Anglo-Norman. The Plantagenet kings encouraged this Anglo-Norman literature. Nevertheless, from the beginning of the 14th century, some authors chose to write in English, such as Geoffrey Chaucer. The authors of that period were influenced by the works of contemporary French writers whose language was prestigious. Chaucer is considered to be the father of the English language and the creator of English as a literary language.[8]

text: Influence on English[edit]

text: The major Norman-French influence on English can still be seen in today's vocabulary. An enormous number of Norman-French and other medieval French loanwords came into the language, and about three-quarters of them are still used today. Very often, the Norman or French word supplanted the Anglo-Saxon term, or both words would co-exist but with slightly different nuances: for example, ox (describing the animal) and beef (describing the meat). In other cases, the Norman or French word was adopted to signify a new reality, such as judge, castle, warranty.[8]

text: In general, the Norman and French borrowings concerned the fields of culture, aristocratic life, politics and religion, and war whereas the English words were used to describe everyday experience. When the Normans arrived in England, their copyists wrote English as they heard it, without realising the peculiarities of the relationship between Anglo-Saxon pronunciation and spelling and so the spelling changed. There appeared different regional Modern-English written dialects, the one that the king chose in the 15th century becoming the standard variety.

text: In some remote areas, agricultural terms used by the rural workers may have been derived from Norman French. An example is the Cumbrian term sturdy for diseased sheep that walk in circles, derived from étourdi meaning giddy.[12]

text: Influence in Ireland[edit]

text: The Norman invasion of Ireland took place in the late 12th century and led to Anglo-Norman control of much of the island. Norman-speaking administrators arrived to rule over the Angevin Empire's new territory. Several Norman words became Irish words, including household terms: garsún (from Norman garçun, "boy"); cóta (cote, "cloak"); hata (hatte, "hat"); gairdín (gardin, "garden"); and terms relating to justice (Irish giúistís, bardas (corporation), cúirt (court)). Place-names in Norman are few, but there is Buttevant (from the motto of the Barry family: Boutez en Avant, "Push to the Fore"), the village of Brittas (from the Norman bretesche, "boarding, planking") and the element Pallas (Irish pailís, from Norman paleis, "boundary fence": compare palisade, The Pale).[13] Others exist with English or Irish roots, such as Castletownroche, which combines the English Castletown and the Norman Roche, meaning rock.

text: Only a handful of Hiberno-Norman-French texts survive, most notably the chanson de geste, The Song of Dermot and the Earl (early 13th century) and the Statutes of Kilkenny (1366).[14]


document_title: Dell Latitude

question_text: when did the dell latitude e6540 come out

question_tokens: when did the dell latitude e6540 come out

text: Dell Latitude

text: Overview and product type[edit]

text: The Dell Latitude is a laptop family from Dell Computers, intended for business use. By contrast, the Dell Inspiron is aimed at the consumer market and its specifications change regularly. Whereas Inspiron may change vendors or components several times over the course of a single model, the Latitude line generally retains identical components throughout its production. This design is intended to simplify maintenance and support tasks for large corporations, allowing components to be easily swapped between models.

text: The lines of Dell Latitude personal computers are currently in the "E" series, which is the successor to the popular Latitude D, C, and X  series. The Latitudes from the early 1990s up until the C*00 lines weren't in a set "series", instead going under the models CP and XP with modifiers at the end, e.g.: XPi, CP M233.

text: In the past, the "mainstream" line was the 6 series, being the C6x0, D6x0, and E64x0 lines, but as of 2015 this line has been discontinued and replaced by both the 5 series and the 7 series. The 15" "Premium" line was the 8 series, until the E-series merged this line with the 6 series (Model numbers being along the lines of C8x0 or D8x0). The "budget" line was the 5 series, but as of 2015 the 5 series and 7 series Latitude laptops are the primary lines of Latitude laptops. The 3 series has replaced the 5 series as the budget line. Dell has also since dropped the E from the Latitude line (due to switching to a USB C/Thunderbolt dock system, rather than the e-Port analog pin-system docks), and the models just go by number now, e.g.: Latitude 5480, 5570. The second number in the model  (As in, 5470 or 7280) indicates the size of the screen in the laptop.

text: The current Dell Latitude lineup is as follows:

text: Latitude 3xxx series. Budget models intended for education or home office environments, available in 13.3"/14"/15.6" trims.

text: Latitude 5xxx series. Mainstream line, available in 11.1"/12.5"/13.3"/14"/15.6" trims.

text: Latitude 7xxx series. Premium "ultrabooks", available in 12.5"/13.3"/14" trims only.

text: Latitude computers are also differentiated in their feature sets, due to their business focus. For example, they often include security features such as smartcard and contactless smartcard, and TPM security, which are not needed by most consumers. A lid clasp (as opposed to a magnetic latching system), DisplayPort video out (as opposed to HDMI), and support for legacy standards are all results of the requirements of the business market.

text: Some models also have the capability of Latitude ON which can be selected during the configuration of the laptop.  Latitude ON is essentially a system within a system.  It requires a separate add on module which contains its own microprocessor and Operating system.  This allows the laptop to function in the realm of a Netbook.

text: Current models[edit]

text: Dell used the "E-series" name up through the 2016 models, and new 2017 models drop the "E." [1][2] and Dell E-Port Replicator with. As of February 2017, Latitude computers are available in three series: the 3000, 5000, and 7000. The 3000 series is designed to be entry-level, similar to the previous Latitude E55xx and Latitude E54xx laptops. The 5000 series is mid-range, similar to the Latitude E64xx and E65xx. The 7000 series consists of high-end Ultrabook computers, introduced in 2014 with the Latitude E7440 and E7240.

text: Aside from the 3000, 5000, and 7000 series, Dell also provides an Education and Rugged Series of Latitude computers. The Education series laptops are designed for use in educational institutions. They're not especially powerful, and are more geared towards office applications or internet-based applications. The Rugged series laptops are similar to the previous Latitude XFR computers. They are designed with extra durability in mind.

text: xx90 Models (2018)[edit]

text:
7490: 14.0" Ultraportable (7th gen Core i3, 8th gen Core i5/i7)
7390: 13.3" Ultraportable (7th gen Core i3/i5, 8th gen Core i5/i7)
7390 2-in-1: 13.3" Ultraportable 2-in-1 (8th gen Core i3, 8th gen Core i5/i7)
7290: 12.5" Ultraportable (7th gen Core i3/i5, 8th gen Core i5/i7)
5590: 15.6" Mainstream (7th gen Core i3/i5, 8th gen Core i5/i7)
5490: 14.0" Mainstream (7th gen Core i3/i5, 8th gen Core i5/i7)
5495: 14.0" Mainstream (AMD Ryzen Pro Mobile, 3 2300U, 5 2500U, 7 2700U)
5290: 12.5" Mainstream (8th gen Core i5/i7)
5290 2-in-1: 12.5" Mainstream 2-in-1 (7th gen Core i3/i5, 8th gen Core i5/i7)
3590: 15.6" Essential (7th gen Celeron/Core i3/i5, 8th gen Core i5/i7)
3490: 14.0" Essential (7th gen Celeron/Core i3/i5, 8th gen Core i5/i7)
3390 2-in-1: 13.3" Essential 2-in-1 (7th gen Pentium/Core i3, 8th gen Core i5)

text: Previous Models[edit]

text: xx80 Models (2017)[edit]

text:
7480: 14.0" Ultraportable (7th gen Core i3/i5/i7)
7389: 13.3" 2-in-1 Ultraportable (7th gen core i3/i5/i7)
7380: 13.3" Ultraportable (7th gen Core i3/i5/i7)
7285: 12.5" Ultraportable (7th gen Core i3/i5/i7)
7280: 12.5" Ultraportable (7th gen Core i3/i5/i7)
5580: 15.6" Mainstream (7th gen Core i5/i7)
5480: 14.0" Mainstream (7th gen Core i5/i7)
5289: 12.5" Convertible Ultraportable 2-in-1, non-detachable keyboard (7th gen Core i3/i5/i7)
5285: 12.5" Convertible Ultraportable 2-in-1, detachable keyboard (7th gen Core i3/i5/i7)
5280: 12.5" Mainstream (7th gen Core i5/i7)
3580: 15.6" Essential (7th gen Celeron/Core i3/i5/i7)
3480: 14.0" Essential (7th gen Celeron/Core i3/i5/i7)
3380: 13.3" Essential (7th gen Celeron/Core i3/i5/i7)
3189: 11.6" Education Convertible 2-in-1 (Pentium N4200 Intel 7265,  Celeron N3350)
3180: 11.6" Education (Celeron N3350)

text: Exx70 Models (2016)[edit]

text:
E7470: 14.0" Ultraportable (6th gen Core i3/i5/i7)
E7270: 12.5" Ultraportable (6th gen Core i3/i5/i7)
7370: 13.3" Ultraportable (6th gen Core m3/m5/m7)
7275: 12.5" Ultraportable 2-in-1 (6th gen Core m3/m5/m7)
E5570: 15.6" Mainstream (6th gen Core i5/i7)
E5470: 14.0" Mainstream (6th gen Core i5/i7)
E5270: 12.5" Mainstream (6th gen Core i5/i7)
5175/9: 10.8" Ultraportable 2-in-1 (6th gen Core m5/m7)
3570: 15.6" Essential (6th gen Celeron/Core i3/i5/i7)
3470: 14.0" Essential (6th gen Celeron/Core i3/i5/i7)
3379: 13.3" Essential 2-in-1 (7th gen Core i3/i5)

text: Exx50 Models (2015)[edit]

text:
E7450: 14.0" Ultraportable (5th gen Core i3/i5/i7)
Latitude 13 7350: 13.3" Convertible Ultraportable 2-in-1 Tablet (5th gen Core M)
E7250: 12.5" Ultraportable (5th gen Core i3/i5/i7)
E5550: 15.6" Mainstream (5th gen Core i3/i5/i7)
E5450: 14.0" Mainstream (5th gen Core i3/i5/i7)
E5250: 12.5" Mainstream (5th gen Celeron/Core i3/i5/i7)
E3550: 15.6" Essential (5th gen Celeron/Core i3/i5/i7)
E3450: 14.0" Essential (5th gen Celeron/Core i3/i5/i7)

text: Exx40 Models (2013/2014)[edit]

text:
E7440: 14.0" Ultraportable (4th gen Core i3/i5/i7 ULV)
E7240: 12.5" Ultraportable (4th gen Core i3/i5/i7 ULV)
E6540: 15.6" Mainstream (4th gen Core i3/i5/i7 Mobile)
E6440: 14.0" Mainstream (4th gen Core i3/i5/i7 Mobile)
E5540: 15.6" Mainstream (4th gen Core i3/i5/i7 ULV)
E5440: 14.0" Mainstream (4th gen Core i3/i5/i7 ULV)
E3540: 15.6" Essential (4th gen Core i3/i5/i7 ULV)
E3440: 14.0" Essential (4th gen Core i3/i5/i7 ULV)

text: Exx30 Models (2012/2013)[edit]

text:
E6530: 15.6" Mainstream (3rd gen Core i3/i5/i7)
E6430: 14.0" Mainstream (3rd gen Core i3/i5/i7)
E6330: 13.3" Mainstream (3rd gen Core i3/i5/i7)
E6230: 12.5" Mainstream (3rd gen Core i3/i5/i7)
E5530: 15.6" Essential (3rd gen Core i3/i5/i7)
E5430: 14.0" Essential (2nd gen core i3) or (3rd gen Core i3/i5/i7)
6430u: 14.0" Ultraportable (3rd gen Core i3/i5/i7) [no docking]

text: Exx20 Models (2011/2012)[edit]

text:
E6520: 15.6" Mainstream (2nd gen Core i3/i5/i7)
E6420: 14.0" Mainstream (2nd gen Core i3/i5/i7)
E6320: 13.3" Ultraportable (2nd gen Core i3/i5/i7)
E6220: 12.5" Ultraportable (2nd gen Core i3/i5/i7)
E5520: 15.6" Essential (2nd gen Core i3/i5/i7)
E5420: 14.0" Essential (2nd gen Core i3/i5/i7)
E5520m: 15.6" Value (Celeron/Core2Duo)
E5420m: 14.0" Value (Celeron/Core2Duo)
E6420 XFR: 14.0" Fully Rugged (2nd gen Core i5/i7)
E6420 ATG: 14.0" Semi-Rugged (2nd gen Core i5/i7)

text: Exx10 Models (2010/2011)[edit]

text:
E6510: 15.6" Mainstream (1st gen Core i3/i5/i7)
E6410: 14.1" Mainstream (1st gen Core i3/i5/i7)
E6410 ATG: 14.1" Semi-Rugged (1st gen Core i5/i7)
E5510: 15.6" Essential (1st gen Core i3/i5/i7)
E5410: 14.1" Essential (1st gen Core i3/i5/i7)
E4310: 13.3" Ultraportable (1st gen Core i3/i5/i7)

text: Exx00 Models (2008/2009)[edit]

text:
E6500: 15.4" Mainstream (Core2Duo)
E6400: 14.1" Mainstream (Core2Duo)
E6400 ATG: 14.1" Semi-Rugged (Core2Duo)
E6400 XFR: 14.1" Fully Rugged (Core2Duo)
E5500: 15.4" Essential (Celeron/Core2Duo)
E5400: 14.1" Essential (Core2Duo)
E4300: 13.3" Ultraportable (Core2Duo)
E4200: 12.1" Ultraportable (Core2Duo)

text: Other Models[edit]

text:
XT3: 13.1" Convertible Touch Tablet & Pen (Core i3/i5/i7) - Release Date: August 2011
XT2: 12.1" Convertible Touch Tablet & Pen (Core2Duo ULV)
XT2 XFR: 12.1" Convertible Touch Tablet & Pen - Fully Rugged (Core2Duo ULV)
2100 10.1" Netbook
2110 10.1" Netbook
2120 10.1" Netbook
Z  16.0" Thin and Light

text: The previous series is the Latitude D-series, on the Dx30 revision. The models are the D4x0 (12.1" Ultra Mobile), D5x0 (14.1 or 15.0" standard aspect screen except for D531, plastic case, value model), D6x0 (14.1" Corporate model) and D8x0 (15.4" high-resolution model) most models are based on the Intel Core 2 Duo and the Intel Santa Rosa chipset, with the exception being the D531. Ever since the D420, D620, and D800, the D-series features wide aspect LCD screens: 12.1", 14.1", and 15.4" respectively.

text: Latitude D6x0 series[edit]

text: The Latitude D6x0 series is the 14"/14.1" corporate model. It aims to combine heavy-duty power with reasonable portability, and differs primarily from D8x0 series in screen size.  All are two spindle designs, with a "D-bay" modular bay which can interchange optical drives, a second hard drive, floppy disk or a second battery.  All models have a smart card socket, PCMCIA socket, and 9-pin serial port, a "D-dock" port for docking station or port replicator, and have an internal socket for an 802.11 wireless card.

text: The D600 and D610 share a common form factor, battery socket, and have a parallel printer port.

text: The D620 and D630 share a common form factor, battery socket, and do not have a parallel printer port. Both have support for an optional internal Bluetooth module, a socket for an optional mobile broadband card, and have an external switch for disabling any wireless connections.

text: Latitude D600[edit]

text: The D600 (and simultaneously introduced D800) was released on 3/12/2003.  These were Dell's first business-oriented notebooks based on the Pentium-M processor. The Latitude D600 series used the first-generation "Banias" or Dothan Pentium M chips running on a 400 MT/s FSB on DDR memory. It had a PATA hard drive and a D-series modular bay, and used an ATI Radeon 9000 GPU.  It had a 14" screen, in regular (non-widescreen) form factor.  Unlike later D6x0 series machines, both memory sockets were accessible from a single cover on the bottom of the system.

text: Most, if not all Latitude models prior to the Latitude Dx20 series had a near-clone Inspiron, in the case of the D600, it was the Inspiron 600M.  Differences include that the 600M does not work with the Dell D-Dock, and the case styling is slightly different. The motherboards, screens and hard drive caddies are all physically interchangeable.

text: The Latitude D600 used a PA-10/PA-12 charger and came with a DVD drive, 2 x USB, 1 x TV, 1 x network, 1 x parallel, 1 x serial and 1 monitor output. The hard drive is accessible through a cover on the left hand front side of the lower case and is secured by 1 screw. After removing the screw, the hard drive can then slide out.

text: Latitude D610[edit]

text: The D610 (released in 2005) was an update of the D600 design; it used a slightly modified D600 chassis and a newer Pentium M chipset ("Sonoma"). This chipset was the first Intel mobile chipset to use DDR2 Memory, versus the DDR in the Latitude Dx00 series. For space saving purposes, instead of having both RAM chips on the bottom of the laptop, one RAM slot was moved to the top of the motherboard which could be accessed by removing the keyboard, whereas the other RAM slot remained in the area it had been located at previously. Unlike the D600 and prior midrange Latitudes (The 6xx series, dating back to the C-series) you had a choice of standard integrated Intel Graphics (GMA 900), or a discrete ATI solution (Radeon X300).

text: Latitude D610 Longevity[edit]

text: Some Dell Latitude D610 units with a dedicated ATI X300 graphics card seem to have problems with the audio-out jack. Symptoms of this problem include a noise or whine when an audio device is connected to the audio-out jack. Up to this date Dell does not have a clear solution to this problem.[3][4][5][6]

text: Latitude D620[edit]

text: In March 2006, Dell introduced the D620 (and the D820), its first business-oriented notebook with a dual core processor available.  Initially available with the interim "Yonah" Core Duo processors, it was sold with the first-generation mobile "Merom" Core 2 chips once those became available from Intel in the Fall of 2006; both run on a 667MT/s bus.  It was initially sold with Intel integrated graphics, but an option to upgrade to a discrete Nvidia GPU became available after a few months.  It replaced the raised pointing stick with a "low profile" model, and introduced the option of 4-cell and 9-cell batteries in addition to the standard 6-cell model.  It uses DDR2 memory and is compatible with both PC2-4200 (533 MHz) and PC2-5300 (667 MHz) memory.

text: Although the D620 accepts a maximum of 4 GB of physical memory, it cannot be used fully, because of the 32-bit physical addressing limitation of the 945 Core 2 mobile chipsets [Intel-945GM/PM-chipset], (not related to the BIOS or the use of a 32-bit or 64-bit OS), restricts the usable memory by the operating system to 3.5 GB, or 3.3 GB with on board video (memory is shared).

text: The D620 has one mono speaker located in the base below the touchpad. It has no option to expand to stereo without using external speakers or headphones.

text: There was no near-clone Inspiron model for the D620.

text: Latitude D620 problems[edit]

text:
All early D620 models were known for faulty LCD screens. The early models suffered from light bleeding, where a black screen would show light bleeding in from the bottom of the screen. This wasn't fixed until almost a year into production. In addition, some D630 screens are known for having bad LCD pixels.
The D620/D630 and D820/D830 were available with an Intel integrated GMA or Nvidia graphics chip. Most Nvidia models will suffer from early failure of the graphics chip due to the switch to lead-free solder and "underfill" of the BGA. The computer industry at the time had just switched to lead free solders without redesigning cooling systems. This in turn led to undesirable heating cycles of the more brittle solder causing micro fractures to quickly form. NVIDIA was found liable for these failures, causing a multimillion-unit recall, not only of some Dell notebooks, but also some HP, Compaq, and Apple products.[7] The failure manifests itself by stripes or "artifacts" on the LCD AND also an external screen or by the total absence of an image.

text: Dell tried to prolong the lifetime of the Nvidia chips with a BIOS update which causes the fan to run more continuously and thus reduce the strain from repeated heating/cooling cycles on the graphics chip.

text: They also have bad overheating problems.

text: Latitude D630[edit]

text: Released in 2007 the D630 is an update of the D620 design. It differed most significantly in being based on the newer "Santa Rosa" (mobile 965) chipset, which supported the 800MT/s models of the mobile Core 2 Duo (both the Merom 7xx0 series and later the Penryn-based 8x00/9x00 series.)  It also had newer versions of the graphics processor options, support for Intel's "Turbo Memory" flash cache (although this uses the same card slot as the mobile broadband card), and support for internal Wireless-N.  It also added a 4-pin Firewire IEEE1394 port. It uses DDR2 memory and is compatible with PC2-5300 (667 MHz), and PC2-6400 (800 MHz) memory will work at PC2-5300 speeds.

text: The optional nVidia graphics on this series of laptop are to be avoided due to overheating issues where the GPU would develop cracks in the solder. This was mostly due to temperature fluctuation but the graphics chips also ran much hotter than they were meant to. The D830 series, despite having more room for cooling the chip, suffered from the same issue.

text: The D630 unofficially will accept a maximum of 8 GB of physical memory, however, a BIOS update is required.

text: Unlike the D830, the D630 only has one speaker.

text: Latitude D630c[edit]

text: The D630c was a slight variant model of the D630, featuring a "manageable" version of the motherboard chipset unavailable on the standard D630.

text: Unlike the D630, the D630c model laptop could not be ordered with Intel graphics, it shipped only with the nVidia graphics chip. As a result, all of the Latitude D630c laptops will eventually fail if used, that is, unless they have already failed previously.

text: It also could only be ordered with the Intel 4965AGN wireless card, you couldn't order it with Dell's wireless options or lower end Intel wireless cards.

text: Latitude D631[edit]

text: The Latitude D631 (released in 2007), similar to the D531, was a variant of the Latitude Dx30 series that had AMD processors instead of Intel. However, it is very rare inside the United States due to it not being an option to order on Dell's website. You can find some that originated in the United States, but those were special ordered over the phone. They were sold alongside the D630 as standard equipment in select international countries, but while not being that rare internationally, they didn't sell as many units as the D630 series (And even D630c series) laptops did. As a result, not much information about specific chipsets, graphics chip options (If there were any), or any other features can be found online for specifying details.

text: Latitude D8x0 series[edit]

text: The Latitude D8x0 series is the 15.4" corporate model; unlike the D600 and D610, all feature a widescreen form factor. All are two spindle designs, with a "D-bay" modular bay which can interchange optical drives, a floppy module, a second hard drive, or a second battery.  All models have a smart card socket, PCMCIA socket, and 9-pin serial port, a "D-dock" port for docking station or port replicator, and have an internal socket for an 802.11 wireless card.

text: The D800 was Dell's first widescreen Latitude notebook.

text: The D8x0 series models roughly parallel the technology in the D6x0 models other than for screen size; they do not share a battery form factor with the D6x0 series.  The D820 and D830 add an ExpressCard socket, not available in the D6x0 series.  The D830 is capable of accepting 8 GB of physical memory with updated firmware.

text: The D800 equated to the Precision M60, and the D810 to the Precision M70. They were for all intents and purposes identical except for the graphics card and certification.

text: The near-clone Inspirons for the D800 and D810 were the Inspiron 8500 and 8600; the D820 and D830 share hardware with Precision models M65 and M4300 respectively. There are even known cases of "mixed-mode" samples of the latter, where the Dell-recorded type according to the service tag and markings differs from the BIOS-reported type with an identical service tag.

text: Both Latitude D820 and D830 have stereo speakers mounted on both sides of the keyboard.

text: Latitude D5x0 series[edit]

text: The Latitude D500 series is a set of "entry level" business models; they are built on a 15" non-widescreen form factor, although models before the D530 were sold with both 14.1" and 15" screens (the 14.1" having a wider bezel.)  They are 2-spindle devices (removable optical drive interchangeable with D6xx/D8xx machines), and roughly follow the technical generations (chipset and processor-wise) of the D6x0 and D8x0 series.  The D530 was Dell's last non-widescreen Latitude model.

text: The Latitude D531 was also available, being the cheapest Latitude available at the time due to using AMD processors and cutting back on a few features. It was essentially a D830 with no PC Card slot, no trackpoint, an option for a 14" screen (If this was chosen it would have a similar wider bezel as on the earlier D5xx series machines), an AMD-based motherboard. DVD Drives, Screen Assemblies (If the laptop was ordered with the 15" screen), RAM, and Hard Drives/Caddies were interchangeable.

text: Latitude D4x0 series[edit]

text: The D400 and D410 were 12" non-widescreen (4:3 aspect ratio) ultra-portable notebooks, roughly following the technology of the comparable generations of the series. The D400 had a design that was similar to the D610 and came with a ULV Pentium M (Banias). The D410 came with a ULV Pentium M (Dothan).

text: The D420 and D430 are 12.1" widescreen ultra-portable notebooks. The D420 came with either an [Intel Core] Solo U1300 ULV 1.06 GHz, [Intel Core] Duo U2400 ULV 1.06 GHz or [Intel Core] Duo U2500 ULV 1.2 GHz. The D430 came with either an Intel Core Solo U1400 ULV 1.2 GHz or Intel Core 2 Duo U7600 1.2 GHz; the U7700 Processor (1.33 GHz) was later made available as an option.

text: While the D8x0, D6x0 and D5x0 models were all introduced simultaneously with each generation, the D4x0 series were generally introduced a couple of months after their counterparts. Also, since they use ULV (ultra-low-voltage) processors and chipsets, and are generally less powerful, the technology does not correspond as closely as it does between other models in each generation — for example, the D420 uses the parallel ATA hard drive (1.8") rather than the SATA (2.5") interface in the D520/620/820.

text: In a 22C deg ambient the D430 U7700 processor has been measured to run from 62C deg at idle to 85C deg under heavy system loads, that is, within 10C deg of Intel's max. temperature rating for the processor.[citation needed]  The D4x0 series has been replaced by the E4200 model.

text: Latitude C series[edit]

text: The Latitude C-series notebooks covered the range of processors from the Pentium 166 MHz to the Pentium 4-M. Models in this series included the CP (Pentium processors), CPi (Pentium II processors), CPx, C600 and C800 (Mobile Pentium III processors), CPt, C500 and C510 (Celeron processors), C400, C610 and C810 (Pentium 3-M processors) and C640 and C840 (Mobile Pentium 4M).[8]

text: C series laptops were notable for their consistent and interchangeable accessories across this wide range of processors. The series was one of the first to offer the UXGA 1600x1200 resolution display and included a NVidia GeForce MX400 32 MB video accelerator to complement the display requirements. A robust design made it a favorite in harsher climates; however, this design lacked the visual appeal of many of its competitors.[9]

text: The most popular of the C-series included the C800, C810, C840, and later the C640.[citation needed]

text: The later C-series models mostly had near clones sold as the Inspiron 4000 and 8000 series:

text:
C840 cloned as the Inspiron 8200
C810 cloned as the Inspiron 8100
C800 cloned as the Inspiron 8000
C640 cloned as the Inspiron 4150 and as the Inspiron 2650
C610 cloned as the Inspiron 4100
C600 cloned as the Inspiron 4000
CPxJ cloned as the Inspiron 3800
CPxH cloned as the Inspiron 3700

text:
An interesting note on the C840 is that it was the last Dell notebook (along with its sister models the Inspiron 8200 and Precision M50) to have both a "fixed" optical drive as well as a modular bay, making it a "three-spindle" notebook.  The modular bay could also be used for a second battery identical to the primary battery rather than a special modular bay battery.  It used a Pentium 4-M processor and DDR SDRAM.[9]
The Dell C840 can support up to one gigabyte of RAM in each of two slots, for a total of two gigabytes in all. The GPU can also be upgraded on the C840/M50/i8200, from a GeForce2 Go to the Quadro4 Go 700 from the Precision M50.

text: Other models[edit]

text: The Latitude ATG was a semi-rugged version of the D620, and was Dell's only semi-rugged offering, while their fully rugged offering originally consisted of the Augmentix XTG630, a D630 in a fully rugged case, and later the D630 XFR. The ATG as well as the XFR have a protective glass glued on top of the screen that often has glue leaking onto the display causing air bubbles to form.

text: Latitude XT[edit]

text: The Latitude XT was a touch-screen convertible-tablet computer.

text: Latitude XT problems[edit]

text: In July 2008, Dell released multi-touch touch-screen drivers for the Latitude XT Tablet, claiming the "industry's first convertible tablet with multi-touch capabilities."[11] Dell has partnered with N-trig, providers of DuoSense technology, combining pen, capacitive touch and multi-touch in a single device. N-trig's DuoSense dual-mode digitizer uses both pen and zero-pressure capacitive touch to provide a true hands-on computing experience for mobile computers and other digital input products over a single device.

text: A large number of user reports suggest that the Dell Latitude XT suffers from a major problem.[10] The N-Trig digitizer interfaces to the XT by an internal USB port.[11] Users report that any other USB device which is plugged in may, and usually does, prevent the N-Trig applet (program which controls the features) from identifying the N-Trig hardware. In addition, there have been reports that certain other drivers, such as iTunes Helper, may cause this or a similar problem. Other users report no problems from iTunes. According to the reports, this still leaves the dual sense but without Multi-Touch and other advanced features, "which render the auto and dual mode useless. The digitizer will only start working again after consecutive reboots."[12] There have also been reports that the driver may crash, catastrophically or non-catastrophically, leaving no screen input at all. A re-boot may solve the problem, but often users found that the driver installation is damaged, requiring a re-installation of the drivers. But the install program will not un-install if it doesn't recognize the N-Trig hardware. In this case, the alternatives are (1) restore the entire operating system from backup, (2) manually un-install by erasing all N-Trig programs and drivers then editing the registry to remove all references to N-Trig, then re-install the N-Trig software, or (3) do a complete re-install of Windows.

text: These problems have been reported both with XP and Vista, 32 and 64 bit. In addition, Dell sells a MediaBase with an internal DVD drive. The drive also interfaces by way of a USB connection inside the MediaBase.  Most, but not all, users of the MediaBase report that it prevents the drivers from loading.

text: NVidia GPU problems[edit]

text: Many D620/D630 and D820/D830 models (and related Precision models) with NVidia mobile GPUs may experience graphics failure.  A Class Action Lawsuit settlement by NVidia was reached where certain Dell models were provided with replacement motherboards at no expense.

text: Recall affecting D Series batteries[edit]

text: Dell posted notices to many of their laptop customers on August 14, 2006, saying that the Sony batteries on the D410, D500, D505, D510, D520, D600/D610, D620, and D800/D810 models were prone to bursting into flames, or even exploding.[13][14]

text: The batteries on any of these computers purchased between April 2004 and July 18, 2006 were supposed to be removed and the computers run on AC power until replacements arrived.[15]  Problematic Sony batteries led to battery recall programs at other laptop companies, including Hitachi,[16] Toshiba,[17] Lenovo (IBM)[18] and Apple.[19]

text: System configuration[edit]

text: The majority of Latitude laptops are built to order.  Each generation incorporates the newest and latest technologies at the time of design.

text:
Processor: Depends on the model and configuration.
Memory: Depends on the model and configuration
Screen: Depends on the model and configuration.
Operating System: Windows, FreeDOS, Ubuntu
Hard Drive: Depends on configuration.
Ports: Most of Dell's current laptops have a minimum of two USB ports and 1 Ethernet Port,

text: Technical specifications[edit]

text: E-Family[edit]

text:
Model

Chipset

Processor

Memory

Video

Audio codec

Network card

Display

Physical

Released

Architecture

Memory module socket

Maximum memory

Video type

Video controller

Video memory

Type

Maximum resolutions

Size

Height (mm)

Width (mm)

Depth (mm)

Weight

E6540

2013

Mobile Intel QM87 Express Chipset
Optional Intel Rapid Start Technology (SSD required)
Optional Intel Smart Response Technology (SSD required)
Optional Intel Smart Connect Technology (SSD required)

4th Generation Intel Core up to i7-4610M processor

Dual Channel DDR3 Memory

SO-DIMM

16 GB

Integrated Intel HD
Optional 128-bit Discrete Graphics

Intel HD Graphics 4600 or AMD Radeon HD 8790M

Shared or 2048 MB GDDR5

IDT Integrated HD Audio

Intel Centrino Advanced-N 6235 + Bluetooth 4.0
Intel Centrino Ultimate-N 6300
Dell Wireless 1506 (802.11g/n 1x1)

Anti-Glare LED

1366x768
1920x1080

15.6

33.4

379.00

250.50

5.64 lbs

E6530

2012

Mobile Intel QM77 Express Chipset
Optional Intel Rapid Start Technology (SSD required)
Optional Intel Smart Connect Technology (SSD required)

Intel Core i3, i5 and i7 processors up to i7-37x0QM

Dual Channel DDR3 Memory

SO-DIMM

16 GB

Integrated Intel HD or NVIDIA Discrete Graphics

Intel HD Graphics 3000 for Intel Core i3
Intel HD Graphics 4000 for Intel Core i3/i5/i7 3xxxM
NVIDIA NVS 5200M

Shared or 1025 MB GDDR5

IDT Integrated HD Audio

Intel Centrino Advanced-N 6205,
Intel Centrino Advanced-N + WiMAX 62503,
Intel Centrino Ultimate-N 6300,
Dell Wireless 1504 (802.11g/n 1x1),
Dell Wireless 1540 (802.11n 2x2)

Anti-Glare LED

1366x768, 1600x900, 1920x1080

15.6

28.3-34.2

384.0

258.0

5.4 lbs with 4-cell and SSD

E6520

2011

Mobile Intel  QM67 Express Chipset

Intel  Core i3, i5 and i7 Dual Core and Quad Core processors

Dual Channel DDR3 Memory

SO-DIMM

8 GB supported, 16 GB works[20]

Integrated Intel HD with NVIDIA Discrete Graphics

Intel HD Graphics 3000 with NVIDIA NVSTM 4200M Discrete Graphics

IDT Integrated Audio

Intel Centrino Advanced-N 6205, Intel Centrino Ultimate-N 6300; Dell Wireless 1501
(802.11 b/g/n 1x1); Dell Wireless 1530 (802.11 a/g/n 2x2)

Anti-Glare LED or Anti-Glare LED w/2 finger multi-touch touchscreen

1366x768, 1600x900, 1920x1080

15.6

28.3-34.2

384.0

258.0

5.52 lbs with 4-cell

E6510

2010

Mobile Intel  QM57 Express Chipset

Intel Core i5 560M, Core i7 620M, Core i7 720QM

Dual Channel DDR3 Memory

SO-DIMM

8 GB

Integrated Intel or NVIDIA  NVS 3100M 512 MB

NVIDIA Quadro NVS 160M or Intel GMA 4500MHD

512 MB DDR3 or Shared

IDT Integrated Audio

Dell Wireless 1397,
Dell Wireless 1510,
Intel WiFi Link 5100,
Intel WiFi Link 5300

TFT LED Backlit

1920x1080

15.6

27.4-33.3

358.0

257.0

5.53 lbs with 6-cell

E6500

2009

Intel GM45/PM45

Intel Core 2 Duo, up to T9800 at 2.93 GHz

DDR2 SDRAM

SO-DIMM

8 GB

Integrated Intel or NVIDIA Quadro

NVIDIA Quadro NVS 160M or Intel GMA 4500MHD

256 MB or Shared

IDT Integrated Audio

Dell Wireless 1397,
Dell Wireless 1510,
Intel WiFi Link 5100,
Intel WiFi Link 5300

WUXGA TFT CCFL Backlit

1920x1200

15.4

27.4-33.3

358.0

257.0

5.15 lbs with 4-cell

E7470

2016

Intel Skylake-Y Premium PCH

6th Generation Intel Core up to i7 processors

Dual Channel DDR4 Memory

SO-DIMM

16 GB

Integrated Intel HD
Optional 128-bit Discrete Graphics

Intel HD Graphics 520 or Intel HD Graphics 540

Shared

Soundcard
Intel Skylake-U/Y PCH - Realtek High Definition Audio

Intel Dual Band Wireless-AC 8260 + Bluetooth 4.2

Anti-Glare LED
or LED w/2 finger multi-touch touchscreen

1366x768,
1600x900,
1920x1080,
2560x1440

14.0

19.4

334.9

232.00

3.32 lbs

E6440

2013

Mobile Intel QM87 Express Chipset
Optional Intel Rapid Start Technology (SSD required)
Optional Intel Smart Response Technology (SSD required)
Optional Intel Smart Connect Technology (SSD required)

4th Generation Intel Core up to i7-4610M processor

Dual Channel DDR3 Memory

SO-DIMM

16 GB

Integrated Intel HD
Optional 128-bit Discrete Graphics

Intel HD Graphics 4600 or AMD Radeon HD 8790M

Shared or 2048 MB GDDR5

IDT Integrated HD Audio

Intel Centrino Advanced-N 6235 + Bluetooth 4.0
Intel Centrino Ultimate-N 6300
Dell Wireless 1506 (802.11g/n 1x1)

Anti-Glare LED

1366x768
1600x900
1920x1080

14.0

31.8

338.00

232.60

4.68 lbs

E6420

2011

Mobile Intel QM67 Express Chipset

Intel Core i3, i5 and i7 Dual Core and Quad Core processors

DDR3 SDRAM (1333 MHz)

SO-DIMM

8 GB, 16 GB works

Integrated Intel HD family or NVIDIA  NVS 4200M 512 MB

Intel HD Graphics 3000, NVIDIA NVSTM 4200M Discrete Graphics

IDT Integrated Audio

Intel Centrino Advanced-N 6205; Intel Centrino Advanced -N + WiMAX 625013; Intel
Centrino Ultimate-N 6300; Dell Wireless 1501 (802.11 b/g/n 1x1); Dell Wireless 1530 (802.11
a/g/n 2x2)

Anti-Glare LED or Anti-Glare LED w/2 finger multi-touch touchscreen

1366x768 or 1600x900

14.0

26.9-32.4

352.0

241.0

4.56 lbs with 4-cell

E6410

2010

Mobile Intel  QM57 Express Chipset

Intel Core i7-620M, Intel Core i5-540M, Intel Core i5-520M

Dual Channel DDR3 Memory

SO-DIMM

8 GB

Integrated Intel or NVIDIA  NVS 3100M 512 MB

NVIDIA Quadro NVS 3100M or Intel HD Graphics

512 MB DDR3 or Shared

IDT Integrated Audio

Dell Wireless 1397,
Dell Wireless 1510,
Intel WiFi Link 5100,
Intel WiFi Link 5300

WXGA or WXGA+ TFT LED Backlit

1280x800 or 1440x900

14.1

27.4-33.3

358.0

257.0

4.2 lbs with 6-cell

E6400

2008

Intel GM45/PM45

Intel Core 2 Duo, up to T9800 at 2.93 GHz

DDR2 SDRAM

SO-DIMM

8 GB

Integrated Intel or NVIDIA Quadro

NVIDIA Quadro NVS 160M or Intel GMA 4500MHD

256 MB or Shared

IDT Integrated Audio

Dell Wireless 1397,
Dell Wireless 1510,
Intel WiFi Link 5100,
Intel WiFi Link 5300

WXGA+ TFT LED Backlit

1280x800, 1440x900

14.1

25.4–31

335.0

238.3

4.3 lbs with 4-cell

E6320

2011

Mobile Intel QM67 Express Chipset

Intel Core i3, i5 and i7 processors up to i7-26x0M

DDR3 SDRAM (1333 MHz)

SO-DIMM

8 GB, 16 GB works

Integrated Intel HD

Intel HD Graphics 3000

IDT Integrated Audio

Intel Centrino Advanced-N 6205; Intel Centrino Advanced -N + WiMAX 6250; Intel
Centrino Ultimate-N 6300; Dell Wireless 1501 (802.11 b/g/n 1x1); Dell Wireless 1530 (802.11
a/g/n 2x2)

Anti-Glare LED

1366x768

13.3

25.4-30.1

335.0

223.3

3.64 lbs with 3-cell

E6220

2011

Mobile Intel QM67 Express Chipset

Intel Core i3, i5 and i7 processors up to i7-6x0M

DDR3 SDRAM (1333 MHz)

SO-DIMM

8 GB, 16 GB works

Integrated Intel

Intel HD Graphics 3000

Intel Centrino Advanced-N 6205,
Intel Centrino Advanced-N + WiMAX 625013,
Intel Centrino Ultimate-N 6300,
Dell Wireless 1501 (802.11 b/g/n 1x1),
Dell Wireless 1530 (802.11 a/g/n 2x2)

Anti-Glare LED

1366x768

12.5

24.7

309

226

3.17 lbs with 3-cell

E5510

2010

Mobile Intel  HM55 Express Chipset

Intel Core i5 540M, Core i7 620M, Core i7 720QM

Dual Channel DDR3 Memory

SO-DIMM

8 GB

Integrated Intel

Intel HD Graphics

IDT Integrated Audio

Dell Wireless 1501,
Dell Wireless 1510,
Intel WiFi Link 6200,
Intel WiFi Link 6250,
Intel WiFi Link 6300

TFT LED Backlit

1600x900

15.6

33.8

371.0

250.0

5.72 lbs with 6-cell

E4300

2008

Mobile Intel  GS45 Express Chipset

Intel Core 2 Duo Up to SP9400

Dual Channel DDR3 Memory

SO-DIMM

8 GB

Integrated Intel

Mobile Intel Graphics Media Accelerator 4500MHD

Dell Wireless 1397 (802.11g),
Dell Wireless 1510 (802.11 a/g/n 2x2),
Intel WiFi Link 5100 [802.11a/g/n (1x2)],
Intel WiFi Link 5300 [802.11a/g/n (3x3)]

TFT LED Backlit

1280x800

13.3

25.4 - 29.0

310.0

217.4

3.3 lbs with 3-cell

text: D-Family[edit]

text:
Model

Released

Cousin model

Chipset

Processor type

Memory

Video

Audio codec

Network card

Display

Physical

Notes

Memory architecture

Memory module socket

Maximum memory

Memory clock speed

Video type

Core Frequency

Video controller

Video memory

Type

Resolution

Size

Height (mm)

Width (mm)

Depth (mm)

Weight

D400

2004

Intel 855PM

Intel Centrino M /Pentium M ULV(Banias)

2.5 V  DDR SDRAM

Two user-accessible DDR SDRAM sockets

2048 MB

266 MHz

Intel UMA integrated

Intel Extreme Graphics 2 (855GM)

1 MB with Intel DVMT up to 32 MB or 64 MB

AC'97 (Soft Audio)

Broadcom 5705M Gigabit Integrated Controller and Broadcom BCM4306 802.11 a/b/g Wireless Card (Dell 1450 miniPCI)

XGA

1024 × 768 16.7M colors

12.1

25.4

294

245

1.7 kg (3.75 lb)

D410

2005

Intel 915GM

Intel Centrino M /Pentium M ULV (Dothan)

1.8 V DDR2 SDRAM

Two user-accessible DDR2 SDRAM sockets

2048 MB

533 MHz

Intel UMA integrated

Intel GMA 900

Up to 128 MB allocable

AC'97 (Soft Audio)

XGA

1024 × 768 16.7M colors

12.1

31.9

278

238

1.7 kg (3.8 lb)

D420

2006

Intel 945GMS

Intel Core Solo ULV, Intel Core Duo U2500 1.2 GHz

1.8 V DDR2 SDRAM

One user-accessible DDR2 SDRAM socket, 512 MB DDR2 SDRAM soldered on motherboard

2560 MB

533 MHz

Intel UMA integrated

400 MHz

Intel GMA 950

8 to 224 MB allocable

Broadcom 43xx (Dell) 802.11 a/b/g or Intel 3945 WLAN, Broadcom BCM57xx GbE LAN

WXGA

1280x800

12.1"

25.4

295

210

1.36 kg (3 lb)

D430

2007

Intel 945 GMS

Intel Core Solo ULV, Intel Core 2 Duo ULV (533 MHz FSB)

1.8 V DDR2 SDRAM

One user-accessible DDR2 SDRAM socket, 1 GB DDR2 SDRAM soldered on motherboard

2048 MB

533 MHz

Intel UMA integrated

400 MHz

Intel GMA 950

8 to 224 MB allocable

Broadcom 43xx (Dell) or Intel 3945 802.11 a/b/g or Intel 4965 802.11 a/b/g/Draft 802.11n WLAN, Broadcom BCM57xx GbE LAN

WXGA

1280x800

12.1"

25.4

295

210

1.36 kg (3 lb)

D500

2003

Inspiron 500m

Intel 855GM

Intel Pentium M Banias (1 MB L2) or Dothan (2 MB L2) 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0 GHz (400 MHz FSB)
Celeron M

2.5 V DDR SDRAM

Two user-accessible DDR SDRAM sockets

2048 MB

266 MHz

Intel UMA integrated

Intel Extreme Graphics 2 (855GM)

1 MB with Intel DVMT up to 32 MB or 64 MB

Wired: Broadcom 570x gigabit integrated controllerWireless: Intel PRO 2100 (802.11b) or Intel PRO 2200 (802.11b/g) or TrueMobile 1300/1350 (802.11b/g) or TrueMobile 1400/1450 (802.11a/b/g)Bluetooth: optional

XGA

1024 × 768 16.7M colors

14.1

This Laptop is a clone of a Dell Latitude D600

D505

2004

Inspiron 510m

Intel 855GME

Intel Pentium M Banias (1 MB L2) or Dothan (2 MB L2) 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0 GHz (400 MHz FSB)
Celeron M

2.5 V DDR SDRAM

Two user-accessible DDR SDRAM sockets

2048 MB

333 MHz

Intel UMA integrated

Intel Extreme Graphics 2 (855GME)

1 MB with Intel DVMT up to 32 MB or 64 MB

Wired: Broadcom 570x gigabit integrated controllerWireless: Intel PRO 2100 (802.11b) or Intel PRO 2200 (802.11b/g) or TrueMobile 1350 (802.11b/g) or TrueMobile 1450 (802.11a/b/g)Bluetooth: optional

1024x768, 1400x1050

14.1", 15"

31.8

273

338.4

D510

2005

Intel 915GM

Intel Pentium M 730, 2 MB L2 Cache, 533 MHz FSB / Intel Celeron M

1.8 V DDR2 SDRAM

Two user-accessible DDR2 SDRAM sockets

2048 MB (2x1024 MB) - 256 MB

400/533 MHz

Intel UMA integrated

333 MHz

Intel GMA 900

Up to 128 MB

SigmaTel STAC9205

Wired: Broadcom 440x 10/100 Ethernet Wireless: Intel PRO 2200 (802.11b/g) Modem: V.92 capable 56K

XGA

1024x768

14.1

D520

2006

Intel 945GM (Core Duo), 940GML (Celeron M)

Intel Core Duo, Intel Core 2 Duo, Intel Celeron M

Two user-accessible DDR2 SDRAM sockets

2048 MB (940GML); 4096 MB (945GM)

533/667 MHz

Intel UMA integrated

Intel GMA 950

Broadcom 43xx (Dell) 802.11 b/g or a/b/g or Intel 3945 WLAN, Broadcom 440x 10/100 Ethernet LAN

XGA (14.1", 15") SXGA+ (15")

1024x768, 1400x1050

14.1", 15"

35.8

338.3

273

2.38 kg (5.24 lb)

D530

2007

Intel 965GM

Intel Core 2 Duo (800 MHz FSB)

1.8 V DDR2 SDRAM

Two user-accessible DDR2 SDRAM sockets

8192 MB

667 MHz

D531

2007

AMD M690T

AMD Turion 64 X2

1.8 V DDR2 SDRAM

Two user-accessible DDR2 SDRAM sockets

4096 MB (officially)
8192 MB
(cappable)

667 MHz

ATi (AMD) Integrated

ATi (AMD) Radeon x1270

up to 384 MB (1 GB RAM), up to 896 MB (2-8 GB RAM)

SigmaTel STAC9205

Dell 1390 802.11 b/g, Dell 1450 802.11 a/b/g, 1505 Draft-802.11n

WXGA (14.1", 15.4") WXGA+ (15.4")

1280x800, 1440x900

14.1", 15.4"

1.39"

14.2"

10.34"

5.1 lb

D600[21][22]

2003

Inspiron 600m

Intel 855PM

Intel Pentium M Banias (1 MB L2) or Dothan (2 MB L2) 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0 GHz (400 MHz FSB)

DDR SDRAM (DDR-266/PC-2100)

Two user-accessible DDR1 SDRAM sockets

2048 MB

266 MHz

Discrete (ATI)

200 MHz

ATI Mobility / Radeon 9000 AGP

32/64 MB

SigmaTel C-Major STAC 9750 (AC97)

Wired: Broadcom 570x gigabit integrated controllerWireless: Intel PRO 2100 (802.11b) or Intel PRO 2200 (802.11b/g) or TrueMobile 1300/1350 (802.11b/g) or TrueMobile 1400/1450 (802.11a/b/g)Bluetooth: optional

XGA, SXGA+

1400x1050 32 bpp or 1024x768 24

14.1"

1.2"

12.4"

10.1"

4.6 lb

D610

2005

Precision M20

Intel 915PM (ATI X300), 915GM (Intel GMA)

Intel Pentium M Dothan (2 MB L2) up to 2.13 GHz

DDR2 SDRAM (PC2-4200/DDR2-533)

two user-accessible DDR2 SDRAM sockets

2048 MB

533 MHz

Intel UMA integrated (915GM), ATI discrete (X300)

350 MHz

Intel GMA 900 (915GM), ATI Mobility Radeon X300

up to 128 MB Shared (Intel), 64 MB DDR (ATI)

SigmaTel C-Major STAC 9751 (AC97)

Wired: Broadcom 57xx Gigabit ControllerWireless: Intel PRO 2200 (802.11b/g) or Intel PRO/Wireless 2915ABG or Dell 1370Bluetooth: Dell Wireless 350 (optional)

XGA, SXGA+

1024x768, 1400×1050, 16.7 million colours (integrated graphics chipset supports up to 1600×1200 pixels / Mobility Radeon X300 supports up to 2048×1152 pixels with external monitor)

14.1"

1.35"

12.3"

10.3"

4.67 lb

D620

2006

Intel 945GM (Intel), 945PM (NVIDIA)

Intel Core Duo (533 MHz FSB), Core 2 Duo (667 MHz FSB)

1.8 V DDR2 SDRAM

two user-accessible DDR2 SDRAM sockets

4096 MB

667 MHz

Intel UMA integrated (945GM), NVIDIA discrete (945PM)

400 MHz (Intel), 300 MHz (NVIDIA)

Intel GMA 950 (Intel), NVIDIA Quadro NVS 110 (NVIDIA)

8-224 MB (Intel), 256 MB (NVIDIA)

Intel 3945 802.11 a/b/g, Dell 1390 802.11 b/g, Dell 1490 802.11 a/b/g

WXGA, WXGA+

1280x800, 1440x900

14.1"

1.26"

13.27"

9.37"

4.37 lb

D630

2007

Precision M2300

Intel 965GM

Intel Core 2 Duo (800 MHz FSB)

1.8 V DDR2 SDRAM

Two user-accessible DDR2 SDRAM sockets

8192 MB

667 MHz

Intel UMA integrated, NVIDIA Quadro NVS 135M

667 MHz

Intel GMA X3100, NVIDIA Quadro NVS 135M

up to 384 MB, NVIDIA 128 MB

Intel 3945 802.11 a/b/g, Intel 4965 802.11 a/b/g/Draft 802.11n, Dell 1390 802.11 b/g, Dell 1490 802.11 a/b/g, Dell 1505 802.11 a/b/g/Draft 802.11n

WXGA, WXGA+

1280x800, 1440x900

14.1"

1.26"

13.27"

9.37"

4.37 lb

D631

2007

AMD RS690T chipset

AMD Turion 64 X2 Dual Core

1.8 V DDR2 SDRAM

Two user-accessible DDR2 SDRAM sockets

4096 MB (officially)
8192 MB
(cappable)

667 MHz

ATi (AMD) Integrated

ATi (AMD) Radeon x1270

up to 384 MB (1 GB RAM), up to 896 MB (2-8 GB RAM)

SigmaTel STAC9205

Dell 1390 802.11 b/g, Dell 1490 802.11 a/b/g, Dell 1505 802.11 a/b/g/Draft 802.11n

WXGA, WXGA+

1280x800, 1440x900

14.1"

1.27"

13.3"

9.3"

5.09 lb

D800

2003

Inspiron 8500 Inspiron 8600 Precision M60

Intel 855PM

Intel Pentium M Banias (1 MB L2) or Dothan (2 MB L2) 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8 GHz (400 MHz FSB)

DDR SDRAM

Two user-accessible DDR1 SDRAM sockets

2048 MB

266 MHz

nVidia GeForce4 4200 Go
nVidia GeForce FX Go5200
nVidia GeForce FX Go5650

nVidia GeForce4 4200 Go
nVidia GeForce FX Go5200
nVidia GeForce FX Go5650

32 MB
(4200 Go)
32/64 MB (FX Go5200)
128 MB (FX Go5650)

15.4"

D810

2004

Precision M70

Intel 915PM

Intel Pentium M Dothan (2 MB L2) up to 2.26 GHz

DDR2 SDRAM

two user-accessible DDR2 SDRAM sockets

2048 MB

533 MHz

ATI Mobility Radeon x300
ATI Mobility Radeon x600

ATI Mobility Radeon x300
ATI Mobility Radeon x600

64/128 MB (Radeon x300)
128 MB (Radeon x600)

15.4"

D820

2006

Precision M65

Intel 945GM (Intel), 945PM (NVIDIA)

Intel Core Duo (533 MHz FSB), Core 2 Duo (667 MHz FSB)

1.8 V DDR2 SDRAM

two user-accessible DDR2 SDRAM sockets

4096 MB*

667 MHz

Intel UMA integrated (945GM), NVIDIA discrete (945PM)

Intel GMA 950 (Intel), NVIDIA Quadro NVS 120 (NVIDIA)

8-224 MB (Intel), 256 MB (NVIDIA)

Wired: Broadcom 57xx Gigabit Integrated ControllerWireless: Intel 3945 802.11 a/b/g, Dell 1490 802.11 a/b/g

WXGA WSXGA+ WUXGA

1280x800, 1680x1050, 1920x1200

15.4"

1.5"

14.5"

10.5"

D830

2007

Precision M4300

Intel 965GM

Intel Core 2 Duo (800 MHz FSB)

1.8 V  DDR2 SDRAM

Two user-accessible DDR2 SDRAM sockets

4096MB supported,
8192MB works

667 MHz

Intel UMA integrated, NVIDIA Quadro NVS 135M, NVIDIA Quadro NVS 140M

Intel GMA X3100, NVIDIA Quadro NVS 135M, NVIDIA Quadro NVS 140M

up to 384 MB, NVIDIA 256 MB

Intel 3945 802.11 a/b/g, Intel 4965 802.11 a/b/g/Draft 802.11n, Dell 1390 802.11 b/g, Dell 1490 802.11 a/b/g, Dell 1505 802.11 a/b/g/Draft 802.11n

WXGA WSXGA+ WUXGA

1280x800, 1680x1050, 1920x1200

15.4"

Model

Released

Cousin model

Chipset

Processor type

Memory architecture

Memory module socket

Maximum memory

Memory clock speed

Video type

Core Frequency

Video controller

Video memory

Audio codec

Network card

Type

Resolution

Size

Height (mm)

Width (mm)

Depth (mm)

Weight

Notes

Memory

Video

Display

Physical

text: *Usable RAM limited to 3.25 GB by chipset

text: C-Family[edit]

text:
Model

Released

Cousin model

Chip set

CPU type

Memory

Video

Audio codec

NIC

modem / wireless

Display

Physical

Architecture

Memory module socket

Max RAM

RAM clock rate

Video type

Clock rate

Video adapter

Video memory

Type

Resolution

Size

Height

Width

Depth

Weight

C400

2001

Intel 830M

Intel PIII Mobile

PC133 SDRAM

two SODIMM sockets; one user-accessible

1 GB

133 MHz

integrated with Intel 830M chip set

166 MHz

Intel UMA integrated graphics

32 MB or 64 MB

Cirrus Logic CS4205

3Com 10/100 LAN

XGA active matrix TFT

1024 × 768, 18 bpp

12.1"

26.6 - 30.5 mm

290 mm

238 mm

1.63 kg with 4-cell battery

C500

2000

Inspiron 4000

Intel 440BX

Intel Celeron Mobilemini-ZIF

PC100 (specially selected RAM)

two SODIMM Sockets

512 MB

100 MHz

ATi Rage 128-chip

133 MHz

ATi Mobility Radeon M3

8 MB

ESS Maestro 3i

3Com 10/100 LAN56K V.90 Mini-PCImodem

XGA active matrix TFT

1024 × 768, 18 bpp

14.1"

C510

2001

Inspiron 4000

Intel 830M

Intel Celeron (PIII-based) Mobile

PC133 SDRAM

two user-accessible SODIMM sockets

1 GB

133 MHz

ATI Mobility Radeon M6P

16 MB

Cirrus Logic CS4205

Dell TrueMobile 1150 Mini-PCI Wireless*

XGA active matrix TFT

1024 × 768, 32 bpp

14.1"

1.44"

12.57"

9.98"

5.73 lb with CD-ROM module

C540

2002

Inspiron 4100

Intel 845M

Mobile Intel Celeron

PC2100 DDR SDRAM

two user-accessible SODIMM sockets

1 GB

266 MHz

ATI Mobility Radeon 7500C

32 MB

Cirrus Logic CS4205

V.92 capable 56K MDC softmodem

XGA active matrix TFT

1400 × 1050, 32 bpp

14.1"

1.44"

12.57"

9.98"

5.73 lb with CD-ROM module

C600

2000

Inspiron 4000

Intel 440BX

Intel PIII Mobile

PC100 SDRAM

two user-accessible SODIMM sockets

512 MB

100 MHz

ATI Mobility M3

8 MB

ESS Maestro 3i

56K V.90 Mini-PCI modem*

XGA/SXGA+ active matrix TFT

1600 × 1200, 32 bpp

14.1"

1.52"

12.57"

9.98"

5.51 lb with CD-ROM module

C610

2001

Inspiron 4100

Intel 830M

Intel PIII Mobile

PC133 SDRAM

two user-accessible SODIMM sockets

1 GB

133 MHz

ATI Mobility Radeon M6P

16 MB

Cirrus Logic CS4205

Dell TrueMobile 1150 Mini-PCI Wireless*

XGA/SXGA+ active matrix TFT

1024 × 768 / 1400 × 1050, 32 bpp

14.1"

1.44"

12.57"

9.98"

5.73 lb with CD-ROM module

C640

2002

Inspiron 4150

Intel 845M

Intel P4-M

PC2100 DDR SDRAM

two user-accessible SODIMM sockets

1 GB (2 GB)*

266 MHz

ATI Mobility Radeon 7500C

32 MB

Cirrus Logic CS4205

V.92 capable 56K MDC softmodem

XGA active matrix TFT

1400 × 1050, 32 bpp

14.1"

1.44"

12.57"

9.98"

5.73 lb with CD-ROM module

C800

2000

Inspiron 8000 Inspiron 2500

Intel 815E

Intel PIII Mobile

PC100 SDRAM

two user-accessible SODIMM sockets

512 MB

100 MHz

ATI Mobility M4

32 MB or 64 MB

ESS Maestro 3i

56K V.90 Mini-PCI modem*

SXGA+ active matrix TFT

1600 × 1200, 32 bpp

15"

1.75"

13.03"

10.87"

7.67 lb with FDD module

C810

2001

Inspiron 8100 Precision M40

Intel 815E

Intel PIII Mobile

PC133 SDRAM

two user-accessible SODIMM sockets

512 MB

133 MHz

nVidia GeForce2 Go

16 MB or 32 MB

ESS Maestro 3i

56K V.90 Mini-PCI modem*

SXGA+/UXGA active matrix TFT

1400 × 1050 or 1600 × 1200, 32 bpp

14.1 or 15"

C840

2002

Inspiron 8200 Precision M50

Intel 845MP

Intel P4-M

PC2100 DDR SDRAM

two user-accessible SODIMM sockets

1 GB (2 GB)

266 MHz

220 MHz

nVidia GeForce4 440 Go

64 MB

Cirrus Logic CS4205 (on Intel 82801CAM ICH3-M South Bridge)

Mini-PCI Wireless card capable

XGA active matrix TFT

1600x1200, 32 bpp

15.1"

CPx J650GT

1999

Inspiron 3800

Intel PIII Mobile

PC100 SDRAM

two user-accessible SODIMM sockets

512 MB

100 MHz

ATI Rage Pro Mobility

4 MB

ESS Maestro 3i

56K V.90 Mini-PCI modem*

XGA Active Matrix TFT

1024 × 768, 32 bpp

14.1"

1.77"

12.6"

10.04"

text: * Optional

text: Motherboard supports 1 GB SODIMMs, (unavailable at time of laptop release)

text: X-Family[edit]

text:
Model

Released

Inspiron cousin

Chipset

Processor type

Architecture

Memory module socket

Maximum memory

Memory clock speed

Video type

Core Frequency

Video controller

Video memory

Audio codec

Network card

Type

Maximum resolutions

"

Height

Width

Depth

Weight

X1

2005

Intel 915GMS

Intel Pentium M

DDR2

One user-accessible SODIMM socket

256 + 2048

400 MHz

Integrated with Intel 915GMS chip set

133 MHz

Intel 915GMS graphics

Sigmatel 9751

WXGA

1280 × 768 at 16.8 million colors

12.1

25.0 mm

286 mm

196.8 mm

1.140 kg with 27-WHr battery

X200

2002

Intel 830MG

Intel Pentium III-M

3.3 V PC133 SDRAM

One user-accessible SODIMM socket

128 + 512 MB

133 MHz

Integrated with Intel 830MG chip set

133 MHz

Intel UMA integrated graphics

32 - 48

Cirrus Logic CS4299

3c905C-TX

XGA

1024 × 768 at 262,144 colors

12.1

~24 mm

273 mm

226 mm

1.31 kg with 27-WHr battery

X300

2003

300M

Intel 855GM

Intel Mobile Pentium

PC2100 SDRAM

One user-accessible SODIMM socket

128 + 1024

266 MHz

Integrated with Intel 855GM chip set

133 MHz

Intel UMA integrated graphics

32 - 64

Sigmatel STAC 9750

Broadcom 570x Gigabit Series

XGA

1024 × 768 at 16.8 million colors

12.1

22.2 mm

275 mm

233.6 mm

1.31 kg with 28-WHr battery

XT

2007

Intel ULV U7700

Intel Core 2 Duo

DDR2-667 SDRAM

two (one integrated+one user accessible)

1 + 2 GB

1.33 GHz

ATI Integrated Graphics Radeon Xpress 1250

350 MHz

ATI Radeon X300

up to 384 MB

SigmaTel STAC 9205

Broadcom NetXtreme Gigabit Ethernet (10/100/1000 Mbit/s), Intel Wireless Wi-Fi Link 4965AGN

400 cd/m2 LCD or 230 cd/m2 LED, WXGA

1280 x 800 at 16.8 million colors

12.1

25 mm

218 mm

297 mm

1.69 kg with 42 WHr battery

XT2

2008

Intel mobile GS45 chipset

Intel Core 2 Duo

DDR3-800 SDRAM

two (one integrated+one user accessible)

1 + 4 GB

1.2 GHz or 1.4 GHz or 1,6 GHz

Intel Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) 4500MHD

475 MHz

Intel GM45 graphics

up to 384 MB

IDT 92HD71B7 @ Intel 82801IB ICH9

Intel 82567LF Gigabit Network Connection (10/100/1000 Mbit/s), Intel(R) Wi-Fi Link 5100 AGN or Intel(R) Wi-Fi Link 5300AGN (agn) or Dell Wireless 1397 (802.11g) or
Dell Wireless 1510 (802.11a/g/n 2 x 2)

LED WXGA

1280 x 800 at 16.8 million colors

12.1

27.4 mm

220.6 mm

297 mm

1.62 kg with 28 WHr battery

text: L-Family[edit]

text:
Model

Released

Inspiron cousin

Chipset

Processor type

Architecture

Memory module socket

Maximum memory

Memory clock speed

Video type

Core Frequency

Video controller

Video memory

Audio codec

Network card

Type

Maximum resolutions

"

Height

Width

Depth

Weight

L400

2001

2100

Intel 440BX

Intel Mobile Pentium III

SDRAM

one 144-pin SODIMM

256 MB

100 MHz

ATI Mobility M

4 MB

Crystal CS4281 + CS4297A (AC97 CODEC)

3Com 3C920

XGA TFT

1024 × 768, 262 144 color

12,1

25,7 mm

272 mm

220,0 mm

1,63 kg 6-cells / 1,56 kg 4-cells

131L

2006

1501

ATI Radeon Xpress 1150

AMD Turion 64 X2

DDR2 shared memory

2xDDR2

2GB

1800 MHz

ATI Radeon Xpress 1150 (integrated)

256MB HyperMemory

High Definition Azalia codec speakers

Dell Wireless 1490 (802.11a/g)

WXGA TFT

1280 × 800

14,1 / 15,4

25,7 mm

272 mm

220,0 mm

1,63 kg 6-cells / 1,56 kg 4-cells

LS

1999

2000

Intel 440BX

Intel Mobile Pentium III

SDRAM

one 144-pin SODIMM

256 MB

100 MHz

NeoMagic NM2200

2,5 MB

NeoMagic NMG5 + AC97 CODEC

SVGA TFT

800 × 600, 262 144 color

12,1

25,7 mm

272 mm

220,0 mm

1,665 kg 6-cells / 1,618 kg 4-cells

text: CS-Family[edit]

text:
Model

Inspiron cousin

Chipset

Processor type

Memory

Video

Audio codec

Network card

Display

Physical

Architecture

Memory module socket

Maximum memory

Memory clock speed

Video type

Core Frequency

Video controller

Video memory

Type

Maximum resolutions

"

Height

Width

Depth

Weight

CS R

1999

Intel 440BX

SDRAM

SODIMM

512 MB

66 MHz

NeoMagic MagicMedia 256 ZX

4 MB

NeoMagic MagicMedia 256 ZX

XGA TFT

1024 × 768, 65.536 color

13,3

29,0 mm

306 mm

246,0 mm

1.89 kg 6-cells

CSx

1999

Intel 443BX

Intel Mobile Pentium III

SDRAM

SODIMM

512 MB

66 MHz

NeoMagic MagicMedia 256 ZX

4 MB

NeoMagic MagicMedia 256 ZX

XGA TFT

1024 × 768, 65.536 color

13,3

29,0 mm

306 mm

246,0 mm

1.95 kg 4-cells

text: History[edit]

text: E-Family[edit]

text:
21 May 2012: E6230, E6330, E6430, E6430s, E6530, E5430, E5440, E5510,E5530, E6430 ATG[23]
8 Feb 2011: E5420, E5520, E6220, E6320, E6420, E6520, E6420 ATG laptops and XT3 convertible tablet[24]
8 April 2010: E6410, E6510, E6410 ATG[25]
12 August 2008: E-Family (E4200, E4300, E5400,E6500 E5500, E6400, E6400 ATG)[26]

text: D-Family[edit]

text:
28 June 2007: D430 announced[27]
9 May 2007: D630, D830, D531 announced[28]
16 January 2007: ATG D620 announced[29]
20 June 2006: D420 announced[30]
2 May 2006: D520 announced[31]
29 March 2006: D620, D820 announced[32]
26 April 2005: D510 announced[33]
1 February 2005: D410, D610 and D810 announced[34]
12 January 2004: D505 announced[35]
19 May 2003: D400 announced[36]
10 April 2003: D500 announced[37]
12 March 2003: D-family (D600, D800) announced[38]

text: C-Family[edit]

text:
11 July 2002: C640 announced
12 November 2001: C400 announced[39]
25 September 2000: C600, C800 announced[40]
25 October 1999: CPx H500GT and CPt V466GT announced[41]

text:
23 August 1999: CS-line (R400XT) announced[42]
14 June 1999: CPi R400GT, CPi A400XT, and CPi A366ST announced[43]
4 May 1999: CPt-line announced
5 January 1999: CPi A366XT and A300ST announced[44]
CPi D266XT (BIOS Ph 7/30/98-2001): PII-266, 512 KB cache, Intel i440BX; 13.3 XGA 1024x768 TFT; 256 MB max, 2 EDO SoDIMM slots; 4 - 20+ GB, two PCMCIA, two modular bays, PS/2, VGA, parallel, USB 1.1, audio in/out.  Windows 98.
CP-line
1997: C-family announced

text: XPi-Family[edit]

text: 1996: Dell Latitude XPi P133ST, NeoMagic NM2070 video chipset, 24MB of memory (8MB on motherboard), 1.2 GB hard disk, PCMCIA modem card, 10.2" SVGA (800x600) TFT display, Windows 95 with possibility to partition and install Linux, Desktop Survival Guide

text: Ultraportable[edit]

text:
28 June 2007: D430 announced[27]
30 March 2005: X1 announced[45]
29 July 2003: X300 announced[46]
6 May 2002: X200 announced[47]
4 October 2000: LS H500ST announced[48]

text: Value[edit]

text:
6 November 2006: 131L announced[49]
23 March 2006: 120L announced[50]
8 March 2005: 110L announced[51]
13 April 2004: 100L announced[52]

text:
The Latitude 100L is a near-clone of the Inspiron 1150 and is also closely related to the 1100,5100,and 5150.
The Latitude 110L is a near-clone of the Inspiron 1000.